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-252697120612075464 | List of Dallas Cowboys seasons | List of Dallas Cowboys seasons - wikipedia List of Dallas Cowboys seasons Jump to : navigation , search For complete team history , see History of the Dallas Cowboys . This article is a list of seasons completed by the Dallas Cowboys American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season - by - season records of the Cowboys ' franchise from 1960 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Cowboys franchise was founded in 1960 as an expansion team . The team has earned 31 postseason appearances , tied for second place with the Pittsburgh Steelers , the longest consecutive streak of winning seasons with 20 , the second-most appearances in the NFC Championship Game ( 14 , behind the San Francisco 49ers ' 15 ) and the second-most Super Bowl appearances ( 8 with the Denver Broncos and Steelers ) . The Cowboys have played for 10 NFL Championships and have won 5 , all five being Super Bowls . The Cowboys won Super Bowl VI , XII , XXVII , XXVIII and XXX . They also played in and lost Super Bowl V , X , and XIII . The franchise has experienced two major periods of continued success in their history . The first period of success came from 1966 -- 1985 when the Cowboys played in the postseason 18 times . During this period , they played in two NFL Championships and five Super Bowls , winning two of them , winning a total of 20 playoff games . The second period of success was between 1991 -- 1996 when the Cowboys captured five straight NFC East Division titles and won three Super Bowls going 11 -- 2 in the postseason . The Cowboys have also experienced failure in their history . The most notable period of failure was from their 1960 inaugural season to 1965 , during which the Cowboys did not have a single postseason appearance . They did not win a single game during their first season , compiling an 0 -- 11 -- 1 record that is still the worst in franchise history . Also , they did not have a single winning record in this period . Between 1986 and 1990 the Cowboys had losing records in each season as veteran coach Landry retired and the team was radically overhauled , with the low point being the NFL 's second 15 - loss season ( after the 1980 Saints ) in 1989 . After losing a Divisional playoff Game in 1996 , the Cowboys between 1997 and 2008 lost five consecutive playoff games , one after a franchise - record 13 -- 3 season in 2007 , during which most predicted the Cowboys would break this streak . This streak finally came to an end when the Cowboys finally beat their bitter rival , the Philadelphia Eagles 34 -- 14 after an 11 -- 5 season in 2009 . Seasons ( edit ) NFL Champions ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Super Bowl Champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference Champions Division Champions Wild Card Berth Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Postseason Results Awards Head coaches Finish Wins Losses Ties 1960 1960 NFL Western 7th 0 11 Tom Landry 1961 1961 NFL Eastern 6th 9 Tom Landry 1962 1962 NFL Eastern 5th 5 8 Tom Landry 1963 1963 NFL Eastern 5th 10 0 Tom Landry 1964 1964 NFL Eastern 5th 5 8 Tom Landry 1965 1965 NFL Eastern 2nd 7 7 0 Tom Landry 1966 1966 NFL Eastern 1st 10 Lost NFL Championship Game ( Packers ) 34 -- 27 Tom Landry ( COY ) Tom Landry 1967 1967 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 9 5 0 Won Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 52 -- 10 Lost NFL Championship Game ( Packers ) 21 -- 17 Tom Landry 1968 1968 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 12 0 Lost Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 31 -- 20 Tom Landry 1969 1969 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 11 Lost Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 38 -- 14 Calvin Hill ( OROY ) Tom Landry 1970 1970 NFL NFC East 1st 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Lions ) 5 -- 0 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 17 -- 10 Lost Super Bowl V ( Colts ) 16 -- 13 Chuck Howley ( SB MVP ) Tom Landry 1971 1971 NFL NFC East 1st 11 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 20 -- 12 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 14 -- 3 Won Super Bowl VI ( 1 ) ( Dolphins ) 24 -- 3 Roger Staubach ( SB MVP ) Tom Landry 1972 1972 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( 49ers ) 30 -- 28 Lost Conference Championship ( Redskins ) 26 -- 3 Tom Landry 1973 1973 NFL NFC East 1st 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 27 -- 26 Lost Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 27 -- 10 Tom Landry NFL NFC East 3rd 8 6 0 Tom Landry NFL NFC East 2nd 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 17 -- 14 Won Conference Championship ( Rams ) 37 -- 7 Lost Super Bowl X ( Steelers ) 21 -- 17 Tom Landry 1976 1976 NFL NFC East 1st 11 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 14 -- 12 Tom Landry 1977 1977 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Bears ) 37 -- 7 Won Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 23 -- 6 Won Super Bowl XII ( 2 ) ( Broncos ) 27 -- 10 Tony Dorsett ( OROY ) Harvey Martin ( DPOY , SB MVP ) Randy White ( SB MVP ) Tom Landry 1978 1978 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) 27 -- 20 Won Conference Championship ( Rams ) 28 -- 0 Lost Super Bowl XIII ( Steelers ) 35 -- 31 Tom Landry 1979 1979 NFL NFC East 1st 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 21 -- 19 Tom Landry 1980 1980 NFL NFC East 2nd 12 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Rams ) 34 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) 30 -- 27 Lost Conference Championship ( Eagles ) 20 -- 7 Tom Landry 1981 1981 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 38 -- 0 Lost Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 28 -- 27 Tom Landry 1982 1982 NFL NFC 2nd 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 30 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 37 -- 26 Lost Conference Championship ( Redskins ) 31 -- 17 Tom Landry NFL NFC East 2nd 12 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Rams ) 24 -- 17 Tom Landry 1984 1984 NFL NFC East 4th 9 7 0 Tom Landry 1985 1985 NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 20 -- 0 Tom Landry 1986 1986 NFL NFC East 3rd 7 9 0 Tom Landry NFL NFC East 4th 7 8 0 Tom Landry 1988 1988 NFL NFC East 5th 13 0 Tom Landry 1989 1989 NFL NFC East 5th 15 0 Jimmy Johnson 1990 1990 NFL NFC East 4th 7 9 0 Emmitt Smith ( OROY ) Jimmy Johnson ( COY ) Jimmy Johnson 1991 1991 NFL NFC East 2nd 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Bears ) 17 -- 13 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Lions ) 38 -- 6 Jimmy Johnson 1992 1992 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Eagles ) 34 -- 10 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 30 -- 20 Won Super Bowl XXVII ( 3 ) ( Bills ) 52 -- 17 Troy Aikman ( SB MVP ) Jimmy Johnson 1993 1993 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 27 -- 17 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 38 -- 21 Won Super Bowl XXVIII ( 4 ) ( Bills ) 30 -- 13 Emmitt Smith ( MVP , SB MVP ) Jimmy Johnson 1994 1994 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 35 -- 9 Lost Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 38 -- 28 Barry Switzer 1995 1995 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Eagles ) 30 -- 11 Won Conference Championship ( Packers ) 38 -- 27 Won Super Bowl XXX ( 5 ) ( Steelers ) 27 -- 17 Larry Brown ( SB MVP ) Barry Switzer NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 40 -- 15 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Panthers ) 26 -- 17 Barry Switzer 1997 1997 NFL NFC East 4th 6 10 0 Barry Switzer 1998 1998 NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Cardinals ) 20 -- 7 Chan Gailey 1999 1999 NFL NFC East 2nd 8 8 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 27 -- 10 Chan Gailey 2000 2000 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 Dave Campo 2001 2001 NFL NFC East 5th 5 11 0 Dave Campo 2002 2002 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 Dave Campo 2003 2003 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Panthers ) 29 -- 10 Bill Parcells NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 Bill Parcells 2005 2005 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 Bill Parcells 2006 2006 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Seahawks ) 21 -- 20 Bill Parcells 2007 2007 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Giants ) 21 -- 17 Greg Ellis ( CBPOY ) Wade Phillips 2008 2008 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 Wade Phillips 2009 2009 NFL NFC East 1st 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Eagles ) 34 -- 14 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 34 -- 3 Wade Phillips NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 Wade Phillips ( 1 -- 7 ) Jason Garrett ( 5 -- 3 ) 2011 2011 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Jason Garrett 2012 2012 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Jason Witten ( WP MOY ) Jason Garrett 2013 2013 NFL NFC East 2nd 8 8 0 Jason Garrett 2014 2014 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Lions ) 24 -- 20 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 26 -- 21 DeMarco Murray ( OPOY ) Jason Garrett 2015 2015 NFL NFC East 4th 12 0 Jason Garrett 2016 2016 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 34 -- 31 Dak Prescott ( OROY ) Jason Garrett ( COY ) Jason Garrett 2017 2017 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Jason Garrett Total 493 367 6 All - time regular season record ( 1960 -- 2016 ) 34 27 0 All - time postseason record ( 1960 -- 2016 ) 527 393 6 All - time regular season and postseason record ( 1960 -- 2016 ) 5 NFL Championships , 10 Conference Championships , 22 Divisional Championships Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1960 Dallas Cowboys '' . Dallas Cowboys ' Official Website . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys ' Championship History '' . NFLTeamHistory.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Championship History '' . NFLTeamHistory.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Franchise History '' . SportsEncyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ The 1967 NFL season marks the first season in the league 's history where the league was divided into two conferences which were subdivided into two divisions . Up to 1967 , the league was either divided into two divisions , two conferences , or neither . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1973 season , the Cowboys and the Redskins finished the season with identical 10 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Washington in the NFC East based on better point differential in head - to - head games . Jump up ^ For the 1978 season , the NFL expanded from a 14 - game season to a 16 - game season . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1978 season , the Cowboys and the Los Angeles Rams finished the season with identical 12 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Los Angeles was the top NFC seed over Dallas based on a better head - to - head record . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1979 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on a better conference record . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1980 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 12 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Philadelphia finished ahead of Dallas in the NFC East based on better net points in division games . Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players ' strike . The NFL adopted a special 16 - team playoff tournament ; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1 -- 8 , and division standings were ignored . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1985 season , the Cowboys , Redskins , and the Giants finished the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of New York and Washington based on a better head - to - head record . Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players ' strike . Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled , and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6 . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1991 season , the Cowboys and the Bears finished the season with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Chicago was the first NFC Wild Card based on better conference record than Dallas . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1996 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better record against common opponents . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1999 season , the Cowboys , Lions , and the Panthers finished the season with identical 8 -- 8 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas was the second NFC Wild Card based on a better record than Detroit against common opponents and a better conference record than Carolina . Jump up ^ At the end of the 2009 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better head - to - head record . References ( edit ) `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . CBS Sportsline . Retrieved January 2007 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) `` NFL.com -- History -- Yearly Standings '' . National Football League Official website . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Pro Football Hall of Fame -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame Website . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- ) '' . databasefootball.com . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- Present ) '' . Sports E-Cyclopedia . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . JT-SW.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` History -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Hickoksports.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Franchise page -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Pro football reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . `` Dallas Cowboys Live -- Dallas Cowboys '' . cowboysgames.net . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks The Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Ring of Honor Bob Lilly Don Meredith Don Perkins Chuck Howley Mel Renfro Roger Staubach Lee Roy Jordan Tom Landry Tony Dorsett Randy White Bob Hayes Tex Schramm Cliff Harris Rayfield Wright Troy Aikman Michael Irvin Emmitt Smith Drew Pearson Charles Haley Larry Allen Darren Woodson Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Dallas Cowboys seasons 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Bold indicates Super Bowl victory Italics indicates Super Bowl appearance NFL team season lists American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dallas_Cowboys_seasons&oldid=822989991 '' Categories : National Football League teams seasons Dallas Cowboys seasons Dallas Cowboys lists Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 29 January 2018 , at 17 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many times have the dallas cowboys been to the playoffs | [] | [] |
-2523031751718560986 | Fox Sports 1 | Fox Sports 1 - Wikipedia Fox Sports 1 Fox Sports 1 Launched August 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 17 ) Network Fox Sports Owned by Fox Entertainment Group ( 21st Century Fox ) Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) ( HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SD feed ) Slogan The 1 Country United States Language English Broadcast area United States Puerto Rico Caribbean Headquarters Los Angeles , California Replaced Speed ( 2005 -- 2013 ) Sister channel ( s ) Fox Sports 2 Fox Soccer Plus Fox Deportes Fox Sports Networks Fox College Sports Big Ten Network Fox Sports Website www.foxsports.com/watch/fs1 www.foxsports.com Availability Satellite DirecTV Channel 219 ( HD / SD ) Dish Network Channel 150 ( HD / SD ) Cable Available on most U.S. cable systems Consult your local cable provider for channel availability IPTV AT&T U-verse Channel 1652 ( HD ) Channel 652 ( SD ) Verizon FiOS Channel 583 ( HD ) Channel 83 ( SD ) Google Fiber Channel 208 ( HD ) Streaming media Fox Sports Go Watch live ( U.S. cable internet subscribers only ; requires login to stream content ) DirecTV Now Internet Protocol television fuboTV Internet Protocol television Hulu Live TV Internet Protocol television PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television Sling TV Internet Protocol television YouTube TV Internet Protocol television Fox Sports 1 ( FS1 ) is an American sports - oriented cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Fox Sports Media Group , a unit of the Fox Entertainment Group division of 21st Century Fox . FS1 replaced the motorsports network Speed on August 17 , 2013 , at the same time that its companion channel Fox Sports 2 replaced Fuel TV . Both FS1 and FS2 absorbed most of the sports programming from its predecessors , as well as content from Fox Soccer , which was replaced by the entertainment - based channel FXX on September 2 , 2013 . FS1 airs an array of live sporting events , including Major League Baseball , college sports ( most notably Pac - 12 and Big 12 Conference football , and Big East Conference basketball ) , soccer matches ( including Major League Soccer , UEFA Champions League , UEFA Europa League , Bundesliga , and Copa Libertadores ) , United States Golf Association championship events , UFC mixed martial arts , and a variety of motorsports events such as NASCAR , IMSA , Formula E and the NHRA . FS1 also features daily sports news , analysis and discussion programming as well as sports - related reality and documentary programs . The network is based primarily from the Fox Sports division 's headquarters in the Westwood section of Los Angeles , California , though the network also has significant broadcast operations in New York City , New York and Charlotte , North Carolina ( the latter of which had served as Speed 's home base ) . As of January 2016 , Fox Sports 1 is available to approximately 84,486,000 pay television households ( 72.583 % of households with at least one television set ) in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Development 1.2 Launch and carriage 1.3 Post-launch 2 Programming 2.1 Event coverage 2.2 News and analysis programming 2.2. 1 Daily 2.2. 2 Weekly / Seasonal 2.2. 3 Former 3 Ratings 3.1 Season averages 3.2 Individual events 3.2. 1 Major League Baseball 3.2. 2 College football 3.2. 3 NASCAR Cup Series 3.2. 4 Ultimate Fighting Championship 3.2. 5 Soccer 4 Carriage disputes 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In March 2012 , reports began circulating that Fox Entertainment Group had plans to launch a national Fox Sports cable network by August 2013 known as Fox Sports 1 , giving the sports division a dedicated cable presence to better compete against established networks like ESPN . Fox was already a major force in cable sports programming , having operated several niche channels such as Fox Soccer , Fox Deportes , Fuel TV and Fox College Sports . Also in its portfolio were the Fox Sports Networks , a group of regional sports networks both owned by Fox outright or by other companies through affiliation agreements with FSN ; in addition to carrying play - by - play rights to several local sports teams , these regional networks also featured common national content produced and distributed by Fox Sports , including national college sports broadcasts and specialty programs such as The Best Damn Sports Show Period and Baseball 's Golden Age . Though this local / national hybrid approach gave Fox prominence at the local sports level , it was somewhat disadvantaged as its flagship over-the - air network had the distinction of being the only major U.S. broadcast television network not to have a national general sports channel to complement its sports division , unlike ABC ( whose corporate parent The Walt Disney Company owns a controlling 80 % stake in ESPN ) , CBS ( which operates CBS Sports Network ) and NBC ( which runs NBCSN ) . The reports indicated that Fox planned on converting one of these niche sports channels , Speed -- which focused on auto racing and other motorsports , as well as motorsports - related specialty programs , into the new Fox Sports 1 due to its established reach on U.S. pay television providers ( Speed maintained a subscriber base of 81 million homes with cable , IPTV or satellite service by 2012 ) , which would result in the reduction of the channel 's commitment to NASCAR and other motorsports coverage . Further supporting this theory , reports surfaced in January 2013 that Fox Soccer would be relaunched as FXX , a general entertainment network that would be spun off from FX and would feature comedy series and feature films ; such reports were confirmed when the channel 's planned launch was officially announced by Fox Entertainment Group on March 28 , 2013 . In October 2012 , Speed altered its on - air logo bug to include the Fox Sports logo above its own , which was believed to indicate a step towards this replacement . Fox Sports would officially confirm the conversion of Speed into Fox Sports 1 in an announcement on March 5 , 2013 . Despite being established well after ESPN ( which launched in 1979 ) , and the NBC - and CBS - owned sports networks ( which respectively launched in 1996 and 2003 under different ownership and branding ) , Fox Sports 1 , even before commencing programming , has been seen as a legitimate and serious competitor to ESPN , in part due to three factors : Audience reach -- By taking over Speed 's transponder space , Fox Sports 1 was expected to reach 90 million households at the time of its launch ( with most cable and satellite providers carrying it on the channel slot , almost entirely through distribution on basic cable tiers , that Speed had occupied on their channel lineups ) . While that number is relatively less than ESPN 's total reach at that time ( 99 million homes ) , it is also more than the 77.9 million homes that NBCSN reached at the beginning of 2013 , which was hamstrung by some of its reach being only through carriage on digital cable tiers . Brand awareness -- Fox heavily promoted Fox Sports 1 's launch through its various television , online and social media platforms , including appearances of Fox Sports 1 talent on existing Fox programming and the online posting of its shows ' pre-launch rehearsals . Programming strategy -- Fox was aggressive in seeking and securing major content for FS1 , employing a strategy to obtain rights to popular sports and leagues that they believed other networks underserved , as well as creating high - profile original shows ( see Programming below ) . Fox Sports executives see Fox Sports 1 as `` an alternative to the establishment '' , much as the Fox Broadcasting Company was to other broadcast networks in the 1980s and Fox News Channel was to CNN in the 1990s . In terms of growth , Fox Entertainment Group acknowledged that Fox Sports 1 would start modestly and not be competitively equal with ESPN right out of the gate ; however , the company foresees the network growing incrementally , believing that the channel will be on - par with its senior competitor within a few years of its launch . Launch and carriage ( edit ) Original logo , used full - time from August 17 , 2013 to May 2015 ; currently used as an alternate logo . Fox Sports 1 formally launched on August 17 , 2013 at 6 : 00 a.m. Eastern Time , with the following introduction : `` Good morning and welcome to the very first day of Fox Sports 1 . Here on America 's new sports network , our promise to you is that we will share your passion for the game , never take ourselves too seriously , and , most importantly , never put ourselves above the game nor the athletes . We will be informative without ever sacrificing accuracy . We work for you , the fan , and every day we will live up to this simple promise . Now let 's get on with the show . '' -- Curt Menefee , co-host of Fox NFL Sunday The launch day featured 161⁄2 hours of live sports coverage , including NASCAR coverage during the late morning and afternoon ( highlighted by a Camping World Truck Series qualifying round and race ) , five hours of UFC bouts in the evening ( the main event of the Fight Night card being a match between Maurício Rua and Chael Sonnen ) , and the premiere of the sports news and discussion show Fox Sports Live following the conclusion of the UFC event . Although marketed as a relaunch of Speed , Fox Sports 1 was contractually considered to be a new channel ; due to its change in scope from automotive and motorsports to mainstream sports , Fox was required to reach new deals with providers for them to carry the network . At first , Fox sought a higher carriage fee as well , estimated at 80 ¢ per subscriber ( more than triple the subscriber fee of 23 ¢ that Speed had commanded ; by comparison , ESPN pulls in fees of approximately $5.00 per subscriber , the most expensive fee of any pay television network ) . Concerns by providers over the increasing costs for cable and satellite services for their customers ( largely believed to be partly due to the higher fees commanded by certain sports channels ) resulted in Fox backing off charging the 80 ¢ per subscriber rate , instead charging the same 23 ¢ rate that those providers paid to carry Speed . For any remaining providers that had not reached a deal to carry Fox Sports 1 , Fox planned to offer a version of Speed with limited programming on an interim basis until a deal was reached , in order to fulfill existing contracts that required Fox to provide a motorsports channel . Carriage deals were made by the launch date with all major cable and satellite providers , including cable / telco providers Comcast , Charter Communications , Cox Communications , Verizon FiOS , AT&T U-verse , Cablevision , Bright House Networks , Mediacom , Suddenlink Communications , Cable One and Time Warner Cable , as well as satellite providers DirecTV and Dish Network . The deals with Time Warner , Dish and DirecTV -- which were announced just days before FS1 's launch -- were seen as crucial to the network , as those three providers had a combined reach of over 40 million households , nearly half the goal of 90 million homes that FS1 set for its launch . International markets that previously received the U.S. version of Speed ( such as Canada , the Caribbean , and the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico ) did not gain access to Fox Sports 1 upon its relaunch ; in Canada , the Canadian Radio - television and Telecommunications Commission permitted the carriage of Speed as a foreign service , but Fox did not seek carriage of FS1 in that country ( some of the sports event programming that Fox Sports 1 holds the broadcast rights to carry already air in that country on domestic sports networks such as TSN and Sportsnet ) . A version of Speed remains operational for these markets ( now known as Fox Sports Racing ) , airing a lineup of past Speed reality shows , and coverage of NASCAR and other motorsports events simulcast with Fox Sports 1 or Fox Sports 2 . In early 2014 , some major Canadian service providers began to drop the channel upon the expiration of their contractual rights to carry Speed . Post-launch ( edit ) In 2015 , Fox Sports 1 expanded its sports portfolio further with Fox Sports Media Group 's acquisition of rights to the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series , United States Golf Association championship events and Major League Soccer . In July of that year , the channel began using a new wordmark logo on a redesigned ticker ; then in September 2015 , the network phased out verbal references to `` Fox Sports 1 '' on - air and online and through its social media platforms , and implemented the new logo for other facets of the channel 's branding . As a result , Fox Sports 1 is now referred to on - air and in marketing efforts as `` FS1 '' . A representative for Fox Sports stated that this was not a re-branding , but was meant to align the logo of Fox Sports 1 with its commonly - used abbreviation , and to streamline the channel 's marketing among other Fox Sports channels ; however , the original FS1 logo will remain in use as an alternate logo . On July 14 , 2015 , Fox Sports reached a long - term agreement with the National Hot Rod Association ( NHRA ) to broadcast its drag racing events beginning in 2016 . Fox 's package includes coverage of Friday and Saturday qualifying , and Sunday elimination races for NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series events ( with a minimum of 16 elimination races presented live , and the remainder shown either on weekend afternoons or in primetime ; four of the live elimination races will be aired by the main Fox network , with the rest , as well as encores , on FS1 and FS2 ) , and coverage of select NHRA Lucas Oil Drag Racing Sportsman Series events on FS1 . The contract succeeded one with ESPN . On March 21 , 2018 , Fox Sports announced that it had acquired the television rights for the PBA Tour of bowling beginning in 2019 ( once again replacing ESPN ) , with 25 events per - season on FS1 , and 4 on Fox . Programming ( edit ) Event coverage ( edit ) Sports programming on FS1 includes the following : Baseball Major League Baseball ( 2014 -- present ) 40 regular season MLB games ( mostly on Saturdays ) Up to 15 post-season games ( eight Divisional Series games and one best - of - seven League Championship Series ) Basketball BIG3 ( 2017 -- present ) 8 regular season weeks totaling 32 games Playoffs College athletics NCAA football and basketball ( 2013 -- present ) Big East men 's and women 's basketball ( 2013 -- present ) Big 12 football and women 's basketball ( 2013 -- present ) Pac - 12 football and men 's and women 's basketball ( 2013 -- present ) Big Ten football and men 's basketball ( 2017 -- present ) Holiday Bowl ( 2017 -- present ) Boxing Premier Boxing Champions ( 2015 -- present ) Soccer CONCACAF ( 2013 -- present ) CONCACAF Gold Cup ( 2014 -- present ; select matches broadcast across FS1 , FS2 , and Fox Soccer Plus ) CONCACAF Champions League ( 2014 -- present ; select matches broadcast across FS1 , FS2 , and Fox Soccer Plus ) CONMEBOL ( 2013 -- present ) Copa Libertadores ( 2014 -- present ; select tournament matches ) Copa América Centenario ( 2016 ) FA Cup ( 2014 -- present ; select tournament matches ) FIFA World Cup ( exclusive coverage of the 2018 , 2022 and 2026 FIFA World Cup ) FIFA Women 's World Cup ( exclusive coverage of the 2015 , 2019 and 2023 FIFA Women 's World Cup ) German Bundesliga ( 2015 -- present ; all 306 league games via FS1 , FS2 , and Fox Soccer Plus ) DFL - Supercup ( 2015 -- present ) Bundesliga relegation playoffs ( 2015 -- present ) Major League Soccer ( 2015 -- present ; 34 regular season matches ) MLS All - Star Game ( 2015 -- present ; rights alternating with ESPN ) MLS Cup ( 2015 -- present ; rights alternating with ESPN ) UEFA ( 2013 -- present ) UEFA Champions League ( 2015 -- 2018 ; 146 league games across FS1 , FS2 , and Fox Soccer Plus ; two live matches per week on FS1 ) UEFA Europa League ( 2015 -- present ; 205 league games across FS1 , FS2 , and Fox Soccer Plus ; two live matches per week on FS1 ) U.S. Men 's National Soccer Team ( 2015 -- present ; rights to all matches shared with ESPN ) Futsal FIFA Futsal World Cup ( exclusive coverage of the 2016 , 2020 and 2024 FIFA Futsal World Cup ) Golf USGA Championships ( 2015 -- present ) U.S. Open ( 2015 -- present ; live coverage of the first two rounds ) U.S. Senior Open ( 2015 -- present ; live coverage of the first two rounds ) U.S. Women 's Open ( 2015 -- present ; live coverage of the first two rounds ) Men 's , Women 's and Junior Amateur Championships ( 2015 -- present ) Men 's and Women 's Four - Ball Championships ( 2015 -- present ) Franklin Templeton Shootout ( 2015 -- present ; live coverage of the first two rounds ) Horse racing Up to 10 graded stakes races ( 2014 -- present ) Two top stakes races ( 2014 -- present ) Mixed martial arts Ultimate Fighting Championship ( 2013 -- present ) Approximately 18 live UFC events annually , primarily on Saturday nights ( more rarely on Wednesdays and Sundays ) Live preliminary fights for UFC pay - per - view events on Saturday nights The Ultimate Fighter reality television series and tournament , two seasons per year Motorsports AMA Supercross Championship ( 2013 -- present ) Coverage of the Monster Energy AMA Supercross Championship across FS1 and FS2 ( 2013 -- present ) Coverage of the AMSOIL AMA Arenacross Championship across FS1 and FS2 ( 2013 -- present ) Coverage of the Monster Energy Cup event ( 2013 -- present ) ARCA Racing Series presented by Menards ( ten live ARCA races across FS1 and FS2 ) FIA Formula E Championship ( 2014 -- present ; coverage across Fox , FS1 and FS2 ) FIA World Endurance Championship ( 2013 -- 2017 ) 24 Hours of LeMans ( 2013 -- 2017 ; coverage across FS1 and FS2 ) IMSA ( 2013 -- present ) WeatherTech SportsCar Championship ( 2013 -- present ; coverage of the entire season across FS1 and FS2 ) Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge ( 2013 -- present ; coverage of the entire season across FS1 and FS2 ) Monster Jam ( 2013 -- present ; coverage across FS1 and FS2 ) NASCAR ( 2013 -- present ) Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ( 2015 -- present ; live coverage of six races , as well as practice and qualifying events for the first 17 Cup races ) NASCAR All - Star Race ( 2014 -- present ) Xfinity Series ( 2015 -- present ; live coverage of ten races , as well as practice and qualifying for the first 14 Xfinity Series races ) Camping World Truck Series ( 2013 -- present ; live coverage rights to all races including practice and qualifying races , with exception of the Fred 's 250 , which airs on FOX ) National Hot Rod Association ( 2016 -- present ) NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series ; coverage of Friday and Saturday qualifying , and Sunday eliminations NHRA Lucas Oil Drag Racing Series ; Select Sportsman eliminations NHRA J&A Service Pro Mod Drag Racing Series News and analysis programming ( edit ) FS1 airs various studio shows , especially in the afternoon and early evening . In May 2015 , Fox Sports hired Jamie Horowitz , formerly of ESPN , to oversee the channel as Fox Sports ' President of National Networks . Following his arrival , FS1 began to pivot its studio programming towards opinion - oriented shows similar to those he oversaw on ESPN , and also hired away several notable personalities from ESPN , such as Skip Bayless and Colin Cowherd . Horowitz likened this strategy , which has been referred to as `` embrace debate '' , to that of sister property Fox News Channel ; he argued that fewer viewers were watching conventional sports news programs such as SportsCenter due to the ubiquity of online news and highlights , but that there were `` record highs '' for opinion programs . Daily ( edit ) First Things First ( weekdays 6 : 30 -- 9 : 30 a.m. Eastern ; replayed from 3 -- 5 p.m. ) - Morning sports news and debate program with Nick Wright , Cris Carter , and Jenna Wolfe Skip and Shannon : Undisputed ( weekdays 9 : 30 a.m. -- noon Eastern ; replayed from midnight -- 2 a.m. ) -- Midday debate program with Skip Bayless , Shannon Sharpe , and Joy Taylor The Herd with Colin Cowherd ( weekdays noon -- 3 p.m. Eastern ) -- Simulcast of Colin Cowherd 's radio program on Fox Sports Radio . Speak for Yourself with Cowherd & Whitlock ( weekdays 5 - 6 p.m. Eastern ; replayed from 11 p.m. -- midnight ) Afternoon talk / debate program with Colin Cowherd and Jason Whitlock TMZ Sports ( weeknights at 2 a.m. Eastern ) similar to the syndicated TMZ celebrity gossip show , this program focuses specifically on athletes Weekly / seasonal ( edit ) MLB Whiparound ( nightly 11 p.m. -- midnight Eastern during baseball season ) -- A live nightly Major League Baseball highlights and analysis program ( similar in vein to ESPN 's Baseball Tonight or MLB Network 's MLB Tonight ) featuring quick turnaround highlights , news and analysis . The show is hosted by Chris Myers , and one or two analysts from the group of Frank Thomas , Eric Karros and Nick Swisher . Some editions of the program are subject to being moved to a later timeslot , due to conflicts with other scheduled live programming . NASCAR RaceDay ( Saturday afternoon or Sunday morning depending on the race time ) -- A pre-race show for the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series , hosted by John Roberts , with Larry McReynolds , Michael Waltrip and Kenny Wallace providing analysis ; the program was carried over to the network from Speed . NASCAR Race Hub ( weekdays 6 -- 7 p.m. Eastern ) -- A daily program featuring news and analysis on the NASCAR circuit , including reviews of previous races and previews of upcoming action ; the program was carried over to the network from Speed . NASCAR Victory Lane ( Saturday night or Sunday evening depending on the race time ) -- A post-race show for the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series , hosted by John Roberts or Chris Myers , Michael Waltrip and Kenny Wallace ; the program was carried over to the network from Speed . UFC Tonight ( Wednesdays 7 -- p.m. Eastern ) -- Hosted by Kenny Florian and Karyn Bryant , the program features the latest news , highlights , and analysis from the UFC ; this program was carried over to FS1 from Fuel TV ( now Fox Sports 2 ) . Former ( edit ) America 's Pregame ( weeknights 5 : 00 -- 6 : 00 p.m. Eastern ; April 7 , 2014 -- October 2 , 2015 ) -- An early evening preview of the night 's sports action ; the program was cancelled on September 30 , 2015 due to low ratings . Fox NFL Kickoff ( Sundays 11 : 00 a.m. -- 12 : 00 p.m. Eastern during the NFL season ; August 18 , 2013 -- January 18 , 2015 ) -- A program previewing the day 's NFL action , it serves as the supplementary program to the Fox Broadcasting Company 's existing pre-game show Fox NFL Sunday . Fox NFL Kickoff moved to Fox on September 13 , 2015 , in an effort to boost the program 's currently low viewership and to serve as a lead - in for Fox NFL Sunday . Fox Sports Live with Jay and Dan ( nightly 11 : 00 p.m. -- 11 : 30 p.m. Eastern ; August 17 , 2013 -- February 22 , 2017 ) -- Fox Sports 1 's flagship sports news program , which aired directly opposite ESPN 's SportsCenter on most nights . The program was primarily anchored by Jay Onrait and Dan O'Toole , who came to FS1 from the Canadian sports channel TSN , where the pair gained popularity for their irreverent and humorous presentation of sports news while serving as anchors of the late - night editions of that network 's SportsCentre . The show 's first run featured analysis and opinions on that night 's events and that day 's sports news , with Jay and Dan discussing the day 's major stories from FS1 's sister channels ( such as Big Ten Network ) . In February 2016 , the show was rebranded as a late night talk show in order to appeal to a younger generation and to boost low ratings . The program was cancelled on February 23 , 2017 . The Mike Francesa Show ( 2014 - 2015 ) − WFAN radio host Mike Francesa agreed to simulcast a portion of his show on Fox Sports 1 and Fox Sports 2 . However , the arrangement ended after only one year , on September 11 , 2015 . Francesa took full blame for the partnership not succeeding . Garbage Time with Katie Nolan - Fox Sports 1 's weekly program was aired from March 15 , 2015 to February 2017 ; de facto cancelled upon Nolan 's move to ESPN . Ratings ( edit ) While its live events ( such as NASCAR races ) are beaten in the ratings by ESPN , the program Undisputed is behind only 613 thousand viewers to Pardon the Interruption . Live events have still provided FS1 with high ratings . Season averages ( edit ) The following table shows average season viewership for certain team sports competitions on FS1 : Sports event Season Viewers Reference College football 2013 529,000 Major League Soccer 2015 224,000 College basketball 2013 -- 14 92,790 Individual events ( edit ) Major League Baseball ( edit ) 2014 National League Championship Series Game 2 : 4.4 million viewers Game 4 : 5.1 million viewers Game 5 : 4.9 million viewers 2015 American League Championship Series Game 1 : 5.9 million viewers Game 6 : 5.6 million viewers 2016 National League Championship Series Game 2 : 7.3 million viewers Game 6 : 9.7 million viewers 2017 American League Championship Series Game 1 : 6.2 million viewers Game 3 : 3.1 ( 5.1 million viewers ) Game 4 : 4.7 million viewers Game 5 : 3.3 ( 5.3 million viewers ) Game 6 : 8.2 million viewers Game 7 : 9.9 million viewers College football ( edit ) 2013 Oklahoma - Baylor : 1.3 2014 Baylor - Oklahoma : 1.3 2015 Michigan - Utah : 1.7 2016 Texas - Oklahoma : 1.7 2017 Oklahoma - Oklahoma State : 1.4 2017 Ohio State - Nebraska : 1.3 2017 Maryland - Texas : 1.2 NASCAR Cup Series ( edit ) 2014 Duel : 1.9 ( 3.1 million viewers ) 2014 All - Star Race : 2.1 ( 3.5 million viewers ) 2015 Duel : 1.8 ( 3.0 million viewers ) 2015 Martinsville : 2.4 ( 4.1 million viewers ) 2015 All - Star Race : 2.1 ( 3.8 million viewers ) 2015 Dover : 2.5 ( 3.9 million viewers ) 2015 Pocono : 2.3 ( 3.6 million viewers ) 2015 Michigan : 2.2 ( 3.5 million viewers ) 2015 Sonoma : 2.3 ( 3.7 million viewers ) 2016 Duel : 1.6 ( 2.5 million viewers ) 2016 Martinsville : 2.2 ( 4.2 million viewers ) 2016 All - Star Race : 2.0 ( 3.3 million viewers ) 2016 Sonoma : 2.2 ( 3.9 million viewers ) 2017 Duel : 2.5 million viewers 2017 Martinsville : 2.3 ( 4.0 million viewers ) 2017 All - Star Race : 1.6 ( 2.9 million viewers ) Ultimate Fighting Championship ( edit ) UFC Fight Night 59 prelims : 1.1 million viewers UFC Fight Night 59 : 2.8 million viewers UFC Fight Night 81 prelims : 1.8 million viewers UFC Fight Night 81 : 2.3 million viewers UFC Fight Night 82 prelims : 1.1 million viewers UFC Fight Night 82 : 1.3 million viewers UFC 168 prelims : 1.6 million viewers UFC 182 prelims : 1.0 million viewers UFC 193 prelims : 1.3 million viewers UFC 194 prelims : 1.9 million viewers UFC 195 prelims : 1.0 million viewers UFC 196 prelims : 1.8 million viewers UFC 207 prelims : 1.5 million viewers Soccer ( edit ) 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup - United States vs Australia : 3.9 million 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup - Japan vs England : 2.3 million 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup - United States vs Colombia : 4.7 million 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup final : 1.0 ( 1.8 million viewers ) Carriage disputes ( edit ) In February 2015 , Fox Sports 1 became part of a carriage dispute with AT&T U-verse , as Fox Sports Media Group pursued higher carriage fees for the network to cover the cost of sports broadcast rights that had been acquired by the group to fill FS1 's schedule since its launch . AT&T declined to accept these additional fees , with a representative for the provider stating that `` while it 's important to us that we provide our customers with the content they want , we do n't believe that it is reasonable to pass on the added costs of carrying this programming to our customer . '' Rather than pull the channel outright , Fox instead began blacking out certain sporting events carried by FS1 on U-verse , including certain NASCAR , Major League Soccer and college basketball events . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jon Weisman ; Jill Goldsmith ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Dreams Big , Brash with New Sports Channel '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Jump up ^ Tim Baysinger ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Targeting FS1 to Be Profitable By 2016 '' . Multichannel News . NewBay Media . Jump up ^ `` Cable Network Coverage Area Household Universe Estimates : January 2016 '' . Broadcasting and Cable . NewBay Media . Jump up ^ John Ourand ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` Pedigree part of pitch for Fox Sports 1 '' . Sports Business Daily . American City Business Journals . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Ourand ; Tripp Mickle ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Will Fox launch all - sports network ? '' . Sports Business Daily . American City Business Journals . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Soccer to relaunch as FXX '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 -- via Yahoo ! TV . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` FX Officially Unveils FXX Channel To Launch In September , New Branding Campaign '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeff Gluck ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` NASCAR fans have much to lose if Speed goes away '' . SBNation . Vox Media . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Hiestand ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Sports launches direct challenge to ESPN dominance '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ Austin Karp ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` NBC Sports Network Heads Into NHL Season In 77.9 Million U.S. TV Households '' . Sports Business Daily . American City Business Journals . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Pesca ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Launches 24 - Hour Sports Network On Saturday '' . NPR . National Public Radio , Inc . Jump up ^ Anthony Crupi ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 to Launch Aug. 17 '' . Adweek . Mediabistro Holdings . Jump up ^ Bob Pockrass ( August 17 , 2013 ) . `` As Speed dies , Mike Joy provides lookback , then bridge to Fox Sports 1 '' . Sporting News . Sporting News Media . Jump up ^ `` FOX Sports 1 Media Information - T - Minus 100 Days And Counting to Launch of FOX Sports 1 '' ( PDF ) . Fox Sports PressPass ( Press release ) . Fox Sports Media Group . May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jon Weisman ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 Sets Opening Day Schedule '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Jump up ^ `` FS1 Ready To Take On ESPN , Though Fox Execs Know The Battle Could Take A While '' . Sports Business Daily . American City Business Journals . August 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Joe Flint ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 will launch with DirecTV , Dish and Time Warner Cable '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Jump up ^ Barry Petchesky ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` You Will Not Be Paying Much For Fox Sports 1 '' . Deadspin . Gawker Media . Jump up ^ John Ourand ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Sources : Distributors Hold The Line On Fox Sports 1 Sub Fee '' . Sports Business Daily . American City Business Journals . Jump up ^ John Ourand ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` FS1 carriage talks sticky a month out '' . Sports Business Journal . American City Business Journals . Jump up ^ Phillip Swann . `` All Major Providers Pick Up Fox Sports 1 '' . TVPredictions.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John Ourand ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` Two channels will carry Speed name '' . Sports Business Journal . American City Business Journals . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Norris McDonald ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Fogarty , Gurney at large , Villeneuve at Indy and Speed Channel '' . Wheels.ca . Star Media Group . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Speed Channel '' . Rogers Communications . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Yoder ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 beginning shift to new `` FS1 '' logo this week `` . Awful Announcing . Bloguin . ^ Jump up to : `` NHRA leaves ESPN , signs long - term deal with Fox Sports '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Associated Press . July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Bucholtz ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` NHRA confirms move to Fox , removing ESPN 's last regular motorsports coverage '' . Awful Announcing . Bloguin . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Professional Bowling Rolls to Fox Sports '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : John Ourand ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` MLB on Fox : New voices , channel , platforms '' . Sports Business Journal . American City Business Journals . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Soon - to - be-renamed Big East , ESPN complete TV deal ; contract runs through 2019 - 20 season '' . Fox News . Associated Press . March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday Bowl moving from ESPN to FS1 '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan Rafael ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Premier Boxing Champions finalize deal with Fox Sports 1 '' . ESPN . ESPN Inc . Jump up ^ Phillip Quinn ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Fox Sports secures Bundesliga 's USA television rights beginning 2015 - 2016 '' . SBNation . Vox Media . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FS1 to pursue ' unicorn ' of late - night TV after it gets ' First Things First ' rolling '' . Sporting News . 2017 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ McMahon , Bobby . `` Turner Sports Acquisition Of UEFA Champions League Rights Means More Than Just A Broadcaster Change '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Michael W. Compton ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 and The Jockey Club Announce New Racing Package '' . MichaelWCompton.com . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Sports 1 will carry Sprint Cup ; Speed gone on Aug. 17 '' . Sporting News . March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jamie Horowitz Fired at Fox Sports Amid Harassment Probe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' UFC Tonight '' Moves to Fox Sports 1 on September 11 `` . MMA Weekly . August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mike Reynolds ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` FS1 Looks To Boost Audience with MLB 's Arrival '' . Multichannel News . NewBay Media . Jump up ^ Matt Yoder ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` FS1 is canceling America 's Pregame '' . Awful Announcing . Bloguin . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tim Baysinger ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 Sets Roster for Pair of Studio Shows '' . Broadcasting & Cable . NewBay Media . Jump up ^ John Ourand ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' NFL Kickoff ' moving from FS1 to Fox '' . Sports Business Daily . American City Business Journals . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reid Cherner ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 not the usual new kid on ESPN 's block '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ Bonesteel , Matt ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` FS1 blows up its late night : ' Fox Sports Live ' canceled , Katie Nolan in limbo '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Nina ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` FS1 cancels Fox Sports Live '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blitz , Bob 's ( 2014 - 03 - 12 ) . `` FOX Sports 1 & 2 COO David Nathanson Comments on Mike Francesa Joining the Fledging National Network '' . BobsBlitz.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Francesa , Fox finally end failed marriage '' . 2015 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marlins - Mets , SportsCenter , Live From top cable sports TV ratings for Sunday April 9 , 2017 '' . Sports TV Ratings. 2017 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Pardon the Interruption , Rangers - Canadiens , Around the Horn top cable sports TV ratings for Friday April 14 , 2017 '' . Sports TV Ratings. 2017 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings : NBCSN NHL Down by Double - Digits , FS1 Supercross - Detroit Triples from ' 16 '' . Awful Announcing. 2017 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings : Huge Gains for NBCSN Chelsea - Manchester United and FS1 Bayern Munchen - Real Madrid '' . Awful Announcing. 2017 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : John Ourand ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` Fox Sports execs like trends at FS1 '' . Sports Business Daily . American City Business Journals . Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` MLS encouraged by growth in TV audiences '' . Soccer America . Jump up ^ Brian Steinberg ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 , AT&T In Dispute Over Fees For Nascar , Golf , Soccer '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . 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-7253620850276642402 | List of most-liked Instagram pictures | List of most - liked Instagram pictures - wikipedia List of most - liked Instagram pictures Kylie Jenner currently has the most - liked picture on Instagram . This list contains the pictures with the most likes on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram ; Instagram does not provide an official list . As of June 2018 , the name announcement of Kylie Jenner 's first child is the most - liked picture with almost 18 million likes . Additionally , Kylie Jenner has the most pictures in the top ten with four , including the top two overall . Most of Jenner 's top pictures feature her newborn daughter , Stormi Webster . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top pictures 2 Historical most - liked pictures 3 See also 4 References Top pictures ( edit ) Rank Account name Owner Post description Photo Likes ( millions ) Date posted 1 . @ kyliejenner Jenner , Kylie Kylie Jenner 1st photo of her daughter Stormi ( 1 ) 17.9 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2018 2 . 2nd photo of her daughter Stormi ( 2 ) 13.0 000000002018 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2018 3 . @ cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 4th child 's birth announcement ( 3 ) 11.4 000000002017 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2017 4 . @ beyonce Beyoncé , Beyoncé Twins pregnancy announcement ( 4 ) 11.2 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2017 5 . @ kyliejenner Jenner , Kylie Kylie Jenner Pregnancy / birth announcement ( 5 ) 10.6 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 6 . @ selenagomez Gomez , Selena Selena Gomez Kidney transplant ( 6 ) 10.6 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 7 . @ therock Johnson , Dwayne Dwayne Johnson 1st photo of his daughter Tiana ( 7 ) 10.4 000000002018 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 2018 8 . @ beyonce Beyoncé , Beyoncé Twins birth announcement ( 8 ) 10.3 000000002017 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2017 9 . @ cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Post-match photo after historic hat - trick ( 9 ) 9.7 000000002018 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2018 10 . @ selenagomez Gomez , Selena Selena Gomez Justin Bieber 's birthday post ( 10 ) 9.5 000000002018 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2018 11 . @ kyliejenner Jenner , Kylie Kylie Jenner 3rd photo of her daughter Stormi ( 11 ) 9.5 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 2018 12 . @ cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 5th Champions League win ( 12 ) 9.3 000000002018 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 2018 13 . @ kyliejenner Jenner , Kylie Kylie Jenner 4th photo of her daughter Stormi ( 13 ) 9.0 000000002018 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2018 14 . @ khloekardashian Kardashian , Khloe Khloe Kardashian Pregnancy announcement ( 14 ) 8.8 000000002017 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2017 15 . @ cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 8 - year - old son 's birthday post ( 15 ) 8.8 000000002018 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 , 2018 16 . @ kyliejenner Jenner , Kylie Kylie Jenner Travis Scott 's birthday post ( 16 ) 8.7 000000002018 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 2018 17 . @ justinbieber Bieber , Justin Justin Bieber Shirtless photo featuring new tattoo ( 17 ) 8.7 000000002018 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 2018 18 . @ selenagomez Gomez , Selena Selena Gomez Visiting her childhood home ( 18 ) 8.6 000000002018 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 2018 19 . @ cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Photo with wife and Ballon d'Or award ( 19 ) 8.5 000000002018 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 2018 20 . 5th Ballon d'Or award win ( 20 ) 8.2 000000002017 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 2017 As of June 20 , 2018 Historical most - liked pictures ( edit ) The following table lists all of the pictures since 2014 that were once the most - liked picture on Instagram . Current record Former record Account name Owner Post description Photo Likes ( millions ) Days held Date posted @ kyliejenner Jenner , Kylie Kylie Jenner First photo of her daughter Stormi ( 21 ) 17.9 133 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2018 @ beyonce Beyoncé , Beyoncé Twins pregnancy announcement ( 22 ) 11.2 370 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2017 @ selenagomez Gomez , Selena Selena Gomez Coca - Cola advertisement ( 23 ) 6.9 221 000000002016 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2016 @ justinbieber Bieber , Justin Justin Bieber Justin Bieber kissing Selena Gomez ( 24 ) 3.8 97 000000002016 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2016 @ kendalljenner Jenner , Kendall Kendall Jenner Heart hair photograph ( 25 ) 3.6 299 000000002015 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2015 @ kimkardashian Kardashian , Kim Kim Kardashian Wedding kiss with Kanye West ( 26 ) 2.4 364 000000002014 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 2014 @ justinbieber Bieber , Justin Justin Bieber Selena Gomez hugging Justin Bieber ( 27 ) 1.9 143 000000002014 - 01 - 04 - 0000 January 4 , 2014 As of June 20 , 2018 See also ( edit ) List of most - followed Instagram accounts List of most - liked tweets List of most - retweeted tweets References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Most Liked Pictures - Popular Chips Instagram Stats Instagram Statistics '' . Popular Chips . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kylie Jenner baby pic causes social media Storm ( i ) '' . BBC News . February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davies - Day , Rachel ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Kylie Jenner 's First Photo Of Daughter Stormi Just Became The Most Liked Instagram Photo Ever '' . MTV ( UK ) . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Instagram post by Kylie Feb 6 , 2018 at 3 : 42pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Kylie on Instagram : `` my angel baby is 1 month old today '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Instagram post by Cristiano Ronaldo Nov 12 , 2017 at 8 : 19pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beyoncé ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Instagram post by Beyoncé Feb 1 , 2017 at 6 : 39pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Instagram post by Kylie Jenner February 4 , 2018 at 5 : 21pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Selena Gomez . `` Instagram post by Selena Gomez September 14 , 2017 '' . Instagram . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dwayne Johnson ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` @ therock on Instagram : `` Skin to skin . Our mana . Blessed and proud to bring another strong girl into this world . Tiana Gia Johnson came into this world like a ... '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beyoncé ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Beyoncé on Instagram : `` Sir Carter and Rumi 1 month today . '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo on Instagram : `` Vamos família ! '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Selena Gomez ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Instagram post by Selena Gomez Mar 1 , 2018 at 5 : 43am UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Kylie on Instagram : `` stormi strolls '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo ( May 27 , 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo on Instagram : `` What a dream ! ! ! 5 champions leagues '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` Kylie on Instagram : `` angel baby '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Khloe Kardashian ( December 20 , 2018 ) . `` Khloe Kardashian on Instagram : `` My greatest dream realized ! We are having a baby ! '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo on Instagram : `` Parabéns meu querido filho ! Estas a ficar um homem ! '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Kylie on Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Justin Bieber ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Bieber on Instagram : `` Wowzers '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Selena Gomez ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Selena Gomez on Instagram : `` The home I grew up in , from birth to 13 ... '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo on Instagram : `` también es tuya '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo on Instagram : `` Another dream come true ... '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner 's Stormi Photo Tops Beyonce 's Pregnancy Reveal as Most - Liked Instagram Post Ever Jump up ^ Beyonce Pregnancy Photo Breaks Selena Gomez Record for Most - Liked Instagram Pic Jump up ^ Selena Gomez Tops Justin Bieber for Most - Liked Instagram Photo Ever Jump up ^ Justin Bieber & Selena Gomez Throwback Pic Is Now Instagram 's Most - Liked Jump up ^ Kendall Jenner Breaks Kanye West & Kim Kardashian 's Instagram Record Jump up ^ Kim Kardashian , wife , is most liked Instagram ever Jump up ^ Kim Kardashian 's Wedding Photo Breaks Instagram Record For Most Likes -- Sorry , Justin Bieber ! Facebook Website Features Beacon Bluetooth Beacon Credits EdgeRank Graph Search Instant Articles Like button Live facebookcorewwwi. onion Platform Safety Check Stories Watch ( List of original programs ) Zero Other products Current Atlas Solutions Express Wi - Fi Free Basics Instagram Hyperlapse List of most followed accounts List of most liked pictures Messenger MSQRD Oculus Rift Onavo tbh WhatsApp Workplace Former Camera FriendFeed Home HTC First M ( virtual assistant ) Paper Poke ( app ) Riff Slingshot Wirehog People Founders Mark Zuckerberg ( 28 % equity ) Dustin Moskovitz ( 7 % ) Eduardo Saverin ( 5 % , formerly ) Chris Hughes ( 1 % , formerly ) Andrew McCollum Board Mark Zuckerberg Jim Breyer ( 11 % ) Peter Thiel ( 2 % ) Sheryl Sandberg Marc Andreessen Erskine Bowles Susan Desmond - Hellmann Donald E. Graham Reed Hastings Executive officers Current Mark Zuckerberg ( Chairman and CEO ) Sheryl Sandberg ( COO ) David Wehner ( CFO ) Mike Schroepfer ( CTO ) Former Sean Parker ( 4 % , formerly ) Owen Van Natta Gideon Yu Adam D'Angelo Chris Kelly Bret Taylor David Ebersman Notable employees Current Chris Cox ( VP of Product ) Elliot Schrage ( VP of Global Communications , Marketing and Public Policy ) Lars Rasmussen ( Graph Search director ) John Carmack ( CTO of Oculus VR ) Hugo Barra ( VP of Oculus VR ) Naomi Gleit ( VP of social good ) Caryn Marooney ( VP of Communications ) Former Blake Ross ( Director of Product ) Ted Ullyot ( VP , General Counsel , and Secretary ) Matt Cohler Charlie Cheever Randi Zuckerberg Yishan Wong George Hotz Joe Lockhart Andrei Alexandrescu ( research scientist ) Open source Apache Cassandra Apache Hive Apache Thrift Buck FQL Hack HHVM HipHop for PHP MyRocks Open Compute Project Phabricator React RocksDB Scribe Tornado ( web server ) Mass media The Facebook Effect The Accidental Billionaires The Social Network Concepts Activity stream Social graph Friending and following Reblogging Fan - gating Facebook diplomacy Facebook like button Business History Timeline Acquisitions f8 conference IPO Censorship Criticism Cambridge Analytica data scandal Litigation Divisions Facebook AI Research Facebook Creative Labs Related Priscilla Chan ( wife of Mark Zuckerberg ) Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Aquila Internet relay drone Willow Village Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-liked_Instagram_pictures&oldid=846621222 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 21 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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8786613345116841858 | Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege | Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege - Wikipedia Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 16 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege Developer ( s ) Ubisoft Montreal Publisher ( s ) Ubisoft Director ( s ) Xavier Marquis Producer ( s ) Sébastien Labbé Designer ( s ) Daniel Drapeau Programmer ( s ) Jalal Eddine El Mansouri Artist ( s ) Po Yuen Kenny Lam Writer ( s ) Li Kuo Composer ( s ) Paul Haslinger Ben Frost Series Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Engine AnvilNext 2.0 Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release December 1 , 2015 Genre ( s ) Tactical shooter Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege is a tactical shooter video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft . It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One on December 1 , 2015 . The game puts heavy emphasis on environmental destruction and cooperation between players . Players assume control of an attacker or a defender in different gameplay modes such as hostage rescuing and bomb defusing . The title has no campaign , but features a series of short missions that can be played solo . These missions have a loose narrative , focusing on recruits going through training to prepare them for future encounters with the White Masks , a terrorist group that threatens the safety of the world . It is an entry in the Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six series and the successor to Tom Clancy 's Rainbow 6 : Patriots , a tactical shooter that had a larger focus on narrative . However , Patriots was eventually cancelled due to its technical shortcomings , and the team decided to reboot the franchise . The team evaluated the core of the Rainbow Six franchise and believed that letting players impersonate the top counter-terrorist operatives around the world suited the game most . To create authentic siege situations , the team consulted actual counter-terrorism units , and looked at real - life examples of sieges . Powered by AnvilNext 2.0 , the game also utilizes Ubisoft 's RealBlast technology to create destructible environments . Announced at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2014 , it received four nominations from Game Critics Awards including Best of Show . The game received a generally positive reception from critics , with praise mostly directed to the game 's tense multiplayer and focus on tactics . However , the game was criticized for its progression system and its lack of content . Initial sales were weak , but the game 's player base increased significantly as Ubisoft adopted a `` games as a service '' model for the game and subsequently released several packages of free downloadable content . The company also partnered with ESL to make Siege an eSports game . In April 2018 , two and a half years after the game 's initial launch , the game surpassed 30 million registered players across all platforms . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Modes 2 Setting 3 Development 3.1 Origin 3.2 Gameplay design 3.3 Sound design 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 5.2 Accolades 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Gameplay Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege is a first - person shooter game , in which players control an operator from the Rainbow team . Different operators have different nationalities , weapons , and gadgets . The game features an asymmetrical structure whereby the teams are not always balanced in their ability choices . The Counter Terrorism Units ( CTUs ) available for play include the FBI Hostage Rescue Team , the British SAS , German GSG - 9 , Russian Spetsnaz and French GIGN , each of which has four operators per unit ( other units were later added through downloadable content , see below ) . Players also have access to a `` Recruit '' operator who can choose from a more flexible assortment of equipment at the expense of having no unique gadget . Players pick an operator from any unit before a round starts , and are not allowed to change operators during a round . An in - game shop allows players to purchase operators using the in - game currency , `` Renown '' , which is earned at the end of matches from actions performed in - game . The different gameplay modes award renown at different rates , with ranked matches offering the largest renown multiplier potential per match . Renown can also be affected with the addition of `` boosters '' which give the player a 100 % increase in all renown earned for 24 hours ( real time not play time ) . Renown can be used to purchase weapon customization options , which allow players to put attachments such as silencers and scopes on their weapons . A premium credit , known as `` R6 credits '' can also be purchased using real world currency to get operators quicker in - game , or other cosmetic . In ranked play , when a round begins , the attackers choose one of several spawn points from which to launch their attack . The attackers are then given control over wheeled drones to scout the map in search of enemy operators and targets , while the defenders can use security cameras to spot the attackers . Maps in the game are designed to encourage close quarters combat , and players can not respawn until the end of a round . Defenders can also put up destructible barricades and reinforce walls to make them indestructible unless you have an appropriate operator . Players who were killed by opponents can enter `` Support Mode '' , which allows them to gain access to drone 's cameras and security cameras so that they can continue to contribute to their team by informing them of opponent locations and activities . Matches generally last only a few minutes . Teamwork and cooperation is encouraged in Siege , and players need to take advantage of their different abilities in order to complete the objective and defeat the enemy team . Communication between players is also encouraged . The game also has a spectator mode , which allows players to observe a match from different angles . An alpha gameplay screenshot of the game , showcasing the Hostage Mode . Players can destroy structures like walls to spot targets . The game features heavy emphasis on environmental destruction using a procedural destruction system . Players can break structures by planting explosives on them , or shoot walls to make bullet holes . Players may gain tactical advantages through environmental destruction , and the system aims at encouraging players to utilize creativity and strategy . A bullet - penetration system is featured , in which bullets that pass through structures deal less damage to enemies . In addition to destruction , players can also set up heavy - duty fortifications on walls and deployable shields around them for protection ; these can be destroyed through breaching or by utilizing operator specific melee - weapons like sledgehammers . In order to stop attackers ' advance , defenders can place traps like barbed - wire and explosive laserwire traps around the maps . Vertical space is a key gameplay element in the game 's maps : players can destroy ceilings and floors using breach charges and can ambush enemies by rappelling through windows . Powerful weapons like grenades and breach charges are valuable , as only limited numbers can be used in a round . Modes At launch , the game featured 11 maps and 5 different gameplay modes . With the downloadable content ( DLC ) -- an additional four maps from season one and the first map from season two -- there are currently 16 maps with two more slated for release by January 2018 . The gameplay modes featured include : Hostage : a competitive multiplayer mode , in which the attackers must extract the hostage from the defenders , while the defenders must prevent the hostage from being rescued . A secondary manner of winning can occur if the attacking or defending team accidentally damages the hostage , causing the hostage to `` down '' ; if the opposing team can prevent revival of the hostage , and the hostage bleeds - out and dies , they will win the round . Bomb : a competitive multiplayer mode , in which the attackers are tasked with locating and defusing one of two bombs . The defenders must stop the attackers by killing all of them or destroying the defuser . If all attackers are killed after the defuser is planted , the defuser must still be destroyed for a defending victory . Secure Area : a competitive multiplayer mode , in which the defenders must protect a room with biohazard containers , while the attackers must fight their way in . The match ends when all players from one team are killed or the biohazard container is secured by the attackers when there are no defenders in the room . Terrorist Hunt : a solo or cooperative multiplayer mode for up to five players . Players take on the role of either attackers or defenders , and must fight against waves of enemies controlled by artificial intelligence . Situations : the game 's most significant single - player component , with 11 scenarios that serve as introductions and tutorials to the game 's mechanics . Tactical Realism : a variation of the standard competitive multiplayer modes , added with the release of the Operation Skull Rain DLC . The game mode features a heavier emphasis on realism and teamwork , removing most of the heads - up display ( HUD ) elements , the ability to mark opponents , and the ability to see teammates ' contours through walls , while also featuring the addition of a realistic ammo management system . This mode is not featured any more but some aspects are in the other multiplayer modes . Setting Angela Bassett performed voice works and motion capture for Six , the director of Team Rainbow . Three years after Rainbow Program 's deactivation , there is a resurgence of terrorist activities , with the White Mask being the most prominent . The terrorists ' goals are unknown , yet they are causing chaos across the world . To counter this rising threat , the program is reactivated by a new leader who is simply known as Six ( voiced by Angela Bassett ) . Six assembles a group of special forces operatives from different countries to face and combat the White Masks . Recruits go through multiple exercises to prepare them for future encounters with the White Masks , training to perform hostage rescue and bomb disposal . Eventually , the White Masks launch a chemical attack on a university ( called Bartlett University ) , and the recruits are sent to disarm the bombs and eliminate the enemy presence . The operation is a massive success , though there are casualties . The story ends with Six affirming that the reactivation of Team Rainbow is the best and only choice in a time filled with risks and uncertainties . Team Rainbow is ready for their next mission -- to hunt down the leader of their enemy -- and they stand prepared to protect and defend their nation from terrorists . Development Origin See also : Tom Clancy 's Rainbow 6 : Patriots This entire project was born and has grown out of an in - depth study that looked to distill what the Rainbow series is at its core in terms of both fantasy and gameplay . At the end of the day , the Rainbow Six fantasy about being part of the greatest counter-terrorist organization and impersonating the best of the best operators , working as a team , ( and ) carrying out dangerous operations ( hostage rescue ) anywhere on the globe -- Andrew J. Witts , game designer of Rainbow Six : Siege The game 's predecessor was Tom Clancy 's Rainbow 6 : Patriots , a tactical shooter announced in 2011 . It had a focus on narrative , and the story campaign features many cut - scenes and scripted events . However , the game fell into a development hell shortly after its announcement . The game 's outdated engine and frequent change of leadership hindered development progress , and game quality was not up to par . In addition , it was planned to be released on seventh - generation video - game consoles which were not capable of processing certain game mechanics . Seeing the arrival of a new generation of consoles , the team wanted to make use of this opportunity to create a more technologically advanced game . As a result , Ubisoft decided to cancel Patriots , and assembled a new team of 25 people to come up with ideas to reboot the series . To make the new game feel refreshing , only certain multiplayer elements were retained as the small team took the game in a different direction . They evaluated the core of the Rainbow Six series , which they thought was about being a member of a counter-terrorist team traveling around the globe to deal with dangerous terrorist attacks -- operations which are usually intense confrontations between attackers and defenders . However , the team wanted to fit these ideas into a multiplayer format which would increase the game 's sustainability . These became the basic concept ideas for the game . As the development team hoped that the game can be replayed frequently , the team decided to devote all the resources into developing the game 's multiplayer and abandoned the single - player campaign . Development of the game officially began in January 2013 . Ubisoft Montreal , the developer of Patriots , handled the game 's development , with Ubisoft 's offices in Barcelona , Toronto , Kiev , Shanghai and Chengdu providing assistance . The game was originally called Rainbow Six Unbreakable , a title that reflected not only the game 's destruction mechanic but also the mindset of the development team , who had to deliver a game that was once stuck in development hell . According to Alexandre Remy , the brand director , the team was confident in their new vision for the game but very nervous when they revealed it , realizing the change of direction would likely disappoint some fans . Gameplay design The 150 - person team consisted mainly of first - person shooter veterans or longtime Rainbow Six players . Despite having prior knowledge on how these types of games work , the team decided to study historic examples of counter-terrorist operations , including 1980 's London Iranian Embassy siege , 1977 's Lufthansa Flight 181 hijacking , and 2002 's Moscow theater hostage crisis to ensure that the portrayal of these operations was accurate and appropriate . The team also consulted counter-terrorism units , such as the National Gendarmerie Intervention Group ( GIGN ) , for their opinions on how they would react during a hostage rescue situation . According to Xavier Marquis , the game 's creative director , having a hostage rescue mission in the game helped create an immersive story . By allowing players to assume control of an operator tasked with saving innocents , it gives them an objective and a priority . They must be careful in dealing with the situation and try their best not to hurt the hostage . This further promotes teamwork between players and prompts them to plan before attacking , and further makes the game more realistic , tense and immersive . To make the game feel more realistic , the team introduced a mechanic called `` living hostage '' to govern the hostage character 's behavior -- e.g. , coughing if there is dust in the air or shielding him or herself if there is nearby gunfire . The environmental destruction mechanic was one of the game 's most important elements . When the game 's development was begun , The developer 's in - house team completed their work on RealBlast Destruction , an engine that `` procedurally breaks everything down '' and remodels the environment . The development team thought that this technology fitted the game 's style and gameplay , and decided to use it . This aspect of the game became increasingly important during development , and the team spent an extended period of time making sure that these destructions were authentic . As a result , the team implemented a materials - based tearing system , in which environmental objects of different materials show different reactions to players ' attacks . To render the game 's texture , the team used physically based rendering , even though it was ineffective during the game 's early stage of production due to issues with the game 's engine . A material bank and substance painter were utilized to create textures for environmental objects when they were damaged or destroyed . The team also implemented subtle visual cues to help players identify whether a structure was destructible or not , as opposed to `` distracting '' players with more - obvious hints . The destruction mechanic prompted Ubisoft to change their level - design approach , as they had to ensure that the level was still logical and realistic when parts of the environment were destroyed . According to Ubisoft , `` teamwork , tactics , and tension '' were the game 's three most important pillars . The team initially worked on a respawn feature , allowing players to rejoin after they are killed in the game . However , following several internal tournaments , the team realized that some of their employees would always win a match . They concluded that the respawn system worked to the benefit of strong players and placed individual skill above teamwork , which did not fit the developer 's focus on game tactics . Removing the respawn feature meant greater consequences for taking risks , and players had to rely on their teammates in order to survive and achieve objectives . According to Chris Lee , the game 's designer , the team initially worried that the system would only appeal to hardcore players . However , after several testings , they found that the removal of the respawn system provided new challenges to strong players and forced them to cooperate with their teammates -- while it rewarded weaker players who were willing to take their time , plan their actions , and be strategic . The gameplay system was designed to allow players to have a lot of freedom . As a result , the team implemented the `` Golden 3C Rules '' , which represents Character , Control , and Camera . Players are always controlling their own actions and movements , and the team intentionally avoided any animation that would disrupt the players . As a result , actions such as setting explosives , or placing a breach charge , can be cancelled immediately so that players can react and shoot . The game 's camera only moves when the player moves , as the team feared that the changes of camera angle may lead to players ' in - game deaths . A free - lean system was introduced to the game so that players can have more control on their line of sight . According to Ubisoft , this input - driven control mechanism makes the game feel more `` natural '' and `` fluid '' . This is because it allows players to concentrate on planning and coordinating , rather than thinking if the camera or environment will interfere their actions . Several gameplay elements were scrapped or removed from the final game . One of the features of its predecessors , artificial intelligence - controlled squadmates , were removed from single - player missions . This decision was made because the team wanted players to play with a squad controlled by actual players rather than computers . The team once considered adding a map editor so that players could design their own maps , but this plan never came to fruition . Hit markers , which would indicate an injury inflicted on an opponent , were removed because the team feared that players would abuse the system by `` peppering the walls with gunfire '' and use hit markers to locate enemies . Players can not jump in the game , as real - life counter-terrorist unit operators do not jump while carrying out their missions . Sound design According to Louis Philippe , the game 's audio director , the team originally used intense music and sounds to create tension . However , the team decided to scrap this idea , realizing that the best way to create a tense atmosphere is to create the sounds of other players , which are often unexpected . The team created Navigation Sounds , in which the sound a player made is determined by their operators ' weight , armor , and speed . Gadget deployment such as fortifying and breach - charging create louder sounds that may reveal the player 's presence . The team thought that this would be enjoyable for players and influence their gameplay experience . The game 's music was composed by Paul Haslinger , who had worked on the score of the previous Rainbow Six games and the Far Cry series . His co-composer was Ben Frost , who debuted his first video game soundtrack with Siege . Leon Purviance assisted Frost and Haslinger in composing the music . Release Ubisoft announced the game at their press conference during Electronic Entertainment Expo 2014 . In August 2015 , Ubisoft announced that they had delayed the game 's release from October 10 to December 1 , 2015 , in order to give additional time for the team to balance the game for cooperative multiplayer play . A closed alpha - testing was held by Ubisoft on April 7 -- 13 , 2015 , in which players could play an early version of the game in order to help the development team test their servers and core gameplay loops , and to provide feedback . Ubisoft held a closed beta , starting on September 24 , 2015 , for further testing . The company originally wanted to hold another round of testing with the release of the game 's open beta on November 25 , 2015 , but they delayed its release to November 26 due to matchmaking issues . Players who purchased Siege for the Xbox One could download Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas and its sequel , Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 for free . The game had multiple versions for players to purchase . A season pass was announced on November 12 , 2015 . Players who bought this version of the game could gain early access to operators offered in the DLCs and receive several weapon skins . The game was also released alongside its Collector 's Edition , which included the game 's season pass , a hat , a compass and bottle opener , a backpack , and a 120 - page guide . A Starter Edition was released on PC in June 2016 , featuring all the maps , modes and weapons of the standard edition , and included two operators plus enough Rainbow 6 Credits to purchase two more of the player 's choice ( players could purchase the rest of the operators with Renown or Rainbow 6 Credits ) . The Starter Edition was cheaper than the main game , and was initially available for a limited time . In February 2017 , the Starter Edition became permanently available via Uplay . According to Ubisoft , the game adopted a `` game as a service '' approach , as they would provide long - term support for the game and offer post-release content to keep players engaged . The management team initially doubted the idea , but eventually decided to approve it . The title was supported with many updates upon launch , with the company introducing fixes to bugs , and improvements on both matchmaking and general gameplay mechanics . They also introduced an auto - kick system , which automatically removes players from a match when they kill a friendly player , and launched the BattleEye system in August 2016 to punish cheaters . All downloadable content maps was released to all players for free . The team avoided adding more modes to the game because most would not fit well with the game 's close - quarter combat . Downloadable content for the game were divided into several seasons , with a Mid-Season Reinforcement patch which added new weapons and modified some of the operators ' core abilities . This post-release content was developed by the Montreal studio in conjunction with Blue Byte in Germany . Ubisoft announced that they would keep supporting the game and adding new playable characters for 10 more years . As a result , no sequel was planned . In January 2018 , Ubisoft announced the introduction of Outbreak Packs , which are lootboxes that can be unlocked with R6 credits ( which can be purchased with microtransactions ) to gain character items . The company also announed that the base version of the game will be replaced by a bundle named The Advanced Edition , which includes the base game and a small amount of outbreak packs and R6 credits . The changes resulted in players ' backlash , as existing players have to pay for new content while new players do not . Ubisoft compensated players by giving players a free premium skin for free , and announced plans to change the Standard Edition so that players can unlock new operators at a faster pace . Downloadable content and expansion packs Year Name Release date Notes Year 1 Operation Black Ice February 2 , 2016 The DLC introduces a new map , a frozen yacht in Canada . It also introduces two Canadian operators , Frost and Buck . Frost can use a trap to incapacitate enemies , while Buck has an under - barrel shotgun . Operation Dust Line May 11 , 2016 The DLC introduces a new map set in the Middle East , which was described as `` a mix of old and new construction with open air pathways '' . It also introduces two new operators , Blackbeard and Valkyrie . Blackbeard has face shields that can be mounted onto his rifle , while Valkyrie has three Black Eye Cameras . Operation Skull Rain August 2 , 2016 The DLC introduces a new map set in Brazil , and two Brazilian operators called Capitão and Caveira . Capitão has a tactical crossbow which can be loaded with asphyxiating bolts , that will burn oxygen within a certain radius , or smoke grenade bolts that create a thick cloud of smoke . Caveira has an ability called Silent Step , which allows her to interrogate an immobilized enemy for the location of other enemies . Operation Red Crow November 17 , 2016 The DLC introduces a new map set in a skyscraper in Japan , and two Japanese operators called Hibana and Echo . Hibana possesses a weapon that launches up to three sets of six explosives that can break reinforced walls , while Echo uses a drone capable of releasing sonic blasts to disorient enemies . Year 2 Operation Velvet Shell February 8 , 2017 The DLC introduces a new map set in Spain , and two Spanish operators called Mira and Jackal . Jackal is a tracker who can reveal the location of enemies by tracking their footprints , while Mira can create one - way windows on walls which can be ejected , leaving a space for operators to fire through . Operation Health June 6 , 2017 Operation Health is an update that fine - tuned many of the game 's aspects , including fixes to hit boxes , spawn killing and audio issues . This resulted in the delay of season 2 's content and the cancellation of a map . Operation Blood Orchid September 5 , 2017 The DLC introduces a new map set in Hong Kong , two Hong Kong operators named Ying and Lesion , and one Polish operator named Ela . Ying utilizes candela cluster charges that can be thrown or attached to a surface to stun enemies . Lesion uses poison mines that slow and cause damage to an enemy over time when triggered . Ela possesses proximity concussion mines that can be attached to multiple surfaces to disorient enemies . Operation White Noise December 5 , 2017 The DLC introduces a new map set in South Korea , two South Korean operators named Dokkaebi and Vigil , and one Polish operator named Zofia . Dokkaebi is able to hack cameras and enemy phones to make them ring , giving away their positions through sound . Vigil is invisible to enemy drones and cameras . Zofia carries a double barreled grenade launcher capable of launching explosive or concussion grenades . Year 3 Operation Chimera March 6 , 2018 This DLC introduces one GIGN operator named Lion , and one Spetsnaz operator named Finka . Both are part of a CBRN specialist detachment of Team Rainbow . Lion uses a UAV to temporarily expose moving enemies via sonar ; Finka uses nanomachines to temporarily increase the health and accuracy of herself and her teammates . This DLC also introduces `` Outbreak '' , a PvE gamemode where some operators are tasked with containing a biohazard that has turned the citizens of Truth or Consequences , New Mexico into zombie - like monsters . Ubisoft also envisioned the game as an eSports game . The company had their first meeting with David Hiltscher , vice president of ESL , in late 2013 . ESL offered feedback on the game 's balancing and helped the developer to ensure that the game was suitable for competitive play . The team focused on introducing new operators to provide variety for eSports viewers after the game 's release , a decision inspired by modern multiplayer online battle arena games such as Dota 2 , as this type of game often has 80 -- 100 playable characters . ESL and Ubisoft officially announced Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Pro League , a global tournament for Windows and Xbox One players . The competition was held at Intel Extreme Masters eSports tournament on March 4 , 2016 . A European team , PENTA Sports , became the champion of the first season of Rainbow Six Pro League after defeating another team , GiFu , at the final of the tournament held in May 2016 . In 2017 , It was revealed that Pro League Year Two would return , but Xbox One tournaments would not be featured . Ubisoft also held the Six Invitational tournaments in 2017 and 2018 , in which top teams competed for the top prize . The 2018 tournament attracted 321,000 viewers on Twitch . Both Nathan Lawrence from Red Bull and Richie Shoemaker from Eurogamer compared the game favourably with Counter-Strike : Global Offensive , with both being hopeful that Siege can dethrone Global Offensive 's status as the most successful competitive eSports first - person shooter in the future . Reception Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PC ) 79 / 100 ( XONE ) 74 / 100 ( PS4 ) 73 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 8 / 10 Game Informer 7 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 8 / 10 GamesRadar+ IGN 8.5 / 10 7.9 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 90 / 100 Polygon 6 / 10 VideoGamer.com 8 / 10 The pre-release reception of the game was positive , with critics praising the game 's design and tensions created during matches . In 2014 , the game received four nominations from Game Critics Awards : Best of Show , Best PC Game , Best Action Game and Best Online Multiplayer Game . The game eventually became the winner of the Best PC Game category . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege received `` generally favorable '' reviews from critics , according to review aggregator Metacritic . Critics generally praised the game 's destructive environment , tactical nature , map design , and its focus on teamwork . However , the lack of content and the game 's microtransactions were subjected to criticism . The game 's multiplayer was widely praised by critics . Chris Carter from Destructoid praised the game 's open - ended nature , which made each match unpredictable and helped the experience to stay fresh even after an extended period of playing . GameSpot 's Scott Butterworth appreciated the title for allowing players to make use of their creativity in approaching a mission . James Davenport from PC Gamer echoed this thought , and he described Siege as a `` psychological race '' in which players are constantly trying to outwit their opponents . Ryan McCaffery from IGN also praised the tactical possibilities , which make the game `` tense and riveting '' . The large number of operators available for players to choose were praised by both Carter and Matt Bertz from Game Informer , who commented that they added depths and variety to the game and that players could experiment to see which pairs of operators can complement each other . However , McCaffery was disappointed by the lack of variety of game modes , and commented that most players usually neglect the mode 's objectives and opted to simply eliminate their opponents . Terrorist Hunt received divisive opinions from critics . Carter thought that it was more relaxing , and Butterworth thought it was exhilarating . However , Bertz criticized its lack of variety , weak artificial intelligence , and its less - intense nature when compared with the player - versus - player modes . Martin Robinson from Eurogamer also noted that the mode only ran at 30 frames per second , which limited its appeal . The game 's focus on tactics was praised . Bertz applauded the tactical nature of the game , as it fostered communications between players . However , he noted that teamwork may not be possible if players did not have a headphone and microphone . Arthur Gies from Polygon echoed these comments , stating that the game 's over-reliance on teamwork meant that when teammates were not communicating , the game would not be fun to play . The `` No Respawn '' system was praised by Butterworth for making each match feel intense , as even the best player needs to think tactically in order to win . Jonathon Leack from Game Revolution enjoyed the scouting phase of a multiplayer match , which encouraged players to communicate with each other and coordinate their attacks . However , Gies noted that the placement of game objectives does not vary much , thus making the scouting phase meaningless . Both Bertz and Butterworth agreed that the game 's competitive nature increases the game 's replay value . Ben Griffin from GamesRadar praised the destruction mechanic for bringing tactical depth to the game . The gameplay received mixed reviews . Both Bertz and Griffin criticized the game 's incompetent hit detection system , which made the experience unfair . Bertz described the game 's gunplay as `` servicable '' , while Leack noticed a delay in shooting , which drags the game 's pace and leads to a steep learning curve . However , Leack appreciated the game 's map design , which opened many possibilities . He also praised its attention to detail and sound design , which can often make a multiplayer match feel like a `` great action film '' . Bertz was disappointed by the lack of customization options , which did not offer long - term progression for the players . Butterworth similarly criticized the progression system for being slow . As players can not play as the same operator in the same match , he was often forced to play as the generic `` recruit '' character when he was only at the beginning stage of the game . He also criticized the limited weapon customization options , which barely affect gameplay . McCaffery described customization as the `` least interesting '' aspect of the game , and claimed that most gameplay features were locked when players started playing . Griffin , Gies , and Steven Burns from VideoGamer.com were annoyed by the microtransactions featured in the game , with Griffin describing it as a greedy attempt by Ubisoft to make more money , though Davenport did not mind these features as they were limited to cosmetic items and could be unlocked through earning Renown . Bertz was annoyed the lack of clan infrastructure , which may cause players troubles when they were finding matches , while Griffin thought that map rotation often felt random and was disappointed that players can not vote to decide which map they are going to play next . Single - player was generally considered a disappointment by critics , with Situations receiving mixed reviews . Carter described it as one of his `` favorite non-campaign additions '' as the mode gave players incentive to return due to its rating system . Butterworth described it as a `` surprisingly robust '' mode , and thought that there were great tutorial missions that help players to understand gameplay before trying multiplayer . However , Bertz criticized it for its lack of replay value , and Griffin noted their short length . McCaffery thought that it served as a competent tutorial , but its solo play nature meant that players could not practice teamplay and tactics . Davenport criticized the narrative in Situations , which he thought was not meaningful . Many critics were disappointed with the lack of a single - player campaign or a cooperative campaign , but Butterworth believed that the strong multiplayer components can compensate for this absence . Gies noticed certain network issues would affect the single - player . Many critics generally had a positive opinion on the package . Bertz thought that the game 's multiplayer design had laid a great foundation for the game , but it was not taken advantage of due to the small number of game modes . Leack felt that Siege 's tight focus on tactical gameplay had `` provided something unlike any other game on the market '' . Butterworth found the game very unique and that there was `` nothing else like it '' when he put aside the game 's minor annoyances . Griffin wrote that the title felt very fresh , as most games in the market did not value tactics . Davenport similarly praised the game for being very concentrated and making no compromises on gameplay design , which in turn make the title one of the best tactical multiplayer shooters on the market . Gies recognized the game 's potential but thought that they were overshadowed by the game 's numerous technical annoyances , frustrating progression system and its lack of content . Robinson was impressed by the game 's multiplayer mode , and that the overall package could be considered as the year 's best multiplayer game . However , he questioned Ubisoft for releasing the game with so little content while still selling it at full - price . Sales In May 2015 , CEO of Ubisoft Yves Guillemot announced that the company expected the game to outsell Far Cry 4 's seven million sales over the course of its lifetime because of post-launch support . At the game 's launch , it debuted at number six in UK Software Charts , selling 76,000 retail copies across all three platforms . Critics thought that the launch performance was underwhelming and lackluster . However , through continued post-release support and updates , the player base had doubled since the game 's launch . Following the summer 2016 launch of the third DLC , Skull Rain , the size of the player base had a 40 % increase , and the title had more than 10 million registered players . Two years after launch , the game remained as one of the top 40 best - selling retail games in the UK . The strong performance of Siege , alongside with Tom Clancy 's The Division ( 2016 ) and Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Wildlands ( 2017 ) boosted the total number of players of the Tom Clancy 's franchise to 44 million in 2017 . The post-launch success for Siege further solidified Ubisoft 's belief in the model of `` game as a service '' . Future Ubisoft multiplayer - focused titles -- such as For Honor -- adopted this structure , in which the company would provide free DLC and updates several years after the game 's official release . In August 2017 , Ubisoft announced that the game had passed 20 million players and that the game was played by 2.3 million players every day . Two years after the game 's launch , Ubisoft announced that the game has passed 25 million registered players . GameSpot described Siege as `` one of modern AAA gamings biggest comebacks '' , and the best proof to show that the `` games - as - a-service '' model works well , attributing its success to Ubisoft 's continuous updates and the thriving community . Accolades Year Award Result Ref 2014 Game Critics Awards Best of Show Nominated Best PC Game Won Best Action Game Nominated Best Online Multiplayer Game Nominated 2015 Game Critics Awards Best PC Game Nominated Best Action Game Nominated Best Online Multiplayer Game Nominated Gamescom 2015 Best Online Multiplayer Game Nominated 2016 Golden Joystick Awards 2016 Best Multiplayer Game Nominated The Game Awards 2016 Best Multiplayer Game Nominated 2017 Golden Joystick Awards 2017 eSports Game of the Year Nominated The Game Awards 2017 Best Ongoing Game Nominated 2018 14th British Academy Games Awards Evolving Game Nominated Notes Jump up ^ Additional work by Ubisoft Kiev , Ubisoft Toronto , Ubisoft Barcelona . References Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Rainbow Six Siege has over 30 million players across all platforms '' . VG247 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Meet Rainbow Six Siege 's FBI SWAT operators '' . 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Jump up ^ https://www.gamespot.com/articles/rainbow-six-siege-operation-chimera-patch-notes-re/1100-6456873/ Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Rainbow Six Siege teases a cooperative zombie mode for Year 3 '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wunderl , Steffie ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Building Rainbow Six Siege into an eSport '' . Red Bull . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arif , Shabana ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Rainbow Six Siege is all about new operators and maps , not new game modes '' . VG 247 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dransfield , Ian ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Rainbow Six Siege gets a $100,000 tournament '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Higgins , Chris ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` What does Rainbow 6 : Siege need to make it as an esport ? '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Rainbow Six Pro League Year Two goes PC exclusive '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moyse , Chris ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` My after - action report of the Rainbow Six Invitational tournament '' . Destructoid . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Nathan ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Rainbow Six Siege : Counter-Strike Killer '' . Red Bull . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shoemaker , Richie ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` A new season of Siege means that Rainbow Six is a step closer to taking down Counter-Strike '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Chris ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege '' . Destructoid . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bertz , Matt ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` A Slimmed - Down Combatant Struggles With The Weight Of Expectation - Rainbow Six : Siege - PC '' . Game Informer . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leack , Jonathan ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Siege Review '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Butterworth , Scott ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Griffin , Ben ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Rainbow Six : Siege review '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rainbow Six Siege Review 2018. IGN. 2018 - 01 - 18. ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) . ^ Jump up to : McCaffrey , Ryan ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Rainbow Six Siege Review '' . IGN . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Davenport , James ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Rainbow Six Siege review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gies , Arthur ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Rainbow Six Siege review '' . Polygon . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , Steven ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Rainbow Six Siege Review '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Futter , Mike ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` E3 2014 Game Critics Awards Nominations Announced '' . Game Informer . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Winners '' . Game Critics Awards . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Martin ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Rainbow Six Siege review : Six Pack '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Mitch ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Ubisoft Updating Rainbow Six Siege ' For a Long Time ' '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leack , Jonathan ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Rainbow Six Siege Is n't Selling Well , and It Deserves Better '' . Game Revolution . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Just Cause 3 and Rainbow Six Siege underwhelm in UK charts '' . GameCentral . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ingenito , Vince ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` More People Are Playing Rainbow Six Siege Now Than At Launch '' . IGN . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` How 's Ubisoft Doing ? Here Are the Key Takeaways From Latest Earnings Report '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephen ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Clancy games have 44M players thanks to The Division , Wildlands , Rainbow Six Siege '' . VG 247 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dring , Christopher ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` '' No more DLC that gamers have to buy for the full experience '' - Ubisoft `` . Gameindustry.biz . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` Rainbow Six Siege has 20M registered players and 2.3 M play everyday '' . VG 247 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Rainbow Six Siege hits 25 million players as Operation White Noise launches '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McHardy , Michael ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Rainbow Six Siege 's Astonishing Comeback '' . GameSpot . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game Critics Awards : Best of E3 2015 ( 2015 Nominees ) '' . Game Critics Awards . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heath , Tom ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Nominees for Gamescom 2015 awards announced '' . LoadScreen . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loveridge , Sam ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Golden Joystick Awards 2016 voting now open to the public '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Game Awards 2016 : 2016 Winners '' . The Game Awards . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gaito , Eri ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Joystick Awards 2017 Nominees '' . Best in Slot . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards 2017 Winners Headlined By Zelda : Breath Of The Wild 's Game Of The Year '' . GameSpot . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ deAlessandri , Marie ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Hellblade : Senua 's Sacrifice at forefront of BAFTA Games Awards nominations '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makedonski , Brett ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` BAFTA names What Remains of Edith Finch its best game of 2017 '' . Destructoid . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . External links Official website ( hide ) Tom Clancy 's video games Rainbow Six series Rainbow Six Rogue Spear Take - Down -- Missions in Korea 3 : Raven Shield Lockdown Critical Hour Vegas Vegas 2 Shadow Vanguard Patriots ( cancelled ) Siege Ghost Recon series Ghost Recon Desert Siege Island Thunder Jungle Storm Ghost Recon 2 Summit Strike Advanced Warfighter Advanced Warfighter 2 Predator Wii Shadow Wars Future Soldier Phantoms Wildlands Splinter Cell series Splinter Cell Pandora Tomorrow Chaos Theory Essentials Double Agent Conviction Blacklist Jack Ryan series The Hunt for Red October ( 1987 ) The Hunt for Red October ( 1990 ) The Hunt for Red October ( 1991 ) The Sum of All Fears H.A.W.X series H.A.W.X H.A.W.X 2 Other games Red Storm Rising SSN Politika ruthless.com Shadow Watch EndWar The Division ShadowBreak Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Clancy%27s_Rainbow_Six_Siege&oldid=836683629 '' Categories : 2015 video games Asymmetrical multiplayer video games Cooperative video games Multiplayer and single - player video games PlayStation 4 games Tactical shooter video games Terrorism in fiction Tom Clancy games Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six games Ubisoft games Video games developed in Canada Video games set in Boston Video games set in Canada Video games set in France Video games set in Germany Video games set in Hong Kong Video games set in Japan Video games set in Los Angeles Video games set in Oregon Video games set in Russia Video games set in Seoul Video games set in Spain Video games set in the United Kingdom Video games set in the United States Video games using Havok Windows games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Good articles Use mdy dates from March 2018 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2018 Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 07 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does rainbow six seige outbreak come out | [
"\n\nDownloadable content and expansion packs\n\nYear\nName\nRelease date\nNotes\n\n\n\nYear 1\nOperation Black Ice\nFebruary 2, 2016\nThe DLC introduces a new map, a frozen yacht in Canada. It also introduces two Canadian operators, Frost and Buck. Frost can use a trap to incapacitate enemies, while Buck has an under-barrel shotgun.[73]\n\n\nOperation Dust Line\nMay 11, 2016\nThe DLC introduces a new map set in the Middle East, which was described as \"a mix of old and new construction with open air pathways\".[74] It also introduces two new operators, Blackbeard and Valkyrie. Blackbeard has face shields that can be mounted onto his rifle, while Valkyrie has three Black Eye Cameras.[75]\n\n\nOperation Skull Rain\nAugust 2, 2016\nThe DLC introduces a new map set in Brazil, and two Brazilian operators called Capitão and Caveira.[76] Capitão has a tactical crossbow which can be loaded with asphyxiating bolts, that will burn oxygen within a certain radius, or smoke grenade bolts that create a thick cloud of smoke. Caveira has an ability called Silent Step, which allows her to interrogate an immobilized enemy for the location of other enemies.[77]\n\n\nOperation Red Crow\nNovember 17, 2016\nThe DLC introduces a new map set in a skyscraper in Japan, and two Japanese operators called Hibana and Echo. Hibana possesses a weapon that launches up to three sets of six explosives that can break reinforced walls, while Echo uses a drone capable of releasing sonic blasts to disorient enemies.[78]\n\n\nYear 2\nOperation Velvet Shell\nFebruary 8, 2017\nThe DLC introduces a new map set in Spain, and two Spanish operators called Mira and Jackal.[79] Jackal is a tracker who can reveal the location of enemies by tracking their footprints, while Mira can create one-way windows on walls which can be ejected, leaving a space for operators to fire through.[80][81]\n\n\nOperation Health\nJune 6, 2017[82]\nOperation Health is an update that fine-tuned many of the game's aspects, including fixes to hit boxes, spawn killing and audio issues.[83] This resulted in the delay of season 2's content and the cancellation of a map.[84]\n\n\nOperation Blood Orchid\nSeptember 5, 2017[85]\nThe DLC introduces a new map set in Hong Kong, two Hong Kong operators named Ying and Lesion, and one Polish operator named Ela.[86] Ying utilizes candela cluster charges that can be thrown or attached to a surface to stun enemies. Lesion uses poison mines that slow and cause damage to an enemy over time when triggered. Ela possesses proximity concussion mines that can be attached to multiple surfaces to disorient enemies.[87][88]\n\n\nOperation White Noise\nDecember 5, 2017[89]\nThe DLC introduces a new map set in South Korea, two South Korean operators named Dokkaebi and Vigil, and one Polish operator named Zofia. Dokkaebi is able to hack cameras and enemy phones to make them ring, giving away their positions through sound. Vigil is invisible to enemy drones and cameras. Zofia carries a double barreled grenade launcher capable of launching explosive or concussion grenades.[90]\n\n\nYear 3\nOperation Chimera\nMarch 6, 2018[91]\nThis DLC introduces one GIGN operator named Lion, and one Spetsnaz operator named Finka. Both are part of a CBRN specialist detachment of Team Rainbow. Lion uses a UAV to temporarily expose moving enemies via sonar; Finka uses nanomachines to temporarily increase the health and accuracy of herself and her teammates. This DLC also introduces \"Outbreak\", a PvE gamemode where some operators are tasked with containing a biohazard that has turned the citizens of Truth or Consequences, New Mexico into zombie-like monsters.[92]\n\n"
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-4518192072158130803 | Five Point Someone | Five Point Someone - wikipedia Five Point Someone To comply with the Wikipedia quality standards , this book - related article may require cleanup . This article contains very little context , or is unclear to readers who know little about the book . See this article 's talk page before making any large and / or controversial edits . ( July 2010 ) Five Point Someone : What not to do at IIT First edition cover Author Chetan Bhagat Country India Language English Genre Fiction Publisher Rupa & Co . Publication date Pages 270 ISBN 81 - 291 - 0459 - 8 Five Point Someone : What not to do at IIT is a 2004 novel written by Indian author Chetan Bhagat . The book sold more than a million copies worldwide . The popular Hindi movie 3 Idiots is based on this book . Contents 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Hari Kumar 2.2 Ryan Oberoi 2.3 Alok Gupta 3 Translation 4 Reception 5 Film adaptations 6 Awards 7 3 Idiots controversy 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The book is narrated by Hari , with some small passages by his friends Ryan and Alok , as well as a letter by Hari 's girlfriend Neha Cherian . It deals with the lives of the 3 friends , whose elation on making it to one of the best engineering colleges in India is quickly deflated by the rigor and monotony of the academic work . Most of the book deals with the numerous attempts by the trio to cope with and / or beat the system as well as Hari 's fling with Neha who just happens to be the daughter of Prof. Cherian , the domineering head of the Mechanical Engineering Department of their college . It takes some dark turns every now and then , especially when it comes to the families of the protagonists . Most of the action , however , takes place inside the campus as the boys , led by the ever creative Ryan , frequently lamenting how the internationally lauded IIT system has stifled their creativity by forcing them to value grades more than anything else . Uninspiring teaching and numerous assignments add to their woes , though the boys do find a sympathizer in Prof. Veera , the new fluid mechanics professor . Characters ( edit ) Hari Kumar ( edit ) Hari Kumar is the narrator of the story . While he talks about others a lot he does n't really talk about himself . Hari lacks confidence and is very bad at vivas . He is dating Neha Cherian , daughter of Professor Cherian . He is n't very attractive and is a ' loser ' like Alok . Ryan Oberoi ( edit ) He is rich , creative and likes original ideas ( like Professor Veera ) . He cares a lot for his friends and claims not to love his parents , even though he hints he misses them every now and then . His character is played by Amir Khan as Rancho in the film adaptation . Alok Gupta ( edit ) He is a ' cry baby ' , fat and a loser as claimed by his friend Ryan . His family is poor and he is in IIT for them . His sister is not getting married as he does not have enough dowry to give the groom 's family . In the start of the story he dislikes Ryan as he is always having fun and not studying but , after he comes back after breaking friendship with Ryan and Hari , his perspective about Ryan changes . Alok is played by Sharman Joshi as Raju Rastogi in the movie 3 Idiots and by Jiiva in Nanban . Translation ( edit ) The book has been translated into Hindi and is published by Prabhat Prakash . It set a record by being purchased by 30,000 people in one month , and has gone on to become a top seller in Hindi . Reception ( edit ) Despite its commercial success , the book was universally panned by contemporary book critics in India , with some calling it ' fast food literature ' . Many discarded it as ' Bollywood on paper ' referring to its over the top nature . Film adaptations ( edit ) Further information : 3 Idiots and Nanban ( 2012 film ) This book was made into two films , 3 Idiots in Hindi and Nanban in Tamil . The names of the characters and their attributes were changed . Also , both the films were not full adaptations of the books , as many of the scenes from the book , including the climax , were changed in the films . Ryan Oberoi : Ranchoddas Shamaldas Chanchad ( Rancho ) aka Phunsukh Wangdu ( played by Aamir Khan ( Hindi ) ) / Panchavan Parivendan ( Pari ) aka Kosaksi Pasupugazh ( played by Vijay ( Tamil ) ) , -- A young , energetic and supposedly wealthy college going student who is passionate about engineering . Though Rancho wants to be an engineer , he leans more towards inventing rather than seeking for a job in an MNC unlike his other college - mates . According to him , one 's profession should be something he or she loves doing , irrespective of how much it pays . He also keeps stating throughout the film that one should run after excellence , not after success . Rancho also believes in the concept of `` All Is Well '' , in which people should focus on the present and live it as it is , instead of worrying over the future . There are many significant differences between the Ryan and Rancho characters , both in their background and attitudes . Hari Kumar : Farhan Qureshi ( played by Madhavan ( Hindi ) ) / Venkat Ramakrishnan ( played by Srikanth ( Tamil ) ) -- The narrator of the story , a young college going student who loves wildlife photography , but is being forced by his parents to become an engineer . Hari 's background ( as acknowledged in one chapter of the book ) was not elaborated upon . However , Hari seemed to be auto - biographical and the `` Krish '' character in Chetan Bhagat 's 2 States ( who apparently continues on from the Hari character ) would provide greater details about Hari 's background . Alok Gupta : Raju Rastogi ( played by Sharman Joshi ( Hindi ) ) / Sevarkodi Senthil ( played by Jiiva ( Tamil ) ) -- A young and insecure college going student who is n't confident enough to deal with problems in life all by himself and always relies on God . Raju 's only mission in life is to pull his family out of poverty , improve their economic status and get his elder sister married . This character is very similar to the one in the book . Prof. Cherian : Viru Sahastrabuddhe ( Virus ) ( played by Boman Irani ( Hindi ) ) / Virumaandi Santhanam ( played by Sathyaraj ( Tamil ) ) -- A hugely competitive , efficient , strict and disciplined man who has been running the Imperial College of Engineering ( Ideal Engineering College in Tamil ) for the last three decades . He believes that life is a race , the ones who are not efficient about work and time get crushed . He sneers at Rancho 's concept of studying for knowledge rather than marks and constantly spars with him and his friends due to this . He is known as `` Virus '' among the students . Virus has a greater role at the college when compared to Prof. Cherian . Neha Cherian : Pia Sahastrabuddhe ( played by Kareena Kapoor ( Hindi ) ) / Ria Santhanam ( played by Ileana D'Cruz ( Tamil ) ) -- A young , beautiful , eccentric doctor , daughter of Viru Sahastrabuddhe and Rancho 's love interest . This character is a complete departure from the book , because in the book , she was Hari 's girlfriend . Also while Pia and Rancho finally end up together , Neha and Hari leave each other due to Hari 's job . Venkat : Chatur Ramalingam ( played by Omi Vaidya in Hindi ) / Srivatsan ( played by Sathyan in Tamil ) -- A competitive and studious South Indian college student ( NRI student in Tamil ) who believes rote learning is the only way to excellence and also believes that there is no time for creativity and innovation in the turbulent and competitive race of life . Venkat has a small role in the book , while Chatur is one of the major characters in the movie . Following the success of 3 Idiots in East Asian markets such as China and Hong Kong , the producer Vidhu Vinod Chopra has announced that Hong Kong film star Stephen Chow ( known for comedy films such as Shaolin Soccer and Kung Fu Hustle ) will be producing a Chinese remake of the film . Chopra also announced that there are plans for a Hollywood remake , and is in talks with three different American studios interested in remaking the film . Chopra also stated that there is an Italian film studio too interested in remaking the film . Awards ( edit ) Indo - America Society 's Society Young Achiever 's Award ( 2004 ) The Publisher 's Recognition Award ( 2005 ) It was adapted into a play by the theatre company `` Evam '' which took it on a national tour in India in 2010 . 3 Idiots controversy ( edit ) Prior to the release of the film , director Rajkumar Hirani commented on the relationship between Five Point Someone and 3 Idiots stating : Chetan gave me this book to read and I wanted to make a film on it . But I knew right from the start that I could not make a film completely on the book , as it was very anecdotal and a film needs a plot . So I had decided to rewrite it in a screenplay format . You 'll see that the film is very different from the book . After I wrote the script , I called Chetan and narrated it to him . I told him that if he did not like the script , I would stop the project . But he was okay with it . The day after the film opened , Chetan also noted : Initially I did sit down with Raju and Abhijat while they were deciding to make a film based on ' Five Point Someone ' . I even went to IIT with Abhijat a couple of times . But it was just not possible for me to be involved at every stage of the screenplay writing process since I was in Hong Kong at that time , working full - time and busy writing other books . Moreover , Abhijat is based in USA , Raju was in the US for quite a while working on the screenplay but it was not practical for me to do that ( ... ) The film retains the soul of the book . 3 Idiots is different from the book but at the same time it does borrow many things from the book . The core theme and message of the film is coming from the book itself . And that 's why the makers have officially credited the film as ' Based on a novel by Chetan Bhagat . ' A controversy developed a few days after the release , however , over the fact that Chetan 's credit , `` Based on the novel Five Point Someone by Chetan Bhagat '' appeared in the closing credits rather than in the opening ones . At that time , Bhagat stated that he `` was expecting an opening credit and I was quite surprised on not seeing it . They had bought the rights , made the payment and committed to a credit in the contract . It 's there , but it 's not about it being there , it 's about the placement and the prominence . '' In a 31 December 2009 blog post on his personal website , Bhagat stated that he was told the movie was only 2 -- 5 % based on the book , but when he saw it , he felt that it was 70 % of the book . He also argued that he was misled by the makers of the film , though he noted , that `` this has nothing to do with Mr. Aamir Khan ( ... ) I am a big fan of Aamir and he has made my story reach people . However , he was told by the makers not to read the book , and he has n't . Thus , he can not comment on the issue in a meaningful manner '' A few people responded to Chetan 's statements . According to the Indo - Asian News Service ( IANS ) , during a press conference with reporters producer Vidhu Vinod Chopra `` clarified that in the agreement between the producer and Bhagat , it was clearly mentioned that the author 's name would be put in the closing credits . '' IANS also reported that Chopra `` lost his cool '' and `` asked a reporter to shut up after being questioned whether his hit 3 Idiots was lifted from author Chetan Bhagat 's book Five Point Someone . '' Chopra later apologized , stating : `` I really think I 'm silly . I was provoked , but I should n't have done this . I saw myself on TV and saw how I was shouting ' shut up , shut up ' like an animal . I told myself -- ' what nonsensical behavior ' . '' Aamir Khan also responded to these claims . Rajkumar Hirani stated that `` We have officially bought the rights for the film . We drew a contract with him and it clearly mentions about the position of his credit . With open eyes he had seen the contract , consulted his lawyer and signed the agreement ( ... ) In the contract , we have said that the title would be given in the rolling credits . We have n't changed the font size . We have n't increased the speed of the title . It 's exactly there where it was agreed to be . '' Legal documents concerning the relationship between Bhagat and the filmmakers have been added to the Vinod Chopra Productions website as well . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Age of Bhagat '' . India Today . August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NL interviews ( Part 2 ) : Chetan Bhagat on feminism and One Indian Girl '' . News Laundry / You tube channel . 15 October 2016 . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Advaniji releases two novels ; Five Point Someone and One Night @ the Call Centre . Organiser . November 9 , 2008 . p. 12 Jump up ^ Jagran Yahoo ! India . In.jagran.yahoo.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Idiots getting Hollywood remake '' . Times of India . December 5 , 2011 . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aamir 's dedication is mistaken as interference '' , rediff.com , 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Idiots retains the soul of Five Point Someone '' Archived 2013 - 02 - 17 at Archive.is , Chetan Bhagat interview , One India . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview : Aamir Khan '' . GlamSham . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Neha. `` Chetan Bhagat feeling cheated ? '' Archived 2010 - 02 - 25 at the Wayback Machine. , Hindustan Times , 27 December 2009 . Jump up ^ A book , a film and the truth '' Jump up ^ `` Vidhu Vinod Chopra loses cool over ' 3 Idiots ' credit row ( Lead ) '' . 2010 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Vidhu apologises , Hirani flaunts pact with Chetan '' . The Times of India . TNN . Jump up ^ Upset Aamir Khan hits out at novelist Chetan Bhagat . Dnaindia.com ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ 3 Idiots may sue Chetan Bhagat . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com ( 2010 - 01 - 04 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Vinod Chopra Films : Legal agreements . Vinodchopra.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Official website Chetan Bhagat Fiction Five Point Someone ( 2004 ) One Night @ the Call Center ( 2005 ) The 3 Mistakes of My Life ( 2008 ) 2 States ( 2009 ) Revolution 2020 ( 2011 ) Half Girlfriend ( 2014 ) One Indian Girl ( 2016 ) Non-fiction What Young India Wants ( 2012 ) Screenplays Hello ( One Night @ the Call Center ) 3 Idiots & Nanban ( Five Point Someone ) Kai Po Che ! ( The 3 Mistakes of My Life ) 2 States Kick Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Point_Someone&oldid=863885667 '' Categories : 2004 Indian novels Debut novels Indian novels adapted into films Indian English - language novels Novels set in India 1990s in fiction Campus novels Novels set in Delhi Rupa & Co. books Indian Institutes of Technology in fiction Novels by Chetan Bhagat Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing cleanup from July 2010 All pages needing cleanup Books needing cleanup Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 हिन्दी മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2018 , at 18 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | difference between five point someone and 3 idiots | [] | [] |
-6427694295567157998 | Catholic Bible | Catholic Bible - wikipedia Catholic Bible Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the Catholic Church St. Peter 's Basilica , Vatican City Overview Pope : Francis Hierarchy History ( Timeline ) Theology Liturgy Sacraments Mary Background ( show ) Jesus Crucifixion Resurrection Ascension Early Christianity History of the Catholic Church History of the papacy Ecumenical Councils Four Marks of the Church One true church Apostolic succession Organisation ( show ) Holy See College of Cardinals Ecumenical Councils Episcopal polity Latin Church Eastern Churches Canon law Theology ( show ) Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Ten Commandments Three States of the Church Purgatory Paschal Mystery Passion Crucifixion Harrowing of Hell Resurrection Ascension Mary Mariology Veneration Immaculate Conception Theotokos Perpetual virginity Assumption Titles Morality Body Lectures Sexuality Apologetics Divine grace Salvation Original sin Saints Dogma Catechism Philosophy ( show ) Natural law Catholic ethics Personalism Social teaching Philosophers Worship ( show ) Liturgy Mass Divine Office Liturgical year Sacraments Baptism Penance Eucharist Confirmation Anointing of the Sick Matrimony Holy Orders Prayer Devotions Bible Biblical canon Rites ( show ) Latin Roman Ordinary form Tridentine Anglican Use Zaire Use Gallican Ambrosian Braga Mozarabic Eastern Antiochian Maronite West Syrian Syro - Malankara Chaldean East Syrian Syro - Malabar Byzantine Armenian Alexandrian Ethiopic Controversies ( show ) Antipopes Anti-Catholicism Criticism Homosexuality Sex and gender roles Sexual abuse cases Other topics ( show ) Art Ecumenism Evolution Health care Monasticism Music Science Role in civilization Links and resources ( show ) Index Outline Glossary Category Media Templates WikiProject Book Pope portal Vatican City portal Catholicism portal The Catholic Bible is the Bible comprising the whole 73 - book canon recognized by the Catholic Church , including the deuterocanonical books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Books included 1.1 Old Testament 1.2 New Testament 2 Canon law 3 Principles of translation 4 Catholic English versions 5 Differences from Catholic lectionaries 6 Differences from other Christian Bibles 7 See also 8 References Books included ( edit ) See also : Old Testament § Content , and New Testament § Content The Catholic Bible is composed of the 46 books of the Old Testament and the 27 books of the New Testament . Old Testament ( edit ) Pentateuch : Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers , Deuteronomy Historical books : Joshua , Judges , Ruth , 1 Samuel , 2 Samuel , 1 Kings , 2 Kings , 1 Chronicles , 2 Chronicles , Ezra , Nehemiah , Tobit , Judith , Esther , 1 Maccabees , 2 Maccabees Wisdom books : Job , Psalms , Proverbs , Ecclesiastes , Song of Solomon , Wisdom of Solomon , Sirach Prophetic books : Isaiah , Jeremiah , Lamentations , Baruch , Ezekiel , Daniel , Hosea , Joel , Amos , Obadiah , Jonah , Micah , Nahum , Habakkuk , Zephaniah , Haggai , Zechariah , Malachi Of these books , Tobit , Judith , 1 and 2 Maccabees , Wisdom , Sirach , Baruch , parts of Esther and parts of Daniel are deuterocanonical , and are found in the Bibles of Eastern Christianity . These books are usually not found in the Protestant Bible , but are sometimes included in a separate inter-testamental section called the `` Apocrypha '' . New Testament ( edit ) The Gospels : Matthew , Mark , Luke , John Historical book : Acts Pauline Epistles : Romans , 1 Corinthians , 2 Corinthians , Galatians , Ephesians , Philippians , Colossians , 1 Thessalonians , 2 Thessalonians , 1 Timothy , 2 Timothy , Titus , Philemon , Hebrews General Epistles : James , 1 Peter , 2 Peter , 1 John , 2 John , 3 John , Jude Revelation Canon law ( edit ) In another sense , a `` Catholic Bible '' is a Bible published in accordance with the prescriptions of Catholic canon law , which states : Books of the sacred scriptures can not be published unless the Apostolic See or the conference of bishops has approved them . For the publication of their translations into the vernacular , it is also required that they be approved by the same authority and provided with necessary and sufficient annotations . With the permission of the Conference of Bishops , Catholic members of the Christian faithful in collaboration with separated brothers and sisters can prepare and publish translations of the sacred scriptures provided with appropriate annotations . Principles of translation ( edit ) Without diminishing the authority of the texts of the books of Scripture in the original languages , the Council of Trent declared the Vulgate the official translation of the Bible for the Latin Church , but did not forbid the making of translations directly from the original languages . Before the middle of the 20th century , Catholic translations were often made from that text rather than from the original languages . Thus Ronald Knox , the author of what has been called the Knox Bible , wrote : `` When I talk about translating the Bible , I mean translating the Vulgate . '' Today , the version of the Bible that is used in official documents in Latin is the Nova Vulgata , a revision of the Vulgate that among other changes makes it conform more closely to manuscripts in the original languages . This does not mean keeping to any particular edition in the original language . Thus , in translating the Hebrew Bible , evidence from Qumran manuscripts and ancient versions in Greek , Aramaic or Syriac is sometimes used to adjust the Masoretic Text . The aim is to get as close as possible to what `` was written by the inspired author himself and has more authority and greater weight than any , even the very best , translation whether ancient or modern '' . The principles expounded in Pope Pius XII 's encyclical Divino afflante Spiritu regarding exegesis or interpretation , as in commentaries on the Bible , apply also to the preparation of a translation . These include the need for familiarity with the original languages and other cognate languages , the study of ancient codices and even papyrus fragments of the text and the application to them of textual criticism , `` to insure that the sacred text be restored as perfectly as possible , be purified from the corruptions due to the carelessness of the copyists and be freed , as far as may be done , from glosses and omissions , from the interchange and repetition of words and from all other kinds of mistakes , which are wont to make their way gradually into writings handed down through many centuries '' . Catholic English versions ( edit ) The following are English versions of the Bible that correspond to this description : Abbreviation Name Date DRB Douay - Rheims Bible 1582 , 1609 , 1610 DRC Douay - Rheims Bible Challoner Revision 1749 - 1752 WVSS Westminster Version of the Sacred Scripture 1913 -- 1935 SPC Spencer New Testament 1941 CCD Confraternity Bible 1941 Knox Knox Bible 1950 KLNT Kleist -- Lilly New Testament 1956 RSV -- CE Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition 1965 -- 66 JB Jerusalem Bible 1966 NAB New American Bible 1970 TLB -- CE The Living Bible -- Catholic Edition 1971 NJB New Jerusalem Bible 1985 CCB Christian Community Bible NRSV -- CE New Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition GNT -- CE Good News Bible Catholic Edition RSV -- 2CE Revised Standard Version , Second Catholic Edition 2006 CTS -- NCB CTS New Catholic Bible 2007 NABRE New American Bible Revised Edition 2011 / 1986 ( OT / NT ) NLT - CE New Living Translation Catholic Edition 2017 RNJB Revised New Jerusalem Bible 2017 The New Testament was published in 1582 , the Old Testament in two volumes , one in 1609 , the other in 1610 . Released in parts between 1913 -- 1935 with copious study and textual notes . The New Testament with condensed notes was released in 1936 as one volume . NT released in 1941 . The OT contained material from the Challoner Revision until the entire OT was completed in 1969 . This Old Testament became the basis for the 1970 NAB New Testament only ; Gospels by James Kleist , rest by Joseph Lilly . Also known as the `` Today 's English Version '' The Jerusalem Bible except for the Book of Psalms , which is replaced by the Grail Psalms , and with the word `` Yahweh '' altered to `` the Lord '' , as directed by the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments for Bibles intended to be used in the liturgy . In addition to the above Catholic English Bibles , all of which have an imprimatur granted by a Catholic bishop , the authors of the Catholic Public Domain Version of 2009 and the 2013 translation from the Septuagint by Jesuit priest Nicholas King refer to them as Catholic Bibles . These versions have not been granted an imprimatur , but do include the Catholic biblical canon of 73 books . Differences from Catholic lectionaries ( edit ) Lectionaries for use in the liturgy differ somewhat in text from the Bible versions on which they are based . Many liturgies , including the Roman , omit some verses in the biblical readings that they use . This sometimes necessitates grammatical alterations or the identification of a person or persons referred to in a remaining verse only by a pronoun , such as `` he '' or `` they '' . Another difference concerns the usage of the Tetragrammaton . Yahweh appears in some Bible translations such as the Jerusalem Bible ( 1966 ) throughout the Old Testament . Long - standing Jewish and Christian tradition holds that the name is not to be spoken in worship or printed in liturgical texts out of reverence . A 2008 letter from the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments explicitly forbids the use of the Divine Name in worship texts , stating : `` For the translation of the biblical text in modern languages , intended for the liturgical usage of the Church , what is already prescribed by n . 41 of the Instruction Liturgiam authenticam is to be followed ; that is , the divine tetragrammaton is to be rendered by the equivalent of Adonai / Kyrios ; Lord , Signore , Seigneur , Herr , Señor , etc . '' As a result , Bibles used by English - speaking Catholics for study and devotion typically do not match the liturgical texts read during mass , even when based on the same translation . Today , publishers and translators alike are making new efforts to more precisely align the texts of the Lectionary with the various approved translations of the Catholic Bible . Currently , there is only one lectionary reported to be in use corresponding exactly to an in - print Catholic Bible translation : the Ignatius Press lectionary based on the Revised Standard Version , Second Catholic ( or Ignatius ) Edition ( RSV - 2CE ) approved for liturgical use in the Antilles and by former Anglicans in the personal ordinariates . In 2007 the Catholic Truth Society published the `` CTS New Catholic Bible , '' consisting of the original 1966 Jerusalem Bible text revised to match its use in lectionaries throughout most English - speaking countries , in conformity with the directives of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments and the Pontifical Biblical Commission . In it , `` Yahweh '' has been replaced by `` the LORD '' throughout the Old Testament , and the Psalms have been completely replaced by the 1963 Grail Psalter . In 2012 , the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops `` announced a plan to revise the New Testament of the New American Bible Revised Edition so a single version can be used for individual prayer , catechesis and liturgy '' in the United States . After developing a plan and budget for the revision project , work began in 2013 with the creation of an editorial board made up of five people from the Catholic Biblical Association ( CBA ) . The revision is now underway and , after the necessary approvals from the bishops and the Vatican , is expected to be done around the year 2025 . Differences from other Christian Bibles ( edit ) Bibles used by Catholics differ in the number and order of books from those typically found in bibles used by Protestants , as Catholic bibles remained unchanged following the Reformation and so retain seven books that were rejected principally by Martin Luther . Its canon of Old Testament texts is somewhat larger than that in translations used by Protestants , which are typically based exclusively on the shorter Hebrew and Aramaic Masoretic Text . On the other hand , its canon , which does not accept all the books that are included in the Septuagint , is shorter than that of some churches of Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy , which recognize other books as sacred scripture . The Greek Orthodox Church generally considers Psalm 151 to be part of the Book of Psalms and accepts the `` books of the Maccabees '' as four in number , but generally places 4 Maccabees in an appendix , along with the Prayer of Manasseh . There are differences from Western usage in the naming of some books ( see , for instance , Esdras # Differences in names ) . Greek Orthodox generally consider the Septuagint to be divinely inspired no less than the Hebrew text of the Old Testament books . The Bible of the Tewahedo Churches differs from the Western and Greek Orthodox Bibles in the order , naming , and chapter / verse division of some of the books . The Ethiopian `` narrow '' biblical canon includes 81 books altogether : The 27 books of the New Testament ; the Old Testament books found in the Septuagint and that are accepted by the Eastern Orthodox ( more numerous than the Catholic deuterocanonical books ) ; and in addition Enoch , Jubilees , 1 Esdras , 2 Esdras , Rest of the Words of Baruch and 3 books of Meqabyan ( Ethiopian books of Maccabees entirely different in content from the 4 Books of Maccabees of the Eastern Orthodox ) . A `` broader '' Ethiopian New Testament canon includes 4 books of `` Sinodos '' ( church practices ) , 2 `` Books of Covenant '' , `` Ethiopic Clement '' , and `` Ethiopic Didascalia '' ( Apostolic Church - Ordinances ) . This `` broader '' canon is sometimes said to include with the Old Testament an 8 - part history of the Jews based on the writings of Titus Flavius Josephus , and known as `` Pseudo-Josephus '' or `` Joseph ben Gurion '' ( Yosēf walda Koryon ) . See also ( edit ) Biblical canon Christian biblical canons Council of Trent Divino afflante Spiritu Second Vatican Council Dei verbum Liturgiam authenticam Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith Pontifical Biblical Commission International Commission on English in the Liturgy Protestant Bible References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 825 Archived February 28 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pope Pius XII . `` Divino afflante Spiritu , 20 -- 22 '' . Holy See . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Akin , James . `` Uncomfortable Facts About The Douay - Rheims '' . CatholicCulture.org . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , Ronald Arbuthnott ( 1949 ) . On Englishing the Bible . Burns , Oates . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Divino afflante Spiritu , 16 Jump up ^ Divino afflante Spiritu , 17 Jump up ^ http://bibles.wikidot.com/westminster Jump up ^ http://bibles.wikidot.com/spencer Jump up ^ http://c-b-f.org/component/k2/item/76-launch-of-the-new-living-translation-catholic-edition : Jump up ^ http://dltbooks.com/titles/2220-9780232533613-rnjb-new-testament-and-psalms ^ Jump up to : Arinze , Francis ; Ranjith , Malcolm . `` Letter to the Bishops Conferences on The Name of God '' . Bible Research : Internet Resources for Students of Scripture . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Catholic Public Domain Version Jump up ^ http://www.nicholas-king.co.uk/ Jump up ^ Booneau , Normand ( 1998 ) . The Sunday Lectionary . Liturgical Press . pp. 50 -- ± 51 . ISBN 9780814624579 . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gilligan , Michael . `` Use of Yahweh in Church Songs '' . American Catholic Press . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Edward . `` Which English Translation to Use Abroad '' . Eternal Word Television Network . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Burnham , Andrew . `` The Liturgy of the Ordinariates : Ordinary , Extraordinary , or Tertium Quid ? ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Roxanne King ( 15 October 2008 ) . `` No ' Yahweh ' in liturgies is no problem for the archdiocese , officials say '' . Denver Catholic Register . Archdiocese of Denver . Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bauman , MIchelle . `` New American Bible to be revised into single translation '' . Catholic News Agency . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NAB New Testament Revision Project '' . Catholic Biblical Association of America . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Pietersma , Albert ; Wright , Benjamin G. ( 2007 ) . A New English Translation of the Septuagint . Oxford University Press . pp. v -- vi . ISBN 9780199743971 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ McDonald and Sanders ' The Canon Debate , Appendix C : Lists and Catalogs of Old Testament Collections , Table C - 4 : Current Canons of the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament , page 589 = 590 . Jump up ^ See Deuterocanonical books # Eastern Orthodoxy Jump up ^ Ethiopian Canon , Islamic Awareness . Jump up ^ `` Fathers '' . Christian Classics Ethereal Library ( CCEL ) . 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4089158706105270257 | Pearl | Pearl - Wikipedia Pearl Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Pearl ( disambiguation ) . Pearl Various pearls General Carbonate mineral , protein Formula ( repeating unit ) Calcium carbonate , CaCO Conchiolin Strunz classification 05. AB Crystal system Orthorhombic Identification Color white , pink , silver , cream , brown , green , blue , black , yellow , orange , gold , purple , iridescent Cleavage None Fracture Uneven Mohs scale hardness 2.5 -- 4.5 Streak white Specific gravity 2.60 -- 2.85 Refractive index Common pearl : 1.52 - 1.66 Black pearl : 1.53 - 1.69 Birefringence 0.156 Pleochroism Absent Dispersion None Ultraviolet fluorescence White pearls : light blue to light yellow ; Yellow and golden pearls : yellow - green , greenish brown to dark brown ; Black pearls : commonly pink to orange - red Georgian seed pearl gold ring. jpg A pearl is a hard glistening object produced within the soft tissue ( specifically the mantle ) of a living shelled mollusk or another animal , such as a conulariid . Just like the shell of a mollusk , a pearl is composed of calcium carbonate ( mainly aragonite or a mixture of aragonite and calcite ) in minute crystalline form , which has been deposited in concentric layers . The ideal pearl is perfectly round and smooth , but many other shapes , known as baroque pearls , can occur . The finest quality natural pearls have been highly valued as gemstones and objects of beauty for many centuries . Because of this , pearl has become a metaphor for something rare , fine , admirable and valuable . The most valuable pearls occur spontaneously in the wild , but are extremely rare . These wild pearls are referred to as natural pearls . Cultured or farmed pearls from pearl oysters and freshwater mussels make up the majority of those currently sold . Imitation pearls are also widely sold in inexpensive jewelry , but the quality of their iridescence is usually very poor and is easily distinguished from that of genuine pearls . Pearls have been harvested and cultivated primarily for use in jewelry , but in the past were also used to adorn clothing . They have also been crushed and used in cosmetics , medicines and paint formulations . Whether wild or cultured , gem - quality pearls are almost always nacreous and iridescent , like the interior of the shell that produces them . However , almost all species of shelled mollusks are capable of producing pearls ( technically `` calcareous concretions '' ) of lesser shine or less spherical shape . Although these may also be legitimately referred to as `` pearls '' by gemological labs and also under U.S. Federal Trade Commission rules , and are formed in the same way , most of them have no value except as curiosities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Definition 3 Physical properties 4 Freshwater and saltwater pearls 5 Creation 5.1 Natural pearls 5.2 Cultured pearls 5.3 Imitation pearls 5.4 Gemological identification 5.5 Value of a natural pearl 5.6 Origin of a natural pearl 5.7 Types of cultured pearls 6 From other species 7 History 7.1 Pearl hunting 7.2 Pearl farming 8 Timeline of pearl production 9 Freshwater pearl farming 10 Momme weight 11 In jewelry 11.1 Gallery 11.2 Shapes 11.3 Lengths of pearl necklaces 11.4 Colors 12 Religious references 12.1 Hindu scriptures 12.2 Hebrew scriptures 12.3 New Testament scriptures 12.4 Islamic scriptures 12.5 Additional references 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Etymology ( edit ) The English word pearl comes from the French perle , originally from the Latin perna meaning leg , after the ham - or mutton leg - shaped bivalve . Definition ( edit ) A black pearl and a shell of the black - lipped pearl oyster . The iridescent colors originate from nacre layers . All shelled mollusks can , by natural processes , produce some kind of `` pearl '' when an irritating microscopic object becomes trapped within its mantle folds , but the great majority of these `` pearls '' are not valued as gemstones . Nacreous pearls , the best - known and most commercially significant , are primarily produced by two groups of molluskan bivalves or clams . A nacreous pearl is made from layers of nacre , by the same living process as is used in the secretion of the mother of pearl which lines the shell . Natural ( or wild ) pearls , formed without human intervention , are very rare . Many hundreds of pearl oysters or mussels must be gathered and opened , and thus killed , to find even one wild pearl ; for many centuries , this was the only way pearls were obtained , and why pearls fetched such extraordinary prices in the past . Cultured pearls are formed in pearl farms , using human intervention as well as natural processes . One family of nacreous pearl bivalves -- the pearl oyster -- lives in the sea , while the other -- a very different group of bivalves -- lives in freshwater ; these are the river mussels such as the freshwater pearl mussel . Saltwater pearls can grow in several species of marine pearl oysters in the family Pteriidae . Freshwater pearls grow within certain ( but by no means all ) species of freshwater mussels in the order Unionida , the families Unionidae and Margaritiferidae . Physical properties ( edit ) Structure of nacre layers , wherein aragonite plates are separated by biopolymers , such as chitin , lustrin and silk - like proteins Electron microscopy image of a fractured surface of nacre The unique luster of pearls depends upon the reflection , refraction , and diffraction of light from the translucent layers . The thinner and more numerous the layers in the pearl , the finer the luster . The iridescence that pearls display is caused by the overlapping of successive layers , which breaks up light falling on the surface . In addition , pearls ( especially cultured freshwater pearls ) can be dyed yellow , green , blue , brown , pink , purple , or black . The very best pearls have a metallic mirror - like luster . Because pearls are made primarily of calcium carbonate , they can be dissolved in vinegar . Calcium carbonate is susceptible to even a weak acid solution because the crystals of calcium carbonate react with the acetic acid in the vinegar to form calcium acetate and carbon dioxide . Freshwater and saltwater pearls ( edit ) Freshwater and saltwater pearls may sometimes look quite similar , but they come from different sources . Freshwater pearls form in various species of freshwater mussels , family Unionidae , which live in lakes , rivers , ponds and other bodies of fresh water . These freshwater pearl mussels occur not only in hotter climates , but also in colder more temperate areas such as Scotland ( where they are protected under law ) . Most freshwater cultured pearls sold today come from China . Saltwater pearls grow within pearl oysters , family Pteriidae , which live in oceans . Saltwater pearl oysters are usually cultivated in protected lagoons or volcanic atolls . Creation ( edit ) Diagram comparing a cross-section of a cultured pearl , upper , with a natural pearl , lower Pearls are formed inside the shell of certain mollusks as a defense mechanism against a potentially threatening irritant such as a parasite inside the shell , or an attack from outside that injures the mantle tissue . The mollusk creates a pearl sac to seal off the irritation . Pearls are thus the result of an immune response analogous in the human body to the capture of an antigen by a phagocyte ( phagocytosis ) . The mollusk 's mantle ( protective membrane ) deposits layers of calcium carbonate ( CaCO ) in the form of the mineral aragonite or a mixture of aragonite and calcite ( polymorphs with the same chemical formula , but different crystal structures ) held together by an organic horn - like compound called conchiolin . The combination of aragonite and conchiolin is called nacre , which makes up mother - of - pearl . The commonly held belief that a grain of sand acts as the irritant is in fact rarely the case . Typical stimuli include organic material , parasites , or even damage that displaces mantle tissue to another part of the mollusk 's body . These small particles or organisms gain entry when the shell valves are open for feeding or respiration . In cultured pearls , the irritant is typically an introduced piece of the mantle epithelium , with or without a spherical bead ( beaded or beadless cultured pearls ) . Natural pearls ( edit ) Natural pearls are nearly 100 % calcium carbonate and conchiolin . It is thought that natural pearls form under a set of accidental conditions when a microscopic intruder or parasite enters a bivalve mollusk and settles inside the shell . The mollusk , irritated by the intruder , forms a pearl sac of external mantle tissue cells and secretes the calcium carbonate and conchiolin to cover the irritant . This secretion process is repeated many times , thus producing a pearl . Natural pearls come in many shapes , with perfectly round ones being comparatively rare . Typically , the build - up of a natural pearl consists of a brown central zone formed by columnar calcium carbonate ( usually calcite , sometimes columnar aragonite ) and a yellowish to white outer zone consisting of nacre ( tabular aragonite ) . In a pearl cross-section such as the diagram , these two different materials can be seen . The presence of columnar calcium carbonate rich in organic material indicates juvenile mantle tissue that formed during the early stage of pearl development . Displaced living cells with a well - defined task may continue to perform their function in their new location , often resulting in a cyst . Such displacement may occur via an injury . The fragile rim of the shell is exposed and is prone to damage and injury . Crabs , other predators and parasites such as worm larvae may produce traumatic attacks and cause injuries in which some external mantle tissue cells are disconnected from their layer . Embedded in the conjunctive tissue of the mantle , these cells may survive and form a small pocket in which they continue to secrete calcium carbonate , their natural product . The pocket is called a pearl sac , and grows with time by cell division . The juvenile mantle tissue cells , according to their stage of growth , secrete columnar calcium carbonate from pearl sac 's inner surface . In time , the pearl sac 's external mantle cells proceed to the formation of tabular aragonite . When the transition to nacre secretion occurs , the brown pebble becomes covered with a nacreous coating . During this process , the pearl sac seems to travel into the shell ; however , the sac actually stays in its original relative position the mantle tissue while the shell itself grows . After a couple of years , a pearl forms and the shell may be found by a lucky pearl fisher . Cultured pearls ( edit ) Main article : Cultured pearl Nuclei from Toba Pearl Island , Japan Cultured pearls are the response of the shell to a tissue implant . A tiny piece of mantle tissue ( called a graft ) from a donor shell is transplanted into a recipient shell , causing a pearl sac to form into which the tissue precipitates calcium carbonate . There are a number of methods for producing cultured pearls : using freshwater or seawater shells , transplanting the graft into the mantle or into the gonad , and adding a spherical bead as a nucleus . Most saltwater cultured pearls are grown with beads . Tradenames of cultured pearls are Akoya , white or golden South sea , and black Tahitian . Most beadless cultured pearls are mantle - grown in freshwater shells in China , and are known as freshwater cultured pearls . Cultured pearls can be distinguished from natural pearls by X-ray examination . Nucleated cultured pearls are often ' preformed ' as they tend to follow the shape of the implanted shell bead nucleus . After a bead is inserted into the oyster , it secretes a few layers of nacre around the bead ; the resulting cultured pearl can then be harvested in as few as six months . When a cultured pearl with a bead nucleus is X-rayed , it reveals a different structure to that of a natural pearl ( see diagram ) . A beaded cultured pearl shows a solid center with no concentric growth rings , whereas a natural pearl shows a series of concentric growth rings . A beadless cultured pearl ( whether of freshwater or saltwater origin ) may show growth rings , but also a complex central cavity , witness of the first precipitation of the young pearl sac . Imitation pearls ( edit ) Main article : Imitation pearl Some imitation pearls ( also called shell pearls ) are simply made of mother - of - pearl , coral or conch shell , while others are made from glass and are coated with a solution containing fish scales called essence d'Orient . Although imitation pearls look the part , they do not have the same weight or smoothness as real pearls , and their luster will also dim greatly . Gemological Identification ( edit ) A well - equipped gem testing laboratory can distinguish natural pearls from cultured pearls by using gemological X-ray equipment to examine the center of a pearl . With X-rays it is possible to see the growth rings of the pearl , where the layers of calcium carbonate are separated by thin layers of conchiolin . The differentiation of natural pearls from non-beaded cultured pearls can be very difficult without the use of this X-ray technique . Natural and cultured pearls can be distinguished from imitation pearls using a microscope . Another method of testing for imitations is to rub two pearls against each other . Imitation pearls are completely smooth , but natural and cultured pearls are composed of nacre platelets , making both feel slightly gritty . Value of a natural pearl ( edit ) Pearl tiara of Empress Eugénie ( 1853 ) featuring 212 natural pearls , Louvre , Paris . Fine quality natural pearls are very rare jewels . Their values are determined similarly to those of other precious gems , according to size , shape , color , quality of surface , orient and luster . Single natural pearls are often sold as collectors ' items , or set as centerpieces in unique jewelry . Very few matched strands of natural pearls exist , and those that do often sell for hundreds of thousands of dollars . ( In 1917 , jeweler Pierre Cartier purchased the Fifth Avenue mansion that is now the New York Cartier store in exchange for a matched double strand of natural pearls Cartier had been collecting for years ; at the time , it was valued at US $1 million . ) The introduction and advance of the cultured pearl hit the pearl industry hard . Pearl dealers publicly disputed the authenticity of these new cultured products , and left many consumers uneasy and confused about their much lower prices . Essentially , the controversy damaged the images of both natural and cultured pearls . By the 1950s , when a significant number of women in developed countries could afford their own cultured pearl necklace , natural pearls were reduced to a small , exclusive niche in the pearl industry . Origin of a natural pearl ( edit ) Mary , Queen of Scots wearing a rope of black pearls Previously , natural pearls were found in many parts of the world . Present day natural pearling is confined mostly to seas off Bahrain . Australia also has one of the world 's last remaining fleets of pearl diving ships . Australian pearl divers dive for south sea pearl oysters to be used in the cultured south sea pearl industry . The catch of pearl oysters is similar to the numbers of oysters taken during the natural pearl days . Hence significant numbers of natural pearls are still found in the Australian Indian Ocean waters from wild oysters . X-ray examination is required to positively verify natural pearls found today . Types of cultured pearls ( edit ) A blister pearl , a half - sphere , formed flush against the shell of the pearl oyster . Keshi pearls , although they often occur by chance , are not considered natural . They are a byproduct of the culturing process , and hence do not happen without human intervention . They are quite small , typically only a few millimeters . Keshi pearls are produced by many different types of marine mollusks and freshwater mussels in China . Keshi pearls are actually a mistake in the cultured pearl seeding process . In seeding the cultured pearl , a piece of mantle muscle from a sacrificed oyster is placed with a bead of mother of pearl within the oyster . If the piece of mantle should slip off the bead , a pearl forms of baroque shape about the mantle piece which is entirely nacre . Therefore , a Keshi pearl could be considered superior to cultured pearls with a mother of pearl bead center . In the cultured pearl industry , the resources used to create a mistaken all nacre baroque pearl is a drain on the production of round cultured pearls . Therefore , they are trying to improve culturing technique so that keshi pearls do not occur . All nacre pearls may one day be limited to natural found pearls . Today many `` keshi '' pearls are actually intentional , with post-harvest shells returned to the water to regenerate a pearl in the existing pearl sac . Tahitian pearls , frequently referred to as black pearls , are highly valued because of their rarity ; the culturing process for them dictates a smaller volume output and they can never be mass - produced because , in common with most sea pearls , the oyster can only be nucleated with one pearl at a time , while freshwater mussels are capable of multiple pearl implants . Before the days of cultured pearls , black pearls were rare and highly valued for the simple reason that white pearl oysters rarely produced naturally black pearls , and black pearl oysters rarely produced any natural pearls at all . Since the development of pearl culture technology , the black pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera found in Tahiti and many other Pacific islands including the Cook Islands and Fiji are being extensively used for producing cultured pearls . The rarity of the black cultured pearl is now a `` comparative '' issue . The black cultured pearl is rare when compared to Chinese freshwater cultured pearls , and Japanese and Chinese akoya cultured pearls , and is more valuable than these pearls . However , it is more abundant than the South Sea pearl , which is more valuable than the black cultured pearl . This is simply because the black pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera is far more abundant than the elusive , rare , and larger south sea pearl oyster Pinctada maxima , which can not be found in lagoons , but which must be dived for in a rare number of deep ocean habitats or grown in hatcheries . Black pearls are very rarely black : they are usually shades of green , purple , aubergine , blue , grey , silver or peacock ( a mix of several shades , like a peacock 's feather ) . Black cultured pearls from the black pearl oyster -- Pinctada margaritifera -- are not South Sea pearls , although they are often mistakenly described as black South Sea pearls . In the absence of an official definition for the pearl from the black oyster , these pearls are usually referred to as `` black pearls '' . The correct definition of a South Sea pearl -- as described by CIBJO and GIA -- is a pearl produced by the Pinctada maxima pearl oyster . South Sea pearls are the color of their host Pinctada maxima oyster -- and can be white , silver , pink , gold , cream , and any combination of these basic colors , including overtones of the various colors of the rainbow displayed in the pearl nacre of the oyster shell itself . South Sea pearls are the largest and rarest of the cultured pearls -- making them the most valuable . Prized for their exquisitely beautiful ' orient ' or lustre , South Sea pearls are now farmed in various parts of the world where the Pinctada maxima oysters can be found , with the finest South Sea pearls being produced by Paspaley along the remote coastline of North - Western Australia . White and silver colored South Sea pearls tend to come from the Broome area of Australia , while golden colored ones are more prevalent in the Philippines and Indonesia . A farm in the Gulf of California , Mexico , is culturing pearls from the black lipped Pinctada mazatlanica oysters and the rainbow lipped Pteria sterna oysters . Also called Concha Nácar , the pearls from these rainbow lipped oysters fluoresce red under ultraviolet light . From other species ( edit ) A shell of the Indian volute , Melo melo , surrounded by a number of pearls from this species Conch pearl pendant Biologically speaking , under the right set of circumstances , almost any shelled mollusk can produce some kind of pearl . However , most of these molluskan pearls have no luster or iridescence . The great majority of mollusk species produce pearls which are not attractive , and are sometimes not even very durable , such that they usually have no value at all , except perhaps to a scientist or collector , or as a curiosity . These objects used to be referred to as `` calcareous concretions '' by some gemologists , even though a malacologist would still consider them to be pearls . Valueless pearls of this type are sometimes found in edible mussels , edible oysters , escargot snails , and so on . The GIA and CIBJO now simply use the term ' pearl ' ( or , where appropriate , the more descriptive term ' non-nacreous pearl ' ) when referring to such items and , under Federal Trade Commission rules , various mollusk pearls may be referred to as ' pearls ' , without qualification . A few species produce pearls that can be of interest as gemstones . These species include the bailer shell Melo , the giant clam Tridacna , various scallop species , Pen shells Pinna , and the Haliotis iris species of abalone . Pearls of abalone , or pāua , are mabe pearls , or blister pearls , unique to New Zealand waters and are commonly referred to as ' blue pearls ' . They are admired for their incredible luster and naturally bright vibrant colors that are often compared to opal . Another example is the conch pearl ( sometimes referred to simply as the ' pink pearl ' ) , which is found very rarely growing between the mantle and the shell of the queen conch or pink conch , Strombus gigas , a large sea snail or marine gastropod from the Caribbean Sea . These pearls , which are often pink in color , are a by - product of the conch fishing industry , and the best of them display a shimmering optical effect related to chatoyance known as ' flame structure ' . Somewhat similar gastropod pearls , this time more orange in hue , are ( again very rarely ) found in the horse conch Pleuroploca gigantea . The second largest pearl known was found in the Philippines in 1934 and is known as the Pearl of Lao Tzu . It is a naturally occurring , non-nacreous , calcareous concretion ( pearl ) from a giant clam . Because it did not grow in a pearl oyster it is not pearly ; instead the surface is glossy like porcelain . Other pearls from giant clams are known to exist , but this is a particularly large one weighing 14 lb ( 6.4 kg ) . The largest known pearl ( also from a giant clam ) was found in the Philippines as well by a fisherman from Puerto Princesa , Palawan Island . The enormous pearl is 30 cm wide ( 1 ft ) , 67 cm long ( 2.2 ft ) and weighs 75 lb ( 34 kg ) . History ( edit ) Pearl hunting ( edit ) Main article : Pearl hunting A 14th - century piece of clothing used by Kuwaiti divers searching for pearls in the Persian Gulf The ancient chronicle Mahavamsa mentions of the thriving pearl industry in the port of Oruwella in the Gulf of Mannar in Sri Lanka . It also records that eight varieties of pearls accompanied Prince Vijaya 's embassy to the Pandyan king as well as king Devanampiya Tissa 's embassy to Emperor Ashoka . Pliny the Elder ( 23 -- 79AD ) praised the pearl fishery of the Gulf as most productive in the world . For thousands of years , seawater pearls were retrieved by divers in the Indian Ocean in areas such as the Persian Gulf , the Red Sea and the Gulf of Mannar . Evidence also suggest a prehistoric origin to pearl diving in these regions . Starting in the Han Dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) , the Chinese hunted extensively for seawater pearls in the South China Sea . In the 14th - century Arabian Sea , the traveller Ibn Battuta provided the earliest known description of pearl diving by means of attaching a cord to the diver 's waist . Catching of pearls , Bern Physiologus ( 9th century ) When Spanish conquistadors arrived in the Western Hemisphere , they discovered that around the islands of Cubagua and Margarita , some 200 km north of the Venezuelan coast , was an extensive pearl bed ( a bed of pearl oysters ) . One discovered and named pearl , La Peregrina pearl , was offered to the Spanish queen . According to Garcilasso de la Vega , who says that he saw La Peregrina at Seville in 1607 , this was found at Panama in 1560 by a slave worker who was rewarded with his liberty , and his owner with the office of alcalde of Panama . Margarita pearls are extremely difficult to find today and are known for their unique yellowish color . The most famous Margarita necklace that anyone can see today is the one that then Venezuelan President Romulo Betancourt gave to Jacqueline Kennedy when she and her husband , President John F. Kennedy paid an official visit to Venezuela . Before the beginning of the 20th century , pearl hunting was the most common way of harvesting pearls . Divers manually pulled oysters from ocean floors and river bottoms and checked them individually for pearls . Not all mussels and oysters produce pearls . In a haul of three tons , only three or four oysters will produce perfect pearls . Pearl farming ( edit ) A pearl being extracted from an akoya pearl oyster . See also : Oyster farming Today , the cultured pearls on the market can be divided into two categories . The first category covers the beaded cultured pearls , including Akoya , South Sea and Tahiti . These pearls are gonad grown , and usually one pearl is grown at a time . This limits the number of pearls at a harvest period . The pearls are usually harvested after one year for akoya , 2 -- 4 years for Tahitian and South Sea , and 2 -- 7 years for freshwater . This perliculture process was first developed by the British biologist William Saville - Kent who passed the information along to Tatsuhei Mise and Tokichi Nishikawa from Japan . The second category includes the non-beaded freshwater cultured pearls , like the Biwa or Chinese pearls . As they grow in the mantle , where on each wing up to 25 grafts can be implanted , these pearls are much more frequent and saturate the market completely . An impressive improvement in quality has taken place in the last ten years when the former rice - grain - shaped pebbles are compared with the near round pearls of today . In the last two years large near perfect round bead nucleated pearls up to 15mm in diameter have been produced with metallic luster . The nucleus bead in a beaded cultured pearl is generally a polished sphere made from freshwater mussel shell . Along with a small piece of mantle tissue from another mollusk ( donor shell ) to serve as a catalyst for the pearl sac , it is surgically implanted into the gonad ( reproductive organ ) of a saltwater mollusk . In freshwater perliculture , only the piece of tissue is used in most cases , and is inserted into the fleshy mantle of the host mussel . South Sea and Tahitian pearl oysters , also known as Pinctada maxima and Pinctada margaritifera , which survive the subsequent surgery to remove the finished pearl , are often implanted with a new , larger beads as part of the same procedure and then returned to the water for another 2 -- 3 years of growth . Despite the common misperception , Mikimoto did not discover the process of pearl culture . The accepted process of pearl culture was developed by the British Biologist William Saville - Kent in Australia and brought to Japan by Tokichi Nishikawa and Tatsuhei Mise . Nishikawa was granted the patent in 1916 , and married the daughter of Mikimoto . Mikimoto was able to use Nishikawa 's technology . After the patent was granted in 1916 , the technology was immediately commercially applied to akoya pearl oysters in Japan in 1916 . Mise 's brother was the first to produce a commercial crop of pearls in the akoya oyster . Mitsubishi 's Baron Iwasaki immediately applied the technology to the south sea pearl oyster in 1917 in the Philippines , and later in Buton , and Palau . Mitsubishi was the first to produce a cultured south sea pearl -- although it was not until 1928 that the first small commercial crop of pearls was successfully produced . The original Japanese cultured pearls , known as akoya pearls , are produced by a species of small pearl oyster , Pinctada fucata martensii , which is no bigger than 6 to 8 cm ( 2.4 to 3.1 in ) in size , hence akoya pearls larger than 10 mm in diameter are extremely rare and highly priced . Today , a hybrid mollusk is used in both Japan and China in the production of akoya pearls . Cultured Pearls were sold in cans for the export market . These were packed in Japan by the I.C.P. Canning Factory ( International Pearl Company L.T.D. ) in Nagasaki Pref . Japan . Timeline of pearl production ( edit ) Mitsubishi commenced pearl culture with the South Sea pearl oyster in 1916 , as soon as the technology patent was commercialized . By 1931 this project was showing signs of success , but was upset by the death of Tatsuhei Mise . Although the project was recommenced after Tatsuhei 's death , the project was discontinued at the beginning of WWII before significant productions of pearls were achieved . After WWII , new south sea pearl projects were commenced in the early 1950s at Kuri Bay and Port Essington in Australia , and Burma . Japanese companies were involved in all projects using technicians from the original Mitsubishi South Sea pre-war projects . Kuri Bay is now the location of one of the largest and most well - known pearl farms owned by Paspaley , the biggest producer of South Sea pearls in the world . In 2010 , China overtook Japan in akoya pearl production . Japan has all but ceased its production of akoya pearls smaller than 8 mm . Japan maintains its status as a pearl processing center , however , and imports the majority of Chinese akoya pearl production . These pearls are then processed ( often simply matched and sorted ) , relabeled as product of Japan , and exported . In the past two decades , cultured pearls have been produced using larger oysters in the south Pacific and Indian Ocean . The largest pearl oyster is the Pinctada maxima , which is roughly the size of a dinner plate . South Sea pearls are characterized by their large size and warm luster . Sizes up to 14 mm in diameter are not uncommon . In 2013 , Indonesia Pearl supplied 43 percent of South Sea Pearls international market . The other significant producers are Australia , Philippines , Myanmar and Malaysia . Freshwater pearl farming ( edit ) In 1914 , pearl farmers began growing cultured freshwater pearls using the pearl mussels native to Lake Biwa . This lake , the largest and most ancient in Japan , lies near the city of Kyoto . The extensive and successful use of the Biwa Pearl Mussel is reflected in the name Biwa pearls , a phrase which was at one time nearly synonymous with freshwater pearls in general . Since the time of peak production in 1971 , when Biwa pearl farmers produced six tons of cultured pearls , pollution has caused the virtual extinction of the industry . Japanese pearl farmers recently cultured a hybrid pearl mussel -- a cross between Biwa Pearl Mussels and a closely related species from China , Hyriopsis cumingi , in Lake Kasumigaura . This industry has also nearly ceased production , due to pollution . Japanese pearl producers also invested in producing cultured pearls with freshwater mussels in the region of Shanghai , China . China has since become the world 's largest producer of freshwater pearls , producing more than 1,500 metric tons per year ( in addition to metric measurements , Japanese units of measurement such as the kan and momme are sometimes encountered in the pearl industry ) . Led by pearl pioneer John Latendresse and his wife Chessy , the United States began farming cultured freshwater pearls in the mid-1960s . National Geographic magazine introduced the American cultured pearl as a commercial product in their August 1985 issue . The Tennessee pearl farm has emerged as a tourist destination in recent years , but commercial production of freshwater pearls has ceased . Momme weight ( edit ) For many cultured pearl dealers and wholesalers , the preferred weight measure used for loose pearls and pearl strands is the momme . Momme is a weight measure used by the Japanese for centuries . Today , momme weight is still the standard unit of measure used by most pearl dealers to communicate with pearl producers and wholesalers . One momme corresponds to 1 / 1000 kan . Reluctant to give up tradition , the Japanese government formalized the kan measure in 1891 as being exactly 3.75 kilograms or 8.28 pounds . Hence , 1 momme = 3.75 grams or 3750 milligrams . In the United States , during the 19th and 20th centuries , through trade with Japan in silk cloth the momme became a unit indicating the quality of silk cloth . Though millimeter size range is typically the first factor in determining a cultured pearl necklace 's value , the momme weight of pearl necklace will allow the buyer to quickly determine if the necklace is properly proportioned . This is especially true when comparing the larger south sea and Tahitian pearl necklaces . In jewelry ( edit ) The value of the pearls in jewelry is determined by a combination of the luster , color , size , lack of surface flaw and symmetry that are appropriate for the type of pearl under consideration . Among those attributes , luster is the most important differentiator of pearl quality according to jewelers . All factors being equal , however , the larger the pearl the more valuable it is . Large , perfectly round pearls are rare and highly valued . Teardrop - shaped pearls are often used in pendants . Gallery ( edit ) A necklace of white pearls George Villiers , 1st Duke of Buckingham wearing white pearls Queen of Italy , Margherita of Savoy , owned one of the most famous collections of natural pearls . She is wearing a multi-strand choker and a rope of pearls Pearl bracelet from the 1840s Pearl earrings Shapes ( edit ) Pearls come in eight basic shapes : round , semi-round , button , drop , pear , oval , baroque , circled and double bouldered . Perfectly round pearls are the rarest and most valuable shape . Semi-rounds are also used in necklaces or in pieces where the shape of the pearl can be disguised to look like it is a perfectly round pearl . Button pearls are like a slightly flattened round pearl and can also make a necklace , but are more often used in single pendants or earrings where the back half of the pearl is covered , making it look like a larger , rounder pearl . Drop and pear shaped pearls are sometimes referred to as teardrop pearls and are most often seen in earrings , pendants , or as a center pearl in a necklace . Baroque pearls have a different appeal ; they are often highly irregular with unique and interesting shapes . They are also commonly seen in necklaces . Circled pearls are characterized by concentric ridges , or rings , around the body of the pearl . In general , cultured pearls are less valuable than natural pearls , whereas imitation pearls have almost no value . One way that jewelers can determine whether a pearl is cultured or natural is to have a gemlab perform an X-ray examination of the pearl . If X-rays reveals a nucleus , the pearl is likely a bead - nucleated saltwater pearl . If no nucleus is present , but irregular and small dark inner spots indicating a cavity are visible , combined with concentric rings of organic substance , the pearl is likely a cultured freshwater . Cultured freshwater pearls can often be confused for natural pearls which present as homogeneous pictures which continuously darken toward the surface of the pearl . Natural pearls will often show larger cavities where organic matter has dried out and decomposed . Lengths of pearl necklaces ( edit ) There is a special vocabulary used to describe the length of pearl necklaces . While most other necklaces are simply referred to by their physical measurement , pearl necklaces are named by how low they hang when worn around the neck . A collar , measuring 10 to 13 inches or 25 to 33 cm in length , sits directly against the throat and does not hang down the neck at all ; collars are often made up of multiple strands of pearls . Pearl chokers , measuring 14 to 16 inches or 35 to 41 cm in length , nestle just at the base of the neck . A strand called a princess length , measuring 17 to 19 inches or 43 to 48 cm in length , comes down to or just below the collarbone . A matinee length , measuring 20 to 24 inches or 50 to 60 cm in length , falls just above the breasts . An opera length , measuring 28 to 35 inches or 70 to 90 cm in length , will be long enough to reach the breastbone or sternum of the wearer ; and longer still , a pearl rope , measuring more than 45 inches or 115 cm in length , is any length that falls down farther than an opera . Necklaces can also be classified as uniform , or graduated . In a uniform strand of pearls , all pearls are classified as the same size , but actually fall in a range . A uniform strand of akoya pearls , for example , will measure within 0.5 mm . So a strand will never be 7 mm , but will be 6.5 -- 7 mm . Freshwater pearls , Tahitian pearls , and South Sea pearls all measure to a full millimeter when considered uniform . A graduated strand of pearls most often has at least 3 mm of differentiation from the ends to the center of the necklace . Popularized in the United States during the 1950s by the GIs bringing strands of cultured akoya pearls home from Japan , a 3.5 momme , 3 mm to 7 mm graduated strand was much more affordable than a uniform strand because most of the pearls were small . Colors ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Earrings and necklaces can also be classified on the grade of the color of the pearl : saltwater and freshwater pearls come in many different colors . While white , and more recently black , saltwater pearls are by far the most popular , other color tints can be found on pearls from the oceans . Pink , blue , champagne , green , black and even purple saltwater pearls can be encountered , but to collect enough of these rare colors to form a complete string of the same size and same shade can take years . Religious references ( edit ) Hindu scriptures ( edit ) The Hindu tradition describes the sacred Nine Pearls which were first documented in the Garuda Purana , one of the books of the Hindu mythology . Ayurveda contains references to pearl powder as a stimulant of digestion and to treat mental ailments . According to Marco Polo , the kings of Malabar wore a necklace of 104 rubies and pearls which was given from one generation of kings to the next . The reason was that every king had to say 104 prayers every morning and every evening . At least until the beginning of the 20th century it was a Hindu custom to present a completely new , undrilled pearl and pierce it during the wedding ceremony . The Pearl , which can be transliterated to `` Mani '' or `` Mukta '' from Sanskrit , is also associated with many Hindu deities , the most famous being the Kaustubh that Lord Vishnu wears on his chest . Apart from religious connotations , stories and folklore abound of pearls occurring in snakes , the Naaga Mani , and elephants , the Gaja Mukta . Hebrew scriptures ( edit ) According to Rebbenu Bachya , the word Yahalom in the verse Exodus 28 : 18 means `` pearl '' and was the stone on the Hoshen representing the tribe of Zebulun . This is generally disputed among scholars , particularly since the word in question in most manuscripts is actually Yasepheh -- the word from which jasper derives ; scholars think that refers to green jasper ( the rarest and most prized form in early times ) rather than red jasper ( the most common form ) . Yahalom is usually translated by the Septuagint as an `` onyx '' , but sometimes as `` beryl '' or as `` jasper '' ; onyx only started being mined after the Septuagint was written , so the Septuagint 's term `` onyx '' probably does not mean onyx -- onyx is originally an Assyrian word meaning ring , and so could refer to anything used for making rings . Yahalom is similar to a Hebrew word meaning hit hard , so some people think that it means diamond . The variation in possibilities of meaning for this sixth stone in the Hoshen is reflected in different translations of the Bible -- the King James Version translates the sixth stone as diamond , the New International Version translates it as emerald , and the Vulgate translates it as jaspis -- meaning jasper . There is a wide range of views among traditional sources about which tribe the stone refers to . New Testament scriptures ( edit ) Religious pendant showing Christ blessing , framed with rubies and pearls , from the Byzantine empire , 12th or 13th century In a Christian New Testament parable ( Matthew 13 : 45 -- 46 ) , Jesus compared the Kingdom of Heaven to a `` pearl of great price '' . `` Again , the kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant man , seeking goodly ( fine ) pearls : Who , when he had found one pearl of great price , went and sold all that he had , and bought it . '' The twelve gates of the New Jerusalem are reportedly each made of a single pearl in Revelation 21 : 21 , that is , the Pearly Gates . `` And the twelve gates were twelve pearls ; every gate was of one pearl : and the streets of the city were pure gold , as if transparent glass . '' Holy things are compared to pearls in Matthew 7 : 6 : `` Do not give dogs what is holy , and do not throw your pearls before pigs , lest they trample them underfoot and turn to attack you . '' Pearls are also found in numerous references showing the wickedness and pride of a people , as in Revelation 18 : 16 . `` And saying , Alas , alas , that great city , that was clothed in fine linen , in purple and scarlet , and decked with gold , and precious stones , and pearls ! '' Islamic scriptures ( edit ) The Qur'an often mentions that dwellers of paradise will be adorned with pearls : 22 : 23 God will admit those who believe and work righteous deeds , to Gardens beneath which rivers flow : they shall be adorned therein with bracelets of gold and pearls ; and their garments there will be of silk . 35 : 33 Gardens of Eternity will they enter : therein will they be adorned with bracelets of gold and pearls ; and their garments there will be of silk . 52 : 24 Round about them will serve , ( devoted ) to them , youths ( handsome ) as pearls well - guarded . Additional references ( edit ) The metaphor of a pearl appears in the longer Hymn of the Pearl , a poem respected for its high literary quality , and use of layered theological metaphor , found within one of the texts of Gnosticism . The Pearl of Great Price is a book of scripture in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) and some other Latter Day Saint denominations . See also ( edit ) Amber Ammolite -- another organic gemstone formed primarily of fossil aragonite mollusk shells Bahrain Pearling Trail , a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Muharraq , Bahrain Broome , Western Australia , a pearling town Cave pearl La Pelegrina pearl La Peregrina pearl Les pêcheurs de perles , The Pearl Fishers , an opera by Georges Bizet Mary Tudor pearl Oriental Pride Pearl Maxima , one of the largest nacreous pearls ever found Pearl of Lao Tzu Pearl of Puerto , largest pearl in the world Pearl powder , used in Traditional Chinese Medicine Precious coral References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schumann , Walter ( 2001 ) . Gemstones of the World . Robert Hale . p. 230 . ISBN 0 - 7198 - 0301 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lazzarelli , Herve Nicolas ( 2010 ) . Blue Chart Gem Identification . p. 8 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl '' . Gemdat.org . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Fisherman hands in giant pearl he kept under the bed for 10 years '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Senaveratna , John M ( 1930 ) . The story of the Sinhalese : From the most ancient times up to the end of `` The Mahavasna '' , or great dynasty ; Vijaya to Maha Sena ( B.C. 543 to A.D. 302 ) . W.M.A. Wahid . pp. 16 -- 9 , 46,130,144 -- 8,161 -- 3,213 . ASIN B000874SS0 . ISBN 9788120612716 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kunz , George F. ; Stevenson , Charles ( 1908 ) . The book of the pearl . New York : The Century Co. p. 2 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ R. Raghu Prasad and P.V. Ramachandran Nair ( 1973 ) . `` India and the Indian Ocean Fisheries '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India . 15 : 1 -- 19 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Arnold Wright ( 1999 ) . Twentieth century impressions of Ceylon : its history , people , commerce , industries , and resources . p. 227 . ISBN 81 - 206 - 1335 - X . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James Hornell ( 2009 ) . The Indian Pearl Fisheries of the Gulf of Manar and Palk Bay . BiblioBazaar . p. 6 . ISBN 1 - 110 - 87096 - 5 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ De Silva , K.M. ( 1995 ) . Volume 2 of History of Ceylon , History of Ceylon : History of Sri Lanka . Peradeniya : Ceylon University Press . p. 56 . ISBN 955 - 589 - 004 - 8 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Discovery and Appreciation of Pearls - the Organic Gem Perfected by Nature '' . internetstones.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : ROBERT CARTER ( 2005 ) . `` THE HISTORY AND PREHISTORY OF PEARLING IN THE PERSIAN GULF '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Garcilasso , `` Historie des Incas , Rois du Perou , '' Amsterdam , 1704 , Vol. II , P. 352 . Jump up ^ Travel more . Create better memories . `` Welcome to Kuri Bay Paspaley Pearl Farm '' . Ytravelblog.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pearl Guide : comparison Japan -- China akoya production Archived September 2 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... pearl-guide.com Jump up ^ Ward , Fred ( 2002 ) Pearls ( Fred Ward Gem Book ) , 3rd Edition , Gem Guides Book Company , pp. 35 -- 36 , ISBN 1 - 887651 - 08 - X Jump up ^ `` Special Virtues Indonesian South Sea Pearls '' . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian Pearls Figures '' . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia Pasok 43 Persen Mutiara Dunia '' . August 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kunz , George F. ; Stevenson , Charles ( 1908 ) . The book of the pearl . New York : The Century Co. p. 412 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kunz , George F. ; Stevenson , Charles ( 1908 ) . The book of the pearl . New York : The Century Co. p. 350 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Pearl ( category ) Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier 's Encyclopedia article Pearl . The History of Pearls . PBS Pearl History Special . Recover the major pearl produce country by aquaculture in UAE ( Japanese page with English narration ) Jewellery Forms Anklet Barrette Belt buckle Belly chain Bindi Bolo tie Bracelet Brooch Chatelaine Collar pin Crown Cufflink Earring Ferronnière Lapel pin Necklace Pectoral Pendant Ring Tiara Tie chain Tie clip Tie pin Toe ring Watch pocket strap Making People Bench jeweler Clockmaker Goldsmith Silversmith Jewelry designer Lapidary Watchmaker Processes Carving Casting centrifugal lost - wax vacuum Enameling Engraving Filigree Kazaziye Metal clay Plating Polishing Repoussé and chasing Soldering Stonesetting Wire sculpture Wire wrapped jewelry Tools Draw plate File Hammer Mandrel Pliers Materials Precious metals Gold Palladium Platinum Rhodium Silver Precious metal alloys Britannia silver Colored gold Crown gold Electrum Shakudō Shibuichi Sterling silver Tumbaga Base metals Brass Bronze Copper Mokume - gane Pewter Stainless steel Titanium Tungsten Mineral gemstones Aventurine Agate Amethyst Beryl Carnelian Chrysoberyl Diamond Diopside Emerald Garnet Jade Jasper Lapis lazuli Larimar Malachite Marcasite Moonstone Obsidian Onyx Opal Pearl Peridot Prasiolite Quartz Ruby Sapphire Sodalite Spinel Sunstone Tanzanite Tiger 's eye Topaz Tourmaline Turquoise Zircon Organic gemstones Abalone Amber Ammolite Copal Coral Ivory Jet Nacre Other natural objects Bog - wood Hair Shell jewelry Toadstone Terms Carat ( mass ) Carat ( purity ) Finding Millesimal fineness Art jewelry Related topics Body piercing Fashion Gemology Phaleristics Metalworking Wearable art Bivalve anatomy Shell Callus Hinge line Hinge teeth Ligament Lira Lunule Nacre Pallial line Pallial sinus Periostracum Prodissoconch Resilifer Resilium Sculpture Umbo Valve Beak Annuli Other hard parts Byssus Pearl Sea silk Soft parts Adductor muscles Ctenidium Gastric shield Mantle Nephridium Siphon Other Abductin Glochidium Pseudofeces Trochophore Veliger Gastropod anatomy Shell Aperture Apex Body whorl Callus Columella Lip Lira Nacre Periostracum Peristome Planispiral Plait Protoconch Sculpture Selenizone Siphonal canal Siphonal notch Spire Stromboid notch Suture Umbilicus Valve Varix Whorl Other hard parts Clausilium Love dart Operculum Pearl Radula External soft parts Caryophyllidia Caudal mucous pit Cerata Cnidosac Mantle Mentum Notum Parapodium Pneumostome Rhinophore Semper 's organ Siphon Suprapedal gland Internal soft parts Circulatory system of gastropods Crop Ctenidium Digestive system of gastropods Diverticula Excretory system of gastropods Gastric shield Hancock 's organ Hepatopancreas Hypobranchial gland Nephridium Nervous system of gastropods Nidamental gland Odontophore Oesophageal pouch Osphradium Reproductive system of gastropods Respiratory system of gastropods Sensory organs of gastropods Other Epiphragm Pseudofeces Torsion Circumesophageal nerve ring Trochophore Tyrian purple Veliger Animals portal GND : 4173806 - 8 NDL : 00571205 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearl&oldid=816248654 '' Categories : Pearls Bivalves and humans Gastropods and humans Gemstones Jewellery components Mollusc products Mollusc shells Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use American English from October 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2011 Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Wikimedia Commons Alemannisch অসমীয়া Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Коми Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 05 : 26 . 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-3637451807222393241 | Climb Ev'ry Mountain | Climb Ev'ry Mountain - wikipedia Climb Ev'ry Mountain For Judith Durham 's 1971 album of the same name , see Climb Ev'ry Mountain ( album ) . `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' Song Released 1959 Genre Showtune Composer ( s ) Richard Rodgers Lyricist ( s ) Oscar Hammerstein II `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' is a show tune from the 1959 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The Sound of Music . It is sung at the close of the first act by the Mother Abbess . It is themed as an inspirational piece , to encourage people to take every step toward attaining their dreams . Background ( edit ) This song shares inspirational overtones with the song `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' from Carousel . They are both sung by the female mentor characters in the shows , and are used to give strength to the protagonists in the story , and both are given powerful reprises at the end of their respective shows . As Oscar Hammerstein II was writing the lyrics , it developed its own inspirational overtones along the lines of an earlier Hammerstein song , `` There 's a Hill Beyond a Hill '' . He felt that the metaphors of climbing mountains and fording streams better fitted Maria 's quest for her spiritual compass . The muse behind the song was Sister Gregory , the head of Drama at Rosary College in Illinois . The letters that she sent to Hammerstein and to Mary Martin , the first Maria von Trapp on Broadway , described the parallels between a nun 's choice for a religious life and the choices that humans must make to find their purpose and direction in life . When she read the manuscript of the lyrics , she confessed that it `` drove ( her ) to the Chapel '' because the lyrics conveyed a `` yearning that ... ordinary souls feel but can not communicate . '' Although this song has parallels with `` You 'll Never Walk Alone , '' the song shares musical similarities with the song `` Something Wonderful '' from The King and I. Both songs are played at a similar broad tempo , and both songs have accompaniments punctuated by heavy chords in the orchestral score . The song has often been sung by operatically trained voices in professional stage productions . In the original Broadway production it was sung by Patricia Neway , in the original London production it was sung by Constance Shacklock , and in the original Australian production it was sung by Rosina Raisbeck . In the original stage play , the Mother Abbess sings the song at the end of the first act . When Ernest Lehman wrote the screenplay for the film adaptation , he shifted the scene so that this song would be the first major song of the second act . When Robert Wise and his film crew were filming this scene , Peggy Wood had some reservations about the words , which she felt were too `` pretentious . '' So they filmed Peggy Wood in silhouette , against the wall of the set for the Mother Abbess ' office . Peggy Wood 's singing voice is dubbed by Margery MacKay , the wife of the rehearsal pianist Harper MacKay , as Wood was not able to sing the high notes of the song . Rodgers wrote the piece in the key of A , with a modulation towards the end of the piece , making the last note that the Mother Abbess sings in the film an A flat ( Ab5 ) . With the popularity of the stage play it would seem Peggy Wood was not alone . MacKay set the bar high with `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain . '' Given the range of the piece and the average age of the actor playing Mother Abbess , the oldest character in the story , the song has proven daunting for many actresses over the years . Other versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' Single by Shirley Bassey from the album Shirley Bassey B - side `` Reach for the Stars '' Released July 1960 Format 7 - inch single Recorded 1959 Length 3 : 10 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Rodgers and Hammerstein Shirley Bassey singles chronology `` You 'll Never Know '' ( 1961 ) `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' ( 1960 ) `` I 'll Get By '' ( 1961 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' ( 1961 ) `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' ( 1960 ) `` I 'll Get By '' ( 1961 ) 1959 : Tony Bennett had a minor hit single ( # 74 ) of the song 1960 : Andy Williams on his album The Village of St. Bernadette 1990 : The Fleetwoods on their album , The Best of The Fleetwoods 1961 : Welsh singer Shirley Bassey , as part of a double A-sided single with `` Reach for the Stars '' , which reached # 1 in the UK and remained on the charts for 18 weeks 1971 : Judith Durham recorded and released a version as the first single from her album , Climb Ev'ry Mountain 1989 : Sissel Kyrkjebø sang a Norwegian version , `` Se Over Fjellet '' on the album Soria Moria 1992 : Alex Burrall 's version in the movie The Jacksons : An American Dream , portraying Michael Jackson ( 6 -- 8 years of age ) at a school pageant show 2000 : Christina Aguilera on her concert DVD My Reflection 2003 : Guy Sebastian 's interpretation on Australian Idol season 1 when he performed it on the 1960s theme night ( recorded it for the B - side of his # 1 single `` All I Need Is You '' ) 2013 : Australian operatic mezzo - soprano Jacqui Dark for ABC Classics as part of a compilation album , I Dreamed a Dream : The Hit Songs of Broadway 2015 : Jordan Smith on the season nine finale of The Voice 2016 : Barbra Streisand recorded the song as a duet with Jamie Foxx for her 2016 album Encore : Movie Partners Sing Broadway . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maslon , Laurence ( 2006 ) . The Sound of Music Companion . London : Pavilion Books . Jump up ^ Fordin , Hugh ( 1995 ) . Getting to Know Him : A Biography of Oscar Hammerstein II . New York : Da Capo Press . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Julia Antopol Hirsch ( 1993 ) . The Sound of Music : The Making of America 's Favourite Movie . Chicago : Contemporary Books . Jump up ^ Marc Craenen ( 2010 - 08 - 02 ) , Sound of Music - Climb every mountain , retrieved 2018 - 06 - 05 Jump up ^ `` ' The Sound of Music ' : We rank every song '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Chartstats - `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' , UK chart run Jump up ^ `` Soria Moria '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I Dreamed A Dream -- Songs of Broadway '' . ABC . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Preceded by `` Johnny Remember Me '' by John Leyton UK number one single `` Reach for the Stars '' / `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' by Shirley Bassey 21 September 1961 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Johnny Remember Me '' by John Leyton hide Rodgers and Hammerstein Stage musicals Oklahoma ! Carousel Allegro South Pacific The King and I Me and Juliet Pipe Dream Flower Drum Song The Sound of Music A Grand Night for Singing State Fair Cinderella Productions I Remember Mama Annie Get Your Gun Happy Birthday John Loves Mary Show Boat The Happy Time Burning Bright Films State Fair ( 1945 ) Oklahoma ! Carousel The King and I South Pacific Flower Drum Song State Fair ( 1962 ) The Sound of Music Cinderella Television Cinderella The Sound of Music Live ! Songs `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' `` The Surrey with the Fringe on Top '' `` Kansas City '' `` I Cai n't Say No '' `` Many a New Day '' `` It 's a Scandal ! It 's a Outrage ! '' `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' `` Lonely Room '' `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' `` All Er Nuthin ' '' `` Oklahoma '' `` If I Loved You '' `` Soliloquy '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' `` That 's for Me '' `` A Fellow Needs a Girl '' `` So Far '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` There Is Nothing Like a Dame '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` I 'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair '' `` I 'm in Love with a Wonderful Guy '' `` Younger Than Springtime '' `` Happy Talk '' `` You 've Got to Be Carefully Taught '' `` I Whistle a Happy Tune '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Getting to Know You '' `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' `` Something Wonderful '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Shall We Dance ? '' `` No Other Love '' `` I Enjoy Being a Girl '' `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` So Long , Farewell '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` Edelweiss '' Related articles `` Something Good '' The Sound of Music ( 1965 soundtrack ) The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event hide Trapp Family Singers Members Maria von Trapp Georg von Trapp Rupert Agathe Maria Franziska Werner Hedwig Johanna Martina Johannes Memoir The Story of the Trapp Family Singers Films The Trapp Family ( 1956 ) The Trapp Family in America ( 1958 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The von Trapp Family : A Life of Music ( 2015 ) Other adaptations The Sound of Music ( 1959 musical ) Trapp Family Story ( 1991 anime ) The Sound of Music Live ! ( 2013 ) The Sound of Music Live ( 2015 ) Songs `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` So Long , Farewell '' `` Edelweiss '' `` Something Good '' Albums The Groovy Sound of Music ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 soundtrack ) The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event ( 2013 ) Related Elisabeth von Trapp The von Trapps Trapp Family Lodge Trapp Family Austrian Relief Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climb_Ev%27ry_Mountain&oldid=845946503 '' Categories : 1959 songs Andy Williams songs Columbia Records singles The Fleetwoods songs Guy Sebastian songs Shirley Bassey songs Songs from The Sound of Music Songs with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II Songs with music by Richard Rodgers Tony Bennett songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Français Italiano Norsk Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 06 : 37 . 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6339108487559874676 | Polysaccharide | Polysaccharide - wikipedia Polysaccharide Jump to : navigation , search 3D structure of cellulose , a beta - glucan polysaccharide . Amylose is a linear polymer of glucose mainly linked with α ( 1 → 4 ) bonds . It can be made of several thousands of glucose units . It is one of the two components of starch , the other being amylopectin . Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages and on hydrolysis give the constituent monosaccharides or oligosaccharides . They range in structure from linear to highly branched . Examples include storage polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen , and structural polysaccharides such as cellulose and chitin . Polysaccharides are often quite heterogeneous , containing slight modifications of the repeating unit . Depending on the structure , these macromolecules can have distinct properties from their monosaccharide building blocks . They may be amorphous or even insoluble in water . When all the monosaccharides in a polysaccharide are the same type , the polysaccharide is called a homopolysaccharide or homoglycan , but when more than one type of monosaccharide is present they are called heteropolysaccharides or heteroglycans . Natural saccharides are generally of simple carbohydrates called monosaccharides with general formula ( CH O ) where n is three or more . Examples of monosaccharides are glucose , fructose , and glyceraldehyde . Polysaccharides , meanwhile , have a general formula of C ( H O ) where x is usually a large number between 200 and 2500 . When the repeating units in the polymer backbone are six - carbon monosaccharides , as is often the case , the general formula simplifies to ( C H O ) , where typically 40 ≤ n ≤ 3000 . As a rule of thumb , polysaccharides contain more than ten monosaccharide units , whereas oligosaccharides contain three to ten monosaccharide units ; but the precise cutoff varies somewhat according to convention . Polysaccharides are an important class of biological polymers . Their function in living organisms is usually either structure - or storage - related . Starch ( a polymer of glucose ) is used as a storage polysaccharide in plants , being found in the form of both amylose and the branched amylopectin . In animals , the structurally similar glucose polymer is the more densely branched glycogen , sometimes called `` animal starch '' . Glycogen 's properties allow it to be metabolized more quickly , which suits the active lives of moving animals . Cellulose and chitin are examples of structural polysaccharides . Cellulose is used in the cell walls of plants and other organisms , and is said to be the most abundant organic molecule on Earth . It has many uses such as a significant role in the paper and textile industries , and is used as a feedstock for the production of rayon ( via the viscose process ) , cellulose acetate , celluloid , and nitrocellulose . Chitin has a similar structure , but has nitrogen - containing side branches , increasing its strength . It is found in arthropod exoskeletons and in the cell walls of some fungi . It also has multiple uses , including surgical threads . Polysaccharides also include callose or laminarin , chrysolaminarin , xylan , arabinoxylan , mannan , fucoidan and galactomannan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Function 1.1 Structure 2 Storage polysaccharides 2.1 Starch 2.2 Glycogen 3 Structural polysaccharides 3.1 Arabinoxylans 3.2 Cellulose 3.3 Chitin 3.4 Pectins 4 Acidic polysaccharides 5 Bacterial capsular polysaccharides 6 Chemical identification tests for polysaccharides 6.1 Periodic acid - Schiff stain ( PAS ) 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Function ( edit ) Structure ( edit ) Nutrition polysaccharides are common sources of energy . Many organisms can easily break down starches into glucose ; however , most organisms can not metabolize cellulose or other polysaccharides like chitin and arabinoxylans . These carbohydrate types can be metabolized by some bacteria and protists . Ruminants and termites , for example , use microorganisms to process cellulose . Even though these complex polysaccharides are not very digestible , they provide important dietary elements for humans . Called dietary fiber , these carbohydrates enhance digestion among other benefits . The main action of dietary fiber is to change the nature of the contents of the gastrointestinal tract , and to change how other nutrients and chemicals are absorbed . Soluble fiber binds to bile acids in the small intestine , making them less likely to enter the body ; this in turn lowers cholesterol levels in the blood . Soluble fiber also attenuates the absorption of sugar , reduces sugar response after eating , normalizes blood lipid levels and , once fermented in the colon , produces short - chain fatty acids as byproducts with wide - ranging physiological activities ( discussion below ) . Although insoluble fiber is associated with reduced diabetes risk , the mechanism by which this occurs is unknown . Not yet formally proposed as an essential macronutrient ( as of 2005 ) , dietary fiber is nevertheless regarded as important for the diet , with regulatory authorities in many developed countries recommending increases in fiber intake . Storage polysaccharides ( edit ) Starch ( edit ) Starch is a glucose polymer in which glucopyranose units are bonded by alpha - linkages . It is made up of a mixture of amylose ( 15 -- 20 % ) and amylopectin ( 80 -- 85 % ) . Amylose consists of a linear chain of several hundred glucose molecules and Amylopectin is a branched molecule made of several thousand glucose units ( every chain of 24 -- 30 glucose units is one unit of Amylopectin ) . Starches are insoluble in water . They can be digested by breaking the alpha - linkages ( glycosidic bonds ) . Both humans and animals have amylases , so they can digest starches . Potato , rice , wheat , and maize are major sources of starch in the human diet . The formations of starches are the ways that plants store glucose . Glycogen ( edit ) Glycogen serves as the secondary long - term energy storage in animal and fungal cells , with the primary energy stores being held in adipose tissue . Glycogen is made primarily by the liver and the muscles , but can also be made by glycogenesis within the brain and stomach . Glycogen is analogous to starch , a glucose polymer in plants , and is sometimes referred to as animal starch , having a similar structure to amylopectin but more extensively branched and compact than starch . Glycogen is a polymer of α ( 1 → 4 ) glycosidic bonds linked , with α ( 1 → 6 ) - linked branches . Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol / cytoplasm in many cell types , and plays an important role in the glucose cycle . Glycogen forms an energy reserve that can be quickly mobilized to meet a sudden need for glucose , but one that is less compact and more immediately available as an energy reserve than triglycerides ( lipids ) . In the liver hepatocytes , glycogen can compose up to eight percent ( 100 -- 120 g in an adult ) of the fresh weight soon after a meal . Only the glycogen stored in the liver can be made accessible to other organs . In the muscles , glycogen is found in a low concentration of one to two percent of the muscle mass . The amount of glycogen stored in the body -- especially within the muscles , liver , and red blood cells -- varies with physical activity , basal metabolic rate , and eating habits such as intermittent fasting . Small amounts of glycogen are found in the kidneys , and even smaller amounts in certain glial cells in the brain and white blood cells . The uterus also stores glycogen during pregnancy , to nourish the embryo . Glycogen is composed of a branched chain of glucose residues . It is stored in liver and muscles . It is an energy reserve for animals . It is the chief form of carbohydrate stored in animal body . It is insoluble in water . It turns brown - red when mixed with iodine . It also yields glucose on hydrolysis . Schematic 2 - D cross-sectional view of glycogen . A core protein of glycogenin is surrounded by branches of glucose units . The entire globular granule may contain approximately 30,000 glucose units . A view of the atomic structure of a single branched strand of glucose units in a glycogen molecule . Structural polysaccharides ( edit ) Arabinoxylans ( edit ) Arabinoxylans are found in both the primary and secondary cell walls of plants and are the copolymers of two sugars : arabinose and xylose . Cellulose ( edit ) The structural component of plants are formed primarily from cellulose . Wood is largely cellulose and lignin , while paper and cotton are nearly pure cellulose . Cellulose is a polymer made with repeated glucose units bonded together by beta - linkages . Humans and many animals lack an enzyme to break the beta - linkages , so they do not digest cellulose . Certain animals such as termites can digest cellulose , because bacteria possessing the enzyme are present in their gut . Cellulose is insoluble in water . It does not change color when mixed with iodine . On hydrolysis , it yields glucose . It is the most abundant carbohydrate in nature . Chitin ( edit ) Chitin is one of many naturally occurring polymers . It forms a structural component of many animals , such as exoskeletons . Over time it is bio-degradable in the natural environment . Its breakdown may be catalyzed by enzymes called chitinases , secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi , and produced by some plants . Some of these microorganisms have receptors to simple sugars from the decomposition of chitin . If chitin is detected , they then produce enzymes to digest it by cleaving the glycosidic bonds in order to convert it to simple sugars and ammonia . Chemically , chitin is closely related to chitosan ( a more water - soluble derivative of chitin ) . It is also closely related to cellulose in that it is a long unbranched chain of glucose derivatives . Both materials contribute structure and strength , protecting the organism . Pectins ( edit ) Pectins are a family of complex polysaccharides that contain 1 , 4 - linked α - D - galactosyl uronic acid residues . They are present in most primary cell walls and in the non-woody parts of terrestrial plants . Acidic polysaccharides ( edit ) Acidic polysaccharides are polysaccharides that contain carboxyl groups , phosphate groups and / or sulfuric ester groups . Bacterial capsular polysaccharides ( edit ) Pathogenic bacteria commonly produce a thick , mucous - like , layer of polysaccharide . This `` capsule '' cloaks antigenic proteins on the bacterial surface that would otherwise provoke an immune response and thereby lead to the destruction of the bacteria . Capsular polysaccharides are water - soluble , commonly acidic , and have molecular weights on the order of 100 -- 2000 kDa . They are linear and consist of regularly repeating subunits of one to six monosaccharides . There is enormous structural diversity ; nearly two hundred different polysaccharides are produced by E. coli alone . Mixtures of capsular polysaccharides , either conjugated or native are used as vaccines . Bacteria and many other microbes , including fungi and algae , often secrete polysaccharides to help them adhere to surfaces and to prevent them from drying out . Humans have developed some of these polysaccharides into useful products , including xanthan gum , dextran , welan gum , gellan gum , diutan gum and pullulan . Most of these polysaccharides exhibit useful visco - elastic properties when dissolved in water at very low levels . This makes various liquids used in everyday life , such as some foods , lotions , cleaners , and paints , viscous when stationary , but much more free - flowing when even slight shear is applied by stirring or shaking , pouring , wiping , or brushing . This property is named pseudoplasticity or shear thinning ; the study of such matters is called rheology . Viscosity of Welan gum Shear Rate ( rpm ) Viscosity ( cP ) 0.3 23,330 0.5 16,000 11,000 5500 3250 5 2900 10 1700 20 900 50 520 100 310 Aqueous solutions of the polysaccharide alone have a curious behavior when stirred : after stirring ceases , the solution initially continues to swirl due to momentum , then slows to a standstill due to viscosity and reverses direction briefly before stopping . This recoil is due to the elastic effect of the polysaccharide chains , previously stretched in solution , returning to their relaxed state . Cell - surface polysaccharides play diverse roles in bacterial ecology and physiology . They serve as a barrier between the cell wall and the environment , mediate host - pathogen interactions , and form structural components of biofilms . These polysaccharides are synthesized from nucleotide - activated precursors ( called nucleotide sugars ) and , in most cases , all the enzymes necessary for biosynthesis , assembly and transport of the completed polymer are encoded by genes organized in dedicated clusters within the genome of the organism . Lipopolysaccharide is one of the most important cell - surface polysaccharides , as it plays a key structural role in outer membrane integrity , as well as being an important mediator of host - pathogen interactions . The enzymes that make the A-band ( homopolymeric ) and B - band ( heteropolymeric ) O - antigens have been identified and the metabolic pathways defined . The exopolysaccharide alginate is a linear copolymer of β - 1 , 4 - linked D - mannuronic acid and L - guluronic acid residues , and is responsible for the mucoid phenotype of late - stage cystic fibrosis disease . The pel and psl loci are two recently discovered gene clusters that also encode exopolysaccharides found to be important for biofilm formation . Rhamnolipid is a biosurfactant whose production is tightly regulated at the transcriptional level , but the precise role that it plays in disease is not well understood at present . Protein glycosylation , particularly of pilin and flagellin , became a focus of research by several groups from about 2007 , and has been shown to be important for adhesion and invasion during bacterial infection . Chemical identification tests for polysaccharides ( edit ) Periodic acid - Schiff stain ( PAS ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Polysaccharides with unprotected vicinal diols or amino sugars ( i.e. some OH groups replaced with amine ) give a positive periodic acid - Schiff stain ( PAS ) . The list of polysaccharides that stain with PAS is long . Although mucins of epithelial origins stain with PAS , mucins of connective tissue origin have so many acidic substitutions that they do not have enough glycol or amino - alcohol groups left to react with PAS . See also ( edit ) Glycan Oligosaccharide nomenclature Polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Varki A , Cummings R , Esko J , Freeze H , Stanley P , Bertozzi C , Hart G , Etzler M ( 1999 ) . Essentials of glycobiology . Cold Spring Har J. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press . ISBN 0 - 87969 - 560 - 9 . Jump up ^ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` homopolysaccharide ( homoglycan ) '' . Jump up ^ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` heteropolysaccharide ( heteroglycan ) '' . Jump up ^ Matthews , C.E. ; K.E. Van Holde ; K.G. Ahern ( 1999 ) Biochemistry . 3rd edition . Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 3066 - 6 Jump up ^ N.A. Campbell ( 1996 ) Biology ( 4th edition ) . Benjamin Cummings NY . p. 23 ISBN 0 - 8053 - 1957 - 3 ^ Jump up to : `` Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy , Carbohydrate , fiber , Fat , Fatty Acids , Cholesterol , Protein , and Amino Acids ( Macronutrients ) ( 2005 ) , Chapter 7 : Dietary , Functional and Total fiber . '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Agriculture , National Agricultural Library and National Academy of Sciences , Institute of Medicine , Food and Nutrition Board . ^ Jump up to : Eastwood M , Kritchevsky D ( 2005 ) . `` Dietary fiber : how did we get where we are ? '' . Annu Rev Nutr. 25 : 1 -- 8 . PMID 16011456 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. nutr. 25.121304. 131658 . Jump up ^ Anderson JW , Baird P , Davis RH , et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Health benefits of dietary fiber '' . Nutr Rev. 67 ( 4 ) : 188 -- 205 . PMID 19335713 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1753 - 4887.2009. 00189. x . Jump up ^ Weickert MO , Pfeiffer AF ( 2008 ) . `` Metabolic effects of dietary fiberand any other substance that consume and prevention of diabetes '' . J Nutr. 138 ( 3 ) : 439 -- 42 . PMID 18287346 . Jump up ^ `` Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for carbohydrates and dietary fibre '' . EFSA Journal . 8 ( 3 ) : 1462 . March 25 , 2010 . doi : 10.2903 / j. efsa. 2010.1462 . Jump up ^ Jones PJ , Varady KA ( 2008 ) . `` Are functional foods redefining nutritional requirements ? '' ( PDF ) . Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 33 ( 1 ) : 118 -- 23 . PMID 18347661 . doi : 10.1139 / H07 - 134 . Jump up ^ Anatomy and Physiology . Saladin , Kenneth S. McGraw - Hill , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Animal starch '' . Merriam Webster . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Neil A. ; Brad Williamson ; Robin J. Heyden ( 2006 ) . Biology : Exploring Life . Boston , Massachusetts : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 250882 - 6 . Jump up ^ Moses SW , Bashan N , Gutman A ( December 1972 ) . `` Glycogen metabolism in the normal red blood cell '' . Blood . 40 ( 6 ) : 836 -- 43 . PMID 5083874 . Jump up ^ INGERMANN , ROLFF L. ; VIRGIN , GARTH L. ( January 20 , 1987 ) . `` Glycogen Content and Release of Glucose from Red blood cells of the Sipunculan Worm Themiste Dyscrita '' ( PDF ) . jeb.biologists.org/ . Journal of Experimental Biology . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miwa I , Suzuki S ( November 2002 ) . `` An improved quantitative assay of glycogen in erythrocytes '' . Annals of Clinical Biochemistry . 39 ( Pt 6 ) : 612 -- 3 . PMID 12564847 . doi : 10.1258 / 000456302760413432 . Jump up ^ Page 12 in : Exercise physiology : energy , nutrition , and human performance , By William D. McArdle , Frank I. Katch , Victor L. Katch , Edition : 6 , illustrated , Published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 7817 - 4990 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 4990 - 9 , 1068 pages Jump up ^ Viscosity of Welan Gum vs. Concentration in Water . http://www.xydatasource.com/xy-showdatasetpage.php?datasetcode=345115&dsid=80 Jump up ^ Guo H , Yi W , Song JK , Wang PG ( 2008 ) . `` Current understanding on biosynthesis of microbial polysaccharides '' . Curr Top Med Chem. 8 ( 2 ) : 141 -- 51 . PMID 18289083 . doi : 10.2174 / 156802608783378873 . Jump up ^ Cornelis P ( editor ) ( 2008 ) . Pseudomonas : Genomics and Molecular Biology ( 1st ed . ) . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 19 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polysaccharides . Polysaccharide Structure Applications and commercial sources of polysaccharides European Polysaccharide Network of Excellence Types of carbohydrates General Aldose Ketose Furanose Pyranose Geometry Anomer Cyclohexane conformation Mutarotation Monosaccharides Dioses Aldodiose Glycolaldehyde Trioses Aldotriose Glyceraldehyde Ketotriose Dihydroxyacetone Tetroses Aldotetroses Erythrose Threose Ketotetrose Erythrulose Pentoses Aldopentoses Arabinose Lyxose Ribose Xylose Ketopentoses Ribulose Xylulose Deoxy sugars Deoxyribose Hexoses Aldohexoses Allose Altrose Galactose Glucose Gulose Idose Mannose Talose Ketohexoses Fructose Psicose Sorbose Tagatose Deoxy sugars Fucose Fuculose Rhamnose Heptoses Ketoheptoses Mannoheptulose Sedoheptulose Above 7 Octoses Nonoses Neuraminic acid Multiple Disaccharides Cellobiose Isomaltose Lactose Lactulose Maltose Sucrose Trehalose Turanose Trisaccharides Maltotriose Melezitose Raffinose Tetrasaccharides Stachyose Other oligosaccharides Acarbose Fructooligosaccharide ( FOS ) Galactooligosaccharide ( GOS ) Isomaltooligosaccharide ( IMO ) Maltodextrin Mannan - oligosaccharides ( MOS ) Polysaccharides Beta - glucan Oat beta - glucan Lentinan Sizofiran Zymosan Cellulose Chitin Chitosan Dextrin / Dextran Fructose / Fructan Inulin Galactose / Galactan Glucose / Glucan Glycogen Hemicellulose Levan beta 2 → 6 Lignin Mannan Pectin Starch Amylopectin Amylose Xanthan gum NDL : 00572732 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polysaccharide&oldid=803593549 '' Categories : Polysaccharides Carbohydrate chemistry Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 12 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the energy in a polysaccharide stored | [
"Glycogen serves as the secondary long-term energy storage in animal and fungal cells, with the primary energy stores being held in adipose tissue. Glycogen is made primarily by the liver and the muscles, but can also be made by glycogenesis within the brain and stomach.[12]"
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"Glycogen"
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5164990061092625722 | Kimberly Williams-Paisley | Kimberly Williams - Paisley - wikipedia Kimberly Williams - Paisley For other people named Kimberly Williams , see Kimberly Williams ( disambiguation ) . Kimberly Williams - Paisley Williams - Paisley in June 2008 Kimberly Payne Williams ( 1971 - 09 - 14 ) September 14 , 1971 ( age 46 ) Rye , New York , U.S. Residence Nashville , Tennessee , U.S. Other names Kimberly Payne Williams Kimberly Williams - Paisley Kimberly Paisley Alma mater Northwestern University Occupation Actress Years active 1990 -- present Spouse ( s ) Brad Paisley ( m . 2003 ) Children Website kimberlywilliams-paisley.com Kimberly Payne Williams - Paisley ( née Williams ; born September 14 , 1971 ) is an American actress known for her co-starring roles on According to Jim and Nashville , as well as her breakthrough performance in Father of the Bride ( 1991 ) , for which she was nominated for several awards , and its sequel , Father of the Bride Part II ( 1995 ) . Throughout her acting career , she has guest - starred on TV shows including Tales From The Crypt , George Lopez and Less Than Perfect . She is also known for her roles in made - for - TV movies , including Safe House , The Christmas Shoes , and Lucky 7 , and also her role as Laura Parker in Shade , a short film that she also wrote and directed . Williams is married to country musician Brad Paisley , with whom she has two sons ; actress Ashley Williams is her sister . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 As producer , writer , and / or director 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Williams - Paisley was born in Rye , New York , the daughter of Linda Barbara ( née Payne ) , a fund - raiser , and Gurney Williams III , a health and science writer . She has a sister , Ashley , also an actress , and a brother , Jay . Williams has been in show business since the age of 13 . In 1989 she directed the Rye High School Musical Revue . She left Northwestern University during her sophomore year to appear in the 1991 film version of Father of the Bride but returned to complete her degree in drama . While there she was a sister of the Alpha Phi sorority . Career ( edit ) Williams - Paisley 's breakthrough role was Annie Banks in Father of the Bride ( 1991 ) and Father of the Bride Part II ( 1995 ) , with Steve Martin and Diane Keaton . She later appeared in Indian Summer ( 1993 ) , Coldblooded ( 1995 ) , The War at Home ( 1996 ) , and in 1996 landed the lead role in the ABC drama series Relativity . She won critical acclaim for her performance , but the series was canceled after 17 episodes due to low ratings . In 2000 , Williams - Paisley starred as Virginia in the fantasy miniseries The 10th Kingdom . From 2001 to 2008 , Williams - Paisley played the role of Dana in the ABC sitcom According to Jim , opposite Jim Belushi and Courtney Thorne - Smith . She left the show after its 7th season , but she came back for the show 's final episode in 2009 . She had a short yet well known appearance on King of Queens . On stage , Williams - Paisley replaced Arija Bareikis as Sunny in The Last Night of Ballyhoo , written by Alfred Uhry ( of Driving Miss Daisy fame ) sometime later in the play 's February 1997 to June 1998 run . During the 2000s , she also starred in number of made for television movies , and also guest starred on Less than Perfect , Boston Legal , and Royal Pains . In film , she starred opposite Matthew McConaughey in 2006 drama We Are Marshall . In 2012 , Williams - Paisley began starring in the recurring role of Peggy Kenter in the ABC drama series , Nashville . In March 2015 , Williams - Paisley was cast in Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip . New York best selling author . Author of `` Where The Light Gets In '' which was published on April 5 , 2016 . The book tells the full story of her mother 's illness from the early days of her diagnosis up until present . Her mother , Linda , was diagnosed with primary progressive aphasia , which is a form of dementia . She died shortly after the book was published on November 16 , 2016 . Personal life ( edit ) On March 15 , 2003 Williams married country music singer Brad Paisley . In February 2007 , she gave birth to their first child , a son named William Huckleberry Paisley , also known as `` Huck , '' in Nashville , Tennessee . Their second son , Jasper , was born in April 2009 . She and her family currently reside in Nashville , Tennessee . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1991 Father of the Bride Annie Banks 1992 Porco Rosso Fio Voice role Samuel Beckett Is Coming Soon Kim Indian Summer Gwen Daugherty 1995 Coldblooded Jasmine Father of the Bride Part II Annie Banks - MacKenzie War at Home , The The War at Home Karen Collier 1998 Safe House Andi Travers Just a Little Harmless Sex Allison 1999 Elephant Juice Dodie Simpatico Young Rosie 2002 Ten Tiny Love Stories Five 2003 Shade Laura Parker Short film ; also producer , director , writer How to Go Out on a Date in Queens Amy 2006 How to Eat Fried Worms Helen Forrester We Are Marshall Sandy Lengyel 2012 Eden Court Bonnie Duncan 2014 Ask Me Anything Margaret Spooner 2015 Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip Samantha 2017 Speech & Debate Susan You Get Me Mrs. Hanson Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes ABC Afterschool Special Vanessa Episode : `` Stood Up ! '' Tales from the Crypt Hiley Zeller Episode : `` The Bribe '' Jake 's Women Molly Theatrical play Relativity Isabel Lukens Series regular ( 17 episodes ) 2000 10th Kingdom , The The 10th Kingdom Virginia Lewis Miniseries Follow the Stars Home Dianne Parker - McCune Television film ( Hallmark Hall of Fame ) 2001 -- 09 According to Jim Dana Series regular ( 165 episodes ) ; also directed 3 episodes 2002 The Christmas Shoes Maggie Elizabeth Andrews Television film ( CBS ) 2003 Lucky 7 Amy Myer Television film ; also co-producer Identity Theft : The Michelle Brown Story Michelle Brown Television film ( Lifetime ) ; also co-producer George Lopez Vanessa Brooks Episode : `` E.I. ? E.I. OH '' 2005 Less than Perfect Laura Episode : `` Get Away '' 2008 Wonder Pets Mama Armadillo ( voice ) Episode : `` Save the Armadillo '' Boston Legal Attorney Elisa Brooks Episode : `` Last Call '' Amish Grace Ida Graber Television film ( Lifetime ) 2012 Royal Pains Sam Chard Episode : `` Business and Pleasure '' 2012 -- 13 Nashville Peggy Kenter Recurring role ; 22 episodes 2014 Two and a Half Men Gretchen Recurring role ; 6 episodes 2017 Darrow and Darrow Claire Darrow Television film ( Hallmark Movies & Mysteries ) The Christmas Train Eleanor Television film ( Hallmark Hall of Fame ) As producer , writer , and / or director ( edit ) Year Title Notes 2003 Lucky 7 Co-producer Identity Theft : The Michelle Brown Story Co-producer ; also played the lead character 2006 Shade Producer , director , writer 2006 / 07 / 08 According to Jim Director ; 3 episodes 2007 Numero Dos Director , writer When Mom 's Away Executive producer Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Work Result 1992 MTV Movie Awards Best Breakthrough Performance Father of the Bride Nominated Satellite Awards Best Performance by an Actress in a Dramatic Television Series Relativity Nominated 2006 Heartland Film Festival Crystal Heart Award for Best Dramatic Short Film Shade Won Vision Award for Best Short Film Shade Won Sedona International Film Festival Outstanding Acting & Directing Shade Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kimberly Williams Biography ( 1971 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Gurney Williams 3d , Yale ' 63 , Weds Linda Payne in Mt . Kisco '' . The New York Times . June 25 , 1967 . Jump up ^ Baker , K.C. ( 31 March 2016 ) . `` Kimberly Williams - Paisley Leaned on Country Superstar Husband Brad Paisley During Her Mother 's Struggle with Dementia : ' He Keeps Me Laughing ' '' . People . Retrieved 2 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kimberly Williams - Paisley Biography '' . Tvguide.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ The Broadway League . `` The Last Night of Ballyhoo IBDB : The official source for Broadway Information '' . IBDB . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Kimberly Williams - Paisley Getting Promoted To Regular On ABC 's ' Nashville ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Stump , Scott . `` ' Opening my heart ' : Actress Kimberly Williams - Paisley reveals mother 's dementia '' . TODAY.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Paisley & Kimberly Williams Expecting '' . people.com . September 19 , 2006 . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ CMT : News : Brad Paisley Announces Son 's Name Jump up ^ Brad Paisley ( April 20 , 2009 ) . `` The Paisleys Reveal Newborn Son 's Name ! -- Babies , Brad Paisley '' . People.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kimberly Williams - Paisley . Official website Kimberly Williams - Paisley on IMDb Kimberly Williams - Paisley at the Internet Broadway Database Official website of the short film , Shade , directed by Kimberly Williams - Paisley Kimberly Williams - Paisley on Twitter BNF : cb14239357n ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 1448 9351 LCCN : no97034587 MusicBrainz : f08faad4 - 2486 - 46c8 - a6b4 - c07df03fde6a SUDOC : 155152416 VIAF : 78382790 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimberly_Williams-Paisley&oldid=842001760 '' Categories : 1971 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from New York ( state ) American film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses American television directors American television producers Women television producers American women screenwriters Living people Northwestern University School of Communication alumni People from Rye , New York Women television directors Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2013 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska اردو 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 15 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played annie in father of the bride | [] | [] |
473620524845252465 | Longitude | Longitude - wikipedia Longitude Jump to : navigation , search For Dava Sobel 's book about John Harrison , see Longitude ( book ) . For the adaptation of Sobel 's book , see Longitude ( TV series ) . Map of Earth Longitude ( λ ) Lines of longitude appear vertical with varying curvature in this projection , but are actually halves of great ellipses , with identical radii at a given latitude . Latitude ( φ ) Lines of latitude appear horizontal with varying curvature in this projection ; but are actually circular with different radii . All locations with a given latitude are collectively referred to as a circle of latitude . The equator divides the planet into a Northern Hemisphere and a Southern Hemisphere , and has a latitude of 0 ° . Geodesy Fundamentals Geodesy Geodynamics Geomatics Cartography History Concepts Geographical distance Geoid Figure of the Earth Geodetic datum Geodesic Geographic coordinate system Horizontal position representation Latitude / Longitude Map projection Reference ellipsoid Satellite geodesy Spatial reference system Technologies Global Navigation Satellite System ( GNSS ) Global Positioning System ( GPS ) GLONASS ( Russian ) BeiDou ( BDS ) ( Chinese ) Galileo ( European ) Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System ( IRNSS ) ( India ) Quasi-Zenith Satellite System ( QZSS ) ( Japan ) Legenda ( satellite system ) Standards ( History ) NGVD 29 Sea Level Datum 1929 OSGB36 Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936 SK - 42 Systema Koordinat 1942 goda ED50 European Datum 1950 SAD69 South American Datum 1969 GRS 80 Geodetic Reference System 1980 NAD 83 North American Datum 1983 WGS 84 World Geodetic System 1984 NAVD 88 N. American Vertical Datum 1988 ETRS89 European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 GCJ - 02 Chinese obfuscated datum 2002 International Terrestrial Reference System Spatial Reference System Identifier ( SRID ) Universal Transverse Mercator ( UTM ) Longitude ( / ˈlɒndʒɪtjuːd / or / ˈlɒndʒɪtuːd / , Australian and British also / ˈlɒŋɡɪtjuːd / ) , is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east - west position of a point on the Earth 's surface . It is an angular measurement , usually expressed in degrees and denoted by the Greek letter lambda ( λ ) . Meridians ( lines running from the North Pole to the South Pole ) connect points with the same longitude . By convention , one of these , the Prime Meridian , which passes through the Royal Observatory , Greenwich , England , was allocated the position of zero degrees longitude . The longitude of other places is measured as the angle east or west from the Prime Meridian , ranging from 0 ° at the Prime Meridian to + 180 ° eastward and − 180 ° westward . Specifically , it is the angle between a plane containing the Prime Meridian and a plane containing the North Pole , South Pole and the location in question . ( This forms a right - handed coordinate system with the z axis ( right hand thumb ) pointing from the Earth 's center toward the North Pole and the x axis ( right hand index finger ) extending from Earth 's center through the equator at the Prime Meridian . ) A location 's north -- south position along a meridian is given by its latitude , which is approximately the angle between the local vertical and the plane of the Equator . If the Earth were perfectly spherical and homogeneous , then the longitude at a point would be equal to the angle between a vertical north -- south plane through that point and the plane of the Greenwich meridian . Everywhere on Earth the vertical north -- south plane would contain the Earth 's axis . But the Earth is not homogeneous , and has mountains -- which have gravity and so can shift the vertical plane away from the Earth 's axis . The vertical north -- south plane still intersects the plane of the Greenwich meridian at some angle ; that angle is the astronomical longitude , calculated from star observations . The longitude shown on maps and GPS devices is the angle between the Greenwich plane and a not - quite - vertical plane through the point ; the not - quite - vertical plane is perpendicular to the surface of the spheroid chosen to approximate the Earth 's sea - level surface , rather than perpendicular to the sea - level surface itself . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Noting and calculating longitude 2.1 Singularity and discontinuity of longitude 3 Plate movement and longitude 4 Length of a degree of longitude 5 Longitude on bodies other than Earth 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of longitude Amerigo Vespucci 's means of determining longitude The measurement of longitude is important both to cartography and for ocean navigation . Mariners and explorers for most of history struggled to determine longitude . Finding a method of determining longitude took centuries , resulting in the history of longitude recording the effort of some of the greatest scientific minds . Latitude was calculated by observing with quadrant or astrolabe the altitude of the sun or of charted stars above the horizon , but longitude is harder . Amerigo Vespucci was perhaps the first European to proffer a solution , after devoting a great deal of time and energy studying the problem during his sojourns in the New World : As to longitude , I declare that I found so much difficulty in determining it that I was put to great pains to ascertain the east - west distance I had covered . The final result of my labours was that I found nothing better to do than to watch for and take observations at night of the conjunction of one planet with another , and especially of the conjunction of the moon with the other planets , because the moon is swifter in her course than any other planet . I compared my observations with an almanac . After I had made experiments many nights , one night , the twenty - third of August 1499 , there was a conjunction of the moon with Mars , which according to the almanac was to occur at midnight or a half hour before . I found that ... at midnight Mars 's position was three and a half degrees to the east . John Harrison solved the greatest problem of his day . By comparing the positions of the moon and Mars with their anticipated positions , Vespucci was able to crudely deduce his longitude . But this method had several limitations : First , it required the occurrence of a specific astronomical event ( in this case , Mars passing through the same right ascension as the moon ) , and the observer needed to anticipate this event via an astronomical almanac . One needed also to know the precise time , which was difficult to ascertain in foreign lands . Finally , it required a stable viewing platform , rendering the technique useless on the rolling deck of a ship at sea . See Lunar distance ( navigation ) . In 1612 Galileo Galilei demonstrated that with sufficiently accurate knowledge of the orbits of the moons of Jupiter one could use their positions as a universal clock and this would make possible the determination of longitude , but the method he devised was impracticable for navigators on ships because of their instability . In 1714 the British government passed the Longitude Act which offered large financial rewards to the first person to demonstrate a practical method for determining the longitude of a ship at sea . These rewards motivated many to search for a solution . Drawing of Earth with longitudes but without latitudes . John Harrison , a self - educated English clockmaker , invented the marine chronometer , the key piece in solving the problem of accurately establishing longitude at sea , thus revolutionising and extending the possibility of safe long distance sea travel . Though the Board of Longitude rewarded John Harrison for his marine chronometer in 1773 , chronometers remained very expensive and the lunar distance method continued to be used for decades . Finally , the combination of the availability of marine chronometers and wireless telegraph time signals put an end to the use of lunars in the 20th century . Unlike latitude , which has the equator as a natural starting position , there is no natural starting position for longitude . Therefore , a reference meridian had to be chosen . It was a popular practice to use a nation 's capital as the starting point , but other locations were also used . While British cartographers had long used the Greenwich meridian in London , other references were used elsewhere , including El Hierro , Rome , Copenhagen , Jerusalem , Saint Petersburg , Pisa , Paris , Philadelphia , and Washington D.C. In 1884 the International Meridian Conference adopted the Greenwich meridian as the universal Prime Meridian or zero point of longitude . Noting and calculating longitude ( edit ) Longitude is given as an angular measurement ranging from 0 ° at the Prime Meridian to + 180 ° eastward and − 180 ° westward . The Greek letter λ ( lambda ) , is used to denote the location of a place on Earth east or west of the Prime Meridian . Each degree of longitude is sub-divided into 60 minutes , each of which is divided into 60 seconds . A longitude is thus specified in sexagesimal notation as 23 ° 27 ′ 30 '' E. For higher precision , the seconds are specified with a decimal fraction . An alternative representation uses degrees and minutes , where parts of a minute are expressed in decimal notation with a fraction , thus : 23 ° 27.5 ′ E. Degrees may also be expressed as a decimal fraction : 23.45833 ° E. For calculations , the angular measure may be converted to radians , so longitude may also be expressed in this manner as a signed fraction of π ( pi ) , or an unsigned fraction of 2π . For calculations , the West / East suffix is replaced by a negative sign in the western hemisphere . Confusingly , the convention of negative for East is also sometimes seen . The preferred convention -- that East is positive -- is consistent with a right - handed Cartesian coordinate system , with the North Pole up . A specific longitude may then be combined with a specific latitude ( usually positive in the northern hemisphere ) to give a precise position on the Earth 's surface . There is no other physical principle determining longitude directly but with time . Longitude at a point may be determined by calculating the time difference between that at its location and Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) . Since there are 24 hours in a day and 360 degrees in a circle , the sun moves across the sky at a rate of 15 degrees per hour ( 360 ° ÷ 24 hours = 15 ° per hour ) . So if the time zone a person is in is three hours ahead of UTC then that person is near 45 ° longitude ( 3 hours × 15 ° per hour = 45 ° ) . The word near is used because the point might not be at the center of the time zone ; also the time zones are defined politically , so their centers and boundaries often do not lie on meridians at multiples of 15 ° . In order to perform this calculation , however , a person needs to have a chronometer ( watch ) set to UTC and needs to determine local time by solar or astronomical observation . The details are more complex than described here : see the articles on Universal Time and on the equation of time for more details . Singularity and discontinuity of longitude ( edit ) Note that the longitude is singular at the Poles and calculations that are sufficiently accurate for other positions , may be inaccurate at or near the Poles . Also the discontinuity at the ± 180 ° meridian must be handled with care in calculations . An example is a calculation of east displacement by subtracting two longitudes , which gives the wrong answer if the two positions are on either side of this meridian . To avoid these complexities , consider replacing latitude and longitude with another horizontal position representation in calculation . Plate movement and longitude ( edit ) The Earth 's tectonic plates move relative to one another in different directions at speeds on the order of 50 to 100mm per year . So points on the Earth 's surface on different plates are always in motion relative to one another . For example , the longitudinal difference between a point on the Equator in Uganda , on the African Plate , and a point on the Equator in Ecuador , on the South American Plate , is increasing by about 0.0014 arcseconds per year . These tectonic movements likewise affect latitude . If a global reference frame ( such as WGS84 , for example ) is used , the longitude of a place on the surface will change from year to year . To minimize this change , when dealing just with points on a single plate , a different reference frame can be used , whose coordinates are fixed to a particular plate , such as `` NAD83 '' for North America or `` ETRS89 '' for Europe . Length of a degree of longitude ( edit ) The length of a degree of longitude ( east - west distance ) depends only on the radius of a circle of latitude . For a sphere of radius a that radius at latitude φ is a cos φ , and the length of a one - degree ( or π / 180 radian ) arc along a circle of latitude is Δ l o n g 1 = π 180 ∘ a cos φ ( \ displaystyle \ Delta _ ( \ rm ( long ) ) ^ ( 1 ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 180 ^ ( \ circ ) ) ) a \ cos \ phi ) φ Δ1 lat Δ1 long 0 ° 110.574 km 111.320 km 15 ° 110.649 km 107.551 km 30 ° 110.852 km 96.486 km 45 ° 111.132 km 78.847 km 60 ° 111.412 km 55.800 km 75 ° 111.618 km 28.902 km 90 ° 111.694 km 0.000 km When the Earth is modelled by an ellipsoid this arc length becomes Δ l o n g 1 = π a cos φ 180 ∘ 1 − e 2 sin 2 φ ( \ displaystyle \ Delta _ ( \ rm ( long ) ) ^ ( 1 ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi a \ cos \ phi ) ( 180 ^ ( \ circ ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) \ sin ^ ( 2 ) \ phi ) ) ) ) ) where e , the eccentricity of the ellipsoid , is related to the major and minor axes ( the equatorial and polar radii respectively ) by e 2 = a 2 − b 2 a 2 ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( a ^ ( 2 ) - b ^ ( 2 ) ) ( a ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) An alternative formula is Δ l o n g 1 = π 180 ∘ a cos ψ where tan ψ = b a tan φ ( \ displaystyle \ Delta _ ( \ rm ( long ) ) ^ ( 1 ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 180 ^ ( \ circ ) ) ) a \ cos \ psi \ quad ( \ mbox ( where ) ) \ tan \ psi = ( \ frac ( b ) ( a ) ) \ tan \ phi ) Cos φ decreases from 1 at the equator to 0 at the poles , which measures how circles of latitude shrink from the equator to a point at the pole , so the length of a degree of longitude decreases likewise . This contrasts with the small ( 1 % ) increase in the length of a degree of latitude ( north - south distance ) , equator to pole . The table shows both for the WGS84 ellipsoid with a = 7006637813700000000 ♠ 6378137. 0 m and b = 7006635675231420000 ♠ 6356752. 3142 m . Note that the distance between two points 1 degree apart on the same circle of latitude , measured along that circle of latitude , is slightly more than the shortest ( geodesic ) distance between those points ( unless on the equator , where these are equal ) ; the difference is less than 0.6 m ( 2 ft ) . A geographical mile is defined to be the length of one minute of arc along the equator ( one equatorial minute of longitude ) , so a degree of longitude along the equator is exactly 60 geographical miles , as there are 60 minutes in a degree . Longitude on bodies other than Earth ( edit ) See also : Prime meridian ( planets ) Planetary co-ordinate systems are defined relative to their mean axis of rotation and various definitions of longitude depending on the body . The longitude systems of most of those bodies with observable rigid surfaces have been defined by references to a surface feature such as a crater . The north pole is that pole of rotation that lies on the north side of the invariable plane of the solar system ( near the ecliptic ) . The location of the Prime Meridian as well as the position of body 's north pole on the celestial sphere may vary with time due to precession of the axis of rotation of the planet ( or satellite ) . If the position angle of the body 's Prime Meridian increases with time , the body has a direct ( or prograde ) rotation ; otherwise the rotation is said to be retrograde . In the absence of other information , the axis of rotation is assumed to be normal to the mean orbital plane ; Mercury and most of the satellites are in this category . For many of the satellites , it is assumed that the rotation rate is equal to the mean orbital period . In the case of the giant planets , since their surface features are constantly changing and moving at various rates , the rotation of their magnetic fields is used as a reference instead . In the case of the Sun , even this criterion fails ( because its magnetosphere is very complex and does not really rotate in a steady fashion ) , and an agreed - upon value for the rotation of its equator is used instead . For planetographic longitude , west longitudes ( i.e. , longitudes measured positively to the west ) are used when the rotation is prograde , and east longitudes ( i.e. , longitudes measured positively to the east ) when the rotation is retrograde . In simpler terms , imagine a distant , non-orbiting observer viewing a planet as it rotates . Also suppose that this observer is within the plane of the planet 's equator . A point on the Equator that passes directly in front of this observer later in time has a higher planetographic longitude than a point that did so earlier in time . However , planetocentric longitude is always measured positively to the east , regardless of which way the planet rotates . East is defined as the counter-clockwise direction around the planet , as seen from above its north pole , and the north pole is whichever pole more closely aligns with the Earth 's north pole . Longitudes traditionally have been written using `` E '' or `` W '' instead of `` + '' or `` − '' to indicate this polarity . For example , the following all mean the same thing : − 91 ° 91 ° W + 269 ° 269 ° E . The reference surfaces for some planets ( such as Earth and Mars ) are ellipsoids of revolution for which the equatorial radius is larger than the polar radius ; in other words , they are oblate spheroids . Smaller bodies ( Io , Mimas , etc . ) tend to be better approximated by triaxial ellipsoids ; however , triaxial ellipsoids would render many computations more complicated , especially those related to map projections . Many projections would lose their elegant and popular properties . For this reason spherical reference surfaces are frequently used in mapping programs . The modern standard for maps of Mars ( since about 2002 ) is to use planetocentric coordinates . The meridian of Mars is located at Airy - 0 crater . Tidally - locked bodies have a natural reference longitude passing through the point nearest to their parent body : 0 ° the center of the primary - facing hemisphere , 90 ° the center of the leading hemisphere , 180 ° the center of the anti-primary hemisphere , and 270 ° the center of the trailing hemisphere . However , libration due to non-circular orbits or axial tilts causes this point to move around any fixed point on the celestial body like an analemma . See also ( edit ) American Practical Navigator Cardinal direction Ecliptic longitude Geodesy Geodetic system Geographic coordinate system Geographical distance Geotagging Great - circle distance History of longitude Island of the Day Before Latitude List of cities by longitude Meridian arc Natural Area Code Navigation Orders of magnitude Right ascension on celestial sphere World Geodetic System References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/longitude Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary Jump up ^ Vespucci , Amerigo . `` Letter from Seville to Lorenzo di Pier Francesco de ' Medici , 1500 . '' Pohl , Frederick J. Amerigo Vespucci : Pilot Major . New York : Columbia University Press , 1945 . 76 -- 90 . Page 80 . ^ Jump up to : `` Longitude clock comes alive '' . BBC . March 11 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Denny , Mark ( 2012 ) , The Science of Navigation : From Dead Reckoning to GPS , Johns Hopkins University Press , p. 105 , ISBN 9781421405605 , in 1610 , Galileo thought he might win the Spanish longitude prize with his idea of measuring time by observing the moons of Jupiter ... The trouble with the method was in making accurate measurements of the four moons while on the deck of a moving ship at sea . This problem proved intractable , and the method was therefore not adopted . Jump up ^ Coordinate Conversion Jump up ^ `` λ = Longitude east of Greenwich ( for longitude west of Greenwich , use a minus sign ) . '' John P. Snyder , Map Projections , A Working Manual , USGS Professional Paper 1395 , page ix Jump up ^ Read HH , Watson Janet ( 1975 ) . Introduction to Geology . New York : Halsted . pp. 13 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Peter ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter 5 : The geometry of the ellipsoid '' . The Mercator Projections : The Normal and Transverse Mercator Projections on the Sphere and the Ellipsoid with Full Derivations of all Formulae ( PDF ) . Edinburgh . doi : 10.5281 / zenodo. 35392 . Jump up ^ Rapp , Richard H. ( April 1991 ) . `` Chapter 3 : Properties of the Ellipsoid '' . Geometric Geodesy Part I. Columbus , Ohio. : Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying , Ohio State University . Jump up ^ Where is zero degrees longitude on Mars ? -- Copyright 2000 -- 2010 © European Space Agency . All rights reserved . Jump up ^ First map of extraterrestrial planet -- Center of Astrophysics . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutLongitudeat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Resources for determining your latitude and longitude IAU / IAG Working Group On Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites `` Longitude forged '' : an essay exposing a hoax solution to the problem of calculating longitude , undetected in Dava Sobel 's Longitude , from TLS , November 12 , 2008 . Board of Longitude Collection , Cambridge Digital Library -- complete digital version of the Board 's archive Longitude And Latitude Of Points of Interest Length Of A Degree Of Latitude And Longitude Calculator Map projection History List Portal By surface Cylindrical Mercator - conformal Gauss -- Krüger Transverse Mercator Equal - area Balthasart Behrmann Gall -- Peters Hobo -- Dyer Lambert Smyth equal - surface Trystan Edwards Cassini Central Equirectangular Gall stereographic Miller Space - oblique Mercator Web Mercator Pseudocylindrical Eckert II Eckert IV Eckert VI Goode homolosine Kavrayskiy VII Mollweide Sinusoidal Tobler hyperelliptical Wagner VI Conical Albers Equidistant Lambert conformal Pseudoconical Bonne Bottomley Polyconic Werner Azimuthal ( planar ) General perspective Gnomonic Orthographic Stereographic Equidistant Lambert equal - area Pseudoazimuthal Aitoff Hammer Wiechel Winkel tripel By metric Conformal Adams hemisphere - in - a-square Gauss -- Krüger Guyou hemisphere - in - a-square Lambert conformal conic Mercator Peirce quincuncial Stereographic Transverse Mercator Equal - area Bonne Sinusoidal Werner Bottomley Sinusoidal Werner Cylindrical Balthasart Behrmann Gall -- Peters Hobo -- Dyer Lambert cylindrical equal - area Smyth equal - surface Trystan Edwards Tobler hyperelliptical Collignon Mollweide Albers Briesemeister Eckert II Eckert IV Eckert VI Hammer Lambert azimuthal equal - area Quadrilateralized spherical cube Equidistant in some aspect Conic Equirectangular Sinusoidal Two - point Werner Gnomonic Gnomonic Loxodromic Loximuthal Mercator Retroazimuthal ( Mecca or Qibla ) Craig Hammer Littrow By construction Compromise Chamberlin trimetric Kavrayskiy VII Miller cylindrical Robinson Van der Grinten Wagner VI Winkel tripel Hybrid Goode homolosine HEALPix Perspective Planar Gnomonic Orthographic Stereographic Central cylindrical Polyhedral Cahill Butterfly Dymaxion Quadrilateralized spherical cube Waterman butterfly See also Latitude Longitude Tissot 's indicatrix Time signal stations Longwave BPC BPL BSF DCF77 JJY RBU RJH66 ( Beta ) RTZ MSF TDF WWVB Shortwave BPM BSF CHU HD2IOA HLA JN53DV RWM ROA WWV WWVH ( Hawaii , USA ) YVTO VHF / FM / UHF RDS CT Satellite GPS BeiDou Galileo GLONASS IRNSS QZSS Defunct HBG NAA WWVL OMA OLB5 VNG Y3S Time Key concepts Past history deep time Present Future Futures studies Far future in religion Far future in science fiction and popular culture Timeline of the far future Eternity Eternity of the world Measurement and standards Chronometry UTC UT TAI Unit of time Planck time Second Minute Hour Day Week Month Season Year Decade Century Millennium Tropical year Sidereal year Samvatsara Measurement systems Time zone Six - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Daylight saving time Solar time Sidereal time Metric time Decimal time Hexadecimal time Calendars Gregorian Julian Hebrew Islamic Lunar Solar Hijri Mayan Intercalation Leap second Leap year Clocks Horology History of timekeeping devices Main types astrarium atomic quantum marine sundial sundial markup schema watch water - based Chronology History Astronomical chronology Big History Calendar era Chronicle Deep time Periodization Regnal year Timeline Religion Mythology Dreamtime Kāla Kalachakra Prophecy Time and fate deities Wheel of time Immortality Philosophy of time A-series and B - series B - theory of time Causality Duration Endurantism Eternal return Eternalism Event Multiple time dimensions Perdurantism Presentism Static interpretation of time Temporal finitism Temporal parts The Unreality of Time Human experience and use of time Accounting period Chronemics Fiscal year Generation time Mental chronometry Music Procrastination Punctuality Temporal database Term Time discipline Time management Time perception Specious present Time - 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hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Barycentric Dynamical Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone 180th meridian Obsolete standards Ephemeris time Greenwich Mean Time Prime meridian Time in physics Absolute time and space Spacetime Chronon Continuous signal Coordinate time Cosmological decade Discrete time and continuous time Planck time Proper time Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain Time translation symmetry T - symmetry Horology Clock Astrarium Atomic clock Complication History of timekeeping devices Hourglass Marine chronometer Marine sandglass Radio clock Watch Water clock Sundial Dialing scales Equation of time History of sundials Sundial markup schema Calendar Astronomical Dominical letter Epact Equinox Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Intercalation Islamic Julian Leap year Lunar Lunisolar Solar Solstice Tropical year Weekday determination Weekday names Archaeology and geology Chronological dating Geologic time scale International Commission on Stratigraphy Astronomical chronology Galactic year Nuclear timescale Precession Sidereal time Other units of time Shake Jiffy Second Minute Moment Hour Day Week Fortnight Month Year Olympiad Lustrum Decade Century Saeculum Millennium Related topics Chronology Duration music Mental chronometry Metric time System time Time value of money Timekeeper Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longitude&oldid=821223271 '' Categories : Lines of longitude Navigation Geodesy Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - 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-6469499062771692177 | The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire | The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire - wikipedia The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book . For the historical events , see History of the Roman Empire and Fall of the Western Roman Empire . For the historiography spawned by Gibbon 's theories , see Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire . For publication details and chapter listings , see Outline of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Author Edward Gibbon Country England Language English Subject History of the Roman Empire Publisher Strahan & Cadell , London Publication date 1776 -- 1789 Media type Print LC Class DG311 Edward Gibbon ( 1737 -- 1794 ) The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire was written by the English historian Edward Gibbon , which traces Western civilisation ( as well as the Islamic and Mongolian conquests ) from the height of the Roman Empire to the fall of Byzantium . It was published in six volumes . Volume I was published in 1776 and went through six printings . Volumes II and III were published in 1781 ; volumes IV , V , and VI in 1788 -- 1789 . The original volumes were published in quarto sections , a common publishing practice of the time . The work covers the history , from 98 to 1590 , of the Roman Empire , the history of early Christianity and then of the Roman State Church , and the history of Europe , and discusses the decline of the Roman Empire in the East and West . Because of its stress on objectivity and heavy use of primary sources , unusual at the time , its methodology became a model for later historians . This led to Gibbon being called the first `` modern historian of ancient Rome '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Thesis 2 Style 2.1 Citations and footnotes 3 Criticism 3.1 Number of Christian martyrs 3.2 Criticism of Quran and Muhammad 3.3 Christianity as a contributor to the fall and to stability : chapters XV , XVI 3.4 Tolerant paganism 3.5 Misinterpretation of Byzantium 4 Gibbon 's reflections 5 Editions 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Thesis ( edit ) Gibbon offers an explanation for the fall of the Roman Empire , a task made difficult by a lack of comprehensive written sources , though he was not the only historian to attempt it . According to Gibbon , the Roman Empire succumbed to barbarian invasions in large part due to the gradual loss of civic virtue among its citizens . They had become weak , outsourcing their duty to defend their empire to barbarian mercenaries , who then became so numerous and ingrained that they were able to take over the Empire . Romans , he believed , were unwilling to live a tougher , military lifestyle . In addition , Gibbon argued that Christianity created a belief that a better life existed after death , which fostered an indifference to the present among Roman citizens , thus sapping their desire to sacrifice for a larger purpose . He also believed that Christianity 's comparative pacifism tended to hamper the traditional Roman martial spirit . Also , seldom openly stated , but constantly shown in practice , Christianity destroyed the unity of the Empire . Christians were not unified ; they were split into dozens of groups , constantly battling over exceedingly minute differences in dogma , where the pronunciation of a vowel would determine eternal bliss or hell , and killing each other in the literal hundreds of thousands . One reason Islam conquered Egypt so easily was that the Egyptians preferred a totally alien faith to the different branch of Christianity espoused in Constantinople . Finally , like other Enlightenment thinkers and British citizens of the age steeped in institutional anti-Catholicism , Gibbon held in contempt the Middle Ages as a priest - ridden , superstitious Dark Age . It was not until his own era , the `` Age of Reason , '' with its emphasis on rational thought , it was believed , that human history could resume its progress . Gibbon saw the Praetorian Guard as the primary catalyst of the empire 's initial decay and eventual collapse , a seed planted by Augustus when the empire was established . His writings cite repeated examples of the Praetorian Guard abusing their power with calamitous results , including numerous instances of imperial assassination and incessant demands for increased pay . He compared the reigns of Diocletian ( 284 -- 305 ) and Charles V ( 1519 -- 1556 ) , noting superficial similarities . Both were plagued by continual war and compelled to excessive taxation to fund wars , both chose to abdicate as Emperors at roughly the same age , and both chose to lead a quiet life upon their retirement . However , Gibbon argues that these similarities are only superficial and that the underlying context and character of the two rulers is markedly different . Style ( edit ) Gibbon 's style is frequently distinguished by an ironically detached and somewhat dispassionate yet critical tone . He occasionally lapses into moralisation and aphorism : ( A ) s long as mankind shall continue to bestow more liberal applause on their destroyers than on their benefactors , the thirst of military glory will ever be the vice of the most exalted characters . -- Gibbon , Edward ( 1872 ) . The decline and fall of the Roman Empire . 1 ( Chandos ed . ) . London : Frederick Warne & Co. p. 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . The influence of the clergy , in an age of superstition , might be usefully employed to assert the rights of mankind ; but so intimate is the connection between the throne and the altar , that the banner of the church has very seldom been seen on the side of the people . -- Gibbon , Edward ( 1872 ) . The decline and fall of the Roman Empire . 1 ( Chandos ed . ) . London : Frederick Warne & Co. p. 59 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . ( H ) istory ( ... ) is , indeed , little more than the register of the crimes , follies , and misfortunes of mankind . -- Gibbon , Edward ( 1872 ) . The decline and fall of the Roman Empire . 1 ( Chandos ed . ) . London : Frederick Warne & Co. p. 72 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . If we contrast the rapid progress of this mischievous discovery ( of gunpowder ) with the slow and laborious advances of reason , science , and the arts of peace , a philosopher , according to his temper , will laugh or weep at the folly of mankind . -- Gibbon , Edward ( 1890 ) . The decline and fall of the Roman Empire . 3 ( Chandos ed . ) . London : Frederick Warne & Co. p. 649 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Citations and footnotes ( edit ) Gibbon provides the reader with a glimpse of his thought process with extensive notes along the body of the text , a precursor to the modern use of footnotes . Gibbon 's footnotes are famous for their idiosyncratic and often humorous style , and have been called `` Gibbon 's table talk . '' They provide an entertaining moral commentary on both ancient Rome and 18th - century Great Britain . This technique enabled Gibbon to compare ancient Rome to his own contemporary world . Gibbon 's work advocates a rationalist and progressive view of history . Gibbon 's citations provide in - depth detail regarding his use of sources for his work , which included documents dating back to ancient Rome . The detail within his asides and his care in noting the importance of each document is a precursor to modern - day historical footnoting methodology . The work is notable for its erratic but exhaustively documented notes and research . John Bury , following him 113 years later with his own History of the Later Roman Empire , commended the depth and accuracy of Gibbon 's work . Unusually for 18th century historians , Gibbon was not content with second - hand accounts when the primary sources were accessible . `` I have always endeavoured '' , Gibbon wrote , `` to draw from the fountain - head ; that my curiosity , as well as a sense of duty , has always urged me to study the originals ; and that , if they have sometimes eluded my search , I have carefully marked the secondary evidence , on whose faith a passage or a fact were reduced to depend . '' The Decline and Fall is a literary monument and a massive step forward in historical method . Criticism ( edit ) Numerous tracts were published criticising his work . In response , Gibbon defended his work with the 1779 publication of , A Vindication ... of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . His remarks on Christianity aroused particularly vigorous attacks , but in the mid-twentieth century , at least one author claimed that `` church historians allow the substantial justness of ( Gibbon 's ) main positions . '' Number of Christian martyrs ( edit ) Gibbon challenged Church history by estimating far smaller numbers of Christian martyrs than had been traditionally accepted . The Church 's version of its early history had rarely been questioned before . Gibbon , however , knew that modern Church writings were secondary sources , and he shunned them in favor of primary sources . Criticism of Quran and Muhammad ( edit ) Gibbon 's comments on the Quran and Muhammad reflected his view of the secular , rather than divine , origin of the text . He outlined in chapter 33 the widespread tale ( possibly Jewish in origin ) of the Seven Sleepers , and remarked `` This popular tale , which Mahomet might learn when he drove his camels to the fairs of Syria , is introduced , as a divine revelation , into the Quran . '' His presentation of Muhammad 's life again reflected his secular approach : `` in his private conduct , Mahomet indulged the appetites of a man , and abused the claims of a prophet . A special revelation dispensed him from the laws which he had imposed on his nation : the female sex , without reserve , was abandoned to his desires ; and this singular prerogative excited the envy , rather than the scandal , the veneration , rather than the envy , of the devout Mussulmans . '' Christianity as a contributor to the Fall and to stability : chapters xv , XVI ( edit ) Volume I was originally published in sections , as was common for large works at the time . The first two were well received and widely praised . The last quarto in Volume I , especially Chapters XV and XVI , was highly controversial , and Gibbon was attacked as a `` paganist '' . Voltaire was deemed to have influenced Gibbon 's claim that Christianity was a contributor to the fall of the Roman Empire . As one pro-Christian commenter put it in 1840 : As Christianity advances , disasters befall the ( Roman ) empire -- arts , science , literature , decay -- barbarism and all its revolting concomitants are made to seem the consequences of its decisive triumph -- and the unwary reader is conducted , with matchless dexterity , to the desired conclusion -- the abominable Manicheism of Candide , and , in fact , of all the productions of Voltaire 's historic school -- viz. , `` that instead of being a merciful , ameliorating , and benignant visitation , the religion of Christians would rather seem to be a scourge sent on man by the author of all evil . '' Gibbon thought that Christianity had hastened the Fall , but also ameliorated the results : As the happiness of a future life is the great object of religion , we may hear without surprise or scandal that the introduction , or at least the abuse of Christianity , had some influence on the decline and fall of the Roman empire . The clergy successfully preached the doctrines of patience and pusillanimity ; the active virtues of society were discouraged ; and the last remains of military spirit were buried in the cloister : a large portion of public and private wealth was consecrated to the specious demands of charity and devotion ; and the soldiers ' pay was lavished on the useless multitudes of both sexes who could only plead the merits of abstinence and chastity . Faith , zeal , curiosity , and more earthly passions of malice and ambition , kindled the flame of theological discord ; the church , and even the state , were distracted by religious factions , whose conflicts were sometimes bloody and always implacable ; the attention of the emperors was diverted from camps to synods ; the Roman world was oppressed by a new species of tyranny ; and the persecuted sects became the secret enemies of their country . Yet party - spirit , however pernicious or absurd , is a principle of union as well as of dissension . The bishops , from eighteen hundred pulpits , inculcated the duty of passive obedience to a lawful and orthodox sovereign ; their frequent assemblies and perpetual correspondence maintained the communion of distant churches ; and the benevolent temper of the Gospel was strengthened , though confirmed , by the spiritual alliance of the Catholics . The sacred indolence of the monks was devoutly embraced by a servile and effeminate age ; but if superstition had not afforded a decent retreat , the same vices would have tempted the unworthy Romans to desert , from baser motives , the standard of the republic . Religious precepts are easily obeyed which indulge and sanctify the natural inclinations of their votaries ; but the pure and genuine influence of Christianity may be traced in its beneficial , though imperfect , effects on the barbarian proselytes of the North . If the decline of the Roman empire was hastened by the conversion of Constantine , his victorious religion broke the violence of the fall , and mollified the ferocious temper of the conquerors ( chap. 38 ) . Tolerant Paganism ( edit ) Gibbon has been criticised for his portrayal of Paganism as tolerant and Christianity as intolerant . In an article that appeared in 1996 in the journal Past & Present , H.A. Drake challenges an understanding of religious persecution in ancient Rome , which he considers to be the `` conceptual scheme '' that was used by historians to deal with the topic for the last 200 years , and whose most eminent representative is Gibbon . Gibbon had written : The various modes of worship which prevailed in the Roman world were all considered by the people as equally true ; by the philosophers as equally false ; and by the magistrate as equally useful . Drake counters : With such deft strokes , Gibbon enters into a conspiracy with his readers : unlike the credulous masses , he and we are cosmopolitans who know the uses of religion as an instrument of social control . So doing , Gibbon skirts a serious problem : for three centuries prior to Constantine , the tolerant pagans who people the Decline and Fall were the authors of several major persecutions , in which Christians were the victims ... Gibbon covered this embarrassing hole in his argument with an elegant demur . Rather than deny the obvious , he adroitly masked the question by transforming his Roman magistrates into models of Enlightenment rulers -- reluctant persecutors , too sophisticated to be themselves religious zealots . Misinterpretation of Byzantium ( edit ) Others such as John Julius Norwich , despite their admiration for his furthering of historical methodology , consider Gibbon 's hostile views on the Byzantine Empire flawed and blame him somewhat for the lack of interest shown in the subject throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries . This view might well be admitted by Gibbon himself : `` But it is not my intention to expatiate with the same minuteness on the whole series of the Byzantine history . '' However the Russian historian George Ostrogorsky writes , `` Gibbon and Lebeau were genuine historians -- and Gibbon a very great one -- and their works , in spite of factual inadequacy , rank high for their presentation of their material . '' Gibbon 's reflections ( edit ) Gibbon 's initial plan was to write a history `` of the decline and fall of the city of Rome '' , and only later expanded his scope to the whole Roman Empire . Although he published other books , Gibbon devoted much of his life to this one work ( 1772 -- 89 ) . His autobiography Memoirs of My Life and Writings is devoted largely to his reflections on how the book virtually became his life . He compared the publication of each succeeding volume to a newborn child . Editions ( edit ) Gibbon continued to revise and change his work even after publication . The complexities of the problem are addressed in Womersley 's introduction and appendices to his complete edition . In - print complete editions J.B. Bury , ed. , 7 volumes ( London : Methuen , 1909 -- 1914 ) , currently reprinted ( New York : AMS Press , 1974 ) . ISBN 0 - 404 - 02820 - 9 . Hugh Trevor - Roper , ed. , 6 volumes ( New York : Everyman 's Library , 1993 -- 1994 ) . The text , including Gibbon 's notes , is from Bury but without his notes . ISBN 0 - 679 - 42308 - 7 ( vols. 1 -- 3 ) ; ISBN 0 - 679 - 43593 - X ( vols. 4 -- 6 ) . David Womersley , ed. , 3 volumes . hardback - ( London : Allen Lane , 1994 ) ; paperback ( New York : Penguin Books , 2005 ; 1994 ) . Includes the original index , and the Vindication ( 1779 ) , which Gibbon wrote in response to attacks on his caustic portrayal of Christianity . The 2005 print includes minor revisions and a new chronology . ISBN 0 - 7139 - 9124 - 0 ( 3360 p . ) ; ISBN 0 - 14 - 043393 - 7 ( v. 1 , 1232 p . ) ; ISBN 0 - 14 - 043394 - 5 ( v. 2 , 1024 p . ) ; ISBN 0 - 14 - 043395 - 3 ( v. 3 , 1360 p . ) In - print abridgements David Womersley , ed. , 1 volume ( New York : Penguin Books , 2000 ) . Includes all footnotes and seventeen of the original seventy - one chapters . ISBN 0 - 14 - 043764 - 9 ( 848 p . ) Hans - Friedrich Mueller , ed. , one volume abridgment ( New York : Random House , 2003 ) . Includes excerpts from all seventy - one chapters . It eliminates footnotes , geographic surveys , details of battle formations , long narratives of military campaigns , ethnographies and genealogies . Based on the Rev. H.H. ( Dean ) Milman edition of 1845 ( see also Gutenberg etext edition ) . ISBN 0 - 375 - 75811 - 9 , ( trade paper , 1312 p . ) ; ISBN 0 - 345 - 47884 - 3 ( mass market paper , 1536 p . ) Legacy ( edit ) Many writers have used variations on the series title ( including using `` Rise and Fall '' in place of `` Decline and Fall '' ) , especially when dealing with large nations or empires . Piers Brendon notes that Gibbon 's work , `` became the essential guide for Britons anxious to plot their own imperial trajectory . They found the key to understanding the British Empire in the ruins of Rome . '' An Inquiry into the Permanent Causes of the Decline and Fall of Powerful and Wealthy Nations . Designed To Shew How The Prosperity Of The British Empire May Be Prolonged ( 1805 ) , William Playfair The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government ( 1868 ) , Jefferson Davis The Decline and Fall of Practically Everybody ( 1950 ) , by the satirist Will Cuppy The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich ( 1959 ) , William Shirer The Death and Life of Great American Cities ( 1961 ) , Jane Jacobs The Rising Sun : The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire ( 1970 ) , John Toland ( author ) The Decline and Fall of Science ( 1976 ) , Celia Green The Ottoman Centuries : The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire ( 1977 ) , Lord Kinross The Decline and Fall of the Roman Church ( 1983 ) , Malachi Martin Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire ( 1986 ) , Hans Eysenck The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers ( 1987 ) , Paul Kennedy The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy ( 1990 ) , David Cannadine The Rise and Fall of the British Empire ( 1998 ) , Lawrence James The Decline and Fall of Roman Britain ( 2000 ) , Neil Faulkner Empire : The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power ( 2002 ) , Niall Ferguson The Decline and Fall of the Catholic Church in America ( 2003 ) , David Carlin The Decline and Fall of the British Empire ( 2007 ) , Piers Brendon Three victories and a defeat : the rise and fall of the first British Empire ( 2008 ) , Brendan Simms Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire ( 2008 ) , Parvaneh Pourshariati Decline and Fall of the American Republic ( 2010 ) , Bruce Ackerman Triumph and Tragedy : The Rise and Fall of Rome 's Immortal Emperors ( 2010 ) , Alexander Canduci The Rise and Fall of the British Empire : Mercantilism , Diplomacy and the Colonies ( 2015 ) , Phillip J. Smith and in film : The Fall of the Roman Empire ( 1964 ) The Decline of Western Civilization ( 1981 ) , Penelope Spheeris The Decline of the American Empire ( 1986 ) , Denys Arcand and in television : Ancient Rome : The Rise and Fall of an Empire ( 2006 ) The title and author are also cited in Noël Coward 's comedic poem `` I Went to a Marvellous Party '' . And in the poem `` The Foundation of Science Fiction Success '' , Isaac Asimov acknowledged that his Foundation series -- an epic tale of the fall and rebuilding of a galactic empire -- was written `` with a tiny bit of cribbin ' / from the works of Edward Gibbon '' . In 1995 , an established journal of classical scholarship , Classics Ireland , published punk musician 's Iggy Pop 's reflections on the applicability of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire to the modern world in a short article , Caesar Lives , ( Vol. 2 , 1995 ) in which he noted `` America is Rome . Of course , why should n't it be ? We are all Roman children , for better or worse ... I learn much about the way our society really works , because the system - origins - military , religious , political , colonial , agricultural , financial - are all there to be scrutinised in their infancy . I have gained perspective . '' See also ( edit ) Decline of the Roman Empire Outline of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Decline and Fall , a novel by Evelyn Waugh Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ sometimes shortened to Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Jump up ^ See for example Henri Pirenne 's ( 1862 -- 1935 ) famous thesis published in the early 20th century . As for sources more recent than the ancients , Gibbon certainly drew on Montesquieu 's short essay , Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence , and on previous work published by Bossuet ( 1627 -- 1704 ) in his Histoire universelle à Monseigneur le dauphin ( 1763 ) . see Pocock , EEG . for Bousset , pp. 65 , 145 ; for Montesquieu , pp. 85 -- 88 , 114 , 223 . Jump up ^ In the early 20th century , biographer Sir Leslie Stephen ( `` Gibbon , Edward ( 1737 -- 1794 ) , '' Dictionary of National Biography , vol. 7 , ( Oxford , 1921 ) , p. 1134 . ) summarized The History 's reputation as a work of unmatched erudition , a degree of professional esteem which remains as strong today as it was then : The criticisms upon his book ... are nearly unanimous . In accuracy , thoroughness , lucidity , and comprehensive grasp of a vast subject , the History is unsurpassable . It is the one English history which may be regarded as definitive ... Whatever its shortcomings , the book is artistically imposing as well as historically unimpeachable as a vast panorama of a great period . Jump up ^ Link to notes on the poem here ( 1 ) . Excerpt : `` If you have any mind at all , Gibbon 's divine Decline and Fall , Seems pretty flimsy , No more than a whimsy ... '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon ( 1776 ) . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . I. W. Strahan and T. Cadell . Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon ( 1781 ) . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . II . Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon ( 1781 ) . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . III . Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon ( 1788 ) . The History Of The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire . IV . Strahan and Cadell . Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon ( 1788 ) . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . V. W. Strahan and T. Cadell . Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon ( 1788 ) . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . VI . Jump up ^ Charlotte Roberts ( 2014 ) . Edward Gibbon and the Shape of History . Oxford UP . p. 137 . Jump up ^ David S. Potter ( 2006 - 05 - 22 ) . A Companion to the Roman Empire . Wiley . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22644 - 4 . Jump up ^ J.G.A. Pocock , `` Between Machiavelli and Hume : Gibbon as Civic Humanist and Philosophical Historian , '' Daedalus 105 : 3 ( 1976 ) , 153 -- 169 ; and in Further reading : Pocock , EEG , 303 -- 304 ; FDF , 304 -- 306 . Jump up ^ J.G.A. Pocock , `` Between Machiavelli and Hume : Gibbon as Civic Humanist and Philosophical Historian , '' Daedulus 105 : 3 ( 1976 ) , 153 -- 169 ; and in Further reading : Pocock , EEG , 303 -- 304 ; FDF , 304 -- 306 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Dero A. , ed. ( 1952 ) . Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . New York : Penguin . p. 23 ( Introduction ) . Jump up ^ Preface to Gibbon 's Volume the Fourth in David Womersley ed. , Edward Gibbon - The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , vol. 2 ( New York : Penguin Books , 1994 ) , p. 520 . Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon ( 1779 ) . A vindication of some passages in the fifteenth and sixteenth chapters of The history of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire : By the author . Printed for W. Strahan ; and T. Cadell , in the Strand . Jump up ^ The New Schaff - Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge , vol. IV , eds . S.M. Jackson , et al. ( Grand Rapids , Mich. : Baker Book House , 1952 ) , 483 -- 484 . online . Jump up ^ Rashid Iqbal , ( 2017 ) . `` A New Theory on Aṣḥāb al - kahf ( The Sleepers of the Cave ) Based on Evidence from the Dead Sea Scrolls ( DSS ) '' . Al - Bayān -- Journal of Qurʾān and ḤadĪth Studies 15 ( 2017 ) . doi : 10.1163 / 22321969 - 12340044 . pp. 20 -- 47 . Retrieved from http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/22321969-12340044# Jump up ^ http://www.ccel.org/ccel/gibbon/decline/files/volume2/chap50.htm#Private Jump up ^ Dublin review : a quarterly and critical journal . Burns , Oates and Washbourne. 1840 . pp. 208 -- . JItKAAAAcAAJ . p. 208 image at Google Books Jump up ^ General Observations On The Fall Of The Roman Empire In The West . Fall In The West -- The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon . At Christian Classics Ethereal Library , Calvin College Computer Science . http://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume1/chap39.htm Jump up ^ John Julius Norwich , Byzantium ( New York : Knopf , 1989 ) ; Byzantium : the apogee ( London and New York : Viking Press , 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Preface of 1782 online . Jump up ^ Georgije Ostrogorski History of the Byzantine State ( 1986 ) p. 5 online Jump up ^ Gibbon , Edward ( 1781 ) . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . 3 . chapter 36 , footnote 43 . If I prosecute this History , I shall not be unmindful of the decline and fall of the city of Rome ; an interesting object , to which my plan was originally confined . Jump up ^ Patricia B. Craddock , Edward Gibbon , Luminous Historian . ( Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Univ . Press , 1989 ) , 249 -- 266 . Jump up ^ Piers Brendon , The Decline and Fall of the British Empire , 1781 - 1997 ( 2008 ) p. xv . Jump up ^ Asimov , Isaac ( October 1954 ) . `` The Foundation of S.F. Success '' . The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction . p. 69 . Jump up ^ `` Classics Ireland '' . Ucd.ie . Retrieved September 8 , 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Brownley , Martine W. `` Appearance and Reality in Gibbon 's History , '' Journal of the History of Ideas 38 : 4 ( 1977 ) , 651 -- 666 . Brownley , Martine W. `` Gibbon 's Artistic and Historical Scope in the Decline and Fall , '' Journal of the History of Ideas 42 : 4 ( 1981 ) , 629 -- 642 . Cosgrove , Peter . Impartial Stranger : History and Intertextuality in Gibbon 's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ( Newark : Associated University Presses , 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 87413 - 658 - X . Craddock , Patricia . `` Historical Discovery and Literary Invention in Gibbon 's ' Decline and Fall ' , '' Modern Philology 85 : 4 ( May 1988 ) , 569 -- 587 . Drake , H.A. , `` Lambs into Lions : explaining early Christian intolerance , '' Past and Present 153 ( 1996 ) , 3 -- 36 . Oxford Journals Furet , Francois . `` Civilization and Barbarism in Gibbon 's History , '' Daedalus 105 : 3 ( 1976 ) , 209 -- 216 . Gay , Peter . Style in History ( New York : Basic Books , 1974 ) ISBN 0 - 465 - 08304 - 8 . Ghosh , Peter R. `` Gibbon 's Dark Ages : Some Remarks on the Genesis of the Decline and Fall , '' Journal of Roman Studies 73 ( 1983 ) , 1 -- 23 . Homer - Dixon , Thomas `` The Upside of Down : Catastrophe , Creativity and the Renewal of Civilization '' , 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 676 - 97723 - 3 , Chapter 3 pp. 57 -- 60 Kelly , Christopher . `` A Grand Tour : Reading Gibbon 's ' Decline and Fall ' , '' Greece & Rome 2nd ser. , 44 : 1 ( Apr. 1997 ) , 39 -- 58 . Momigliano , Arnaldo . `` Eighteenth - Century Prelude to Mr. Gibbon , '' in Pierre Ducrey et al. , eds. , Gibbon et Rome à la lumière de l'historiographie moderne ( Geneva : Librairie Droz , 1977 ) . Momigliano , Arnaldo . `` Gibbon from an Italian Point of View , '' in G.W. Bowersock et al. , eds. , Edward Gibbon and the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ( Cambridge : Harvard Univ . Press , 1977 ) . Momigliano , Arnaldo . `` Declines and Falls , '' American Scholar 49 ( Winter 1979 ) , 37 -- 51 . Momigliano , Arnaldo . `` After Gibbon 's Decline and Fall , '' in Kurt Weitzmann , ed . Age of Spirituality : a symposium ( Princeton : 1980 ) ; ISBN 0 - 89142 - 039 - 8 . Pocock , J.G.A. Barbarism and Religion , 4 vols . Cambridge Univ . Press . vol. 1 , The Enlightenments of Edward Gibbon , 1737 -- 1764 , 1999 ( hb : ISBN 0 - 521 - 63345 - 1 ) . cited as `` Pocock , EEG '' ; vol. 2 , Narratives of Civil Government , 1999 ( hb : ISBN 0 - 521 - 64002 - 4 ) ; vol. 3 , The First Decline and Fall , 2003 ( pb : ISBN 0 - 521 - 82445 - 1 ) . cited as `` Pocock , FDF . '' vol. 4 , Barbarians , Savages and Empires , 2005 ( hb : ISBN 0 - 521 - 85625 - 6 ) . The Work of J.G.A. Pocock : Edward Gibbon section . Roberts , Charlotte . Edward Gibbon and the Shape of History . 2014 Oxford University Press ISBN 978 - 0198704836 Trevor - Roper , H.R. `` Gibbon and the Publication of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , 1776 -- 1976 , '' Journal of Law and Economics 19 : 3 ( Oct. 1976 ) , 489 -- 505 . Womersley , David . The Transformation of ' The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ' ( Cambridge : 1988 ) . Womersley , David , ed . Religious Scepticism : Contemporary Responses to Gibbon ( Bristol , England : Thoemmes Press , 1997 ) . Wootton , David . `` Narrative , Irony , and Faith in Gibbon 's Decline and Fall , '' History and Theory 33 : 4 ( Dec. 1994 ) , 77 -- 105 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Wikimedia Commons has media related to The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire author record at Project Gutenberg . Based on the Rev. H.H. Milman edition of 1845 . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire from the Online Library of Liberty . The J.B. Bury edition , in 12 volumes . Memoirs of My Life and Writings at Project Gutenberg The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , Google Book Search ( pdf version ) DeclineandFallResources.com : Maps , Translations , Illustrations Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Audiobook from the Internet Archive . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , vol. 1 vol. 2 ( 2 ) vol. 3 vol. 4 vol. 5 vol. 6 : audio recordings at Librivox.org VIAF : 313698905 LCCN : n80005339 GND : 4214611 - 2 SUDOC : 02745245X BNF : cb11949041f ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire&oldid=807067781 '' Categories : 1776 books 1781 books 1788 books English non-fiction literature Theories of history History books about ancient Rome Non-Islamic Islam studies literature Gothic Wars books Books about civilizations Books critical of Christianity 18th - century history books History books about the Byzantine Empire Works by Edward Gibbon Fall of the Western Roman Empire Hidden categories : Books with missing cover Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Български Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 17 : 59 . 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990220455636016043 | Sewing machine | Sewing machine - wikipedia Sewing machine Jump to : navigation , search Diagram of a modern sewing machine A sewing machine is a machine used to stitch fabric and other materials together with thread . Sewing machines were invented during the first Industrial Revolution to decrease the amount of manual sewing work performed in clothing companies . Since the invention of the first working sewing machine , generally considered to have been the work of Englishman Thomas Saint in 1790 , the sewing machine has greatly improved the efficiency and productivity of the clothing industry . Home sewing machines are designed for one person to sew individual items while using a single stitch type . In a modern sewing machine the fabric easily glides in and out of the machine without the inconvenience of needles and thimbles and other such tools used in hand sewing , automating the process of stitching and saving time . Industrial sewing machines , by contrast to domestic machines , are larger , faster , and more varied in their size , cost , appearance , and task . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Invention 1.2 Industrial competition 1.3 Spread and maturation 2 Design 2.1 Stitches 2.1. 1 Chainstitch 2.1. 2 Lockstitch 2.1. 3 Overlock 2.1. 4 Coverstitch 2.1. 5 Zigzag stitch 2.2 Feed mechanisms 2.2. 1 Drop feed 2.2. 2 Differential feed 2.2. 3 Needle feed 2.2. 4 Walking foot 2.2. 5 Puller feed 2.2. 6 Manual feed 2.3 Needles 2.4 Industrial vs domestic 3 Social impact 4 Variations 5 Manufacturers 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Invention ( edit ) Charles Fredrick Wiesenthal , a German - born engineer working in England was awarded the first British patent for a mechanical device to aid the art of sewing , in 1755 . His invention consisted of a double pointed needle with an eye at one end . Newton Wilson 's copy of Saint 's sewing machine . Thomas Saint 's chain stitch used on the first ever complete sewing machine design for leather work . An awl preceded the eye pointed needle to make a hole in preparation for the thread . In 1790 , the English inventor Thomas Saint invented the first sewing machine design , but he did not successfully advertise or market his invention . His machine was meant to be used on leather and canvas material . It is likely that Saint had a working model but there is no evidence of one ; he was a skilled cabinet maker and his device included many practically functional features : an overhanging arm , a feed mechanism ( adequate for short lengths of leather ) , a vertical needle bar , and a looper . His sewing machine used the chain stitch method , in which the machine uses a single thread to make simple stitches in the fabric . A stitching awl would pierce the material and a forked point rod would carry the thread through the hole where it would be hooked underneath and moved to the next stitching place , where the cycle would be repeated , locking the stitch . Saint 's machine was designed to aid the manufacture of various leather goods , including saddles and bridles , but it was also capable of working with canvas , and was used for sewing ship sails . Although his machine was very advanced for the era , the concept would need steady improvement over the coming decades before it could become a practical proposition . In 1874 , a sewing machine manufacturer , William Newton Wilson , found Saint 's drawings in the London Patent Office , made adjustments to the looper , and built a working machine , currently owned by the London Science Museum . In 1804 , a sewing machine was built by the Englishmen Thomas Stone and James Henderson , and a machine for embroidering was constructed by John Duncan in Scotland . An Austrian tailor , Josef Madersperger , began developing his first sewing machine in 1807 . He presented his first working machine in 1814 . The first practical and widely used sewing machine was invented by Barthélemy Thimonnier , a French tailor , in 1829 . His machine sewed straight seams using chain stitch like Saint 's model , and in 1830 , he signed a contract with Auguste Ferrand , a mining engineer , who made the requisite drawings and submitted a patent application . The patent for his machine was issued on 17 July 1830 , and in the same year , he opened ( with partners ) the first machine - based clothing manufacturing company in the world to create army uniforms for the French Army . However , the factory was burned down , reportedly by workers fearful of losing their livelihood following the issuing of the patent . A model of the machine is exhibited at the London Science Museum . The machine is made of wood and uses a barbed needle which passes downward through the cloth to grab the thread and pull it up to form a loop to be locked by the next loop . The first American lockstitch sewing machine was invented by Walter Hunt in 1832 . His machine used an eye - pointed needle ( with the eye and the point on the same end ) carrying the upper thread and a falling shuttle carrying the lower thread . The curved needle moved through the fabric horizontally , leaving the loop as it withdrew . The shuttle passed through the loop , interlocking the thread . The feed let the machine down , requiring the machine to be stopped frequently and reset up . Hunt eventually lost interest in his machine and sold individual machines without bothering to patent his invention , and only patenting it at a late date of 1854 . In 1842 , John Greenough patented the first sewing machine in the United States . The British partners Newton and Archibold introduced the eye - pointed needle and the use of two pressing surfaces to keep the pieces of fabric in position , in 1841 . The first machine to combine all the disparate elements of the previous half - century of innovation into the modern sewing machine was the device built by English inventor John Fisher in 1844 , thus a little earlier than the very similar machines built by the infamous Isaac Merritt Singer in 1851 , and the lesser known Elias Howe , in 1845 . However , due to the botched filing of Fisher 's patent at the Patent Office , he did not receive due recognition for the modern sewing machine in the legal disputations of priority with Singer , and it was Singer who won the benefits of the patent . Industrial competition ( edit ) Elias Howe 's lockstitch machine , invented in 1845 Elliptic sewing machine with elliptic hook and stationary bobbin , American Institute Fair , 1862 Singer treadle machine An 1880 machine from the Wheeler and Wilson Company Elias Howe , born in Spencer , Massachusetts , created his sewing machine in 1845 , using a similar method to Fisher 's except that the fabric was held vertically . An important improvement on his machine was to have the needle running away from the point , starting from the eye . After a lengthy stay in England trying to attract interest in his machine , he returned to America to find various people infringing his patent , among them Isaac Merritt Singer . He eventually won a case for patent infringement in 1854 , and was awarded the right to claim royalties from the manufacturers using ideas covered by his patent , including Singer . Singer had seen a rotary sewing machine being repaired in a Boston shop . As an engineer , he thought it was clumsy and decided to design a better one . The machine he devised used a falling shuttle instead of a rotary one ; the needle was mounted vertically and included a presser foot to hold the cloth in place . It had a fixed arm to hold the needle and included a basic tension system . This machine combined elements of Thimonnier , Hunt and Howe 's machines . Singer was granted an American patent in 1851 , and it was suggested he patent the foot pedal or treadle , used to power some of his machines ; unfortunately , the foot pedal had been in use too long for a patent to be issued . When Howe learned of Singer 's machine he took him to court , where Howe won and Singer was forced to pay a lump sum for all machines already produced . Singer then took out a license under Howe 's patent and paid him $1.15 per machine before entering into a joint partnership with a lawyer named Edward Clark . They created the first hire - purchase arrangement to allow people to buy their machines through payments over time . Meanwhile , Allen B. Wilson developed a shuttle that reciprocated in a short arc , which was an improvement over Singer and Howe 's . However , John Bradshaw had patented a similar device and threatened to sue , so Wilson decided to try a new method . He went into partnership with Nathaniel Wheeler to produce a machine with a rotary hook instead of a shuttle . This was far quieter and smoother than other methods , with the result that the Wheeler & Wilson Company produced more machines in the 1850s and 1860s than any other manufacturer . Wilson also invented the four - motion feed mechanism that is still seen on every sewing machine today . This had a forward , down , back and up motion , which drew the cloth through in an even and smooth motion . Charles Miller patented the first machine to stitch buttonholes . Throughout the 1850s more and more companies were being formed , each trying to sue the others for patent infringement . This triggered a patent thicket known as the Sewing Machine War . In 1856 , the Sewing Machine Combination was formed , consisting of Singer , Howe , Wheeler , Wilson , Grover and Baker . These four companies pooled their patents , with the result that all other manufacturers had to obtain a license and pay $15 per machine . This lasted until 1877 , when the last patent expired . James Edward Allen Gibbs ( 1829 -- 1902 ) , a farmer from Raphine in Rockbridge County , Virginia patented the first chain stitch single - thread sewing machine on June 2 , 1857 . In partnership with James Willcox , Gibbs became a principal partner in Willcox & Gibbs Sewing Machine Company . Willcox & Gibbs commercial sewing machines are still used in the 21st century . Spread and maturation ( edit ) Jones Family CS machine from around 1935 William Jones started making sewing machines in 1859 and in 1860 formed a partnership with Thomas Chadwick . As Chadwick & Jones , they manufactured sewing machines at Ashton - under - Lyne , England until 1863 . Their machines used designs from Howe and Wilson produced under licence . Thomas Chadwick later joined Bradbury & Co . William Jones opened a factory in Guide Bridge , Manchester in 1869 . In 1893 a Jones advertising sheet claimed that this factory was the `` Largest Factory in England Exclusively Making First Class Sewing Machines '' . The firm was renamed as the Jones Sewing Machine Co. Ltd and was later acquired by Brother Industries of Japan , in 1968 . Vintage sewing patterns Clothing manufacturers were the first sewing machine customers , and used them to produce the first ready - to - wear clothing and shoes . In the 1860s consumers began purchasing them , and the machines -- ranging in price from £ 6 to £ 15 in Britain depending on features -- became very common in middle - class homes . Owners were much more likely to spend free time with their machines to make and mend clothing for their families than to visit friends , and women 's magazines and household guides such as Mrs Beeton 's offered dress patterns and instructions . A sewing machine could produce a man 's shirt in about one hour , compared to 14 1 / 2 hours by hand . In 1877 the world 's first crochet machine was invented and patented by Joseph M. Merrow , then - president of what had started in the 1840s as a machine shop to develop specialized machinery for the knitting operations . This crochet machine was the first production overlock sewing machine . The Merrow Machine Company went on to become one of the largest American Manufacturers of overlock sewing machines , and continues to be a global presence in the 21st century as the last American over-lock sewing machine manufacturer . In 1885 Singer patented the Singer Vibrating Shuttle sewing machine , which used Allen B. Wilson 's idea for a vibrating shuttle and was a better lockstitcher than the oscillating shuttles of the time . Millions of the machines , perhaps the world 's first really practical sewing machine for domestic use , were produced until finally superseded by rotary shuttle machines in the 20th century . Sewing machines continued being made to roughly the same design , with more lavish decoration appearing until well into the 1900s . The first electric machines were developed by Singer Sewing Co. and introduced in 1889 . By the end of the First World War , Singer was offering hand , treadle and electric machines for sale . At first the electric machines were standard machines with a motor strapped on the side , but as more homes gained power , they became more popular and the motor was gradually introduced into the casing . Design ( edit ) Stitches ( edit ) The bobbin driver of a Husqvarna 3600 sewing machine Sewing machines can make a great variety of plain or patterned stitches . Ignoring strictly decorative aspects , over three dozen distinct stitch formations are formally recognized by the ISO 4915 : 1991 standard , involving one to seven separate threads to form the stitch . Plain stitches fall into four general categories : chainstitch , lockstitch , overlock , and coverstitch . Chainstitch ( edit ) Chainstitch was used by early sewing machines and has two major drawbacks : The basic chain stitch . The stitch is not self - locking , and if the thread breaks at any point or is not tied at both ends , the whole length of stitching comes out . It is also easily ripped out . The direction of sewing can not be changed much from one stitch to the next , or the stitching process fails . A better stitch was found in the lockstitch . The chainstitch is still used today in clothing manufacture , though due to its major drawback it is generally paired with an overlock stitch along the same seam . Lockstitch ( edit ) Formation of a lock - stitch using a boat shuttle as employed in early domestic machines Lockstitch utilising a rotating hook invented by Allen B Wilson . This is employed on many modern machines Formation of the double locking chain stitch Lockstitch is the familiar stitch performed by most household sewing machines and most industrial `` single needle '' sewing machines from two threads , one passed through a needle and one coming from a bobbin or shuttle . Each thread stays on the same side of the material being sewn , interlacing with the other thread at each needle hole by means of a bobbin driver . As a result , a lockstitch can be formed anywhere on the material being sewn ; it does not need to be near an edge . Overlock ( edit ) A Zoje industrial overlocker Overlock , also known as `` serging '' or `` serger stitch '' , can be formed with one to four threads , one or two needles , and one or two loopers . Overlock sewing machines are usually equipped with knives that trim or create the edge immediately in front of the stitch formation . Household and industrial overlock machines are commonly used for garment seams in knit or stretchy fabrics , for garment seams where the fabric is light enough that the seam does not need to be pressed open , and for protecting edges against raveling . Machines using two to four threads are most common , and frequently one machine can be configured for several varieties of overlock stitch . Overlock machines with five or more threads usually make both a chainstitch with one needle and one looper , and an overlock stitch with the remaining needles and loopers . This combination is known as a `` safety stitch '' . A similar machine used for stretch fabrics is called a mock safety . Coverstitch ( edit ) Coverstitch is formed by two or more needles and one or two loopers . Like lockstitch and chainstitch , coverstitch can be formed anywhere on the material being sewn . One looper manipulates a thread below the material being sewn , forming a bottom cover stitch against the needle threads . An additional looper above the material can form a top cover stitch simultaneously . The needle threads form parallel rows , while the looper threads cross back and forth all the needle rows . Coverstitch is so - called because the grid of crossing needle and looper threads covers raw seam edges , much as the overlock stitch does . It is widely used in garment construction , particularly for attaching trims and flat seaming where the raw edges can be finished in the same operation as forming the seam . Zigzag stitch ( edit ) Zigzag stitch A zigzag stitch is a variant geometry of the lockstitch . It is a back - and - forth stitch used where a straight stitch will not suffice , such as in preventing raveling of a fabric , in stitching stretchable fabrics , and in temporarily joining two work pieces edge - to - edge . When creating a zigzag stitch , the back - and - forth motion of the sewing machine 's needle is controlled by a cam . As the cam rotates , a fingerlike follower , connected to the needle bar , rides along the cam and tracks its indentations . As the follower moves in and out , the needle bar is moved from side to side . Very old sewing machines lack this hardware and so can not natively produce a zigzag stitch , but there are often shank - driven attachments available which enable them to do so . Feed mechanisms ( edit ) Besides the basic motion of needles , loopers and bobbins , the material being sewn must move so that each cycle of needle motion involves a different part of the material . This motion is known as feed , and sewing machines have almost as many ways of feeding material as they do of forming stitches . For general categories , there are : drop feed , needle feed , walking foot , puller , and manual . Often , multiple types of feed are used on the same machine . Besides these general categories , there are also uncommon feed mechanisms used in specific applications like edge joining fur , making seams on caps , and blindstitching . Drop feed ( edit ) Presser foot raised with feed dogs visible The drop feed mechanism is used by almost all household machines and involves a mechanism below the sewing surface of the machine . When the needle is withdrawn from the material being sewn , a set of `` feed dogs '' is pushed up through slots in the machine surface , then dragged horizontally past the needle . The dogs are serrated to grip the material , and a `` presser foot '' is used to keep the material in contact with the dogs . At the end of their horizontal motion , the dogs are lowered again and returned to their original position while the needle makes its next pass through the material . While the needle is in the material , there is no feed action . Almost all household machines and the majority of industrial machines use drop feed . Differential feed ( edit ) Differential feed is a variation of drop feed with two independent sets of dogs , one before and one after the needle . By changing their relative motions , these sets of dogs can be used to stretch or compress the material in the vicinity of the needle . This is extremely useful when sewing stretchy material , and overlock machines ( heavily used for such materials ) frequently have differential feed . Needle feed ( edit ) A needle feed , used only in industrial machines , moves the material while the needle is in the material . In fact , the needle may be the primary feeding force . Some implementations of needle feed rock the axis of needle motion back and forth , while other implementations keep the axis vertical while moving it forward and back . In both cases , there is no feed action while the needle is out of the material . Needle feed is often used in conjunction with a modified drop feed , and is very common on industrial two needle machines . Household machines do not use needle feed as a general rule . Walking foot ( edit ) Vintage Davis vertical feed ( walking foot ) sewing machine produced around 1890 A walking foot replaces the stationary presser foot with one that moves along with whatever other feed mechanisms the machine already has . As the walking foot moves , it shifts the workpiece along with it . It is most useful for sewing heavy materials where needle feed is mechanically inadequate , for spongy or cushioned materials where lifting the foot out of contact with the material helps in the feeding action , and for sewing many layers together where a drop feed will cause the lower layers to shift out of position with the upper layers . Puller feed ( edit ) Some factory machines and a few household machines are set up with an auxiliary puller feed , which grips the material being sewn ( usually from behind the needles ) and pulls it with a force and reliability usually not possible with other types of feed . Puller feeds are seldom built directly into the basic sewing machine . Their action must be synchronized with the needle and feed action built into the machine to avoid damaging the machine . Pullers are also limited to straight seams , or very nearly so . Despite their additional cost and limitations , pulling feeds are very useful when making large heavy items like tents and vehicle covers . Manual feed ( edit ) A manual feed is used primarily in freehand embroidery , quilting , and shoe repair . With manual feed , the stitch length and direction is controlled entirely by the motion of the material being sewn . Frequently some form of hoop or stabilizing material is used with fabric to keep the material under proper tension and aid in moving it around . Most household machines can be set for manual feed by disengaging the drop feed dogs . Most industrial machines can not be used for manual feed without actually removing the feed dogs . Needles ( edit ) Main article : Sewing machine needle Sewing machines use special needles tailored to their needs and to the character of the material being sewn . Industrial vs domestic ( edit ) Industrial Sewing Machine ( left ) , Domestic Sewing machine ( right ) Industrial sewing machines are larger , faster , and more varied in their size , cost , appearance , and task . Industrial machines , unlike domestic machines , perform a single dedicated task and are capable of long hours of usage and as such have larger moving parts and comparatively much larger motors . Industrial machines are also more generic ; a motor for almost any type of machine can work on any brand . Sewing feet and bobbins between brands are interchangeable . However , with domestic machines the motor , and to a lesser extent bobbins and sewing feet , are brand specific . The motors on industrial machines , as with most of their components , lights , etc. , are separate , usually mounted to the underside of the table . Domestic machines have their OEM motors mounted inside the machine . There are two different types of motor available for industrial machines : a servo motor ( which uses less electricity and is silent when not in use ) , and the more traditional clutch motor ( which is always spinning ; even when not in use ) . Social impact ( edit ) Seamstresses in 1904 Before sewing machines were invented women spent much of their time maintaining their family 's clothing . Middle - class housewives , even with the aid of a hired seamstress , would devote several days of each month to this task . It took an experienced seamstress at least 14 hours to make a dress shirt for a man ; a woman 's dress took 10 hours ; and a pair of summer pants took nearly three hours . Most individuals would have only two sets of clothing : a work outfit and a Sunday outfit . Sewing machines reduced the time for making a dress shirt to an hour and 15 minutes ; the time to make a dress to an hour ; and the time for a pair of summer pants to 38 minutes . This reduced labor resulted in women having a diminished role in household management , and allowed more hours for their own leisure as well as the ability to seek more employment . Woman using a treadle sewing machine manufactured by Singer People working in a clothing factory in Montreal , Quebec in 1941 Industrial use of sewing machines further reduced the burden placed upon housewives , moving clothing production from housewives and seamstresses to large - scale factories . The movement to large - scale factories also resulted in a decrease in the amount of time clothing production took , which caused the prices for clothing to drop significantly . This is because manufacturers were able to decrease the number of workers needed to produce the same amount of clothing , resulting in reduced costs . Increased supply also lowered the cost . The initial effects of sewing machines on workers were both positive and negative , however in the long run the negative effects decreased . Many of the women who had previously been busy at home could now seek employment in factories , increasing the income for their family . This allowed for families to be able to afford more sets of clothing and items than they previously could . For seamstresses , home sewing machines allowed them to produce clothing for the average person during periods when demand for fitted clothes was low , effectively increasing their earnings . When industrial sewing machines initially became popular many seamstresses working in factories as well as those working at home lost their jobs as it meant that fewer workers could produce the same output . In the long run these now unemployed workers along with thousands of men and children would eventually be able to gain employment in jobs created as the clothing industry grew . The sewing machine 's effects on the clothing industry resulted in major changes for other industries as well . Cotton production needed to increase in order to match the demand of the new clothing factories . As a result , cotton became planted in new areas where it had n't previously been farmed . Other industries involved in the process benefited as well such as metal companies who provided for parts of the machines and shippers to move the increased amounts of goods . Gun makers visited clothing factories in order to perfect their own mass production techniques . In addition to being important for clothing production , sewing machines also became important in the manufacturing of furniture with upholstery , curtains and towels , toys , books , and many other products . Variations ( edit ) There are other variations of sewing machines aside from purely human - driven ones . These include : High - speed industrial sewing machine Electrical , programmable , automatic pattern stitching sewing machine Manufacturers ( edit ) Main page : Category : Sewing machine brands See also ( edit ) Sewing Embroidery machine List of sewing machine brands References ( edit ) Jump up ^ A brief history of the sewing machine , ISMACS . Jump up ^ `` Sewing Machine Beginning '' . Sewing . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sewing Machines Jump up ^ `` Sewing Machine History '' . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Who invented the first sewing machine ? '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , `` Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. , 2011 . Web . 31 Dec. 2011 . '' . Jump up ^ A Brief History of the Sewing Machine Jump up ^ Forsdyke , Graham . `` Case Against Howe '' . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Elias Howe Jr. , Sewing Machine , United States Patent Office , US Patent 4,750 , issued 10 September 1846 , expired 1867 . Jump up ^ e.g. Bill Bryson : Made in America : an Informal History of the English Language in the United States , Black Swan , 1998 , ISBN 0 - 552 - 99805 - 2 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 10,609 Jump up ^ Adam Mossoff , A Stitch in Time : The Rise and Fall of the Sewing Machine Patent Thicket ; summarized and discussed at Sewing Machine Blogging , The Volokh Conspiracy . Jump up ^ `` Seworbit.com '' . Jump up ^ Veteran Sewing Machines by E Brian Jewel pp. 99 Jump up ^ Sewing Machines by K. R Gilbert ( 1970 ) published for the London Science Museum pp12 Jump up ^ Sewalot at : http://www.sewalot.com/jones_sewing_machines.htm Jump up ^ Brother Industries at : http://www.brother.co.uk/g3.cfm/s_page/204540 Jump up ^ Draznin , Yaffa Claire ( 2001 ) . Victorian London 's Middle - Class Housewife : What She Did All Day ( # 179 ) . Contributions in Women 's Studies . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . pp. 66 -- 68 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31399 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sewing Machine History -- Invention of the Sewing Machine Jump up ^ Summary of stitch types Jump up ^ ( 2 ) The Home Sewing Machine Jump up ^ Reader 's Digest Complete Guide to Sewing . Pleasantville , New York : The Reader 's Digest Association , Inc. , pp. 32 -- 36 . Jump up ^ http://www.fashion-incubator.com/archive/beginners-guide-to-sewing-with-industrial-machines/ Beginner 's guide to sewing with industrial machines ^ Jump up to : Sewing Machine ^ Jump up to : 19th Century Fashion and the Sewing Machine ^ Jump up to : The Sewing Machine and Its Impact on America Jump up ^ Sewing Machine History External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sewing machines . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Sewing Machines . How Sewing Machines Work at HowStuffWorks Sewing Machines , Historical Trade Literature . Smithsonian Institution Libraries . Old Sewing Machines and How They Work -- with animations An Online Museum of Antique Sewing Machines . Servant in the house : A brief history of the sewing machine . From The Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution , 1929 History of Singer sewing machines Sewing Techniques Basting Cut Darning Ease Embellishment Fabric tube turning Floating canvas Gather Godet Gusset Heirloom sewing Shirring Stitches List of sewing stitches Backstitch Bar tack Blanket Blind stitch Buttonhole Catch stitch Chain stitch Cross-stitch Embroidery stitch Hemstitch Lockstitch Overlock Pad stitch Pick stitch Rantering Running Sashiko Stoating Tack Topstitch Zigzag Seams Felled seam Seam allowance Style line Notions Trims Bias tape Collar stays Elastic Grommet / Eyelet Interfacing Passementerie Piping Ruffle Rickrack Self - fabric Soutache Trim Twill tape Wrights Closures Buckle Button Buttonhole Frog Hook - and - eye Hook and loop fastener Shank Snap Zipper Materials Bias Yarn / Thread Selvage Textiles / Fabrics Tools Bobbin Dress form Needlecase Needle threader Pattern notcher Pin Pincushion Pinking shears Scissors Seam ripper Sewing needle Stitching awl Tailor 's ham Tape measure Thimble Tracing paper Tracing wheel Trades Suppliers Cloth merchant Draper Dressmaker Haberdasher Mercer Sewing occupations Tailor Sewing machine manufacturers List of sewing machine brands and companies Barthélemy Thimonnier Bernina International Brother Industries Elias Howe Elna Feiyue Frister & Rossmann Janome Jones Sewing Machine Company Juki Merrow New Home Pfaff Sewmor Singer Tapemaster Viking / Husqvarna White Pattern manufacturers Butterick Burda Clothkits McCall 's Simplicity Glossary of sewing terms LCCN : sh85120545 GND : 4135461 - 8 NDL : 00567720 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sewing_machine&oldid=813639193 '' Categories : American inventions English inventions French inventions Sewing Sewing equipment Textile machinery Home appliances 1830 introductions Hidden categories : Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2014 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 13 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the very first sewing machine invented | [
"A sewing machine is a machine used to stitch fabric and other materials together with thread. Sewing machines were invented during the first Industrial Revolution to decrease the amount of manual sewing work performed in clothing companies. Since the invention of the first working sewing machine, generally considered to have been the work of Englishman Thomas Saint in 1790,[1] the sewing machine has greatly improved the efficiency and productivity of the clothing industry."
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"1790"
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1908202167859972426 | Amelia Heinle | Amelia Heinle - wikipedia Amelia Heinle This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Amelia Heinle Heinle in 2014 Amelia March Heinle ( 1973 - 03 - 17 ) March 17 , 1973 ( age 45 ) Phoenix , Arizona , U.S. Other names Amelia Weatherly Occupation Actress Years active 1993 -- present Spouse ( s ) Michael Weatherly ( m . 1995 ; div. 1997 ) Thad Luckinbill ( m . 2007 ; div. 2017 ) Children Amelia Heinle Luckinbill ( née Amelia March Heinle , formerly Weatherly ; born March 17 , 1973 ) is an American actress best known for her roles in American soap operas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Amelia March Heinle was born in Phoenix , Arizona , and has four younger siblings . She grew up in Arizona and moved to New Jersey with her family when she was 15 years old . Career ( edit ) From 1993 to 1995 she played the role of Stephanie `` Steffi '' Brewster on the soap opera Loving . She also played the character for two months in that show 's short - lived spin off The City from November 1995 until January 1996 . In 1994 she was nominated for a Soap Opera Digest Award for `` Outstanding Female Newcomer '' . Through the 1990s she appeared in many made for TV movies , as well as a role in the 1999 Steven Soderbergh film , The Limey , as Peter Fonda 's girlfriend . She appeared in the music video for `` I Will Buy You a New Life '' by Everclear . In 2001 she returned to the world of daytime television , this time in the role of Mia Saunders on All My Children , the heretofore unknown half - sister of Liza Colby ( Marcy Walker ) . Although she started as a front - burner character , her romantic pairing with Jake Martin ( J. Eddie Peck ) did n't work out because of the actor 's exit from the show , and so Mia was limited to being a background character . In 2004 , Heinle opted not to renew her contract with All My Children and left the show . On March 21 , 2005 , Heinle joined the cast of the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless , as Victoria Newman , replacing the popular Heather Tom in the role . She won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2014 and again in 2015 for the role . In April 2009 Heinle appeared in season 4 , episode 20 , of Ghost Whisperer , entitled `` Stage Fright '' , with husband Thad Luckinbill and fellow daytime drama actress Lesli Kay . Personal Life ( edit ) In February 1995 , she married her Loving co-star and on - screen love interest , Michael Weatherly , who played the role of `` Cooper Alden '' . On January 10 , 1996 , Heinle gave birth to her first child , a son . She and Weatherly divorced in 1997 . In March 2007 she married her Young and the Restless co-star , Thad Luckinbill , who portrayed her onscreen ex-husband , J.T. Hellstrom , until 2010 . The couple welcomed their first child together , a son , on November 2 , 2007 . They welcomed their second child , a daughter , on December 17 , 2009 . On March 1 , 2017 , Luckinbill filed for divorce from Heinle , citing `` irreconcilable differences '' . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 At Sachem Farm Laurie 1999 Liar 's Poker Rebecca 1999 Limey , The The Limey Adhara 2003 Another Night Woman Short Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1993 -- 1995 Loving Stephanie Brewster TV series 1995 City , The The City Stephanie Brewster TV series Quicksilver Highway Darlene TV film 1998 Black Cat Run Sara Jane Bronnel TV film 1999 Purgatory Rose / Betty McCullough TV film 1999 Jack & Jill Jacqueline ' Jack ' Barrett Unaired pilot , replaced by Amanda Peet 2000 Sally Hemings : An American Scandal Harriet Hemings TV film 2000 Only Living Boy in New York , The The Only Living Boy in New York Olivia TV film Earth vs. the Spider Stephanie Lewis TV film 2001 -- 2004 All My Children Mia Saunders TV series 2005 -- present Young and the Restless , The The Young and the Restless Victoria Newman Regular role 2009 CSI : Miami Elizabeth Corbett `` Chip / Tuck '' 2009 Ghost Whisperer Prof. Brook Dennis `` Stage Fright '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) List of acting awards and nominations Year Award Title Result Ref . 2014 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Young and the Restless , The The Young and the Restless Won 2015 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series The Young and the Restless Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Soap Opera Digest ( vol. 35 , no. 17 , pg. 65 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Amelia Heinle 411 '' . Soap Opera Digest . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amelia Heinle Biography '' . TV.com . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Joe ( 27 April 2015 ) . `` Daytime Emmy Awards : ' Days ' and ' Restless ' in a tie - CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ People.com ( November 13 , 2007 ) `` Amelia Heinle and Thad Luckinbill Welcome Thaddeus Rowe '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leon , Anya ( December 23 , 2009 ) `` Thad Luckinbill and Amelia Heinle Welcome Daughter Georgia March '' . People.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About The Young and the Restless : Baby News '' . CBS . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ SOD ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Real - Life Y&R Couple Splits '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 41st Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Winners '' . New York : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . June 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Winners '' . Burbank : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . April 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Amelia Heinle on IMDb Amelia Heinle Interview hide Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Suzanne Rogers ( 1979 ) Francesca James ( 1980 ) Jane Elliot ( 1981 ) Dorothy Lyman ( 1982 ) Louise Shaffer ( 1983 ) Judi Evans ( 1984 ) Beth Maitland ( 1985 ) Leann Hunley ( 1986 ) Kathleen Noone ( 1987 ) Ellen Wheeler ( 1988 ) Nancy Lee Grahn / Debbi Morgan ( 1989 ) Julia Barr ( 1990 ) Jess Walton ( 1991 ) Maeve Kinkead ( 1992 ) Ellen Parker ( 1993 ) Susan Haskell ( 1994 ) Rena Sofer ( 1995 ) Anna Holbrook ( 1996 ) Michelle Stafford ( 1997 ) Julia Barr ( 1998 ) Sharon Case ( 1999 ) Sarah Joy Brown ( 2000 ) Lesli Kay ( 2001 ) Crystal Chappell ( 2002 ) Vanessa Marcil ( 2003 ) Cady McClain ( 2004 ) Natalia Livingston ( 2005 ) Gina Tognoni ( 2006 ) Genie Francis ( 2007 ) Gina Tognoni ( 2008 ) Tamara Braun ( 2009 ) Julie Pinson ( 2010 ) Heather Tom ( 2011 ) Nancy Lee Grahn ( 2012 ) Julie Berman ( 2013 ) Amelia Heinle ( 2014 ) Amelia Heinle ( 2015 ) Jessica Collins ( 2016 ) Kate Mansi ( 2017 ) Camryn Grimes ( 2018 ) BNF : cb140225120 ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 1440 9569 VIAF : 32196621 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amelia_Heinle&oldid=845276137 '' Categories : American soap opera actresses American television actresses 1973 births Living people Actresses from Phoenix , Arizona People from Casa Grande , Arizona 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from March 2009 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 17 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is victoria on y and r married to in real life | [] | [] |
-7981079141383860675 | Thor: Ragnarok | Thor : Ragnarok - Wikipedia Thor : Ragnarok `` Thor 3 '' redirects here . For the satellite of the same name , see Thor ( satellite ) § Thor 3 . 2017 superhero film produced by Marvel Studios Thor : Ragnarok Theatrical release poster Directed by Taika Waititi Produced by Kevin Feige Written by Eric Pearson Craig Kyle Christopher L. Yost Based on Thor by Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Starring Chris Hemsworth Tom Hiddleston Cate Blanchett Idris Elba Jeff Goldblum Tessa Thompson Karl Urban Mark Ruffalo Anthony Hopkins Music by Mark Mothersbaugh Cinematography Javier Aguirresarobe Edited by Joel Negron Zene Baker Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) ( United States ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $180 million Box office $854 million Thor : Ragnarok is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Thor , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2011 's Thor and 2013 's Thor : The Dark World , and is the seventeenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Taika Waititi from a screenplay by Eric Pearson and the writing team of Craig Kyle and Christopher L. Yost , and stars Chris Hemsworth as Thor alongside Tom Hiddleston , Cate Blanchett , Idris Elba , Jeff Goldblum , Tessa Thompson , Karl Urban , Mark Ruffalo , and Anthony Hopkins . In Thor : Ragnarok , Thor must escape the alien planet Sakaar in time to save Asgard from Hela and the impending Ragnarök . A third Thor film was confirmed in January 2014 , with Kyle and Yost beginning work on the screenplay . The involvement of Hemsworth and Hiddleston was announced that October . Waititi joined the film as director a year later , after Thor : The Dark World director Alan Taylor chose not to return . Ruffalo joined the cast reprising the role of Hulk from previous MCU films , which allowed elements of the 2006 comic storyline `` Planet Hulk '' to be adapted for Ragnarok . The rest of the cast , including Blanchett as Hela , was confirmed in May 2016 , with Pearson 's involvement revealed at the start of filming that July . Principal photography took place in Brisbane and Sydney , Australia , with the film also having exclusive use of Village Roadshow Studios in Oxenford , concluding in October 2016 . Thor : Ragnarok premiered in Los Angeles on October 10 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on November 3 , in 3D , IMAX , and IMAX 3D . The film received praise for its acting , direction , action sequences , soundtrack , and humor , with many critics considering it the best of the Thor trilogy . It grossed $854 million , becoming the highest - grossing film of the trilogy and the ninth - highest - grossing film of 2017 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.4. 1 Visual effects 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Future 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Two years after the battle of Sokovia , Thor is imprisoned by the fire demon Surtur in Muspelheim . Surtur reveals that Thor 's father Odin is no longer on Asgard , and that the realm will soon be destroyed in the prophesied Ragnarök , once Surtur unites his crown with the Eternal Flame that burns in Odin 's vault . Thor frees himself and defeats Surtur and takes his crown , believing he has prevented Ragnarök . Thor returns to Asgard to find Heimdall gone and his brother Loki posing as Odin . After exposing Loki , Thor forces him to help find their father , and with directions from Stephen Strange on Earth , they locate Odin in Norway . Odin explains that he is dying and Ragnarök is imminent despite Thor 's efforts to prevent it . He then reveals his passing will allow his firstborn child , Hela , to escape from a prison she was sealed in long ago . Hela was the leader of Asgard 's armies , conquering the Nine Realms with Odin , but Odin imprisoned her and wrote her out of history after he feared that she had become too ambitious and powerful . Odin then dies and Hela appears , destroying Thor 's hammer Mjolnir . She pursues Thor and Loki as they attempt to flee through the Bifröst Bridge , forcing them out into space . Hela arrives in Asgard , defeating its army and killing the Warriors Three . She then resurrects the ancient dead who once fought with her , including her giant wolf Fenris , and appoints the Asgardian Skurge as her executioner . Hela plans to use the Bifröst to expand Asgard 's empire , but Heimdall takes the sword that controls the Bridge and begins hiding other Asgardians . Thor crash - lands on Sakaar , a garbage planet surrounded by wormholes . A slave trader designated Scrapper 142 subdues him with an obedience disk and sells him as a gladiator to Sakaar 's ruler , the Grandmaster , with whom Loki has already ingratiated himself . Thor recognizes 142 as one of the Valkyrior , a legendary force of female warriors who were killed fighting Hela long ago . Thor is forced to compete in the Grandmaster 's Contest of Champions , facing his old friend Hulk . Summoning lightning , Thor gets the upper hand on Hulk , but the Grandmaster sabotages the fight to ensure Hulk 's victory . Still enslaved , Thor attempts to convince Hulk and 142 to help him save Asgard , but neither is willing . He soon manages to escape the palace and finds the Quinjet that brought Hulk to Sakaar . Hulk follows Thor to the Quinjet , where a recording of Natasha Romanoff makes him transform back into Bruce Banner for the first time since Sokovia . The Grandmaster orders 142 and Loki to find Thor and Hulk , but the pair come to blows and Loki forces her to relive the deaths of her fellow Valkyrior at the hands of Hela . Deciding to help Thor , she takes Loki captive . Unwilling to be left behind , Loki provides the group with the means to steal one of the Grandmaster 's ships . They then liberate the other gladiators who , led by Korg and Miek , stage a revolution . Loki attempts to again betray his brother to the Grandmaster , but Thor anticipates this and leaves him behind , where Korg and the gladiators soon find him . Thor , Banner , and 142 escape through a wormhole to Asgard , where Hela 's forces are attacking Heimdall and the remaining Asgardians in pursuit of the sword that controls the Bifröst . Banner becomes Hulk again , defeating Fenris , while Thor and 142 battle Hela and her warriors . Loki and the gladiators arrive to rescue the citizens . A repentant Skurge sacrifices himself to enable their escape . Thor , facing Hela , loses his right eye and then has a vision of Odin that helps him realize only Ragnarök can stop her . He sends Loki to retrieve Surtur 's crown and place it in the Eternal Flame . Surtur is reborn and destroys Asgard , seemingly killing Hela . Aboard the Grandmaster 's spaceship , Thor , now king , decides to take his people to Earth . In a mid-credits scene , they are intercepted by a large spacecraft . In a post-credits scene , the Grandmaster is confronted by his former subjects . Cast ( edit ) Kevin Feige , Taika Waititi and the cast of Thor : Ragnarok at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con Chris Hemsworth as Thor : The crown prince of Asgard based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name , who has become a `` lone gunslinger '' searching for the Infinity Stones . Hemsworth had become `` a bit bored '' with the character after portraying Thor four times previously , and wanted to take some risks and experiment : the character has shorter hair in the film , wears a different outfit , his hammer Mjolnir is destroyed , and he loses an eye . Director Taika Waititi added that `` stripping '' the character down like this allowed him to become a refugee at the end of the film . Waititi also wanted to use more of Hemsworth 's comedic talents showcased in films like Vacation ( 2015 ) and Ghostbusters ( 2016 ) , and cited Kurt Russell 's portrayal of Jack Burton from Big Trouble in Little China ( 1986 ) as an influence on the character . Tom Hiddleston as Loki : Thor 's adoptive brother and nemesis based on the deity of the same name . Hiddleston was interested in how Loki 's attitude has changed , saying , `` he is always a trickster . It is trying to find new ways for him to be mischievous '' . As the ruler of Asgard since the end of Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) , Hiddleston notes that `` Loki has devoted most of his efforts to narcissistic self - glorification . Not so much on good governance . '' He also added that `` the idea that Thor might be indifferent to Loki is troubling for him ... it 's an interesting development . '' Cate Blanchett as Hela : Thor 's older sister and the goddess of death , based on the deity Hel , who is inadvertently released from prison . Screenwriter Eric Pearson included the idea of Hela being Thor 's sister in one of his drafts at the encouragement of executive producer Brad Winderbaum . The decision to make Hela related to Thor , as opposed to Loki as in the comics and Norse mythology , came from needing more impact with Hela and Thor 's final confrontation . By making the change , Pearson felt Hela became `` the thing that ( represents ) what it is to rule Asgard , ( Thor 's ) family , what he 's been told , what he has n't been told . '' Blanchett found it difficult to portray the character in a motion capture suit rather than costume , feeling Hela 's headdress is `` such a huge part of '' the power of the character that she would have liked to wear it on set . Hela 's design was taken from the comic Thor : God of Thunder by Jason Aaron , while the character Gorr from that comic , who has the ability `` to manifest an infinite number of weapons '' , inspired a similar ability for Hela . Blanchett worked with stuntwoman Zoë Bell and Hemsworth 's personal trainer Luke Zocchi , and studied capoeira for the role . Idris Elba as Heimdall : The all - seeing , all - hearing Asgardian former sentry of the Bifröst Bridge , based on the deity of the same name , who has gone into self - imposed exile during Loki 's reign . After Hela invades Asgard , he helps to hide its vulnerable citizens . Describing Heimdall 's character arc in the film , Winderbaum says , `` he 's gone from this elder statesmen , the gatekeeper to Asgard , to this badass warrior - wizard character who lives in the hills and kicks a lot of ass throughout the entire film . '' Jeff Goldblum as Grandmaster : One of the Elders of the Universe , who rules the planet Sakaar , and enjoys manipulating lesser life - forms . Goldblum described the character as `` a hedonist , a pleasure - seeker , an enjoyer of life and tastes and smells '' . He also said that Waititi encouraged improvisation in order for Goldblum to `` make ( the character his ) own '' . Waititi explained that Grandmaster does not have blue skin in the film as the character does in the comics , because Goldblum had already played a blue - colored character in Earth Girls Are Easy ( 1988 ) , and because Waititi did not want to detract from Goldblum 's personality by concealing his appearance . Grandmaster is the brother of Benicio del Toro 's Collector from Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) , and producer Kevin Feige expressed interest in seeing the two together in a future film . Tessa Thompson as Scrapper 142 / Valkyrie : A tough , hard - drinking Asgardian slave trader , based on the mythological being Brynhildr , who was once a legendary warrior of the Valkyrior and now works for the Grandmaster under the designation `` Scrapper 142 '' . Thompson said the various versions of the character from the comics `` left us a lot of leeway '' in creating the film version . Waititi `` wanted to make sure we were n't making a female character that was boring and pretty '' , and Feige said Marvel wanted to pair Thor with a love interest more his equal than Jane Foster . Co-screenwriters Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost 's original draft of the film had more of a romantic relationship between Thor and Valkyrie . When Pearson started working on the film , he moved away from that storyline , instead focusing more on `` the mutual respect '' between the characters and Valkyrie `` dealing with her PTSD . She 's someone who 's drowning her sorrows in the bottle , and I just thought that was such a cool thing that you do n't often see '' . Thompson stated that the character is bisexual , which she based on the character 's comic book relationship with Annabelle Riggs , and convinced Waititi to shoot a glimpse of a woman walking out of Valkyrie 's bedroom which was later cut from the film as Waititi thought that it distracted from the scene 's exposition . Thompson was inspired by pictures of Linda Hamilton as Sarah Connor in Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) while training for the role , and worked with dialect coach Andrew Jack to create an Asgardian - sounding accent that was different enough to sound like she had been away from there for a long time . Thompson will appear in future MCU films . Karl Urban as Skurge : An Asgardian warrior , who guards the Bifröst Bridge in Heimdall 's absence and chooses to join Hela to survive . Urban shaved his head for the role , and worked out to `` get into the zone and feel '' the part even though his body is hidden under a costume . Urban said Skurge `` makes a deal with the devil '' and becomes Hela 's `` henchman . He does the dirty jobs . And that sort of is something he has to -- it plays on his conscience . '' Mark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk : A genius scientist who transforms into a monster when enraged or agitated , after being exposed to gamma radiation . In the two years since Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , he has become a successful and popular gladiator on Sakaar , and has suppressed the Banner side in those years . He is forming the vocabulary `` of a toddler '' , with the level of Hulk 's speech being `` a big conversation '' between Waititi and Marvel since it was taking into account future appearances for the character : Ragnarok begins an arc for the character that continues in Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) and its untitled sequel ( 2019 ) . Ruffalo felt Hulk had `` a swagger '' in the film , and was `` much more of a character than the green rage machine '' seen in the Avengers films . Waititi provided additional motion capture for the Hulk after Ruffalo had completed his scenes . Anthony Hopkins as Odin : The king of Asgard , father of Thor and Hela , and adoptive father of Loki , based on the deity of the same name . The character is in exile on Earth , and was originally intended to be a `` crazy - looking '' hobo on the streets of New York City , but Waititi ultimately felt that this was tragic rather than funny given the character 's death during the sequence . The sequence was changed to take place in Norway , to `` honor '' the character 's past and be more authentic to his role as a king of Asgard . Waititi was surprised by the improvisational ability of Hopkins after he was told `` to be funny and to really destroy what 's come before ( with the role ) and recreate it . '' Additionally , Tadanobu Asano , Ray Stevenson , and Zachary Levi reprise their roles as Hogun , Volstagg , and Fandral , respectively , members of the Warriors Three . Feige called their appearances `` noble ends '' that served to establish the threat of Hela and the danger she poses to the main characters . Benedict Cumberbatch reprises his role as Dr. Stephen Strange from the film Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) . Rachel House , who has appeared in several of Waititi 's films , plays Topaz , the Grandmaster 's bodyguard , while Waititi portrays Korg , a gladiator who befriends Thor . Waititi provided a motion - capture performance for the character , who is made of rocks , and wanted to do something different by having the character be soft - spoken , ultimately basing Korg 's voice on that of Polynesian bouncers . Waititi also provided the motion - capture performance for the fire demon Surtur , based on the mythological being Surtr , with Clancy Brown voicing the character . Thor and Hulk co-creator Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance as a man on Sakaar who cuts Thor 's hair . There are also several cameos in a sequence where Asgardian actors perform a play based on the events of The Dark World : Sam Neill , with whom Waititi previously worked on Hunt for the Wilderpeople ( 2016 ) , plays the Odin actor ; Luke Hemsworth , brother of Chris , plays the Thor actor ; and Matt Damon plays the Loki actor . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) While promoting the release of Thor : The Dark World in October 2013 , Chris Hemsworth expressed willingness to portraying Thor for as long as `` people wanted more '' , adding that he was contracted for another Thor film and two more Avengers films . Producer Kevin Feige stated that the next Thor would build from elements at the end of The Dark World . In January 2014 , Marvel announced that Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost would write the screenplay for a third film , with Feige again producing ; the story was being outlined that July . At the end of October 2014 , Feige announced that the film would be titled Thor : Ragnarok , with a scheduled release date of July 28 , 2017 . Hemsworth and Tom Hiddleston were set to return as Thor and Loki , respectively . Feige added that the film would be `` very important '' in Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , and also confirmed that , in the context of the film , the word Ragnarok means `` the end of all things '' . He felt that `` people will ( not ) read into that title alone what the movie 's going to be . '' In February 2015 , Marvel pushed back the release date to November 3 , 2017 . That April , Feige was expecting a draft for the film soon , and a month later he stated that a director , additional screenwriter , and further casting announcements would be revealed `` towards the end of the summer '' , with filming set for June 2016 . The Dark World director Alan Taylor explained that he would not be returning , as `` the Marvel experience was particularly wrenching because I was sort of given absolute freedom while we were shooting , and then in ( post-production ) it turned into a different movie . So , that is something I hope never to repeat and do n't wish upon anybody else . '' During the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con International , Jaimie Alexander said that she would reprise her role as Sif in `` a very pivotal part '' of the film . I think the overall sense that I 'm trying to give to the audience and what I want the audience to leave the cinema carrying with them is a sense of joy really ... Sometimes I would stop and think , I 'm doing a movie that 's got Thor and Doctor Strange and The Incredible Hulk and Loki and every character is so strange and different ... Civil War it 's just humans , humans with human problems . Ours is creatures and beings and all these sorts of really different characters . -- Taika Waititi , director of Thor : Ragnarok By October 2015 , Taika Waititi entered negotiations to direct Thor : Ragnarok . Other directors under consideration included Ruben Fleischer , Rob Letterman , and Rawson Marshall Thurber . Marvel presented the prospective directors with `` the ten different ideas that we had for the movie '' , asking them all to come back with a clearer picture of what the film should be . Waititi created `` a sizzle reel for the tone , and some joke stuff '' using clips from other films , including Big Trouble in Little China , and scored it with Led Zeppelin 's `` Immigrant Song '' . This is a practice that Marvel discourages because it `` oftentimes can be really terrible '' , but they thought Waititi 's reel was `` amazing '' , particularly its use of that song which Feige felt `` defined what Taika was going to do with this '' ; `` Immigrant Song '' was later used in the film itself , and for marketing it . On why he decided to pursue directing the film , after stating in 2012 that he had no interest in `` big features , where the art of the project was sacrificed for profit '' , Waititi said he felt `` like a guest in Marvel 's universe but with the creative freedom to do what I want '' . Waititi was confirmed as director of the film by multiple news outlets later in October . Mark Ruffalo was also finalizing a deal that month , to reprise his role as Bruce Banner / Hulk from previous MCU films ; he soon confirmed that he would appear . Hulk was last seen at the end of Avengers : Age of Ultron traveling in a Quinjet , which was originally planned to be shown flying near Saturn . Feige explained that this was changed to an Earth - based location to leave Hulk 's fate ambiguous and dispel rumors that a film based on `` Planet Hulk '' was in development , since Marvel Studios had no plans to adapt the storyline at the time . According to executive producer Brad Winderbaum , the idea to include Hulk in Ragnarok came early on in development , when the production team looked at the `` Planet Hulk '' storyline and felt it was a `` no brainer '' to integrate Hulk into the Thor franchise and explore `` the idea of a planet where there 's gladiatorial games as a Thor predicament . ( That storyline ) was a really cool idea to us . '' Feige further explained that initial discussions had focused on doing `` something totally different with Thor '' , and that centered on continuing the relationship with Loki and ideas for Hela , Valkyrie , Balder , and Beta Ray Bill , `` but we were like , ' We need something big . ' '' This turned to discussing Thor going to space , and jokingly calling it `` Planet Thor '' , which led to including Hulk in the film and revealing that he ultimately went to space at the end of Age of Ultron . Also in October , Australia 's Minister for Foreign Affairs Julie Bishop announced that filming would take place in the country , exclusively throughout the state of Queensland , including at Village Roadshow Studios in Oxenford , Gold Coast . According to Premier Annastacia Palaszczuk , the production was to spend over $ 100 million in Queensland and employ 750 Queenslanders . Hemsworth had asked Marvel to produce the film in Australia , where he lives . At the end of November 2015 , Stellan Skarsgård , who portrayed Erik Selvig in the previous Thor films , said that he was contracted to appear should Marvel want to include him , but he was uncertain at the time if they did . He later confirmed that he would not appear in Thor : Ragnarok . The next month , Stephany Folsom was hired to work on the script , and Cate Blanchett entered final negotiations to join the cast . Pre-production ( edit ) Waititi at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con In January 2016 , with the film beginning pre-production , Ruffalo described it as a `` road movie '' and indicated that additional filming would take place in Sydney . Waititi stated that he was working on the script `` a little bit '' , mainly adding humor to the screenplay , with Eric Pearson joining the project to rewrite the screenplay . Pearson felt joining presented many challenges , as `` there were so many puzzle pieces already there , '' such as having Blanchett as Hela , who was confirmed in the role a month later , and including Hulk , Valkyrie , and Skurge , that he was asked to assemble . Pearson was told not to be restrained by anything from the previous films , and Waititi asked him to make the film fun and have Thor `` be the coolest character . '' Alexander said in early March that she was no longer sure if she would appear in the film , due to scheduling conflicts with her television series Blindspot . She later indicated that this may not be the case , but ultimately was unable to appear in the film due to the conflict . Sif does appear as a character in the play based on the events of The Dark World , portrayed by Charlotte Nicdao . In April , Tessa Thompson was cast as Valkyrie , with Natalie Portman not returning from the previous films as love interest Jane Foster . Marvel never asked the screenwriters to include the Earth - based characters from the previous films , and Feige said that Foster and Thor have broken up between films . In May , Marvel confirmed Blanchett and Thompson for the film , announced the casting of Jeff Goldblum as Grandmaster and Karl Urban as Skurge , and revealed that Idris Elba and Anthony Hopkins would reprise their respective roles of Heimdall and Odin from the previous films . In early June , Palaszczuk and Marvel Studios executive David Grant announced that filming would begin on July 4 , 2016 , with Weta Workshop creating props for the film . Before the sets for Marvel 's Doctor Strange were demolished , Waititi wrote and filmed a scene for Ragnarok where Thor meets Benedict Cumberbatch 's Stephen Strange . Marvel and Doctor Strange director Scott Derrickson felt the scene was `` kind of perfect '' to show Strange joining the wider MCU , so the scene also appears during the credits of Doctor Strange . Feige noted that Thor : Ragnarok would primarily take place in the `` cosmos '' rather than on Earth , a departure from the previous Thor films . He expanded by saying , `` Tonally and geographically there are a lot of different planets outside of the nine realms that we visit '' in the film . Waititi consulted with theoretical physicist Clifford Johnson on space travel . Johnson viewed early drafts of the script , and gave Waititi physics ideas that could `` wink at some of the classic old ( Thor ) stuff '' ; Johnson previously consulted on the second season of the MCU television series Agent Carter . Comic artist and Thor co-creator Jack Kirby was one of Waititi 's major visual inspirations for the film . Winderbaum also called Walt Simonson 's `` Ragnarok '' story arc an inspiration for `` really fun elements ... both stylistically and narratively '' , as well as Thor : God of Thunder by Jason Aaron , which was the inspiration for Hela 's design and abilities . Waititi said the planet Sakaar , which is featured in the `` Planet Hulk '' storyline , was `` the biggest shift for the film and these characters '' , with Winderbaum describing it as `` the toilet of the universe '' , surrounded by `` wormholes that have been spitting things out into this place for eons '' . Also featured is Muspelheim , one of the Nine Realms , ruled by Surtur . Production designer Dan Hennah described it as a Dyson sphere , with the realm drawing power out of a dying star to energize its inhabitants . Hennah hoped to give Asgard `` more of a humanity '' than in previous films , by adding smaller building perspectives to help the realm seem more practical and utilitarian . For Saakar 's gladiator arena , Hennah looked at Roman gladiators , but differentiated from previous similar ideas by going `` all alien with it '' . The arena is surrounded by `` standing up bleachers '' . Waititi said that the film would reinvent the franchise , as `` a lot of what we 're doing with the film is , in a way , kind of dismantling and destroying the old idea and rebuilding it in a new way that 's fresh . Everyone 's got a slightly new take on their characters , so in that way , it feels like ( this is ) the first Thor ( 2011 ) . '' He added that he had seen the other films and respected them , but wanted to focus on making a `` standalone film because this could be the only time I do this . I just want to make it ( my ) version of a Marvel film in the best way possible . '' This is something Hemsworth had hoped for , looking to have a lighter tone in Ragnarok compared to the previous Thor films , especially the second one , similar to Guardians of the Galaxy . He said , `` I feel we had less of the sort of the naivety or fun or humor that the first ( Thor ) might have had . I wish we had more of that in the second ( movie ) ... We 've done regal . We 've done Shakespeare , and we 've shown that . I think now it 's time to go , ' Ok , cool . Let 's try something different . ' '' Hemsworth continued that in order to prevent the character or film from becoming `` predictable '' , there was `` definitely a goal to do something unexpected ... I think we want to get back to more of a sense of adventure and fun '' . The events of Ragnarok are set four years after the events of Thor : The Dark World , two years after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron , and around the same time as the events of Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) and Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) , with Winderbaum noting that `` things happen on top of each other now in Phase Three . '' The events of Ragnarok also set up Avengers : Infinity War , and Hemsworth spoke to Infinity War directors Anthony and Joe Russo before receiving the script for Ragnarok to see how it would link to Infinity War . He said Ragnarok `` definitely bleeds nicely into those ( films ) '' , and Winderbaum likened Ragnarok 's impact on the larger MCU to that of Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) , saying it would break down ideas regarding Asgard that were previously established similar `` to how Winter Soldier broke down S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Filming ( edit ) Filming of Thor : Ragnarok in Brisbane 's central business district , which doubled as New York City Principal photography began on July 4 , 2016 , under the working title Creature Report , at Village Roadshow Studios in Oxenford , Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia , exclusively using all nine of the studios ' sound stages . Additional filming was to occur throughout the state of Queensland , including Tamborine National Park . The Brisbane central business district , where filming took place from August 22 to 25 , was used to double as New York City . Javier Aguirresarobe served as cinematographer on the film , describing his work on the film as `` a rare combination of satisfaction and frustration '' , feeling that he was mostly there to service the director and visual effects supervisor , but felt `` very happy to have been able to respond to such incredible technical requirements '' . Later in July , regarding the film 's `` buddy - style comedy '' nature , Waititi said that the script had changed from then and it was still unclear what the final film would look like , but there `` are buddy elements to it between Thor and the Hulk '' . He said it would be a `` ' 70s / ' 80s sci - fi fantasy '' and `` the most ' out there ' of all the Marvel movies '' , with the tone closest to that of Big Trouble in Little China . Inspiration for the road - trip aspect of the film included 48 Hrs. ( 1982 ) , Withnail and I ( 1987 ) , and Planes , Trains and Automobiles ( 1987 ) . Waititi also asked the heads of each department to watch Flash Gordon ( 1980 ) before beginning work . Concept art released at San Diego Comic Con 2016 revealed that the character Fenris Wolf would appear . By August , over 100 set and construction workers were given termination notifications , with some complaining that they had been promised work until October or November 2016 , and that New Zealand crew members were receiving preferential treatment over the Australian locals . However , Premier Palaszczuk stated that the work for set builders simply `` finished '' , and that other jobs would become available as actors arrived for filming . Sets constructed for the film were for Sakaar , including the Grandmaster 's palace and surrounding junkyard , as well as Asgard ( based on the aesthetics of the previous Thor films ) . The interior of the Avenger Quinjet , which was built for The Avengers ( 2012 ) , was shipped to Australia . Waititi , who is Māori , made hiring Indigenous and Aboriginal Australians , along with New Zealanders , a priority for the various departments , saying , `` It 's a responsibility you have to the Indigenous people . You 're coming to a country and you 're bringing money into the economy and creating jobs but I think you have an even bigger responsibility to look after the people that have less opportunities . '' He added that having these people on the crew `` feel very much like family '' and `` helps calm me down and makes me feel relaxed '' . The Indigenous and Aboriginals were hired as part of an initiative by Screen Australia 's Indigenous Department , whose mission is `` to give Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders a foot in the door of the film industry '' . In mid-September 2016 , concept art seen during a set visit indicated Midgard Serpent would appear , and that Sif and the Warriors Three , allies of Thor in the previous two films , would be addressed in Ragnarok . Towards the end of the month , Sam Neill , who worked with Waititi in Hunt for the Wilderpeople , revealed he had a role in the film . Shortly after , Waititi teased the inclusion of the characters Korg , who Waititi portrays through motion - capture , and Miek , who is not portrayed by an actor as he does not speak in the film , and is depicted as `` a larva - like creature ... ( with ) cybernetic legs and arms '' . In mid-October , Waititi revealed that new camera technology had been used for a shot in the film , and that he had hoped to include John C. Reilly 's Nova Corpsman Rhomann Dey in the film , but there was `` no real way to pull it off '' . Principal photography wrapped on October 28 , 2016 . Second unit filming took place on Dirk Hartog Island off the coast of Australia , and in the South Island of New Zealand . According to Waititi , 80 percent of the dialogue in Thor : Ragnarok was improvised , in order to create a `` very loose and collaborate mood '' among the cast and an attempt to replicate the tone and sensibility from his previous films . He stated , `` My style of working is I 'll often be behind the camera , or right next to the camera yelling words at people , like , ' Say this , say this ! Say it this way ! ' '' Post-production ( edit ) In January 2017 , it was revealed that Pearson would be receiving sole screenwriting credit on the film , with the story credited to Kyle , Yost , and Folsom . These credits were later updated the following September , with Pearson as the screenwriter and story credit for Kyle and Yost . Folsom took issue with Marvel marketing the film with these credits , noting the Writers Guild of America ( WGA ) had yet to determine the final credits for the film . She later said that Marvel had given her a story credit on the film , but was denied by the WGA due to their regulation that a maximum of two individuals can receive story credit , with an allowance for a writing team to count as one individual ; Pearson and the team of Kyle and Yost received the story credit on Ragnarok . Folsom added that she planned to appeal the decision , and that Marvel has been supportive of her throughout her attempt to receive credit . By the end of the month , the writing credits were updated once again , this time simply crediting Pearson , Kyle , and Yost as screenwriters . In February 2017 , Rachel House said she had a small role in the film , having worked with Waititi before . Additional filming took place in Atlanta in July 2017 , over three weeks , including filming post-credit scenes . One of these introduces the spaceship Sanctuary II , which belongs to Thanos , in Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel , while the other , shown at the end of the credits , features the Grandmaster . Goldblum and Waititi improvised multiple versions of the latter scene ; one unused version involved the singing of the Sakaarian national anthem , which was `` made up on the spot '' . Also filmed in Atlanta was the completion of a sequence where Asgardian actors perform a play based on the events of The Dark World . Neill appears in the sequence as the Odin actor , and Hemsworth 's brother Luke portrays the Thor actor . Explaining the sequence , Waititi said , `` if I was Loki and I was ruling Asgard , I would write a play about myself and force everyone to go and see it -- change the details of the play and get a huge celebrity to play myself . '' For the Loki actor , they `` really wanted someone good and someone who 's funny '' , and Chris Hemsworth suggested that Matt Damon , whom he knew personally , take on the role . Damon was in New York City at the time , and flew to Atlanta just to shoot the cameo `` on a lark '' . Also changed during reshoots was the location of the sequence where Thor and Loki find Odin on Earth , and Hela subsequently destroys Mjolnir . Originally set in a New York City alley , Waititi decided that the environment was distracting from the emotions of the sequence . The location was changed to Norway , which Waititi felt gave more weight to the scenes , made Odin 's storyline more `` authentic '' , and also allowed the characters and the audience to `` chill out for a second , and have that moment , because the rest of the film basically just runs at a clip '' . By the time the reshoots for the film were completed , the film had been cut down from Waititi 's initial version of two hours and forty minutes to around ninety minutes , with that expected to increase slightly with the newly filmed scenes . However , after the film 's 2017 Comic Con panel , it was decided to add back a lot of the jokes that had been removed , with the final runtime being two hours and ten minutes . Joel Negron and Zene Baker served as editors on the film . Waititi described the process of deciding exactly what jokes to keep as `` very tricky ... sometimes it would be funny in the beginning of the film and then not funny at all ( or ) it was funny in the wrong places and in the end , we had to just keep testing jokes and testing parts of the film '' . Ragnarok also clarifies that an Infinity Gauntlet seen in Thor was a fake . Feige expanded , saying that it had been included in Thor as an easter egg , since Marvel Studios was `` working on The Avengers and trying to ( put ) that all together for the conclusion of Phase One . '' However , shortly after The Avengers released and the studio began to solidify plans for Avengers : Infinity War , they realized that the gauntlet seen in Thor could not be the actual one , creating an internal theory that it was fake ; this resulted in the scene in Ragnarok , which was created `` just ( to have ) the opportunity to call it a fake '' . Visual effects ( edit ) Original ( top ) and effects ( bottom ) shots of the Valkyrie flashback sequence in Thor : Ragnarok Visual effects for the film were created by Industrial Light & Magic 's ( ILM ) San Francisco and Vancouver studios , with help from Base FX , Animatrik , and Virtuos ; Framestore ; Method Studios Vancouver ; Digital Domain ; Rising Sun Pictures ; Luma Pictures ; D Negative ; Iloura ; Image Engine ; Trixter ; The Secret Lab ; WhiskeyTree Inc ; Fin Designs + Effects ; and Perception . Previsualization work was provided by The Third Floor and Day for Nite . Luma Pictures produced over 200 shoots in eight sequences , particularly for the characters Korg ( receiving assets from Framestore ) and Miek . Method Studios provided over 450 shots , including Thor 's opening fight against Surtur in Muspelheim and Hela 's fight against the Asgardian guards . D Negative worked on over 190 shots , creating the environment for the planet Sakaar , including its junkyard landscape and wormholes , with the wormholes also created through a collaboration with Digital Domain . ILM , who worked on previous incarnations of the Hulk , had to add much more detail to the character 's facial features in Ragnarok due to the Hulk 's increased dialogue . ILM visual effects supervisor Chad Wiebe explained that Ruffalo 's expressions were captured fresh for the film using Medusa , a performance capture technology . With 90 different expressions captured , ILM `` built an entirely new library that would allow ( Hulk ) to cover a full range of normal human visual characteristics . '' To help create the Hulk , a person on set was covered in green body paint , and would replicate the intended motions of the character to aid the visual effect artists . Additionally , stunt actor Paul Lowe , who is under 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) tall , stood in for Hemsworth during some of his interactions with the Hulk so that the Hulk 's stunt men would be proportionally correct . In some instances when Thor and the Hulk interacted , a digital double was used for Thor , also created by ILM , to have greater flexibility for the shots . ILM worked on all of the Hulk moments in the film outside the final fight sequence , which was completed by Framestore using ILM 's assets , as Framestore was primarily responsible for rigging that sequence . Framestore completed nearly 460 shots , which featured digital doubles of Thor and Hela , Fenris , Korg , Miek , the giant Surtur at the end of the film , and over 9,000 buildings for Asgard , based on assets D Negative had from The Dark World , resulting in over 263 character , vehicle , prop , and crowd rigs . Rising Sun Pictures produced more than 170 visual effects shots for Thor : Ragnarok . They worked on the Valkyrie flashback sequence , with the sequence 's surreal ethereal appearance achieved through a combination of motion capture , computer graphics , a 900 fps high - speed frame rate , and a special 360 - degree lighting rig containing 200 strobe lights to bathe the scene in undulating patterns of light and shadow . Rising Sun also helped create the various CGI aspects of Hela , such as her `` hair wipe transition '' to her horns , and her original introduction in New York City . Following the reshoots , ImageEngine completed the new Norway introduction since Rising Sun was focused on the palace fight by then . Music ( edit ) Main article : Thor : Ragnarok ( soundtrack ) By August 2016 , Mark Mothersbaugh was hired to score the film . The synthesized score is influenced by the work of Jean - Michel Jarre . Waititi stated he would have asked the band Queen to work on the soundtrack for the film if their lead singer Freddie Mercury was still alive , because the film is `` a cool , bold , colorful cosmic adventure '' which would have suited the `` feel '' of the band . Additional music featured in the film include `` Immigrant Song '' by Led Zeppelin and `` Pure Imagination '' from the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) . Patrick Doyle 's themes from Thor and Brian Tyler 's themes from The Dark World and Avengers : Age of Ultron , as well as Joe Harnell 's `` The Lonely Man '' theme from The Incredible Hulk series , are also used in the film . Hollywood Records released the film 's soundtrack digitally on October 20 , 2017 , and physically on November 10 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Mark Ruffalo ( center left ) and Chris Hemsworth ( center right ) at the Sydney premiere of Thor : Ragnarok Thor : Ragnarok had its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on October 10 , 2017 , and its Australian premiere took place on October 13 , on the Gold Coast . It was released in the United Kingdom on October 24 , 2017 , with additional international releases on October 25 , and in Australia on October 26 . The film was released in the United States and Canada on November 3 , in 4,080 theaters , of which over 3,400 were 3D , 381 were IMAX and IMAX 3D , and 204 were D - Box . The film opened in 1,187 IMAX theaters globally , which was a November opening weekend record . It was originally scheduled for release on July 28 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) At the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con , a physical model of Hulk 's gladiator armor was revealed , concept art and rough animatics were shown , and a `` mockumentary '' short titled Team Thor was screened . Directed by Waititi , it showed what Thor and Banner were doing during the events of Civil War , with Daley Pearson appearing as Thor 's Australian flatmate Darryl Jacobson . The short released online in August 2016 , and with the digital download of Captain America : Civil War the following month . Team Thor : Part 2 was released on the home media of Doctor Strange in February 2017 , with Pearson reprising his role . Footage and concept art for the film were shown at CinemaCon 2017 . On April 10 , 2017 , the first teaser trailer was released . Sandy Schaefer of Screen Rant felt it was `` a strong start '' for the film , having `` a distinctly playful vibe '' by setting it to `` Immigrant Song '' . The Verge 's Chaim Gartenberg said `` this may be the weirdest Marvel movie to date '' thanks to the costumes , makeup , and 80s aesthetic . Michael Arbeiter for Nerdist was pleased with the teaser , stating , `` nothing in the MCU thus far can hold a candle to the imagination promised by this ... have any of ( the previous MCU films ) felt this beholden to what we 've always known and loved as the adventure genre ? '' The teaser was viewed 136 million times in 24 hours , the third - highest in that time frame behind The Fate of the Furious ( 139 million ) and It ( 197 million ) . It also became Disney and Marvel 's most viewed trailer within that time period , surpassing Beauty and the Beast ( 127 million ) and Captain America : Civil War ( 94 million ) , respectively . The line from the trailer of Thor saying Hulk `` is a friend from work '' was suggested to Hemsworth by a Make - A-Wish child visiting the set on the day the scene was filmed . Props and costumes from the film were on display at D23 Expo 2017 along with set pieces for photo opportunities . The costumes were also on display at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con , where Waitti and cast members promoted the film . Exclusive clips were shown , along with a new trailer . Ethan Anderton of / Film felt `` the blend of comedy and bright , vibrant comic book action '' in the trailer was `` incredible '' . Collider 's Haleigh Foutch was `` in love with this trailer '' and `` all in '' on the film . Germain Lussier for io9 called the trailer `` a two - and - a-half - minute ball of action , awesomeness , humor , and insanity that may be the most purely fun Marvel movie trailer we 've ever seen . '' The poster also released was praised , being called by Anthony Couto from Comic Book Resources as `` quite stunning '' , `` insanely colorful '' , and `` perfectly symmetrical '' , with Matt Goldberg of Collider feeling it `` really ( lets ) you know that this Thor movie is going to be radically different than the first two '' . Due to the Comic - Con presentation , Thor : Ragnarok generated over 264,000 new conversations on social media from July 17 to 23 , the most out of any film during that time period , according to comScore and its PreAct service . It remained the most - discussed film on social media for two more weeks . In August 2017 , Marvel partnered with car manufacturer Renault on a commercial supporting the release of the Kwid in Brazil . Directed by Jonathan Gurvit and shot in São Paulo , it features the Hulk destroying a satellite headed towards the city . Framestore worked on visual effects for the commercial , building on the foundation they had from working on the character in previous films . Also in August , Marvel , in partnership with Dolby Laboratories , Synchrony Bank , American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) , Broadcom Masters , and Society for Science & the Public , announced the `` Superpower of STEM Challenge '' , aimed at females aged 15 through 18 in STEM ( Science , Technology , Engineering , and Mathematics education ) fields , to `` create an original Do - It - Yourself project that can be replicated by others '' and `` help their family , community or the world be safer , healthier or happier '' . Five winners would attend the film 's world premiere , receive a tour of Walt Disney Studios , and a $500 saving account from Synchrony Bank , with one grand prize winner attending `` an immersive three - day mentorship in New York City with Disney Imagineering '' to create a `` professional - level video teaching other young people how to recreate '' their winning project . They were also given the opportunity to demonstrate the project on Good Morning America . For the week of August 21 , Ragnarok once again had the most social media conversations according to comScore and its PreAct service . New clips of Thor and Hulk fighting , released on the same day as the Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Conor McGregor fight , helped generate the 57,000 new conversations for the week . From September 25 to October 15 , Ragnarok had the second-most social media conversations according to the service , and was once again first for the week of October 16 following the release of extended clips and plot details . Beginning October 6 , 2017 , Disney California Adventure showed a sneak peek of the film at the Sunset Showcase Theater in Hollywood Land , presented in 3D with `` special in - theater effects '' . Ahead of the United States release of the film , Hemsworth , Hiddleston , Blanchett , Goldblum , Ruffalo , and Thompson appeared with James Corden on The Late Late Show with James Corden to present a `` 4D '' version of the film , which was actually a stage play . The cast performed various scenes from the film live in low - budget costumes and with cardboard stage props . Additional promotional partners of the film included Red Robin , United Healthcare , and Screenvision Media . Home Media ( edit ) Thor : Ragnarok was released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on February 20 , 2018 , and on Ultra HD Blu - ray , Blu - ray , DVD and On - Demand on March 6 . The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes ; audio commentary ; deleted scenes ; a blooper reel ; and Team Darryl , a continuation of the `` mockumentary '' short films Team Thor and Team Thor : Part 2 , in which the Grandmaster moves in with Darryl after Thor leaves . In one of the deleted scenes , Michael Rooker makes an appearance as Yondu , reprising the role from the first two Guardians of the Galaxy films . James Gunn , writer and director of the Guardians films , clarified that the appearance of Yondu was never meant to appear in the final film , and that Rooker was on a nearby set recording material for the Halloween variant of the theme park attraction Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! and decided to stop by the Ragnarok set `` to goof around '' . The film debuted at number one on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart during its first week of release , which tracks combined DVD and Blu - ray Disc unit sales , and a dedicated Blu - ray disc sales chart . Blu - ray accounted for 83 % of unit sales , with 11 % coming from Ultra HD Blu - ray . Thor : Ragnarok also debuted second on the Media Play News rental chart behind Coco . In its second week , the film fell to number two on the NPD VideoScan chart , coming in behind Justice League , but rose to number one on the Media Play News rental chart . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Thor : Ragnarok grossed $315.1 million in the United States and Canada , and $538.9 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $854 million . In September 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Ragnarok was the most anticipated fall film . On the weekend of November 3 , 2017 , the film earned $25.4 million from IMAX showings , surpassing Doctor Strange as the largest for a November weekend . The film had earned $650.1 million globally , surpassing the total grosses for Thor ( $449.3 million ) and Thor : The Dark World ( $644.6 million ) , by the end of its third weekend . It became the ninth highest - grossing film of 2017 . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $174.2 million , accounting for production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , against box office grosses and ancillary revenues from home media , placing it eighth on their list of 2017 's `` Most Valuable Blockbusters '' . Thor : Ragnarok earned $46.8 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada ( including $14.5 million from Thursday night previews ) , and had a total weekend gross of $122.7 million , which was the top film for the weekend , the sixth - best November opening , and the largest opening for all Thor films . IMAX contributed $12.2 million , which was the second - best IMAX opening of 2017 and the third - best November opening . The film 's earnings on Sunday ( $32.1 million ) , was the second - best Sunday in November after The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2013 ) ( $34.5 million ) . The film had been projected to gross $100 -- 125 million in its opening weekend . Ragnarok remained the number one film in its second weekend , having earned a total of $211.6 million , which surpassed the entire runs of Thor ( $181 million ) and The Dark World ( $206.4 million ) . In its third weekend , Thor : Ragnarok fell to third at the box office , and fourth in its fourth and fifth weekends . The film surpassed its projected total domestic gross of $280 million in its fifth weekend with $291.4 million , Thor : Ragnarok was fifth in its sixth weekend , and seventh in its seventh weekend , the final weekend it remained in the top 10 . Outside the United States and Canada , the film opened in 36 markets in its first weekend , ranking first in all , and earning $109.1 million , $6 million of which came from 189 IMAX screens . The United Kingdom opening ( $16.2 million ) was the best October opening for a non-James Bond film . South Korea ( $15.7 million ) , Australia ( $8.4 million ) , Brazil ( $8.1 million ) , Indonesia ( $5.5 M ) , Taiwan ( $5.4 M ) , the Philippines ( $3.8 M ) , Malaysia ( $3.5 M ) , New Zealand , Vietnam , Argentina , Colombia , Chile , Bosnia , Bulgaria , Croatia , and South Africa had the best October opening weekend ever , while France ( $7.7 million ) had the second - best . Brazil also had the third - best debut for an MCU film , while New Zealand 's opening was the biggest of 2017 . In its second weekend , Ragnarok opened at number one in 19 more markets , with the largest November opening ever in China ( $56.3 million , including $6 million from 446 IMAX screens ) , Mexico ( $10.8 million ) , Germany ( $8.9 million ) , and India ( $5.5 million ) . It also remained at number one in many existing markets . The film earned an additional $13.2 million from 788 IMAX screens , the best November opening . In its third weekend , the film remained at number one in over 30 countries , and became the highest - grossing superhero film in the Czech Republic . By its fifth weekend , Ragnarok had become the highest - grossing superhero film in central and eastern Europe . As of December 10 , 2017 , the film 's largest markets were China ( $112 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $40.4 million ) , and South Korea ( $35.1 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The performances of ( top , L to R ) Chris Hemsworth , Tom Hiddleston , Cate Blanchett , ( bottom , L to R ) Tessa Thompson , Jeff Goldblum , and Mark Ruffalo were widely praised by critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92 % approval rating based on 343 reviews , with an average score of 7.5 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Exciting , funny , and above all fun , Thor : Ragnarok is a colorful cosmic adventure that sets a new standard for its franchise -- and the rest of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 74 out of 100 based on 51 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , the best of the Thor series , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 90 % overall positive score and an 85 % `` definite recommend '' . Sheri Linden of The Hollywood Reporter praised Waititi 's handling of `` the clash - of - worlds CGI extravaganza '' , particularly for the lighter tone he brought , with `` even the story 's central bad guys ( being ) silly fun , hammed to the hilt by Cate Blanchett and Jeff Goldblum . '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap wrote , `` Both the banter and the fighting , it should be noted , are excellent , so whether you go to superhero movies for the glossy escapism or the pulse - pounding action , you 'll get your large soda 's worth . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three stars out of four , described it as `` the most fun you 'll ever have at a Marvel movie '' while praising the film 's changing tone and direction , comparing it favourably to Guardians of the Galaxy . The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle lauded the performances of Hemsworth , Hiddleston , Blanchett , Thompson , Goldblum and Ruffalo , feeling the film `` has confidence in its characters and in its own invention , and so it avoids repetition and stays fresh '' . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times similarly praised the film , calling the performances of the ensemble cast `` outstanding '' and Waititi 's direction `` goofy and campy and marvelously self - referential '' . He also said the soundtrack that was used in the climactic battle sequence , particularly Led Zeppelin 's `` Immigrant Song '' as being `` perfectly synced '' . Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film three out of four stars , positively comparing Hemsworth 's performance to Cary Grant : `` Hemsworth 's charisma holds ( Thor : Ragnarok ) together whenever it threatens to spin apart '' . Justin Chang of Los Angeles Times praised Blanchett 's performance of Hela , drawing a comparison of the portrayal of her character to other iconic villains such as Maleficent and Chernabog , and the film 's similar themes and tone to Flash Gordon , Star Wars , ( 1977 ) and Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . The Daily Telegraph 's Robbie Collin gave the film four out of five , hailed it as `` one of ( Marvel 's ) best films to date '' while commending the performances and describing Mark Mothersbaugh 's musical score as `` turbo - charged '' . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune commended the performances of Hiddleston and Thompson as being `` wonderfully matched '' . He also noted a similar directing style of Waititi to Edgar Wright 's `` parodic work '' and labelled the film as `` unusually lively and buoyant '' while acknowledging the effect of a `` Marvel Fatigue factor '' towards the audiences . Peter Debruge of Variety called the movie `` preposterous '' , but praised Goldblum 's performance . Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine stated negatively that `` Thor : Ragnarok is packed tight with zooming space vehicles and noisy thunder battles , but the movie 's extravagant excess is more narcotizing than energizing . '' Zacharek further added that `` Even poor Thor seems lost in all of it , and he 's supposed to be its star '' while criticizing the film 's visual effects as being `` an instance of fun overkill '' and `` a special - effects coma '' . Manohla Dargis of The New York Times called the story `` an uninteresting thicket of brawls , machinations and useful coincidences '' but did feel that Hemsworth `` looks happier and far more relaxed in Ragnarok than he did in the previous Thor vehicles , which is perhaps Mr. Waititi 's truest achievement here . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2017 Washington D.C. Film Critics Awards Best Motion Capture Performance Taika Waititi Nominated 2018 Golden Tomato Awards Best Wide Release 2017 Thor : Ragnarok 10th Place Best Comic Book / Graphic Novel Movie 2017 Thor : Ragnarok 3rd Place Critics ' Choice Awards Best Action Movie Thor : Ragnarok Nominated Best Actor in a Comedy Chris Hemsworth Nominated Best Visual Effects Thor : Ragnarok Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Tessa Thompson Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Idris Elba Won Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project Hubert Maston , Arthur Moody , Adam Paschke , Casey Schatz for `` Valkyrie 's Flashback '' Nominated Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Feature Gavin McKenzie , David Simpson , Owen Carroll , Mark Gostlow for `` Bridge Battle '' Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Excellence in Sci - Fi / Fantasy Film Mayes C. Rubeo Nominated Empire Awards Best Film Thor : Ragnarok Nominated Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Thor : Ragnarok Nominated Best Director Taika Waititi Nominated Best Female Newcomer Tessa Thompson Nominated Best Production Design Thor : Ragnarok Nominated Best Visual Effects Thor : Ragnarok Nominated Best Costume Design Mayes C. Rubeo Nominated Best Makeup and Hairstyling Thor : Ragnarok Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Scene Stealer Taika Waititi Nominated Best Fight Chris Hemsworth vs. Mark Ruffalo Nominated Saturn Awards Best Comic - to - Motion Picture Release Thor : Ragnarok Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Film Tessa Thompson Nominated Hugo Award Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form Thor : Ragnarok ( Eric Pearson , Craig Kyle , Christopher Yost , Taika Waititi ) Pending Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Villan Cate Blanchett Nominated Choice Scene Stealer Taika Waititi Nominated Tom Hiddleston Nominated Choice Sci - Fi Movie Thor : Raganrok Nominated Choice Sci - Fi Movie Actor Chris Hemsworth Won Mark Ruffalo Nominated Choice Sci - Fi Movie Actress Tessa Thompson Nominated Future ( edit ) By the release of Ragnarok , Waititi and Marvel had discussed a spin - off Marvel One - Shot short film following the characters Korg and Miek , but it was unfeasible due to Marvel 's commitment to producing three feature films a year . Feige said Marvel still had plans for those characters , but did not specify . In January 2018 , Hemsworth indicated his interest in continuing to play Thor , despite his contract with Marvel Studios scheduled to end after the fourth Avengers film , saying the next month `` if there 's another great script that comes along '' he would consider playing the character again . He and Waititi had discussed what they would want in a potential fourth Thor film by then . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As depicted in the 2015 film Avengers : Age of Ultron . Jump up ^ According to producer Kevin Feige , the spaceship seen in the mid-credits scene is the Sanctuary II , which belongs to Thanos . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Thor Ragnarok ( 2017 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Thor Brings Ragnarok to the Marvel Cinematic Universe in 2017 '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , Phil ; Gonzalez , Umberto ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' : Marvel Boss Kevin Feige Explains That Mid-Credits Scene '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cook , Tommy ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's How ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Ties into the Larger MCU '' . Collider . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Law , James ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth on working with Cate Blanchett and off - set ' shenanigans ' on Thor : Ragnarok '' . News.com.au . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth says Thor will still be ( Spoiler ) in Avengers : Infinity War '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok : Why does Thor have short hair ? Where 's his hammer ? The plot revealed ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cook , Tommy ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' : Why ( and How ) the Sequel Pivots Away from the Previous ' Thor ' Movies '' . Collider . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Studios reveals Phase Three slate , including two - part ' Avengers ' threequel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel Studios Confirms Stellar New Cast Members of the Highly Anticipated ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew ( June 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Hiddleston Teases Loki and the Hulk in Thor 3 : Ragnarok '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Hulk speaks in awesome new trailer for Thor : Ragnarok '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vevjoda , Jim ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok : Odin Knew of Cosmic Threats That Thor and Loki Did n't '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Cate Blanchett Joining ' Thor 3 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2015 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok spoilers given away by TV host , Chris Hemsworth unimpressed '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` This Week 's Cover : Thor gets a makeover in Ragnarok first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Polowy , Kevin ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` The big reveal , the nixed romance , and the noodle worm : What was cut from ( and added to ) ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Woerner , Meredith ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' cast introduces the newest members of the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cook , Tommy ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Honors & Deviates from Its Comics Foundation '' . Collider . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Jenna ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con : Tessa Thompson , Karl Urban and Taiki Waititi on Thor '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thor : Ragnarok Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Burton , Bonnie ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con 2017 : ' Black Panther , ' ' Infinity War ' blew us away at the Marvel panel '' . CNET . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum , Karl Urban Join Marvel 's ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : De Semlyen , Phil ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum talks Thor : Ragnarok 's Grandmaster '' . Empire . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Why Jeff Goldblum Does n't Resemble Marvel Comics ' Grandmaster in Thor : Ragnarok '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Eric ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum 's Grandmaster and Benecio del Toro 's Collector Will Likely Appear in a Marvel Movie Together '' . Fandango . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lipsitz , Jordana ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Who Is Valkyrie ? Tessa Thompson 's Character In ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Is Perfect For Her '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok actress Tessa Thompson talks redefining Valkyrie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Where is Natalie Portman 's Jane Foster in Thor : Ragnarok ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Amy ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` How Tessa Thompson Went From Indie Actor to ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Badass '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anderton , Ethan ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor Ragnarok ' Set Visit : Everything We Learned About the Cosmic Sequel -- Page 2 '' . / Film . 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Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Somehow the New Thor : Ragnarok Trailer Is Even Crazier Than the First '' . io9 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cuoto , Anthony ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` New Thor : Ragnarok Poster Is Gloriously Colorful & Symmetrical '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Thor : Ragnarok ' and ' Black Panther ' Posters Want a Place on Your Wall '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Leads Social Media Buzz Thanks to Comic - Con '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . 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Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 -- via PRNewswire . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Leads Movie Social Media Chatter With Help From Mayweather - McGregor Fight '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Rave Reviews Bolster Social Media Buzz '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Trailer Boosts Movie to Top Social Media Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Creates Thunderous Buzz on Social Media Ahead of Debut '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Disneyland Hosting Thor : Ragnarok Sneak Peek One Month Before Release '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok cast perform the movie live for unsuspecting 4D audience '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Blu - ray Details , Trailer , Clips Herald the God of Thunder 's Arrival '' . Collider . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Deleted Scene Features a Cameo from Beyond the Grave '' . / Film . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Latchem , John ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Surges to Top DVD , Blu - ray Disc Sales Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Storms to Top of DVD , Blu - ray Disc Sales Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok voted most anticipated fall movie in Fandango survey '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Rules Worldwide , Tops $650 Million Mark '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor ' Rocks $650 M WW ; ' Orient Express ' Rolls $57 M Offshore ; ' Coco ' , ' Paddington 2 ' Feel Embrace -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Sweet With $390 M Global , Scores China Hat Trick ; ' Justice League ' Tops $600 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` No. 8 ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Box Office Profits -- 2017 Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` After ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Crashed , Leave It To ' Thor : Ragnarok ' To Save Autumn B.O. With $100 M+ Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Hits Tracking With Super $110 M -- $120 M Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Daddy 's Home 2 ' Gives Comedies A Lift ; ' Orient Express ' Attracts Adults in A ' Ragnarok ' - Ruled Weekend -- Sunday AM '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Encounters Kryptonite at the B.O. With $96 M Opening : Why The DC Movie Weakened -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2017 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving B.O. At $268 M , + 3 % Over 2016 Spurred By ' Coco ' & Holdovers -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Looking at Sweet $26 M+ As Specialty Sector Pops With Awards Contenders -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Long Range Forecast : ' Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle , ' ' Pitch Perfect 3 , ' ' Downsizing , ' & ' Father Figures ' ; Updated ' Justice League ' Tracking '' . BoxOffice . October 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` December Still Asleep Before ' Last Jedi ' Awakens : ' Coco ' $18 M+ , ' Disaster Artist ' $6 M+ , ' Wonder ' Crosses $100 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Last Jedi ' Opens To $220 M & Will Send 2017 To $11 B : How Disney Still Wins With ' Star Wars ' Franchise -- Monday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Thunders To $109 M In Overseas Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ; Busch , Anita ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' & Rolls To $431 M WW , $308 M Offshore With Record November China Start -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Tops $300 M Overseas ; ' Coco ' Charms China & ' Thor ' Rocks Near $800 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok Reviews Suggest We 've Reached Peak MCU '' . Rotten Tomatoes . October 19 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( Fandango Media ) . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok Reviews '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive ) . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Linden , Sheri ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Review : Cate Blanchett 's Campy Villainess Steals the Thunder '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Review : Third Time 's a Charm for the God of Thunder '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' does n't hammer all the fun out of a big movie '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` In fun ' Thor : Ragnarok , ' action unfolds with a goofy ' Guardians ' vibe '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok Movie Review & Film Summary ( 2017 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' is punchy , predictable and fun in fits and starts '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok review : Marvel 's exhilaratingly fresh nostalgia trip brings the thunder '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' review : Marvel realm goes for the yuks '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Thor : Ragnarok Is More an Approximation of Fun Than the Real Thing '' . Time . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Thor : Ragnarok , ' of Gods , Monsters and Silly Jokes '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 WAFCA Awards '' . Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tomato Awards -- Best of 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Shape of Water leads Critics ' Choice Awards nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of early winners at the NAACP Image Awards '' . CBS News . January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Young Pope , ' ' Phantom Thread ' Earn Costume Designers Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travis , Ben ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Star Wars The Last Jedi and Thor Ragnarok Lead Empire Awards 2018 Nominations '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2018 . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` MTV Movie & TV Awards : ' Black Panther , ' ' Stranger Things ' Top Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Hugo Awards '' . Hugo Award . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards : Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . August 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Eric ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Has Big Plans For Korg and Miek from ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . Fandango . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( January 6 , 2018 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth wants to do more Thor movies after Avengers 4 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Warner , Sam ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Thor 's Chris Hemsworth says he 's done with the character unless they can make a good script '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth visualized ' Thor 4 ' with director Taika Waititi on New Year 's Eve '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thor : Ragnarok . 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-5997366814002379467 | Great Barrier Reef | Great Barrier Reef - Wikipedia Great Barrier Reef Jump to : navigation , search Great Barrier Reef UNESCO World Heritage Site Location Queensland , Australia 18 ° 17 ′ 10 '' S 147 ° 42 ′ 00 '' E / 18.286111111111 ° S 147.7 ° E / - 18.286111111111 ; 147.7 Criteria Natural : ( vii ) , ( viii ) , ( ix ) , ( x ) Reference 154 Inscription 1981 ( 5th Session ) Website www.gbrmpa.gov.au Location of Great Barrier Reef ( edit on Wikidata ) The Great Barrier Reef is the world 's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,300 kilometres ( 1,400 mi ) over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres ( 133,000 sq mi ) . The reef is located in the Coral Sea , off the coast of Queensland , Australia . The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world 's biggest single structure made by living organisms . This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms , known as coral polyps . It supports a wide diversity of life and was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981 . CNN labelled it one of the seven natural wonders of the world . The Queensland National Trust named it a state icon of Queensland . A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park , which helps to limit the impact of human use , such as fishing and tourism . Other environmental pressures on the reef and its ecosystem include runoff , climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching , and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown - of - thorns starfish . According to a study published in October 2012 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , the reef has lost more than half its coral cover since 1985 . The Great Barrier Reef has long been known to and used by the Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander peoples , and is an important part of local groups ' cultures and spirituality . The reef is a very popular destination for tourists , especially in the Whitsunday Islands and Cairns regions . Tourism is an important economic activity for the region , generating over AUD $ 3 billion per year . In November 2014 , Google launched Google Underwater Street View in 3D of the Great Barrier Reef . A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought , seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures . In October 2016 , Outside published an obituary for the reef ; the article was criticized for being premature and hindering efforts to bolster the resilience of the reef . In March 2017 , the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of a 800 - kilometre ( 500 mi ) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures , an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology and geography 2 Ecology 3 Environmental threats 3.1 Climate change 3.2 Pollution 3.2. 1 Loss of coastal wetland 3.2. 2 Eutrophication 3.2. 3 Sediment runoff 3.2. 4 Pesticides 3.2. 5 Pollution from mining 3.3 Crown of thorns 3.4 Overfishing 3.5 Shipping 4 Human use 4.1 Management 4.1. 1 Abbot Point coal port dredge dumping controversy 4.2 Tourism 4.3 Fishing 4.4 Dugong hunting 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Geology and geography Satellite image of part of the Great Barrier Reef adjacent to the Queensland coastal areas of Airlie Beach and Mackay . The Great Barrier Reef is a distinct feature of the East Australian Cordillera division . It includes the smaller Murray Islands . It reaches from Torres Strait ( between Bramble Cay , its northernmost island , and the south coast of Papua New Guinea ) in the north to the unnamed passage between Lady Elliot Island ( its southernmost island ) and Fraser Island in the south . Lady Elliot Island is located 1,915 km ( 1,190 mi ) southeast of Bramble Cay as the crow flies . The Plate tectonic theory indicates Australia has moved northwards at a rate of 7 cm ( 2.8 in ) per year , starting during the Cenozoic . Eastern Australia experienced a period of tectonic uplift , which moved the drainage divide in Queensland 400 km ( 250 mi ) inland . Also during this time , Queensland experienced volcanic eruptions leading to central and shield volcanoes and basalt flows . Some of these became high islands . After the Coral Sea Basin formed , coral reefs began to grow in the Basin , but until about 25 million years ago , northern Queensland was still in temperate waters south of the tropics -- too cool to support coral growth . The Great Barrier Reef 's development history is complex ; after Queensland drifted into tropical waters , it was largely influenced by reef growth and decline as sea level changed . Reefs can increase in diameter by 1 to 3 centimetres ( 0.39 to 1.18 in ) per year , and grow vertically anywhere from 1 to 25 cm ( 0.39 to 9.84 in ) per year ; however , they grow only above a depth of 150 metres ( 490 ft ) due to their need for sunlight , and can not grow above sea level . When Queensland edged into tropical waters 24 million years ago , some coral grew , but a sedimentation regime quickly developed with erosion of the Great Dividing Range ; creating river deltas , oozes and turbidites , unsuitable conditions for coral growth . 10 million years ago , the sea level significantly lowered , which further enabled sedimentation . The reef 's substrate may have needed to build up from the sediment until its edge was too far away for suspended sediments to inhibit coral growth . In addition , approximately 400,000 years ago there was a particularly warm interglacial period with higher sea levels and a 4 ° C ( 7 ° F ) water temperature change . The Great Barrier Reef is clearly visible from aircraft flying over it . Heron Island , a coral cay in the southern Great Barrier Reef The land that formed the substrate of the current Great Barrier Reef was a coastal plain formed from the eroded sediments of the Great Dividing Range with some larger hills ( most of which were themselves remnants of older reefs or , in rare cases , volcanoes ) . The Reef Research Centre , a Cooperative Research Centre , has found coral ' skeleton ' deposits that date back half a million years . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( GBRMPA ) considers the earliest evidence of complete reef structures to have been 600,000 years ago . According to the GBRMPA , the current , living reef structure is believed to have begun growing on the older platform about 20,000 years ago . The Australian Institute of Marine Science agrees , placing the beginning of the growth of the current reef at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum . At around that time , sea level was 120 metres ( 390 ft ) lower than it is today . From 20,000 years ago until 6,000 years ago , sea level rose steadily around the world . As it rose , the corals could then grow higher on the newly submerged maritime margins of the hills of the coastal plain . By around 13,000 years ago the sea level was only 60 metres ( 200 ft ) lower than the present day , and corals began to surround the hills of the coastal plain , which were , by then , continental islands . As the sea level rose further still , most of the continental islands were submerged . The corals could then overgrow the submerged hills , to form the present cays and reefs . Sea level here has not risen significantly in the last 6,000 years . The CRC Reef Research Centre estimates the age of the present , living reef structure at 6,000 to 8,000 years old . The shallow water reefs that can be seen in air - photographs and satellite images cover an area of 20,679 km2 , most ( about 80 % ) of which has grown on top of limestone platforms that are relics of past ( Pleistocene ) phases of reef growth . The remains of an ancient barrier reef similar to the Great Barrier Reef can be found in The Kimberley , Western Australia . The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area has been divided into 70 bioregions , of which 30 are reef bioregions . In the northern part of the Great Barrier Reef , ribbon reefs and deltaic reefs have formed ; these structures are not found in the rest of the reef system . There are no atolls in the system , and reefs attached to the mainland are rare . Fringing reefs are distributed widely , but are most common towards the southern part of the Great Barrier Reef , attached to high islands , for example , the Whitsunday Islands . Lagoonal reefs are found in the southern Great Barrier Reef , and further north , off the coast of Princess Charlotte Bay . Cresentic reefs are the most common shape of reef in the middle of the system , for example the reefs surrounding Lizard Island . Cresentic reefs are also found in the far north of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park , and in the Swain Reefs ( 20 -- 22 degrees south ) . Planar reefs are found in the northern and southern parts , near Cape York Peninsula , Princess Charlotte Bay , and Cairns . Most of the islands on the reef are found on planar reefs . Ecology Main article : Threatened species known to occur in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area A variety of colourful corals on Flynn Reef near Cairns The Great Barrier Reef supports a diversity of life , including many vulnerable or endangered species , some of which may be endemic to the reef system . A green sea turtle on the Great Barrier Reef Thirty species of whales , dolphins , and porpoises have been recorded in the Great Barrier Reef , including the dwarf minke whale , Indo - Pacific humpback dolphin , and the humpback whale . Large populations of dugongs live there . More than 1,500 fish species live on the reef , including the clownfish , red bass , red - throat emperor , and several species of snapper and coral trout . Forty - nine species mass spawn , while eighty - four other species spawn elsewhere in their range . Seventeen species of sea snake live on the Great Barrier Reef in warm waters up to 50 metres ( 160 ft ) deep and are more common in the southern than in the northern section . None found in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area are endemic , nor are any endangered . Six species of sea turtles come to the reef to breed : the green sea turtle , leatherback sea turtle , hawksbill turtle , loggerhead sea turtle , flatback turtle , and the Olive Ridley . The green sea turtles on the Great Barrier Reef have two genetically distinct populations , one in the northern part of the reef and the other in the southern part . Fifteen species of seagrass in beds attract the dugongs and turtles , and provide fish habitat . The most common genera of seagrasses are Halophila and Halodule . Saltwater crocodiles live in mangrove and salt marshes on the coast near the reef . Nesting has not been reported , and the salt water crocodile population in the GBRWHA is wide - ranging but low density . Around 125 species of shark , stingray , skates or chimaera live on the reef . Close to 5,000 species of mollusc have been recorded on the reef , including the giant clam and various nudibranchs and cone snails . Forty - nine species of pipefish and nine species of seahorse have been recorded . At least seven species of frog inhabit the islands . 215 species of birds ( including 22 species of seabirds and 32 species of shorebirds ) visit the reef or nest or roost on the islands , including the white - bellied sea eagle and roseate tern . Most nesting sites are on islands in the northern and southern regions of the Great Barrier Reef , with 1.4 to 1.7 million birds using the sites to breed . The islands of the Great Barrier Reef also support 2,195 known plant species ; three of these are endemic . The northern islands have 300 -- 350 plant species which tend to be woody , whereas the southern islands have 200 which tend to be herbaceous ; the Whitsunday region is the most diverse , supporting 1,141 species . The plants are propagated by birds . A Striped surgeonfish amongst the coral on Flynn Reef There are at least 330 species of ascidians on the reef system with the diameter of 1 -- 10 cm ( 0.4 -- 4 in ) . Between 300 -- 500 species of bryozoans live on the reef . Four hundred coral species , both hard corals and soft corals inhabit the reef . The majority of these spawn gametes , breeding in mass spawning events that are triggered by the rising sea temperatures of spring and summer , the lunar cycle , and the diurnal cycle . Reefs in the inner Great Barrier Reef spawn during the week after the full moon in October , while the outer reefs spawn in November and December . Its common soft corals belong to 36 genera . Five hundred species of marine algae or seaweed live on the reef , including thirteen species of genus Halimeda , which deposit calcareous mounds up to 100 metres ( 110 yd ) wide , creating mini-ecosystems on their surface which have been compared to rainforest cover . Environmental threats Main article : Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef Sea temperature and bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef Climate change , pollution , crown - of - thorns starfish and fishing are the primary threats to the health of this reef system . Other threats include shipping accidents , oil spills , and tropical cyclones . Skeletal Eroding Band , a disease of bony corals caused by the protozoan Halofolliculina corallasia , affects 31 coral species . According to a 2012 study by the National Academy of Science , since 1985 , the Great Barrier Reef has lost more than half of its corals with two - thirds of the loss occurring from 1998 due to the factors listed before . Climate change The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority considers the greatest threat to the Great Barrier Reef to be climate change , causing ocean warming which increases coral bleaching . Mass coral bleaching events due to elevated ocean temperatures occurred in the summers of 1998 , 2002 and 2006 , and coral bleaching is expected to become an annual occurrence . As global warming continues , corals will not be able to keep up with increasing ocean temperatures . Coral bleaching events lead to increased disease susceptibility , which causes detrimental ecological effects for reef communities . World Heritage Committee meeting will take place in Krakow , Poland , in July 2017 . UNESCO , in a draft decision published in June 2017 as part of the agenda for the meeting , expressed serious concern about the impact of coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef . The draft decision also warned Australia that it will not meet the targets of the Reef 2050 report without considerable work to improve water quality . Climate change has implications for other forms of reef life -- some fish 's preferred temperature range leads them to seek new habitat , thus increasing chick mortality in predatory seabirds . Climate change will also affect the population and sea turtle 's available habitat . Bleaching events in benthic coral communities ( deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet ) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths , but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures . Five Great Barrier Reef species of large benthic corals were found bleached under elevated temperatures , affirming that benthic corals are vulnerable to thermal stress . Pollution Another key threat faced by the Great Barrier Reef is pollution and declining water quality . The rivers of north eastern Australia pollute the Reef during tropical flood events . Over 90 % of this pollution comes from farm runoff. 80 % of the land adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef is used for farming including intensive cropping of sugar cane , and major beef cattle grazing . Farming practices damage the reef due to overgrazing , increased run - off of agricultural sediments , nutrients and chemicals including fertilisers , herbicides and pesticides representing a major health risk for the coral and biodiversity of the reefs . Sediments containing high levels of copper and other heavy metals sourced from the Ok Tedi Mine in Papua New Guinea are a potential pollution risk for the far northern Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait regions . Some 67 % of corals died in the reef 's worst - hit northern section , the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies report said . Loss of coastal Wetland The runoff problem is exacerbated by the loss of coastal wetlands which act as a natural filter for toxins and help deposit sediment . It is thought that the poor water quality is due to increased light and oxygen competition from algae . Eutrophication Farming fertiliser runoff release nitrogen , phosphorus , and potassium into the oceanic ecosystem , these limiting nutrients cause massive algal growth which leads to depletion in oxygen available for other creatures which decreases the biodiversity in the affected areas , altering the species composition . A study by Katharina Fabricius and Glen Death of Australian Institute of Marine Science found that hard corals numbers were almost double on reefs that were far from agricultural areas . Fertilizers also increase the amount of phytoplankton available for the crown - of - thorns starfish larvae to consume . A study showed that a doubling of the chlorophyll in the water leads to a tenfold increase in the crown - of - thorns starfish larvae 's survival rate . Sediment runoff Sediment runoff from farming carries chemicals into the reef environment also reduces the amount of light available to the corals decreasing their ability to extract energy from their environment . Pesticides Pesticides used in farming are made up of heavy metals such as lead , mercury , arsenic and other toxins are released into the wider environment due to erosion of farm soil , which has a detrimental effect on the coral . Pollution from mining Mining company Queensland Nickel discharged nitrate - laden water into the Great Barrier Reef in 2009 and 2011 -- on the later occasion releasing 516 tonnes ( 508 long tons ; 569 short tons ) of waste water . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( GBRMPA ) stated `` We have strongly encouraged the company to investigate options that do not entail releasing the material to the environment and to develop a management plan to eliminate this potential hazard ; however , GBRMPA does not have legislative control over how the Yabulu tailings dam is managed '' . Crown of thorns Crown - of - thorns starfish The crown - of - thorns starfish preys on coral polyps . Large outbreaks of these starfish can devastate reefs . In 2000 , an outbreak contributed to a loss of 66 % of live coral cover on sampled reefs in a study by the RRC ( Reefs Research Centre . ) Outbreaks are believed to occur in natural cycles , worsened by poor water quality and overfishing of the starfish 's predators . Overfishing The unsustainable overfishing of keystone species , such as the Giant Triton , can disrupt food chains vital to reef life . Fishing also impacts the reef through increased water pollution from boats , by - catch of unwanted species ( such as dolphins and turtles ) and habitat destruction from trawling , anchors and nets . As of the middle of 2004 , approximately one - third of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park is protected from species removal of any kind , including fishing , without written permission . The Shen Neng 1 aground on the Great Barrier Reef , 5 April 2010 . Shipping Shipping accidents are a pressing concern , as several commercial shipping routes pass through the Great Barrier Reef . Although the route through the Great Barrier Reef is not easy , reef pilots consider it safer than outside the reef in the event of mechanical failure , since a ship can sit safely while being repaired . There have been over 1,600 known shipwrecks in the Great Barrier Reef region . On 3 April 2010 , bulk coal carrier Shen Neng 1 ran aground on Douglas Shoals , spilling up to four tonnes of oil into the water and causing extensive damage to the reef . Human Use The Great Barrier Reef has long been known to and used by the Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander peoples . Aboriginal Australians have been living in the area for at least 40,000 years , and Torres Strait Islanders since about 10,000 years ago . For these 70 or so clan groups , the reef is also an important cultural feature . In 1768 Louis de Bougainville found the reef during an exploratory mission , but did not claim the area for the French . On 11 June 1770 , the HM Bark Endeavour , captained by explorer James Cook , ran aground on the Great Barrier Reef , sustaining considerable damage . Lightening the ship and re-floating it during an incoming tide eventually saved it . One of the most famous wrecks was the HMS Pandora , which sank on 29 August 1791 , killing 35 men . The Queensland Museum has led archaeological digs to the Pandora since 1983 . Because the reef had no atolls , it was largely unstudied in the 19th century . During this time , some of the reef 's islands were mined for deposits of guano , and lighthouses were built as beacons throughout the system . as in Raine Island , the earliest example . In 1922 , the Great Barrier Reef Committee began carrying out much of the early research on the reef . Management This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Map showing the extent of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Royal Commissions disallowed oil drilling in the Great Barrier Reef , in 1975 the Government of Australia created the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and prohibited various activities . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park does not include the entire Great Barrier Reef Province . The park is managed , in partnership with the Government of Queensland , through the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority to ensure that it is used in a sustainable manner . A combination of zoning , management plans , permits , education and incentives ( such as eco-tourism certification ) are employed in the effort to conserve the reef . In 1999 , the Australian Parliament passed the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act , which improved the operation of national environmental law by providing guidance about regional biodiversity conservation priorities . The marine bioregional planning process came from the implementation of this law . This process conserves marine biodiversity by considering the whole ecosystem a species is in and how different species interact in the marine environment . There are two steps to this process . The first step is to identify regional conservation priorities in the five ( currently ) different marine regions . The second step is to identify marine reserves ( protected areas or marine parks ) to be added to Australia 's National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas . Like protected areas on land , marine reserves are created to protect biodiversity for generations to come . Marine reserves are identified based on criteria written in a document created by Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council called `` Guidelines for establishing the national representative system of marine protected areas '' , also known as just `` the Guidelines '' . These guidelines are nationally recognised and implemented at the local level based on the Australian policy for implementation outlined in the `` Goals and Principles for the Establishment of the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in Commonwealth Waters '' . These policies are in place to make sure that a marine reserve is only added to the NRSMPA after careful evaluation of different data . The priorities for each region are created based on human and environmental threats and the Marine Bioregional Plans are drafted to address these priorities . To assess different region 's priorities , three steps are taken , first , a bioregional profile is created , second , a bioregional plan is drafted , and third , the plan is finalised . After the plan is finalised , activity in different bioregions may become limited based on particular threats an activity may pose . In 2001 , the GBRMPA released a report about the declining water quality in the Great Barrier Reef and detailed the importance of this issue . In response to this report , in 2003 , the Australian and Queensland governments launched a joint initiative to improve the quality of water entering the Great Barrier Reef . The decline in the quality of water over the past 150 years ( due to development ) has contributed to coral bleaching , algal blooms , and pesticide pollution . These forms of pollution have made the reef less resilient to climate change . When the plan was introduced in October 2003 , it originally contained 65 actions built on previous legislation . Their immediate goal was to halt and reverse the decline in water quality entering the reef by 2013 . By 2020 , they hope that the quality of the water entering in the reef improves enough so that it does n't have a detrimental impact on the health of the Great Barrier Reef . To achieve these goals they decided to reduce pollutants in the water entering the reef and to rehabilitate and conserve areas of the reef that naturally help reduce water pollutants . To achieve the objectives described above , this plan focuses on non-point sources of pollution , which can not be traced to a single source such as a waste outlet . The plan specifically targets nutrients , pesticides and sediment that make their way into the reef as a result of agricultural activities . Other non-point sources of pollution that are attributed to urban areas are covered under different legislation . In 2009 , the plan was updated . The updated version states that to date , none of the efforts undertaken to improve the quality of water entering the reef has been successful . The new plan attempts to address this issue by `` targeting priority outcomes , integrating industry and community initiatives and incorporating new policy and regulatory frameworks ( Reef Plan 5 ) '' . This updated version has improved the clarity of the previous plan and targets set by that plan , have improved accountability and further improved monitoring and assessment . The 2009 report found that 41 out of the 65 actions met their original goals , however , 18 were not progressing well according to evaluation criteria as well as 6 were rated as having unsatisfactory levels of progress . Some key achievements made since the plan 's initial passing in 2003 were the establishment of the Reef Quality Partnership to set targets , report findings and monitor progress towards targets , improved land condition by landowners was rewarded with extended leases , Water Quality Improvement Plans were created to identify regional targets and identified management changes that needed to be made to reach those targets , Nutrient Management Zones have been created to combat sediment loss in particular areas , education programs have been started to help gather support for sustainable agriculture , changes to land management practices have taken place through the implementation of the Farm Management Systems and codes of practice , the creation of the Queensland Wetland program and other achievements were made to help improve the water quality flowing into the coral reefs . A taskforce of scientists was also created to assess the impact of different parts of the plan on the quality of water flowing into the coral reefs . They found that many of the goals have yet to be reached but found more evidence that states that improving the water quality of the Great Barrier Reef will improve its resilience to climate change . The Reefocus summit in 2008 , which is also detailed in the report , came to similar conclusions . After this , a stakeholder working group was formed that worked between several groups as well as the Australian and Queensland governments to update reef goals and objectives . The updated version of the plan focuses on strategic priority areas and actions to achieve 2013 goals . Also quantitative targets have been made to critically assess whether targets are being met . Some examples of the water quality goals outlined by this plan are that by 2013 , there will be a 50 % reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus loads at the end of catchments and that by 2020 , there will be a reduction in sediment load by 20 % . The plan also outlines a number of steps that must be taken by landholders to help improve grazing , soil , nutrient , and chemical management practices . There are also a number of supporting initiatives to take place outlined in the plan to help create a framework to improve land use practices which will in turn improve water quality . Through these means the governments of Australia and Queensland hope to improve water quality by 2013 . The 2013 outlook report and revised water quality plan will assess what needs to be done in the future to improve water quality and the livelihoods of the wildlife that resides there . A Blue Starfish ( Linckia laevigata ) resting on hard Acropora and Porites corals . In July 2004 , a new zoning plan took effect for the entire Marine Park , and has been widely acclaimed as a new global benchmark for marine ecosystem conservation . The rezoning was based on the application of systematic conservation planning techniques , using marxan software . While protection across the Marine Park was improved , the highly protected zones increased from 4.5 % to over 33.3 % . At the time , it was the largest Marine Protected Area in the world , although in 2006 , the new Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Monument became the largest . In 2006 , a review of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act of 1975 recommended are that there should be no further zoning plan changes until 2013 , and that every five years , a peer - reviewed outlook report should be published , examining the reef 's health , management , and environmental pressures . In each outlook report , several assessments are required . Each assessment has a set of assessment criteria that allows for better presentation of available evidence . Each assessment is judged by these criteria and given a grade . Every outlook report follows the same judging and grading process so that information can be tracked over time . No new research is done to produce the report . Only readily available information goes into the report so little of what is known about the Reef is actually featured in each outlook report . Abbot Point coal port dredge dumping controversy In December 2013 , Greg Hunt , the Australian environment minister , approved a plan for dredging to create three shipping terminals as part of the construction of a coalport . According to corresponding approval documents , the process will create around 3 million cubic metres of dredged seabed that will be dumped within the Great Barrier Reef marine park area . On 31 January 2014 , the GBRMPA issued a dumping permit that will allow three million cubic metres of sea bed from Abbot Point , north of Bowen , to be transported and unloaded in the waters of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park . Potential significant harms have been identified in relation to dredge spoil and the process of churning up the sea floor in the area and exposing it to air : firstly , new research shows the finer particles of dredge spoil can cloud the water and block sunlight , thereby starving sea grass and coral up to distances of 80 km away from the point of origin due to the actions of wind and currents . Furthermore , dredge spoil can literally smother reef or sea grass to death , while storms can repeatedly resuspend these particles so that the harm caused is ongoing ; secondly , disturbed sea floor can release toxic substances into the surrounding environment . The dredge spoil from the Abbot Point port project is to be dumped 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) away , near Bowen in north Queensland , and the approval from the Authority will result in the production of an extra 70 million tonnes of coal annually , worth between A $1.4 billion and $2.8 billion . Authority chairman , Dr Russell Reichelt , stated after the confirmation of the approval : This approval is in line with the agency 's view that port development along the Great Barrier Reef coastline should be limited to existing ports . As a deepwater port that has been in operation for nearly 30 years , Abbot Point is better placed than other ports along the Great Barrier Reef coastline to undertake expansion as the capital and maintenance dredging required will be significantly less than what would be required in other areas . It 's important to note the seafloor of the approved disposal area consists of sand , silt and clay and does not contain coral reefs or seagrass beds . The approval was provided with a corresponding set of 47 new environmental conditions that include the following : A long - term water quality monitoring plan extending five years after the disposal activity is completed . A heritage management plan to protect the Catalina second world war aircraft wreck in Abbot Bay . The establishment of an independent dredging and disposal technical advice panel and a management response group , to include community representatives . The Australian Federal Government announced on 13 November that there would now be a ban on the dumping of dredge spoil in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park . The World Heritage Committee asked Environment Minister Greg Hunt to investigate alternative options to dump on land instead . The Queensland government and the Commonwealth have now accepted the alternative option and advice from The World Heritage Committee and will now commence dumping on land . Tourism A scuba diver looking at a giant clam on the Great Barrier Reef Helicopter view of the reef and boats Due to its vast biodiversity , warm clear waters and accessibility from the tourist boats called `` live aboards '' , the reef is a very popular destination , especially for scuba divers . Tourism on the Great Barrier Reef is concentrated in Cairns and also The Whitsundays due to their accessibility . These areas make up 7 % -- 8 % of the Park 's area . The Whitsundays and Cairns have their own Plans of Management . Many cities along the Queensland coast offer daily boat trips . Several continental and coral cay islands are now resorts , including Green Island and Lady Elliot Island . As of 1996 , 27 islands on the Great Barrier Reef supported resorts . In 1996 , most of the tourism in the region was domestically generated and the most popular visiting times were during the Australian winter . At this time , it was estimated that tourists to the Great Barrier Reef contributed A $ 776 million per annum . As the largest commercial activity in the region , it was estimated in 2003 that tourism generated over A $4 billion annually , and the 2005 estimate increased to A $5.1 billion . A Deloitte report published by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority in March 2013 states that the Reef 's 2,000 kilometres of coastline attracts tourism worth A $6.4 billion annually and employs more than 64,000 people . Approximately two million people visit the Great Barrier Reef each year . Although most of these visits are managed in partnership with the marine tourism industry , there is a concern among the general public that tourism is harmful to the Great Barrier Reef . A variety of boat tours and cruises are offered , from single day trips , to longer voyages . Boat sizes range from dinghies to superyachts . Glass - bottomed boats and underwater observatories are also popular , as are helicopter flights . By far , the most popular tourist activities on the Great Barrier Reef are snorkelling and diving , for which pontoons are often used , and the area is often enclosed by nets . The outer part of the Great Barrier Reef is favoured for such activities , due to water quality . Management of tourism in the Great Barrier Reef is geared towards making tourism ecologically sustainable . A daily fee is levied that goes towards research of the Great Barrier Reef . This fee ends up being 20 % of the GBRMPA 's income . Policies on cruise ships , bareboat charters , and anchorages limit the traffic on the Great Barrier Reef . The problems that surround ecotourism in the Great Barrier Reef revolve around permanent tourism platforms . Platforms are large , ship - like vessels that act as a base for tourists while scuba diving and snorkelling in the Great Barrier Reef . Seabirds will land on the platforms and defecate which will eventually be washed into the sea . The feces carry nitrogen , phosphorus and often DDT and mercury , which cause aspergillosis , yellow - band disease , and black band disease . Areas without tourism platforms have 14 out of 9,468 ( 1.1 % ) diseased corals versus areas with tourism platforms that have 172 out of 7,043 ( 12 % ) diseased corals . Tourism is a major economic activity for the region . Thus , while non-permanent platforms could be possible in some areas , overall , permanent platforms are likely a necessity . Solutions have been suggested to siphon bird waste into gutters connecting to tanks helping lower runoff that causes coral disease . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority has also placed many permanent anchorage points around the general use areas . These act to reduce damage to the reef due to anchoring destroying soft coral , chipping hard coral , and disturbing sediment as it is dragged across the bottom . Tourism operators also must comply with speed limits when travelling to or from tourist destinations , to prevent excessive wake from the boats disturbing the reef ecosystem . Fishing The fishing industry in the Great Barrier Reef , controlled by the Queensland Government , is worth A $ 1 billion annually . It employs approximately 2000 people , and fishing in the Great Barrier Reef is pursued commercially , for recreation , and as a traditional means for feeding one 's family . Dugong hunting Under the Native Title Act 1993 , native title holders retain the right to legally hunt dugongs and green turtles for `` personal , domestic or non-commercial communal needs '' . Four traditional owners groups agreed to cease the hunting of dugongs in the area in 2011 due to their declining numbers , partially accelerated by seagrass damage from Cyclone Yasi . See also Australia portal Queensland portal Oceania portal Islands portal Marine life portal Catlin Seaview Survey Islands on the Great Barrier Reef Galápagos Islands Komodo National Park List of reefs Sixth extinction Valdes Peninsula References Jump up ^ http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/154 . ^ Jump up to : UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre ( 1980 ) . `` Protected Areas and World Heritage -- Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area '' . Department of the Environment and Heritage . Archived from the original on 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Values '' . Retrieved 3 September 2008 . Jump up ^ The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area , which is 348,000 km squared , has 2900 reefs . 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Jump up ^ `` Large Sections of Australia 's Great Reef Are Now Dead , Scientists Find '' , New York Times , 16 March 2017 https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/15/science/great-barrier-reef-coral-climate-change-dieoff.html Jump up ^ A.K. Lobeck ( 1951 ) . Physiographic Diagram of Australia . New York : The Geological Press , Columbia University . to accompany text description and geological sections which were prepared by Joseph Gentili and R.W. Fairbridge of the University of Western Australia ^ Jump up to : `` Great Barrier Reef General Reference Map '' ( PDF ) . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . September 2004 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Davies , P.J. , Symonds , P.A. , Feary , D.A. , Pigram , C.J. ( 1987 ) . `` Horizontal plate motion : a key allocyclic factor in the evolution of the Great Barrier Reef '' . Science . 238 ( 4834 ) : 1697 -- 1700 . Bibcode : 1987Sci ... 238.1697 D . doi : 10.1126 / science. 238.4834. 1697 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Hopley , p. 18 Jump up ^ Hopley , p. 19 ^ Jump up to : Hopley , p. 26 Jump up ^ Hopley , p. 27 Jump up ^ Hopley , pp. 27 -- 28 Jump up ^ MSN Encarta ( 2006 ) . Great Barrier Reef . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . Retrieved 11 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Hopley , p. 29 Jump up ^ Hopley , p. 37 ^ Jump up to : Tobin , Barry ( 2003 ) ( revised from 1998 edition ) . `` How the Great Barrier Reef Was Formed '' . Australian Institute of Marine Science . Retrieved 22 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : CRC Reef Research Centre Ltd . `` What is the Great Barrier Reef ? '' . Archived from the original on 22 August 2006 . Retrieved 28 May 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2006 ) . `` A `` big picture '' view of the Great Barrier Reef '' ( PDF ) . Reef Facts for Tour Guides . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 June 2007 . Retrieved 18 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Harris , P.T. , T.C.L. Bridge , R. Beaman , J. Webster , S. Nichol , and B. Brooke ( 2013 ) . `` Submerged banks in the Great Barrier Reef , Australia , greatly increase available coral reef habitat '' . ICES Journal of Marine Science . 70 ( 2 ) : 284 -- 293 . doi : 10.1093 / icesjms / fss165 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Hopley , D. , S.G. Smithers , and K.E. Parnell ( 2007 ) . The geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef : development , diversity , and change . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Western Australia 's Department of Environment and Conservation ( 2007 ) . `` The Devonian ' Great Barrier Reef ' '' . Retrieved 12 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Representative Areas in the Marine Park '' . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Marine Park Authority . `` Protecting the Bioregions of the Great Barrier Reef '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Bio-region Information Sheets '' . Archived from the original on 31 August 2007 . Retrieved 23 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hopley , p. 7 Jump up ^ Hopley , pp. 158 -- 160 Jump up ^ CSIRO ( 2006 ) . `` Snapshot of life deep in the Great Barrier Reef '' . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2000 ) . `` Fauna and Flora of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area '' . Archived from the original on 14 October 2006 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : CRC Reef Research Centre Ltd . `` Reef facts : Plants and Animals on the Great Barrier Reef '' . Archived from the original on 21 August 2006 . Retrieved 14 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2004 ) . `` Environmental Status : Marine Mammals '' . The State of the Great Barrier Reef Report -- latest updates . Archived from the original on 2 October 2006 . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Fish Spawning Aggregation Sites on the Great Barrier Reef '' . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appendix 2 -- Listed Marine Species '' . Fauna and Flora of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . 2000 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Dobbs , Kirstin ( 2007 ) . Marine turtle and dugong habitats in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park used to implement biophysical operational principles for the Representative Areas Program ( PDF ) . Great Barrier Marine Park Authority . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Hopley , p. 133 Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2005 ) . `` Environmental Status : Seagrasses '' . The State of the Great Barrier Reef Report -- latest updates . Archived from the original on 2 October 2006 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2005 ) . `` Environmental Status : Marine Reptiles '' . Archived from the original on 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Status : Sharks and rays '' . The State of the Great Barrier Reef Report -- latest updates . Archived from the original on 29 March 2007 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appendix 4 - Other species of conservation concern '' . Fauna and Flora of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . 2000 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2007 . Retrieved 13 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appendix 5 - Island Flora and Fauna '' . Fauna and Flora of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . 2000 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2007 . Retrieved 13 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ; Smithers , Scott G. ; Parnell , Kevin E. ( 2007 ) . The geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef : development , diversity , and change . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 450 -- 451 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 85302 - 8 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Environmental status : birds '' . The State of the Great Barrier Reef Report -- latest updates . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental status : birds Condition '' . The State of the Great Barrier Reef Report -- latest updates . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2006 ) . `` Information Fact Sheets No. 20 Coral Spawning '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Australian Institute of Marine Science ( 2002 ) . `` Soft coral atlas of the Great Barrier Reef '' . Archived from the original on 6 April 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Hopley , p. 185 ^ Jump up to : Harriott , V.J. ( 2002 ) . `` Marine tourism impacts and their management on the Great Barrier Reef '' ( PDF ) . CRC Reef Research Centre Technical Report No. 46 . CRC Reef Research Centre . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 8 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AIMS Longterm Monitoring -- Coral Diseases on the Great Barrier Reef -- Skeletal Eroding Band '' . www.aims.gov.au . Archived from the original on 13 July 2009 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Eilperin , Juliet ( 2 October 2012 ) . `` Great Barrier Reef has ' lost half its coral since 1985 ' '' . Washington Post . London : The Independent . Retrieved 3 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Rothwell , Don ; Stephens , Tim ( 19 November 2004 ) . `` Global climate change , the Great Barrier Reef and our obligations '' . Melbourne : The National Forum . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Our changing climate '' . Archived from the original on 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Coral Bleaching and Mass Bleaching Events '' . Archived from the original on 20 April 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Online version '' . The Daily Telegraph . 30 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Littman , Raechel ; Willis , Bette L. ; Bourne , David G. ( 2011 ) . `` Metagenomic analysis of the coral holobiont during a natural bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef '' . Environmental Microbiology Reports . 3 ( 6 ) : 651 -- 660 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1758 - 2229.2010. 00234. x . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef : Australia must act urgently on water quality , says Unesco . The Guardian Retrieved on 3 June 2017 Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Climate change and the Great Barrier Reef '' . Archived from the original on 8 December 2006 . Retrieved 16 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , C. ; Heinz , P. ; Kucera , M. ; Uthicke , Sven ( 2011 ) . `` Temperature - induced stress leads to bleaching in larger benthic foraminifera hosting endosymbiotic diatoms '' ( PDF ) . Limnology and Oceanography. 56 ( 5 ) : 1587 -- 1602 . doi : 10.4319 / lo. 2011.56. 5.1587 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coastal water quality '' ( PDF ) . The State of the Environment Report Queensland 2003 . Environment Protection Agency Queensland. 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Human Impact on the Great Barrier Reef '' . University of Michigan . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Harris , P.T. , 2001 . Environmental Management of Torres Strait : a Marine Geologist 's Perspective , in : Gostin , V.A. ( Ed . ) , Gondwana to Greenhouse : environmental geoscience - an Australian perspective . Geological Society of Australia Special Publication , Adelaide , pp. 317 - 328 Jump up ^ Griffith , Hywel ( 2016 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Great Barrier Reef suffered worst bleaching on record in 2016 , report finds '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Wetlands '' . Archived from the original on 2 October 2006 . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Brodie , J. ( 2007 ) . `` Nutrient management zones in the Great Barrier Reef Catchment : A decision system for zone selection '' ( PDF ) . Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Australian Government Productivity Commission ( 2003 ) . `` Industries , Land Use and Water Quality in the Great Barrier Reef Catchment -- Key Points '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2006 ) . `` Principal water quality influences on Great Barrier Reef ecosystems '' . Archived from the original on 16 October 2006 . Retrieved 22 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Milman , Oliver ( 12 February 2014 ) . `` Clive Palmer 's nickel refinery pumped toxic waste into Great Barrier Reef park '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CRC Reef Research Centre Technical Report No. 32 -- Crown - of - thorns starfish ( Acanthaster planci ) in the central Great Barrier Reef region . Results of fine - scale surveys conducted in 1999 -- 2000 . '' . Archived from the original on 29 August 2007 . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . Jump up ^ RRC Reef Research Centre . `` Crown - of - thorns starfish on the Great Barrier Reef '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 August 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2006 . Jump up ^ CSIRO Marine Research ( 1998 ) . `` Environmental Effects of Prawn Trawling '' . Archived from the original on 18 February 2006 . Retrieved 28 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Marine Park Zoning '' . Archived from the original on 19 July 2006 . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority : : Shipping '' . Archived from the original on 2 October 2006 . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Reef Dreams : Working The Reef TV documentary , Australian Broadcasting Corporation , broadcast 6 July 2006 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Environmental Protection Agency / Queensland Parks and Wildlife Services . `` About the Reef '' . Archived from the original on 15 August 2007 . Retrieved 23 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Safety Investigation Report -- Preliminary -- Independent investigation into the grounding of the Chinese registered bulk carrier Shen Neng 1 at Douglas Shoal , Queensland , on 3 April 2010 '' . Australian Transport Safety Bureau . 15 April 2010 . Retrieved 14 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coal being removed at sea from stricken Shen Neng 1 carrier '' . The Australian . News Ltd. 13 May 2010 . Retrieved 13 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2006 ) . `` Fact Sheet No. 4 -- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People and the Great Barrier Reef . Region '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 28 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` reefED -- GBR Traditional Owners '' . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Culture & Dugongs and Turtles '' . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Bell , Peter . `` A history of exploration and research on the Great Barrier Reef '' . Australian Institute of Marine Science . Archived from the original on 16 October 2009 . Retrieved 11 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Captain Cook 's Journal During the First Voyage Round the World at Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ Queensland Museum . `` HMS Pandora '' . Archived from the original on 29 August 2006 . Retrieved 12 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Hopley , p. 452 Jump up ^ `` Raine Island Corporation '' . Archived from the original on 2 November 2007 . Retrieved 20 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Hopley , p. 9 Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Australia ( 1975 ) . `` Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975 '' . Retrieved 30 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Rewards Program '' . Onboard : The Tourism Operator 's Handbook for the Great Barrier Reef . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . Archived from the original on 27 August 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FACT SHEET -- MARINE BIOREGIONAL PLANNING -- THE PROCESS '' ( PDF ) . environment.gov.au . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Jump up ^ `` Reef Water Quality Protection Plan 2009 '' ( PDF ) . reefplan.qld.gov.au. 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2003 ) . `` Zoning Plan 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 November 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Fernandes et al. ( 2005 ) Establishing representative no - take areas in the Great Barrier Reef : large - scale implementation of theory on marine protected areas , Conservation Biology , 19 ( 6 ) , 1733 -- 1744 . Jump up ^ World Wildlife Fund Australia . `` Great Barrier Reef -- WWF - Australia '' . Retrieved 10 November 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC News ( 15 June 2006 ) . `` Bush creates new marine sanctuary '' . Retrieved 28 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report '' . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . 2007 . Retrieved 31 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report 2009 in Brief '' ( PDF ) . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 September 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Oliver Milman ( 10 December 2013 ) . `` Greg Hunt approves dredging off Queensland to create huge coalport '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dermot O'Gorman ( 31 January 2014 ) . `` Dredge dumping : just because you can does n't mean you should '' . ABC News . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Parks dredge dumping permit '' ( PDF ) . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dredge dumping banned on Great Barrier Reef '' . Australian Geographic . 13 November 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2005 ) . `` Protecting Biodiversity Brochure 2005 '' . Archived from the original on 17 October 2006 . Retrieved 11 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Driml , Sally ; Common , Mick ( 1996 ) . `` Ecological Economics Criteria for Sustainable Tourism : Application to the Great Barrier Reef and Wet Tropics World Heritage Areas , Australia '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 4 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 December 2008 . Retrieved 31 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2003 ) . `` Summary report of the social and economic impacts of the rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park . '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 September 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Ove Hoegh - Guldberg ( 14 March 2014 ) . `` Is Australia shooting itself in the foot with reef port expansions ? '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Number of Tourists Visiting The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park '' . Retrieved 19 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2005 ) . `` What You Do '' . Onboard -- The Tourism Operator 's Handbook for the Great Barrier Reef . Archived from the original on 20 September 2006 . Retrieved 14 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Saltzer , Rebecca ( February 2002 ) . `` Understanding Great Barrier Reef visitors preliminary results '' ( PDF ) . CRC Reef Project B2. 1.1 : Understanding Tourist Use of the GBRWHA . Cooperative Research Centre for the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 July 2005 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Hildebrandt , Amy ( January 2003 ) . `` Understanding Tourist Use of the Great Barrier Reef : The Whitsundays Visitor '' ( PDF ) . CRC Reef Project B2. 1.1 : Understanding Tourist Use of the GBRWHA . Cooperative Research Centre for the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 July 2005 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2005 ) . `` How is the Money Used ? '' . Onboard -- The Tourism Operator 's Handbook for the Great Barrier Reef . Archived from the original on 20 September 2006 . Retrieved 11 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Joleah ; Bette Willis ( August 2011 ) . `` Using coral disease prevalence to assess the effects of concentrating tourism activities on offshore reefs in a tropical marine park '' . Conservation Biology . 25 ( 5 ) : 1044 -- 1052 . PMID 21848962 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 1739.2011. 01724. x . Jump up ^ Kight , Caitlin . `` Are Coral Reefs Literally Sick of Ecotourists ? '' . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DUGONGS AND TURTLES '' . Jump up ^ `` Turtle and dugong footage causes controversy '' . Bibliography Hopley , David ; Smithers , Scott G. ; Parnell , Kevin E. ( 2007 ) . The geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef : development , diversity , and change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 85302 - 8 . Further reading Bell , Peter ( 1998 ) . AIMS : The First Twenty - five Years . Townsville : Australian Institute of Marine Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 642 - 32212 - 8 . Bowen , James ; Bowen , Margarita ( 2002 ) . The Great Barrier Reef : history , science , heritage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82430 - 3 . Done , T.J. ( 1982 ) . `` Patterns in the distribution of coral communities across the central Great Barrier Reef '' . Coral Reefs. 1 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 107 . Bibcode : 1982CorRe ... 1 ... 95D . doi : 10.1007 / BF00301691 . `` Research Publications '' . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Hutchings , Pat ; Kingsford , Mike ; Hoegh - Guldberg , Ove ( 2008 ) . The Great Barrier Reef : Biology , Environment and Management . CSIRO Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 643 - 09557 - 1 . Lucas , P.H.C. ; et al. ( 1997 ) . The outstanding universal value of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . ISBN 0 - 642 - 23028 - 5 . Mather , P. ; Bennett , I. , eds. ( 1993 ) . A Coral Reef Handbook : A Guide to the Geology , Flora and Fauna of the Great Barrier Reef ( 3rd ed . ) . Chipping North : Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Ltd . ISBN 0 - 949324 - 47 - 7 . External links Media related to Great Barrier Reef at Wikimedia Commons `` How the Great Barrier Reef Works '' . howstuffworks.com . Great Barrier Reef travel guide from Wikivoyage World heritage listing for Great Barrier Reef Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority CRC Reef Research Centre `` Dive into the Great Barrier Reef '' . National Geographic . Battle for the Reef -- Four Corners -- ABC.au Great Barrier Reef scientists confirm largest die - off of corals recorded . The Guardian . 28 November 2016 . World Heritage Sites in Australia New South Wales Australian Convict Sites Gondwana Rainforests Blue Mountains Lord Howe Island Group Sydney Opera House Willandra Lakes Region Northern Territory Kakadu National Park Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa National Park Queensland Australian fossil mammal sites Riversleigh Fraser Island Gondwana Rainforests Great Barrier Reef Wet Tropics of Queensland South Australia Australian fossil mammal sites Naracoorte Tasmania Australian Convict Sites Macquarie Island Tasmanian Wilderness Victoria Royal Exhibition Building Carlton Gardens Western Australia Australian Convict Sites Ningaloo Coast Purnululu National Park Shark Bay External territories ( Norfolk Island ) Australian Convict Sites Heard Island and McDonald Islands Shared with other states / territories Corals and coral reefs Stony corals Blue Brain Elegance Elkhorn Hermatypic Chalice Pillar Staghorn Table Soft corals Bamboo Black Organ pipe Sea fans Sea pens Coral reefs Atoll Cay Coral Fringing Microatoll Coral reef fish Census of Coral Reefs The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs Catlin Seaview Survey Spur and groove formation Coral regions List of reefs Deep - water coral African coral reefs Amazon Reef Andros , Bahamas Belize Barrier Reef Coral Sea Islands Coral Triangle Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Great Barrier Reef Maldives Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System New Caledonia barrier reef Pulley Ridge Raja Ampat Islands Red Sea Southeast Asian coral reefs Coral diseases Coral bleaching Black band disease Skeletal eroding band White band disease White pox disease Protection Coral Reef Alliance Coral reef protection Green Fins International Society for Reef Studies Project AWARE Reef Check Reef Ball Other Artificial reef Aquaculture of coral Coral dermatitis Precious coral Coral rag Coral reef organizations Coral sand Coralline algae Environmental issues with coral reefs Fire coral Reef resilience Rugosa ( extinct ) Symbiodinium Tabulata VIAF : 235918380 GND : 4072111 - 5 NDL : 00628461 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Barrier_Reef&oldid=801143667 '' Categories : World Heritage Sites in Australia Great Barrier Reef Landforms of the Coral Sea Reefs of Australia Marine ecoregions Underwater diving sites in Australia Tourist attractions in Queensland Physiographic provinces Australian National Heritage List Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Good articles Use Australian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from November 2015 Articles with infoboxes completely from Wikidata Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from September 2017 All articles that may contain original research All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 22 : 50 . 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1356564122574193486 | United States presidential eligibility legislation | United States presidential eligibility legislation - wikipedia United States presidential eligibility legislation Jump to : navigation , search Constitutional Law of the United States Overview Articles Amendments History Judicial review Principles Separation of powers Individual rights Rule of law Federalism Republicanism Government structure Legislative branch Executive branch Judicial branch State government Local government Individual rights Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of assembly Right to petition Freedom of association Right to keep and bear arms Right to trial by jury Criminal procedural rights Right to privacy Freedom from slavery Due process Equal protection Citizenship Voting rights Theory Living Constitution Originalism Purposivism Textualism Strict constructionism Article Two , Section 1 of the United States Constitution sets forth the eligibility requirements for serving as President of the United States : No person except a natural born Citizen , or a Citizen of the United States , at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution , shall be eligible to the Office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years , and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States . The Twenty - second Amendment to the United States Constitution also sets constraints on who may be elected to the Presidency : No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice , and no person who has held the office of President , or acted as President , for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once . The controversy arising from conspiracy theories over Barack Obama 's citizenship and eligibility for the presidency prompted a number of Republican state and federal legislators to propose legislation aimed at requiring future presidential candidates to release copies of their birth certificates . The Hawaii State legislature went in the opposite direction , to limit the lengths that proponents can go in pursuit of this issue , as the pursuits have drained resources from the state . Contents ( hide ) 1 Federal initiatives 1.1 Electoral College 1.2 Birth certificate 1.3 Hawaii statehood 2 State initiatives 2.1 Alabama 2.2 Arizona 2.3 Colorado 2.4 Connecticut 2.5 Georgia 2.6 Hawaii 2.7 Indiana 2.8 Iowa 2.9 Kansas 2.10 Louisiana 2.11 Maine 2.12 Michigan 2.13 Missouri 2.13. 1 Constitutional amendment 2.13. 2 Legislation 2.13. 3 Other 2.14 Montana 2.15 Nebraska 2.16 New Hampshire 2.17 Oklahoma 2.18 Pennsylvania 2.19 Tennessee 2.20 Texas 3 See also 4 References Federal initiatives ( edit ) Electoral College ( edit ) Activists lobbied members of Congress to reject the Electoral College vote and block Obama 's election as president in its sitting on January 8 , 2009 , to certify and tally the results of the election . Two Republican members of the House of Representatives , John Linder and Ron Paul , were heavily lobbied by activists who believed that the two lawmakers would be more willing than other members of Congress to raise objections to Obama 's confirmation . The lobbying was unsuccessful and Congress unanimously declared Obama to be the winner of the election . Birth certificate ( edit ) `` H.R. 1503 '' redirects here . For the star , see Beta Caeli . Wikisource has original text related to this article : H.R. 1503 ( 2009 ) In March 2009 , Representative Bill Posey , a newly elected Republican from Florida 's 15th congressional district , introduced a bill , H.R. 1503 , in the U.S. House of Representatives . Had this bill been enacted into law , it would have amended the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 to require candidates for the Presidency `` to include with the ( campaign ) committee 's statement of organization a copy of the candidate 's birth certificate '' plus supporting documentation . The bill did not initially have any co-sponsors and was introduced without the Republican leadership being informed . Florida Today , the newspaper serving his constituency , commented that the bill `` stems from fringe opponents of President Barack Obama who , during the 2008 election campaign , questioned whether Obama was born in Hawaii , '' but added that Posey 's office `` does not question Obama 's citizenship . '' Posey explained his motivation as being to `` prevent something like this ( controversy ) from happening in the future '' by requiring `` the birth certificate up front and take ( the issue ) off the table '' . His initiative was strongly criticized by Florida Democrats , who accused Posey of trying to `` fan the rumors on the extreme fringe of the Republican Party '' and `` pandering to the right wing '' . Satirist Stephen Colbert also mocked Posey for not addressing rumors that he was `` part alligator '' ; Posey responded by commenting that there was `` no reason to say that I 'm the illegitimate grandson of an alligator '' . He also stated that there was now `` no reason to question '' that Obama is a U.S. citizen . Posey 's bill gained the support of twelve Republican co-sponsors - Representatives John R. Carter , Kenny Marchant , Louie Gohmert , John Culberson , Randy Neugebauer , Mike Conaway and Ted Poe ( all from Texas ) , Rep. John Campbell ( California ) , Rep. Bob Goodlatte ( Virginia ) , Rep. Dan Burton ( Indiana ) , Rep. Marsha Blackburn ( Tennessee ) , and Rep. Trent Franks ( Arizona ) . Republican Senator Tom Coburn ( Oklahoma ) also stated that he would `` likely support it '' if the bill reached the Senate , saying that Obama `` meets the constitutional requirement to be president , '' and that `` It is each state 's responsibility to determine the eligibility of those running for federal office . '' H.R. 1503 was never voted upon by either house of Congress and died when the 111th Congress adjourned at the end of 2010 . Hawaii statehood ( edit ) On July 27 , 2009 , the House of Representatives passed a resolution commemorating the 50th anniversary of Hawaii 's statehood . The resolution , containing language recognizing Hawaii as President Obama 's birth state , passed by a vote of 378 to 0 . Some of the cosponsors of the Posey bill , namely Campbell , Carter and Marchant , did not cast a vote . The House has 435 members when all seats are filled . State initiatives ( edit ) Alabama ( edit ) Legislation introduced in April 2011 by state Senator Slade Blackwell would require any candidate running for an office with an age requirement to present their birth certificate . Arizona ( edit ) On April 19 , 2010 , the Arizona House of Representatives voted in favor of a rider to require presidential candidates `` to submit documents proving they meet the constitutional requirements to be president '' . If enacted , the law would give the Arizona Secretary of State the power to omit a candidate 's name on the state ballot if there is `` reasonable cause '' to believe that the documents are not adequate proof of the requirements for office . The rider passed the Arizona House of Representatives on a 31 -- 29 vote , with only Republicans voting in favor and some Republicans joining with Democrats to oppose . The bill then went to the Arizona State Senate , which declined to vote on the bill before the April 2010 end of legislative session , the deadline for the bill 's passage . In reaction to the proposed legislation , The Arizona Republic referred to it as a `` nutty birther bill '' that would make Arizona seem to be a place where `` any crackpot whim can be enshrined in law '' . Arizona Republican State Representative Cecil Ash , who supported the bill , appeared on CNN 's Anderson Cooper 360 ° to discuss the bill . Ash stated that he believed President Obama was an American citizen , but there has been `` a lot of controversy over the issue '' . Cooper then likened the people who believe there is a birth certificate controversy to people who believe the moon is made of cheese and asked Ash if he knew the moon was not made of cheese without investigation . Ash responded in the affirmative . In January 2011 , similar legislation again was introduced in the Arizona House of Representatives . On April 14 , 2011 the Arizona legislature passed a bill requiring presidential and vice presidential candidates to show the Arizona secretary of state proof that they are natural - born citizens . Such proof could be either a long - form birth certificate or at least two other forms of accepted proof , such as an early baptismal certificate , circumcision certificate or hospital birth record . On April 18 , Governor Jan Brewer vetoed the bill . A state legislator introduced a similar bill in 2012 . In March 2012 , a senate committee voted favorably on a bill that would require candidates for the presidency and vice presidency to submit an affidavit attesting to their eligibility to serve . Colorado ( edit ) Legislation introduced in April 2011 by 11 Republican state legislators would require any elected official to provide proof of citizenship before being sworn in . The bill was not voted out of committee . Connecticut ( edit ) In January 2011 , Connecticut state Sen. Michael McLachlan introduced legislation that would mandate presidential and vice presidential candidates to provide their birth certificates for their names to be placed on the ballot . The bill did not make it out of committee . Georgia ( edit ) In April 2010 , Georgia state representative Mark Hatfield introduced legislation that would require presidential and vice presidential candidates to submit an affidavit `` stating the candidate 's citizenship and age and shall append to the affidavit documents that prove the candidate is a natural born citizen , prove the candidate 's age , and prove that the candidate meets the residency requirements for President of the United States . '' In February 2011 , Hatfield again introduced similar legislation , but it was not voted out of committee . Hawaii ( edit ) In May 2010 , Hawaii enacted a law allowing the state to ignore requests for information if deemed `` duplicative or substantially similar '' to a prior query . In January 2011 , Hawaii state representative Rida Cabanilla introduced legislation allowing the Hawaii Department of Health to provide upon request a copy of the birth certificate of a `` Person of civic prominence '' ( that is , a candidate or officeholder for which United States citizenship is required ) , and to charge the requesting party a surcharge of $100 . Indiana ( edit ) In January 2011 , Indiana state senator Mike Delph introduced legislation requiring presidential candidates to file a certified copy of a birth certificate along with additional documentation to be on the Indiana ballot . The legislation was not voted out of committee . Iowa ( edit ) In March 2011 , Iowa state Senator Kent Sorenson introduced legislation that would require presidential or vice presidential candidates to submit certified copies of their birth certificates , which would be available for public inspection . Kansas ( edit ) In February 2012 , a committee in the Kansas House of Representatives approved a bill that would require candidates for state and federal offices to provide proof of citizenship . Louisiana ( edit ) Legislation introduced in April 2011 by state Senator A.G. Crowe and state Representative Alan Seabaugh would require candidates for federal office to file a birth certificate . The legislation was not voted out of committee . Maine ( edit ) State representative Richard Cebra introduced legislation requiring candidates to submit a birth certificate and government - issued identification . Michigan ( edit ) Legislation introduced in April 2011 by state Representative Mike Callton would require presidential candidates to submit their birth certificates . Missouri ( edit ) Constitutional amendment ( edit ) Fifteen Republican members of the Missouri House of Representatives sponsored an amendment to the Missouri Constitution in March 2009 that would require `` candidates who are required by the Constitution of the United States to be natural born citizens '' to provide a birth certificate to the Missouri Secretary of State to confirm their eligibility . A certificate of live birth would not be accepted . Failure to comply would result in the candidate being deemed ineligible to stand . The only political offices to be affected would be the President and Vice President , which are the only two positions for which there is a specific constitutional citizenship requirement . The proposed amendment is part of a `` voter 's bill of rights '' , which would serve `` as a defense against corruption , fraud , and tyranny '' . Political commentators interpreted the proposal as being `` aimed at advancing the claims of the fringe movement that doubts President Barack Obama 's eligibility to serve as president '' . The proposed amendment , House Joint Resolution No. 34 , was subsequently withdrawn . Legislation ( edit ) In January 2011 , Republican State Representative Lyle Rowland introduced legislation that would require `` proof of identity and proof of United States citizenship '' for all presidential and vice-presidential candidates . '' In May 2011 , the requirement that presidential candidates present proof of natural born citizenship was added but later trimmed from an omnibus election law reform bill . Rowland introduced similar legislation in 2012 . On March 29 , 2012 , the House of Representatives passed legislation that would require presidential or vice presidential candidates to prove their U.S. citizenship before appearing on the ballot . The bill then passed a Missouri senate committee . Other ( edit ) A number of Missouri Republican politicians have continued to support claims and litigation on the citizenship issue . State Representatives Cynthia L. Davis , Timothy W. Jones and Casey Guernsey have committed to participating as plaintiffs in a lawsuit filed in Missouri challenging Obama 's citizenship . State Representative Edgar G.H. Emery told reporters in July 2009 that he `` questions Obama 's citizenship and ... believes his alleged lack of a legitimate birth certificate ignores the Constitution . '' Montana ( edit ) In January 2011 , Montana state representative Bob Wagner introduced legislation requiring all candidates for federal office file affidavits with the Montana secretary of state verifying that they are qualified ; presidential candidates would be required to provide the state with a valid copy of their birth certificates . Nebraska ( edit ) Proposed legislation introduced in January 2011 would have required a presidential or vice presidential candidate to provide proof of birth that includes the names of the candidate 's parents , and proof that the parents were United States citizens at the time of the candidate 's birth ; the candidate would also have to swear of affirm , `` I was born a citizen of the United States of America and was subject exclusively to the jurisdiction of the United States of America , owing allegiance to no other country at the time of my birth . On the day I was born , both my birth mother and birth father were citizens of the United States of America . '' The proposed legislation failed to be voted out of committee . New Hampshire ( edit ) Legislation introduced in March 2011 would have required presidential candidates to present their birth certificates when filing their nomination papers ; the proposed enactment date was changed to 2013 and thus would not have affected the 2012 presidential elections . The proposed legislation was not voted out of committee . Similar legislation proposed in 2012 also was not voted out of committee . Oklahoma ( edit ) Oklahoma Republican state Representative Mike Ritze proposed a bill in December 2008 , requiring any candidate for public office in Oklahoma to show proof of citizenship . Ritze declared that he `` does not believe Obama submitted an authentic copy of his birth certificate '' . He also unsuccessfully approached Oklahoma Republican Senators Tom Coburn and James Inhofe to persuade them to mount a challenge to Obama 's confirmation by Congress . The bill , House Bill 1329 , was criticized by The Norman Transcript newspaper as `` an outright attempt to embarrass President Barack Obama whose own citizenship was questioned , mostly by those pajama guerrillas trolling on the Internet '' . The bill gained a 23 -- 20 vote in favor , but failed to meet the 25 - vote threshold required to pass . In February 2011 , similar legislation was reintroduced in the Oklahoma state senate . Pennsylvania ( edit ) Legislation introduced in April 2011 by state Representative Daryl Metcalfe would require candidates for president and vice president to provide proof of citizenship to qualify for a spot on the state ballot . Tennessee ( edit ) In Tennessee , four Republican state Representatives -- Stacey Campfield , Glen Casada , Frank S. Niceley and Eric H. Swafford -- announced in February 2009 that they would be joining a legal action to force Obama to release his birth certificate and prove his citizenship . Casada , the Tennessee House Republican caucus chairman , said that he believes Obama has further proof of eligibility , and would like him to make it available : `` Yes , people may say , you 're just chasing some conspiracy theory ... ( but ) it 's a simple act on his part to just do , and we 're done -- move on . '' The alternative newspaper Nashville Scene described Swafford as joining a `` wacky legal action '' and quoted Tennessee house Democrat Larry Miller as saying : `` What is the mentality of these kind of people who continuously make these kind of goofy statements ? It 's embarrassing . '' Attorney Orly Taitz of California said she planned to file the suit , representing the Defend Our Freedoms Foundation . Legislation proposed in January 2011 would require anyone running for elected office to furnish a birth certificate before being declared an eligible candidate . '' It failed to be voted out of a subcommittee . In January 2016 , two Democratic legislators proposed barring the Secretary of State from placing on the ballot any presidential or vice-presidential candidate who was not a natural - born citizen . Texas ( edit ) On November 16 , 2010 , Texas state representative Leo Berman introduced legislation requiring any candidate for president or vice president running in Texas to submit to the Texas Secretary of State an `` original birth certificate indicating that the person is a natural - born United States citizen . '' In introducing the bill , Berman said that the `` bill is necessary because we have a president whom the American people do n't know whether he was born in Kenya or some other place . '' If signed into law , the bill would take effect September 1 , 2011 , about 6 months ahead of the Texas presidential primaries for the 2012 presidential election . By inserting the word `` original '' into the bill , Berman addressed concerns by conspiracy theorists that other bills that do not contain that word are `` flawed '' . His bill would therefore specifically disallow the use of the reproduced certificate that Obama has used since June 2008 as evidence . The legality of such a bill is unknown , as reproduced certificates are generally accepted by government agencies as proof of birth . See also ( edit ) Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The U.S. Constitution With Declaration of Independence , US Government Printing Office Jump up ^ The U.S. Constitution With Declaration of Independence , US Government Printing Office Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( May 13 , 2010 ) . `` Hawaii 's ' birther bill ' '' . Politico . ^ Jump up to : Weigel , David ( January 8 , 2009 ) . `` GOP Senators Give Hope to Anti-Obama Activists '' . Washington Independent . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Jim ( 2009 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Congress Declares Obama the Next President '' . Seattle , Washington : Seattle Times . Associated Press . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 12 . In centuries - old tradition , Congress confirms Obama as the next president Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` Birther bill hits Congress '' . Politico.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Preston , Mark ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` Republican wants WH candidates to prove citizenship '' . Political Ticker blog . CNN . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kim Eun Kyung ( March 14 , 2009 ) . `` Posey to president hopefuls : Prove it '' . Florida Today . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Mark ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` Posey : Future presidential candidates should show their birth certificates ; wo n't say whether he believes Obama is a US citizen '' . Orlando Sentinel . Florida . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Colbert , Stephen ( March 19 , 2009 ) . `` Bill Posey Alligator Rumors '' . The Colbert Report . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Mark K. ( April 9 , 2009 ) . `` New Rep. Bill Posey gains his footing after rough start '' . The Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bill Summary & Status : 111th Congress ( 2009 - 2010 ) : H.R. 1503 : Cosponsors Jump up ^ thomas.loc.govthomas.loc.gov . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( June 19 , 2009 ) . `` Coburn backing Birther bill '' . Politico.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bill Summary & Status : 111th Congress ( 2009 - 2010 ) : H.R. 1503 Jump up ^ Stein , Sam ( July 27 , 2009 ) . `` Resolution Proclaiming Hawaii Obama 's Birthplace Passes House Unanimously '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Final vote results for roll call 647 '' . Clerk of the House of Representatives . July 27 , 2009 . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beyerle , Dana ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` DANA BEYERLE : Have senators offered ' birther ' bill ? '' . Gadsden Times . Jump up ^ `` Ariz House : Check Obama 's Citizenship '' . April 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona birthers : No clue , but plenty of company '' . The Washington Post . April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona ' birther bill ' wo n't get Senate vote '' . The Arizona Republic . Phoenix , Arizona . Associated Press . April 29 , 2010 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Arizona State Legislature '' . Phoenix , Arizona : Arizona Legislature . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . The 49th Legislature , 2nd Regular Session Adjourned Sine Die on Thursday , April 29 , 2010 at 11 : 07 p.m. Jump up ^ `` Bill Status Overview -- SB1024 '' . Phoenix , Arizona : Arizona Legislature . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lawmakers , bury the ' birther bill ' '' . Editorial . Arizona Republic . April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Birthers Reemerge ; Will Ash Cloud Threat Continue ? '' . Anderson Cooper . CNN . April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Anderson Cooper Confronts Birther Legislator '' . Jason Linkins . Huffington Post . April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birther Bill ' back in Arizona ; Rep. Judy Burges pitches birth certificate legislation again '' . Michael Sheridan . Daily News . January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Condon , Stephanie ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` '' Birther '' bill passes in Arizona legislature `` . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Brewer Vetoes Birther Bill , Guns on Campus '' . myfoxphoenix.com . Phoenix : KSAZ - TV . April 18 , 2011 . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Political Insider : For Arpaio , all publicity is good '' . Arizona Republic . December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Powers , Ashley ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Arizona Senate panel joins Sheriff Arpaio on ' birther ' bandwagon '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` GOP introduces ' birther ' resolution at state legislature '' . KDVR. April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Birther '' bill killed in committee `` . The Colorado Independent . May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis , Stacy ( January 31 , 2011 ) . `` McLachlan sponsors birth certificate bill in Hartford '' . The News - Times . Danbury , Connecticut : Hearst Corporation . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Perrefort , Dirk ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Danbury lawmaker 's ' birther ' bill dead '' . The News - Times . Danbury , Connecticut : Hearst Corporation . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Galloway , Jim ( April 21 , 2010 ) . `` A measure to force Obama to address citizenship in 2012 '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hunt , April ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` 94 Georgia lawmakers back ' birther ' bill '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hunt , April ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` Birther bill sponsor tries , fails to get vote '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii considering law to ignore ' birthers ' '' . msnbc.com . Associated Press . March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Niesse , Mark ( March 17 , 2010 ) . `` Hawaii Mulls Law to Ignore Obama ' Birthers ' '' . ABC News . Associated Press . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Michael ( May 13 , 2010 ) . `` Aloha ' Birthers ' : Hawaii law lets state ignore repeated demands for Obama 's birth certificate '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii State Legislature 2010 Regular Session SB2937 SD1 HD1 CD1 '' . Jump up ^ `` New Hawaii law shuns Obama birth document requests '' . KHON - TV . Associated Press . May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Niesse , Mark ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` Hawaii lawmakers want release of Obama birth info '' . Honolulu Star - Advertiser . Associated Press . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Social issues return to agenda '' . Niki Kelly . Journal Gazette . January 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birther ' bill fails , will be studied again '' . Ty Jepson . The Exponent . March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hancock , Jason ( March 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Birther ' legislation introduced by Sorenson '' . Iowa Independent . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Tim ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` House panel passes bill derided as ' birther ' inspired '' . Topeka Capital - Journal . Jump up ^ Moller , Jan ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` Gov. Jindal will sign ' birther ' bill if it reaches his desk '' . Times - Picayune . Jump up ^ Moller , Jan ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Author of presidential birth - certificate bill gives up without a hearing '' . Times - Picayune . Jump up ^ Mistler , Steve ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Secretary of state backs bill requiring proof of citizenship to run for state office '' . Sun Journal . Jump up ^ McMillin , Zane ( April 27 , 2011 ) . `` Pres . hopefuls could face certificate requirements '' . State News . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( March 4 , 2009 ) . `` Missouri Republicans push birth certificate questions to oppose ' tyranny ' '' . Politico.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` House Joint Resolution No. 34 , 95th General Assembly '' . Missouri House of Representatives . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` House Joint Resolution No. 34 '' . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri Republicans Still Concerned With Obama 's Citizenship '' . Fired Up ! Missouri . January 21 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birther ' provision removed from election bill '' . Missouri News Horizon . May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , John ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` Missouri Lawmaker Says Show Me Your Papers '' . KMOX . Jump up ^ Crisp , Elizabeth ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Missouri House approves `` birther '' bill `` . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Jump up ^ Karr , Cole ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` '' Born in the USA '' Bill Takes Another Step Forward `` . KMOX . Jump up ^ Noble , Jason ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Orly Taitz questions Obama 's citizenship in Jeff City ; receives support from 5 state lawmakers '' . Prime Buzz blog . Kansas City Star . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2009 . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Messenger , Tony ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Missouri Republicans continue to question Obama citizenship '' . Political Fix blog . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Montana Lawmaker Introduces ' Birther ' Bill '' . Kellyn Brown . Flathead Beacon . January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` The Trouble with Birther Bills '' . Slate . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schulte , Grant ( March 11 , 2011 ) . `` Neb. legislative committee kills bill requiring birth certificates for presidential hopefuls '' . The Republic . Associated Press . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` N.H. birther bill defanged '' . Politico . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire narrowly rejects seeking birth records from candidates '' . Daily Caller . Associated Press . March 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spolar , Matthew ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` Committee votes down birther bill '' . Concord Monitor . Jump up ^ McNutt , Michael ( December 12 , 2008 ) . `` Law sought to prove candidate citizenship in Oklahoma '' . The Oklahoman . Oklahoma City . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma 's department of frivolous '' . The Norman Transcript . Norman , Oklahoma . February 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bill to require citizenship proof fails '' . The Edmond Sun . Associated Press . April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bar , Andy ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Birther debate alive across U.S. '' . Politico . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Latimer , John ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Local reps support birth certificate bill '' . Lebanon Daily News . Jump up ^ Emery , Theo ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` Four Tennessee legislators want Obama to prove citizenship '' . The Tennessean . Nashville . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woods , Jeff ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` Democrats Ridicule Lawmaker for Demanding Obama 's Birth Certificate '' . Nashville Scene . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Daly , Kyle ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Birther bills flood state houses across USA , somehow avoiding Colorado '' . The Colorado Independent . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Two misguided bills crash in Nashville '' . Knoxville News Sentinel. April 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tennessee Dems want eligibility check on presidential ballot '' . WRCB . Jump up ^ Enrique Rangel ; Terry Greenberg ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` State representatives file birth certificate bill filed for presidential candidates '' . Lubbock Avalanche Journal . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Texas Republican Files Birther Bill '' . Slate . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_eligibility_legislation&oldid=804300447 '' Categories : United States constitutional law Article Two of the United States Constitution United States nationality law Barack Obama presidential campaign , 2008 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 02 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-2368326867890885935 | List of Presidents of the United States by date and place of birth | List of presidents of the United States by date and place of birth - wikipedia List of presidents of the United States by date and place of birth This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 25 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of Presidents of the United States by date and place of birth . Forty - four persons have served as President of the United States since the office came into existence in 1789 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Birth dates and birth places of U.S. Presidents 2 Presidential birthplace historic sites 3 References 4 External links Birth dates and birth places of U.S. presidents ( edit ) Dates of birth sort by month and day = Colony , pre -- 1776 , rather than state . Birth Order President Date of birth Birthplace State of birth In office George Washington 02 - 22 February 22 , 1732 Westmoreland County virga ! Virginia 01 ! April 30 , 1789 -- March 4 , 1797 John Adams 10 - 30 October 30 , 1735 Braintree Massaa ! Massachusetts 02 ! March 4 , 1797 -- March 4 , 1801 Thomas Jefferson 04 - 13 April 13 , 1743 Shadwell Virginia 03 ! March 4 , 1801 -- March 4 , 1809 James Madison 03 - 16 March 16 , 1751 Port Conway Virginia 04 ! March 4 , 1809 -- March 4 , 1817 James Monroe 04 - 28 April 28 , 1758 Monroe Hall Virginia 05 ! March 4 , 1817 -- March 4 , 1825 6 Andrew Jackson 03 - 15 March 15 , 1767 Waxhaws Region Sou ! South / North Carolina 07 ! March 4 , 1829 -- March 4 , 1837 7 John Quincy Adams 07 - 11 July 11 , 1767 Braintree Massab ! Massachusetts 06 ! March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1829 8 William Henry Harrison 02 - 09 February 9 , 1773 Charles City County Virginia 09 ! March 4 , 1841 -- April 4 , 1841 9 Martin Van Buren 12 - 05 December 5 , 1782 Kinderhook New York 08 ! March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1841 10 Zachary Taylor 11 - 24 November 24 , 1784 Barboursville Virginia 12 ! March 4 , 1849 -- July 9 , 1850 11 John Tyler 03 - 29 March 29 , 1790 Charles City County Virginia 10 ! April 4 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1845 12 James Buchanan 04 - 23 April 23 , 1791 Cove Gap Pennsylvania 15 ! March 4 , 1857 -- March 4 , 1861 13 James K. Polk 11 - 02 November 2 , 1795 Pineville North Carolina 11 ! March 4 , 1845 -- March 4 , 1849 14 Millard Fillmore 01 - 07 January 7 , 1800 Summerhill New York 13 ! July 9 , 1850 -- March 4 , 1853 15 Franklin Pierce 11 - 23 November 23 , 1804 Hillsborough New Hampshire 14 ! March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1857 16 Andrew Johnson 12 - 29 December 29 , 1808 Raleigh North Carolina 16 ! April 15 , 1865 -- March 4 , 1869 17 Abraham Lincoln 02 - 12 February 12 , 1809 Sinking ! Sinking Spring Kentucky 17 ! March 4 , 1861 -- April 15 , 1865 18 Ulysses S. Grant 04 - 27 April 27 , 1822 Point Pleasant Ohio 18 ! March 4 , 1869 -- March 4 , 1877 19 Rutherford B. Hayes 10 - 04 October 4 , 1822 Delaware Ohio 19 ! March 4 , 1877 -- March 4 , 1881 20 Chester A. Arthur 10 - 05 October 5 , 1829 Fairfield Vermont 21 ! September 19 , 1881 -- March 4 , 1885 21 James A. Garfield 11 - 19 November 19 , 1831 Moreland Hills Ohio 20 ! March 4 , 1881 -- September 19 , 1881 22 Benjamin Harrison 08 - 20 August 20 , 1833 North Bend Ohio 23 ! March 4 , 1889 -- March 4 , 1893 23 Grover Cleveland 03 - 18 March 18 , 1837 Caldwell New Jersey 22 ! March 4 , 1885 -- March 4 , 1889 24 ! March 4 , 1893 -- March 4 , 1897 24 William McKinley 01 - 29 January 29 , 1843 Niles Ohio 25 ! March 4 , 1897 -- September 14 , 1901 25 Woodrow Wilson 12 - 28 December 28 , 1856 Staunton Virginia 28 ! March 4 , 1913 -- March 4 , 1921 26 William H. Taft 09 - 15 September 15 , 1857 Cincinnati Ohio 27 ! March 4 , 1909 -- March 4 , 1913 27 Theodore Roosevelt 10 - 27 October 27 , 1858 New York City New York 26 ! September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1909 28 Warren G. Harding 11 - 02 November 2 , 1865 Blooming Grove Ohio 29 ! March 4 , 1921 -- August 2 , 1923 29 Calvin Coolidge 07 - 04 July 4 , 1872 Plymouth Vermont 30 ! August 2 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1929 30 Herbert Hoover 08 - 10 August 10 , 1874 West Branch Iowa 31 ! March 4 , 1929 -- March 4 , 1933 31 Franklin D. Roosevelt 01 - 30 January 30 , 1882 Hyde Park New York 32 ! March 4 , 1933 -- April 12 , 1945 32 Harry S. Truman 05 - 08 May 8 , 1884 Lamar Missouri 33 ! April 12 , 1945 -- January 20 , 1953 33 Dwight D. Eisenhower 10 - 14 October 14 , 1890 Denison Texas 34 ! January 20 , 1953 -- January 20 , 1961 34 Lyndon B. Johnson 08 - 27 August 27 , 1908 Stonewall Texas 36 ! November 22 , 1963 -- January 20 , 1969 35 Ronald Reagan 02 - 06 February 6 , 1911 Tampico Illinois 40 ! January 20 , 1981 -- January 20 , 1989 36 Richard M. Nixon 01 - 09 January 9 , 1913 Yorba Linda California 37 ! January 20 , 1969 -- August 9 , 1974 37 Gerald R. Ford 07 - 14 July 14 , 1913 Omaha Nebraska 38 ! August 9 , 1974 -- January 20 , 1977 38 John F. Kennedy 05 - 29 May 29 , 1917 Brookline Massachusetts 35 ! January 20 , 1961 -- November 22 , 1963 39 George H.W. Bush 06 - 12 June 12 , 1924 Milton Massachusetts 41 ! January 20 , 1989 -- January 20 , 1993 40 Jimmy Carter 10 - 01 October 1 , 1924 Plains Georgia 39 ! January 20 , 1977 -- January 20 , 1981 41 Donald Trump 06 - 14 June 14 , 1946 New York City New York 45 ! January 20 , 2017 -- Incumbent 42 George W. Bush 07 - 06 July 6 , 1946 New Haven Connecticut 43 ! January 20 , 2001 -- January 20 , 2009 43 Bill Clinton 08 - 19 August 19 , 1946 Hope Arkansas 42 ! January 20 , 1993 -- January 20 , 2001 44 Barack Obama 08 - 04 August 4 , 1961 Honolulu Hawaii 44 ! January 20 , 2009 -- January 20 , 2017 Presidential Birthplace historic sites ( edit ) The birthplaces of many U.S. presidents have been preserved in some way or another , from the grand monuments , to replicas , or simple roadside markers . The first presidents not to be born `` at home '' were Donald Trump , George W. Bush , and Bill Clinton . Trump was born June 14 , 1946 , at Jamaica Hospital Medical Center in Queens , New York City . Bush was born July 6 , 1946 , at Grace - New Haven Hospital ( now Yale -- New Haven Hospital ) in New Haven , Connecticut . Clinton was born August 19 , 1946 at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope , Arkansas . The house in which he spent the first four years of his life is preserved as a National Historic Landmark . President Image Historic site George Washington 01 ! George Washington Birthplace National Monument , Colonial Beach , Virginia John Adams 02 ! John Adams Birthplace , Quincy , Massachusetts James Madison 03 ! Belle Grove Plantation , Port Conway , Virginia James Monroe 04 ! James Monroe Family Home Site , Colonial Beach , Virginia John Quincy Adams 05 ! John Quincy Adams Birthplace , Quincy , Massachusetts William Henry Harrison 06 ! Berkeley Plantation , Charles City County , Virginia James Buchanan 07 ! Buchanan 's Birthplace State Park , Cove Gap , Pennsylvania James K. Polk 08 ! President James K. Polk Historic Site , Pineville , North Carolina Franklin Pierce 08 ! Franklin Pierce Homestead , Hillsborough , New Hampshire Abraham Lincoln 09 ! Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park , Hodgenville , Kentucky Ulysses S. Grant 10 ! Grant Birthplace , Point Pleasant , Ohio Chester A. Arthur 11 ! Chester Alan Arthur State Historic Site , Fairfield , Vermont Grover Cleveland 12 ! Grover Cleveland Birthplace , Caldwell , New Jersey William McKinley 13 ! McKinley Birthplace Home and Research Center , Niles , Ohio Woodrow Wilson 14 ! Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library , Staunton , Virginia William Howard Taft 15 ! William Howard Taft National Historic Site , Cincinnati , Ohio Theodore Roosevelt 16 ! Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site , New York City , New York Calvin Coolidge 17 ! Calvin Coolidge Homestead District , Plymouth , Vermont Herbert Hoover 18 ! Herbert Hoover National Historic Site , West Branch , Iowa Franklin D. Roosevelt 19 ! Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site , Hyde Park , New York Harry S. Truman 20 ! Harry S Truman Birthplace State Historic Site , Lamar , Missouri Dwight D. Eisenhower 21 ! Eisenhower Birthplace State Historic Site , Denison , Texas Lyndon B. Johnson 22 ! Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park , Stonewall , Texas Ronald Reagan 23 ! Birthplace of Ronald Reagan , Tampico , Illinois Richard Nixon 24 ! Birthplace of Richard Nixon , Yorba Linda , California Gerald R. Ford 25 ! Gerald R. Ford Birthsite and Gardens , Omaha , Nebraska John F. Kennedy 26 ! John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site , Brookline , Massachusetts Bill Clinton 27 ! President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site , Hope , Arkansas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ahles , Dick ( December 24 , 2000 ) . `` Bush 's Birthplace ? It 's Deep in the Heart of ... New Haven '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) PresidentialMuseums.com - Presidential museums , libraries , birthplaces , centers , and other notable places of historic importance . ( hide ) Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Birth Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Pension and benefits Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Previous occupation Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Height Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession US Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_date_and_place_of_birth&oldid=806938400 '' Categories : Lists relating to the United States presidency Lists of presidents Historic sites in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Română 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 01 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the first president born in the 19th century | [
"\n\n\nDates of birth sort by month and day = Colony, pre–1776, rather than state.\n\n\nBirth\nOrder\nPresident\nDate of birth\nBirthplace\nState of birth\nIn office\n\n\n\n1\nGeorge Washington\n02-22February 22, 1732\nWestmoreland County\nvirga !Virginia\n01 !April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797\n\n\n2\nJohn Adams\n10-30 October 30, 1735\nBraintree\nMassaa !Massachusetts\n02 !March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801\n\n\n3\nThomas Jefferson\n04-13 April 13, 1743\nShadwell\nVirginia\n03 !March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809\n\n\n4\nJames Madison\n03-16 March 16, 1751\nPort Conway\nVirginia\n04 !March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817\n\n\n5\nJames Monroe\n04-28 April 28, 1758\nMonroe Hall\nVirginia\n05 !March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825\n\n\n6\nAndrew Jackson\n03-15 March 15, 1767\nWaxhaws Region\nSou !South/North Carolina\n07 !March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837\n\n\n7\nJohn Quincy Adams\n07-11 July 11, 1767\nBraintree\nMassab !Massachusetts\n06 !March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829\n\n\n8\nWilliam Henry Harrison\n02-09 February 9, 1773\nCharles City County\nVirginia\n09 !March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841\n\n\n9\nMartin Van Buren\n12-05 December 5, 1782\nKinderhook\nNew York\n08 !March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841\n\n\n10\nZachary Taylor\n11-24 November 24, 1784\nBarboursville\nVirginia\n12 !March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850\n\n\n11\nJohn Tyler\n03-29 March 29, 1790\nCharles City County\nVirginia\n10 !April 4, 1841 – March 4, 1845\n\n\n12\nJames Buchanan\n04-23 April 23, 1791\nCove Gap\nPennsylvania\n15 !March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861\n\n\n13\nJames K. Polk\n11-02 November 2, 1795\nPineville\nNorth Carolina\n11 !March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849\n\n\n14\nMillard Fillmore\n01-07 January 7, 1800\nSummerhill\nNew York\n13 !July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853\n\n\n15\nFranklin Pierce\n11-23 November 23, 1804\nHillsborough\nNew Hampshire\n14 !March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857\n\n\n16\nAndrew Johnson\n12-29 December 29, 1808\nRaleigh\nNorth Carolina\n16 !April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869\n\n\n17\nAbraham Lincoln\n02-12 February 12, 1809\nSinking !Sinking Spring\nKentucky\n17 !March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865\n\n\n18\nUlysses S. Grant\n04-27 April 27, 1822\nPoint Pleasant\nOhio\n18 !March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877\n\n\n19\nRutherford B. Hayes\n10-04 October 4, 1822\nDelaware\nOhio\n19 !March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881\n\n\n20\nChester A. Arthur\n10-05 October 5, 1829\nFairfield\nVermont\n21 !September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885\n\n\n21\nJames A. Garfield\n11-19 November 19, 1831\nMoreland Hills\nOhio\n20 !March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881\n\n\n22\nBenjamin Harrison\n08-20 August 20, 1833\nNorth Bend\nOhio\n23 !March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893\n\n\n23\nGrover Cleveland\n03-18 March 18, 1837\nCaldwell\nNew Jersey\n22 !March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889\n\n\n24 !March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897\n\n\n24\nWilliam McKinley\n01-29 January 29, 1843\nNiles\nOhio\n25 !March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901\n\n\n25\nWoodrow Wilson\n12-28 December 28, 1856\nStaunton\nVirginia\n28 !March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921\n\n\n26\nWilliam H. Taft\n09-15 September 15, 1857\nCincinnati\nOhio\n27 !March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913\n\n\n27\nTheodore Roosevelt\n10-27 October 27, 1858\nNew York City\nNew York\n26 !September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909\n\n\n28\nWarren G. Harding\n11-02 November 2, 1865\nBlooming Grove\nOhio\n29 !March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923\n\n\n29\nCalvin Coolidge\n07-04 July 4, 1872\nPlymouth\nVermont\n30 !August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929\n\n\n30\nHerbert Hoover\n08-10 August 10, 1874\nWest Branch\nIowa\n31 !March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933\n\n\n31\nFranklin D. Roosevelt\n01-30 January 30, 1882\nHyde Park\nNew York\n32 !March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945\n\n\n32\nHarry S. Truman\n05-08 May 8, 1884\nLamar\nMissouri\n33 !April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953\n\n\n33\nDwight D. Eisenhower\n10-14 October 14, 1890\nDenison\nTexas\n34 !January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961\n\n\n34\nLyndon B. Johnson\n08-27 August 27, 1908\nStonewall\nTexas\n36 !November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969\n\n\n35\nRonald Reagan\n02-06 February 6, 1911\nTampico\nIllinois\n40 !January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989\n\n\n36\nRichard M. Nixon\n01-09 January 9, 1913\nYorba Linda\nCalifornia\n37 !January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974\n\n\n37\nGerald R. Ford\n07-14 July 14, 1913\nOmaha\nNebraska\n38 !August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977\n\n\n38\nJohn F. Kennedy\n05-29 May 29, 1917\nBrookline\nMassachusetts\n35 !January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963\n\n\n39\nGeorge H. W. Bush\n06-12 June 12, 1924\nMilton\nMassachusetts\n41 !January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993\n\n\n40\nJimmy Carter\n10-01 October 1, 1924\nPlains\nGeorgia\n39 !January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981\n\n\n41\nDonald Trump\n06-14 June 14, 1946\nNew York City\nNew York\n45 !January 20, 2017 – Incumbent\n\n\n42\nGeorge W. Bush\n07-06 July 6, 1946\nNew Haven\nConnecticut\n43 !January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009\n\n\n43\nBill Clinton\n08-19 August 19, 1946\nHope\nArkansas\n42 !January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001\n\n\n44\nBarack Obama\n08-04 August 4, 1961\nHonolulu\nHawaii\n44 !January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017\n\n"
] | [
"Franklin Pierce"
] |
-4690556652617233400 | John Wick (film series) | John Wick ( film series ) - wikipedia John Wick ( film series ) Jump to : navigation , search John Wick Theatrical poster for John Wick ( 2014 ) Created by Derek Kolstad Original work John Wick ( 2014 ) Owner Summit Entertainment Films and television Film ( s ) John Wick ( 2014 ) John Wick : Chapter 2 ( 2017 ) John Wick : Chapter 3 ( 2019 ) Ballerina ( TBA ) Television series The Continental ( TBA ) Games Video game ( s ) John Wick Chronicles Audio Soundtrack ( s ) John Wick : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack John Wick is a series of action films written by Derek Kolstad and directed by Chad Stahelski . The first film also had David Leitch as an uncredited director . Keanu Reeves stars as the eponymous antihero , a retired but deadly hitman seeking vengeance . The series began in 2014 with the release of John Wick . It was followed by the sequel John Wick : Chapter 2 , which was released in 2017 . The two films were successful both critically and commercially . The first film grossed $88.8 million worldwide and holds an 86 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , while the second has a rating of 89 % and has grossed $171.2 million worldwide . A third film , titled John Wick : Chapter 3 is in development and is set to be released on May 17 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Films 2.1 John Wick ( 2014 ) 2.2 John Wick : Chapter 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Future 3.1 John Wick : Chapter 3 ( 2019 ) 3.2 Ballerina ( TBA ) 4 Television 4.1 The Continental ( TBA ) 5 Influences 6 Cast and characters 7 Crew 8 Reception 8.1 Box office 8.2 Critical reception 9 John Wick Chronicles ( video game ) 10 References Overview ( edit ) The premise for John Wick was conceived by screenwriter Derek Kolstad who began work on a treatment about a retired contract killer coming out to seek vengeance , entitled Scorn . After one month of work , he had completed the first draft of the screenplay and once he had addressed several issues he pitched the script to various clients , garnering at least three offers . When he first started thinking about writing the script , Kolstad was influenced by film - noir classics and the themes of revenge and the antihero and the occurrences of what may play out if `` The worst man in existence found salvation ( ... ) When the source of his salvation is ripped from him ( ... ) Do the gates of Hades open ? '' For Kolstad , both Alistair MacLean and Stephen King were influences in the creating of the story of John Wick in terms of characterisation and world - building , stating , `` ( ... ) MacLean could build a world , and King could surprise you by what the main character truly was capable of . '' On December 3 , 2012 , it was announced that Thunder Road Pictures had bought the script with discretionary funds , with Kolstad agreeing due to Thunder Road 's plan to make the film straight away . When Basil Iwanyk head of Thunder Road Pictures had first read Kolstad 's original screenplay , he was immediately drawn to the main character of Wick , stating , `` The tone of the script was subversive and really fun . '' He also admired the emotional weight and action theme of the piece . After Thunder Road had optioned the script , Kolstad spent additional months refurbishing the script with them . In the original script , the character of John Wick was written with `` a man in his mid-sixties '' to play the role , given the title character 's fabled reputation as a revered and respected assassin . However , Iwanyk was of the belief that this was irrelevant and bent the original vision ever so slightly , stating , `` Instead , we decided to look for someone who is not literally older , but who has a seasoned history in the film world . '' On May 7 , 2013 , it was announced that Keanu Reeves began negotiations to star in the piece in April , and was later confirmed as the film 's male lead , after Iwanyk and Peter Lawson of Thunder Road showed him the script , which he thought to be full of potential and further stated , `` I love the role , but you want the whole story , the whole ensemble to come to life . '' Reeves and Kolstad had worked closely together on further developing the screenplay and the story , with the screenwriter stating , `` We spent as much time developing the other characters as we did his . ( Keanu ) recognizes that the strength of the storyline lies in even the smallest details . '' The title of the film was later changed from Scorn to John Wick , as according to Kolstad , `` Keanu liked the name so much , that Reeves kept telling everyone that he was making a film called ' John Wick ' '' , and the producers agreed , changing the title . During story discussions for John Wick , Reeves contacted Chad Stahelski and David Leitch , who he originally met on the set of The Matrix , to see if they were interested in choreographing or directing the action of the piece . Reeves admired Stahelski and Leitch 's work performing , choreographing and coordinating , stating that , `` When I got the script ... I immediately thought of Chad and Dave for the action design , but I was secretly hoping they 'd want to direct it . '' he then added , `` I knew that they would love the genre and I knew that they would love John Wick . And I thought the worlds that get created -- the real world and then this underworld -- would be attractive to them , and it was . '' After reading Kolstad 's script , Stahelski and Leitch , told Reeves they wanted to tell the story of John Wick , as they both had a desire to get involved with a project as directors . Impressed with Reeves ' enthusiasm and the quality of the script , Stahelski and Leitch , told him that they wished to direct the film and later presented him with their version of the story which was based on `` ( ... ) the idea of ( Wick ) as an urban legend , a thriller assassin movie with a realistic vibe and an otherworldly setting . '' Impressed with their concept , Reeves supported the pair , and Stahelski and Leitch pitched the idea to the studio , who hired them to direct , contrary to their initial request of directing the film 's second unit . On May 7 , 2013 , it was announced that Stahelski and Leitch were to direct the film together as a team , though it was later ruled by the Directors Guild of America that only Stahelski would be given the director credit . Leitch was credited as a producer . Principal photography for the first film was confirmed to have begun in New York City with an original shooting schedule meant to have occurred from September 25 to December 5 . with the filming process scheduled to continue in and around New York City and greater New York area . In February 2015 , directors Chad Stahelski and David Leitch stated that a John Wick sequel had begun development , which was later titled John Wick : Chapter 2 . The same month Jon Feltheimer , CEO of Lionsgate , stated during a conference call that `` We see John Wick as a multiple - title action franchise '' . Additionally , it was reported that Kolstad would return to write the screenplay . In May 2015 , it was confirmed that a sequel was greenlit , and Lionsgate would be selling the film at the Cannes Film Festival . Principal photography on the film began on October 26 , 2015 , in New York City . It would later move to Rome and later resumed in Montreal , Canada on October 27 , 2016 . Films ( edit ) John Wick ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : John Wick John Wick : Chapter 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : John Wick : Chapter 2 Future ( edit ) John Wick : Chapter 3 ( 2019 ) ( edit ) In October 2016 , Stahelski stated that a third film is in development . In June 2017 , it was reported that Kolstad will return to pen the screenplay for the third film In September 2017 , Lionsgate announced a release date of May 17 , 2019 . In January 2018 , it was reported that Chad Stahelski was returning to direct the film and that Common , Laurence Fishburne , and Ruby Rose were set to reprise their roles from the second film . Additionally , it was announced that Hiroyuki Sanada had been cast as the film 's antagonist . The film is expected to begin production in New York on March 1 , 2018 . Ballerina ( tba ) ( edit ) In July 2017 , Lionsgate purchased a script tentatively titled Ballerina in the hopes of retooling and incorporating it into the John Wick film series as a spin - off , with the intention of expanding the franchise . The story reportedly involves a child assassin , in the fictional world created for the John Wick films . Television ( edit ) The Continental ( tba ) ( edit ) Main article : The Continental ( TV series ) In June 2017 , it was announced Chad Stahelski and writer Derek Kolstad were both creating a television series for Lionsgate based on the characters and setting of the John Wick films , tentatively titled `` The Continental . '' The series would tentatively focus on the hotel featured in the films , and the assassins who visit the safe haven . Later that year it was reported that Reeves would reprise his role as John Wick for the series . In January 2018 , the series was confirmed to air on Starz network . Chris Collins will serve as writer and showrunner for the series , while David Leitch , Keanu Reeves and Chad Stahelski will produce the series , while the latter will also direct the pilot episode . Influences ( edit ) Director Chad Stahelski said some influences for John Wick included : The Good , the Bad and the Ugly ( 1966 ) , Point Blank ( 1967 ) , Le Cercle Rouge ( 1970 ) , and The Killer ( 1989 ) . Stahelski said about The Good , the Bad and the Ugly , `` Look at Clint Eastwood in ( the film ) -- there is so much back - story unsaid there . We 're big fans of leaving it to your imagination . We just give you some gold coins , and then it 's , ' Where do the gold coins come from ? ' We 'll get to that . Have your imagination do some work there . '' He also said Point Blank ( 1967 ) influenced John Wick : `` One of the biggest inspirations for the film was Point Blank . We watched it on a loop in our office and there are a couple homages to that ( in John Wick ) . '' Park Chan - wook 's The Vengeance Trilogy ( 2002 -- 2005 ) and Lee Jeong - beom 's The Man from Nowhere ( 2010 ) influenced the film due to `` ( their ) minimalist composition and graphic nature . '' For screenwriter Derek Kolstad , both Alistair MacLean and Stephen King were huge influences in the creation of the story of John Wick in terms of characterisation and world - building , stating , with himself stating , `` MacLean could build a world , and King could surprise you by what the main character truly was capable of . '' Outside of films , Stahelski and Leitch drew inspiration from the visual stylings of the ' 60s and ' 70s as well as cinematic influences , including Sergio Leone , Akira Kurosawa , Steve McQueen , Lee Marvin , William Friedkin and Sam Peckinpah . With Stahelski himself stating , `` All the way back to Kurosawa up to Sergio Leone . We like the spaghetti western sensibility there , some of the composition . '' Albeit inspiration and emulation from the noir film genre , Stahelski too added that , `` Noir maybe was sort of less impactful for us than the other sort of westerns and Kurosawa and things like that . I think we wanted to make this hard - boiled character . '' Cast and characters ( edit ) The following is a list of cast members who portrayed characters appearing in John Wick film series . Character Film Television series John Wick John Wick : Chapter 2 John Wick : Chapter 3 The Continental John Wick Keanu Reeves Winston Ian McShane Ian McShane Helen Wick Bridget Moynahan Aurelio John Leguizamo Charon Lance Reddick Jimmy Thomas Sadoski Marcus Willem Dafoe Viggo Tarasov Michael Nyqvist Iosef Tarasov Alfie Allen Ms. Perkins Adrianne Palicki Cassian Common Ares Ruby Rose The Bowery King Laurence Fishburne Santino D'Antonio Riccardo Scamarcio Abram Tarasov Peter Stormare Julius Franco Nero TBA Hiroyuki Sanada Crew ( edit ) The following is a list of crew members who have participated in the making of John Wick film series . ( hide ) Film Director ( s ) Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Director ( s ) of photography Editor ( s ) Composer ( s ) John Wick Chad Stahelski David Leitch ( uncredited ) Derek Kolstad Basil Iwanyk David Leitch Chad Stahelski ( uncredited ) Eva Longoria Michael Witherill Jonathan Sela Elísabet Ronalds Tyler Bates Joel J. Richard John Wick : Chapter 2 Chad Stahelski Basil Iwanyk Erica Lee Dan Laustsen Evan Schiff Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide John Wick October 24 , 2014 $43,037,835 $45,723,826 $88,761,661 $20,000,000 John Wick : Chapter 2 February 10 , 2017 $92,029,184 $79,189,198 $171,218,382 $40,000,000 Total $135,067,019 $124,913,024 $259,980,043 $60,000,000 Critical reception ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the first film has an approval rating of 86 % based on 194 reviews , with an average rating of 6.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Stylish , thrilling , and giddily kinetic , John Wick serves as a satisfying return to action for Keanu Reeves -- and what looks like it could be the first of a franchise . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 68 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a `` B '' grade , on an A+ to F scale . On Rotten Tomatoes , John Wick : Chapter 2 has an approval rating of 90 % based on 211 reviews , and an average rating of 7.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` John Wick : Chapter 2 does what a sequel should -- which in this case means doubling down on the non-stop , thrillingly choreographed action that made its predecessor so much fun . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 75 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . John Wick Chronicles. ( video game ) ( edit ) On August 7 , 2015 , Lionsgate and Starbreeze Studios announced a partnership to develop a first - person shooter virtual reality game based on the film for the HTC Vive / Steam VR . Development will be headed by Grab Games , with Starbreeze set to publish . WEVR will develop an introductory experience for the game . The game was released on February 9 , 2017 with the name John Wick Chronicles. and has a standalone narrative based on the Continental Hotel . Additionally , John Wick content -- a free Character Pack and a chargeable Weapons Pack -- was released for the Payday 2 games on October 20 , 2016 as a cross-promotion . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` John Wick ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Wick ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Wick : Chapter 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Wick : Chapter 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Kolstad Interview '' . The Action Elite . July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` JOHN WICK , HIT MAN '' . whoa is ( not ) me . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reeves returns in wicked action flick '' . AsiaOne Entertainment . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE HIT LIST 2012 ( FULL LIST ) '' . Tracking Board . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` KEANU REEVES PLAYS HITMAN IN `` JOHN WICK '' -- Surprises with Unexpected Use Of Artillery In Action Scenes `` . MovieNews.Me . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Keanu Reeves plays hitman in ' John Wick ' -- Surprises with unexpected use of artillery in action scenes '' . Inquirer EX Movies . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` on his dedication to his craft '' . whoa is ( not ) me . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Keanu Reeves film ' John Wick ' gets positive reviews '' . PhilSTAR . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Chad Stahelski & David Leitch '' . Dorkshelf . October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Veteran stuntmen become directors with ' John Wick ' '' . Yahoo . October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Keanu Reeves to star in John Wick '' . Screen International . May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Keanu Reeves To Play `` John Wick '' `` . Dark Horizons . May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' JOHN WICK ' '' . Outtakes Atlanta . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Wick Has a New Start Date '' . Mr - Reeves . September 25 , 2013 . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John Wick to be shot in New York in October '' . USA Production News . September 25 , 2013 . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Moynahan Opposite Keanu Reeves in John Wick '' . Overallsite . October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RUSH CALL : ' John Wick ' Starring Keanu Reeves Casting Call for Featured Extra Role in New York City '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 1 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Guerrasio , Jason ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' John Wick ' Directors Are Already Working on a Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . Movies.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Wick Sequel Already In The Works '' . Final Reel . February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Planning ' John Wick ' Sequel '' . Variety . February 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 10 / 30 / 15 : Keanu Reeves Starts on John Wick Sequel , Seth Rogen and Zac Efron Wrap Up Neighbors 2 '' . SSN Insider . October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Page , Aubrey ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' John Wick 3 ' Already in the Works , Reveals Director Chad Stahelski ; ' Chapter 2 ' Details Teased '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' John Wick 3 ' Brings Back Writer Derek Kolsta ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) . `` ' John Wick : Chapter Three ' Targets Early Summer 2019 Date '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : ' John Wick 3 ' Details : Director , New Characters , Start Date and More - That Hashtag Show '' . That Hashtag Show . January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain . `` The John Wick Cinematic Universe Is Beginning to Expand '' . io9 . io9 . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain . `` The Robust Assassin Mythology of John Wick Could Get Its Own TV Show '' . io9 . io9 . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' John Wick ' TV Show : Keanu Reeves Expected to Guest Star , a New Title , and More Plans for the Prequel '' . Jump up ^ `` ' John Wick ' TV Series Title , Plot Details , and Keanu Reeves Cameo Teased by Chad Stahelski '' . June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://screenrant.com/john-wick-tv-show-continental-starz/ ^ Jump up to : `` ' John Wick ' Directors Talk World - Building & Not Killing a Dog in the Sequel '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Keanu Reeves Came Up With a Badass Hashtag for `` John Wick '' `` . Complex . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chad Stahelski & David Leitch , longtime stunt coordinators & performers , founders of 87Eleven Action Design , and the filmmakers responsible for the new Keanu Reeves action - thriller ' JOHN WICK ' ... Ask us anything ! '' . Reddit . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An interview with Derek Kolstad , screenwriter of John Wick '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' John Wick ' Directors Talk World - Building & Not Killing a Dog in the Sequel '' . PixMovies . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Wick ( 2014 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Wick : Chapter Two ( 2017 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Wick ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Wick Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore -- John Wick '' . CinemaScore . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ouija ' Says Yes To No. 1 , ' John Wick ' No. 2 With A Bullet , ' St. Vincent , ' Superb Exit Polls -- B.O. Weekend '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Wick : Chapter 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Wick : Chapter 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Wick : Chapter 2 '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Wick Chronicles '' . Jump up ^ McCown , Alex ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` John Wick is being turned into a VR game , hopefully sans puppy death '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sofka , Samantha ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` There 's a John Wick VR Game on the Way '' . nerdist.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Payday 2 : John Wick Weapon Pack '' . Jump up ^ `` Payday 2 : John Wick Character Pack '' . John Wick Films John Wick John Wick : Chapter 2 Television series The Continental Music John Wick : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Wick_(film_series)&oldid=827813766 '' Categories : Media franchises introduced in 2014 Film series Action films by series Thriller films by series Action thriller films Films adapted into video games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 21 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the title character in the john wick franchise | [
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-8318057132068065181 | Charlotte, North Carolina | Charlotte , North Carolina - wikipedia Charlotte , North Carolina This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 28 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Charlotte '' redirects here . For other uses , see Charlotte ( disambiguation ) . Largest city in North Carolina City in North Carolina , United States Charlotte , North Carolina City City of Charlotte Clockwise : UNC Charlotte , Harvey B. Gantt Center for African - American Arts + Culture , Duke Energy Center , Charlotte 's skyline , First Presbyterian Church of Charlotte , Charlotte Main Library and NASCAR Hall of Fame building Flag Nickname ( s ) : The Queen City , The QC , The Hornet 's Nest Charlotte 's location in Mecklenburg County in the state of North Carolina Charlotte , North Carolina Location in the United States of America Coordinates : 35 ° 13 ′ 37 '' N 80 ° 50 ′ 36 '' W / 35.22694 ° N 80.84333 ° W / 35.22694 ; - 80.84333 Coordinates : 35 ° 13 ′ 37 '' N 80 ° 50 ′ 36 '' W / 35.22694 ° N 80.84333 ° W / 35.22694 ; - 80.84333 Country United States State North Carolina County Mecklenburg Settled 1755 Incorporated 1768 ( as a town , later a city ) Named for Charlotte of Mecklenburg - Strelitz Government Type Council - manager Body City Council of Charlotte , North Carolina Mayor Vi Lyles ( D ) Area City 297.7 sq mi ( 771 km ) Elevation 751 ft ( 229 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 731,424 Estimate ( 2017 ) 859,035 ( US : 17th ) Density 2,500 / sq mi ( 950 / km ) Urban 1,249,442 ( 38th ) Metro 2,474,314 ( 22nd ) Demonym ( s ) Charlottean Time zone EST ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP code 28201 - 28237 , 28240 - 28247 , 28250 , 28253 - 28256 , 28258 , 28260 - 28262 , 28265 - 28266 , 28269 - 28275 , 28277 - 28278 , 28280 - 28290 , 28296 - 28297 , 28299 Area code ( s ) 704 , 980 FIPS code 37 - 12000 GNIS feature ID 1019610 Website charlottenc.gov Charlotte / ˈʃɑːrlət / is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Located in the Piedmont , it is the county seat of Mecklenburg County . In 2017 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the population was 859,035 , making it the 17th-most populous city in the United States . The Charlotte metropolitan area ranks 22nd - largest in the U.S. , and had a 2016 population of 2,474,314 . The Charlotte metropolitan area is part of a sixteen - county market region or combined statistical area with a 2016 U.S. Census population estimate of 2,632,249 . Between 2004 and 2014 , Charlotte was ranked as the country 's fastest growing metro area , with 888,000 new residents . Based on U.S. Census data from 2005 to 2015 , it tops the 50 largest U.S. cities as the millennial hub . It is the second - largest city in the southeastern United States , just behind Jacksonville , Florida . It is the third - fastest growing major city in the United States . It is listed as a `` gamma - minus '' global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Residents are referred to as `` Charlotteans '' . Charlotte is home to the corporate headquarters of Bank of America and the east coast operations of Wells Fargo , which along with other financial institutions made it the second - largest banking center in the United States from 1995 to 2017 and the third - largest from 2017 to present . Among Charlotte 's many notable attractions , some of the most popular include the Carolina Panthers of the NFL , the Charlotte Hornets of the NBA , the Charlotte Checkers of the AHL , the Charlotte Independence of the USL , the Charlotte Hounds of Major League Lacrosse , two NASCAR Cup Series races and the NASCAR All - Star Race , the Wells Fargo Championship , the NASCAR Hall of Fame , the Charlotte Ballet , Carowinds amusement park , and the U.S. National Whitewater Center . Charlotte Douglas International Airport is a major international hub , and was ranked the 23rd - busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic in 2013 . Charlotte has a humid subtropical climate . It is located several miles east of the Catawba River and southeast of Lake Norman , the largest man - made lake in North Carolina . Lake Wylie and Mountain Island Lake are two smaller man - made lakes located near the city . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 After the American Revolution 1.2 World War I to present 2 Geography 2.1 Cityscape 2.2 Green space 2.3 Climate and environment 3 Demographics 3.1 Religion 4 Economy 4.1 Top employers 5 Culture 5.1 Museums 5.2 Performing arts 5.3 Festivals and special events 5.4 Zoos and aquariums 6 Sports 7 Law , government and politics 7.1 City services 7.1. 1 Emergency medical services 7.1. 2 Hospitals 7.1. 3 Fire department 7.1. 4 Law enforcement and crime 8 Education 8.1 School system 8.2 Colleges and universities 8.3 Libraries 9 Media 9.1 Newspaper 9.2 Radio 9.3 Television 10 Infrastructure 10.1 Waste treatment 10.2 Transportation 10.2. 1 Mass transit 10.2. 2 Walkability 10.2. 3 Roads and highways 10.2. 4 Air 10.2. 5 Intercity transportation 11 Notable people 12 Sister cities 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links History ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Charlotte , North Carolina Following thousands of years of indigenous cultures , the Catawba Native Americans were the first known historic tribe to settle Mecklenburg County ( in the Charlotte area ) and were first recorded around 1567 in Spanish records . By 1759 half the Catawba tribe had died from smallpox , which was endemic among Europeans , because they had no acquired immunity to the new disease . At the time of their largest population , Catawba people numbered 10,000 , but by 1826 their total population had dropped to 110 . The European - American city of Charlotte was developed first by a wave of migration of Scots - Irish Presbyterians , or Ulster - Scot settlers from Northern Ireland , who dominated the culture of the Southern Piedmont Region . They made up the principal founding European population in the backcountry . German immigrants also settled here before the American Revolutionary War , but in much smaller numbers . They still contributed greatly to the early foundations of the region . The Flag of Charlotte is the Saint Andrews Flag of Scotland , or Saltire with a City Crest . Mecklenburg County was initially part of Bath County ( 1696 to 1729 ) of New Hanover Precinct , which became New Hanover County in 1729 . The western portion of New Hanover split into Bladen County in 1734 , its western portion splitting into Anson County in 1750 . Mecklenburg County formed from Anson County in 1762 . Further apportionment was made in 1792 , after the American Revolutionary War , with Cabarrus County formed from Mecklenburg . In 1842 , Union County formed from Mecklenburg 's southeastern portion and a western portion of Anson County . These areas were all part of one of the original six judicial / military districts of North Carolina known as the Salisbury District . The area that is now Charlotte was settled by people of European descent around 1755 , when Thomas Spratt and his family settled near what is now the Elizabeth neighborhood . Thomas Polk ( granduncle of U.S. President James K. Polk ) , who later married Thomas Spratt 's daughter , built his house by the intersection of two Native American trading paths between the Yadkin and Catawba rivers . One path ran north -- south and was part of the Great Wagon Road ; the second path ran east -- west along what is now Trade Street . Nicknamed the Queen City , like its county a few years earlier , Charlotte was named in honor of German princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg - Strelitz , who had become the Queen Consort of Great Britain and Ireland in 1761 , seven years before the town 's incorporation . A second nickname derives from the American Revolutionary War , when British commander General Charles Cornwallis , 1st Marquess Cornwallis occupied the city but was driven out by hostile residents . He wrote that Charlotte was `` a hornet 's nest of rebellion '' , leading to the nickname The Hornet 's Nest . Within decades of Polk 's settling , the area grew to become `` Charlotte Town '' , incorporating in 1768 . The crossroads in the Piedmont became the heart of Uptown Charlotte . In 1770 , surveyors marked the streets in a grid pattern for future development . The east -- west trading path became Trade Street , and the Great Wagon Road became Tryon Street , in honor of William Tryon , a royal governor of colonial North Carolina . The intersection of Trade and Tryon -- commonly known today as `` Trade & Tryon , '' or simply `` The Square '' -- is more properly called `` Independence Square '' . While surveying the boundary between the Carolinas in 1772 , William Moultrie stopped in Charlotte Town , whose five or six houses were `` very ordinary built of logs '' . Local leaders came together in 1775 and signed the Mecklenburg Resolves , more popularly known as the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence . While not a true declaration of independence from British rule , it is among the first such declarations that eventually led to the American Revolution . May 20 , the traditional date of the signing of the declaration , is celebrated annually in Charlotte as `` MecDec '' , with musket and cannon fire by reenactors in Independence Square . North Carolina 's state flag and state seal also bear the date . After the American Revolution ( edit ) Charlotte is traditionally considered the home of Southern Presbyterianism , but in the 19th century , numerous churches , including Presbyterian , Baptist , Methodist , Episcopalian , Lutheran , and Roman Catholic formed , eventually giving Charlotte the nickname , `` The City of Churches '' . In 1799 , in nearby Cabarrus County , 12 - year - old Conrad Reed found a 17 - pound rock , which his family used as a doorstop . Three years later , a jeweler determined it was nearly solid gold , paying the family a paltry $3.50 . The first documented gold find in the United States of any consequence set off the nation 's first gold rush . Many veins of gold were found in the area throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries , leading to the 1837 founding of the Charlotte Mint . North Carolina was the chief producer of gold in the United States until the Sierra Nevada find in 1848 , although the volume mined in the Charlotte area was dwarfed by subsequent rushes . View of the Old Court House , Charlotte , 1888 . Some groups still pan for gold occasionally in local streams and creeks . The Reed Gold Mine operated until 1912 . The Charlotte Mint was active until 1861 , when Confederate forces seized it at the outbreak of the Civil War . The mint was not reopened at the war 's end , but the building , albeit in a different location , now houses the Mint Museum of Art . The city 's first boom came after the Civil War , as a cotton processing center and a railroad hub . Charlotte 's city population at the 1880 Census grew to 7,084 . In 1910 , Charlotte passed Wilmington to become North Carolina 's largest city . World War I to present ( edit ) Population grew again during World War I , when the U.S. government established Camp Greene north of present - day Wilkinson Boulevard . Many soldiers and suppliers stayed after the war , launching an urban ascent that eventually overtook older city rivals along the Piedmont Crescent . In the 1920 census , Charlotte lost its title as the state 's largest city to Winston - Salem , which with a population of 48,395 had 2,077 more people than Charlotte . However , Charlotte regained its status several years later . The city 's modern - day banking industry achieved prominence in the 1970s and 1980s , largely under the leadership of financier Hugh McColl . McColl transformed North Carolina National Bank ( NCNB ) into a formidable national player that through aggressive acquisitions became known as NationsBank , eventually merging with BankAmerica to become Bank of America . First Union , later Wachovia in 2001 , experienced similar growth before it was acquired by San Francisco - based Wells Fargo in 2008 . Measured by control of assets , Charlotte is the second largest banking headquarters in the United States , after New York City . On September 22 , 1989 , the city took a direct hit from Hurricane Hugo . With sustained winds of 69 mph ( 111 km / h ) and gusts of 87 mph ( 140 km / h ) in some locations , Hugo caused massive property damage , destroyed 80,000 trees , and knocked out electrical power to most of the population . Residents were without power for weeks , schools were closed for a week or more , and the cleanup took months . The city was caught unprepared ; Charlotte is 200 miles ( 320 km ) inland , and residents from coastal areas in both Carolinas often wait out hurricanes in Charlotte . In December 2002 , Charlotte and much of central North Carolina were hit by an ice storm that resulted in more than 1.3 million people losing power . During an abnormally cold December , many were without power for weeks . Many of the city 's Bradford pear trees split apart under the weight of the ice . In August 2015 and in September 2016 , the city experienced several days of protests related to the police shootings of Jonathan Ferrell and Keith Scott . Geography ( edit ) Uptown Charlotte 's skyline According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 297.68 square miles ( 771.0 km ) , of which 297.08 square miles ( 769.4 km ) is land and 0.6 square miles ( 1.6 km ) is water . Charlotte lies at an elevation of 748 feet ( 228 m ) , as measured at Charlotte / Douglas International Airport . Charlotte constitutes most of Mecklenburg County in the Carolina Piedmont . Charlotte center city sits atop a long rise between two creeks , Sugar Creek and Irwin Creek , and was built on the gunnies of the St. Catherine 's and Rudisill gold mines . Though the Catawba River and its lakes lie several miles west , there are no significant bodies of water or other geological features near the city center . Consequently , development has neither been constrained nor helped by waterways or ports that have contributed to many cities of similar size . The lack of these obstructions has contributed to Charlotte 's growth as a highway , rail , and air transportation hub . Cityscape ( edit ) Charlotte 's SouthPark neighborhood See also : List of Charlotte neighborhoods and List of tallest buildings in Charlotte Charlotte has 199 neighborhoods radiating in all directions from Uptown . Biddleville , the primary historic center of Charlotte 's African - American community , is west of Uptown , starting at the Johnson C. Smith University campus and extending to the airport . East of The Plaza and north of Central Avenue , Plaza - Midwood is known for its international population , including Eastern Europeans , Greeks , Middle - Easterners , and Hispanics . North Tryon and the Sugar Creek area include several Asian - American communities . NoDa ( North Davidson ) , north of Uptown , is an emerging center for arts and entertainment . Myers Park , Dilworth , and Eastover are home to some of Charlotte 's oldest and largest houses , on tree - lined boulevards , with Freedom Park , arguably the city 's favorite , nearby . The SouthPark area offers shopping , dining , and multifamily housing . Far South Boulevard is home to a large Hispanic community . Many students , researchers , and affiliated professionals live near UNC Charlotte in the northeast area known as University City . The large area known as Southeast Charlotte is home to many golf communities , luxury developments , churches , the Jewish community center , and private schools . As undeveloped land within Mecklenburg has become scarce , many of these communities have expanded into Weddington and Waxhaw in Union County . Ballantyne , in the south of Charlotte , and nearly every area on the I ‐ 485 perimeter , has experienced rapid growth over the past ten years . Since the 1980s in particular , Uptown Charlotte has undergone massive construction of buildings , housing Bank of America , Wells Fargo , Hearst Corporation , Duke Energy , several hotels , and multiple condominium developments . Green space ( edit ) Little Sugar Creek Greenway in winter The 120 ‐ acre Park Road Park is a prominent landmark near the SouthPark area . Park Road Park features 8 basketball courts , 2 horseshoe pits , 6 baseball fields , 5 Picnic Shelters , volleyball courts , playgrounds , trails , tennis courts , and an eleven - acre lake . The Charlotte - Mecklenburg Parks & Recreation Department operates 36 tennis facilities and the 12 lighted tennis courts at the park . The urban section of Little Sugar Creek Greenway was completed in 2012 . Inspired in part by the San Antonio River Walk , and integral to Charlotte 's extensive urban park system , it is `` a huge milestone '' according to Gwen Cook , greenway planner for Mecklenburg County Park and Recreation. However , the Little Sugar Creek Greenway bears no relation to the San Antonio River Walk . The Little Sugar Creek Greenway is prone to flooding during thunderstorms and periods of heavy rain . Creation of Little Sugar Creek Greenway cost $43 million and was controversial because it required the forced acquisition of several established local businesses . Climate and environment ( edit ) Charlotte , like much of the Piedmont region of the southeastern United States , has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ) , with four distinct seasons ; the city itself is part of USDA hardiness zone 8a , transitioning to 7b in the suburbs in all directions except the south . Winters are short and generally cool , with a January daily average of 40.1 ° F ( 4.5 ° C ) . On average , there are 59 nights per year that drop to or below freezing , and only 1.5 days that fail to rise above freezing . April is the driest month , with an average of 3.04 inches ( 7.7 cm ) of precipitation . Summers are hot and humid , with a daily average in July of 78.5 ° F ( 25.8 ° C ) . There is an average 44 days per year with highs at or above 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) . Official record temperatures range from 104 ° F ( 40 ° C ) recorded six times , most recently on July 1 , 2012 , down to − 5 ° F ( − 21 ° C ) recorded on January 21 , 1985 , the most recent of three occasions . The record cold daily maximum is 14 ° F ( − 10 ° C ) on February 12 and 13 , 1899 , and the record warm daily minimum is 82 ° F ( 28 ° C ) on August 13 , 1881 . The average window for freezing temperatures is November 5 through March 30 , allowing a growing season of 220 days . Charlotte is directly in the path of subtropical moisture from the Gulf of Mexico as it heads up the eastern seaboard , thus the city receives ample precipitation throughout the year but also many clear , sunny days ; precipitation is generally less frequent in autumn than in spring . On average , Charlotte receives 41.6 inches ( 1,060 mm ) of precipitation annually , which is somewhat evenly distributed throughout the year , although summer is slightly wetter ; annual precipitation has historically ranged from 26.23 in ( 666 mm ) in 2001 to 68.44 in ( 1,738 mm ) in 1884 . In addition , there is an average of 4.3 inches ( 10.9 cm ) of snow , mainly in January and February and rarely December or March , with more frequent ice storms and sleet mixed in with rain ; seasonal snowfall has historically ranged from trace amounts as recently as 2011 -- 12 to 22.6 in ( 57 cm ) in 1959 -- 60 . These storms can have a major impact on the area , as they often pull tree limbs down onto power lines and make driving hazardous . ( show ) Climate data for Charlotte , North Carolina ( Charlotte - Douglas Int'l ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1878 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 79 ( 26 ) 82 ( 28 ) 91 ( 33 ) 96 ( 36 ) 98 ( 37 ) 104 ( 40 ) 104 ( 40 ) 104 ( 40 ) 104 ( 40 ) 98 ( 37 ) 85 ( 29 ) 80 ( 27 ) 104 ( 40 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 69.7 ( 20.9 ) 72.8 ( 22.7 ) 81.1 ( 27.3 ) 86.3 ( 30.2 ) 90.0 ( 32.2 ) 94.4 ( 34.7 ) 96.9 ( 36.1 ) 96.0 ( 35.6 ) 91.1 ( 32.8 ) 84.9 ( 29.4 ) 78.0 ( 25.6 ) 70.4 ( 21.3 ) 98.0 ( 36.7 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 50.7 ( 10.4 ) 55.0 ( 12.8 ) 63.1 ( 17.3 ) 71.9 ( 22.2 ) 78.9 ( 26.1 ) 86.0 ( 30 ) 89.0 ( 31.7 ) 87.5 ( 30.8 ) 81.3 ( 27.4 ) 71.8 ( 22.1 ) 62.4 ( 16.9 ) 52.9 ( 11.6 ) 70.9 ( 21.6 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 29.6 ( − 1.3 ) 32.7 ( 0.4 ) 39.3 ( 4.1 ) 46.9 ( 8.3 ) 55.8 ( 13.2 ) 64.5 ( 18.1 ) 68.1 ( 20.1 ) 67.2 ( 19.6 ) 60.4 ( 15.8 ) 48.8 ( 9.3 ) 39.2 ( 4 ) 31.9 ( − 0.1 ) 48.7 ( 9.3 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 14.2 ( − 9.9 ) 18.7 ( − 7.4 ) 24.2 ( − 4.3 ) 32.9 ( 0.5 ) 43.3 ( 6.3 ) 55.9 ( 13.3 ) 62.0 ( 16.7 ) 60.6 ( 15.9 ) 48.7 ( 9.3 ) 34.6 ( 1.4 ) 25.4 ( − 3.7 ) 18.0 ( − 7.8 ) 11.3 ( − 11.5 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 5 ( − 21 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) ( − 16 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 32 ( 0 ) 45 ( 7 ) 53 ( 12 ) 50 ( 10 ) 38 ( 3 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 11 ( − 12 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.41 ( 86.6 ) 3.32 ( 84.3 ) 4.01 ( 101.9 ) 3.04 ( 77.2 ) 3.18 ( 80.8 ) 3.74 ( 95 ) 3.68 ( 93.5 ) 4.22 ( 107.2 ) 3.24 ( 82.3 ) 3.40 ( 86.4 ) 3.14 ( 79.8 ) 3.25 ( 82.6 ) 41.63 ( 1,057.4 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 2.1 ( 5.3 ) 1.2 ( 3 ) 0.6 ( 1.5 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 4.3 ( 10.9 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.7 9.4 9.6 8.8 9.6 10.2 10.8 9.8 7.1 6.9 8.4 9.6 109.9 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 1.0 0.5 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 1.9 Average relative humidity ( % ) 65.7 61.8 61.5 59.3 66.9 69.6 72.2 73.5 73.3 69.9 67.6 67.3 67.4 Mean monthly sunshine hours 173.3 180.3 234.8 269.6 292.1 289.2 290.0 272.9 241.4 230.5 178.4 168.5 2,821 Percent possible sunshine 55 59 63 69 67 66 66 65 65 66 58 55 63 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1850 1,065 -- 1860 2,265 112.7 % 1870 4,473 97.5 % 1880 7,094 58.6 % 1890 11,557 62.9 % 1900 18,091 56.5 % 1910 34,014 88.0 % 1920 46,338 36.2 % 1930 82,675 78.4 % 1940 100,899 22.0 % 1950 134,042 32.8 % 1960 201,564 50.4 % 1970 241,420 19.8 % 1980 315,474 30.7 % 395,934 25.5 % 2000 540,828 36.6 % 731,424 35.2 % Est. 2017 859,035 17.4 % The most recent U.S. Census estimate ( 2014 , released in May 2015 ) showed 809,958 residents living within Charlotte 's city limits and 1,012,539 in Mecklenburg County . The Combined Statistical Area , or trade area , of Charlotte -- Concord -- Gastonia , NC -- SC had a population of 2,537,990 . Figures from the more comprehensive 2010 census show Charlotte 's population density to be 2,457 per square mile ( 948.7 / km2 ) . There are 319,918 housing units at an average density of 1,074.6 per square mile ( 414.9 / km2 ) . Map of racial distribution in Charlotte , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian Hispanic , or Other ) According to the 2010 United States Census , the racial composition of Charlotte was : White or Caucasian : 45.1 % Black or African American : 35.0 % Hispanic : 13.1 % Asian : 5.0 % Native American : 0.5 % Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander : 0.1 % some other race : 6.8 % two or more races : 2.7 % In 1970 , the Census Bureau reported Charlotte 's population as 30.2 % Black and 68.9 % White . The median income for a household in the city is $48,670 , and the median income for a family is $59,452 . Males have a median income of $38,767 versus $29,218 for females . The per capita income for the city is $29,825 . The percentage of the population living at or below the poverty line is 10.6 % , with 7.8 % of families living at or below the poverty line . Out of the total population , 13.8 % of those under the age of 18 and 9.7 % of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line . Religion ( edit ) Billy Graham Library Charlotte has historically been a Protestant city . It is the birthplace of Billy Graham , and is also the historic seat of Southern Presbyterianism , but the changing demographics of the city 's increasing population have brought scores of new denominations and faiths . The Billy Graham Evangelistic Association , Wycliffe Bible Translators ' JAARS Center , and SIM Missions Organization make their homes in the Charlotte general area . In total , Charlotte proper has 700 places of worship . The Presbyterian Church ( USA ) is now the fourth largest denomination in Charlotte , with 68,000 members and 206 congregations . The second largest Presbyterian denomination , the Presbyterian Church in America has 43 churches and 12,000 members , followed by the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church with 63 churches and 9,500 members . The Baptist Peace Fellowship of North America is headquartered in Charlotte , and both Reformed Theological Seminary and Gordon - Conwell Theological Seminary have campuses there ; more recently , the Religious Studies academic departments of Charlotte 's local colleges and universities have also grown considerably . The Advent Christian Church is headquartered in Charlotte . The Western North Carolina Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church is headquartered in Charlotte . The largest Protestant church in Charlotte , by attendance , is Elevation Church , a Southern Baptist church founded by lead pastor Steven Furtick . The church has over 15,000 congregants at nine Charlotte locations . St. Peter 's Catholic Church , located in Uptown , is the city 's oldest Catholic church . Charlotte 's Cathedral of Saint Patrick is the seat of the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Charlotte . The Traditional Latin Mass is offered by the Society of St. Pius X at St. Anthony Catholic Church in nearby Mount Holly . The Traditional Latin Mass is also offered at St. Ann , Charlotte , a church under the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Charlotte . St. Matthew Parish , located in the Ballantyne neighborhood , is the largest Catholic parish with over 30,000 parishioners . The Greek Orthodox Church 's cathedral for North Carolina , Holy Trinity Cathedral , is located in Charlotte . Charlotte has the largest Jewish population in the Carolinas . Shalom Park in south Charlotte is the hub of the Jewish community , featuring two synagogues , Temple Israel and Temple Beth El , as well as a community center , the Charlotte Jewish Day School for grades K -- 5 , and the headquarters of the Charlotte Jewish News . Most African Americans in Charlotte are Baptists affiliated with the National Baptist Convention , the largest predominantly African American denomination in the United States . African American Methodists are largely affiliated with either the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church , headquartered in Charlotte , or the African Methodist Episcopal Church . African American Pentecostals are represented by several organizations such as the United House of Prayer for All People , Church of God in Christ , and the United Holy Church of America . As of 2013 , 51.91 % of people in Charlotte practise religion on a regular basis , making it the second most religious city in North Carolina after Winston - Salem . The largest religion in Charlotte is Christianity , with Baptists ( 13.26 % ) having the largest number of adherents . The second largest Christian group is Roman Catholic ( 9.43 % ) , followed by Methodist ( 8.02 % ) and Presbyterian ( 5.25 % ) . Other Christian affiliates include Pentecostal ( 2.50 % ) , Lutheran ( 1.30 % ) , Episcopalian ( 1.20 % ) , Latter - Day Saints ( 0.84 % ) , and other Christian ( 8.87 % ) churches , including Eastern Orthodox and non-denominational . Judaism ( 0.57 % ) is the second largest religion after Christianity , followed by Eastern religions ( 0.34 % ) and Islam ( 0.32 % ) . Economy ( edit ) See also : List of companies in Charlotte Duke Energy Center and The Westin Charlotte AT&T in Charlotte Charlotte has become a major U.S. financial center with the third most banking assets after New York City and San Francisco . The nation 's second largest financial institution by total assets , Bank of America , calls the city home . The city was also the former corporate home of Wachovia until its 2008 acquisition by Wells Fargo ; Wells Fargo integrated legacy Wachovia , with the two banks fully merged at the end of 2011 , which included transitioning all of the Wachovia branches in the Carolinas to Wells Fargo branches by October 2011 . Since then , Charlotte has become the regional headquarters for East Coast operations of Wells Fargo , which is headquartered in San Francisco , California . Charlotte also serves as the headquarters for Wells Fargo 's capital markets activities including sales and trading , equity research , and investment banking . Bank of America 's headquarters , along with other regional banking and financial services companies , are located primarily in the Uptown central business district . Microsoft 's East Coast headquarters are located in Charlotte . Charlotte has six Fortune 500 companies in its metropolitan area . Listed in order of their rank , they are : Bank of America , Lowe 's in suburban Mooresville , Duke Energy , Nucor ( steel producer ) , Sonic Automotive and Sealed Air Corp . The Charlotte area includes a diverse range of businesses , including foodstuffs such as Chiquita Brands International , Harris Teeter , Snyder 's - Lance , Carolina Foods Inc , Bojangles ' , Food Lion , Compass Group USA , and Coca - Cola Bottling Co. Consolidated ( Charlotte being the nation 's second largest Coca - Cola bottler ) ; motor and transportation companies such as RSC Brands , Continental Tire the Americas , LLC. , Meineke Car Care Centers , Carlisle Companies ( along with several other services ) , along with a wide array of other businesses . Charlotte is the major center in the U.S. motorsports industry , housing multiple offices of NASCAR , the NASCAR Hall of Fame , and Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord . Approximately 75 % of the NASCAR industry 's race teams , employees and drivers are based nearby . The large presence of the racing technology industry and the newly built NHRA dragstrip , zMAX Dragway at Concord , are influencing other top professional drag racers to move their shops to Charlotte as well . Located in the western part of Mecklenburg County is the U.S. National Whitewater Center , which consists of man - made rapids of varying degrees , is open to the public year - round . One Wells Fargo Center behind the Latta Arcade in Uptown Charlotte The Square , Uptown Charlotte The Charlotte Region has a major base of energy - oriented organizations and has become known as `` Charlotte USA -- The New Energy Capital . '' In the region there are more than 240 companies directly tied to the energy sector , collectively employing more than 26,400 . Since 2007 more than 4,000 energy sector jobs have been announced . Major energy players in Charlotte include AREVA , Babcock & Wilcox , Duke Energy , Electric Power Research Institute , Fluor , Metso Power , Piedmont Natural Gas , Siemens Energy , Shaw Group , Toshiba , URS Corp. , and Westinghouse . The University of North Carolina at Charlotte has a reputation in energy education and research , and its Energy Production and Infrastructure Center ( EPIC ) trains energy engineers and conducts research . The area is an increasingly growing trucking and freight transportation hub for the East Coast . The Charlotte Center city has seen remarkable growth over the last decade . Numerous residential units continue to be built uptown , including over 20 skyscrapers under construction , recently completed , or in the planning stage . Many new restaurants , bars and clubs now operate in the Uptown area . Several projects are transforming the Midtown Charlotte / Elizabeth area . In 2013 , Forbes named Charlotte among its list of Best Places for Business and Careers . Charlotte was listed as the 20th largest city in the US , and the 60th fastest growing city in the US between 2000 and 2008 . Top employers ( edit ) According to Charlotte 's 2014 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the top employers in the city are : # Employer # of Employees Atrium Health 35,000 Wells Fargo 22,000 Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools 18,143 Walmart 16,100 5 Bank of America 15,000 6 Lowe 's 12,960 7 Novant Health 11,000 8 American Airlines 10,600 9 Harris Teeter 8,239 10 Duke Energy 7,800 Culture ( edit ) Museums ( edit ) Mint Museum Uptown at Levine Center for the Arts The Harvey B. Gantt Center for African American Arts + Culture Bechtler Museum of Modern Art Bechtler Museum of Modern Art Billy Graham Library Carolinas Aviation Museum Charlotte - Mecklenburg Fire Education Center and Museum Charlotte Nature Museum in Freedom Park Charlotte Trolley Museum in Historic South End Discovery Place Discovery Place KIDS - Huntersville Harvey B. Gantt Center for African - American Arts + Culture Historic Rosedale Plantation Levine Museum of the New South The Light Factory McColl Center for Visual Art Mint Museum NASCAR Hall of Fame Second Ward Alumni House Museum Wells Fargo History Museum Charlotte Museum of History Performing arts ( edit ) Actor 's Theatre of Charlotte Amos ' Southend Music Hall Blumenthal Performing Arts Center Charlotte Ballet Charlotte Symphony Orchestra Charlotte Shakespeare ImaginOn North Carolina Music Factory Opera Carolina The Robot Johnson Show Citizens of the Universe Theatre Charlotte Carolina Renaissance Festival Festivals and special events ( edit ) The Charlotte region is home to many annual festivals and special events . The Carolina Renaissance Festival operates on Saturdays and Sundays each October and November . Located near the intersection of Highway 73 and Poplar Tent Road , the Carolina Renaissance Festival is one of the largest renaissance themed events in the country . It features 11 stages of outdoor variety entertainment , a 22 - acre village marketplace , an interactive circus , an arts and crafts fair , a jousting tournament , and a feast , all rolled into one non-stop , day - long family adventure . Taste of Charlotte is a three - day festival offering samples from area restaurants , live entertainment and children 's activities . Located on Tryon Street , Taste of Charlotte spans six city blocks from Stonewall to 5th Street . Moo and Brew Fest is an annual craft beer and burger festival that is the largest in North Carolina , held each April . It includes various national musical acts hosted at the avidxchange music factory located in Uptown . Zoos and aquariums ( edit ) Charlotte is `` ... the largest metropolitan area in the United States without a zoo . '' The Charlotte Zoo initiative is a proposal to allocate 250 acres ( 101 ha ) of natural North Carolina land to be dedicated to the zoological foundation , which was incorporated in 2008 . On August 18 , 2012 , News Channel 14 says that the initiative is `` ... still a few years away '' and the plot of land is `` ... just seven miles from the center of uptown . '' According to the news channel , `` ... the zoo will cost roughly $300 million , and will be completely privately - funded . '' The Charlotte Observer references two other zoos , the Riverbanks Zoo and Garden and the North Carolina Zoological Park as two `` great zoos '' that are accessible from the Charlotte - Mecklenberg area , both roughly more than 70 miles away . Charlotte is also served by the Sea Life Charlotte - Concord Aquarium in the nearby city of Concord . The aquarium is 30,000 square feet in size , and is part of the Concord Mills mall . The aquarium opened on February 20 , 2014 . Sports ( edit ) Bank of America Stadium Main article : Sports in Charlotte , North Carolina Charlotte is home to two major professional sports franchises : the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League ( NFL ) and the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Panthers have been located in Charlotte since the team 's creation in 1995 , and the current Hornets franchise has been located in Charlotte since its creation in 2004 . The Panthers play their home games in Bank of America Stadium , while the Hornets play in the Spectrum Center . The original Hornets NBA franchise was established in 1988 as an expansion team , but it relocated to New Orleans , Louisiana in 2002 after animosity grew between the team 's fans and principal owner George Shinn . The NBA quickly granted Charlotte an expansion franchise following the departure of the Hornets , and the new franchise , the Charlotte Bobcats , began to play in 2004 . The team retook the Hornets name when the New Orleans - based team renamed itself the New Orleans Pelicans in 2013 . The name change became official on May 20 , 2014 . On the same day , the franchise reclaimed the history and records of the original 1988 -- 2002 Hornets . Charlotte is represented in ice hockey and baseball at the ' AAA ' professional level by the Charlotte Checkers and the Charlotte Knights . The Carolina Panthers were established by Jerry Richardson and several partners , mostly local business owners . In fall , 2017 , Jerry Richardson put the franchise up for sale . Club Sport Founded League Venue Carolina Panthers Football 1995 National Football League Bank of America Stadium Charlotte Hornets Basketball National Basketball Association Spectrum Center Charlotte Hounds Lacrosse 2011 Major League Lacrosse American Legion Memorial Stadium Charlotte Checkers Ice hockey 1993 American Hockey League Bojangles ' Coliseum Charlotte Knights Baseball 1976 International League BB&T Ballpark Charlotte Independence Soccer 2015 United Soccer League Mecklenburg County Sportsplex Charlotte Eagles Soccer 1993 Premier Development League Queens Sports Complex Charlotte Lady Eagles Soccer 1993 W - League Queens Sports Complex Law , government and politics ( edit ) See also : Mayor of Charlotte , North Carolina and City Council of Charlotte , North Carolina Charlotte has a council - manager form of government . The mayor and city council are elected every two years , with no term limits . The mayor is ex officio chairman of the city council , and only votes in case of a tie . Unlike other mayors in council - manager systems , Charlotte 's mayor has the power to veto ordinances passed by the council ; vetoes can be overridden by a two - thirds majority of the council . The council appoints a city manager to serve as chief administrative officer . Unlike some other cities and towns in North Carolina , elections are held on a partisan basis . The current mayor is Vi Lyles , a Democrat elected in 2017 . Patrick Cannon , a Democrat , was sworn in as mayor on December 2 , 2013 . On March 26 , 2014 , Cannon was arrested on public corruption charges . Later the same day , he resigned as mayor . On April 7 , the city council held a special election and selected State Senator Dan Clodfelter , also a Democrat , to fill out the balance of Cannon 's term . Former Mecklenburg County Commission chairwoman Jennifer Roberts defeated Clodfelter in the 2015 Democratic primary , and went on to win the general election , becoming the first Democratic woman to hold the post . She was ousted in the 2017 Democratic primary by Mayor Pro Tem Lyles , who went on to become the city 's fourth mayor in four years . Historically , voters have been friendly to moderates of both parties . However , in recent years , Charlotte has swung heavily to the Democrats . Republican strength is concentrated in the southeastern portion of the city , while Democratic strength is concentrated in the south - central , eastern , and northern areas . The city council comprises 11 members ( 7 from districts and 4 at - large ) . Democrats control the council with a 9 - to - 2 advantage , winning all 4 of the at - large seats in the November 2013 municipal election . While the city council is responsible for passing ordinances , many policy decisions must be approved by the North Carolina General Assembly as well , since North Carolina municipalities do not have home rule . While municipal powers have been broadly construed since the 1960s , the General Assembly still retains considerable authority over local matters . Charlotte is split between two congressional districts on the federal level . The southeastern portion is part of the 9th District , represented by Republican Robert Pittenger . Most of the city is in the 12th District , represented by Democrat Alma Adams . Charlotte was selected in 2011 to host the 2012 Democratic National Convention , which was held at the Spectrum Center . It began September 4 , 2012 , and ended on September 6 . City services ( edit ) Emergency medical services ( edit ) Emergency medical services for the city of Charlotte are provided by Mecklenburg EMS Agency ( Medic ) . Medic received to over 146,000 calls in 2017 and transported over 112,000 patients in Mecklenburg County . The agency employs over 600 paramedics , EMTs , EMDs and admin staff . In addition to dispatching MEDIC 's EMS calls , the agency also dispatches all county fire calls outside of the city of Charlotte . Hospitals ( edit ) Hospital name Website Carolinas Medical Center / Center for Mental Health http://www.carolinashealthcare.org/cmc Carolinas Medical Center - Mercy http://www.carolinashealthcare.org/cmc-mercy Carolinas HealthCare System Pineville http://www.carolinashealthcare.org/pineville Carolinas HealthCare System University http://www.carolinashealthcare.org/university Carolinas Rehabilitation http://www.carolinashealthcare.org/carolinas-rehab Carolinas ContinueCare Pineville http://continuecare.org/pineville/ Novant Health Charlotte Orthopedic Hospital http://www.novanthealth.org/charlotte-orthopedic-hospital.aspx Novant Health Presbyterian Medical Center http://www.novanthealth.org/presbyterian-medical-center.aspx Renfrew Center http://renfrewcenter.com/locations/non-residential/charlotte-nc Fire Department ( edit ) The Charlotte Fire Department provides fire suppression , emergency medical services , public education , hazardous materials ( HAZMAT ) mitigation , technical rescues , and fire prevention and inspection with 1,164 personnel . Forty - two fire stations are strategically scattered throughout Charlotte to provide a reasonable response time to emergencies in the city limits . Law enforcement and Crime ( edit ) See also : Charlotte - Mecklenburg Police Department The Charlotte - Mecklenburg Police Department ( CMPD ) is a combined jurisdiction agency . The CMPD has law enforcement jurisdiction in both the city of Charlotte and the few unincorporated areas left in Mecklenburg County . The other small towns maintain their own law enforcement agencies for their own jurisdictions . The department consists of approximately 1,700 sworn law enforcement officers , 550 civilian personnel , and more than 400 volunteers . The Charlotte - Mecklenburg Police Department divides the city into 13 geographic areas , which vary in size both geographically and by the number of officers assigned to each division . The total crime index for Charlotte is 589.2 crimes committed per 100,000 residents as of 2008 and has shown a steady decline since 2005 . The national average is 320.9 per 100,000 residents . An average of 4,939 vehicles are stolen every year in Charlotte . According to the Congressional Quarterly Press ; ' 2008 City Crime Rankings : Crime in Metropolitan America , ' Charlotte , North Carolina ranks as the 62nd most dangerous city larger than 75,000 inhabitants . However , the entire Charlotte - Gastonia Metropolitan Statistical Area ranked as 27th most dangerous out of 338 metro areas . Education ( edit ) See also : List of schools in Charlotte School system ( edit ) The city 's public school system , Charlotte - Mecklenburg Schools , is the 2nd largest in North Carolina and 17th largest in the nation . In 2009 , it won the NAEP Awards , the Nation 's Report Card for urban school systems with top honors among 18 city systems for 4th grade math , 2nd place among 8th graders . An estimated 144,000 students are taught in 164 separate elementary , middle , and high schools . Colleges and universities ( edit ) The Student Union Quad of UNC Charlotte 's main campus Charlotte is home to a number of universities and colleges such as Central Piedmont Community College , Johnson C. Smith University , Johnson & Wales University , Queens University of Charlotte , and the University of North Carolina at Charlotte . Several notable colleges are located in the metropolitan suburbs . Located in Davidson , North Carolina , Davidson College is ranked in the top ten nationally among liberal arts colleges , according to U.S. News & World Report . Additional colleges in the area include Belmont Abbey College in the suburb of Belmont , North Carolina , and Wingate University in the suburb of Wingate , North Carolina . Also nearby are Winthrop University , Clinton Junior College , and York Technical College in Rock Hill , South Carolina . UNC Charlotte is the city 's largest university . It is located in University City , the northeastern portion of Charlotte , which is also home to University Research Park , a 3,200 acres ( 13 km ) research and corporate park . With more than 29,000 students , UNC Charlotte is the third largest university in the state system . Central Piedmont Community College is the largest community college in the Carolinas , with more than 70,000 students each year and 6 campuses throughout the Charlotte - Mecklenburg region . CPCC is part of the statewide North Carolina Community College System . The Charlotte School of Law opened its doors in Charlotte in 2006 and was fully accredited by the American Bar Association in 2011 . The law school offered the Juris Doctor degree but the Bar association rescinded the accreditation in 2017 . Charlotte School of Law once was the largest law school in the Carolinas has ceased to operate . Pfeiffer University has a satellite campus in Charlotte . Wake Forest University , with its main campus in Winston - Salem , North Carolina , also operates a satellite campus of its Babcock Graduate School of Management in the Uptown area . The Connecticut School of Broadcasting , DeVry University , and ECPI University all have branches in Charlotte . The Universal Technical Institute has the NASCAR Technical Institute in nearby Mooresville , serving the Charlotte area . Montreat College ( Charlotte ) maintains a School of Professional and Adult Studies in the city . Additionally , Union Presbyterian Seminary has a non-residential campus offering the Master of Arts in Christian Education , and the Master of Divinity in Charlotte near the Beverley Woods area . The North Carolina Research Campus , a 350 - acre biotechnology hub located northeast of Charlotte in the city of Kannapolis , is a public - private venture including eight universities , one community college , the David H. Murdock Research Institute ( DHMRI ) , the U.S. Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) and corporate entities that collaborate to advance the fields of human health , nutrition and agriculture . Partnering educational organizations include UNC Charlotte and Rowan - Cabarrus Community College , from the Charlotte region , as well as Appalachian State University , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Duke University , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , North Carolina A&T State University , North Carolina Central University and North Carolina State University . The research campus is part of a larger effort by leaders in the Charlotte area to attract energy , health , and other knowledge - based industries that contribute to North Carolina 's strength in biotechnology . Libraries ( edit ) ImaginOn Children 's Theater and Library The Charlotte Mecklenburg Library serves the Charlotte area with a large collection ( more than 1.5 million ) of books , CDs and DVDs at 15 locations in the city of Charlotte , with branches in the surrounding towns of Matthews , Mint Hill , Huntersville , Cornelius and Davidson . All locations provide free access to Internet - enabled computers and WiFi , and a library card from one location is accepted at all 20 locations . Although the library 's roots go back to the Charlotte Literary and Library Association , founded on January 16 , 1891 , the state - chartered Carnegie Library , which opened on the current North Tryon site of the Main Library , was the first non-subscription library opened to members of the public in the city of Charlotte . The philanthropist Andrew Carnegie donated $25,000 dollars for a library building , on the condition that the city of Charlotte donate a site and $2,500 per year for books and salaries , and that the state grant a charter for the library . All conditions were met , and the Charlotte Carnegie Library opened in an imposing classical building on July 2 , 1903 . The 1903 state charter also required that a library be opened for the disenfranchised African - American population of Charlotte . This was completed in 1905 with the opening of the Brevard Street Library for Negroes , an independent library in Brooklyn , a historically black area of Charlotte , on the corner of Brevard and East Second Streets ( now Martin Luther King Boulevard ) . The Brevard Street Library was the first library for African Americans in the state of North Carolina , and some sources say in the southeast . The library was closed in 1961 when the Brooklyn neighborhood in Second Ward was redeveloped , but its role as a cultural center for African - Americans in Charlotte is continued by the Beatties Ford and West Boulevard branches of the library system , as well as by Charlotte 's African - American Cultural Center . Media ( edit ) Main article : Media in Charlotte , North Carolina Newspaper ( edit ) Charlotte has one major daily newspaper , The Charlotte Observer . It boasts the largest circulation in North and South Carolina , although circulation has been steadily decreasing over the past 15 years . Radio ( edit ) Charlotte is the 24th largest radio market in the nation , according to Arbitron . While major groups like Entercom , iHeartMedia , and Radio One have stations serving Charlotte , several smaller groups also own and operate stations in the area . Television ( edit ) According to Nielsen Media Research , Charlotte is the 22nd largest television market in the nation ( as of the 2016 - 2017 season ) and the largest in the state of North Carolina . Major television stations located in Charlotte include CBS affiliate WBTV 3 ( the oldest television station in the Carolinas ) , ABC affiliate WSOC - TV 9 , NBC affiliate WCNC - TV 36 , CW affiliate WCCB 18 , and PBS member station WTVI 42 . Two cable sports networks are also headquartered in Charlotte : the ESPN - controlled SEC Network and the regional Fox Sports Carolinas . Other stations serving the Charlotte market include Fox owned - and - operated station WJZY 46 in Belmont , UNC - TV / PBS member station WUNG - TV 58 in Concord , independent station WAXN - TV 64 ( a sister to WSOC - TV ) in Kannapolis , and two stations in Rock Hill , South Carolina : MyNetworkTV owned - and - operated station WMYT - TV 55 ( a sister to WJZY ) and PBS member station WNSC - TV 30 . Additionally , INSP is headquartered in nearby Indian Land , South Carolina . Cable television customers are served by Spectrum , which offers a localized feed of Raleigh - based Spectrum News North Carolina . Infrastructure ( edit ) Waste treatment ( edit ) Charlotte has a municipal waste system consisting of trash pickup , water distribution , and waste treatment . There are five waste water treatment plants operated by Charlotte Water ( previously Charlotte - Mecklenburg Utility Department ) . Charlotte has a biosolids program . Some Chester residents spoke out against the program on February 26 , 2013 . Charlotte 's sludge is handled , transported , and spread on farm fields in Chester by a company called Synagro , a wholly owned subsidiary of the Carlyle Group Charlotte 's sludge is of the `` CLASS B '' variety , which means it still contains detectable levels of pathogens . Transportation ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in Charlotte , North Carolina LYNX light rail opened in November 2007 LYNX Bland Street Station in Charlotte 's SouthEnd neighborhood The city of Charlotte has a lower than average percentage of households without a car . In 2015 , 7.4 percent of Charlotte households lacked a car , and decreased to 6 percent in 2016 . The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016 . Charlotte averaged 1.65 cars per household in 2016 , compared to a national average of 1.8 . Mass Transit ( edit ) See also : LYNX Rapid Transit Services The Charlotte Area Transit System ( CATS ) is the agency responsible for operating mass transit in Charlotte and Mecklenburg County . CATS operates light rail transit , historical trolleys , express shuttles , and bus services serving Charlotte and its immediate suburbs . The LYNX light rail system comprises a 9.6 ‐ mile line north -- south line known as the Blue Line , which saw 2025 ridership projections ( 18,500 ) exceeded after its first year of service . Bus ridership continues to grow ( 66 % since 1998 ) . The 2030 Transit Corridor System Plan looks to supplement established bus service with light rail and commuter rail lines as a part of the LYNX system . In 2011 , the city of Charlotte and CATS staff conducted public forums to present the final Environmental Impact Statement ( EIS ) and gather public input from residents , property owners , and business owners located in northeast Charlotte , which is where the LYNX light rail is proposed to be extended from uptown Charlotte to UNC ‐ Charlotte campus . Construction on this portion is expected to end in March 16 , 2018 . Walkability ( edit ) A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Charlotte the 49th most walkable of the 50 largest cities in the United States . Roads and highways ( edit ) Charlotte 's central location between the population centers of the northeast and southeast has made it a transportation focal point and primary distribution center , with two major interstate highways , I - 85 and I - 77 , intersecting near the city 's center . The latter highway also connects to the population centers of the Rust Belt . Charlotte 's beltway , designated I - 485 and simply called `` 485 '' by local residents , has been under construction for over 20 years , but funding problems have slowed its progress . The final segment was finished in mid-2015 . Upon completion , 485 will have a total circumference of approximately 67 miles ( 108 km ) . Within the city , the I - 277 loop freeway encircles Charlotte 's uptown ( usually referred to by its two separate sections , the John Belk Freeway and the Brookshire Freeway ) while Charlotte Route 4 links major roads in a loop between I - 277 and I - 485 . Independence Freeway , which carries U.S. 74 and links downtown with the Matthews area , is undergoing an expansion and widening in the eastern part of the city . Air ( edit ) Charlotte - Douglas International Airport with Uptown Charlotte 's skyline in the background Charlotte Douglas International Airport is the sixth busiest airport in both the U.S. and the world overall as measured by traffic ( aircraft movements ) . It is served by many domestic and international airlines including Air Canada and Lufthansa . It is a major hub for American Airlines , having historically been a hub for its predecessors US Airways and Piedmont Airlines . Nonstop flights are available to many destinations across the United States , Canada , Central America , the Caribbean , Europe , Mexico , and South America . Intercity transportation ( edit ) See also : Charlotte ( Amtrak station ) Charlotte is served daily by three Amtrak routes : The Crescent connects Charlotte with New York , Philadelphia , Baltimore , Washington , D.C. ; Charlottesville , and Greensboro to the north , and Greenville , Atlanta , Birmingham , Meridian and New Orleans to the south . The Carolinian connects Charlotte with New York ; Philadelphia ; Baltimore ; Washington , D.C. ; Richmond ; Raleigh ; Durham ; and Greensboro . The Piedmont connects Charlotte with Raleigh , Durham , and Greensboro . Charlotte is also served by both Greyhound and low - cost curbside carrier Megabus . The city is planning a new centralized multimodal train station called the Gateway Station . It is expected to house the future LYNX Purple Line , the new Greyhound bus station , and the Crescent line that passes through Uptown Charlotte . Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Charlotte Sister cities ( edit ) Sister Cities International has designated nine sister cities of Charlotte : Country City County / District / Region / State Date Peru Arequipa Arequipa Region 1962 Germany Krefeld North Rhine - Westphalia 1985 China Baoding Hebei Russia Voronezh Voronezh Oblast 1991 France Limoges Haute - Vienne Poland Wroclaw Lower Silesian Voivodeship 1993 Ghana Kumasi Ashanti Region Israel Hadera Haifa District 2009 Italy Brindisi Apulia Charlotte has also been known to have a sister city agreement with Port - au - Prince in Ouest , Haiti , although its status may now be inactive . See also ( edit ) North Carolina portal I - 85 Corridor May 1989 tornado outbreak Urban League of Central Carolinas Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Charlotte kept October 1878 to August 1948 at downtown and at Charlotte - Douglas Int'l since September 1948 . For more information , see Threadex References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . May 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . Census Bureau . Census Bureau . July 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 - United States -- Combined Statistical Area ; and for Puerto Rico '' . U.S. Census Bureau . U.S. Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` Here 's Why Charlotte Became The Fastest Growing City in The Country Over The Past Decade '' . May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Millennial magnet : Charlotte ranks as top city in young - adult population growth '' . November 2016 . Jump up ^ Balk , Gene ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Census : Seattle is the fastest - growing big city in the U.S. '' Seattle Times . FYI Guy . Jump up ^ `` The World According to GAWC 2012 '' . GAWC . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Daniel , Adam ( 2012 - 09 - 04 ) . `` So how did Charlotte become a banking center ? '' . Charlotte Business Journal . The Business Journals . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Deon ; Rothacker , Rick ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) . `` No more bragging rights : Charlotte 's no longer the No. 2 U.S. banking center '' . Charlotte Observer . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger Traffic 2013 FINAL ( Annual ) '' . Airports Council International - North America . December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Question the Queen City : Who were the Native Americans that lived here before Charlotte was colonized ? '' . Creative Loafing Charlotte . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The American Revolution in North Carolina '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Charlotte - Mecklenburg Story : History Timeline : Founding a New City '' . cmstory.org Web Site . Public Library of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Viv . `` Welcome to Charlotte , a City of Quirks '' . The Caucus . New York Times . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mecklenburg County , North Carolina USGenWeb Project '' . Rootsweb.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Charlotte - Mecklenburg Story : History Timeline : Designing a New City '' . cmstory.org Web Site . Public Library of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Independence Center '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beam , Adam ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` N.C. - S.C. border may move '' . The State . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Charlotte - Mecklenburg Story : History Timeline : The City of Churches '' . cmstory.org Web Site . Public Library of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blanchard Online : American Rarities ( Retrieved on 05 -- 22 -- 07 ) Jump up ^ `` The Charlotte Branch Mint '' . Blanchardonline.com . Archived from the original on 2004 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Charlotte - Mecklenburg Story '' . cmstory.org Web Site . Public Library of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Survey and Research Report on the Mecklenburg County Courthouse '' . Charlotte - Mecklenburg Historic Landmarks Commission . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Northwest Almanac : When Winston - Salem was the state 's largest city '' . Winston - Salem Journal . January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Charlotte - Mecklenburg Story : History Timeline : NationsBank Soars '' . cmstory.org Web Site . Public Library of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hurricanedisasterslive.com Archived August 24 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved on July 30 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Ice Storm Knocks Out Power Across North Carolina '' . Raleigh , NC : WRAL - TV . December 5 , 2002 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Two arrested during Kerrick trial protests in Charlotte '' . Durham , NC : WTVD . August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rothacker , Rick ; Washburn , Mark ; Bell , Adam ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Staggered by protests , city regains its footing '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archive version of neighborhood listing -- waybackmachine October 2007 '' . Web.archive.org. 2007 - 10 - 29 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2007 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Biddleville Five Points Neighborhood '' . Charlotte - Mecklenburg Historic Landmarks Commission . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History -- Plaza Midwood Neighborhood Association '' . Plaza Midwood Neighborhood Association . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NoDa -- Urban Explorers Handbook '' . Creative Loafing Charlotte . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Forecasting Urbanization in the Carolina Piedmont Region '' . UNC Charlotte Urban Institute . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grande DIsco -- Charlotte , NC -- Abstract Public Sculptures on . Waymarking.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Addie Rising ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Getting to Know Charlotte 's SouthPark Neighborhood '' . Jump up ^ `` Park Road Park '' . Jump up ^ `` That page does not exist - LatinoYP '' . www.hellocharlotte.com . Jump up ^ `` Little Sugar Creek Greenway section is done '' . CharlotteObserver.com . July 22 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map '' . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : NC CHARLOTTE DOUGLAS AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for CHARLOTTE / DOUGLAS INT'L ARPT NC 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau Quick Facts '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina -- Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives -- Maps & Reports '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Joe Marusak ( 2013 ) . `` Elevation Church eyes old Palace Theater in Cornelius for another location '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Michael Gordon ( 2012 ) . `` Two Charlotte churches are expanding , defying decline of religion '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Foundation of Shalom Park -- Charlotte . Shalomcharlotte.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte , North Carolina Religion '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carrizales , Jennifer . `` Charlotte Soars to Become the Nation 's Second Largest Financial Center '' . North Carolina History projects . unc.edu . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft East Coast Headquarters - Safway Services '' . safway.com . Jump up ^ Charlotte Chamber of Commerce . `` 270 Fortune 500 Companies Represented in Charlotte - Mecklenburg '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 25 Aug 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. National Whitewater Center : : Whitewater Rafting , Biking , Climbing , Kayaking , Zip lines , Food , and Fun . -- Come Play ! '' . Usnwc.org . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . 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Jump up ^ WBTV. `` Dan Clodfelter selected as mayor of Charlotte '' . Dan Clodfelter selected as mayor of Charlotte . WBTV . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ https://www.medic911.com/assets/user/upload/files/AR%202017%20web(1).pdf Jump up ^ https://www.medic911.com/assets/user/upload/files/AR%202017%20web(1).pdf Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Charmeck.org . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2008 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlotte , North Carolina ( NC ) profile : population , maps , real estate , averages , homes , statistics , relocation , travel , jobs , hospitals , schools , crime , moving , houses , sex offenders , news , sex offenders '' . City-data.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Charlotte , NC Auto Theft Statistics , archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 , retrieved June 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` CQ Press : City Crime Rankings 2008 '' . Os.cqpress.com . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . 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Jump up ^ `` 2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings '' . Walk Score . 2011 . Retrieved Aug 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ webmaster . `` NCDOT : I - 485 Charlotte Outer Loop '' . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Release ACI World Airport Traffic '' ( PDF ) . Charmeck.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte International Cabinet '' . Charmeck.org . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smiley Anders ( July 26 , 1978 ) . `` Visiting Haitian Mayor Seeking Builders for Housing Projects '' . Baton Rouge Morning Advocate ( sec . A , p. 12 ) . Jump up ^ Emily Glaser ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Getting Down And Dirty With Two Of Charlotte 's Freshest Garden Nonprofits '' . southcharlottelifestylepubs.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Further reading ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of the history of Charlotte , North Carolina Graves , William , and Heather A. Smith , eds . Charlotte , NC : The Global Evolution of a New South City ( University of Georgia Press ; 2010 ) 320 pages . Essays that use Charlotte to explore how globalization and local forces combine to transform Southern cities . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 3561 - 4 Hanchett , Thomas W. Sorting Out the New South City : Race , Class , and Urban Development in Charlotte , 1875 -- 1975 . 380 pages . University of North Carolina Press . August 1 , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2376 - 7 . Kratt , Mary Norton . Charlotte : Spirit of the New South . 293 pages . John F. Blair , Publisher . September 1 , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 89587 - 095 - 9 . Kratt , Mary Norton and Mary Manning Boyer . Remembering Charlotte : Postcards from a New South City , 1905 -- 1950 . 176 pages . University of North Carolina Press . October 1 , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4871 - 9 . Kratt , Mary Norton . New South Women : Twentieth Century Women of Charlotte , North Carolina . Public Library of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County in Association with John F. Blair , Publisher . August 1 , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 89587 - 250 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutCharlotte , North Carolinaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official Charlotte - Mecklenburg County NC website Charlotte Area Transit System ( CATS ) Charlotte travel guide from Wikivoyage Visit Charlotte , from the Charlotte Regional Visitor 's Authority Charlotte , North Carolina at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Charlotte Metropolis -- stop motion video by Rob Ca Articles relating to Charlotte , North Carolina City of Charlotte , North Carolina Main Charlotteans Mecklenburg County Metrolina North Carolina Piedmont Neighborhoods Tallest buildings History Timeline Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence Queen Charlotte Charlottetown Resolutions Government Mayor of Charlotte : Vi Lyles Charlotte City Council Charlotte - Mecklenburg Schools Public Library System Charlotte Fire CMPD Colleges and universities University of North Carolina at Charlotte Central Piedmont Community College Charlotte School of Law Johnson C. Smith University Johnson & Wales University Queens University of Charlotte Attractions Museums : Bechtler Museum of Modern Art Billy Graham Library Carolinas Aviation Museum Discovery Place Harvey B. Gantt Center Levine Museum of the New South Mint Museum NASCAR Hall of Fame Performing Arts : North Carolina Blumenthal Performing Arts Center ImaginOn North Carolina Music Factory PNC Music Pavilion Tremont Music Hall Charlotte Philharmonic Orchestra Parks : First Ward Park Freedom Park Independence Park Little Sugar Creek Greenway Reedy Creek Park Romare Bearden Park Sports teams Carolina Panthers -- NFL Charlotte Hornets -- NBA Charlotte Hounds -- MLL Charlotte Checkers -- AHL Charlotte Independence -- United Soccer Leagues Charlotte Knights -- IL Charlotte Rugby Club -- RSL Charlotte 49ers -- NCAA Division I Johnson C. Smith University Golden Bulls -- NCAA Division II Media Newspapers : The Charlotte Observer The Charlotte Post Creative Loafing Q - Notes Charlotte Weekly Television : 3 WBTV ( CBS ) 9 WSOC ( ABC ) 14 WHKY ( Ind . ) 18 WCCB ( CW ) 30 WNSC ( PBS / ETV ) 36 WCNC ( NBC ) 42 WTVI ( PBS ) 46 WJZY ( Fox ) 55 WMYT ( MNT ) 58 WUNG ( PBS / UNC - TV ) 64 WAXN ( Ind . ) Economy Atrium Health Center city Companies Convention Center Transportation Charlotte Area Transit System Lynx Blue Line CityLynx Gold Line Charlotte Douglas International Airport Roads : I - 77 I - 85 I - 277 I - 485 US 21 US 29 US 74 US 521 NC 16 NC 49 NC 51 NC 115 Route 4 Rail : Carolinian Crescent Piedmont Charlotte Metropolitan Area ( hide ) Counties Alexander ¶ Anson ¶ Cabarrus Catawba ¶ Chester Chesterfield ¶ Cleveland ‡ Gaston Iredell Lancaster Lincoln Mecklenburg Rowan Stanly ‡ Union York ( hide ) Major city Charlotte ( hide ) Municipalities and CDPs in the Charlotte Metropolitan Area 50k -- 100k Concord Gastonia Huntersville Rock Hill 20k -- 50k Cornelius Hickory ¶ Indian Trail Kannapolis Matthews Mint Hill Monroe Mooresville Salisbury Shelby ‡ Statesville 5k -- 20k Albemarle ‡ Belmont Bessemer City Cheraw ¶ Cherryville Chester Conover ¶ Davidson Fort Mill Harrisburg Kings Mountain Lake Norman of Catawba ¶ Lancaster Lincolnton Mount Holly Newton Pageland ¶ Pineville Stallings South Gastonia St. Stephens ¶ Unionville Wadesboro ¶ Waxhaw Weddington Wesley Chapel York Footnotes Bold = principal metro cities ‡ = places and counties part of CSA ¶ = sometimes included in metropolitan North Carolina State of North Carolina Raleigh ( capital ) Topics Climate Geography State Parks Wildlife History Media Newspapers Radio TV North Carolinians Politics Government Law Tourist attractions Seal of North Carolina Society Culture Music Sports Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Gambling Regions Western Foothills High Country Piedmont Metrolina ( Charlotte ) Piedmont Triad Triangle Eastern Sandhills Cape Fear Crystal Coast Inner Banks Outer Banks Largest cities Asheville Cary Chapel Hill Charlotte Concord Durham Fayetteville Gastonia Greensboro Greenville High Point Jacksonville Raleigh Wilmington Winston ‐ Salem Smaller cities Albemarle Apex Asheboro Burlington Conover Eden Elizabeth City Garner Goldsboro Graham Havelock Henderson Hendersonville Hickory Kannapolis Kings Mountain Kinston Laurinburg Lenoir Lexington Lumberton Monroe Morganton New Bern Newton Reidsville Roanoke Rapids Rocky Mount Salisbury Sanford Shelby Statesville Thomasville Wake Forest Wilson Major towns Beaufort Boone Brevard Carrboro Clayton Cornelius Dunn Fuquay - Varina Harrisburg Holly Springs Hope Mills Huntersville Indian Trail Kernersville Knightdale Leland Matthews Midland Mint Hill Mooresville Morehead City Morrisville Mount Pleasant Oxford Shallotte Smithfield Southern Pines Tarboro Waynesville Winterville Counties Alamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Burke Cabarrus Caldwell Camden Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson Hertford Hoke Hyde Iredell Jackson Johnston Jones Lee Lenoir Lincoln Macon Madison Martin McDowell Mecklenburg Mitchell Montgomery Moore Nash New Hanover Northampton Onslow Orange Pamlico Pasquotank Pender Perquimans Person Pitt Polk Randolph Richmond Robeson Rockingham Rowan Rutherford Sampson Scotland Stanly Stokes Surry Swain Transylvania Tyrrell Union Vance Wake Warren Washington Watauga Wayne Wilkes Wilson Yadkin Yancey Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in North Carolina State capital : Raleigh Vi Lyles ( Charlotte ) Nancy McFarlane ( Raleigh ) Nancy Vaughan ( Greensboro ) Steve Schewel ( Durham ) Allen Joines ( Winston - Salem ) Mitch Colvin ( Fayetteville ) Harold Weinbrecht ( Cary ) Bill Saffo ( Wilmington ) Bill Bencini ( High Point ) Municipalities and communities of Mecklenburg County , North Carolina , United States County seat : Charlotte City Charlotte Towns Cornelius Davidson ‡ Huntersville Matthews Midland ‡ Mint Hill ‡ Pineville Stallings ‡ Weddington ‡ Unincorporated communities Caldwell Hopewell Newell Paw Creek Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties BNF : cb13757754c ( data ) GND : 4217701 - 7 NARA : 10045385 VIAF : 145400371 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlotte,_North_Carolina&oldid=843342580 '' Categories : Charlotte , North Carolina Charlotte metropolitan area Cities in Mecklenburg County , North Carolina Cities in North Carolina County seats in North Carolina Populated places established in 1755 1755 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 maint : BOT : original - 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"\n\nCharlotte, North Carolina\n\n\nCity\n\n\nCity of Charlotte\n\n\n\nClockwise: UNC Charlotte, Harvey B. Gantt Center for African-American Arts + Culture, Duke Energy Center, Charlotte's skyline, First Presbyterian Church of Charlotte, Charlotte Main Library and NASCAR Hall of Fame building\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFlag\n\n\n\n\n\nNickname(s): The Queen City, The QC, The Hornet's Nest\n\n\n\nCharlotte's location in Mecklenburg County in the state of North Carolina\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCharlotte, North Carolina\n\n\nLocation in the United States of America\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCoordinates: 35°13′37″N 80°50′36″W / 35.22694°N 80.84333°W / 35.22694; -80.84333Coordinates: 35°13′37″N 80°50′36″W / 35.22694°N 80.84333°W / 35.22694; -80.84333\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nState\nNorth Carolina\n\n\nCounty\nMecklenburg\n\n\nSettled\n1755\n\n\nIncorporated\n1768 (as a town, later a city)\n\n\nNamed for\nCharlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz\n\n\nGovernment\n\n\n • Type\nCouncil-manager\n\n\n • Body\nCity Council of Charlotte, North Carolina\n\n\n • Mayor\nVi Lyles (D)\n\n\nArea\n\n\n • City\n297.7 sq mi (771 km2)\n\n\nElevation\n751 ft (229 m)\n\n\nPopulation (2010)\n\n\n • City\n731,424\n\n\n • Estimate (2017)[1]\n859,035 (US: 17th)\n\n\n • Density\n2,500/sq mi (950/km2)\n\n\n • Urban\n1,249,442 (38th)\n\n\n • Metro\n2,474,314 (22nd)\n\n\nDemonym(s)\nCharlottean\n\n\nTime zone\nEST (UTC-5)\n\n\n • Summer (DST)\nEDT (UTC-4)\n\n\nZIP code\n28201-28237, 28240-28247, 28250, 28253-28256, 28258, 28260-28262, 28265-28266, 28269-28275, 28277-28278, 28280-28290, 28296-28297, 28299\n\n\nArea code(s)\n704, 980\n\n\nFIPS code\n37-12000[2]\n\n\nGNIS feature ID\n1019610[3]\n\n\nWebsite\ncharlottenc.gov\n\n"
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"35°13′37″N 80°50′36″W / 35.22694°N 80.84333°W"
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6850120819432179650 | Smith–Hughes Act | Smith -- Hughes Act - wikipedia Smith -- Hughes Act Jump to : navigation , search The Smith - Hughes National Vocational Education Act of 1917 was an act of the United States Congress that promoted vocational education in `` agriculture , trades and industry , and homemaking '' , and provided federal funds for this purpose . As such , it is the basis both for the promotion of vocational education , and for its isolation from the rest of the curriculum in most school settings . The act is an expansion and modification of the 1914 Smith - Lever Act and both were based largely on a report and recommendation from Charles Allen Prosser 's Report of the National Commission on Aid to Vocational Education . Woodlawn High School ( Woodlawn , Virginia ) became the first public secondary school in the United States to offer agricultural education classes under the Smith -- Hughes Act . Contents ( hide ) 1 Separate state boards for vocational education 2 Separation of funds 3 Segregation of vocational education students 4 Segregation of the curriculum 5 Smith - Hughes Through the Years 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Separate state boards for vocational education ( edit ) Several specific elements of the Act contributed to the isolation of vocational education from other parts of the comprehensive high school curriculum . To powers to cooperate ... with the Federal Board for Vocational Education . '' Each State board was required to establish a plan : `` ... showing the kinds of vocational education for which it is proposed that the appropriation shall be used ; the kinds of schools and equipment ; courses of study ; methods of instruction ; qualifications of teachers ; ... plans for the training of teachers ... Such plans shall be submitted by the State Board to the Federal Board of Vocational Education . The State Board shall make an annual report to the Federal Board for Vocational Education ... on the work done in the State and the receipts and expenditures of money under the provisions of this Act . '' ( Section 8 ) The term `` state plan '' has been a misnomer from the outset . The plan does not arise from state policy and leadership , but from the mandates contained in the Federal law . Rather than establish state priorities , describe organizational systems , or identify state goals , activities , or accountability mechanisms , the purpose of a state plan was to serve as a contract between the state and Federal governments , assuring adherence to Federal requirements and procedures . The requirement to establish a Board of Vocational Education led some States to the establish a board separate from the State Board of Education . Thus some states had two separate governance education structures . This in turn fostered the notion of vocational schools as separate and distinct from general secondary schools , and of vocational education as separate from `` academic '' education . This was the case dido act . Separation of funds ( edit ) Smith - Hughes spelled out the Federal Government 's intent that vocational teachers should be `` ... persons who have had adequate vocational experience or contact in the line of work ... '' ( Section 12 ) in which they were to hold classes . Federal funds , as well as State and local funds for vocational education , as specified in the State plans , could be spent on salaries of teachers with vocational experience , but not on salaries of academic teachers . Although the Act 's intent was to avoid `` raiding '' of vocational funds by other segments of the comprehensive high school , the result was to separate the vocational education program from the mainstream of a school 's operations . Segregation of vocational education students ( edit ) The key restrictive section of the Act applied , however , not to teachers but to students . Smith - Hughes required that schools or classes giving instruction `` to persons who have not entered upon employment shall require that at least half of the time of such instruction shall be given to practical work of a useful or productive basis , such instruction to extend over not less than nine months per year and not less than thirty hours per week . '' ( Section 12 ) Thus , the law required the following : If a high - school student was taught one class by a teacher paid in full or in part from Federal vocational funds , that same student could receive no more than fifty per cent academic instruction . The Federal Vocational Board was quickly able to extend the control of students ' time to what came to be known as the 50 - 25 - 25 rule : fifty percent of the time in shop work ; twenty - five percent in closely related subjects , and twenty - five percent in academic course work . This rule became a universal feature of State plans from the 1920s to the early 1960s . The 1917 Act was virtually silent on manpower projections and on centralized assignment of training quotas to school districts . If the driving force of the Act was labor shortages , one would expect it to contain processes to identify shortages and time - controlled means to meet them . Surely the 50 - 25 - 25 pro-ration of students ' time fits the development of some kinds of skills better than others . The ultimate effect of the Act , though never stated explicitly , was to identify certain students and teachers as `` vocational , '' and to protect the salaries of the latter by reserving for them ( exclusively ) certain amounts of Federal money matched by state and local contributions . Some critics infer that the authorities saw programs of practical instruction so endangered from a dominant academic elite that they required such protection by Federal law . The result , however , was to segregate academic teachers and students from vocational teachers and students and to strengthen the social alienation that early critics of these steps had feared . Segregation of the curriculum ( edit ) Predictably , vocational teachers emphasized job - specific skills to the almost complete exclusion of theoretical content . One result was that the intellectual development of vocational students tended to be limited at a relatively early age . Another result was that students so trained were ill - equipped to pass skills along in the workplace or to learn new skills when their jobs disappeared through technological change . High schools in the United States then , offered little to students who were interested in technical subjects ( conceived as subjects that offer close harmony in the more or less simultaneous interplay of theory and practice ) . Smith - Hughes through the years ( edit ) The policies and positions taken by the United States Congress in their enactment of Smith - Hughes have been extraordinarily powerful forces in determining the current status of vocational education . Remarkably , these central segregating and separating provisions have proven to be largely impervious to change in spite of the large - scale shifts in emphasis which have occurred since its original enactment . In fact , these provisions were later augmented and reinforced by subsequent actions . It will be useful to examine briefly how the emphasis on vocational - technical education has been altered through the years . While the policy emphasis at the Federal level moved from the original focus on national defense to the severe unemployment problems in the 1930s , Federal influence in vocational programs remained largely unchanged . However a significant change did occur in the 1930s -- the emphasis on vocational courses in what were then called `` junior colleges '' ( which later evolved into community colleges ) . In the next decade , the War Production Training Act , as implemented by the War Manpower Commission introduced the concept of `` open - entry , open - exit '' programs . A collateral Federal effort was the Rural War Production Training Act which emphasized agriculture related programs . By this time it had become abundantly clear that within vocational - technical education three restricted and restrictive program tracks were in force : a general education effort , a vocational education program , and various job training programs . During the 1940s and 1950s , the program of vocational education which had developed in the early 1900s from the need to `` train boys and girls for work , '' envisioned as national defense strategy in the 1920s , focused on unemployment in the 1930s , now encountered both the need to assist with the war effort during the 1940s , and the need to provide a transition to a peace - time economy . During this period and into the 1960s , States experienced first the burgeoning of industry related to the war effort , and later , growth in the junior college system and adult education . Influences on vocational education during the 1950s were characterized by light industries springing from new technology , the emergence of the health occupations careers , and the inclusion of work experience as an appropriate part of public education . In addition , social policy at the Federal level led to two amendments to the George - Barden Act of 1946 . The first amendment , Title II , Vocational Education in Practical Nursing , was a reflection of a Congressional interest in `` the health of the people . '' Several years later , Title VIII sought to stimulate technical training programs in the wake of the launching of Sputnik . During the 1960s , vocational education experienced especially heavy enrollment growth . All the while , technological advances were producing increasing employment dislocation . The gap between the affluent and the disadvantaged widened ; poverty in areas of economic depression could not be ignored . Congress responded by enacting the Manpower Development and Training Act of 1961 ( MDTA ) , followed by the Vocational Education Act of 1963 ( VEA ) . It is surprising to note that almost 50 years after the Smith -- Hughes Act , in spite of all the intervening changes , the definition and purpose of vocational education as set out in the new VEA remained largely the same . In sum , the essential nature of Federal vocational education remained constant from 1917 until 1963 , though authorizations for Federal allocations were raised under both the George - Barden Act of 1946 and the National Defense Education Act of 1958 . Measured in terms of funding and enrollment , this early form of categorical assistance was successful . In 1917 , just before implementation of Smith - Hughes , there were 200,000 vocational students in the United States and something less than $3 million was spent annually on their training . Forty years later , enrollment had increased to 3.4 million students and expenditures stood at $176 million . Smith - Hughes required dollar for dollar matching of Federal money by the States , local governments , or some combination thereof . As the decade of the 1950s closed -- the last decade for the Smith - Hughes version of categorical intervention -- Federal funds were over-matched by both State and local funds , taken separately . On the central , most traditional dimensions , the Smith - Hughes formulas had to be considered an enormous success by its strongest advocates . It had directly pumped hundreds of millions of dollars into the vocational education system . Its matching requirements had generated hundreds of millions of additional State and local funds all devoted to vocational education programs . Even more impressively , vocational education enrollments had grown seventeenfold . During this period of phenomenal growth , the whole arena of vocational education policy was left pretty much to the vocational education practitioners . There are several reasons for this phenomenon . Historically , vocational - technical education has not been a high priority area for the typical education reformer . Much more attention has been given over the years by education reformers and policy makers to concerns over the quality of preparation for postsecondary education . Several factors contributed to this `` benign neglect . '' Most educators in positions to exercise authority at Federal , State or local levels have little or no experience with vocational education . Additionally , the academic research community has shown scant interest to the issues facing vocational education . Finally , until recently , there have been few pressures from the community to materially change the way vocational education is offered . As a result , policy influences affecting vocational education have been left , almost by default , to vocational educators . Because the Federal purposes in vocational education appeared to coincide so closely with the wishes of the vocational education community , i.e. , to protect and expand practical training in secondary schools in the United States against the assumed opposition of the academic elite , the Federal acts were , practically speaking , self - enforcing . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kern Alexander ; Richard G. Salmon ; F. King Alexander ( 2014 ) . Financing Public Schools : Theory , Policy , and Practice . Routledge . p. 228 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 10656 - 0 . Jump up ^ Gadell , John ( 1972 ) . Charles Allen Prosser : His Work in Vocational and General Education . Washington University . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Worrell , A. ( 2009 , January ) Woodlawn School Tabbed for Historical Marker . The Carroll News . Retrieved from http://www.thecarrollnews.com/view/full_story/5528284/article-Woodlawn-School-tabbed-for-historical-marker . Further reading ( edit ) David Carleton ( 2002 ) . `` The Smith - Hughes Act ( February 23 , 1917 ) '' . Landmark Congressional Laws on Education . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 63 -- 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31335 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Copy of the original Smith - Hughes Act University of Kentucky Prentice Hall Documents Library Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smith -- Hughes_Act&oldid = 798029228 '' Categories : United States federal agriculture legislation United States repealed legislation 1917 in law 1917 in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 15 : 28 . About Wikipedia | where did the smith hughes act make the biggest impact | [] | [] |
1608393717717152238 | Merlin (series 5) | Merlin ( series 5 ) - wikipedia Merlin ( series 5 ) Merlin ( series 5 ) Complete DVD set box art Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 13 Release Original network BBC Original release 6 October ( 2012 - 10 - 06 ) -- 24 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 24 ) Series chronology ← Previous Series 4 List of Merlin episodes The fifth and final series of the British fantasy drama series Merlin began broadcasting on 6 October 2012 with the episode `` Arthur 's Bane ( Part 1 ) '' and ended on 24 December 2012 in the UK , with `` The Diamond of the Day ( Part 2 ) '' . It consists of 13 episodes shown on Saturday evenings on BBC One and BBC One HD ( repeats shown on BBC Three ) . Series producer is Sara Hamill and executive producers are Johnny Capps and Julian Murphy . Directors include Justin Molotnikov , Ashley Way , Alice Troughton and Declan O'Dwyer . Writers include Julian Jones ( head writer ) , Howard Overman , Jake Michie and Richard McBrien . Series five stars the regular cast from the previous series including Colin Morgan , Angel Coulby , Bradley James , Katie McGrath , and Richard Wilson . Anthony Head returns to the cast in a one episode guest appearance . Alexander Vlahos became part of the regular cast in this series and John Hurt returned as the voice of the Dragon . Supporting cast members include Adetomiwa Edun , Eoin Macken , Tom Hopper , and Rupert Young . It was announced on 26 November 2012 that Merlin would end with the fifth series . The two - part finale was broadcast on the 22 and 24 December 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest star 3 Episodes 4 References Plot ( edit ) After three years of peace and harmony , Camelot 's future could n't appear brighter . But as Merlin helps King Arthur to bring the kingdom into a Golden Age , the seeds of Camelot 's destruction are being sown as the sorceress Morgana resumes plotting Arthur 's downfall . When an old face returns to the castle and gains a position amongst the king 's inner circle , Merlin must be on guard more than ever . For the new arrival is the sorcerer Mordred , the Druid boy whose destiny it is to end the King 's life and bring chaos to Camelot . As the death song of King Uther haunts the castle and Guinevere crosses over to the dark side , both Merlin and Arthur find that their destinies are approaching . The battle for Camelot is about to reach a deadly conclusion and nothing will ever be the same again . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Colin Morgan as Merlin Bradley James as Arthur Pendragon Katie McGrath as Morgana Pendragon Angel Coulby as Guinevere Richard Wilson as Gaius Recurring ( edit ) John Hurt as the Great Dragon ( voice ) Rupert Young as Sir Leon Eoin Macken as Sir Gawaine Adetomiwa Edun as Sir Elyan Tom Hopper as Sir Percival Alexander Vlahos as Mordred Guest star ( edit ) Stephen McCole as Ragnor Matthew Prowse as Saxon Liam Cunningham as Ruadan James Fox as King Rodor Alfie Stewart as Daegal John Bradley West as Tyr Seward Julian Glover as Lochru Anthony Head as Uther Pendragon Erin Richards as Eira Tony Guilfoyle as Sindri Peter Guinness as Ari Kelly Wenham as Queen Mab Jane Thorne as Valdis Sophie Rundle as Sefa Josette Simon as The Euchdag Barry Aird as Beroun Frances Tomelty as Disir Alexandra Dowling as Kara Gordon Munro as Alrick John Shrapnel as King Sarrum Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 53 `` Arthur 's Bane - Part 1 '' Justin Molotnikov Julian Jones 6 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 06 ) 7.12 Camelot is three years into her Golden Age , but already the seeds of her destruction are being sown . After news that Sir Gawaine and a battalion of Camelot 's finest were lost in a patrol in the northern lands of Ismere , Camelot 's round table comes to the conclusion that Morgana is behind this . Arthur sets off on a perilous journey with Merlin and a handful of knights to rescue the men . On the way , Merlin is shown a frightening vision of Arthur 's death . Meanwhile , behind the walls of Camelot , Queen Guinevere must seek out a traitor who has put everyone 's lives at stake . 54 `` Arthur 's Bane - Part 2 '' Justin Molotnikov Julian Jones 13 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 13 ) 6.99 Merlin is troubled by Mordred 's reappearance , despite the kindness the latter shows to both Merlin and Arthur . After escaping from the Saxons , Merlin and Arthur continue their journey to Morgana 's tower in Ismere , while Mordred travels with the Saxons on the same path . In the tower , Arthur and Merlin disguise themselves as Saxons , but Arthur is intercepted by Morgana . Merlin attempts to save him but is incapacitated . Mordred ultimately saves Arthur in an unexpected turn of events . He is then knighted in Camelot , but Merlin is still wary of him . 55 `` The Death Song of Uther Pendragon '' Justin Molotnikov Howard Overman 20 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 20 ) 6.86 When given the chance to see his father one last time , Arthur takes it . Little does he know , however , that Uther is one step ahead of him , and his actions have devastating consequences . With Uther 's spirit on the rampage in Camelot , Merlin knows that they must work fast to eradicate the ghost of the old king . Thus , Arthur must hunt down his father and prove to him , once and for all , that he is now truly King . 56 `` Another 's Sorrow '' Ashley Way Jake Michie 27 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 27 ) 6.86 When Princess Mithian of Nemeth , a long - standing ally of Camelot , comes to Arthur seeking aid as her father has been captured by the long - time enemy of Camelot , Odin , he is quick to grant it . But Merlin fears there is something sinister at play , particularly due to the odd behavior of Mithian 's nurse , Hilda . Unable to persuade the king of his suspicions , Merlin joins Arthur , Gaius , Mithian , Hilda , and a handful of knights on a journey to rescue Mithian 's father , Rodor . 57 `` The Disir '' Ashley Way Richard McBrien 3 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 03 ) 6.88 The Disir summon King Arthur to receive the judgement of the Triple Goddess and Arthur decides to respond . All does not go as planned , and the King and his knights ' recklessness leave Mordred gravely wounded . Desperate , Arthur decides to petition the Disir for help , and he and Merlin seek them out again . The Disir give Arthur an ultimatum : embrace magic , or the Triple Goddess will seal his fate against him . Merlin seizes what he sees as the opportunity to kill Mordred and reminds Arthur that there is no place for magic in Camelot . The Disir seal Arthur 's fate and when he returns , Mordred is well again . Merlin realises only then what happened ; in not embracing magic , Arthur sealed his fate ; Mordred lives . 58 6 `` The Dark Tower '' Ashley Way Julian Jones 10 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 10 ) 6.85 Gwen and Elyan are on a pilgrimage to their father 's grave . However , on the journey back , Gwen is captured by Morgana . At the news , Arthur and his knights ride out on a rescue mission . Morgana begins a slow process of torturing Gwen using mandrake root . Arthur and the others arrive at the Dark Tower , where Gwen is kept , and Elyan surges ahead , finding his sister trapped by a magically protective sword . He fights with the sword until he dies in Gwen 's arms . Arthur brings Gwen back to Camelot where Elyan 's funeral is held . However , at night , Gwen sneaks to a meeting with Morgana as they begin their conspiracy against Camelot . 59 7 `` A Lesson in Vengeance '' Alice Troughton Jake Michie 17 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 17 ) 6.86 Strange events are occurring in Camelot , and all of them seem to bring harm to the King . Tyr , a stable - hand , gets caught in the cross-fire and Morgana fears that he will reveal the secret of Guinevere being a traitor . Merlin becomes suspicious of Gwen , quickly realising that Morgana must have done something to her . Tyr is found dead before he can report any news , and the attempts to kill Arthur continue . Finally , Gwen manages to poison Arthur , forcing Merlin to use his magic to save the King . 60 8 `` The Hollow Queen '' Alice Troughton Julian Jones 24 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 24 ) 6.86 When Daegal , a Druid boy , asks for Merlin 's aid in helping his sick sister , Merlin agrees and begins the journey to the Valley of the Fallen Kings . This turns out to be a trap for Merlin set by Morgana . Daegal reconsiders , and saves Merlin . In the meantime , Arthur is entertaining the fearsome Lord Sarrum with peace treaties . Guinevere plots Arthur 's assassination with the visiting warlord . Morgana and Gwen plan to double cross Sarrum , but Sarrum plans to do the same . On the day of the treaty signing , Sarrum positions an assassin to kill Arthur . Merlin and Daegal arrive just in time to save Arthur and kill Sarrum , but Daegal dies in the process . Merlin and Gaius bury Daegal , and Merlin knows that something must be done about Gwen . 61 9 `` With All My Heart '' Alice Troughton Richard McBrien 1 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 01 ) 6.76 Merlin reveals Guinevere 's betrayal to Arthur . Merlin resolves to bring the old Gwen back and Gaius suggests that he travel to the Dochraid . Under threat , the Dochraid explains that Gwen must enter a magic lake willingly to be cleansed by the White Goddess . Arthur , Merlin and Mordred take the unconscious Gwen to the lake where Merlin takes on the guise of Dolma , a female sorceress , to perform the ceremony . Arthur must use Gwen 's love for him to convince her to enter the lake . Merlin , still in disguise , asks Arthur not to forget that magic saved his Queen . Mordred confronts Merlin on the way back knowing that the magic that saved Gwen was his . 62 10 `` The Kindness of Strangers '' Declan O'Dwyer Richard McBrien 8 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 08 ) 7.00 Morgana is determined to discover Emrys ' identity . She captures Alator , who possesses this knowledge , but he refuses to reveal it . Meanwhile , a mysterious woman tells Merlin to meet her in the woods . Merlin goes , and finds she is a follower of Alator , named Finna . They are attacked by knights from Camelot , and Finna flees . Morgana finds a note sent from Finna to Alator and begins searching for her . Merlin reaches her first and they talk , before being attacked by Morgana 's men . Merlin is wounded , but they manage to escape and Finna delivers Arthur 's destiny to Merlin . She takes Merlin 's sword and tells him to flee . Morgana arrives and confronts Finna , asking for Emrys ' identity , but Finna commits suicide with Merlin 's sword . 63 11 `` The Drawing of the Dark '' Declan O'Dwyer Julian Jones 15 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 15 ) 7.34 Kara , a Druid girl and Mordred 's love , is involved in a Saxon attack on a Camelot supply wagon . Mordred lets her escape and treats her injuries . Kara is discovered by Arthur and arrested after attempting to kill him . She is sentenced to hang . Mordred makes an unsuccessful attempt to flee with Kara , and they are both jailed . Arthur gives Kara the chance to repent . She refuses , and her sentence is carried out . Mordred breaks his cell open in a magical rage as Kara is hanged . He seeks Morgana , joins her forces and reveals Emrys ' identity . 64 12 `` The Diamond of the Day - Part 1 '' Justin Molotnikov Jake Michie 22 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 22 ) 8.45 Morgana succeeds in stripping Merlin of his magic and he is helpless to aid Arthur who has decided to meet Morgana 's forces at Camlann . To regain his magic Merlin travels to the Crystal Cave in the Valley of the Fallen Kings . Using a spy , Morgana tracks and entombs Merlin in the Cave . Awakened by a vision of his father , Merlin 's magic is restored and he warns Arthur of Morgana 's battle plans while the King sleeps . The battle commences and Merlin emerges from the Cave as Emrys . 65 13 `` The Diamond of the Day - Part 2 '' Justin Molotnikov Julian Jones 24 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 24 ) 7.80 Emrys arrives at Camlann , and uses his magic to knock Morgana unconscious , order Aithusa to leave , and strike down many of Morgana 's men . The battle culminates in Mordred dealing Arthur a fatal wound , only to receive one in return . While tending to Arthur , Merlin confesses that he is a sorcerer . Arthur 's only chance of survival is the powers of the Sidhe of Avalon , so Merlin sets out to reach the lake . In Camelot , Morgana 's spy is discovered and hanged , leading Gawaine , along with Percival , to hunt down Morgana . However , she overpowers them and magically tortures Gawaine into confessing Arthur 's whereabouts ; Gawaine passes out shortly afterwards in Percival 's arms . Morgana catches up with Merlin and Arthur and drives their horses away , but she is killed by Merlin wielding Excalibur . Without horses , Merlin can not get Arthur to the Isle in time , and the King of Camelot dies in Merlin 's arms , after thanking his friend for everything he has done . Merlin beseeches the Great Dragon to carry Arthur 's body to the Isle , and the Dragon does so . As Merlin desperately tries to drag Arthur 's body to the lake , the Great Dragon tells Merlin he has succeeded , and that as the Once and Future King , Arthur will rise again in Albion 's greatest hour of need . As the Dragon departs , Merlin flings Excalibur into the waters of Avalon and sends Arthur 's body after it . Guinevere ascends the throne of Camelot . In the present day , it seems an immortal Merlin still waits for the Once and Future King to rise again . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Merlin to cast final spell as creators reveal that current series will be the last '' . 26 November 2012 . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Viewing Summary ( see relevant week ) '' . BARB . Archived from the original on 8 November 2008 . hide Merlin ( TV series ) Episodes Series 1 `` The Dragon 's Call '' Series 2 Series 3 Series 4 Series 5 Related articles Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merlin_(series_5)&oldid=821822978 '' Categories : 2012 British television seasons Merlin ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 21 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does gwen find out merlin has magic | [] | [] |
-3089544831916532667 | Doraemon: Nobita's Three Visionary Swordsmen | Doraemon : Nobita 's Three Visionary Swordsmen - wikipedia Doraemon : Nobita 's Three Visionary Swordsmen Jump to : navigation , search Doraemon the Movie : Nobita 's Three Visionary Swordsmen Directed by Tsutomu Shibayama Written by Fujiko F. Fujio Starring Nobuyo Ōyama Noriko Ohara Narrated by Yousuke Akimoto Music by Shunsuke Kikuchi Production company Asatsu Shin - Ei Animation Distributed by Toho Company Release date 12 March 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 12 ) ( Japan ) Running time 99 minutes Country Japan Language Japanese Box office ¥ 1.35 billion ( $13.1 million ) Doraemon : Nobita 's Three Visionary Swordsmen ( ドラえもん のび太 と 夢幻 三 剣士 , Doraemon Nobita to Mugen Sankenshi ) is a feature - length anime film which premiered on March 12 , 1994 . It 's the film also marks the 15th anniversary of the Doraemon television series on TV Asahi and 15th Doraemon film . The movie aired in India as Doraemon The Movie : Nobita 's 3 Magical Swordsmen on Disney Channel India on 23 March 2013 and on Hungama TV on 25 July 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( May 2016 ) Tired of constantly having nightmares , Nobita ask for Doraemon to bring a Dream Machine which would allow Nobita to dream of anything he wants . After an attempt to have a dream about the fall of Atlantis fails , he chooses a dream where he is in a fantasy world with an inspiration from The Three Musketeers. Doraemon disagrees and gives him a lecture which makes Nobita angry and he runs away from home. Doraemon searches him and promises him to let him watch the dream of The Three Musketeers . Doraemon sends him to the dream . At the start of the dream he meets a fairy who brings him to a city in the Kingdom of Yumirume under the attack of Emperor Odrome 's army . Enemies start firing at Nobita , only to be saved by the fairy . She cuts off the piece of moon , causing Nobita to blow away . When he gets up he finds himself at the forest and one of the Sherogani swordsman namely Suneo makes him his slave . On the way , Nobita helps the baby bear to get out of trap . While moving through the jungle Nobita is attacked by another swordsman Gian . In order to save him Suneo fights with Gian , which he loses and he and Nobita have to retreat . Both of the swordsman move to the inner forest in order to find the Sherogani sword and suit . Both swordsman climb over the sky - touching tree to get the sword but Nobita luckily finds the blasted moon and with its help , he reaches to the top of tree and gets the sword . In this way he becomes another swordsman . At the same time Nobita 's mother comes and wakes him . In the school , he found that due to the dream Gian and Suneo are tired . At night Nobita asks Doraemon to add his friends to his dream . So he puts an antenna to the heads of his sleeping friends . When the dream starts , Nobita get shocked to see Doraemon in his dream too. Now Gian and Suneo also become a part of his dream . All the friends moves in forest in order to save the attacked city . Abruptly , they got attacked by a bear , only to be saved by the baby bear who tells the bear that Nobita saved him from the trap . The bear promised the group to take them to cave of dragon . On the other hand , princess Shizuka disagrees with her father 's idea to marry the person who will defeat the evil king . She runs away from the castle , rides over the break which takes her away . In the forest , the bear leads the group to the cave to dragon , but due to the stream of water Nobita and Doraemon get separated from the other two . Gian and Suneo continue to move . Suddenly the dragon appears and turn them into stones with his fire - breath . Nobita and Doraemon meet with Shizuka . All of them got covered in sand due to falling of sand. Doraemon suggests that in this form dragon can not identify them . So they move to inner cave of the dragon . Nobita screamed to see Gian and Suneo in stoned form . Dragon hears it and attack Nobita with his fire , but he protect himself with his sword . He cuts the dragon 's mustaches with the sword , causing the dragon to faint . When he was at the verge of finishing the dragon , he stops and gets away . All of them agree with Nobita . Dragon regains conscious , he tells Nobita that he does not want to turn any one to stone , he just wants to protect himself . He lets them bath in his perspiration which will grant him one more time to live . He also turns Gian and Suneo into normal humans . Then they move toward the attacked city . The city was empty . They found the army men at the castle . All of them plan to destroy the enemy 's army by water as they were made of sand . So all of the army men got dissolved in water . The evil king gets furious at that. He decides to fight with Nobita himself . So he finishes Nobita one time . The other time he tries to finish him , Nobita and Doraemon get awakened by mother , causing the dream to stop . Doraemon and Nobita decide to finish the dream . He removes the antenna from all of his friends except for Shizuka who was bathing . At night when Nobita and Doraemon were going to sleep , the fairy from the start of dream came and take them to the dream again . This time still fighting with king . King finishes the Shizuka one time as he does not know that she can regain life one more time . Nobita and king continue to fight each other . Nobita keeps the edge of sword toward the king . At the same time Shizuka uses big light on the sword which moves across the body of evil king , causing him to die . The movie ends with princess Shizuka agreeing to marry Nobita . Cast ( edit ) Doraemon / Doramon Nobuyo Oyama Nobita Nobi / Nobitagnan Noriko Ohara Shizuka Minamoto / Shizukaria / Silk Michiko Nomura Suneo Honekawa / Sunemith Kaneta Kimotsuki Gian / Gitos Kazuya Tatekabe Nobita 's mother Sachiko Chijimatsu Shizuka 's mother Masako Matsubara Teacher Ryoichi Tanaka Emperor Odrome Iemasa Kayumi Toriho Kinto Tamura General Spider Yuusaku Yara General Jumbo Daisuke Gouri Treasure Box Ryoko Kinomiya Monster Masashi Hirose General Yousuke Naka Squad Leader Minoru Inaba Soldiers Keiji Fujiwara Hiroshi Naka Hidetoshi Nakamura Maid Rio Natsuki Schoolboy Katsumi Toriumi Dragon Hiroya Ishimaru Bear Takuzou Kamiyama References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jaeger , Eren . `` Past Doraemon Films '' . Forums.BoxOffice.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ English translation as shown on an official website for the 25th anniversary of the film franchise . External links ( edit ) Doraemon The Movie 25th page ( in Japanese ) Doraemon : Nobita 's Three Visionary Swordsmen on IMDb Doraemon by Fujiko Fujio Franchise Characters ( Doraemon ) Non-Japanese versions ( US , Vietnam , India ) Franchise Doraemon Doraemon Long Stories Doraemon Plus The Doraemons Dorabase Anime 1973 series 1979 series ( episodes ) 2005 series ( seasons 1 - 3 , 4 - 6 , 7 - 9 , 10 - 13 ) Movies Nobita 's Dinosaur ( 1980 ) Spaceblazer ( 1981 ) Haunts of Evil ( 1982 ) Castle of the Undersea Devil ( 1983 ) Into the Underworld ( 1984 ) Little Star Wars ( 1985 ) Steel Troops ( 1986 ) Knights on Dinosaurs ( 1987 ) Visit to the West ( 1988 ) Birth of Japan ( 1989 ) Animal Planet ( 1990 ) Dorabian Nights ( 1991 ) Kingdom of Clouds ( 1992 ) Tin Labyrinth ( 1993 ) Three Visionary Swordsmen ( 1994 ) Diary of the Creation of the World ( 1995 ) Galaxy Super-express ( 1996 ) Spiral City ( 1997 ) Great Adventure in the South Seas ( 1998 ) Drifts in the Universe ( 1999 ) Legend of the Sun King ( 2000 ) Winged Braves ( 2001 ) Robot Kingdom ( 2002 ) The Windmasters ( 2003 ) Wannyan Space - Time Odyssey ( 2004 ) Nobita 's Dinosaur 2006 ( 2006 ) Nobita 's New Great Adventure into the Underworld ( 2007 ) Nobita and the Green Giant Legend ( 2008 ) Nobita 's Spaceblazer ( 2009 ) Nobita 's Great Battle of the Mermaid King ( 2010 ) Nobita and the New Steel Troops -- Winged Angels ( 2011 ) Nobita and the Island of Miracles -- Animal Adventure ( 2012 ) Nobita 's Secret Gadget Museum ( 2013 ) New Nobita 's Great Demon -- Peko and the Exploration Party of Five ( 2014 ) Stand by Me Doraemon ( 2014 ) Nobita 's Space Heroes ( 2015 ) Nobita and the Birth of Japan 2016 ( 2016 ) Nobita and the Great Adventure in the Antarctic Kachi Kochi ( 2017 ) Nobita 's Treasure Island ( 2018 ) Short films Doraemon What Am I for Momotaro ( 1981 ) Future Note ( 1994 ) 2112 : The Birth of Doraemon ( 1995 ) Doraemon Comes Back ( 1998 ) Nobita 's the Night Before a Wedding ( 1999 ) A Grandmother 's Recollections ( 2000 ) Ganbare ! Gian ! ! ( 2001 ) The Day When I Was Born ( 2002 ) Doraemon 25 Anniversary ( 2004 ) Doraemon 3D Short ( 2008 ) Dorami Mini-Dora SOS ( 1989 ) Wow , The Kid Gang of Bandits ( 1991 ) Hello , Dynosis Kids ( 1993 ) A Blue Straw Hat ( 1994 ) Dorami & The Doraemons Dorami & Doraemons : Robot School 's Seven Mysteries ( 1996 ) Space Land 's Critical Event ( 2001 ) The Doraemons The Puzzling Challenge Letter of the Mysterious Thief Dorapan ( 1997 ) The Great Operating of Springing Insects ( 1998 ) Doki Doki Wildcat Engine ( 2000 ) Goal ! Goal ! Goal ! ! ( 2002 ) Games Doraemon ( 1986 ) Doraemon : Meikyū Daisakusen ( 1989 ) SOS ! Otogi no Kuni ( 1997 ) Nobita to Mittsu no Seireiseki ( 1997 ) Doraemon Land ( game show ) Music Doraemon no Uta Yume wo Kanaete Doraemon List of Doraemon soundtrack albums Book Category Shin - Ei Animation 1970s Ore wa Teppei ( 1977 -- 78 ) Yagyukyo no Uta ( 1977 -- 79 ) Highschool Baseball Ninja ( 1978 ) Doraemon ( 1979 -- 2005 ) Heart of the Red Bird ( 1979 ) 1980s Kaibutsu - kun ( 1980 -- 82 ) Ninja Hattori - kun ( 1981 -- 87 ) Game Center Arashi ( 1982 ) Fukuchan ( 1982 -- 84 ) Perman ( 1983 -- 85 ) Oyoneko Boonyan ( 1984 ) Pro Golfer Saru ( 1985 -- 88 ) Shin Obake no Q - tarō ( 1985 -- 87 ) Ultra B ( 1987 -- 89 ) Esper Mami ( 1987 -- 89 ) Tsurupika Hagemaru - kun ( 1988 -- 89 ) New Pro Golfer Saru ( 1988 ) Billy Ken ( 1988 -- 89 ) Oishinbo ( 1988 -- 92 ) Obotchama - kun ( 1989 -- 92 ) Billy Ken Nandemo Shokai ( 1989 ) The Laughing Salesman ( 1989 -- 92 ) Chimpui ( 1989 -- 91 ) 1990s Gatapishi ( 1990 -- 91 ) 808 Cho Hyori Kewaishi ( 1990 ) Dororonpa ! ( 1991 ) 21 Emon ( 1991 -- 92 ) Crayon Shin - chan ( 1992 -- present ) Sasurai - kun ( 1992 ) Ninpen Manmaru ( 1997 -- 98 ) Yoshimoto Muchikko Monogatari ( 1998 ) Weekly Storyland ( 1999 -- 2001 ) 2000s Gekidō ! Rekishi wo Kaeru Otoko - tachi Anime Shizuoka - ken - shi ( 2000 , airing in Shizuoka Prefecture only ) Haré + Guu ( 2001 ) Atashin'chi ( 2002 -- 09 ) Doraemon ( 2005 -- present ) Gokyoudai Monogatari ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s Stitch ! ~ Zutto Saikō no Tomodachi ~ ( 2010 -- 2011 ) The Knight in the Area ( 2012 ) Kuromajo - san ga Toru ! ! ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Ninja Hattori - kun Returns ( 2013 -- 2015 ) My Neighbor Seki ( 2014 ) Denkigai no Honya - san ( 2014 ) Mysterious Joker ( 2014 -- present ) Shin Atashin'chi ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Trickster ( 2016 -- 2017 ) The Laughing Salesman NEW ( 2017 ) Elegant Yokai Apartment Life ( 2017 ) Hiroshi and Utako 's Adventures ( 2017 ) OVAs / ONAs Fujio Fujiko A 's Mumako ( 1990 ) Haré + Guu DELUXE ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Haré + Guu FINAL ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Doraemon 3D Short ( 2008 ) Kimezō no Kimarimonku Ja Kimaranee ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Potecco Babies ( 2010 -- 2011 ) My Neighbor Seki ( 2014 ) Comical Psychosomatic Medicine ( 2015 ) Crayon Shin - chan Gaiden ( 2016 - present ) Trickster : Episode 00 ( 2016 ) Films Doraemon : Nobita 's Dinosaur ( 1980 ) 21 Emon : Uchū e Irasshai ! ( 1981 ) Doraemon : The Records of Nobita , Spaceblazer ( 1981 ) Doraemon : Nobita and the Haunts of Evil ( 1982 ) Kaibutsu - kun Demon Sword ( 1982 ) Ninja Hattori - kun : Nin Nin Ninpo Enikki no Maki ( 1982 ) Doraemon : Nobita and the Castle of the Undersea Devil ( 1983 ) Ninja Hattori - kun NinxNin Furusato Daisakusen no Maki ( 1983 ) Perman : The Birdman Has Arrived ! ! ( 1983 ) Doraemon : Nobita 's Great Adventure into the Underworld ( 1984 ) Ninja Hattori - kun + Perman : ESP Wars ( 1984 ) Doraemon : Nobita 's Little Star Wars ( 1985 ) Ninja Hattori - kun + Perman : Ninja Beast Jippō vs. Miracle Egg ( 1985 ) Doraemon : Nobita and the Steel Troops ( 1986 ) Obake no Q - tarō : Tobidase ! Bake Bake Daisakusen ( 1986 ) Pro Golfer Saru : Super Golf World e no Chousen ! ! ( 1986 ) Doraemon : Nobita and the Knights on Dinosaurs ( 1987 ) Obake no Q - tarō : Susume ! 1 / 100 Daisakusen ( 1987 ) Pro Golfer Saru : Kouga Hikyou ! Kage no Ninpou Golfer Sanjou ! ( 1987 ) Doraemon : The Record of Nobita 's Parallel Visit to the West ( 1988 ) Esper Mami : Hoshizora no Dancing Doll ( 1988 ) Ultra B : Black Hole kara no Dokusaisha BB ! ! ( 1988 ) Doraemon : Nobita and the Birth of Japan ( 1989 ) Chinpui : Eri - sama Katsudō Daishashin ( 1990 ) Doraemon : Nobita and the Animal Planet ( 1990 ) Doraemon : Nobita 's Dorabian Nights ( 1991 ) 21 Emon : Uchū Ike ! Hadashi no Princess ( 1992 ) Doraemon : Nobita and the Kingdom of Clouds ( 1992 ) Oishinbo : Kyūkyoku Tai Shikō , Chōju Ryōri Taiketsu ! ! ( 1992 ) Doraemon : Nobita and the Tin Labyrinth ( 1993 ) Crayon Shin - chan : Action Kamen vs Leotard Devil ( 1993 ) Oishinbo : Nichibei Kome Sensō ( 1993 ) Doraemon : Nobita 's Three Visionary Swordsmen ( 1994 ) Crayon Shin - chan : The Secret Treasure of Buri Buri Kingdom ( 1994 ) Doraemon : Nobita 's Diary of the Creation of the World ( 1995 ) Crayon Shin - chan : Unkokusai 's Ambition ( 1995 ) Doraemon : Nobita and the Galaxy Super-express ( 1996 ) Crayon Shin - chan : Adventure in Henderland ( 1996 ) Doraemon : Nobita and the Spiral City ( 1997 ) Crayon Shin - chan : Pursuit of the Balls of Darkness ( 1997 ) Doraemon : Nobita 's Great Adventure in the South Seas ( 1998 ) Crayon Shin - chan : Blitzkrieg ! Pig 's Hoof 's Secret Mission ( 1998 ) Doraemon : Nobita Drifts in the Universe ( 1999 ) Crayon Shin - chan : Explosion ! The Hot Spring 's Feel Good Final Battle ( 1999 ) Doraemon : Nobita and the Legend of the Sun King ( 2000 ) Crayon Shin - chan : The Storm Called The Jungle ( 2000 ) Doraemon : Nobita and the Winged Braves ( 2001 ) Crayon Shin - chan : The Storm Called : The Adult Empire Strikes Back ( 2001 ) Doraemon : Nobita in the Robot Kingdom ( 2002 ) Crayon Shin - chan : The Storm Called : The Battle of the Warring States ( 2002 ) Doraemon : Nobita and the Windmasters ( 2003 ) Crayon Shin - chan : The Storm Called : Yakiniku Road of Honor ( 2003 ) Pa - Pa - Pa the Movie : Perman ( 2003 ) Atashin'chi ( 2003 ) Pa - Pa - Pa the Movie : Perman : Tako de Pon ! Ashi wa Pon ! ( 2004 ) Doraemon : Nobita in the Wan - Nyan Spacetime Odyssey ( 2004 ) Crayon Shin - chan : The Storm Called : The Kasukabe Boys of the Evening Sun ( 2004 ) Crayon Shin - chan : The Legend Called Buri Buri 3 Minutes Charge ( 2005 ) Doraemon : Nobita 's Dinosaur 2006 ( 2006 ) Crayon Shin - chan : The Legend Called : Dance ! Amigo ! ( 2006 ) Summer Days with Coo ( 2007 ) Doraemon : Nobita 's New Great Adventure into the Underworld ( 2007 ) Crayon Shin - chan : The Storm Called : The Singing Buttocks Bomb ( 2007 ) Doraemon : Nobita and the Green Giant Legend ( 2008 ) Crayon Shin - chan : The Storm Called : The Hero of Kinpoko ( 2008 ) Doraemon the Movie : Nobita 's Spaceblazer ( 2009 ) Crayon Shin - chan : Roar ! Kasukabe Animal Kingdom ( 2009 ) Doraemon : Nobita 's Great Battle of the Mermaid King ( 2010 ) Crayon Shin - chan : Super-Dimension ! The Storm Called My Bride ( 2010 ) Atashin'chi 3D ( 2010 ) Doraemon : Nobita and the New Steel Troops -- Winged Angels ( 2011 ) Crayon Shin - chan : The Storm Called : Operation Golden Spy ( 2011 ) Doraemon : Nobita and the Island of Miracles -- Animal Adventure ( 2012 ) Crayon Shin - chan : The Storm Called ! : Me and the Space Princess ( 2012 ) Doraemon : Nobita 's Secret Gadget Museum ( 2013 ) Crayon Shin - Chan : Very Tasty ! B - class Gourmet Survival ! ! ( 2013 ) Doraemon : New Nobita 's Great Demon -- Peko and the Exploration Party of Five ( 2014 ) Crayon Shin - chan : Serious Battle ! Robot Dad Strikes Back ( 2014 ) Stand by Me Doraemon ( 2014 ) Doraemon : Nobita 's Space Heroes ( 2015 ) Crayon Shin - chan : My Moving Story ! Cactus Large Attack ! ( 2015 ) Doraemon : Nobita and the Birth of Japan 2016 ( 2016 ) Crayon Shin - Chan : Fast Asleep ! Dreaming World Big Assault ! ( 2016 ) Gō - chan . ~ Moco to Chinjū no Mori no Nakama - tachi ~ ( 2017 ) Doraemon the Movie 2017 : Great Adventure in the Antarctic Kachi Kochi ( 2017 ) Crayon Shin - chan : Invasion ! ! Alien Shiriri ( 2017 ) Doraemon : Nobita 's Treasure Island ( 2018 ) Short Films What Am I for Momotaro ( 1981 ) Mini-Dora SOS ( 1989 ) Wow , The Kid Gang of Bandits ( 1991 ) Tokimeki Solar Kurumaniyon ( 1992 ) Hello , Dynosis Kids ( 1993 ) The Sun is Our Friend : Hold Out , the Soraemon ! ( 1993 ) A Blue Straw Hat ( 1994 ) Future Note ( 1994 ) 2112 : The Birth of Doraemon ( 1995 ) Dorami & Doraemons : Robot School 's Seven Mysteries ( 1996 ) The Puzzling Challenge Letter of the Mysterious Thief Dorapan ( 1997 ) Doraemon Comes Back ( 1998 ) The Great Operating of Springing Insects ( 1998 ) Doraemon : Nobita 's the Night Before a Wedding ( 1999 ) Strange , Sweet , Strange ? ( 1999 ) Doki Doki Wildcat Engine ( 2000 ) Doraemon : A Grandmother 's Recollections ( 2000 ) Ganbare ! Gian ! ! ( 2001 ) Space Land 's Critical Event ( 2001 ) Goal ! Goal ! Goal ! ! ( 2002 ) The Day When I Was Born ( 2002 ) Doraemon 's 25th Anniversary ( 2004 ) Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doraemon:_Nobita%27s_Three_Visionary_Swordsmen&oldid=797623931 '' Categories : 1994 films Japanese - language films 1994 anime films Japanese films Doraemon films Films directed by Tsutomu Shibayama Film scores by Shunsuke Kikuchi Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2012 Articles containing Japanese - language text Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from May 2016 All articles needing rewrite Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 08 : 50 . About Wikipedia | doraemon in nobita's three magical swordsmen song | [] | [] |
4263271509292794220 | 1965 in the Vietnam War | 1965 in the Vietnam War - wikipedia 1965 in the Vietnam War 1965 in the Vietnam War ← 1964 1966 → US Army soldiers disembarking from helicopters in the Ia Drang Valley Date MIA Location Indochina Belligerents Anti-Communist forces : South Vietnam United States South Korea Australia New Zealand Kingdom of Laos Republic of China Communist forces : North Vietnam Viet Cong Pathet Lao People 's Republic of China Soviet Union North Korea Strength US : 184,314 South Vietnam : 514,000 ( including militia ) Casualties and losses US : 1,928 killed South Vietnam : 11,242 killed . North Vietnam : unknown Military Engagements During The Vietnam War Guerrilla phase Laos Chopper Sunrise Palace Bombing 1st Ap Bac Go Cong Hiep Hoa 34A Long Dinh Kien Long Quyet Thang 202 USNS Card Nam Dong An Lao Binh Gia Camp Holloway Qui Nhơn Song Be Ba Gia Dong Xoai American intervention 1965 Starlite Piranha An Ninh Plei Me Hump Gang Toi 1st Bau Bang Bushmaster II Ia Drang Harvest Moon 1966 Marauder Crimp Van Buren Masher / White Wing Bong Son Double Eagle Mastiff Suoi Bong Trang New York Harrison Cocoa Beach Utah Silver City A Shau Oregon Texas Lincoln Fillmore Buddhist Uprising Xa Cam My Georgia Birmingham Davy Crockett Austin IV Paul Revere Crazy Horse El Paso Hardihood Wahiawa Hawthorne Hill 488 Nathan Hale Jay Macon Hastings Minh Thanh Road John Paul Jones Seward Colorado Duc Co Long Tan Amarillo Thayer , Irving and Thayer II Attleboro Deckhouse IV Tan Son Nhut airbase Lam Son II Byrd SS Baton Rouge Victory Sunset Beach Shenandoah Paul Revere IV Geronimo Fairfax 1967 Deckhouse V Cedar Falls Desoto Firebase Bird Sam Houston Enterprise Tra Binh Dong Gadsden Pershing Bribie Junction City ( 1st Prek Klok 2nd Prek Klok Ap Gu Suoi Tre 2nd Bau Bang ) Lejeune Francis Marion Manhattan Beaver Cage Union The Hill Fights Con Thien / DMZ Hickory Prairie Prairie II Prairie III Buffalo Kentucky Kingfisher Malheur I and Malheur II Union II Dragnet Akron Billings Concordia Hong Kil Dong Diamond Head Hood River Suoi Chau Pha Benton Swift Dragon Fire Wheeler / Wallowa Kunia Bolling Medina Shenandoah II Ong Thanh 1st Loc Ninh Osceola Lancaster Napoleon Operation Coronado II IV V IX XI Neosho Dak To Santa Fe Phoenix Kien Giang 9 - 1 Manchester Yellowstone Auburn Tet Offensive and Aftermath New Year 's Day Battle of 1968 Khe Sanh Ban Houei Sane Lang Vei Phase One Offensive Saigon US Embassy Cholon and Phu Tho Racetrack Tan Son Nhut Air Base Joint General Staff Compound Bien Hoa and Long Binh Hue Quảng Trị Coburg Lo Giang Hop Tac I Patrick Truong Cong Dinh Lima Site 85 Quyet Thang My Lai Massacre Carentan Pegasus Toan Thang I Burlington Trail Scotland II Delaware Allen Brook May Offensive Landing Zone Center An Bao Kham Duc Coral -- Balmoral Mameluke Thrust Robin Thor Pocahontas Forest Somerset Plain Phase III Offensive Duc Lap Vinh Loc Maui Peak Meade River Hat Dich Speedy Express Vietnamization 1969 -- 71 Bold Mariner Dewey Canyon Taylor Common 2nd Tet Purple Martin Maine Crag Montana Mauler Oklahoma Hills Virginia Ridge Apache Snow Hamburger Hill Pipestone Canyon Binh Ba Utah Mesa Idaho Canyon LZ Kate Texas Star FSB Ripcord 1st Cambodia Kompong Speu Prey Veng 2nd Cambodia Pickens Forest Imperial Lake Tailwind Jefferson Glenn Snuol Lam Son 719 Son Tay Raid Cambodian Counteroffensive Chenla I Chenla II FSB Mary Ann Long Khanh Nui Le Easter Offensive 2nd Quang Trị 3rd Quang Trị 2nd Loc Ninh An Lộc Kontum Thunderhead Post-Paris Peace Accords ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Cửa Việt Sa Huỳnh Ap Da Bien Svay Rieng Iron Triangle Thượng Đức Spring ' 75 Phuoc Long Ban Me Thuot Hue -- Da Nang Phan Rang Xuân Lộc 2nd Saigon Air operations Farm Gate Chopper Ranch Hand Pierce Arrow Barrel Roll Pony Express Flaming Dart Iron Hand Rolling Thunder Steel Tiger Arc Light Tiger Hound Shed Light Thanh Hoa Bolo Popeye Yen Vien Niagara Igloo White Giant Lance Commando Hunt Menu Patio Freedom Deal Linebacker I Enhance Plus Linebacker II Homecoming Tan Son Nhut Air Base Babylift New Life Eagle Pull Frequent Wind Naval operations Yankee & Dixie Stations Gulf of Tonkin Market Time Vung Ro Bay Game Warden Double Eagle PIRAZ Sea Dragon Deckhouse Five Bo De River , Nha Trang , Tha Cau River Sealords Đồng Hới Pocket Money Custom Tailor End Sweep Paracel Islands East Sea Mayaguez incident A map of South Vietnam showing provincial boundaries and names and military zones : 1 , II , III , and IV Corps . In 1965 , the United States rapidly increased its military forces in South Vietnam , prompted by the realization that the South Vietnamese government was losing the Vietnam War as the communist - dominated Viet Cong gained influence over much of the population in rural areas of the country . North Vietnam also rapidly increased its infiltration of men and supplies to combat South Vietnam and the U.S. . The objective of the U.S. and South Vietnam was to prevent a communist take - over . North Vietnam and the insurgent Viet Cong sought to unite the two sections of the country . Political instability and internal dissent continued to plague the government of South Vietnam , although in June General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and Air Marshall Nguyễn Cao Kỳ took control of the country and remained in power for the remainder of the year . In the United States , a majority of Congress and the people supported U.S. participation in the war , although protests against the war became larger and more frequent , especially among college students . The U.S. began bombing North Vietnam in March , in Operation Rolling Thunder . The U.S. Army and Marines began ground operations to ferret out and defeat the communist forces . General William Westmoreland commanded U.S. forces in South Vietnam . Westmoreland 's strategy was attrition , employing U.S. superiority in firepower , technology , and mobility . The usual military tactic of the United States was search and destroy operations in which large U.S. and South Vietnamese units , supported by air and artillery , swept through an area to attempt to engage the communists in battle . North Vietnam and the Viet Cong , by contrast , relied on hit - and - run operations and ambushes , avoiding set - piece battles except at their own initiative . In November , the U.S. and North Vietnamese armies met head - on for the first time in the Battle of Ia Drang . Both sides claimed victory . The U.S. inflicted heavy casualties on the North Vietnamese , but the battle vindicated the conviction by North Vietnam that its military could slowly grind down the U.S. 's commitment to the war . South Korea contributed an army division to South Vietnam , while Australia , New Zealand and other countries provided smaller numbers of soldiers . North Vietnam received military aid from the Soviet Union and China . At year 's end , President Lyndon Johnson declared a temporary halt to the bombing of North Vietnam and undertook a diplomatic initiative to seek negotiations with North Vietnam . North Vietnam , on its part , aimed to achieve a decisive military victory , but prepared also for an expanded war if the U.S. continued to escalate its involvement . Most of the reports and conversations mentioned below were secret and not made public for many years . They reflect the ongoing debate among American officials , military leaders , and the American people about the scope and character of American intervention in the Vietnam War . Contents ( hide ) 1 January 2 February 3 March 4 April 5 May 6 June 7 July 8 August 9 September 10 October 11 November 12 December 13 Year in numbers 14 Notes 15 References January ( edit ) 1 January The South Vietnamese security forces , including regulars , part - time militia , Montagnard irregulars , and National Police totaled 567,246 personnel . 23,310 U.S. military personnel were in South Vietnam . The number of Viet Cong guerrillas and North Vietnamese regulars in South Vietnam was a matter of much debate . One U.S. government estimate was that the Viet Cong army consisted of 40,000 full - time fighters and 80,000 to 100,000 part - time guerrillas . The Department of Defense 's fact book estimated that the Viet Cong numbered less than 200,000 plus 39,175 political cadre . These numbers presumably included thousands of fighters and cadre infiltrated from North Vietnam during the previous five years . The first North Vietnamese army units dispatched to South Vietnam , consisting of three regiments ( about 5,000 men ) , had arrived in South Vietnam in late 1964 . A junior - level CIA analyst , Samuel A. Adams , had just begun work estimating Viet Cong numbers ; he would later conclude the U.S. Military Assistance Command Vietnam ( MACV ) underestimated Viet Cong strength by about one - half . Both North Vietnam and the United States would rapidly increase the number of their troops in South Vietnam during 1965 . 2 January The Battle of Binh Gia concluded . The Viet Cong withdrew from the battlefield . In six days of fighting , the Viet Cong had killed 201 of South Vietnam 's best soldiers and five American advisers . 3 January Senator Mike Mansfield , considered the U.S. Congress 's most knowledgeable person about Vietnam , appeared on television and said that neutralization of South Vietnam through an agreement reached by negotiations between the U.S. and the communist powers might be the best solution to the Vietnam War . Mansfield was one of several senators who had doubts about the course of U.S. policy in South Vietnam . 6 January The U.S. Ambassador in South Vietnam General Maxwell Taylor summed up the situation in a telegram to the U.S. government in Washington . `` We are faced here with a seriously deteriorating situation characterized by continued political turmoil , irresponsibility and division within the armed forces , lethargy in the pacification program , some anti-US feeling which could grow , signs of mounting terrorism by VC directly at US personnel and deepening discouragement and loss of morale throughout SVN . Unless these conditions are somehow changed and trends reversed , we are likely soon to face a number of unpleasant developments ranging from anti-American demonstrations , further civil disorders , and even political assassinations to the ultimate installation of a hostile govt which will ask us to leave while it seeks accommodation with the National Liberation Front and Hanoi . '' Taylor opposed the introduction of U.S. ground units to help fight the Viet Cong ( as proposed in frustration by President Johnson a few days earlier ) , endorsing instead a U.S. policy of graduated air attacks against the Ho Chi Minh trail , the supply line for the Viet Cong , and North Vietnam itself . South Vietnamese military strength : January 1 , 1965 Regulars ( Army , Air Force , Navy , Marine Corps ) 246,284 Regional Force ( RF ) 96,049 Popular Force ( PF ) 168 , 317 National Police 31,395 Civilian Irregular Defense Group 21,454 Coastal Force 3,747 Total 567,246 20 January While Buddhist protests against the government and the United States intensified , including the burning of a United States Information Service library , Ambassador Taylor met with a Buddhist leader . He said the Buddhists wanted peace and told Taylor that the leaders of South Vietnam were only interested in the benefits they could derive personally from American aid and would otherwise capitulate to the Viet Cong . The Buddhists had been protesting against the government of South Vietnam for the previous two years . 26 January In a speech , former Vice President Richard Nixon argued the U.S. military effort should be escalated to destroy communist supply lines and staging areas in Laos and North Vietnam . He said the U.S. must `` either get out , surrender on the installment plan through neutralization , or ... find a way to win . '' 27 January Amidst continuing political chaos in South Vietnam , General Nguyễn Khánh and the Armed Forces Council overthrew the civilian government of Trần Văn Hương in a bloodless coup , replacing Houng with civilian Nguyễn Xuân Oánh . Khánh , who had been Prime Minister during most of 1964 , had been hovering in the background for some time , so the coup d'état was not a great surprise . Ambassador Taylor cabled Washington that Khánh had an alliance with the Buddhist Institute headed by Thích Trí Quang . Taylor said , `` The most sinister aspect of this affair is the obvious danger that the Buddhist victory may be an important step toward the formation of a government which will eventually lead the country into negotiations with Hanoi and the National Liberation Front . '' In response to the coup , National Security Council director McGeorge Bundy and Secretary of State Robert McNamara wrote a memo to President Johnson . They gave the President two options : use American military power to defeat the insurgency , or negotiate thus attempting to `` salvage what little can be preserved . '' McBundy and McNamara favored the first option ; Secretary of State Dean Rusk disagreed . Johnson accepted the military option and sent a telegram to Ambassador Taylor in Saigon saying `` the U.S. will spare no effort and no sacrifice in doing its full part to turn back the Communists in Vietnam . '' President Johnson had crossed the Rubicon . February ( edit ) 7 February The Viet Cong attacked Pleiku airbase ( aka Camp Holloway Airfield ) . Viet Cong demolition teams infiltrated the compound where American advisers were living and , supported by mortar fire , killed eight Americans , wounded 128 , and damaged or destroyed 24 American aircraft . McGeorge Bundy ( visiting in Vietnam ) and General William Westmoreland ( commander of the Military Assistance Command Vietnam , or MACV ) visited Pleiku that day . Bundy strongly recommended a reprisal attack against North Vietnam . Bundy reported to Johnson `` The situation in Vietnam is deteriorating and without new U.S. action defeat appears inevitable -- probably not in a matter of weeks or perhaps even months , but within the next year or so ... There is still time to turn it around , but not much . '' In retaliation , President Johnson ordered Operation Flaming Dart : forty - nine retaliatory sorties by American and South Vietnamese pilots targeted North Vietnamese army bases near Đồng Hới ; a second wave targeted Viet Cong logistics and communications near the DMZ . Among the pilots was Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ , a member of Vietnam 's ruling Armed Forces Council . Poor weather limited the damage caused by the strikes . One plane and its pilot were lost . The Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union , Alexei Kosygin , was visiting Hanoi during the bombing . The Soviets were furious that an American attack was carried out while Kosygin was present and motivated to provide additional assistance to North Vietnam . White House National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy sent a memorandum to President Johnson advocating `` a new US action '' without which `` defeat seems inevitable . '' McBundy said that `` any negotiated US withdrawal today would mean surrender on the installment plan . '' 10 February Viet Cong sappers blew up a hotel used as an enlisted men 's barracks in Qui Nhơn , a coastal city of South Vietnam , killing 23 American soldiers . In response , President Johnson ordered Flaming Dart 2 : 155 sorties and air strikes in North Vietnam by American and South Vietnamese pilots . In Hanoi , Soviet Premier Kosygin announced the Soviet Union had agree to assist North Vietnam to defend itself from air attacks , by providing surface - to - air missiles ( SAMs ) , jet fighter planes , technical support and advisers . 13 February President Johnson approved Operation Rolling Thunder , the Joint Chiefs of Staff plan for the sustained bombing of North Vietnam . Over an 8 - week period , U.S. warplanes planned to bomb fixed targets and interdict military traffic along roads in southern North Vietnam . Johnson did not immediately launch Rolling Thunder . 16 February In the Vung Ro Bay Incident , an American pilot spotted a 100 - ton North Vietnamese naval trawler unloading munitions on a beach at a remote bay on the coast of central South Vietnam . South Vietnamese aircraft sank the ship and the defenders and crew were later killed or captured after a firefight with South Vietnamese naval commandos . The incident spurred further U.S. Navy involvement in the Vietnam War . The Armed Forces Council of South Vietnam appointed medical doctor Phan Huy Quat as Prime Minister . 17 February On the United States Senate floor , Senator Frank Church said `` The Saigon government is losing its war , not for lack of equipment , but for lack of internal cohesion '' and the best solution would be the negotiation of a neutral South Vietnam . Church 's speech was supported by several other prominent Democratic Party Senators , including George McGovern . Church 's call for a neutral South Vietnam echoed similar statements by French President Charles de Gaulle , the Pope , and the Secretary General of the United Nations . Former President Eisenhower and several Republicans supported Johnson 's policy . Eisenhower advised Johnson not to negotiate from weakness . 18 February Influential columnist Walter Lippman in the Washington Post said escalation of the Vietnam War would be a disaster . `` For this country to involve itself in such a war in Asia would be an act of supreme folly . '' 19 February General Phạm Ngọc Thảo mounted a coup d'état to overthrow General Khánh , head of the Armed Forces Council . The coup failed . North Vietnam later revealed that Thao was a communist agent . 22 February General William Westmoreland , commander of MACV , requested that two battalions of United States Marines be assigned to protect the airbase at Da Nang from the increasing threat of attacks by the Viet Cong . 25 February General Khánh departed South Vietnam . He was persuaded to leave by his fellow generals and by Colonel Wilson of MACV . Air Marshall Nguyễn Cao Kỳ became the de facto leader of South Vietnam . 26 February The first South Korean troops arrived in South Vietnam . The number of South Korean troops in South Vietnam would total 49,755 by 1969 . The U.S. paid most of the cost of the deployment of the Koreans and provided economic incentives to South Korea for its support of South Vietnam . March ( edit ) 1 March Ambassador Taylor met with generals Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and Trần Văn Minh in Saigon to request permission for the assignment of the Marines to Da Nang airbase . The generals raised no objections , but asked that the Marines arrive `` in the most inconspicuous way feasible . '' 2 March Operation Rolling Thunder was launched . 104 U.S. fighter - bombers and 19 South Vietnamese aircraft hit targets in the largest U.S. bombing raid to date against North Vietnam . Five U.S. planes and one South Vietnamese plane were shot down . The operation was meant to last eight weeks , but instead lasted more than three years . Previously , North Vietnam and its allies China and the Soviet Union had indicated a willingness for negotiations leading to the neutralization of South Vietnam and the withdrawal of the U.S. The bombing resulted in a hardened and less flexible communist position . North Vietnam shut down channels it had with Canada and France for exploring negotiations . 6 March McGeorge Bundy wrote a memo to President Johnson saying : `` Last night , Bob McNamara said for the first time what many others have thought for a long time -- that the Pentagon and the military have been going at this thing the wrong way round from the very beginning : they have been concentrating on military results against guerrillas in the field , when they should have been concentrating on intense police control from the individual villager on up . '' 8 March Two battalions of U.S. Marines began to land on beaches near Da Nang . The arrival of the Marines heralded the direct involvement of American combat units in the Vietnam War . The Marines had the responsibility of guarding the Da Nang airbase but were ordered to `` not , repeat not , engage in day - to - day actions against the Viet Cong . '' By the end of March the Marines at Da Nang numbered almost 5,000 10 March In Washington , Assistant Secretary of Defense John McNaughton sent a memo to National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy outlining the U.S. objectives in South Vietnam in percentage terms : `` 70 % -- to avoid a humiliating US defeat ... ; 20 % -- to keep SVN ( South Vietnam ) ... territory from Chinese hands ; 10 % -- to permit the people of SVN to enjoy a better , freer way of life . 12 March Vice President of the United States Hubert Humphrey had dinner with the Ambassador of the Soviet Union Anatoly Dobrynin in Washington . Dobrynin asked why the U.S. bombed North Vietnam while the Premier of the USSR , Alexei Kosygin was visiting Hanoi . The USSR , said Dobrynin , was now committed to the support of North Vietnam . He said , `` We ca n't be a leader and stand by and ignore the bombing of the North Vietnamese . '' 17 March The CIA and Defense Intelligence Agency issued an estimate of military strength in South Vietnam . The armed forces of South Vietnam numbered 567,000 , of which 245,000 belonged to the regular army ( ARVN ) and the remainder to the Regional and Popular militia forces . The Viet Cong was estimated to number between 50,000 and 60,000 regulars and 100,000 militia . 24 -- 25 March The first Teach - in to protest the Vietnam War was held at the University of Michigan . 3,500 people attended . 25 March China announced that it was ready to `` send its personnel to fight together with the Vietnamese people to annihilate the American aggressors . '' 26 March The commander of MACV , General Westmoreland , said in a report to Washington that the South Vietnamese armed forces had `` begun to show evidence of fragmentation and there is no longer an effective chain of command . '' 29 March In the face of disagreement among U.S. military leaders about where and how many U.S. combat troops should be stationed in Vietnam , Secretary McNamara , MACV commander Westmoreland , Ambassador Taylor , and the Joint chiefs met in Washington . The Chiefs and Westmoreland wanted two U.S. combat divisions sent to Vietnam along with one combat division from the Republic of Korea . Taylor disagreed . McNamara did n't take a position . In meetings the next day , President Johnson agreed only to the assignment of two additional U.S. combat battalions to South Vietnam , but he approved an expansion and extension of the bombing of North Vietnam under operation Rolling Thunder . 30 March Terrorists exploded a car bomb in front of the American Embassy in Saigon killing 22 people , including 2 Americans . April ( edit ) In North Vietnam Ho Chi Minh decreed a new military service law . Enlistments were extended indefinitely for soldiers , previously discharged soldiers were recalled , and an increased number of young people were inducted into military service . During 1965 , North Vietnam expanded the size of its army by 290,000 personnel and its self - defense militia from 1.4 million to 2.0 million . 7 April President Johnson made a major televised speech at Johns Hopkins University . Johnson described the Vietnam War as an attack by North Vietnam on South Vietnam . He proposed `` unconditional discussions '' to exchange views with interested parties in search of a peaceful solution , but offered no concessions . Johnson also proposed a massive program to develop the Mekong River basin which could include North Vietnam among the recipients of the Tennessee Valley Authority - type project . Ho Chi Minh responded that the United States must withdraw from South Vietnam as a condition for a peace agreement . The Johns Hopkins speech marked a change in American policy . Formerly , over a period of several years of escalating warfare in South Vietnam , the U.S. had refused to consider talking to the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese until the U.S. and South Vietnam had gained a military advantage . 8 April North Vietnamese Prime Minister Phạm Văn Đồng responded to President Johnson 's proposal for peace negotiations by announcing North Vietnam 's Four Points peace formula : withdrawal of all U.S. forces from South Vietnam , neutralization of both Vietnams pending reunification , adoption of the program of the National Liberation Front ( Viet Cong ) for internal affairs , and reunification without foreign interference . 9 April At a CINCPAC meeting in Hawaii , the planners recommended the deployment of two brigades to South Vietnam . One would be stationed at Biên Hòa near Saigon to protect the airfield there ; the other would go to Nha Trang to prepare for the introduction of a full division of American troops . Ambassador Taylor had not been present at the meeting and he protested that `` Recent actions relating to the introduction of U.S. ground forces have tended to create an eagerness in some quarters to deploy forces into SVN ( South Vietnam ) which I find difficult to understand . '' Taylor opposed the introduction of American ground troops for offensive operations , believing they should be restricted to coastal `` enclaves . '' General Westmoreland disagreed , believing that enclaves were `` an inglorious , static use of U.S. forces ... that would leave the decision of when and where to strike to the enemy . '' 17 April In Washington , D.C. about 20,000 people gathered to protest the Vietnam War . This was the first large protest against the war in the United States . China rescinded the order to its air force to not attack American war planes violating Chinese air space . Over the next three years , 12 American war planes and several reconnaissance planes were shot down over China . 20 April In a meeting in Hawaii , Ambassador Taylor finally agreed to the introduction of U.S. combat ground forces into South Vietnam . In a memo to the President the next day , Secretary of Defense McNamara described the military consensus that `` it would take more than six months , perhaps a year or two to ... break the will of the DRV / VC ( North Vietnam and the Viet Cong ) by denying them victory . '' On this date the U.S. had 33,000 U.S. military personnel in Vietnam and another 20,000 scheduled to be there . 23 April Ambassador Taylor reported to Washington that Prime Minister Quat was reluctant to accept the assignment of more U.S. soldiers to South Vietnam . 30 April The CIA warned in a memorandum that the introduction of U.S. ground forces into Vietnam might result in `` constant danger that the war weary people of South Vietnam will let the U.S. assume an even greater share of the fighting . Late April The U.S. Army Chief of Staff General Harold K. Johnson lunched with Vietnam expert and author Bernard Fall in Washington . Johnson said that , `` As a result of my discussions with Dr. Fall , I conclude that I am the victim of appreciable misinformation concerning cliques , claques , and the variety of outlooks and objectives of the diverse elements that comprise the population of Vietnam . '' In his search for more reliable information about Vietnam , in June , Johnson appointed a team of military officers to develop `` new sources of action to be taken in South Vietnam by the United States and its allies , which , will , in conjunction with current actions , lead in due time to successful accomplishment of US aims and objectives . '' What came to be called `` A Program for the Pacification and Long - Term Development of South Vietnam '' ( PROVN ) would be completed on 1 March 1966 . May ( edit ) 4 May President Johnson requested an additional appropriation of $700 million for the Vietnam War during the remainder of the fiscal year . The request was approved by Congress 2 days later . Johnson indicated that he might have to request additional funds . 5 May Soldiers from the 173rd Airborne Brigade arrived in Vietnam . The brigade would be responsible for providing security to the airbase at Biên Hòa and the port of Vũng Tàu , both near Saigon . This was the first combat unit from the U.S. Army to arrive in Vietnam . 6 May The Armed Forces Council of South Vietnam under General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu dissolved itself leaving in nominal control of the country the civilian Prime Minister Quat . 10 -- 15 May In the Battle of Song Be the Viet Cong overran the capital city of Phước Long Province , about 60 miles north of Saigon . The town was recaptured by the ARVN with U.S. air support but the Viet Cong withdrew in good order and evaded pursuit by the ARVN . 13 -- 18 May President Johnson halted the bombing of North Vietnam under Operation Rolling Thunder in an attempt to induce the North Vietnamese to negotiate a peace agreement . North Vietnam instead said the bombing halt was only `` an effort to camouflage American intensification of the war . '' 16 May North Vietnam 's leader Ho Chi Minh met with Chinese leader Mao Zedong in China . Ho said that North Vietnam would `` take the main burden of the war by themselves '' but requested additional Chinese economic and military support . Mao agreed and they set the ground rules for Chinese assistance : North Vietnamese soldiers would fight the war with Chinese logistical help , but the Chinese would not intervene militarily unless the United States invaded North Vietnam . Chinese assistance to North Vietnam took three forms : engineers and laborers to build and maintain defense works , airfields and roads , anti-aircraft personnel to defend North Vietnam from air attacks , and military equipment . The total number of Chinese stationed in North Vietnam and dedicated to these tasks was about 160,000 with the first tranche arriving in May 1965 . Twenty - seven American soldiers and four Vietnamese were killed in an accidental explosion at Bien Hoa Airbase . More than 40 airplanes were destroyed . 17 May Presidential adviser and future Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford in a letter to President Johnson said , `` I believe our ground forces in South Vietnam should be kept to a minimum , consistent with the protection of our installations and property in that country ... This could be a quagmire . It could turn into an open end commitment on our part that would take more and more ground troops , without a realistic hope of ultimate victory . '' `` Quagmire '' would later become a common word use to describe U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War . 26 May Eight hundred soldiers of the Australian Defence Force departed Australia to be deployed to Biên Hòa , a few miles north - east of Saigon . New Zealand announced that it would also send a battalion of soldiers . 28 May - 1 June The Battle of Ba Gia or Bãi Xoan in Quảng Ngãi Province began when the Viet Cong ambushed an ARVN battalion . Several hundred soldiers on both sides were killed . The battle highlighted the vulnerability of the ARVN as a military force against the flexible VC . June ( edit ) The III Corps tactical area , including Saigon , Biên Hòa , Zone D , and other sites of importance in the Vietnam War . 7 June General Westmoreland reported to the Joint Chiefs of Staff that the Viet Cong were stronger than ever and that ARVN was taking heavy casualties and suffering from a high rate of desertions and an unwillingness to take the offensive . Westmoreland said , `` I see no course of action open to us except to reinforce our efforts in SVN South Vietnam with additional U.S. or third country forces as rapidly as is practical . '' He identified U.S. units that could be assigned to South Vietnam that would bring U.S. military strength in the country up to 44 combat battalions . 9 -- 13 June In the Battle of Đồng Xoài , in Phước Long Province about 60 miles northeast of Saigon , the Viet Cong overran the district capital , then withdrew following air strikes and South Vietnamese army reinforcements brought in by U.S. helicopters . ARVN suffered more than 800 casualties including dead , wounded , and missing . The U.S. had 7 killed , 12 missing and presumed dead , and 15 wounded . The Viet Cong lost an estimated 350 men in the ground combat , and more in the air bombardment . 11 June Air Marshall Nguyễn Cao Kỳ and General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu took power in South Vietnam , deposing the government of Prime Minister Quat . 12 June MACV Commander General Westmoreland asked the U.S. Department of Defense for increased authority to undertake offensive operations . He said , `` We have reached the point in Vietnam where we can not avoid the commitment to combat of U.S. ground troops . '' The Pentagon endorsed Westmoreland 's request for additional soldiers which would bring the total of American military personnel in Vietnam up to 117,000 , plus 20,000 third - country troops , by November 1 . 14 June General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu was appointed by the military junta as President of South Vietnam . 16 June Senator J. William Fulbright , Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations said on national television that the U.S. should negotiate directly with North Vietnam and make `` major concessions '' to end the Vietnam War . Fulbright 's statement was criticized by prominent Republicans ; former Vice President Richard Nixon said that negotiations `` would be surrender on the installment plan . '' 18 June Under Secretary of State George Ball wrote a memo to President Johnson stating , `` Ever since 1961 -- the beginning of our deep involvement in Vietnam -- we have met successive disappointments . We have tended to underestimate the strength and staying power of the enemy . We have tended to overestimate the effectiveness of our sophisticated weapons under jungle conditions . We have watched the progressive loss of territory to Viet Cong control . We have been unable to bring about the creation of a stable political base in Saigon . '' Ball advised caution in expanding the U.S. military commitment to South Vietnam . The B - 52 bomber was first used in Vietnam in June 1965 . Under Operation Arc Light , B - 52 aircraft were used for the first time in the Vietnam War . Flying out of Andersen Air Force Base , Guam , 27 B - 52s dropped 750 - and 1,000 - pound bombs on a Viet Cong stronghold . Two B - 52s were lost in a mid-air collision . An after - action survey found little evidence of Viet Cong casualties . 19 June Air Marshall Nguyễn Cao Kỳ was appointed by the military junta as Prime Minister . With Thiệu as President and Kỳ as Prime Minister the revolving door of rulers that had prevailed in South Vietnam since the overthrow of Ngô Đình Diệm in November 1963 ended . 24 June General Westmoreland advised Washington that he needed more American soldiers than those previously approved and proposed that the U.S. bomb the railroad from North Vietnam to China , mine Haiphong harbor , and carry out B - 52 strikes . 28 -- 30 June A battalion of the 173rd Airborne brigade undertook the first major U.S. - led search and destroy mission of the Vietnam War . ARVN and Australian soldiers also participated in the sweep through part of Zone D , about 40 miles northeast of Saigon . The assault began with an artillery barrage ; it located very few Viet Cong . An observation of an Australian on the operation was : `` Our patrols do not fire off ammo or shoot up flares like the Yanks -- they listen and move quietly , we have n't fired a shot or sent up a flare yet . The Americans think we are mad . It seems to me though , that all they 're doing is letting the Viet Cong know where they are . I guess we have a bit to teach them . '' The Australians had experience in jungle warfare in the Malayan Emergency . July ( edit ) 1 July Undersecretary of State George Ball dissented from the buildup of American forces in South Vietnam . He wrote President Johnson that `` The Viet Cong -- while supported and guided from the North -- is largely an indigenous movement '' and that `` although we have emphasized its Cold War aspects , the conflict in South Vietnam is essentially a civil war within that country . '' Ball 's view conflicted with the official view that the insurgency in South Vietnam had been created and was sustained by North Vietnam . 6 -- 9 July After B - 52 strikes , the U.S. 173rd Airborne began another sweep through Zone D with 2,500 men and ARVN and Australian participation . The allies claimed to have inflicted 100 Viet Cong casualties . 8 July Maxwell Taylor resigned as U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam . Taylor had earlier been opposed to the introduction of U.S. ground troops into South Vietnam , proposing instead an intensified air campaign against North Vietnam . Taylor would be replaced by Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. , who returned to Saigon for his second stint as ambassador . 10 July The New York Times reported that the 173rd Airborne suffered 10 killed and 42 wounded on its sweep through Zone D , and that its estimates of Viet Cong casualties were inflated . The newspaper reported that the U.S. had begun `` to accept aerial estimates of enemy casualties . The command has also begun to calculate probable damage inflicted on the Viet Cong despite the absence of bodies or weapons . '' 12 July The 2nd Brigade of the U.S. 1st Infantry Division began to arrive in South Vietnam . The brigade was initially responsible for providing security for Bien Hoa Air Base near Saigon . 16 July Secretary of Defense McNamara , visiting South Vietnam , was briefed by MACV commander General Westmoreland . Westmoreland said that U.S. airstrikes had not succeeded in halting the flow of military supplies down the Ho Chi Minh trail . To defeat the Viet Cong , now reinforced by the North Vietnamese Army , would require another large influx of U.S. soldiers amounting to 57 battalions plus helicopter companies and support units . Westmoreland said he planned to reverse the deteriorating military situation by the end of 1965 , take the offensive in 1966 , and destroy the Viet Cong and capture their strongholds by the end of 1967 . 20 July McNamara returned to Washington and recommended to President Johnson that the number of U.S. troops in South Vietnam be increased to 175,000 . He recommended also that 235,000 soldiers in the Reserve and National Guard be activated and that the number of U.S. military personnel be increased by 375,000 . He recommended also that air strikes against North Vietnam be increased from 2,500 to 4,000 per month . On the 11th anniversary of the signing of the Geneva Accords ending the First Indochina War , North Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh said that the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong will fight for 20 years or more to achieve victory and unification of the two Vietnams . 21 July Members of the New Zealand armed forces were deployed to South Vietnam . 22 July President Johnson met with his top military advisers . In the course of the discussion , General Wallace M. Greene , Jr. estimated that winning the Vietnam War would take 5 years and 500,000 American soldiers . He said that he believed the American people would back such a commitment . Johnson was skeptical that Americans would support such a large commitment and opted instead for a gradual buildup of American forces and escalation of the war as recommended by General Westmoreland , the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam . 24 July The first surface - to - air missile ( SAM ) fired by North Vietnam brought down a U.S. F - 4C Phantom jet . The SAM site that fired the missile was one of five ringing Hanoi at a distance of about 20 miles ( 32 km ) . 27 July In a meeting with President Johnson most Congressional leaders of both parties agreed with his plan to increase U.S. military forces in South Vietnam . The exception was Senator Mike Mansfield , while publicly supporting the President said at the meeting , said , `` we are going deeper into a war in which even a total victory would , in the end , be a loss to the nation . '' Mansfield proposed negotiations to end the war . 28 July President Johnson ordered an increase in the number of U.S. troops in South Vietnam to 125,000 and an increase in the draft of young Americans into the military from 17,000 to 35,000 per month , but he declined to activate the Reserve and National Guard . Johnson 's announcement represented a quantum leap in the American commitment and was followed quickly by massive increases in the number of U.S. troops deployed to South Vietnam . 29 July A brigade of the 101st Airborne Division arrived at Cam Rahn Bay and set up its base camp there . August ( edit ) The first U.S. Marines to arrive in South Vietnam in 1965 were based in I Corps at Da Nang . Their biggest battle in 1965 , Operation Starlite , took place a few miles south of the city of Chu Lai . Sixty - one percent of Americans responded `` no '' to the following question by the Gallup Poll , `` Do you think the U.S. made a mistake sending troops to fight in Vietnam ? '' U.S. Marines from H Company , 2nd Battalion , 7th Marines on patrol near Da Nang in 1965 . 3 August A company - sized U.S. Marine sweep through the village of Cam Ne was publicized in the U.S.. A Marine was shown on television lighting an old woman 's house while she pleaded for him to stop . The Marines said that the village had been fortified by the Viet Cong . 5 August The Viet Cong attacked a petroleum storage facility near Da Nang , destroying 40 percent of the facility and almost 2 million gallons of fuel . Former General and Ambassador Maxwell Taylor , now an adviser to President Johnson , told the President : `` By the end of 1965 , the North Vietnamese offensive will be bloodied and defeated without having achieved major gains . '' North Vietnam would be forced to change its strategy . 6 August Air Force Colonel Robert Sexton confided to his diary : `` The V.C. are hurting but they still control things because we are afraid to get out of our forts on other than temporary patrols or sweeps . We need to devote fully 50 % of our effort to psychological operations and civic action . '' 10 -- 17 August The U.S. Special Forces Civilian Irregular Defense Group ( CIDG ) camp at Duc Co , 45 kilometres ( 28 mi ) southwest of Pleiku had been under siege by the Viet Cong since June . Attempts by ARVN to lift the siege had failed . General Westmoreland sent the 173rd Airborne brigade to Pleiku and the brigade opened the highway from Pleiku to Duc Co . The Viet Cong ( possibly reinforced by a North Vietnamese unit ) withdrew . 17 -- 24 August Operation Starlite was the first offensive military action conducted by the U.S. Marines during the Vietnam War and the first purely American operation . Lieutenant General Lewis W. Walt with 5,500 Marines launched a preemptive strike against 1,500 Viet Cong to nullify a threat on the Chu Lai base , 60 miles ( 97 km ) south of Da Nang . The Marines claimed to have killed more than 600 Viet Cong at a loss to themselves of more than 50 dead . General William E. DePuy at an later briefing said that the Viet Cong `` maneuvered in the jungle , maintained tactical integrity , withdrew their wounded , lost practically no weapons , and did a first class job '' and that `` we 'd be proud of American troops ... who did as well . '' September ( edit ) 6 September The New York Times reported that ex-Vice President Richard Nixon said at a press conference that 125,000 American troops and an expanded bombing campaign would be sufficient to achieve victory in South Vietnam . 11 September The U.S. 1st Cavalry Division ( Airmobile ) began to arrive in South Vietnam at Qui Nhơn . The division was the first full U.S. Army division to be deployed to South Vietnam . 1st Cavalry relied on helicopters to transport its combat units to and from operational areas . 13 September Columnist Joseph Alsop said in the Washington Post said that , with the U.S. military build - up in South Vietnam , `` at last there is light at the end of the tunnel . '' 18 September In Operation Gibraltar , 224 soldiers of the First Brigade of the 101st Airborne landed by helicopter near An Khê , in the Central Highlands area where 2 Viet Cong battalions were located . The Viet Cong attacked and killed 13 Americans . Air strikes forced the Viet Cong to retreat , with losses estimated by the U.S. at between 226 and 257 . General Westmoreland called the operation `` a great victory . '' Others , including Col. David H. Hackworth , considered the battle `` not ... a great victory . '' 20 September Seven U.S. warplanes were shot down over North and South Vietnam . 22 September General Westmoreland requested 35,000 additional American troops , which would bring the total military personnel authorized in South Vietnam to 210,000 . President Johnson and Secretary of Defense McNamara set a limit of the total number of U.S. soldiers of 195,000 . October ( edit ) The Plei Me Special Forces camp in 1965 . 15 October David Miller became the first American to burn his draft card as a protest against the Vietnam War . He was arrested by the FBI and later served 22 months in prison . 16 October Protests against the U.S. participation in the Vietnam War took place in Europe and in about 40 U.S. cities . The organization coordinating the U.S. demonstrations was called the National Coordinating Committee to End the War in Vietnam . 19 -- 25 October The Siege of Plei Me was a series of assaults by the North Vietnamese army on a CIDG camp manned by U.S. and ARVN special forces and rangers and 400 Montagnard allies . U.S. airstrikes and a relief force lifted the siege . The siege led up to the Battle of Ia Drang . 27 October A CIA intelligence estimate said that `` Hanoi continues to asset its determination to press on with the war in South Vietnam despite the continuing attrition of the air war and the increase of US troops in the South . '' November ( edit ) 2 November To protest the Vietnam War , a Quaker named Norman Morrison doused himself in kerosene and set himself on fire in front of The Pentagon . Morrison died . 3 November In a memorandum to President Johnson , Secretary McNamara estimated total communist forces in South Vietnam as having increased to 230,000 , including 71,000 Viet Cong main force , 40,000 political cadre , 110,000 guerrillas , and 20,000 North Vietnamese soldiers . McNamara anticipated that these totals would increase . 5 -- 8 November Operation Hump was a search and destroy operation by the 173rd Airborne Brigade , in an area about 17.5 miles north of Biên Hòa . The 1st Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment , deployed south of the Đồng Nai River while the 1st Battalion , 503rd Infantry , conducted a helicopter assault on an LZ northwest of the Đồng Nai and Song Be rivers . 8 November The Battle of Gang Toi was fought between Australian troops and the Viet Cong . The battle was one of the first engagements between the two forces during the war and occurred when the 1st Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment ( 1RAR ) found a Viet Cong bunker system in the Gang Toi Hills , in northern Biên Hòa Province . A Republic of Korea army division completed its landing in South Vietnam to participate in the Vietnam War . The Korean Division was stationed at Qui Nhơn in Bình Định Province on the central coast of South Vietnam . With the Koreans in Qui Nhơn , a brigade of the U.S. 1st Infantry Division moved inland to protect Highway 19 , which led to Pleiku in the Central Highlands . A South Korean Marine Brigade was stationed at the port city of Nha Trang . 14 -- 18 November The Battle of Ia Drang was one of the most consequential battles of the Vietnam War . For the first time , the United States Army and the People 's Army of Vietnam ( the North Vietnamese Army ) met head - on in a major engagement , with the South Vietnamese army and the Viet Cong playing only minor roles . Casualties were heavy on both sides , with some 250 U.S. and at least 1,200 North Vietnamese dead . For General Westmoreland , the battle was a victory for U.S. firepower and mobility in a war of attrition in which the U.S. attempted to kill more communist troops than could be replaced . However , in the words of Joe Galloway , a journalist awarded a Bronze Star for his participation in the battle , Ia Drang was `` the battle that convinced Ho Chi Minh he could win . '' The communists would `` grind down the Americans '' as they had the French in the 1940s and early ' 50s in the First Vietnam War . 30 November In the aftermath of the Battle of Ia Drang and after meeting with General Westmoreland in South Vietnam , Secretary of Defense McNamara recommended in a memorandum to President Johnson that the number of U.S. troops in South Vietnam should be increased to about 400,000 in 1966 and possibly by an additional 200,000 in 1967 . McNamara estimated that 1,000 Americans per month would die in the war and that `` the odds are even '' that the U.S. would prevail . McNamara recommended a pause in bombing North Vietnam of 3 to 4 weeks duration to try to find a way to end the war before undertaking the military buildup . Ambassador Lodge , General Westmoreland , and CINCPAC opposed the bombing halt . December ( edit ) In an article in Readers Digest , former Vice President Richard Nixon opposed negotiations to end the Vietnam War . `` There can be no substitute for victory when the objective is the defeat of communist aggression , '' he said . 18 December Operation Game Warden ( Task force 116 ) began . It was a U.S. and South Vietnamese Navy operation in the Mekong Delta and near Saigon to patrol the rivers and coastal waters of South Vietnam , prevent the infiltration of soldiers and supplies from North Vietnam , and deny the Viet Cong access to the waterways . ca . 18 December After a visit to South Vietnam , Marine Corps General Victor Krulak wrote a report expressing disagreement with General Westmoreland 's strategy of attrition . It was `` wasteful of American lives , promising a protracted , strength - sapping battle with small likelihood of a successful outcome . '' Krulak proposed instead a focus on a pacification program to provide village security plus increased air strikes . 24 December President Johnson announced a halt in the bombing of North Vietnam and initiated a worldwide diplomatic effort to persuade North Vietnam to negotiate an end to the war . The Department of Defense opposed the bombing halt . 27 December North Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh addressed the Communist Party Central Committee in Hanoi . Ho said that `` politics '' was the weak point of the American and South Vietnamese enemy , and the domestic situation of the United States will not permit the U.S. to utilize its military and economic power in South Vietnam . The Committee decided that the communist forces in South Vietnam should seek a `` decisive victory within a relatively short period of time '' , but must prepare to defend itself if the U.S. expands its war effort . 31 December U.S. military personnel in South Vietnam now totaled 184,314 , compared to 23,310 a year earlier . U.S. casualties in 1965 totaled 1,928 dead , compared to 216 in the 1964 . South Vietnamese military forces totaled 514,000 , including the Army and the Popular Force and Regional Force militias . The South Vietnamese armed forces suffered 11,242 killed in action , a five-fold increase in battle deaths since 1960 . 93,000 persons deserted from the South Vietnam 's armed forces in 1965 . At year 's end , the North Vietnamese army numbered 400,000 , compared to 195,000 a year earlier . Air force and air defense capabilities were greatly expanded . 50,000 North Vietnamese cadre and soldiers infiltrated South Vietnam during 1965 , equal to the total number infiltrated from 1959 through 1964 . Group 559 , charged with transporting supplies down the Ho Chi Minh Trail to supply communist troops in both South Vietnam and Laos , was expanded to 24,400 personnel and moved almost as much tonnage south in 1965 as it had in the preceding six years . Conscription ( draft ) into the United States armed forces in 1965 was 230,991 men , compared to 112,386 in 1964 . Year in numbers ( edit ) Armed Force Strength KIA Reference Military costs -- 1965 Military costs -- 2018 Reference South Vietnam ARVN 514,000 11,242 United States US Forces 184 , 314 1,928 US $20 billion US $ 155,311,510,000 South Korea 20,620 Thailand 20 Australia 1560 Philippines 70 New Zealand 120 Vietnam Viet Cong and North Vietnam 220,000 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Heinemann 2006 , p. 65 Jump up ^ Clarke , p. 275 Jump up ^ Clarke , p. 20 Jump up ^ `` Timeline , 1963 - 1964 , http://www.vietnamgear.com/war1963.aspx , accessed 8 Sep 2014 Jump up ^ Clarke , p. 19 Jump up ^ Adams , p. 34 Jump up ^ Asselin , Pierre ( 2013 ) , Hanoi 's Road to the Vietnam War , 1954 - 1965 , Berkeley : University of California Press , p. 200 Jump up ^ Clarke , p. 20 ; Adams , p. 84 Jump up ^ Logevall , pp. 302 - 303 Jump up ^ Logevall , pp. 305 - 306 Jump up ^ FRUS , Document 9 Jump up ^ Logevall , p. 212 Jump up ^ Johns , Andrew L. ( June 1999 ) , `` A Voice from the Wilderness : Richard Nixon and the Vietnam War , 1964 - 1966 '' , Presidential Study Quarterly , Vol. 29 , No. 2 , p , 321 . Downloaded from JSTOR . Jump up ^ Logevall , p. 316 Jump up ^ Logevall , pp. 317 - 319 Jump up ^ McMaster , p. 215 Jump up ^ Garland , p. 14 Jump up ^ Clodfelter , p. 58 ; McMaster , p. 218 - 219 Jump up ^ Gardner , Lloyd C. `` Lyndon Johnson and the Bombing of Vietnam : Politics and Military Choices '' in The Columbia History of the Vietnam War ( 2011 ) , New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 13480 - 4 . Jump up ^ Johns , p.p 329 - 330 Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War Timeline : 1965 '' , http://vietnamgear.com/war1965.aspx Jump up ^ Clodfelter , p. 58 - 59 Jump up ^ `` Soviet Aid to North Vietnam '' http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/vietnam/hist-2nd-indochina-ussr.htm , accessed 11 Oct 2014 Jump up ^ Logevall , pp 333 - 334 Jump up ^ Moyar , p. 363 Jump up ^ Logevall , pp. 333 - 350 Jump up ^ Logevall , pp. 351 - 352 Jump up ^ Moyar , p. 307 ; Tucker , p. 325 Jump up ^ Shulimson and Johnson , p. 7 Jump up ^ Moyar , p. 364 ; Logevall , p. 362 Jump up ^ 26 February 1965 , http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-south-korean-troops-arrive , accessed 29 Apr 2015 Jump up ^ ref. 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Accessed 11 Oct. 2014 . < http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/virtualarchive/items.php?item=1070608001 > , accessed 11 Oct 2014 Jump up ^ Buzzanco , pp. 249 - 250 Jump up ^ Mann , pp. 476 -- 477 Jump up ^ Military History of Vietnam , pp 171 - 172 Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War Timeline : 1965 '' http://www.vietnamgear.com/war1965.aspx , accessed 11 Oct 2014 Jump up ^ `` Statistical Information about Fatal Casualties of the Vietnam War '' https://www.archives.gov/research/military/vietnam-war/casualty-statistics.html , accessed 11 Oct 2014 Jump up ^ Summers , Jr. , p. 36 Jump up ^ Clarke , Jeffrey J. ( 1988 ) , United States Army in Vietnam : Advice and Support : The Final Years , 1965 - 1973 , Washington , D.C : Center of Military History , United States Army , p. 275 Jump up ^ Fall ( 1966 ) , p 13 . Downloaded from JSTOR . Jump up ^ Military History of Vietnam , pp. 164 - 171 Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : Induction Statistics '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2005 - 12 - 27 . , accessed 12 Oct 2014 ^ Jump up to : War Remnants Museum Data ( edit ) hide Armed Force 1910 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 South Vietnam ARVN 514,000 643,000 735,900 798,800 820,000 897,000 968,000 1,046,250 1,048,000 United States 23,310 180,000 385,300 485,600 549,500 549,500 335,790 158,120 24,000 South Korea 200 20,620 25,570 47,830 50,000 48,870 48,540 45,700 36,790 Australia 200 1560 4530 6820 7660 7670 6800 2000 130 Thailand 0 20 240 2220 6000 11,570 11,570 6000 40 Philippines 20 70 2060 2020 1580 190 70 50 50 New Zealand 30 120 160 530 520 550 440 100 50 Jump up ^ United States 2010 References ( edit ) Adams , Sam ( 1994 ) , War of Numbers : An Intelligence Memoir South Royalton , Vermont. : Steerforth Press . Australia , Australian Defence Force ( 2010 ) . `` Australia in Vietnam '' ( PDF ) . Australian Defence Force . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Bowman , John S. , ed. ( 1985 ) , The World Almanac of the Vietnam War , New York : Bison Books . ISBN 0 - 88687 - 272 - 3 . Buzzanco , Robert ( 1996 ) , Masters of War : Military Dissent and Politics in the Vietnam Era , Cambridge , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 48046 - 9 . Clarke , Jeffrey J. ( 1988 ) , The United States Army in Vietnam : Advice and Support : The Final Years , 1965 - 1973 , Washington , D.C. : Center of Military History , United States Army . Clodfelter , Michael ( 1995 ) , Vietnam in Military Statistics : A History of the Indochina Wars , 1772 - 1991 . McFarland & Company , 1995 . ISBN 0786400277 , 9780786400270 Fall , Bernard ( 1966 ) , `` Viet Nam in the Balance '' , The Australian Quarterly , Vol 38 , No. 4 , p. 13 FRUS . Foreign Relations of the United States , 1964 - 1968 , Vol II , Vietnam , January -- June 1965 , United States Department of State , http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v02 FRUS Foreign Relations of the United States , 1964 - 1968 , Vol III , Vietnam , June -- December 1965 , United States Department of State , http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v03 Garland , John M. ( 2000 ) , Combat Operations : Stemming the Tide , May 1965 to October 1966 , Washington , D.C. : Center of Military History , United States Army . Heinemann , Larry ( 2006 ) . Black Virgin Mountain : A Return to Vietnam ( 2006 ed . ) . Vintage Books . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 7689 - 7 . - Total pages : 243 Jessup , John E. ( 1998 ) . An encyclopedic dictionary of conflict and conflict resolution , 1945 - 1996 ( 1998 ed . ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 28112 - 2 . - Total pages : 887 Kaiser , David ( 2000 ) , American Tragedy : Kennedy , Johnson , and the Origins of the Vietnam War , Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00225 - 3 . Krepinevich , Jr. , Andrew F. ( 1986 ) , The Army and Vietnam , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2863 - 5 . Li , Xiaobing ( 2007 ) . A history of the modern Chinese Army ( 2007 ed . ) . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2438 - 7 . - Total pages : 413 Logevall , Frederik ( 1999 ) , Choosing War : The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 52022 - 919 - 8 . Lunch , William L. and Sperlich , Peter W. ( 1979 ) , `` American Public Opinion and the War in Vietnam '' The Western Political Quarterly , Vol 32 , No. 1 , pp. 231 -- 44 . Downloaded from JSTOR . McMaster , H.R. ( 1997 ) , Dereliction of Duty : Lyndon Johnson , Robert McNamara , the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Lies that Led to Vietnam , New York : Harper Perennial . ISBN 0 - 06 - 018795 - 6 . Mann , Robert ( 2001 ) , A Grand Delusion : America 's Descent into Vietnam , New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04369 - 0 . The Military History Institute of Vietnam ( 2002 ) Victory in Vietnam : The Official History of the People 's Army of Vietnam , 1954 - 1975 Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1175 - 4 . Moyar , Mark ( 2006 ) , Triumph Forsaken : The Vietnam War , 1954 -- 1965 . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86911 - 9 . Qiang Zhai ( 1999 ) , `` Opposing Negotiations : China and the Vietnam Peace Talks , 1965 - 1968 '' , Pacific Historical Review , Vol 68 , No. 1 . Downloaded from JSTOR . Shulimson , Jack and Johnson , Major Charles M. ( 1978 ) , U.S. Marines in Vietnam : The Landing and Building , 1965 , Washington : Government Printing Office . Summers , Jr. , Harry G. ( 1985 ) , Vietnam War Almanac , New York : Facts on File Publications . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 1017 - X . Tucker , Spencer C. , ed. ( 2000 ) , Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : A Political , Social and Military History , Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 040 - 6 . United States , Government ( 2010 ) . `` Statistical information about casualties of the Vietnam War '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on 26 January 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Van Staaveren , Jacob ( 2002 ) , Gradual Failure : The Air War Over North Vietnam 1965 - 1966 , Washington : Air Force History and Museums Program , United States Air Force . show Vietnam War timeline ↓ Battle of Saigon ↓ ARVN Formed ↓ Hòa Hảo defeated ↓ HCM trail established ↓ Laos Invasion ↓ NLF Formed ↓ 1960 Coup Attempt ↓ US Role Expanded ↓ Palace Bombing ↓ Buddhist Crisis ↓ 1963 Coup ↓ Gulf of Tonkin Incident ↓ Laos Bombing Begin ↓ US Forces Deployed ↓ Buddhist Uprising ↓ Sihanouk Trail Created ↓ Tet Offensive ↓ US Begins Withdrawal ↓ PRG Formed ↓ Cambodian Campaign ↓ Lam Son 719 ↓ Easter Offensive ↓ Paris Accords ↓ Spring Offensive ↓ Fall of Saigon ↓ Cambodian War Widens ↓ Christmas Bombings U.S President : Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon G. Ford RVN Presidents : Ngô Đình Diệm Instability Nguyễn Văn Thiệu Trần Văn Hương DRV General Secretary : Lê Duẩn / President : Ho Chi Minh General Secretary : Lê Duẩn / President : Tôn Đức Thắng NLF Chairman : Nguyễn Hữu Thọ PRG President : Nguyễn Hữu Thọ │ 1955 │ 1956 │ 1957 │ 1958 │ 1959 │ 1960 │ 1961 │ 1962 │ 1963 │ 1964 │ 1965 │ 1966 │ 1967 │ 1968 │ 1969 │ 1970 │ 1971 │ 1972 │ 1973 │ │ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1965_in_the_Vietnam_War&oldid=823332378 '' Categories : Years in the Vietnam War 1965 in Vietnam Conflicts in 1965 United States history timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 16 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-614456587771845703 | Letterhead | Letterhead - Wikipedia Letterhead French letterhead paper from a cattle commerce company in 1910 Letterhead of the Wood Industry Huber of Bozen - Bolzano , 1918 A letterhead , or letterheaded paper , is the heading at the top of a sheet of letter paper ( stationery ) . That heading usually consists of a name and an address , and a logo or corporate design , and sometimes a background pattern . The term `` letterhead '' is often used to refer to the whole sheet imprinted with such a heading . Contents 1 Overview 2 Gallery 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Overview ( edit ) Many companies and individuals prefer to create a letterhead template in a word processor or other software application . This generally includes the same information as pre-printed stationery , but at lower cost . Letterhead can then be printed on stationery ( or plain paper ) as needed on a local output device or sent electronically . Letterheads are generally printed by either the offset or letterpress methods . In most countries outside North America , company letterheads are printed A4 in size ( 210 mm x 297 mm ) . In North America , the letter size is typically 8.5 x 11 inches ( 215 x 280 mm ) . Although modern technology makes letterheads very easy to imitate , they continue to be used as evidence of authenticity . Gallery ( edit ) Letterhead ( 1896 ) for The National Normal University , Lebanon , Ohio , USA Letterhead used by Infanta Elena of Spain , Duchess of Lugo See also ( edit ) Document Documentation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kperogi , Farooq ( 2014 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Q and A on the grammar of food , usage and Nigerian English '' . Daily Trust . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` International Paper Sizes Neenah Paper '' . www.neenahpaper.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Evidence and the Advocate : A Contextual Approach to Learning Evidence , Christopher W. Behan . LexisNexis , 2014 . ISBN 0327175044 , 9780327175049 Jump up ^ Federal Evidence Review , Editor 's blog , 2009 . http://federalevidence.com/blog/2009/august/documents-produced-discovery-were - `` authentic - se '' - during - summary - judgment - proceeding Further reading ( edit ) Wheeler , Alina . Designing Brand Identity , 2012 , pp. 146 -- 147 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Letterheads . Gallery of historic letterheads Tutorial on using free OpenOffice.org software to create a letterhead This publishing - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Letterhead&oldid=849032463 '' Categories : Letters ( message ) Publishing stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Íslenska 日本 語 Norsk Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2018 , at 01 : 28 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | a letterhead is similar to a logo in that | [] | [] |
-7335496047612758140 | Land reform in the Philippines | Land Reform in the Philippines - Wikipedia Land Reform in the Philippines Jump to : navigation , search Land reform in the Philippines has long been a contentious issue rooted in the Philippines 's Spanish Colonial Period . Some efforts began during the American Colonial Period with renewed efforts during the Commonwealth , following independence , during Martial Law and especially following the People Power Revolution in 1986 . The current law , the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program , was passed following the revolution and recently extended until 2014 Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 American period 1.2 Commonwealth Period 1.2. 1 Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 1.3 Roxas Administration 1.4 Ramon Magsaysay administration 1.5 Macapagal administration 1.5. 1 Land Reform Code 1.6 Marcos administration 1.7 Corazon Aquino administration 1.8 Ramos administration 1.9 Arroyo administration 2 Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Much like the Philippines and other Spanish colonies in the Americas , the Spanish settlement in the Philippines revolved around the encomienda system of plantations , known as haciendas . As the 19th Century progressed , industrialization and liberalization of trade allowed these encomiendas to expand their cash crops , establishing a strong sugar industry in the Philippines , especially in the Visayan island of Negros . American period ( edit ) The United States of America took possession of the Philippines following the Spanish -- American War in 1898 and after putting down the subsequent rebellion in the Philippine -- American War . The Second Philippine Commission , the Taft Commission , viewed economic development as one of its top three goals . In 1901 93 % of the islands ' land area was held by the government and William Howard Taft , Governor - General of the Philippines , argued for a liberal policy so that a good portion could be sold off to American investors . Instead , the United States Congress , influenced by agricultural interests that did not want competition from the Philippines , in the 1902 Land Act , set a limit of 16 hectares of land to be sold or leased to American individuals and 1,024 hectares to American corporations . This and a downturn in the investment environment discouraged the foreign - owned plantations common in British Malaya , the Dutch East Indies , and French Indochina . Further the U.S. Federal Government faced the problem of much of the private land being owned by the Roman Catholic Church and controlled by Spanish clerics . The American government -- officially secular , hostile to continued Spanish control of much of the land of the now - American colony , and long hostile to Catholics -- negotiated a settlement with the Church handing over its land . The 1902 Philippine Organic Act was a constitution for the Insular Government , as the U.S. civil administration was known . This act , among other actions , disestablished the Catholic Church as the state religion . The United States government , in an effort to resolve the status of the friars , negotiated with the Vatican . The church agreed to sell the friars ' estates and promised gradual substitution of Filipino and other non-Spanish priests for the friars . It refused , however , to withdraw the religious orders from the islands immediately , partly to avoid offending Spain . In 1904 the administration bought for $7.2 million the major part of the friars ' holdings , amounting to some 166,000 hectares ( 410,000 acres ) , of which one - half was in the vicinity of Manila . The land was eventually resold to Filipinos , some of them tenants but the majority of them estate owners . Commonwealth period ( edit ) During the American Colonial Period , tenant farmers complained about the sharecropping system , as well as by the dramatic increase in population which added economic pressure to the tenant farmers ' families . As a result , an agrarian reform program was initiated by the Commonwealth . However , success of the program was hampered by ongoing clashes between tenants and landowners . An example of these clashes includes one initiated by Benigno Ramos through his Sakdalista movement , which advocated tax reductions , land reforms , the breakup of the large estates or haciendas , and the severing of American ties . The uprising , which occurred in Central Luzon in May 1935 , claimed about a hundred lives Rice share tenancy Act of 1933 ( edit ) When the Philippine Commonwealth was established , President Manuel L. Quezon implemented the Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 . The purpose of this act was to regulate the share - tenancy contracts by establishing minimum standards . Primarily , the Act provided for better tenant - landlord relationship , a 50 -- 50 sharing of the crop , regulation of interest to 10 % per agricultural year , and a safeguard against arbitrary dismissal by the landlord . The major flaw of this law was that it could be used only when the majority of municipal councils in a province petitioned for it . Since landowners usually controlled such councils , no province ever asked that the law be applied . Therefore , Quezón ordered that the act be mandatory in all Central Luzon provinces . However , contracts were good only for one year . By simply refusing the renew their contract , landlords were able to eject tenants . As a result , peasant organizations agitated in vain for a law that would make the contract automatically renewable for as long as the tenants fulfilled their obligations . In 1936 , this Act was amended to get rid of its loophole , but the landlords made its application relative and not absolute . Consequently , it was never carried out in spite of its good intentions . In fact , by 1939 , thousands of peasants in Central Luzon were being threatened with wholesale eviction . By the early 1940s , thousands of tenants in Central Luzon were ejected from their farmlands and the rural conflict was more acute than ever . Therefore , during the Commonwealth period , agrarian problems persisted . This motivated the government to incorporate a cardinal principle on social justice . Dictated by the social justice program of the government , expropriation of landed estates and other landholdings commenced . Likewise , the National Land Settlement Administration ( NSLA ) began an orderly settlement of public agricultural lands . At the outbreak of the Second World War , major settlement areas containing more than 65,000 hectares were already established . Roxas Administration ( edit ) When the Philippines gained its independence in 1946 , much of the land was held by a small group of wealthy landowners . There was much pressure on the democratically elected government to redistribute the land . At the same time , many of the democratically elected office holders were landowners themselves or came from land - owning families . In 1946 , shortly after his induction to Presidency , Manuel Roxas proclaimed the Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 effective throughout the country . However problems of land tenure continued . In fact these became worse in certain areas . Among the remedial measures enacted was Republic Act No. 1946 likewise known as the Tenant Act which provided for a 70 -- 30 sharing arrangements and regulated share - tenancy contracts . It was passed to resolve the ongoing peasant unrest in Central Luzon . As part of his Agrarian Reform agenda , President Elpidio Quirino issued on 23 October 1950 Executive Order No. 355 which replaced the National Land Settlement Administration with Land Settlement Development Corporation ( LASEDECO ) which takes over the responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and the Rice and Corn Production Administration . Ramón Magsaysay Administration ( edit ) President Ramon Magsaysay at the Presidential Study , Malacañan Palace To amplify and stabilize the functions of the Economic Development Corps ( EDCOR ) , President Ramon Magsaysay worked for the establishment of the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration ( NARRA ) , which took over from the EDCOR and helped in the giving of some sixty - five thousand acres to three thousand indigent families for settlement purposes . Again , it allocated some other twenty - five thousand to a little more than one thousand five hundred landless families , who subsequently became farmers . As further aid to the rural people , the president established the Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Administration ( ACCFA ) . The idea was for this entity to make available rural credits . Records show that it did grant , in this wise , almost ten million dollars . This administration body next devoted its attention to cooperative marketing . Along this line of help to the rural areas , President Magsaysay initiated in all earnestness the artesian wells campaign . A group - movement known as the Liberty Wells Association was formed and in record time managed to raise a considerable sum for the construction of as many artesian wells as possible . The socio - economic value of the same could not be gainsaid and the people were profuse in their gratitude . Finally , vast irrigation projects , as well as enhancement of the Ambuklao Power plant and other similar ones , went a long way towards bringing to reality the rural improvement program advocated by President Magsaysay . President Ramón Magsaysay enacted the following laws as part of his Agrarian Reform Program : Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954 -- Abolished the LASEDECO and established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration ( NARRA ) to resettle dissidents and landless farmers . It was particularly aimed at rebel returnees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao . Republic Act No. 1199 ( Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954 ) -- Governed the relationship between landowners and tenant farmers by organizing share - tenancy and leasehold system . The law provided the security of tenure of tenants . It also created the Court of Agrarian Relations . Republic Act No. 1400 ( Land Reform Act of 1955 ) -- Created the Land Tenure Administration ( LTA ) which was responsible for the acquisition and distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares for individuals and 600 hectares for corporations . Republic Act No. 821 ( Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration ) -- Provided small farmers and share tenants loans with low interest rates of six to eight percent . Macapagal Administration ( edit ) Land Reform Code ( edit ) Main article : Agricultural Land Reform Code The Agricultural Land Reform Code ( RA 3844 ) was a major Philippine land reform law enacted in 1963 under President Diosdado Macapagal . The code declared that it was State policy To establish owner - cultivatorship and the economic family - size farm as the basis of Philippine agriculture and , as a consequence , divert landlord capital in agriculture to industrial development ; To achieve a dignified existence for the small farmers free from pernicious institutional restraints and practices ; To create a truly viable social and economic structure in agriculture conducive to greater productivity and higher farm incomes ; To apply all labor laws equally and without discrimination to both industrial and agricultural wage earners ; To provide a more vigorous and systematic land resettlement program and public land distribution ; and To make the small farmers more independent , self - reliant and responsible citizens , and a source of genuine strength in our democratic society . and , in pursuance of those policies , established the following An agricultural leasehold system to replace all existing share tenancy systems in agriculture ; A declaration of rights for agricultural labor ; An authority for the acquisition and equitable distribution of agricultural land ; An institution to finance the acquisition and distribution of agricultural land ; A machinery to extend credit and similar assistance to agriculture ; A machinery to provide marketing , management , and other technical services to agriculture ; A unified administration for formulating and implementing projects of land reform ; An expanded program of land capability survey , classification , and registration ; and A judicial system to decide issues arising under this Code and other related laws and regulations . Marcos Administration ( edit ) On 10 September 1971 , President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed the Code of Agrarian Reform of the Philippines into law which established the Department of Agrarian Reform , effectively replacing the Land Authority . In 1978 , the DAR was renamed the Ministry of Agrarian Reform . On 26 July 1987 , following the People Power Revolution , the department was re-organized through Executive Order ( EO ) No. 129 - A . In 1988 , the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law created the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program which is also known as CARP . Corazon Aquino Administration ( edit ) President Corazon Aquino envisioned agrarian and land reform as the centerpiece of her administration 's social legislative agenda . However , her family background and social class as a privileged daughter of a wealthy and landed clan became a lightning rod of criticisms against her land reform agenda . On 22 January 1987 , less than a month before the ratification of the 1987 Constitution , agrarian workers and farmers marched to the historic Mendiola Street near the Malacañan Palace to demand genuine land reform from Aquino 's administration . However , the march turned violent when Marine forces fired at farmers who tried to go beyond the designated demarcation line set by the police . As a result , 12 farmers were killed and 19 were injured in this incident now known as the Mendiola massacre . This incident led some prominent members of the Aquino Cabinet to resign their government posts . In response to calls for agrarian reform , President Aquino issued Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229 on 22 July 1987 , which outlined her land reform program , which included sugar lands . In 1988 , with the backing of Aquino , the new Congress of the Philippines passed Republic Act No. 6657 , more popularly known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law . '' The law paved the way for the redistribution of agricultural lands to tenant - farmers from landowners , who were paid in exchange by the government through just compensation but were also allowed to retain not more than five hectares of land . However , corporate landowners were also allowed under the law to `` voluntarily divest a proportion of their capital stock , equity or participation in favor of their workers or other qualified beneficiaries '' , in lieu of turning over their land to the government for redistribution . Despite the flaws in the law , the Supreme Court upheld its constitutionality in 1989 , declaring that the implementation of the comprehensive agrarian reform program ( CARP ) provided by the said law , was `` a revolutionary kind of expropriation . '' Despite the implementation of CARP , Aquino was not spared from the controversies that eventually centered on Hacienda Luisita , a 6,453 - hectare estate located in the Province of Tarlac , which she , together with her siblings inherited from her father Jose Cojuangco ( Don Pepe ) . Critics argued that Aquino bowed to pressure from relatives by allowing stock redistribution under Executive Order 229 . Instead of land distribution , Hacienda Luisita reorganized itself into a corporation and distributed stock . As such , ownership of agricultural portions of the hacienda were transferred to the corporation , which in turn , gave its shares of stocks to farmers . The arrangement remained in force until 2006 , when the Department of Agrarian Reform revoked the stock distribution scheme adopted in Hacienda Luisita , and ordered instead the redistribution of a large portion of the property to the tenant - farmers . The Department stepped into the controversy when in 2004 , violence erupted over the retrenchment of workers in the Hacienda , eventually leaving seven people dead . Ramos Administration ( edit ) President Fidel V. Ramos speeded the implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program ( CARP ) of former President Corazon Aquino in order to meet the ten - year time frame . However , there were constraints such as the need to firm up the database and geographic focus , generate funding support , strengthen inter-agency cooperation , and mobilize implementation partners , like the non-government organizations , local governments , and the business community . In 1992 , the government acquired and distributed 382 hectares of land with nearly a quarter of a million farmer - beneficiaries . This constituted 41 % of all land titles distributed by the Department of Agrarian Reform ( DAR ) during the last thirty years . But by the end of 1996 , the DAR had distributed only 58.25 % of the total area it was supposed to cover . From January to December 1997 , the DAR distributed 206,612 hectares . That year , since 1987 , the DAR had distributed a total of 2.66 million hectares which benefited almost 1.8 million tenant - farmers . One major problem that the Ramos administration faced was the lack of funds to support and implement the program . The Php50 million , allotted by R.A. No. 6657 to finance the CARP from 1988 to 1998 , was no longer sufficient to support the program . To address this problem , Ramos signed R.A. No. 8532 to amend the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law ( CARL ) which further strengthened the CARP by extending the program to another ten years . Ramos signed this law on 23 February 1998 -- a few months before the end of Ramos ' term . Arroyo Administration ( edit ) On 27 September 2004 , President Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo , signed Executive Order No. 364 , and the Department of Agrarian Reform was renamed to Department of Land Reform . This EO also broadened the scope of the department , making it responsible for all land reform in the country . It also placed the Philippine Commission on Urban Poor ( PCUP ) under its supervision and control . Recognition of the ownership of ancestral domain by indigenous peoples also became the responsibility of this new department , under the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples ( NCIP ) . On 23 August 2005 , President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed Executive Order No. 456 and renamed the Department of Land Reform back to Department of Agrarian Reform , since `` the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law goes beyond just land reform but includes the totality of all factors and support services designed to lift the economic status of the beneficiaries . '' When President Noynoy Aquino took office , there was a renewed push to compete the agrarian reform . The Department of Agrarian Reform adopted a goal of distributed all CARP - eligible land by the end of Pres . Aquino 's term in 2016 . As of June 2013 , 694,181 hectares remained to be distributed , according to DAR . Hacienda Luisita , owned by the Cojuangco family , which includes the late former President Corazón C. Aquino and her son , current President Aquino , has been a notable case of land reform . Comprehensive Agrarian Reform program ( edit ) See also : Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program is the current law under which land reform is conducted . Large land - holdings are broken up and distributed to farmers and workers on that particular hacienda . The crops grown on such haciendas include sugar and rice . Each farmer is giving a `` certificates of land ownership award '' or CLOA for their new property . Under the law , a landowner can only retain 5 hectares , regardless of the size of the hacienda . Conflict can arise between previous landowners and `` beneficiaries '' and between competing farmers ' groups that have conflicting claims . In December 2008 , CARP expired and the following year CARPer was passed . CARPer stands for `` Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms '' . CARPer expires in 2014 . See also ( edit ) Land Bank of the Philippines Sugar industry of the Philippines Agriculture in the Philippines General : Eminent domain Homestead principle Land Banking Land claim Land rights Restitution Inclosure References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ronald E. Dolan , ed . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress , 1991 '' . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Seekins , Donald M. ( 1993 ) , `` The First Phase of United States Rule , 1898 -- 1935 '' , in Dolan , Ronald E. , Philippines : A Country Study ( 4th ed . ) , Washington , D.C. : Federal Research Division , Library of Congress , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 25 Jump up ^ `` Philippine history American Colony and Philippine Commonwealth ( 1901 -- 1941 ) '' . Windows on Asia . MSU . Archived from the original on 10 October 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Roces , Luna & Arcilla 1986 , p. 140 . ^ Jump up to : Manapat , Carlos , et al. Economics , Taxation , and Agrarian Reform . Quezon City : C&E Pub. , 2010. Print . ^ Jump up to : Department of Agrarian Reform ( DAR ) -- Organizational Chart ^ Jump up to : Molina , Antonio . The Philippines : Through the centuries . Manila : University of Sto . Tomas Cooperative , 1961 . Print . Jump up ^ `` Republic Act No. 3844 : The Agricultural Land Reform Code of the Philippines '' . 8 August 1963 . Jump up ^ `` Section 6 , Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 23 August 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Section 31 , Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 23 August 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Association of Small Landowners v. Luz , 175 SCRA 343 , 386 ( Supreme Court of the Philippines 14 July 1989 ) . ^ Jump up to : Russell Arador ( 4 May 2007 ) . `` Life once ' sweeter ' at Hacienda Luisita '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on 5 October 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Executiver Order No. 364 Jump up ^ Executive Order No. 456 ^ Jump up to : Yap , DJ ( 29 June 2013 ) . `` 4 haciendas distributed ; 270 sugar farmers cheer '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ It is notable enough to have its own Wikipedia article . External links ( edit ) Agricultural Land Reform Code on the LAWPhil Project . The Sa - up ( Bill ) ( hide ) Land reform in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_reform_in_the_Philippines&oldid=793900029 '' Categories : Land reform Agriculture in the Philippines Agrarian politics Reform in the Philippines Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 August 2017 , at 17 : 04 . 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2905561919931889571 | Firefly | Firefly - wikipedia Firefly This article is about the family of insects . For the television series , see Firefly ( TV Series ) . For other uses , see Firefly ( disambiguation ) . Firefly Photuris lucicrescens Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Clade : Euarthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Coleoptera Superfamily : Elateroidea Family : Lampyridae Latreille , 1817 Subfamilies Cyphonocerinae Lampyrinae Luciolinae Ototretinae ( disputed ) Photurinae and see below Genera incertae sedis : Oculogryphus Pterotus LeConte , 1859 The Lampyridae are a family of insects in the beetle order Coleoptera . They are winged beetles , commonly called fireflies or lightning bugs for their conspicuous use of bioluminescence during twilight to attract mates or prey . Fireflies produce a `` cold light '' , with no infrared or ultraviolet frequencies . This chemically produced light from the lower abdomen may be yellow , green , or pale red , with wavelengths from 510 to 670 nanometers . The eastern US is home to the species Phausis reticulata , which emits a steady blue light . About 2,100 species of fireflies are found in temperate and tropical climates . Many are in marshes or in wet , wooded areas where their larvae have abundant sources of food . Some species are called `` glowworms '' in Eurasia and elsewhere . The form of the insect which emits light varies from species to species . Sometimes it is the larvae which emit light , sometimes a larviform female , sometimes the eggs emit light . ( In the glow worm found in the UK , Lampyris noctiluca , it is the female that is most easily noticed . ) In the Americas , `` glow worm '' also refers to the related Phengodidae . In New Zealand and Australia the term `` glow worm '' is in use for the luminescent larvae of the fungus gnat Arachnocampa . In many species of fireflies , both male and female fireflies have the ability to fly , but in some species , the females are flightless . Contents 1 Biology 1.1 Light and chemical production 1.2 Systematics 2 Conservation 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Biology ( edit ) A larviform female showing light - emitting organs on abdomen Fireflies tend to be brown and soft - bodied , often with the elytra , or front wings , more leathery than those of other beetles . Although the females of some species are similar in appearance to males , larviform females are found in many other firefly species . These females can often be distinguished from the larvae only because they have compound eyes , although the latter are much smaller than those of their males and often highly regressed . The most commonly known fireflies are nocturnal , although numerous species are diurnal . Most diurnal species are not luminescent ; however , some species that remain in shadowy areas may produce light . A few days after mating , a female lays her fertilized eggs on or just below the surface of the ground . The eggs hatch three to four weeks later , and the larvae feed until the end of the summer . The larvae are commonly called glowworms ( not to be confused with the distinct beetle family Phengodidae or the fly genus Arachnocampa . ) Lampyrid larvae have simple eyes . The term glowworm is also used for both adults and larvae of species such as Lampyris noctiluca , the common European glowworm , in which only the nonflying adult females glow brightly and the flying males glow only weakly and intermittently . Play media A video of fireflies Fireflies hibernate over winter during the larval stage , some species for several years . Some do this by burrowing underground , while others find places on or under the bark of trees . They emerge in the spring . After several weeks of feeding on other insects , snails , and worms , they pupate for 1.0 to 2.5 weeks and emerge as adults . The larvae of most species are specialized predators and feed on other larvae , terrestrial snails , and slugs . Some are so specialized that they have grooved mandibles that deliver digestive fluids directly to their prey . Adult diet varies : some are predatory , while others feed on plant pollen or nectar . Some , like the European glow - worm beetle , Lampyris noctiluca , have no mouth . Most fireflies are quite distasteful to eat and sometimes poisonous to vertebrate predators . This is due at least in part to a group of steroid pyrones known as lucibufagins , which are similar to cardiotonic bufadienolides found in some poisonous toads . Light and chemical production ( edit ) Firefly ( species unknown ) captured in eastern Canada -- the top picture is taken with a flash , the bottom with only the self - emitted light Fireflies in the woods near Nuremberg , Germany , exposure time 30 seconds Further information : Bioluminescence Light production in fireflies is due to a type of chemical reaction called bioluminescence . This process occurs in specialized light - emitting organs , usually on a firefly 's lower abdomen . The enzyme luciferase acts on the luciferin , in the presence of magnesium ions , ATP , and oxygen to produce light . Gene coding for these substances has been inserted into many different organisms ( see Luciferase -- Applications ) . The genetics of firefly bioluminescence , focusing on luciferase , has been reviewed by John Day . Firefly luciferase is used in forensics , and the enzyme has medical uses -- in particular , for detecting the presence of ATP or magnesium . All fireflies glow as larvae . In lampyrid larvae , bioluminescence serves a function that is different from that served in adults . It appears to be a warning signal to predators , since many firefly larvae contain chemicals that are distasteful or toxic . Light in adult beetles was originally thought to be used for similar warning purposes , but now its primary purpose is thought to be used in mate selection . Fireflies are a classic example of an organism that uses bioluminescence for sexual selection . They have a variety of ways to communicate with mates in courtships : steady glows , flashing , and the use of chemical signals unrelated to photic systems . The signal provides potential mates with information about the species of the signaller or its quality as a mate . Some species , especially lightning bugs of the genera Photinus , Photuris , and Pyractomena , are distinguished by the unique courtship flash patterns emitted by flying males in search of females . In general , females of the genus Photinus do not fly , but do give a flash response to males of their own species . Firefly larva Fireflies in Georgia , U.S. Tropical fireflies , in particular , in Southeast Asia , routinely synchronise their flashes among large groups . This phenomenon is explained as phase synchronization and spontaneous order . At night along river banks in the Malaysian jungles , fireflies synchronize their light emissions precisely . Current hypotheses about the causes of this behavior involve diet , social interaction , and altitude . In the Philippines , thousands of fireflies can be seen all year - round in the town of Donsol ( called aninipot or totonbalagon in Bicol ) . In the United States , one of the most famous sightings of fireflies blinking in unison occurs annually near Elkmont , Tennessee , in the Great Smoky Mountains during the first weeks of June . Congaree National Park in South Carolina is another host to this phenomenon . Female Photuris fireflies are known for mimicking the mating flashes of other `` lightning bugs '' for the sole purpose of predation . Target males are attracted to what appears to be a suitable mate , and are then eaten . For this reason , sometimes , Photuris species are referred to as `` femme fatale fireflies '' . Many fireflies do not produce light . Usually these species are diurnal , or day - flying , such as those in the genus Ellychnia . A few diurnal fireflies that inhabit primarily shadowy places , such as beneath tall plants or trees , are luminescent . One such genus is Lucidota . Non-bioluminescent fireflies use pheromones to signal mates . This is supported by the fact that some basal groups do not show bioluminescence and use chemical signaling , instead . Phosphaenus hemipterus has photic organs , yet is a diurnal firefly and displays large antennae and small eyes . These traits strongly suggest pheromones are used for sexual selection , while photic organs are used for warning signals . In controlled experiments , males coming from downwind arrived at females first , indicating males travel upwind along a pheromone plume . Males were also found to be able to find females without the use of visual cues , when the sides of test Petri dishes were covered with black tape . This and the facts that females do not light up at night and males are diurnal point to the conclusion that sexual communication in P. hemipterus is based entirely on pheromones . Systematics ( edit ) Cyphonocerus ruficollis , a weakly glowing member of the Cyphonocerinae Firefly systematics , as with many insects , are in a constant state of flux , as new species continue to be discovered . The five subfamilies listed above are the most commonly accepted ones , though others , such as the Amydetinae and Psilocladinae , have been proposed . This was mainly done in an attempt to revise the Lampyrinae , which bit by bit had become something of a `` wastebin taxon '' to hold incertae sedis species and genera of fireflies . Other changes have been proposed , such as merging the Ototretinae into the Luciolinae , but the arrangement used here appears to be the most frequently seen and stable layout for the time being . Though most groups appear to be monophyletic , some ( e.g. , the tribe Photinini ) are perhaps better divided . Two groups of subfamilies seem to exist : one containing many American and some Eurasian species in the Lampyrinae and Photurinae ; and one , predominantly Asian , made up from the other subfamilies . While the subfamilies as understood here are , in general , monophyletic , a few genera still need to be moved for the subfamilies to accurately represent the evolutionary relationships among the fireflies . The Rhagophthalmidae are a glow - worm - like lineage of Elateroidea . They have in the recent past usually been considered a distinct family , but whether this is correct is still disputed . Indeed , they might be the only close relative of the puzzling firefly genus Pterotus , which sometimes is placed in a monotypic subfamily . The genus Phausis , usually placed in the tribe Photinini of the Lampyrinae , might represent another rather distinct lineage instead . Conservation ( edit ) Fireflies , like many other organisms , are directly affected by land - use change ( e.g. loss of habitat area and connectivity ) , which is identified as the main driver of biodiversity changes in terrestrial ecosystems . Additionally , since fireflies depend on their own light to reproduce they are also very sensitive to environmental levels of light and consequently to light pollution . Multiple recent studies investigate deeply the effects of artificial night lighting on fireflies . Fireflies are charismatic ( which is a rare quality amongst insects ) and are easily spotted by non-experts , providing thus good flagship species to attract public attention ; good investigation models for the effects of light on nocturnal wildlife ; and finally , due to their sensibility and rapid response to environmental changes , good bioindicators for artificial night lighting . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cirrus Digital Firefly Photuris lucicrescens Jump up ^ HowStuffWorks `` How do fireflies light up ? '' . Science.howstuffworks.com ( 19 January 2001 ) . Retrieved on 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.glowworms.org.uk Jump up ^ https://www.brc.ac.uk/irecord/glow-worm Retrieved on 19 Jul 18 Jump up ^ Meyer - Rochow , Victor Benno ( 2007 ) . `` Glowworms : a review of `` Arachnocampa '' spp and kin `` . Luminescence. 22 : 251 -- 265 . Jump up ^ In Fireflies , Flightless Females Lose out On Gifts from Males . Science Daily ( 27 June 2011 ) . Retrieved on 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Lau , T.F. ; Meyer - Rochow , V.B. ( 2006 ) . `` Sexual dimorphism in the compound eye of Rhagophthalmus ohbai ( Coleoptera : Rhagophthalmidae ) : Morphology and ultrastructure '' . Journal of Asia - Pacific Entomology. 9 : 19 -- 30 . Jump up ^ `` Firefly '' . TheFreeDictionary.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Eisner , Thomas ; Wiemer , David ; Haynes , Leroy ; Meinwald , Jerrold ( 1978 ) . `` Lucibufagins : Defensive steroids from the fireflies Photinus ignitus and P. marginellus ( Coleoptera : Lampyridae ) '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 75 ( 2 ) : 905 -- 8 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 75.2. 905 . PMC 411366 . PMID 16592501 . Jump up ^ Day , John ( 2009 ) . `` Beetle bioluminescence : a genetic and enzymatic research review '' . In Meyer - Rochow , V.B. Bioluminescence in Focus . Research Signpost : Kerala . pp. 325 -- 355 . Jump up ^ Stanger - Hall , K.F. ; Lloyd , J.E. ; Hillis , D.M. ( 2007 ) . `` Phylogeny of North American fireflies ( Coleoptera : Lampyridae ) : implications for the evolution of light signals '' . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 49 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2007.05. 013 . PMID 17644427 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Juhani ; Baudry , Gautier ; Candolin , Ulrika ; Kaitala , Arja ( 2015 ) . `` I 'm sexy and I glow it : female ornamentation in a nocturnal capital breeder '' . Biology Letters. 11 ( 10 ) : 20150599 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2015.0599 . PMC 4650175 . PMID 26490414 . Jump up ^ Murray , James D. ( 2002 ) . Mathematical Biology . I. An Introduction ( 3rd ed . ) . Springer . pp. 295 -- 299 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 95223 - 9 . Jump up ^ Synchronous Fireflies -- Great Smoky Mountains National Park . Nps.gov ( 3 June 2013 ) . Retrieved on 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Cross , Robert ( 23 May 2004 ) Tree huggin ' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ De Cock , R. ; Matthysen , E. ( 2005 ) . `` Sexual communication by pheromones in a firefly , Phosphaenus hemipterus ( Coleoptera : Lampyridae ) '' . Animal Behaviour. 70 ( 4 ) : 807 -- 818 . doi : 10.1016 / j. anbehav. 2005.01. 011 . Jump up ^ Sala , Osvaldo E. ; Chapin , F. Stuart ; Iii ; Armesto , Juan J. ; Berlow , Eric ; Bloomfield , Janine ; Dirzo , Rodolfo ; Huber - Sanwald , Elisabeth ; Huenneke , Laura F. ( 2000 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100 '' . Science . 287 ( 5459 ) : 1770 -- 1774 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 287.5459. 1770 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 10710299 . ^ Jump up to : Lloyd , James E. ; Wing , Steven R. ; Hongtrakul , Tawatchai ( 1989 ) . `` Ecology , Flashes , and Behavior of Congregating Thai Fireflies '' . Biotropica. 21 ( 4 ) : 373 . doi : 10.2307 / 2388290 . JSTOR 2388290 . ^ Jump up to : Viviani , Vadim Ravara ; Rocha , Mayra Yamazaki ; Hagen , Oskar ( June 2010 ) . `` Fauna de besouros bioluminescentes ( Coleoptera : Elateroidea : Lampyridae ; Phengodidae , Elateridae ) nos municípios de Campinas , Sorocaba - Votorantim e Rio Claro - Limeira ( SP , Brasil ) : biodiversidade e influência da urbanização '' . Biota Neotropica. 10 ( 2 ) : 103 -- 116 . doi : 10.1590 / s1676 - 06032010000200013 . ISSN 1676 - 0603 . Jump up ^ Firebaugh , Ariel ; Haynes , Kyle J. ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Experimental tests of light - pollution impacts on nocturnal insect courtship and dispersal '' . Oecologia. 182 ( 4 ) : 1203 -- 1211 . doi : 10.1007 / s00442 - 016 - 3723 - 1 . ISSN 0029 - 8549 . PMID 27646716 . Jump up ^ Owens , Avalon Celeste Stevahn ; Meyer - Rochow , Victor Benno ; Yang , En - Cheng ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Short - and mid-wavelength artificial light influences the flash signals of Aquatica ficta fireflies ( Coleoptera : Lampyridae ) '' . PLOS One . 13 ( 2 ) : e0191576 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0191576 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . PMID 29415023 . Further reading ( edit ) Pennsylvania portal Branham , M.A. ; Wenzel , J.W. ( 2003 ) . `` The origin of photic behavior and the evolution of sexual communication in fireflies ( Coleoptera : Lampyridae ) '' . Cladistics. 19 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 22 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 0031.2003. tb00404. x . Lewis , S.M. ; Cratsley , C.K. ( 2008 ) . `` Flash signal evolution , mate choice , and predation in fireflies '' . Annual Review of Entomology. 53 : 293 -- 321 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ento. 53.103106. 093346 . Stous , Hollend ( 1997 ) . `` A review of predation in Photuris , and its effects on the evolution of flash signaling in other New World fireflies '' . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Fireflies Look up firefly in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lampyridae . An introduction to European fireflies and glow - worms Firefly.org -- Firefly & Lightning Bug Facts , Pictures , Information About Firefly Insect Disappearance Firefly simulating robot , China NCBI taxonomy database Museum of Science , Boston -- Understanding Fireflies Video of a firefly larva in Austria FireflyExperience.org -- Luminous Photography and Videos of Fireflies & Lightning Bugs Extant Coleoptera families Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Subclass : Pterygota Infraclass : Neoptera Superorder : Endopterygota Suborder Archostemata Crowsoniellidae ( Crowsoniella relicta ) Cupedidae ( reticulated beetles ) Jurodidae ( Sikhotealinia zhiltzovae ) Micromalthidae ( telephone - pole beetle ) Ommatidae Suborder Adephaga Extant families Amphizoidae ( trout - stream beetles ) Aspidytidae Carabidae ( ground beetles ) Dytiscidae ( predaceous diving beetles ) Gyrinidae ( whirligig beetles ) Haliplidae ( crawling water beetles ) Hygrobiidae Meruidae ( Meru phyllisae ) Noteridae ( burrowing water beetles ) Rhysodidae ( wrinkled bark beetles ) Trachypachidae ( false ground beetles ) Suborder Myxophaga Hydroscaphidae ( skiff beetles ) Lepiceridae Sphaeriusidae Torridincolidae Suborder Polyphaga Bostrichiformia Bostrichoidea Anobiidae ( furniture beetles , death watch beetles , spider beetles ) Bostrichidae ( auger beetles ) Dermestidae ( skin beetles ) Jacobsoniidae ( Jacobson 's beetles ) Nosodendridae ( wounded - tree beetles ) Derodontoidea Derodontidae ( tooth - necked fungus beetles ) Cucujiformia Chrysomeloidea Cerambycidae ( longhorn beetles ) Chrysomelidae ( leaf beetles ) Disteniidae Megalopodidae Orsodacnidae Oxypeltidae Vesperidae Cleroidea Acanthocnemidae ( Acanthocnemus nigricans ) Chaetosomatidae Cleridae ( checkered beetles ) Mauroniscidae Melyridae ( soft - wing flower beetles ) Metaxinidae Phloiophilidae ( Phloiophilus edwardsi ) Phycosecidae Prionoceridae Thanerocleridae Trogossitidae ( bark - gnawing beetles ) Cucujoidea Alexiidae Biphyllidae ( false skin beetles ) Boganiidae Bothrideridae ( dry bark beetles ) Byturidae ( fruitworm beetles ) Cavognathidae Cerylonidae ( minute bark beetles ) Coccinellidae ( lady beetles , or God 's cows ) Corylophidae ( minute fungus beetles ) Cryptophagidae ( silken fungus beetles ) Cucujidae ( flat bark beetles ) Cyclaxyridae Discolomatidae Endomychidae ( handsome fungus beetles ) Erotylidae ( pleasing fungus beetles ) Helotidae Hobartiidae Kateretidae ( short - winged flower beetles ) Laemophloeidae ( lined flat bark beetles ) Lamingtoniidae ( Lamingtonium binnaberrense ) Latridiidae ( minute brown scavenger beetles ) Monotomidae ( root - eating beetles ) Myraboliidae Nitidulidae ( sap beetles ) Passandridae ( parasitic flat bark beetles ) Phalacridae ( shining flower beetles ) Phloeostichidae Propalticidae Protocucujidae Silvanidae ( silvanid flat bark beetles ) Smicripidae ( palmetto beetles ) Sphindidae ( dry - fungus beetles ) Curculionoidea ( weevils ) Anthribidae ( fungus weevils ) Attelabidae ( leaf - rolling weevils ) Belidae ( primitive weevils ) Brentidae ( straight snout weevils , New York weevil ) Caridae Curculionidae ( true weevils , bark beetles , ambrosia beetles ) Nemonychidae ( pine flower weevils ) Lymexyloidea Lymexylidae ( ship - timber beetles ) Tenebrionoidea Aderidae ( ant - like leaf beetles ) Anthicidae ( ant - like flower beetles ) Archeocrypticidae ( cryptic fungus beetles ) Boridae ( conifer bark beetles ) Chalcodryidae Ciidae ( minute tree - fungus beetles ) Melandryidae ( false darkling beetles ) Meloidae ( blister beetles ) Mordellidae ( tumbling flower beetles ) Mycetophagidae ( hairy fungus beetles ) Mycteridae ( palm and flower beetles ) Oedemeridae ( false blister beetle ) Perimylopidae , or Promecheilidae Prostomidae ( jugular - horned beetles ) Pterogeniidae Pyrochroidae ( fire - coloured beetles ) Pythidae ( dead log bark beetles ) Ripiphoridae ( wedge - shaped beetles ) Salpingidae ( narrow - waisted bark beetles ) Scraptiidae ( false flower beetles ) Stenotrachelidae ( false longhorn beetles ) Synchroidae ( synchroa bark beetles ) Tenebrionidae ( darkling beetles ) Tetratomidae ( polypore fungus beetles ) Trachelostenidae Trictenotomidae Ulodidae Zopheridae ( ironclad beetles , cylindrical bark beetles ) Elateriformia Buprestoidea Buprestidae ( jewel beetles , or metallic wood - boring beetles ) Schizopodidae Byrrhoidea Byrrhidae ( pill beetles ) Callirhipidae ( cedar beetles ) Chelonariidae ( turtle beetles ) Cneoglossidae Dryopidae ( long - toed water beetles ) Elmidae ( riffle beetles ) Eulichadidae ( forest stream beetles ) Heteroceridae ( variegated mud - loving beetles ) Limnichidae ( minute mud beetles ) Lutrochidae ( travertine beetles ) Psephenidae ( water - penny beetles ) Ptilodactylidae Dascilloidea Dascillidae ( soft bodied plant beetles ) Rhipiceridae ( cicada beetle , cicada parasite beetles ) Elateroidea Anischiidae Artematopodidae ( soft - bodied plant beetles ) Brachypsectridae ( Texas beetles ) Cantharidae ( soldier beetles ) Cerophytidae ( rare click beetles ) Drilidae Elateridae ( click beetles ) Eucnemidae ( false click beetles ) Lampyridae ( fireflies ) Lycidae ( net - winged beetles ) Omalisidae Omethidae ( false fireflies ) Phengodidae ( glowworm beetles , long - lipped beetles ) Plastoceridae ( Plastocerus angulosus ) Podabrocephalidae Rhagophthalmidae Rhinorhipidae ( Rhinorhipus tamborinensis ) Throscidae ( false metallic wood - boring beetles ) Scirtoidea Clambidae Decliniidae ( Declinia relicta ) Eucinetidae ( plate - thigh beetles ) Scirtidae Scarabaeiformia Scarabaeoidea Belohinidae ( Belohina inexpectata ) Bolboceratidae Ceratocanthidae Diphyllostomatidae ( false stag beetles ) Geotrupidae ( dor beetles ) Glaphyridae ( bumble bee scarab beetles ) Glaresidae ( enigmatic scarab beetles ) Hybosoridae ( scavenger scarab beetles ) Lucanidae ( stag beetles ) Ochodaeidae ( sand - loving scarab beetles ) Passalidae ( betsy beetles ) Pleocomidae ( rain beetles ) Scarabaeidae ( scarabs ) Trogidae ( hide beetles ) Staphyliniformia Histeroidea Histeridae ( clown beetles ) Sphaeritidae ( false clown beetles ) Synteliidae Hydrophiloidea Epimetopidae Georissidae ( minute mud - loving beetles ) Helophoridae Hydrochidae Hydrophilidae ( water scavenger beetles ) Spercheidae Staphylinoidea Agyrtidae ( primitive carrion beetles ) Hydraenidae Leiodidae ( round fungus beetles ) Ptiliidae ( feather - winged beetles ) Scydmaenidae ( ant - like stone beetles ) Silphidae ( carrion beetles ) Staphylinidae ( rove beetles ) List of subgroups of the order Coleoptera Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q25420 Wikispecies : Lampyridae ADW : Lampyridae BugGuide : 85 EoL : 7487 EPPO : 1LAMPF Fauna Europaea : 11168 Fossilworks : 69371 GBIF : 4737 iNaturalist : 47731 IRMNG : 100845 ITIS : 113835 NBN : NHMSYS0001718684 NCBI : 7049 uBio : 4779675 WoRMS : 766414 NDL : 00563550 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firefly&oldid=856708363 '' Categories : Lampyridae Bioluminescent insects Night Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Wikiquote Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - 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-8905309401351779563 | Miami | Miami - wikipedia Miami Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the city in Florida . For other uses , see Miami ( disambiguation ) . City in South Florida Metropolitan City in Florida , United States Miami , Florida Metropolitan City City of Miami From top , clockwise : Downtown Miami skyline , Port of Miami , Virginia Key Beach , Miami Tower , American Airlines Arena , Brickell , Lyric Theater Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : Magic City , The Gateway to the Americas , Capital of Latin America Miami city limits in and around Miami - Dade County and Florida Miami Location in the contiguous United States Coordinates : 25 ° 46 ′ 31 '' N 80 ° 12 ′ 32 '' W / 25.77528 ° N 80.20889 ° W / 25.77528 ; - 80.20889 Coordinates : 25 ° 46 ′ 31 '' N 80 ° 12 ′ 32 '' W / 25.77528 ° N 80.20889 ° W / 25.77528 ; - 80.20889 Country United States State Florida County Miami - Dade Settled 1825 Incorporated July 28 , 1896 Named for Mayaimi Government Type Mayor -- commission Mayor Francis X . Suarez ( R ) City Manager Emilio T. Gonzalez , PhD Area Metropolitan City 56.06 sq mi ( 145.20 km ) Land 35.99 sq mi ( 93.20 km ) Water 20.08 sq mi ( 52.00 km ) Urban 1,116.1 sq mi ( 2,891 km ) Metro 6,137 sq mi ( 15,890 km ) Elevation 6 ft ( 2 m ) Highest elevation 42 ft ( 13 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Metropolitan City 399,457 Estimate ( 2016 ) 453,579 Rank 44th , U.S. Density 12,604.32 / sq mi ( 4,866.49 / km ) Urban 5,502,379 ( 4th , U.S. ) Metro 5,564,635 ( 8th , U.S. ) Demonym ( s ) Miamian Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP code ( s ) 33010 -- 33299 Area code ( s ) 305 and 786 FIPS code 12 - 45000 Website miamigov.com Miami ( / maɪˈæmi / ; Spanish pronunciation : ( miˈami ) ) is a major port city on the Atlantic coast of south Florida in the southeastern United States . As the seat of Miami - Dade County , the municipality is the principal , central , and the most populous city of the Miami metropolitan area and part of the second-most populous metropolis in the southeastern United States . According to the United States Census Bureau , Miami 's metro area is the seventh-most populous and fourth - largest urban area in the U.S. , with a population of around 5.5 million . Miami is a major center , and a leader in finance , commerce , culture , media , entertainment , the arts , and international trade . In 2012 , Miami was classified as an `` Alpha − '' level world city in the World Cities Study Group 's inventory . In 2010 , Miami ranked seventh in the United States and 33rd among global cities in terms of business activity , human capital , information exchange , cultural experience , and political engagement . In 2008 , Forbes magazine ranked Miami `` America 's Cleanest City '' , for its year - round good air quality , vast green spaces , clean drinking water , clean streets , and citywide recycling programs . According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities , Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States , and the world 's seventh - richest city in terms of purchasing power . Miami is nicknamed the `` Capital of Latin America '' and is the largest city with a Cuban - American plurality . Miami has the third tallest skyline in the U.S. with over 300 high - rises . Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States , and many large national and international companies . The Civic Center is a major center for hospitals , research institutes , medical centers , and biotechnology industries . For more than two decades , the Port of Miami , known as the `` Cruise Capital of the World '' , has been the number one cruise passenger port in the world . It accommodates some of the world 's largest cruise ships and operations , and is the busiest port in both passenger traffic and cruise lines . Metropolitan Miami is also a major tourism hub in the southeastern U.S. for international visitors , ranking number two in the country after New York City . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Geology 2.2 Cityscape 2.2. 1 Neighborhoods 2.3 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 Poverty 3.2 Languages 3.3 Religion 3.4 Civic engagement 4 Economy 5 Culture 5.1 Entertainment and performing arts 5.2 Museums and art 5.3 Music 5.4 Cuisine 5.5 Dialect 5.6 In popular culture 6 Sports 7 Recreation 8 Government 8.1 City Commission 9 Education 9.1 Public schools 9.2 Private schools 9.3 Colleges and universities 9.4 Professional training programs 10 Media 11 Transportation 11.1 Airports 11.2 PortMiami 11.3 Public transportation 11.4 Miami public transportation statistics 11.5 Rail 11.6 Road 11.7 Bicycling 11.8 Walkability 12 International relations 12.1 Twin and sister cities 12.2 Cooperation agreements 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links History Main articles : History of Miami and Timeline of Miami See also : National Register of Historic Places listings in Miami , Florida Approximately 400 men voted for Miami 's incorporation in 1896 in the building to the left . The Miami area was inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous Native American tribes . The Tequestas occupied the area for a thousand years before encountering Europeans . An Indian village of hundreds of people dating to 500 -- 600 B.C. was located at the mouth of the Miami River . In 1566 admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés , Florida 's first governor , claimed the area for Spain . A Spanish mission was constructed one year later in 1567 . Spain and Great Britain successively controlled Florida , and Spain ceded it to the United States in 1821 . In 1836 , the US built Fort Dallas as part of its development of the Florida Territory and attempt to suppress and remove the Seminole . The Miami area subsequently became a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War . Miami is noted as `` the only major city in the United States conceived by a woman , Julia Tuttle '' , a local citrus grower and a wealthy Cleveland native . The Miami area was better known as `` Biscayne Bay Country '' in the early years of its growth . In the late 19th century , reports described the area as a promising wilderness . The area was also characterized as `` one of the finest building sites in Florida . '' The Great Freeze of 1894 -- 95 hastened Miami 's growth , as the crops of the Miami area were the only ones in Florida that survived . Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler , a railroad tycoon , to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region , for which she became known as `` the mother of Miami . '' Miami was officially incorporated as a city on July 28 , 1896 with a population of just over 300 . It was named for the nearby Miami River , derived from Mayaimi , the historic name of Lake Okeechobee . The Freedom Tower , built in 1925 , is Miami 's historical landmark . Black labor played a crucial role in Miami 's early development . During the beginning of the 20th century , migrants from the Bahamas and African - Americans constituted 40 percent of the city 's population . Whatever their role in the city 's growth , their community 's growth was limited to a small space . When landlords began to rent homes to African - Americans in neighborhoods close to Avenue J ( what would later become NW Fifth Avenue ) , a gang of white men with torches visited the renting families and warned them to move or be bombed . During the early 20th century , northerners were attracted to the city , and Miami prospered during the 1920s with an increase in population and infrastructure . The legacy of Jim Crow was embedded in these developments . Miami 's chief of police , H. Leslie Quigg , did not hide the fact that he , like many other white Miami police officers , was a member of the Ku Klux Klan . Unsurprisingly , these officers enforced social codes far beyond the written law . Quigg , for example , `` personally and publicly beat a colored bellboy to death for speaking directly to a white woman . '' The collapse of the Florida land boom of the 1920s , the 1926 Miami Hurricane , and the Great Depression in the 1930s slowed development . When World War II began , Miami , well - situated on the southern coast of Florida , became a base for US defense against German submarines . The war brought an increase in Miami 's population ; by 1940 , 172,172 people lived in the city . After Fidel Castro rose to power in Cuba in 1959 , many wealthy Cubans sought refuge in Miami , further increasing the population . The city developed businesses and cultural amenities as part of the New South . In the 1980s and 1990s , South Florida weathered social problems related to drug wars , immigration from Haiti and Latin America , and the widespread destruction of Hurricane Andrew . Racial and cultural tensions were sometimes sparked , but the city developed in the latter half of the 20th century as a major international , financial , and cultural center . It is the second - largest US city ( after El Paso , Texas ) with a Spanish - speaking majority , and the largest city with a Cuban - American plurality . Miami and its metropolitan area grew from just over 1,000 residents to nearly 5.5 million residents in just 110 years ( 1896 -- 2006 ) . The city 's nickname , The Magic City , comes from this rapid growth . Winter visitors remarked that the city grew so much from one year to the next that it was like magic . Geography Miami and its suburbs are located on a broad plain between the Florida Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east , which also extends from Florida Bay north to Lake Okeechobee . The elevation of the area never rises above 40 ft ( 12 m ) and averages at around 6 ft ( 1.8 m ) above mean sea level in most neighborhoods , especially near the coast . The highest undulations are found along the coastal Miami Rock Ridge , whose substrate underlies most of the eastern Miami metropolitan region . The main portion of the city lies on the shores of Biscayne Bay which contains several hundred natural and artificially created barrier islands , the largest of which contains Miami Beach and South Beach . The Gulf Stream , a warm ocean current , runs northward just 15 miles ( 24 km ) off the coast , allowing the city 's climate to stay warm and mild all year . Geology The surface bedrock under the Miami area is called Miami oolite or Miami limestone . This bedrock is covered by a thin layer of soil , and is no more than 50 feet ( 15 m ) thick . Miami limestone formed as the result of the drastic changes in sea level associated with recent glaciations or ice ages . Beginning some 130,000 years ago the Sangamonian Stage raised sea levels to approximately 25 feet ( 8 m ) above the current level . All of southern Florida was covered by a shallow sea . Several parallel lines of reef formed along the edge of the submerged Florida plateau , stretching from the present Miami area to what is now the Dry Tortugas . The area behind this reef line was in effect a large lagoon , and the Miami limestone formed throughout the area from the deposition of oolites and the shells of bryozoans . Starting about 100,000 years ago the Wisconsin glaciation began lowering sea levels , exposing the floor of the lagoon . By 15,000 years ago , the sea level had dropped to 300 to 350 feet ( 90 to 110 m ) below the contemporary level . The sea level rose quickly after that , stabilizing at the current level about 4000 years ago , leaving the mainland of South Florida just above sea level . Beneath the plain lies the Biscayne Aquifer , a natural underground source of fresh water that extends from southern Palm Beach County to Florida Bay , with its highest point peaking around the cities of Miami Springs and Hialeah . Most of the Miami metropolitan area obtains its drinking water from this aquifer . As a result of the aquifer , it is not possible to dig more than 15 to 20 ft ( 5 to 6 m ) beneath the city without hitting water , which impedes underground construction , though some underground parking garages exist . For this reason , the mass transit systems in and around Miami are elevated or at - grade . Most of the western fringes of the city extend into the Everglades , a subtropical marshland located in the southern portion of the U.S. state of Florida . Alligators have ventured into Miami communities and on major highways . In terms of land area , Miami is one of the smallest major cities in the United States . According to the US Census Bureau , the city encompasses a total area of 56.06 sq mi ( 145.2 km ) . Of that area , 35.99 sq mi ( 93.2 km ) is land and 20.08 sq mi ( 52.0 km ) is water . That means Miami comprises over 400,000 people in 36 square miles ( 93 km ) , making it one of the most densely populated cities in the United States , along with New York City , San Francisco , Boston , Chicago , and Philadelphia . Cityscape See also : List of tallest buildings in Miami Downtown Miami Skyline ( in 2014 ) as seen from the Rusty Pelican restaurant on Virginia Key . Neighborhoods Main article : Neighborhoods in Miami The Downtown Miami Historic District is the city 's largest historic district , with buildings ranging from 1896 to 1939 in the heart of Downtown . Map of Miami neighborhoods . Miami is partitioned into many different sections , roughly into North , South , West and Downtown . The heart of the city is Downtown Miami and is technically on the eastern side of the city . This area includes Brickell , Virginia Key , Watson Island , and PortMiami . Downtown is South Florida 's central business district , and Florida 's largest and most influential central business district . Downtown has the largest concentration of international banks in the U.S. along Brickell Avenue . Downtown is home to many major banks , courthouses , financial headquarters , cultural and tourist attractions , schools , parks and a large residential population . East of Downtown , across Biscayne Bay is South Beach . Just northwest of Downtown , is the Civic Center , which is Miami 's center for hospitals , research institutes and biotechnology with hospitals such as Jackson Memorial Hospital , Miami VA Hospital , and the University of Miami 's Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine . The southern side of Miami includes Coral Way , The Roads and Coconut Grove . Coral Way is a historic residential neighborhood built in 1922 connecting Downtown with Coral Gables , and is home to many old homes and tree - lined streets . Coconut Grove was established in 1825 and is the location of Miami 's City Hall in Dinner Key , the Coconut Grove Playhouse , CocoWalk , many nightclubs , bars , restaurants and bohemian shops , and as such , is very popular with local college students . It is a historic neighborhood with narrow , winding roads , and a heavy tree canopy . Coconut Grove has many parks and gardens such as Villa Vizcaya , The Kampong , The Barnacle Historic State Park , and is the home of the Coconut Grove Convention Center and numerous historic homes and estates . The western side of Miami includes Little Havana , West Flagler , and Flagami , and is home to many of the city 's traditionally immigrant neighborhoods . Although at one time a mostly Jewish neighborhood , today western Miami is home to immigrants from mostly Central America and Cuba , while the west central neighborhood of Allapattah is a multicultural community of many ethnicities . The northern side of Miami includes Midtown , a district with a great mix of diversity with many West Indians , Hispanics , European Americans , bohemians , and artists . Edgewater , and Wynwood are neighborhoods of Midtown and are made up mostly of high - rise residential towers and are home to the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts . The wealthier residents usually live in the northeastern part , in Midtown , the Design District , and the Upper East Side , with many sought after 1920s homes and home of the MiMo Historic District , a style of architecture originated in Miami in the 1950s . The northern side of Miami also has notable African American and Caribbean immigrant communities such as Little Haiti , Overtown ( home of the Lyric Theater ) , and Liberty City . Climate Main article : Climate of Miami Typical summer afternoon thunderstorm rolling in from the Everglades . Miami has a tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen climate classification Am ) with a marked drier season in the winter . Its sea - level elevation , coastal location , position just above the Tropic of Cancer , and proximity to the Gulf Stream shape its climate . With January averaging 68.2 ° F ( 20.1 ° C ) , winter features highs generally ranging between 73 -- 80 ° F ( 23 -- 27 ° C ) . Cool air usually settles after the passage of a cold front , which produces much of the little amount of rainfall during the season . Lows fall below 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) , an average of 10 -- 15 nights during the winter season following the passage of cold fronts . The wet season begins some time in May , ending in mid-October . During this period , temperatures are in the mid 80s to low 90s ( 29 -- 35 ° C ) , accompanied by high humidity , though the heat is often relieved by afternoon thunderstorms or a sea breeze that develops off the Atlantic Ocean , which then allow lower temperatures , but conditions still remain very muggy . Much of the year 's 55.9 inches ( 1,420 mm ) of rainfall occurs during this period . Dew points in the warm months range from 71.9 ° F ( 22.2 ° C ) in June to 73.7 ° F ( 23.2 ° C ) in August . Extremes range from 27 ° F ( − 2.8 ° C ) on February 3 , 1917 to 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) on July 21 , 1940 . While Miami has never officially recorded snowfall at any official weather station since records have been kept , snow flurries fell in some parts of Miami on January 19 , 1977 . Hurricane season officially runs from June 1 through November 30 , although hurricanes can develop beyond those dates . The most likely time for Miami to be hit is during the peak of the Cape Verde season , which is mid-August through the end of September . Although tornadoes are uncommon in the area , one struck in 1925 and again in 1997 . Around 40 % of homes in Miami are built upon floodplains and are considered as flood - risk zones . Miami falls under the USDA 10b / 11a Plant Hardiness zone . ( show ) Climate data for Miami ( MIA ) , 1981 − 2010 normals , extremes 1895 − present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 88 ( 31 ) 89 ( 32 ) 93 ( 34 ) 96 ( 36 ) 98 ( 37 ) 98 ( 37 ) 100 ( 38 ) 98 ( 37 ) 97 ( 36 ) 95 ( 35 ) 91 ( 33 ) 89 ( 32 ) 100 ( 38 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 84.3 ( 29.1 ) 85.5 ( 29.7 ) 87.9 ( 31.1 ) 90.2 ( 32.3 ) 92.3 ( 33.5 ) 94.0 ( 34.4 ) 94.6 ( 34.8 ) 95.0 ( 35 ) 93.1 ( 33.9 ) 90.7 ( 32.6 ) 86.9 ( 30.5 ) 84.8 ( 29.3 ) 96.1 ( 35.6 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 76.4 ( 24.7 ) 78.1 ( 25.6 ) 80.3 ( 26.8 ) 83.2 ( 28.4 ) 87.0 ( 30.6 ) 89.5 ( 31.9 ) 90.9 ( 32.7 ) 91.0 ( 32.8 ) 89.3 ( 31.8 ) 86.2 ( 30.1 ) 81.7 ( 27.6 ) 77.9 ( 25.5 ) 84.3 ( 29.1 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 68.2 ( 20.1 ) 70.2 ( 21.2 ) 72.6 ( 22.6 ) 75.8 ( 24.3 ) 79.9 ( 26.6 ) 82.7 ( 28.2 ) 84.1 ( 28.9 ) 84.2 ( 29 ) 82.9 ( 28.3 ) 79.9 ( 26.6 ) 74.9 ( 23.8 ) 70.5 ( 21.4 ) 77.2 ( 25.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 59.9 ( 15.5 ) 62.3 ( 16.8 ) 64.9 ( 18.3 ) 68.3 ( 20.2 ) 72.9 ( 22.7 ) 76.0 ( 24.4 ) 77.3 ( 25.2 ) 77.4 ( 25.2 ) 76.5 ( 24.7 ) 73.5 ( 23.1 ) 68.1 ( 20.1 ) 63.0 ( 17.2 ) 70.0 ( 21.1 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 43.1 ( 6.2 ) 46.6 ( 8.1 ) 50.6 ( 10.3 ) 57.3 ( 14.1 ) 65.3 ( 18.5 ) 70.7 ( 21.5 ) 72.3 ( 22.4 ) 72.3 ( 22.4 ) 72.1 ( 22.3 ) 63.8 ( 17.7 ) 54.9 ( 12.7 ) 46.3 ( 7.9 ) 40.1 ( 4.5 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 28 ( − 2 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 32 ( 0 ) 39 ( 4 ) 50 ( 10 ) 60 ( 16 ) 66 ( 19 ) 67 ( 19 ) 62 ( 17 ) 45 ( 7 ) 36 ( 2 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 27 ( − 3 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 1.62 ( 41.1 ) 2.25 ( 57.2 ) 3.00 ( 76.2 ) 3.14 ( 79.8 ) 5.34 ( 135.6 ) 9.67 ( 245.6 ) 6.50 ( 165.1 ) 8.88 ( 225.6 ) 9.86 ( 250.4 ) 6.33 ( 160.8 ) 3.27 ( 83.1 ) 2.04 ( 51.8 ) 61.9 ( 1,572.3 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 6.9 6.5 7.0 6.4 10.0 16.4 16.9 18.9 17.9 12.7 8.4 7.2 135.2 Average relative humidity ( % ) 72.7 70.9 69.5 67.3 71.6 76.2 74.8 76.2 77.8 74.9 73.8 72.5 73.2 Mean monthly sunshine hours 219.8 216.9 277.2 293.8 301.3 288.7 308.7 288.3 262.2 260.2 220.8 216.1 3,154 Percent possible sunshine 66 69 75 77 72 70 73 71 71 73 68 66 71 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) , The Weather Channel Demographics Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1900 1,681 -- 1910 5,471 225.5 % 1920 29,571 440.5 % 1930 110,637 274.1 % 1940 172,172 55.6 % 1950 249,276 44.8 % 1960 291,688 17.0 % 1970 334,859 14.8 % 1980 346,681 3.5 % 1990 358,548 3.4 % 2000 362,470 1.1 % 399,457 10.2 % Est. 2016 453,579 13.5 % U.S. Decennial Census The city proper is home to less than one - thirteenth of the population of South Florida . Miami is the 42nd-most populous city in the United States . The Miami metropolitan area however , which includes Miami - Dade , Broward and Palm Beach counties , had a combined population of more than 5.5 million people , ranked seventh largest in the United States , and is the largest metropolitan area in the southeastern section of the country . As of 2008 , the United Nations estimates that the Miami Urban Agglomeration is the 44th - largest in the world . Map of racial distribution in Miami , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Hispanic , Black , Asian The 2010 US Census reported that the Latino population in Miami accounted for 70 % of its total population , with 34.4 % being of Cuban origin , 15.8 % had a Central American background ( 7.2 % Nicaraguan , 5.8 % Honduran , 1.2 % Salvadoran , and 1.0 % Guatemalan ) , 8.7 % were of South American descent ( 3.2 % Colombian , 1.4 % Venezuelan , 1.2 % Peruvian , 1.2 % Argentinean , and 0.7 % Ecuadorian ) , 4.0 % had other Hispanic or Latino origins ( 0.5 % Spaniard ) , 3.2 % descended from Puerto Ricans , 2.4 % were Dominican , and 1.5 % had Mexican ancestry . As of 2010 , those of African ancestry accounted for 19.2 % of Miami 's population . Out of the 19.2 % , 5.6 % were West Indian or Afro - Caribbean American origin ( 4.4 % Haitian , 0.4 % Jamaican , 0.4 % Bahamian , 0.1 % British West Indian , and 0.1 % Trinidadian and Tobagonian , 0.1 % Other or Unspecified West Indian ) , 3.0 % were Black Hispanics , and 0.4 % were Subsaharan African origin . As of 2010 , those of ( non-Hispanic white ) European ancestry accounted for 11.9 % of Miami 's population . Out of the 11.9 % , 1.7 % were German , 1.6 % Italian , 1.4 % Irish , 1.0 % English , 0.8 % French , 0.6 % Russian , and 0.5 % were Polish . As of 2010 , those of Asian ancestry accounted for 1.0 % of Miami 's population . Out of the 1.0 % , 0.3 % were Indian people / Indo - Caribbean American ( 1,206 people ) , 0.3 % Chinese ( 1,804 people ) , 0.2 % Filipino ( 647 people ) , 0.1 % were other Asian ( 433 people ) , 0.1 % Japanese ( 245 people ) , 0.1 % Korean ( 213 people ) , and 0.0 % were Vietnamese ( 125 people ) . In 2010 , 1.9 % of the population considered themselves to be of only American ancestry ( regardless of race or ethnicity . ) And 0.5 % were of Arab ancestry , as of 2010 . As of 2010 , there were 158,317 households of which 14.0 % were vacant . 22.7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 31.3 % were married couples living together , 18.1 % have a female head of household with no husband present , and 43.1 % were non-families. 33.3 % of all households were made up of individuals and 11.3 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older ( 4.0 % male and 7.3 % female . ) The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.15 . In 2010 , the city population was spread out with 18.8 % under the age of 18 , 9.4 % from 18 to 24 , 33.1 % from 25 to 44 , 25.0 % from 45 to 64 , and 13.6 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 38.8 years . For every 100 females , there were 99.2 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 98.1 males . As of 2010 , the median income for a household in the city was $29,621 , and the median income for a family was $33,379 . Males had a median income of $27,849 versus $24,518 for females . The per capita income for the city was $19,745 . In 2010 , 58.1 % of the county 's population was foreign born , with 41.1 % being naturalized American citizens . Of foreign - born residents , 95.4 % were born in Latin America , 2.4 % were born in Europe , 1.4 % born in Asia , 0.5 % born in Africa , 0.2 % in North America , and 0.1 % were born in Oceania . In 2004 , the United Nations Development Program ( UNDP ) reported that Miami had the highest proportion of foreign - born residents of any major city worldwide ( 59 % ) , followed by Toronto ( 50 % ) . In 1960 , non-Hispanic whites represented 80 % of Miami - Dade county 's population . In 1970 , the Census Bureau reported Miami 's population as 45.3 % Hispanic , 32.9 % non-Hispanic White , and 22.7 % Black . Miami 's explosive population growth has been driven by internal migration from other parts of the country , primarily up until the 1980s , as well as by immigration , primarily from the 1960s to the 1990s . Today , immigration to Miami has slowed significantly and Miami 's growth today is attributed greatly to its fast urbanization and high - rise construction , which has increased its inner city neighborhood population densities , such as in Downtown , Brickell , and Edgewater , where one area in Downtown alone saw a 2,069 % increase in population in the 2010 Census . Miami is regarded as more of a multicultural mosaic , than it is a melting pot , with residents still maintaining much of , or some of their cultural traits . The overall culture of Miami is heavily influenced by its large population of Hispanics and blacks mainly from the Caribbean islands . Miami demographics 2010 Census Miami Miami - Dade County Florida Total population 399,457 2,496,435 18,801,310 Population , percent change , 2000 to 2010 + 10.2 % + 10.8 % + 17.6 % Population density 11,135.9 / sq mi 1,315.5 / sq mi 350.6 / sq mi White or Caucasian ( including White Hispanic ) 72.6 % 73.8 % 75.0 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 70.0 % 65.0 % 22.5 % Black or African - American 19.2 % 18.9 % 16.0 % ( Non-Hispanic White or Caucasian ) 11.9 % 15.4 % 57.9 % Asian 1.0 % 1.5 % 2.4 % Native American or Native Alaskan 0.3 % 0.2 % 0.4 % Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.1 % Two or more races ( Multiracial ) 2.7 % 2.4 % 2.5 % Some Other Race 4.2 % 3.2 % 3.6 % Historic ethnic makeup of Miami Year White ( includes White Hispanics ) Hispanic Black Non-Hispanic White Other Asian ( of any race ) 1910 58.7 % -- 41.3 % -- 0.1 % -- 1920 68.5 % -- 31.3 % -- 0.1 % -- 1930 77.3 % -- 22.7 % -- 0.1 % -- 1940 78.5 % -- 21.4 % -- 0.1 % -- 1950 83.7 % -- 16.2 % -- 0.1 % -- 1960 77.4 % 17.6 % 22.4 % -- 0.1 % -- 1970 76.6 % 44.6 % 22.7 % 41.7 % 0.4 % 0.3 % 1980 66.6 % 55.9 % 25.1 % 19.4 % 7.8 % 0.5 % 1990 65.6 % 62.5 % 27.4 % 12.2 % 6.4 % 0.6 % 2000 66.6 % 65.8 % 22.3 % 11.8 % 5.6 % 0.7 % 72.6 % 70.0 % 19.2 % 11.9 % 4.2 % 1.0 % Poverty About 22.2 % of families and 27.3 % of the population were below the poverty line at the census , including 37.1 % of those under age 18 and 32.8 % of those aged 65 or over . Languages As of 2010 , 70.2 % of Miami 's population age five and over spoke only Spanish at home while 22.7 % of the population spoke English at home . About 6.3 % spoke other Indo - European languages at home . About 0.4 % spoke Asian languages or Pacific Islander languages / Oceanic languages at home . The remaining 0.3 % of the population spoke other languages at home . In total , 77.3 % spoke another language other than English . As of 2000 , 66.75 % of residents spoke Spanish at home , while those who only spoke English made up 25.45 % . Speakers of Haitian Creole ( French - based ) were 5.20 % , French speakers comprised 0.76 % of the population , and Portuguese at 0.41 % . Among U.S. cities , Miami has one of the highest proportions of residents who speak languages other than English at home ( 74.55 % in 2000 ) . Due to English - speakers moving away from the area , the percentage of residents who speak only English is expected to continue to decline . Religion Plymouth Congregational Church in Coconut Grove . Christianity is the most prevalently practiced religion in Miami ( 68 % ) , according to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center , with 39 % professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant , and 27 % professing Roman Catholic beliefs . followed by Judaism ( 8 % ) ; Islam , Buddhism , Hinduism , and a variety of other religions have smaller followings ; atheism or no self - identifying organized religious affiliation was practiced by 24 % . There has been a Norwegian Seamen 's church in Miami since the early 1980s . In November 2011 , Crown Princess Mette - Marit opened a new building for the church . The church was built as a center for the 10,000 Scandinavians that live in Florida . Around 4,000 of them are Norwegian . The church is also an important place for the 150 Norwegians that work at Disney World . Civic engagement Organizations such as the Miami - Dade Salvation Army and its iconic Red Kettle Christmas Campaign , Hands On Miami , City Year Miami , Human Services Coalition of South Florida , and Citizens for a Better South Florida , among many other organizations have been working to engage Miamians in volunteerism . Economy Downtown is South Florida 's main hub for finance , commerce and international business . Brickell Avenue has the largest concentration of international banks in the U.S. As seen in 2006 , the high - rise construction in Miami has inspired popular opinion of `` Miami manhattanization '' Brickell Avenue in Downtown Miami 's Brickell Financial District PortMiami is the world 's largest cruise ship port , and is the headquarters of many of the world 's largest cruise companies Miami is a major center of commerce , finance , and boasts a strong international business community . According to the ranking of world cities undertaken by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group & Network ( GaWC ) in 2010 and based on the level of presence of global corporate service organizations , Miami is considered a `` Alpha minus world city '' . Miami has a Gross Metropolitan Product of $257 billion and is ranked 20th worldwide in GMP , and 11th in the United States . Several large companies are headquartered in or around Miami , including but not limited to : Akerman Senterfitt , Alienware , Arquitectonica , Arrow Air , Bacardi , Benihana , Brightstar Corporation , Burger King , Celebrity Cruises , Carnival Corporation , Carnival Cruise Lines , Crispin Porter + Bogusky , Duany Plater - Zyberk & Company , Espírito Santo Financial Group , Fizber.com , Greenberg Traurig , Holland & Knight , Inktel Direct , Interval International , Lennar , Navarro Discount Pharmacies , Norwegian Cruise Lines , Oceania Cruises , Perry Ellis International , RCTV International , Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines , Ryder Systems , Seabourn Cruise Line , Sedano 's , Telefónica USA , UniMÁS , Telemundo , Univision , U.S. Century Bank , Vector Group , and World Fuel Services . Because of its proximity to Latin America , Miami serves as the headquarters of Latin American operations for more than 1400 multinational corporations , including AIG , American Airlines , Cisco , Disney , Exxon , FedEx , Kraft Foods , LEO Pharma Americas , Microsoft , Yahoo , Oracle , SBC Communications , Sony , Symantec , Visa International , and Wal - Mart . Miami is a major television production center , and the most important city in the U.S. for Spanish language media . Univisión , Telemundo and UniMÁS have their headquarters in Miami , along with their production studios . The Telemundo Television Studios produces much of the original programming for Telemundo , such as their telenovelas and talk shows . In 2011 , 85 % of Telemundo 's original programming was filmed in Miami . Miami is also a major music recording center , with the Sony Music Latin and Universal Music Latin Entertainment headquarters in the city , along with many other smaller record labels . The city also attracts many artists for music video and film shootings . During the mid-2000s , the city witnessed its largest real estate boom since the Florida land boom of the 1920s . During this period , the city had well over a hundred approved high - rise construction projects in which 50 were actually built . Rapid high - rise construction led to fast population growth in the city 's inner neighborhoods , primarily in Downtown , Brickell and Edgewater , with these neighborhoods becoming the fastest - growing areas in the city . Miami 's skyline is ranked third-most impressive in the U.S. , behind New York City and Chicago , and 19th in the world according to the Almanac of Architecture and Design . The city currently has the eight tallest ( as well as thirteen of the fourteen tallest ) skyscrapers in the state of Florida , with the tallest being the 789 - foot ( 240 m ) Four Seasons Hotel & Tower . A housing market crash in 2007 caused a foreclosure crisis in the area . In 2012 , Forbes magazine named Miami the most miserable city in the United States because of a crippling housing crisis that has cost multitudes of residents their homes and jobs . The metro area has one of the highest violent crime rates in the country and workers face lengthy daily commutes . Like other metro areas in the United States , crime in Miami is localized to specific neighborhoods . In a 2016 study by the website 24 / 7 Wall Street , Miami was rated as the worst U.S. city in which to live , based on crime , poverty , income inequality and housing costs that far exceed the national median . Miami International Airport and PortMiami are among the nation 's busiest ports of entry , especially for cargo from South America and the Caribbean . The Port of Miami is the world 's busiest cruise port , and MIA is the busiest airport in Florida , and the largest gateway between the United States and Latin America . Additionally , the city has the largest concentration of international banks in the country , primarily along Brickell Avenue in Brickell , Miami 's financial district . Due to its strength in international business , finance and trade , many international banks have offices in Downtown such as Espírito Santo Financial Group , which has its U.S. headquarters in Miami . Miami was also the host city of the 2003 Free Trade Area of the Americas negotiations . Tourism is also an important industry in Miami . Along with finance and business , the beaches , conventions , festivals and events draw over 38 million visitors annually into the city , from across the country and around the world , spending $17.1 billion . The Art Deco District in South Beach , is reputed as one of the most glamorous in the world for its nightclubs , beaches , historical buildings , and shopping . Annual events such as the Sony Ericsson Open , Art Basel , Winter Music Conference , South Beach Wine & Food Festival , and Mercedes - Benz Fashion Week Miami attract millions to the metropolis every year . Miami is the home to the National Hurricane Center and the headquarters of the United States Southern Command , responsible for military operations in Central and South America . In addition to these roles , Miami is also an industrial center , especially for stone quarrying and warehousing . These industries are centered largely on the western fringes of the city near Doral and Hialeah . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , in 2004 , Miami had the third highest incidence of family incomes below the federal poverty line in the United States , making it the third poorest city in the USA , behind only Detroit , Michigan ( ranked # 1 ) and El Paso , Texas ( ranked # 2 ) . Miami is also one of the very few cities where its local government went bankrupt , in 2001 . On the other hand , Miami has won accolades for its environmental policies : in 2008 , it was ranked as `` America 's Cleanest City '' according to Forbes for its year - round good air quality , vast green spaces , clean drinking water , clean streets and citywide recycling programs . Largest employers in Miami Employer Employees Miami - Dade County Public Schools 48,571 Miami - Dade County 29,000 United States Government 19,500 Florida Government 17,100 University of Miami 16,100 Baptist Health South Florida 13,376 Jackson Health 12,576 Publix 10,800 American Airlines 9,000 Florida International University 8,000 Miami Dade College 6,200 Precision Response Corporation 5,000 City of Miami 4,309 Florida Power and Light Company 3,840 Carnival Cruise Lines 3,500 Culture Entertainment and performing arts Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts , the second - largest performing arts center in the United States . In addition to such annual festivals like Calle Ocho Festival and Carnaval Miami , Miami is home to many entertainment venues , theaters , museums , parks and performing arts centers . The newest addition to the Miami arts scene is the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts , the second - largest performing arts center in the United States after the Lincoln Center in New York City , and is the home of the Florida Grand Opera . Within it are the Ziff Ballet Opera House , the center 's largest venue , the Knight Concert Hall , the Carnival Studio Theater and the Peacock Rehearsal Studio . The center attracts many large - scale operas , ballets , concerts , and musicals from around the world and is Florida 's grandest performing arts center . Other performing arts venues in Miami include the Gusman Center for the Performing Arts , Coconut Grove Playhouse , Colony Theatre , Lincoln Theatre , Actor 's Playhouse at the Miracle Theatre Manuel Artime Theater , Playground Theatre , Wertheim Performing Arts Center , the Fair Expo Center and the Bayfront Park Amphitheater for outdoor music events . The city attracts a large number of musicians , singers , actors , dancers , and orchestral players . Miami has numerous orchestras , symphonies and performing art conservatories . Some of these include the Florida Grand Opera , FIU School of Music , Frost School of Music , Miami Wind Symphony , New World School of the Arts , as well as the music , theater and art schools of the city 's many universities and schools . Miami is also a major fashion center , home to models and some of the top modeling agencies in the world . Miami is also host to many fashion shows and events , including the annual Miami Fashion Week and the Mercedes - Benz Fashion Week Miami held in the Wynwood Art District . Museums and Art Some of the museums in Miami include the Frost Art Museum , Frost Museum of Science , Institute of Contemporary Art , Miami Children 's Museum , Vizcaya Museum and Gardens , as well as HistoryMiami and Pérez Art Museums , both located in the Miami - Dade Cultural Center which also houses the Miami main library . Music The city is a major music production city and attracts many annual music festivals , such as Ultra Music Festival Miami music is varied . Cubans brought the conga and rumba , while Haitians and the rest of the French West Indies have brought kompa and zouk to Miami from their homelands instantly popularizing them in American culture . Dominicans brought bachata , and merengue , while Colombians brought vallenato and cumbia , and Brazilians brought samba . West Indians and Caribbean people have brought , reggae , soca , calypso , and steel pan to the area as well . In the early 1970s , the Miami disco sound came to life with TK Records , featuring the music of KC and the Sunshine Band , with such hits as `` Get Down Tonight '' , `` ( Shake , Shake , Shake ) Shake Your Booty '' and `` That 's the Way ( I Like It ) '' ; and the Latin - American disco group , Foxy ( band ) , with their hit singles `` Get Off '' and `` Hot Number '' . Miami - area natives George McCrae and Teri DeSario were also popular music artists during the 1970s disco era . The Bee Gees moved to Miami in 1975 and have lived here ever since then . Miami - influenced , Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine , hit the popular music scene with their Cuban - oriented sound and had hits in the 1980s with `` Conga '' and `` Bad Boys '' . Miami is also considered a `` hot spot '' for dance music , Freestyle , a style of dance music popular in the 1980s and 90s was heavily influenced by Electro , hip - hop , and disco . Many popular Freestyle acts such as Pretty Tony , Debbie Deb , Stevie B , and Exposé , originated in Miami . Indie / folk acts Cat Power and Iron & Wine are based in the city , while alternative hip hop artist Sage Francis , electro artist Uffie , and the electroclash duo Avenue D were born in Miami , but musically based elsewhere . Also , ska punk band Against All Authority is from Miami , and rock / metal bands Nonpoint and Marilyn Manson each formed in neighboring Fort Lauderdale . Cuban American female recording artist , Ana Cristina , was born in Miami in 1985 . The 1980s and ' 90s also brought the genre of high energy Miami Bass to dance floors and car subwoofers throughout the country . Miami Bass spawned artists like 2 Live Crew ( featuring Uncle Luke ) , 95 South , Tag Team , 69 Boyz , Quad City DJ 's , and Freak Nasty . Examples of these songs are `` Whoomp ! ( There It Is ) '' by Tag Team in 1993 , `` Tootsee Roll '' by 69 Boyz in 1994 , and `` C'mon N ' Ride It ( The Train ) '' by the Quad City DJ 's in 1996 . This was also a period of alternatives to nightclubs , the warehouse party , acid house , rave and outdoor festival scenes of the late 1980s and early 1990s were havens for the latest trends in electronic dance music , especially house and its ever - more hypnotic , synthetic offspring techno and trance , in clubs like the infamous Warsaw Ballroom better known as Warsaw and The Mix where DJs like David Padilla ( who was the resident DJ for both ) and radio . The new sound fed back into mainstream clubs across the country . The scene in SoBe , along with a bustling secondhand market for electronic instruments and turntables , had a strong democratizing effect , offering amateur , `` bedroom '' DJs the opportunity to become proficient and popular as both music players and producers , regardless of the whims of the professional music and club industries . Some of these notable DJs are John Benetiz ( better known as JellyBean Benetiz ) , Danny Tenaglia , and David Padilla . Miami is also home to a vibrant techno and dance scene and hosts the Winter Music Conference , the largest dance event in the world , Ultra Music Festival and many electronica music - themed celebrations and festivals . There are also several rap and hip hop artists out of Miami . They include Trick Daddy , Rick Ross , Trina , Pitbull , Pretty Ricky , and the Miami Bass group 2 Live Crew . Cuisine A cortadito is a popular espresso beverage found in cafeterias around Miami . It is particularly popular for breakfast or in the afternoon with a pastelito . The cuisine of Miami is a reflection of its diverse population , with a heavy influence especially from Caribbean cuisine and from Latin American cuisine . By combining the two with American cuisine , it has spawned a unique South Florida style of cooking known as Floribbean cuisine . Floribbean cuisine is widely available throughout Miami and South Florida , and can be found in restaurant chains such as Pollo Tropical . Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich , medianoche , Cuban espresso , and croquetas , all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians , and have become symbols of the city 's varied cuisine . Today , these are part of the local culture , and can be found throughout the city in window cafés , particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants . Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana are landmark eateries of Miami . Located on the Atlantic Ocean , and with a long history as a seaport , Miami is also known for its seafood , with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River , and in and around Biscayne Bay . Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King , Tony Roma 's and Benihana . Dialect Main article : Miami accent The Miami area has a unique dialect , ( commonly called the `` Miami accent '' ) which is widely spoken . The dialect developed among second - or third - generation Hispanics , including Cuban - Americans , whose first language was English ( though some non-Hispanic white , black , and other races who were born and raised in the Miami area tend to adopt it as well ) . It is based on a fairly standard American accent but with some changes very similar to dialects in the Mid-Atlantic ( especially the New York area dialect , Northern New Jersey English , and New York Latino English . ) Unlike Virginia Piedmont , Coastal Southern American , and Northeast American dialects and Florida Cracker dialect ( see section below ) , `` Miami accent '' is rhotic ; it also incorporates a rhythm and pronunciation heavily influenced by Spanish ( wherein rhythm is syllable - timed ) . However , this is a native dialect of English , not learner English or interlanguage ; it is possible to differentiate this variety from an interlanguage spoken by second - language speakers in that `` Miami accent '' does not generally display the following features : there is no addition of / ɛ / before initial consonant clusters with / s / , speakers do not confuse of / dʒ / with / j / , ( e.g. , Yale with jail ) , and / r / and / rr / are pronounced as alveolar approximant ( ɹ ) instead of alveolar tap ( ɾ ) or alveolar trill ( r ) in Spanish . In popular culture View of the `` Moon over Miami '' , a famous phrase that has inspired many pop culture items , including a movie , TV series , and song . See also : List of films and television shows set in Miami and Miami ( song ) Miami is featured in numerous films and television shows , and video games . The video game Scarface : The World Is Yours takes place in Miami . The game is based on and is a quasi-sequel to the 1983 motion picture Scarface starring Al Pacino reprising his role as Tony Montana , with André Sogliuzzo providing Montana 's voice . The game begins in the film 's final scene , with Tony Montana 's mansion being raided by Alejandro Sosa 's ( Robert Davi ) assassins . Burn Notice , a television series airing from 2007 to 2013 took place in Miami . A fictionalized version of Miami -- Vice City -- is the setting for the video game Grand Theft Auto : Vice City . Sports American Airlines Arena , home of the Miami Heat See also : Sport in Miami Miami Jai Alai fronton , known as `` The Yankee Stadium of Jai Alai '' Miami 's main four sports teams are the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League , the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association , the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball , and the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League . As well as having all four major professional teams , Miami is also home to the Major League Soccer expansion team led by David Beckham , Simon Fuller , and Marcelo Claure . Miami Open , an annual tennis tournament , is held in Key Biscayne , an island town off the coast of Miami . The city is home to numerous greyhound racing tracks , marinas , jai alai venues , and golf courses . The city streets has hosted professional auto races , the Miami Indy Challenge and later the Grand Prix Americas . The Homestead - Miami Speedway oval hosts NASCAR national races . The Heat and the Marlins play within Miami 's city limits . The Heat play at the American Airlines Arena in Downtown Miami . The Miami Marlins home ballpark is Marlins Park , located in Little Havana on the site of the old Orange Bowl stadium . The Miami Dolphins play at Hard Rock Stadium in suburban Miami Gardens . The Florida Panthers play in nearby Sunrise at the BB&T Center . Miami FC of the North American Soccer League , the second tier of the American soccer pyramid , play at FIU Stadium . Miami is also home to Paso Fino horses , where competitions are held at Tropical Park Equestrian Center . The Orange Bowl , a member of the Bowl Championship Series , hosts their college football championship games at Hard Rock Stadium . The stadium has also hosted the Super Bowl ; the Miami metro area has hosted the game a total of ten times ( five Super Bowls at the current Hard Rock Stadium , including Super Bowl XLI and five at the Miami Orange Bowl ) . Miami is also the home of many college sports teams . The two largest are the University of Miami Hurricanes , whose football team plays at Hard Rock Stadium , and Florida International University Panthers whose football team plays at FIU Stadium . The following table shows the Miami area major professional teams and Division I teams with an average attendance of more than 10,000 : Major professional and D-I college teams ( attendance > 10,000 ) Club Sport League Venue ( Capacity ) Attendance League Championships Miami Dolphins Football National Football League Hard Rock Stadium ( 64,767 ) 70,035 Super Bowl ( 2 ) -- 1972 , 1973 Miami Hurricanes Football NCAA D-I ( ACC ) Hard Rock Stadium ( 64,767 ) 53,837 National titles ( 5 ) -- 1983 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 2001 Miami Marlins Baseball Major League Baseball Marlins Park ( 36,742 ) 21,386 World Series ( 2 ) -- 1997 , 2003 Miami Heat Basketball National Basketball Association American Airlines Arena ( 19,600 ) 19,710 NBA Finals ( 3 ) -- 2006 , 2012 , 2013 FIU Panthers Football NCAA D-I ( Conference USA ) FIU Stadium ( 23,500 ) 15,453 None Florida Panthers Hockey National Hockey League BB&T Center ( 19,250 ) 10,250 None Miami MLS team Soccer Major League Soccer Miami MLS Stadium None None Recreation The Barnacle Historic State Park , built in 1891 . Miami 's tropical weather allows for year - round outdoor activities . The city has numerous marinas , rivers , bays , canals , and the Atlantic Ocean , which make boating , sailing , and fishing popular outdoor activities . Biscayne Bay has numerous coral reefs that make snorkeling and scuba diving popular . There are over 80 parks and gardens in the city . The largest and most popular parks are Bayfront Park and Bicentennial Park ( located in the heart of Downtown and the location of the American Airlines Arena and Bayside Marketplace ) , Tropical Park , Peacock Park , Morningside Park , Virginia Key , and Watson Island . Other popular cultural destinations in or near Miami include Zoo Miami , Jungle Island , Miami Seaquarium , Monkey Jungle , Coral Castle , St. Bernard de Clairvaux Church , Charles Deering Estate , Fairchild Botanical Gardens , and Key Biscayne . Government Miami City Hall at Dinner Key in Coconut Grove . The city 's primary administrative offices are held here . Miami - Dade County Courthouse Main article : Government of the City of Miami The government of the City of Miami ( proper ) uses the mayor - commissioner type of system . The city commission consists of five commissioners that are elected from single member districts . The city commission constitutes the governing body with powers to pass ordinances , adopt regulations , and exercise all powers conferred upon the city in the city charter . The mayor is elected at large and appoints a city manager . The City of Miami is governed by Mayor Tomás Regalado and 5 City commissioners that oversee the five districts in the city . The commission 's regular meetings are held at Miami City Hall , which is located at 3500 Pan American Drive on Dinner Key in the neighborhood of Coconut Grove . City Commission See also : List of mayors of Miami Francis X . Suarez Mayor of the City of Miami Wifredo `` Willy '' Gort -- Miami Commissioner , District 1 Allapattah and Grapeland Heights Ken Russell -- Miami Commissioner , District 2 ( Vice-Chairman ) Brickell , Coconut Grove , Coral Way , Downtown Miami , Edgewater , Midtown Miami , Omni , Park West and the Upper Eastside Joe Carollo -- Miami Commissioner , District 3 Coral Way , Little Havana and The Roads Manolo Reyes -- Miami Commissioner , District 4 Coral Way , Flagami and West Flagler Keon Hardemon -- Miami Commissioner , District 5 ( Chairman ) Buena Vista , Design District , Liberty City , Little Haiti , Little River , Lummus Park , Overtown , Spring Garden and Wynwood Emilio T. Gonzalez , PhD -- City Manager Victoria Méndez -- City Attorney Todd B. Hannon -- City Clerk Education Public schools Main article : Miami - Dade County Public Schools Miami Senior High School , Miami 's oldest continuously used high school structure Florida International University has the largest enrollment of any university in South Florida , and is one of the state 's primary research universities . Public schools in Miami are governed by Miami - Dade County Public Schools , which is the largest school district in Florida and the fourth - largest in the United States . As of September 2008 it has a student enrollment of 385,655 and over 392 schools and centers . The district is also the largest minority public school system in the country , with 60 % of its students being of Hispanic origin , 28 % Black or West Indian American , 10 % White ( non-Hispanic ) and 2 % non-white of other minorities . Miami is home to some of the nation 's best high schools , such as Design and Architecture High School , ranked the nation 's best magnet school , MAST Academy , Coral Reef High School , ranked 20th - best public high school in the U.S. , Miami Palmetto High School , and the New World School of the Arts . M - DCPS is also one of a few public school districts in the United States to offer optional bilingual education in Spanish , French , German , Haitian Creole , and Mandarin Chinese . Private schools Miami is home to several well - known Roman Catholic , Jewish and non-denominational private schools . The Archdiocese of Miami operates the city 's Catholic private schools , which include : St. Hugh Catholic School , St. Agatha Catholic School , St. Theresa School , Immaculata - Lasalle High School , Monsignor Edward Pace High School , Archbishop Curley - Notre Dame High School , St. Brendan High School , amongst numerous other Catholic elementary and high schools . Catholic preparatory schools operated by religious orders are Christopher Columbus High School and Belen Jesuit Preparatory School for boys and Carrollton School of the Sacred Heart and Our Lady of Lourdes Academy for girls . Non-denominational private schools in Miami are Ransom Everglades , Gulliver Preparatory School , and Miami Country Day School . Other schools in the area include Samuel Scheck Hillel Community Day School , Dade Christian School , Palmer Trinity School , Westminster Christian School , and Riviera Schools Colleges and universities Founded in 1925 , the University of Miami is the oldest college in Florida south of Winter Park . Miami has over 200,000 students enrolled in local colleges and universities , placing it seventh in the nation in per capita university enrollment . In 2010 , the city 's four largest colleges and universities ( MDC , FIU , UM , and Barry ) graduated 28,000 students . Colleges and universities in and around Miami : Barry University ( private ) Carlos Albizu University ( private ) Florida International University ( FIU ) ( public ) Florida Memorial University ( private ) Johnson and Wales University ( private ) Keiser University ( private ) Manchester Business School ( satellite location , UK public ) Miami Culinary Institute ( public ) Miami Dade College ( public ) Miami International University of Art & Design ( private ) Nova Southeastern University ( private ) St. Thomas University ( private ) Talmudic University ( private ) University of Miami ( private ) Overall , amongst Miamians 25 years and older , 67 % had a high school diploma , and 22 % had a bachelor 's degree or higher . In 2011 , Miami was ranked as the sixth-most - read city in the U.S. with high book sales . Professional training programs Miami is also home to both for - profit and nonprofit organizations that offer a range of professional training and other , related educational programs . Per Scholas , for example is a nonprofit organization that offers free professional certification training directed towards successfully passing CompTIA A+ and Network+ certification exams as a route to securing jobs and building careers . Media Main article : Media in Miami See also : List of newspapers in Florida , List of radio stations in Florida , and List of television stations in Florida Former headquarters of The Miami Herald Miami has one of the largest television markets in the nation and the second largest in the state of Florida . Miami has several major newspapers , the main and largest newspaper being The Miami Herald . El Nuevo Herald is the major and largest Spanish - language newspaper . The Miami Herald and El Nuevo Herald are Miami 's and South Florida 's main , major and largest newspapers . The papers left their longtime home in downtown Miami in 2013 . The newspapers are now headquartered at the former home of U.S. Southern Command in Doral . Other major newspapers include Miami Today , headquartered in Brickell , Miami New Times , headquartered in Midtown , Miami Sun Post , South Florida Business Journal , Miami Times , and Biscayne Boulevard Times . An additional Spanish - language newspapers , Diario Las Americas also serve Miami . The Miami Herald is Miami 's primary newspaper with over a million readers and is headquartered in Downtown in Herald Plaza . Several other student newspapers from the local universities , such as the oldest , the University of Miami 's The Miami Hurricane , Florida International University 's The Beacon , Miami - Dade College 's The Metropolis , Barry University 's The Buccaneer , amongst others . Many neighborhoods and neighboring areas also have their own local newspapers such as the Aventura News , Coral Gables Tribune , Biscayne Bay Tribune , and the Palmetto Bay News . A number of magazines circulate throughout the greater Miami area , including Miami Monthly , Southeast Florida 's only city / regional ; Ocean Drive , a hot - spot social scene glossy , and South Florida Business Leader . Miami is also the headquarters and main production city of many of the world 's largest television networks , record label companies , broadcasting companies and production facilities , such as Telemundo , TeleFutura , Galavisión , Mega TV , Univisión , Univision Communications , Inc. , Universal Music Latin Entertainment , RCTV International and Sunbeam Television . In 2009 , Univisión announced plans to build a new production studio in Miami , dubbed ' Univisión Studios ' . Univisión Studios is currently headquartered in Miami , and will produce programming for all of Univisión Communications ' television networks . Miami is the twelfth largest radio market and the seventeenth largest television market in the United States . Television stations serving the Miami area include : WAMI ( Telefutura ) , WBFS ( My Network TV ) , WSFL ( The CW ) , WFOR ( CBS ) , WHFT ( TBN ) , WLTV ( Univision ) , WPLG ( ABC ) , WPXM ( Ion ) , WSCV ( Telemundo ) , WSVN ( Fox ) , WTVJ ( NBC ) , WPBT ( PBS ) , and WLRN ( also PBS ) . Transportation Main article : Transportation in South Florida According to the 2016 American Community Survey , 72.3 % of working city of Miami residents commuted by driving alone , 8.7 % carpooled , 9 % used public transportation , and 3.7 % walked . About 1.8 % used all other forms of transportation , including taxicab , motorcycle , and bicycle . About 4.5 % of working city of Miami residents worked at home . In 2015 , 19.9 % of city of Miami households were without a car , which decreased to 18.6 % in 2016 . The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016 . Miami averaged 1.24 cars per household in 2016 , compared to a national average of 1.8 per household . Airports Miami International Airport serves as the primary international airport of the Greater Miami Area . One of the busiest international airports in the world , Miami International Airport caters to over 35 million passengers a year . The airport is a major hub and the single largest international gateway for American Airlines . Miami International is the busiest airport in Florida , and is the United States ' second - largest international port of entry for foreign air passengers behind New York 's John F. Kennedy International Airport , and is the seventh - largest such gateway in the world . The airport 's extensive international route network includes non-stop flights to over seventy international cities in North and South America , Europe , Asia , and the Middle East . Alternatively , nearby Fort Lauderdale - Hollywood International Airport also serves commercial traffic in the Miami area . Miami - Opa Locka Executive Airport in Opa - locka and Miami Executive Airport in an unincorporated area southwest of Miami serve general aviation traffic in the Miami area . PortMiami The Royal Caribbean International headquarters at the Port of Miami . Further information : PortMiami Miami is home to one of the largest ports in the United States , the PortMiami . It is the largest cruise ship port in the world . The port is often called the `` Cruise Capital of the World '' and the `` Cargo Gateway of the Americas '' . It has retained its status as the number one cruise / passenger port in the world for well over a decade accommodating the largest cruise ships and the major cruise lines . In 2007 , the port served 3,787,410 passengers . Additionally , the port is one of the nation 's busiest cargo ports , importing 7.8 million tons of cargo in 2007 . Among North American ports , it ranks second to the Port of South Louisiana in New Orleans in terms of cargo tonnage imported / exported from Latin America . The port is on 518 acres ( 2 km ) and has 7 passenger terminals . China is the port 's number one import country , and Honduras is the number one export country . Miami has the world 's largest amount of cruise line headquarters , home to : Carnival Cruise Lines , Celebrity Cruises , Norwegian Cruise Line , Oceania Cruises , and Royal Caribbean International . In 2014 , the Port of Miami Tunnel was completed and will serve the PortMiami . Public transportation The Miami Metrorail is the city 's rapid transit system and connects the city 's central core with its outlying suburbs Tri-Rail is Miami 's commuter rail that runs north - south from Miami 's suburbs in West Palm Beach to Miami International Airport . Main article : Miami - Dade Transit Public transportation in Miami is operated by Miami - Dade Transit and SFRTA , and includes commuter rail ( Tri-Rail ) , heavy - rail rapid transit ( Metrorail ) , an elevated people mover ( Metromover ) , and buses ( Metrobus ) . Miami has Florida 's highest transit ridership as about 17 % of Miamians use transit on a daily basis . Miami 's heavy - rail rapid transit system , Metrorail , is an elevated system comprising two lines and 23 stations on a 24.4 - mile ( 39.3 km ) - long line . Metrorail connects the urban western suburbs of Hialeah , Medley , and inner - city Miami with suburban The Roads , Coconut Grove , Coral Gables , South Miami and urban Kendall via the central business districts of Miami International Airport , the Civic Center , and Downtown . A free , elevated people mover , Metromover , operates 21 stations on three different lines in greater Downtown Miami , with a station at roughly every two blocks of Downtown and Brickell . Several expansion projects are being funded by a transit development sales tax surcharge throughout Miami - Dade County . Tri-Rail , a commuter rail system operated by the South Florida Regional Transportation Authority ( SFRTA ) , runs from Miami International Airport northward to West Palm Beach , making eighteen stops throughout Miami - Dade , Broward , and Palm Beach counties . Construction is currently underway on the Miami Intermodal Center and Miami Central Station , a massive transportation hub servicing Metrorail , Amtrak , Tri-Rail , Metrobus , Greyhound Lines , taxis , rental cars , MIA Mover , private automobiles , bicycles and pedestrians adjacent to Miami International Airport . Completion of the Miami Intermodal Center is expected to be completed by winter 2011 , and will serve over 150,000 commuters and travelers in the Miami area . Phase I of Miami Central Station is scheduled to begin service in the spring of 2012 , and Phase II in 2013 . Two new light rail systems , Baylink and the Miami Streetcar , have been proposed and are currently in the planning stage . BayLink would connect Downtown with South Beach , and the Miami Streetcar would connect Downtown with Midtown . Miami public transportation statistics The average Miami public transit commute on weekdays is 90 minutes , while 39 % of public transit riders commute for more than 2 hours a day . The average wait time at a public transit stop or station is 18 minutes , while 37 % of riders wait for more than 20 minutes on average every day . The average single trip distance with public transit is 7.46 mi ( 12 km ) , while 38 % travel more than 8.08 mi ( 13 km ) in each direction . Rail Miami is the southern terminus of Amtrak 's Atlantic Coast services , running two lines , the Silver Meteor and the Silver Star , both terminating in New York City . The Miami Amtrak Station is located in the suburb of Hialeah near the Tri-Rail / Metrorail Station on NW 79 St and NW 38 Ave . Current construction of the Miami Central Station will move all Amtrak operations from its current out - of - the - way location to a centralized location with Metrorail , MIA Mover , Tri-Rail , Miami International Airport , and the Miami Intermodal Center all within the same station closer to Downtown . The station was expected to be completed by 2012 , but experienced several delays and was later expected to be completed in late 2014 , again pushed back to early 2015 . Florida High Speed Rail was a proposed government backed high - speed rail system that would have connected Miami , Orlando , and Tampa . The first phase was planned to connect Orlando and Tampa and was offered federal funding , but it was turned down by Governor Rick Scott in 2011 . The second phase of the line was envisioned to connect Miami . By 2014 , a private project known as All Aboard Florida by a company of the historic Florida East Coast Railway began construction of a higher - speed rail line in South Florida that is planned to eventually terminate at Orlando International Airport . Road The Venetian Causeway ( left ) and MacArthur Causeway ( right ) connect Downtown and South Beach , Miami Beach . State Road 886 ( Port Boulevard ) connects downtown and PortMiami by bridge over Biscayne Bay . Miami 's road system is based along the numerical `` Miami Grid '' where Flagler Street forms the east - west baseline and Miami Avenue forms the north - south meridian . The corner of Flagler Street and Miami Avenue is in the middle of Downtown in front of the Downtown Macy 's ( formerly the Burdine 's headquarters ) . The Miami grid is primarily numerical so that , for example , all street addresses north of Flagler Street and west of Miami Avenue have `` NW '' in their address . Because its point of origin is in Downtown , which is close to the coast , therefore , the `` NW '' and `` SW '' quadrants are much larger than the `` SE '' and `` NE '' quadrants . Many roads , especially major ones , are also named ( e.g. , Tamiami Trail / SW 8th St ) , although , with exceptions , the number is in more common usage among locals . With few exceptions , within this grid north / south roads are designated as Courts , Roads , Avenues or Places ( often remembered by their acronym ) , while east / west roads are Streets , Terraces , Drives or occasionally Ways . Major roads in each direction are located at one mile intervals . There are 16 blocks to each mile on north / south avenues , and 10 blocks to each mile on east / west streets . Major north / south avenues generally end in `` 7 '' -- e.g. , 17th , 27th , 37th / Douglas Aves. , 57th / Red Rd. , 67th / Ludlam , 87th / Galloway , etc. , all the way west beyond 177th / Krome Avenue . ( One prominent exception is 42nd Avenue , LeJeune Road , located at the half - mile point instead . ) Major east / west streets to the south of downtown are multiples of 16 , though the beginning point of this system is at SW 8th St , one half mile south of Flagler ( `` zeroth '' ) Street . Thus , major streets are at 8th St. + 16 = 24th St. / Coral Way , + 16 = 40th St. / Bird , + 16 = 56th / Miller , + 16 = 72nd / Sunset , + 16 = 88th / N. Kendall , + 16 = 104th ( originally S. Kendall ) , + 16 = 120th / Montgomery , + 16 = 136th / Howard , + 16 = 152nd / Coral Reef , + 16 = 168th / Richmond , + 16 = 184th / Eureka , + 16 = 200th / Quail Roost , + 16 = 216th / Hainlin Mill , + 16 = 232nd / Silver Palm , + 16 = 248th / Coconut Palm , etc. , well into the 300 's . Within the Grid , odd - numbered addresses are generally on the north or east side , and even - numbered addresses are on the south or west side . This makes even unfamiliar addresses and distances easy -- If one must travel from , say 1709 SW 8th St. to 24832 SW 157th Avenue , one knows it will be 140 blocks ( 157 − 17 ) / 20 miles to the west and 240 blocks ( 248 − 8 ) / 15 miles to the south , and that the destination will be on the south side of 248th St. Remarkably , even Miami natives are often unaware of this pattern . All streets and avenues in Miami - Dade County follow the Miami Grid , with a few exceptions , most notably Coral Gables , Hialeah , Coconut Grove and Miami Beach . One neighborhood , The Roads , is thusly named because its streets run off the Miami Grid at a 45 - degree angle , and therefore are all named roads . Miami - Dade County is served by four Interstate Highways ( I - 75 , I - 95 , I - 195 , I - 395 ) and several U.S. Highways including U.S. Route 1 , U.S. Route 27 , U.S. Route 41 , and U.S. Route 441 . Some of the major Florida State Roads ( and their common names ) serving Miami are : SR 112 ( Airport Expressway ) : Interstate 95 to MIA Homestead Extension of Florida 's Turnpike ( SR 821 ) : Florida 's Turnpike mainline ( SR 91 ) / Miami Gardens to U.S. Route 1 / Florida City SR 826 ( Palmetto Expressway ) : Golden Glades Interchange to U.S. Route 1 / Pinecrest SR 836 ( Dolphin Expressway ) : Downtown to SW 137th Ave via MIA SR 874 ( Don Shula Expressway ) : 826 / Bird Road to Homestead Extension of Florida 's Turnpike / Kendall SR 878 ( Snapper Creek Expressway ) : SR 874 / Kendall to U.S. Route 1 / Pinecrest & South Miami SR 924 ( Gratigny Parkway ) Miami Lakes to Opa - locka Miami Causeways Name Termini Year built Rickenbacker Causeway Brickell and Key Biscayne 1947 Venetian Causeway Downtown and South Beach 1912 -- 1925 MacArthur Causeway Downtown and South Beach 1920 Julia Tuttle Causeway Wynwood / Edgewater and Miami Beach 1959 79th Street Causeway Upper East Side and North Beach 1929 Broad Causeway North Miami and Bal Harbour 1951 Miami has six major causeways that span over Biscayne Bay connecting the western mainland , with the eastern barrier islands along the Atlantic Ocean . The Rickenbacker Causeway is the southernmost causeway and connects Brickell to Virginia Key and Key Biscayne . The Venetian Causeway and MacArthur Causeway connect Downtown with South Beach . The Julia Tuttle Causeway connects Midtown and Miami Beach . The 79th Street Causeway connects the Upper East Side with North Beach . The northernmost causeway , the Broad Causeway , is the smallest of Miami 's six causeways , and connects North Miami with Bal Harbour . In 2007 , Miami was identified as having the rudest drivers in the United States , the second year in a row to have been cited , in a poll commissioned by automobile club AutoVantage . Miami is also consistently ranked as one of the most dangerous cities in the United States for pedestrians . Bicycling In recent years the city government , under Mayor Manny Diaz , has taken an ambitious stance in support of bicycling in Miami for both recreation and commuting . Every month , the city hosts `` Bike Miami '' , where major streets in Downtown and Brickell are closed to automobiles , but left open for pedestrians and bicyclists . The event began in November 2008 , and has doubled in popularity from 1,500 participants to about 3,000 in the October 2009 Bike Miami . This is the longest - running such event in the US . In October 2009 , the city also approved an extensive 20 - year plan for bike routes and paths around the city . The city has begun construction of bike routes as of late 2009 , and ordinances requiring bike parking in all future construction in the city became mandatory as of October 2009 . In 2010 , Miami was ranked as the 44th-most bike - friendly city in the US according to Bicycling Magazine . Walkability A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Miami the eighth-most walkable of the fifty largest cities in the United States , but a 2013 survey by Travel + Leisure ranked Miami 34th for `` public transportation and pedestrian friendliness . '' International relations See also : List of sister cities in Florida Twin and sister cities Bogotá , Colombia ( since 1971 ) Buenos Aires , Argentina ( since 1979 ) Kagoshima , Japan ( since 1990 ) Lima , Peru ( since 1977 ) Madrid , Spain ( since 2014 ) Port - au - Prince , Haiti ( since 1991 ) Qingdao , China ( since 2005 ) Salvador da Bahia , Brazil ( since 2006 ) Santiago , Chile ( since 1986 ) Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic ( since 1987 ) Palermo , Italy ( since 2015 ) Cooperation agreements Lisbon , Portugal Yeruham , Israel See also Book : Miami Book : Miami - Dade County , Florida Miami Fire - Rescue Department Miami Police Department National Register of Historic Places listings in Miami Port Miami Tunnel List of people from Miami Geography portal North America portal United States portal Florida portal Miami portal New Spain portal Notes Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Miami were kept at the Lemon City from September 1895 to November 1900 , the Miami COOP from December 1900 to May 1911 , the Weather Bureau Office from June 1911 to February 1937 , at various locations in and around the city from March 1937 to July 1942 , and at Miami Int'l since August 1942 . For more information , see ThreadEx . References ^ Jump up to : `` Miami : the Capital of Latin America '' . Time . December 2 , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Factfinder , Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 '' . US Census Bureau . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Urbanized Area ( 2008 estimate ) '' . American Community Survey . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates '' . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 City Estimates '' . US Census Bureau . 2009 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates for Florida Municipalities '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2012 '' . 2012 Population Estimates . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . March 2013 . Archived from the original ( CSV ) on April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Demographia : World Urban Areas . Jump up ^ `` The World According to GaWC 2008 '' . Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network , Loughborough University . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Inventory of World Cities '' . Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) Study Group and Network . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` GaWC -- The World According to GaWC 2012 '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Global Cities Index 2010 '' . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Larson , Christina ( August 25 , 2010 ) . `` Global Cities Index Methodology : How we compiled the 2010 Index '' . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Van Riper , Tom ( March 17 , 2008 ) . `` America 's cleanest cities '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2010 . Retrieved February 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` City Mayors : World 's richest cities by purchasing power '' . City Mayors . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Census , 2010 ( Ethnicity ) and Census American Community Survey 2008 ( language ) . Jump up ^ Nest Seekers International . Nestseekers.com . Retrieved on September 5 , 2015 . 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The Baltimore Sun . January 20 , 1977 . p . A1 . `` Temperatures dipped into the 30 's in southern Florida , with snow flurries reported even in Miami Beach . '' Jump up ^ Lardner Jr. , George ; Meyers , Robert . `` Miami Is Hit by First Recorded Snow : State of Emergency Is Eyed for Virginia Thousands Idled as Cold Closes Factories , Businesses '' . The Washington Post . January 20 , 1977 . p . A1 . The meandering jet stream in the upper atmosphere sent flurries of genuine snow onto Miami 's palm trees ... It was the farthest south that snow has been reported in the United States since the record books were started in the 19th century ... The snow flurries in Miami will be only an asterisk in the record books since they did n't fall on any of the National Weather Service 's recording stations in the area , but they were genuine . '' Jump up ^ Khiss , Peter . `` New York High is 26 as the South Shivers : Florida Snow Causes Emergency Gas Shortage Widespread '' . The New York Times . January 20 , 1977 . p. 1 . `` Florida officially recorded snow for the first time yesterday in Palm Beach County , 65 miles north of Miami , and even that city had flurries , although not at the official stations at its airport or nearby Coral Gables . '' Jump up ^ Kleinberg , Howard ( December 30 , 1989 ) . `` The Great Miami Snow Job '' . The Dispatch . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vulnerable cities : Miami , Florida '' . The Weather Channel . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2006 . Retrieved February 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Irma spared America , but still had a big effect on it '' . The Economist . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map '' . United States Department of Agriculture . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : FL MIAMI INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for Miami , FL 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Averages for Miami International Airport '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas : April 1 , 2000 to July 1 , 2009 '' ( XLS ) . 2009 Population Estimates . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . March 19 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Table A. 12 . Population of urban agglomerations with 750,000 inhabitants or more in 2005 , by country , 1950 -- 2015 '' ( PDF ) . World Urbanization Prospects : The 2005 Revision . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs / Population Division . 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Jump up ^ `` Demographic Profile , Miami - Dade County , Florida 1960 -- 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Miamidade.gov . Jump up ^ `` Florida -- Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Miami city , Florida -- Census 2010 : '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shaping Florida : The Effects of Immigration , 1970 -- 2020 Center for Immigration Studies . Cis.org . Retrieved on October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Florida -- Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Large Cities and Other Places '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miami , Florida : SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS -- 2006 -- 2010 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . factfinder.census.gov . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Data Center Results -- Miami , Florida '' . Modern Language Association . Retrieved August 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` In Miami , Spanish becoming primary language . '' Associated Press at MSNBC . May 29 , 2008 . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles , Pew Research Center Jump up ^ `` America 's Changing Religious Landscape '' . Pew Research Center : Religion & Public Life . May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crown Princess Opens Seamen 's Church in Miami . Norwaypost.no ( November 21 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World According to GaWC 2012 '' . Lboro.ac.uk ( September 14 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Metropolitan Product '' . Greyhill Advisors . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Walmart Latinoamérica Opens New Regional Office in South Florida , Introduces New Regional President and CEO Eduardo Solórzano '' . Walmartstores.com . February 23 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Telemundo plans to tape 1,100 hours of telenovelas in Miami . Miamitodaynews.com ( June 23 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miami : High rise buildings -- All . Emporis . Retrieved August 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gramsbergen , Egbert & Paul Kazmierczak . `` The World 's Best Skylines '' . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2008 . Retrieved May 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Miami : High rise buildings -- Completed '' . Emporis . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bell , Maya ( August 27 , 2007 ) . `` Boom of condo crash loudest in Miami '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2007 . Retrieved August 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt . `` America 's Most Miserable Cities ( 2012 ) '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Moving to Miami , FL : Relocating Tips & Advice '' . Jumpshell . Jump up ^ Kaufmanmkaufman , Michelle ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Miami was rated Worst American City to Live In by website 24 / 7 Wall St '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New figures show PortMiami retained No. 1 cruise port ranking '' . Business Journal . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , Valaer . `` List : America 's Most - Visited Cities '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Record number of local visitors , record spending achieved in 2007 '' . Miamitodaynews.com . March 27 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Adam ( June 24 , 2001 ) , `` Gloom over Miami '' , Time , retrieved September 2 , 2007 Jump up ^ Tommasini , Anthony ( 2007 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Carnival Center for the Performing Arts - Miami - Music '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Fashion Week '' . Miami Fashion Week . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2008 . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Institute of Contemporary Art , Miami ( ICA Miami ) - Opening Dec 1 , 2017 '' . Institute of Contemporary Art Miami . Jump up ^ `` Latin Music USA PBS '' . www.pbs.org . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Facts About The History of Miami City -- Visit Miami , FL '' . Miami All Around . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Founder of the ' Miami Sound , ' TK Records ' Henry Stone dies at 93 '' . miamiherald . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ LTD. , BubbleUp , . `` About KC '' . KC and the Sunshine Band : : Official Website . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bogdanov , Vladimir ( 2003 ) . All Music Guide to Soul : The Definitive Guide to R&B and Soul . Google Books : Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 254 . ISBN 0879307447 . Jump up ^ Castillo , Arielle . `` Seven Essential Tracks From Miami 's Disco Heyday '' . wlrn.org . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DjPaulT ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Teri DeSario -- The Stuff Dreams Are Made Of / Ai n't Nothing Gonna Keep Me From You ( US 12 '' Promo ) `` . Burning The Ground : DjPaulT 's 80 's and 90 's Remixes . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Olson , James ( 1999 ) . Historical Dictionary of the 1970s . Google Books : Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 48 . ISBN 0313305439 . Jump up ^ `` Rewinding the Charts : In 1985 , Miami Sound Machine Did the ' Conga ' in Its Debut '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roots of Miami 's vibrant arts scene were planted in the 1980s '' . miamiherald . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Cities in America for Dance Music Right Now '' . Complex . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History of Freestyle Music '' . music.hyperreal.org . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Bull Music Academy '' . daily.redbullmusicacademy.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Victor ( May 7 , 2012 ) . `` Stevie B : The King of Freestyle is Still Hungry and Still Humble '' . Miami New Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 2003 ) . The Billboard Book of # 1 Hits . Google Books : Billboard Publications . p. 691 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Cat Power '' . Pitchfork Media . November 13 , 2006 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2007 . Retrieved August 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Ted B. `` Manson : The Florida Years '' . Cleveland Scene . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iwasaki , Scott ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` Metal band Nonpoint still going strong with 6th CD release '' . DeseretNews.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cristina , Ana . `` Latin Pop Star Ana Cristina to Kick - Off Her 23rd Birthday Events at Mynt Lounge and Vita Restaurant ' Sex and the City Style ' '' . www.prnewswire.com . 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Retrieved on October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Local Cuisine in Miami at Frommer 's . Frommers.com . Retrieved on October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Cuisine : Seafood Restaurants Guide -- Miami Dining Guide '' . Miami New Times . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2012 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Accents : Why Locals Embrace That Heavy `` L '' Or Not `` . WLRN ( WLRN - TV and WLRN - FM ) . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Miami Accent ' Takes Speakers By Surprise '' . Articles -- Sun-Sentinel.com . June 13 , 2004 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Accents : How ' Miamah ' Turned Into A Different Sort Of Twang '' . WLRN ( WLRN - TV & WLRN - FM ) . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patience Haggin . `` Miami Accents : Why Locals Embrace That Heavy `` L '' Or Not `` . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gabriella Watts . `` Miami Accents : How ' Miamah ' Turned Into A Different Sort Of Twang '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . 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The Miami Herald . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Community Survey '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Facts and usage statistics about public transit in Miami , US '' . Global Public Transit Index by Moovit . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Material was copied from this source , which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License . Jump up ^ `` Miami Intermodal Center '' . Micdot.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Miami airport transit hub on the way to bringing planes , trains , automobiles under one roof '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turnbell , Michael ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tri-Rail station at Miami airport delayed until January '' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turnbell , Michael ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Demolition begins for All Aboard Florida 's new station '' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . 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Retrieved July 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 姉妹 ・ 友好 ・ 兄弟 都市 ( Twin cities ) ( in Japanese ) . Kagoshima International Affairs Division . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid and Miami sign up as twin towns '' . latino foxnews . June 23 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sister Cities : Miami Florida , Palermo Italy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lisboa -- Geminações de Cidades e Vilas '' ( Lisbon -- Twinning of Cities and Towns ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses ( National Association of Portuguese Municipalities ) . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Acordos de Geminação , de Cooperação e / ou Amizade da Cidade de Lisboa '' ( Lisbon -- Twinning Agreements , Cooperation and Friendship ) ( in Portuguese ) . Camara Municipal de Lisboa . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2013 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Miami - Yerucham Partnership '' . Greater Miami Jewish Federation . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Further reading Elizabeth M. Aranda , Sallie Hughes , and Elena Sabogal , Making a Life in Multiethnic Miami : Immigration and the Rise of a Global City . Boulder , Colorado : Renner , 2014 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which florida city is called the magic city | [
"\n\nMiami, Florida\n\n\nMetropolitan City\n\n\nCity of Miami\n\n\n\nFrom top, clockwise: Downtown Miami skyline, Port of Miami, Virginia Key Beach, Miami Tower, American Airlines Arena, Brickell, Lyric Theater\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFlag\n\nSeal\n\n\n\n\n\nNickname(s): Magic City, The Gateway to the Americas, Capital of Latin America[1]\n\n\n\nMiami city limits in and around Miami-Dade County and Florida\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMiami\n\n\nLocation in the contiguous United States\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCoordinates: 25°46′31″N 80°12′32″W / 25.77528°N 80.20889°W / 25.77528; -80.20889Coordinates: 25°46′31″N 80°12′32″W / 25.77528°N 80.20889°W / 25.77528; -80.20889\n\n\nCountry\n United States\n\n\nState\n Florida\n\n\nCounty\n Miami-Dade\n\n\nSettled\n1825\n\n\nIncorporated\nJuly 28, 1896\n\n\nNamed for\nMayaimi\n\n\nGovernment\n\n\n • Type\nMayor–commission\n\n\n • Mayor\nFrancis X. Suarez (R)\n\n\n • City Manager\nEmilio T. Gonzalez, PhD\n\n\nArea[2]\n\n\n • Metropolitan City\n56.06 sq mi (145.20 km2)\n\n\n • Land\n35.99 sq mi (93.20 km2)\n\n\n • Water\n20.08 sq mi (52.00 km2)\n\n\n • Urban\n1,116.1 sq mi (2,891 km2)\n\n\n • Metro\n6,137 sq mi (15,890 km2)\n\n\nElevation\n6 ft (2 m)\n\n\nHighest elevation\n42 ft (13 m)\n\n\nPopulation (2010)[3][4][5][6]\n\n\n • Metropolitan City\n399,457\n\n\n • Estimate (2016)[7]\n453,579\n\n\n • Rank\n44th, U.S.\n\n\n • Density\n12,604.32/sq mi (4,866.49/km2)\n\n\n • Urban\n5,502,379 (4th, U.S.)\n\n\n • Metro\n5,564,635 (8th, U.S.)\n\n\nDemonym(s)\nMiamian\n\n\nTime zone\nEastern (EST) (UTC-5)\n\n\n • Summer (DST)\nEDT (UTC-4)\n\n\nZIP code(s)\n33010–33299\n\n\nArea code(s)\n305 and 786\n\n\nFIPS code\n12-45000\n\n\nWebsite\nmiamigov.com\n\n"
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"Miami"
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-7486658605699617142 | Gun laws in New Zealand | Gun laws in New Zealand - wikipedia Gun laws in New Zealand Jump to : navigation , search Gun laws by country Overview Australia Brazil Canada China Czech Republic European Union Finland France Germany Honduras Italy Ireland Jamaica Kuwait Mexico New Zealand Norway Pakistan Philippines South Africa Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom United States USSR About 230,000 licensed firearms owners own and use New Zealand 's estimated 1.1 million firearms . As in Australia , but unlike the US and Canada , gun laws usually gain the support of both major parties before they are passed . Guns are not currently a major political issue , but have been immediately after the Aramoana massacre in 1990 , and the Scottish Dunblane and Australian Port Arthur massacres in 1996 . Gun licenses are issued at the discretion of the police in New Zealand provided the police consider the person to be of good standing and without criminal , psychiatric or drug issues as well as meeting other conditions such as having suitable storage facilities . To be issued , they must be issued for a valid reason , which may not include self defense . Several different categories of licenses are permitted , with the lowest one permitting access to restricted semi-automatic rifles and shotguns , with limited capacity , while the higher levels which permit fully automatic weaponry and pistols are rarely issued to civilians . Various governments , groups behind the Thorp report , and the New Zealand Police have pushed for various forms of universal firearm registration . This has currently not succeeded but current manoeuvrings by the New Zealand Police are attempting to reclassify large numbers of ' A ' category firearms as ' E ' category ( military - style semi-automatics ) , which requires them to be registered . This has been done though even by their own admission the New Zealand Police can not reliably register the current military - style semi-automatic ( MSSA ) firearms . In March 2009 the New Zealand police bid to reclassify certain types of civilian semi-automatic firearms was overturned by the New Zealand High Court as a result of a legal challenge mounted by the New Zealand National Shooters Association ( NSA ) president Richard Lincoln . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current firearm law 1.1 Categories of firearms 1.2 Firearm license 1.3 Buying and selling 2 History 2.1 Up to 1983 2.2 Arms Act 1983 2.3 Aramoana and the 1992 amendments to the Act 2.4 Thorp Report 1997 to today 3 Notable groups 3.1 Enforcement 3.2 Lobby groups 3.3 Positions of political parties 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Current firearm law ( edit ) Gun laws in New Zealand are notably more liberal than other countries in the Pacific and focus mainly on vetting firearm owners , rather than registering firearms or banning certain types of firearms . Firearms legislation is provided for in the Arms Act and its associated regulations , though stricter unofficial police and government policies also apply . Categories of firearms ( edit ) Firearms in New Zealand fall into one of four categories : Pistols are firearms shorter than 762 mm ( 30 in ) . or 20000 ; mm 40 in Restricted weapons include machine guns , selective - fire assault rifles , grenades and rocket launchers . This category also includes some non-firearm weapons such as pepper spray . Cabinet can declare things to be restricted weapons by regulation . Military - style semi-automatics ( MSSAs ) include semi-automatic rifles and shotguns that have one or more of the following components : A folding or telescopic butt A bayonet lug A military pattern free - standing pistol grip A flash suppressor A magazine that holds more than 7 rounds ( magazines holding a maximum of 10 rounds may be modified internally to hold only 7 as per legislation ) excepting rimfire , where the limit is 15 rounds per magazine . A detachable magazine that appears to hold more than 10 rounds ( excepting rimfire ; 15 rounds ) . A Category firearms are those that do not fall into any other category , and are the vast majority of legally - owned firearms in New Zealand , and support a surprisingly wide number of types . For example semi-automatic AR - 15 style rifles are permitted in this category provided they can only hold 7 or less rounds as well as meeting the other criteria . Registration is not required under the law but the police carry out a regime similar to registration for all but `` A Category '' firearms . Firearms in any other category require a `` permit to procure '' before they are transferred . Firearm License ( edit ) Main article : Firearms licence ( New Zealand ) Except under supervision of a licence holder , owning or using firearms requires a firearms licence from the police . The licence is normally issued under the conditions that the applicant has secure storage for firearms , attends a safety program administered by the Mountain Safety Council and passes a written safety test . The police will also interview the applicant and two referees ( one must be a close relative and the other not related ) to determine whether the applicant is `` fit and proper '' to have a firearm . The applicant 's residence is also visited to check that they have appropriate storage for firearms and ammunition . Having criminal associations or a history of domestic violence almost always leads to a licence being declined . A standard firearms licence allows the use of `` A Category '' firearms . To possess firearms of another category a person is required to get an endorsement to their licence . There are different endorsements for different classes of firearm but they all require a higher level of storage security , stricter vetting requirements and the applicant must have an end use for wanting the endorsement . Be it pest control for E cat , cowboy shooting and 3 - gun for B cat , or just wanting to collect ( provided one has adequate storage security ) for C cat . Each endorsement type has additional requirements B Endorsement -- Target ( competition ) pistols Applicant must be a current financial member of a pistol club , a financial member of Pistol New Zealand ( or in some cases membership of an approved club ) and have attended at least 12 club shoots in the last 6 months before they can apply Applicant must be sponsored by their club The endorsement holder must attend at least 12 club activities ( either at their home club or to another recognised club ) in a financial year Normally limited to no more than 12 pistols registered to their licence Pistols must be of an approved sporting type i.e. barrel length of more than 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) Pistols can only be carried to and from the range in a locked container with ammunition in a separate container or to a gunsmith Pistols may only be shot on a Police approved pistol club range . C Endorsement -- Restricted weapons Pistols can also be held on the C endorsement instead of the B. Common special reasons include : Collecting ( must provide evidence in the form of books , club membership , collection of A type firearms ) , Museum curator , Family heirlooms and Theatrical . C category firearms must be stored in an inoperable condition Can never be used with live ammunition , but blanks are allowed for movie making and re-enacting Can only be taken to an approved display venue , re-enactment event or to another collector for sale . D Licence -- Dealers licence For those that make an income from firearms . To sell restricted weapons the dealer also needs to have the appropriate endorsements . Renewed annually Further security requirements Must maintain a record ( usually a book or register ) of firearm purchases and sales . E Endorsement -- Military - style semi-automatics New class of restricted weapon that was created after the Aramoana shooting spree . At the time anyone with an MSSA that wanted to keep it in that configuration was given a E endorsement ( after going through the vetting and extra security requirements ) . But presently few are issued . Common reasons for wanting an E endorsement are professional pest destruction , collecting , 3 - gun and service rifle shooting . Those people that did not want the extra hassle and expense of the endorsement converted their rifles into ' A ' configuration by removing the components that made it an ' E ' . F Endorsement -- Dealers staff licence This class allows a person working for a dealer to demonstrate a pistol , military - style semi-automatic or a collectable weapon without having to have that class of licence . They can demonstrate one but not possess one for personal use . This is not a well known endorsement Buying and selling ( edit ) Anyone buying firearms or ammunition , whether privately or from a dealer , needs to show their firearms licence . In addition , a permit to procure must be obtained prior to the transfer of pistols , military - style semi-automatics and restricted weapons . Sales can be made by mail - order , but a police officer must sign the order form to verify that the purchaser has a firearms licence . History ( edit ) Up to 1983 ( edit ) Firearms first arrived in New Zealand with European traders and were traded in large numbers to the native Māori . This lead partly to the Musket Wars of the early 19th century . The first gun control laws were enacted in 1845 , but early regulations were ineffective until the passage of the Arms Act in 1860 , which required licences and registration of firearms and firearm dealers . Early laws were mainly targeted at Māori during the land wars in the Waikato and Taranaki , and were largely suspended at the end of the 1880s . By about 1910 the laws were ignored and unenforced , as crime and the threat of political unrest were minimal . Strikes in 1912 and 1913 , a Communist revolution in Russia , and large numbers of ex-military guns coming into the country after World War I were used as justification for a new law in 1920 . The new law required the registration of all firearms and issuance of a `` permit to procure '' before a firearm was transferred . Semi-automatic pistols were banned and a special permit was needed for other pistols ( e.g. revolvers ) , with the intent of discouraging the carrying of concealed weapons . Few changes were seen for the next forty years as crime remained low and the country avoided political violence . Increasing gun crime in the 1960s led to greater police use of registration records , which were generally inaccurate or out - of - date . A project to check the register began in 1967 , and found that 66 percent of entries were inaccurate in some way , with many guns not to be found at all . Police thought that the register was largely useless , and that substantial resources would be needed to keep it up - to - date . It was believed that the government would be unlikely to provide the resources required to update the register and that it would be politically difficult to demand registration information from firearm owners . Various new laws were introduced in the 1970s and 80s , proposing more government checks , registration of shotguns ( which had been abandoned ) and individual licensing . An internal police report in 1982 criticised the proposals , saying there was no evidence that registration of guns helped to solve crimes , and that registration would use time and money better spent on other police work . This policy was adopted by the government in the 1983 Act . Arms Act 1983 ( edit ) The 1983 Arms Act abandoned registration for most long guns , as Parliament felt it was prohibitively expensive and not particularly useful . The philosophy of the new system was to control users , rather than firearms . Police were required to conduct a background check before a licence would be issued ( though existing owners would be issued a licence automatically ) , but once a person had a licence there was no requirement to register long guns or obtain a permit - to - procure when they were sold or lent . Special restrictions applied to restricted weapons and pistols , which needed to be registered . Self - defence was no longer a valid reason to have a pistol ( although the Crimes Act 1961 states a person can use `` reasonable force '' to defend oneself and / or one 's property , and nowhere in this act states a person can not use a firearm for such purposes , while the arms act does not mention `` directly in words '' one can not use a firearm for self - defence ) , but the new sport of target pistol shooting has become more popular , and pistol club shooters can own pistols with a special `` B '' endorsement . Aramoana and the 1992 amendments to the Act ( edit ) After the Aramoana massacre in November 1990 , John Banks , the Minister for Police , announced that the government would ban what he and others described as `` Rambo - style '' weapons and substantially tighten gun laws generally . The law was eventually passed in 1992 and required written permits to order guns or ammunition by mail order , restricted ammunition sales to firearms licence holders , added photographs to firearms licences , required licence holders to have secure storage for firearms at their homes ( which would be inspected before a licence was issued ) , and , controversially , required all licence holders to be re-vetted for new licences , which would be valid for only 10 years . The law also created the new category of `` military - style semi-automatic '' , which like the Federal Assault Weapons Ban two years later in the United States , mainly covered the appearance rather than the functionality of the guns . These required a special endorsement , security and registration in the same manner as pistols , but could be used wherever A-category guns could . Thorp report 1997 to today ( edit ) After two shootings by police in 1995 , the government ordered an inquiry into police procedures for storing and using firearms . Before the review started , massacres overseas at Dunblane and Port Arthur led the government to expand the scope to gun control generally . The police reported that the system was sound and that no major changes were needed . The government decided to order another report , this time led by former judge Thomas Thorp . The report was released in 1997 and called for many new restrictions on legal gun ownership , including banning various features , and that all guns be registered ( the last particularly unpopular with firearm owners ) . The National government in 1999 , its last year in office , introduced an Arms Amendment ( No. 2 ) Bill to implement the recommendations , and the bill was supported by the new Labour government . After the strong weight of submissions made against the bill when it was in select committee , the government was persuaded that the changes were unneeded and would be difficult to implement . Due to the opposition , the bill was withdrawn . The government then introduced a much reduced Arms Amendment ( No. 3 ) Bill , which increased penalties for distribution , manufacture and use of illegal weapons . It has been in select committee since 2005 , and the government has not shown any sign of proceeding with it . In August 2009 , the Police decided that any firearm , including single shot bolt action rifles , with a free - standing pistol grip that could allow the firearm to be shot inaccurately from the hip would be defined as an MSSA . However , the High Court rejected this attempt in Lincoln v Police ( 2010 ) BCL 194 ; 33 TCL 11 / 2 . Notable groups ( edit ) Enforcement ( edit ) The New Zealand Police administer and enforce the Arms Act 1983 . They are issued Bushmaster XM15 semi-automatic rifles , Glock 17 gen 4 pistols and Tasers , which are normally carried in patrol cars and not on the officers . Lobby groups ( edit ) The New Zealand Police Association , the police union / service association , has repeatedly lobbied for greater access to firearms for police officers . As well as stricter regulations on licensed firearm owners . The Council of Licensed Firearms Owners ( COLFO ) was set up in 1996 . The Sporting Shooters Association of New Zealand is a part - time lobby group that is usually only active at elections and when there are government calls for gun control laws . It is smaller than COLFO . The National Shooters Association is a nationwide civilian gun owners association that took the forefront in a 2009 legal challenge against unauthorised police interference with gun regulations . Its executive is largely made up of former members of the Practical Shooting Institute , a predecessor group which had similar success bringing court action against Police interference in 1990 . The two major anti-gun groups in recent years have been the Coalition for Gun Control , and Gunsafe NZ . Neither is still active , but were led by activist Philip Alpers and Mike Meyrick , a former police officer and lawyer . Positions of political parties ( edit ) The main parties , Labour and National , generally treat gun control as a bi-partisan issue . Both support the passage of the Arms Amendment ( No. 3 ) Bill . The Outdoor Recreation party was formed in 2001 to support hunting and sport fishing . It failed to gain any seats in 2002 , and again in 2005 , when , with the United Future party , it contested the election . The Green Party supports an increase in legislative restrictions on public access to firearms . The Greens policies include the full ban of private ownership of all semi automatic firearms and the reintroduction of a national firearms registry . The New Zealand First party supports the right of New Zealanders to own and use firearms safely and responsibly for hunting , sport , pest control , target shooting , and Home Defence ( Castle Doctrine ) . The Party does not support calls for universal gun registration , preferring the licensing of individual users . New Zealand First believes restrictions on firearms ownership by type should be dictated by functionality rather than appearance . See also ( edit ) 2007 New Zealand anti-terror raids References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kiwis go for the big guns '' , Dominion Post , Tuesday 7 November 2006 . Quoted at Gun Control blog ( archive ) , but not available from the newspaper 's website any more . Jump up ^ Taylor , Phil ( 20 June 2009 ) . `` ' Sporting ' guns now classified military '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ New Zealand Police firearms control presentation Jump up ^ From the Arms Code Archived 24 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Thorp , T.M. : `` Review of Firearms Control in New Zealand '' , 1997 Archived 14 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Police warning on new weapons rules '' . Taranaki Daily News . Jump up ^ http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1983/0044/latest/DLM72622.html Jump up ^ http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/9847010/Police-try-stronger-pepper-spray Jump up ^ http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/5782719/Guns-to-be-stored-in-police-cars Jump up ^ http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/4235281/Support-strong-for-all-police-to-be-armed Jump up ^ http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/8120686/Attacks-on-police-lead-to-call-for-arms Jump up ^ https://www.stuff.co.nz/timaru-herald/news/94217950/police-concerned-over-gun-discoveries-following-incidents-in-south-canterbury Jump up ^ https://www.stuff.co.nz/southland-times/news/94277845/police-association-president-says-gun-laws-need-tightening Jump up ^ https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/99636184/frustrated-at-moves-to-tighten-gun-controls-firearms-owners-are-mobilising Jump up ^ Boyes , Nicola ( 26 January 2005 ) . `` Ex-cop ' ignored law to view child porn ' '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Green Party Justice Policy -- Gun Control Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Police firearms information The Arms Code Thorp Report Council of Licensed Firearms Owners Sporting Shooters Association of New Zealand Gun Control blog ( from Archive.org ) Coalition for Gun Control Philip Alpers ' Gun Policy website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_New_Zealand&oldid=833740123 '' Categories : Firearm laws Gun politics in New Zealand New Zealand law Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from March 2013 Use dmy dates from March 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 05 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how can you buy a gun in nz | [] | [] |
6822169436081273800 | Lettuce | Lettuce - wikipedia Lettuce For other uses , see Lettuce ( disambiguation ) . Lettuce lettuce field Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Asterids Order : Asterales Family : Asteraceae Genus : Lactuca Species : L. sativa Binomial name Lactuca sativa L . Synonyms Lactuca scariola var . sativa ( Moris ) L. scariola var . integrata ( Gren. and Godr . ) L. scariola var . integrifolia ( G. Beck ) Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) is an annual plant of the daisy family , Asteraceae . It is most often grown as a leaf vegetable , but sometimes for its stem and seeds . Lettuce is most often used for salads , although it is also seen in other kinds of food , such as soups , sandwiches and wraps ; it can also be grilled . One variety , the woju ( 莴苣 ) , or asparagus lettuce ( celtuce ) , is grown for its stems , which are eaten either raw or cooked . In addition to its main use as a leafy green , it has also gathered religious and medicinal significance over centuries of human consumption . Europe and North America originally dominated the market for lettuce , but by the late 20th century the consumption of lettuce had spread throughout the world . World production of lettuce and chicory for calendar year 2015 was 26.1 million tonnes , 56 % of which came from China . Lettuce was first cultivated by the ancient Egyptians who turned it from a weed whose seeds were used to produce oil , into a food plant grown for its succulent leaves and oil - rich seeds . Lettuce spread to the Greeks and Romans , the latter of whom gave it the name lactuca , from which the English lettuce is ultimately derived . By 50 AD , many types were described , and lettuce appeared often in medieval writings , including several herbals . The 16th through 18th centuries saw the development of many varieties in Europe , and by the mid-18th century cultivars were described that can still be found in gardens . Generally grown as a hardy annual , lettuce is easily cultivated , although it requires relatively low temperatures to prevent it from flowering quickly . It can be plagued by numerous nutrient deficiencies , as well as insect and mammal pests , and fungal and bacterial diseases . L. sativa crosses easily within the species and with some other species within the genus Lactuca . Although this trait can be a problem to home gardeners who attempt to save seeds , biologists have used it to broaden the gene pool of cultivated lettuce varieties . Lettuce is a rich source of vitamin K and vitamin A , and a moderate source of folate and iron . Contaminated lettuce is often a source of bacterial , viral , and parasitic outbreaks in humans , including E. coli and Salmonella . Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy and etymology 2 Description 3 History 4 Cultivation 4.1 Cultivars 4.2 Cultivation problems 5 Production 6 Culinary use 7 Nutritional content 8 Food - borne illness 9 Religious and medicinal lore 10 References 11 Cited literature 12 External links Taxonomy and etymology L. sativa seeds Lactuca sativa is a member of the Lactuca ( lettuce ) genus and the Asteraceae ( sunflower or aster ) family . The species was first described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in the second volume of his Species Plantarum . Synonyms for L. sativa include Lactuca scariola var . sativa , L. scariola var . integrata and L. scariola var . integrifolia . L. scariola is itself a synonym for L. serriola , the common wild or prickly lettuce . L. sativa also has many identified taxonomic groups , subspecies and varieties , which delineate the various cultivar groups of domesticated lettuce . Lettuce is closely related to several Lactuca species from southwest Asia ; the closest relationship is to L. serriola , an aggressive weed common in temperate and subtropical zones in much of the world . The Romans referred to lettuce as lactuca ( lac meaning milk in Latin ) , an allusion to the white substance , now called latex , exuded by cut stems . This word has become the genus name , while sativa ( meaning `` sown '' or `` cultivated '' ) was added to create the species name . The current word lettuce , originally from Middle English , came from the Old French letues or laitues , which derived from the Roman name . The name romaine came from that type 's use in the Roman papal gardens , while cos , another term for romaine lettuce , came from the earliest European seeds of the type from the Greek island of Cos , a center of lettuce farming in the Byzantine period . Description Mature lettuce inflorescence in fruit Lettuce 's native range spreads from the Mediterranean to Siberia , although it has been transported to almost all areas of the world . Plants generally have a height and spread of 15 to 30 cm ( 6 to 12 in ) . The leaves are colorful , mainly in the green and red color spectrums , with some variegated varieties . There are also a few varieties with yellow , gold or blue - teal leaves . Lettuces have a wide range of shapes and textures , from the dense heads of the iceberg type to the notched , scalloped , frilly or ruffly leaves of leaf varieties . Lettuce plants have a root system that includes a main taproot and smaller secondary roots . Some varieties , especially those found in the United States and Western Europe , have long , narrow taproots and a small set of secondary roots . Longer taproots and more extensive secondary systems are found in varieties from Asia . Depending on the variety and time of year , lettuce generally lives 65 -- 130 days from planting to harvesting . Because lettuce that flowers ( through the process known as `` bolting '' ) becomes bitter and unsaleable , plants grown for consumption are rarely allowed to grow to maturity . Lettuce flowers more quickly in hot temperatures , while freezing temperatures cause slower growth and sometimes damage to outer leaves . Once plants move past the edible stage , they develop flower stalks up to 1 m ( 3 ft 3 in ) high with small yellow blossoms . Like other members of the tribe Cichorieae , lettuce inflorescences ( also known as flower heads or capitula ) are composed of multiple florets , each with a modified calyx called a pappus ( which becomes the feathery `` parachute '' of the fruit ) , a corolla of five petals fused into a ligule or strap , and the reproductive parts . These include fused anthers that form a tube which surrounds a style and bipartite stigma . As the anthers shed pollen , the style elongates to allow the stigmas , now coated with pollen , to emerge from the tube . The ovaries form compressed , obovate ( teardrop - shaped ) dry fruits that do not open at maturity , measuring 3 to 4 mm long . The fruits have 5 -- 7 ribs on each side and are tipped by two rows of small white hairs . The pappus remains at the top of each fruit as a dispersal structure . Each fruit contains one seed , which can be white , yellow , gray or brown depending on the variety of lettuce . The domestication of lettuce over the centuries has resulted in several changes through selective breeding : delayed bolting , larger seeds , larger leaves and heads , better taste and texture , a lower latex content , and different leaf shapes and colors . Work in these areas continues through the present day . Scientific research into the genetic modification of lettuce is ongoing , with over 85 field trials taking place between 1992 and 2005 in the European Union and United States to test modifications allowing greater herbicide tolerance , greater resistance to insects and fungi and slower bolting patterns . However , genetically modified lettuce is not currently used in commercial agriculture . History Romaine lettuce , a descendant of some of the earliest cultivated lettuce Lettuce was first cultivated in ancient Egypt for the production of oil from its seeds . This plant was probably selectively bred by the Egyptians into a plant grown for its edible leaves , with evidence of its cultivation appearing as early as 2680 BC . Lettuce was considered a sacred plant of the reproduction god Min , and it was carried during his festivals and placed near his images . The plant was thought to help the god `` perform the sexual act untiringly . '' Its use in religious ceremonies resulted in the creation of many images in tombs and wall paintings . The cultivated variety appears to have been about 75 cm ( 30 in ) tall and resembled a large version of the modern romaine lettuce . These upright lettuces were developed by the Egyptians and passed to the Greeks , who in turn shared them with the Romans . Circa 50 AD , Roman agriculturalist Columella described several lettuce varieties -- some of which may have been ancestors of today 's lettuces . Lettuce appears in many medieval writings , especially as a medicinal herb . Hildegard of Bingen mentioned it in her writings on medicinal herbs between 1098 and 1179 , and many early herbals also describe its uses . In 1586 , Joachim Camerarius provided descriptions of the three basic modern lettuces -- head lettuce , loose - leaf lettuce , and romaine ( or cos ) lettuce . Lettuce was first brought to the Americas from Europe by Christopher Columbus in the late 15th century . Between the late 16th century and the early 18th century , many varieties were developed in Europe , particularly Holland . Books published in the mid-18th and early 19th centuries describe several varieties found in gardens today . Due to its short lifespan after harvest , lettuce was originally sold relatively close to where it was grown . The early 20th century saw the development of new packing , storage and shipping technologies that improved the lifespan and transportability of lettuce and resulted in a significant increase in availability . During the 1950s , lettuce production was revolutionized with the development of vacuum cooling , which allowed field cooling and packing of lettuce , replacing the previously used method of ice - cooling in packing houses outside the fields . Lettuce is very easy to grow , and as such has been a significant source of sales for many seed companies . Tracing the history of many varieties is complicated by the practice of many companies , particularly in the US , of changing a variety 's name from year to year . This was done for several reasons , the most prominent being to boost sales by promoting a `` new '' variety or to prevent customers from knowing that the variety had been developed by a competing seed company . Documentation from the late 19th century shows between 65 and 140 distinct varieties of lettuce , depending on the amount of variation allowed between types -- a distinct difference from the 1,100 named lettuce varieties on the market at the time . Names also often changed significantly from country to country . Although most lettuce grown today is used as a vegetable , a minor amount is used in the production of tobacco - free cigarettes ; however , domestic lettuce 's wild relatives produce a leaf that visually more closely resembles tobacco . Cultivation A lettuce - growing facility in the United Kingdom A hardy annual , some varieties of lettuce can be overwintered even in relatively cold climates under a layer of straw , and older , heirloom varieties are often grown in cold frames . Lettuces meant for the cutting of individual leaves are generally planted straight into the garden in thick rows . Heading varieties of lettuces are commonly started in flats , then transplanted to individual spots , usually 20 to 36 cm ( 7.9 to 14.2 in ) apart , in the garden after developing several leaves . Lettuce spaced further apart receives more sunlight , which improves color and nutrient quantities in the leaves . Pale to white lettuce , such as the centers in some iceberg lettuce , contain few nutrients . A transplanted bed of lettuce in a greenhouse Lettuce grows best in full sun in loose , nitrogen - rich soils with a pH of between 6.0 and 6.8 . Heat generally prompts lettuce to bolt , with most varieties growing poorly above 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) ; cool temperatures prompt better performance , with 16 to 18 ° C ( 61 to 64 ° F ) being preferred and as low as 7 ° C ( 45 ° F ) being tolerated . Plants in hot areas that are provided partial shade during the hottest part of the day will bolt more slowly . Temperatures above 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) will generally result in poor or non-existent germination of lettuce seeds . After harvest , lettuce lasts the longest when kept at 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) and 96 percent humidity . Lettuce quickly degrades when stored with fruit such as apples , pears and bananas that release the ripening agent ethylene gas . The high water content of lettuce ( 94.9 percent ) creates problems when attempting to preserve the plant -- it can not be successfully frozen , canned or dried and must be eaten fresh . Lettuce varieties will cross with each other , making spacing of 1.5 to 6 m ( 60 to 240 in ) between varieties necessary to prevent contamination when saving seeds . Lettuce will also cross with Lactuca serriola ( wild lettuce ) , with the resulting seeds often producing a plant with tough , bitter leaves . Celtuce , a lettuce variety grown primarily in Asia for its stems , crosses easily with lettuces grown for their leaves . This propensity for crossing , however , has led to breeding programs using closely related species in Lactuca , such as L. serriola , L. saligna , and L. virosa , to broaden the available gene pool . Starting in the 1990s , such programs began to include more distantly related species such as L. tatarica . Seeds keep best when stored in cool conditions , and , unless stored cryogenically , remain viable the longest when stored at − 20 ° C ( − 4 ° F ) ; they are relatively short lived in storage . At room temperature , lettuce seeds remain viable for only a few months . However , when newly harvested lettuce seed is stored cryogenically , this life increases to a half - life of 500 years for vaporized nitrogen and 3,400 years for liquid nitrogen ; this advantage is lost if seeds are not frozen promptly after harvesting . Cultivars A selection of lettuce cultivars There are several types of lettuce , but three ( leaf , head and cos or romaine ) are the most common . There are seven main cultivar groups of lettuce , each including many varieties : Leaf -- Also known as looseleaf , cutting or bunching lettuce , this type has loosely bunched leaves and is the most widely planted . It is used mainly for salads . Romaine / Cos -- Used mainly for salads and sandwiches , this type forms long , upright heads . This is the most often used lettuce in Caesar salads . Iceberg / Crisphead -- The most popular type in the US , it is very heat - sensitive and was originally adapted for growth in the northern US . It ships well , but is low in flavor and nutritional content , being composed of even more water than other lettuce types . Butterhead -- Also known as Boston or Bibb lettuce , and traditional in the UK as `` round lettuce '' , this type is a head lettuce with a loose arrangement of leaves , known for its sweet flavor and tender texture . The lettuce variety celtuce is grown for its stem , used in Chinese cooking Summercrisp -- Also called Batavian or French crisp , this lettuce is midway between the crisphead and leaf types . These lettuces tend to be larger , bolt - resistant and well - flavored . Stem -- This type is grown for its seedstalk , rather than its leaves , and is used in Asian cooking , primarily Chinese , as well as stewed and creamed dishes . Oilseed -- This type is grown for its seeds , which are pressed to extract an oil mainly used for cooking . It has few leaves , bolts quickly and produces seeds around 50 percent larger than other types of lettuce . The butterhead and crisphead types are sometimes known together as `` cabbage '' lettuce , because their heads are shorter , flatter , and more cabbage - like than romaine lettuces . Cultivation problems A lettuce surrounded by weeds , which have crowded it to the point of bolting See also : List of lettuce diseases Soil nutrient deficiencies can cause a variety of plant problems that range from malformed plants to a lack of head growth . Many insects are attracted to lettuce , including cutworms , which cut seedlings off at the soil line ; wireworms and nematodes , which cause yellow , stunted plants ; tarnished plant bugs and aphids , which cause yellow , distorted leaves ; leafhoppers , which cause stunted growth and pale leaves ; thrips , which turn leaves gray - green or silver ; leafminers , which create tunnels within the leaves ; flea beetles , which cut small holes in leaves and caterpillars , slugs and snails , which cut large holes in leaves . For example , the larvae of the ghost moth is a common pest of lettuce plants . Mammals , including rabbits and groundhogs , also eat the plants . Lettuce contains several defensive compounds , including sesquiterpene lactones , and other natural phenolics such as flavonol and glycosides , which help to protect it against pests . Certain varieties contain more than others , and some selective breeding and genetic modification studies have focused on using this trait to identify and produce commercial varieties with increased pest resistance . Lettuce also suffers from several viral diseases , including big vein , which causes yellow , distorted leaves , and mosaic virus , which is spread by aphids and causes stunted plant growth and deformed leaves . Aster yellows are a disease - causing bacteria carried by leafhoppers , which causes deformed leaves . Fungal diseases include powdery mildew and downy mildew , which cause leaves to mold and die and bottom rot , lettuce drop and gray mold , which cause entire plants to rot and collapse . Crowding lettuce tends to attract pests and diseases . Weeds can also be an issue , as cultivated lettuce is generally not competitive with them , especially when directly seeded into the ground . Transplanted lettuce ( started in flats and later moved to growing beds ) is generally more competitive initially , but can still be crowded later in the season , causing misshapen lettuce and lower yields . Weeds also act as homes for insects and disease and can make harvesting more difficult . Herbicides are often used to control weeds in commercial production . However , this has led to the development of herbicide - resistant weeds and prompted environmental and health concerns . Production Lettuce production ( millions of tonnes ) Country 2015 China 14.6 United States 3.8 India Spain 0.9 Italy 0.6 World 26.1 Source : UN Food & Agriculture Organization In 2015 , world production of lettuce ( report combined with chicory ) was 26.1 million tonnes , with China alone producing 14.6 million tonnes or 56 % of the world total ( table ) . Lettuce is the only member of the genus Lactuca to be grown commercially . Although China is the top world producer of lettuce , the majority of the crop is consumed domestically . Spain is the world 's largest exporter of lettuce , with the US ranking second . Western Europe and North America were the original major markets for large - scale lettuce production . By the late 1900s , Asia , South America , Australia and Africa became more substantial markets . Different locations tended to prefer different types of lettuce , with butterhead prevailing in northern Europe and Great Britain , romaine in the Mediterranean and stem lettuce in China and Egypt . By the late 20th century , the preferred types began to change , with crisphead , especially iceberg , lettuce becoming the dominant type in northern Europe and Great Britain and more popular in western Europe . In the US , no one type predominated until the early 20th century , when crisphead lettuces began gaining popularity . After the 1940s , with the development of iceberg lettuce , 95 percent of the lettuce grown and consumed in the US was crisphead lettuce . By the end of the century , other types began to regain popularity and eventually made up over 30 percent of production . Stem lettuce was first developed in China , and remains primarily cultivated in that country . In the early 21st century , bagged salad products increased in the lettuce market , especially in the US where innovative packaging and shipping methods prolonged freshness . In the United States in 2013 , California ( 71 % ) and Arizona ( 29 % ) produced nearly all of the country 's fresh head and leaf lettuce , with head lettuce yielding $9400 of value per acre and leaf lettuce $8000 per acre . Culinary use As described around 50 AD , lettuce leaves were often cooked and served by the Romans with an oil - and - vinegar dressing ; however , smaller leaves were sometimes eaten raw . During the 81 -- 96 AD reign of Domitian , the tradition of serving a lettuce salad before a meal began . Post-Roman Europe continued the tradition of poaching lettuce , mainly with large romaine types , as well as the method of pouring a hot oil and vinegar mixture over the leaves . Today , the majority of lettuce is grown for its leaves , although one type is grown for its stem and one for its seeds , which are made into an oil . Most lettuce is used in salads , either alone or with other greens , vegetables , meats and cheeses . Romaine lettuce is often used for Caesar salads , with a dressing that includes anchovies and eggs . Lettuce leaves can also be found in soups , sandwiches and wraps , while the stems are eaten both raw and cooked . The consumption of lettuce in China developed differently from in Western countries , due to health risks and cultural aversion to eating raw leaves . In that country , `` salads '' were created from cooked vegetables and served hot or cold . Lettuce was also used in a larger variety of dishes than in Western countries , contributing to a range of dishes including bean curd and meat dishes , soups and stir - frys plain or with other vegetables . Stem lettuce , widely consumed in China , is eaten either raw or cooked , the latter primarily in soups and stir - frys . Lettuce is also used as a primary ingredient in the preparation of lettuce soup . Nutritional content Lettuce ( butterhead ) Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 55 kJ ( 13 kcal ) Carbohydrates 2.23 g Sugars 0.94 Dietary fiber 1.1 g Fat 0.22 g Protein 1.35 g Vitamins Quantity % DV Vitamin A equiv . beta - Carotene lutein zeaxanthin 21 % 166 μg 18 % 1987 μg 1223 μg Thiamine ( B1 ) 5 % 0.057 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) 5 % 0.062 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) 3 % 0.15 mg Vitamin B6 6 % 0.082 mg Folate ( B9 ) 18 % 73 μg Vitamin C 4 % 3.7 mg Vitamin E 1 % 0.18 mg Vitamin K 97 % 102.3 μg Minerals Quantity % DV Calcium 4 % 35 mg Iron 10 % 1.24 mg Magnesium 4 % 13 mg Manganese 9 % 0.179 mg Phosphorus 5 % 33 mg Potassium 5 % 238 mg Sodium 0 % 5 mg Zinc 2 % 0.2 mg Other constituents Quantity Water 95.63 g Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database Depending on the variety , lettuce is an excellent source ( 20 % of the Daily Value , DV , or higher ) of vitamin K ( 97 % DV ) and vitamin A ( 21 % DV ) ( table ) , with higher concentrations of the provitamin A compound , beta - carotene , found in darker green lettuces , such as Romaine . With the exception of the iceberg variety , lettuce is also a good source ( 10 - 19 % DV ) of folate and iron ( table ) . Food - borne illness Food - borne pathogens that can survive on lettuce include Listeria monocytogenes , the causative agent of listeriosis , which multiplies in storage . However , despite high levels of bacteria being found on ready - to - eat lettuce products , a 2008 study found no incidences of food - borne illness related to listeriosis , possibly due to the product 's short shelf life , indigenous microflora competing with the Listeria bacteria or inhibition of bacteria to cause listeriosis . Other bacteria found on lettuce include Aeromonas species , which have not been linked to any outbreaks ; Campylobacter species , which cause campylobacteriosis ; and Yersinia intermedia and Yersinia kristensenii ( species of Yersinia ) , which have been found mainly in lettuce . Lettuce has been linked to numerous outbreaks of the bacteria E. coli O157 : H7 and Shigella ; the plants were most likely contaminated through contact with animal feces . A 2007 study determined that the vacuum cooling method , especially prevalent in the California lettuce industry , increased the uptake and survival rates of E. coli O157 : H7 . Salmonella bacteria , including the uncommon Salmonella braenderup type , have also caused outbreaks traced to contaminated lettuce . Viruses , including hepatitis A , calicivirus and a Norwalk - like strain , have been found in lettuce . The vegetable has also been linked to outbreaks of parasitic infestations , including Giardia lamblia . Religious and medicinal Lore In addition to its usual purpose as an edible leafy vegetable , lettuce has had a number of uses in ancient ( and even some more modern ) times as a medicinal herb and religious symbol . For example , ancient Egyptians thought lettuce to be a symbol of sexual prowess and a promoter of love and childbearing in women . The Romans likewise claimed that it increased sexual potency . In contrast , the ancient Greeks connected the plant with male impotency , and served it during funerals ( probably due to its role in the myth of Adonis ' death ) , and British women in the 19th century believed it would cause infertility and sterility . Lettuce has mild narcotic properties ; it was called `` sleepwort '' by the Anglo - Saxons because of this attribute , although the cultivated L. sativa has lower levels of the narcotic than its wild cousins . This narcotic effect is a property of two sesquiterpene lactones which are found in the white liquid ( latex ) in the stems of lettuce , called lactucarium or `` lettuce opium '' . Lettuce is also eaten as part of the Jewish Passover Seder , where it is considered the optimal choice for use as the bitter herb , which is eaten together with the matzah . Some American settlers claimed that smallpox could be prevented through the ingestion of lettuce , and an Iranian belief suggested consumption of the seeds when afflicted with typhoid . Folk medicine has also claimed it as a treatment for pain , rheumatism , tension and nervousness , coughs and insanity ; scientific evidence of these benefits in humans has not been found . The religious ties of lettuce continue into the present day among the Yazidi people of northern Iraq , who have a religious prohibition against eating the plant . References ^ Jump up to : `` Lactuca sativa '' . Kew Royal Botanical Gardens . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lactuca serriola L '' . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Hugh Fearnley - Whittingstall . `` Grilled lettuce with goats ' cheese '' . BBC . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lettuce ( with chicory ) production in 2015 ; Countries / Regions / Production Quantity from pick lists '' . UN Food & Agriculture Organization , Statistics Division ( FAOSTAT ) . 2015 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lactuca sativa L '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project '' . Natural History Museum . Retrieved 17 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lactuca sativa L '' . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Porcher , Michael H. ( 2005 ) . `` Sorting Lactuca Names '' . Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database . University of Melbourne . Archived from the original on 16 September 2012 . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Zohary , Daniel ; Hopf , Maria ; Weiss , Ehud ( 2012 ) . Domestication of Plants in the Old World : The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia , Europe , and the Mediterranean Basin . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 954906 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , pp. 170 -- 172 . ^ Jump up to : Katz and Weaver , p. 376 . Jump up ^ Chantrell , Glynnis , ed. ( 2002 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Word Histories . Oxford University Press . p. 300 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 863121 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , p. 172 . Jump up ^ `` Lactuca sativa '' . Missouri Botanical Garden . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fine Cooking Magazine ( 2011 ) . Fine Cooking in Season : Your Guide to Choosing and Preparing the Season 's Best . Taunton Press . p. 28 . ISBN 1 - 60085 - 303 - X . ^ Jump up to : Ryder , J. ; Waycott , Williams ( 1993 ) . `` New Directions in Salad Crops : New Forms , New Tools , and Old Philosophy '' . In Janick , J and Simon J.E. New Crops . Wiley . pp. 528 -- 532 . Jump up ^ Smith , Richard ; Cahn , Michael ; Daugovish , Oleg ; Koike , Steven ; Natwick , Eric ; Smith , Hugh ; Subbarao , Krishna ; Takele , Etaferahu ; Turin , Thomas . `` Leaf Lettuce Production in California '' ( PDF ) . University of California Vegetable Research and Information Center . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , pp. 175 -- 176 . Jump up ^ `` 187e . Asteraceae Martinov tribe Cichorieae '' . Flora of North America . Efloras.org . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Davey , et al. , pp. 222 -- 225 . Jump up ^ `` Lettuce '' . GMO Compass . Archived from the original on 11 May 2012 . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Katz and Weaver , pp. 375 -- 376 . Jump up ^ Hart , George ( 2005 ) . The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses ( 2nd ed . ) . Routledge . p. 95 . ISBN 1 - 134 - 28424 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vegetable of the Month : Lettuce '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Archived from the original on 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Subbarao , Krishna V. ; Koike , Steven T. ( 2007 ) . `` Lettuce Diseases : Ecology and Control '' . In Pimentel , David . Encyclopedia of Pest Management , Volume 2 . CRC Press . p. 313 . ISBN 1 - 4200 - 5361 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , pp. 172 -- 173 . ^ Jump up to : Boriss , Hayley ; Brunke , Henrich ( October 2005 ) . `` Commodity Profile : Lettuce '' ( PDF ) . University of California . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Enochian , R.V. ; Smith , F.J ( November 1956 ) . `` House Packing Western Lettuce '' ( PDF ) . California Agriculture . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Weaver , pp. 173 -- 174 . ^ Jump up to : Katz and Weaver , p. 377 . ^ Jump up to : Bradley , p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lettuce '' . University of Illinois Extension . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Koopman , Wim J.M. ; Guetta , Eli ; van de Wiel , Clemens C.M. ; Vosman , Ben ; van den Berg , Ronald G ( 1998 ) . `` Phylogenetic relationships among Lactuca ( Asteraceae ) species and related genera based on ITS - 1 DNA sequences '' . American Journal of Botany. 85 ( 11 ) : 1517 -- 1530 . doi : 10.2307 / 2446479 . JSTOR 2446479 . PMID 21680311 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Davey , et al. , p. 241 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Carol . `` Winter Lettuce '' . Washington State University . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lettuce '' . Tesco Real Food . Tesco . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Katz and Weaver , p. 375 . Jump up ^ Larkcom , Joy ; Phillips , Roger ( 2003 ) . The Organic Salad Garden . Frances Lincoln Ltd. p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 7112 - 2204 - 5 . Jump up ^ Edwards , C.A. ( May 1964 ) . `` The bionomics of swift moths . I. -- The ghost swift moth , Hepialus humuli ( L . ) '' . Bulletin of Entomological Research . 55 ( 1 ) : 147 -- 160 . doi : 10.1017 / S000748530004935X . ISSN 1475 - 2670 . ^ Jump up to : Bradley , pp. 129 -- 132 . Jump up ^ `` Developing Multi-Species Insect Resistance in Romaine Lettuce '' . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lettuce : Integrated Weed Management '' . UC Pest Management Guidelines . University of California . August 2007 . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Koike , Steven T ; Gladders , Peter ; Paulus , Albert O. ( 2006 ) . Vegetable Diseases : A Color Handbook . Gulf Professional Publishing . p. 296 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 373675 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Katz and Weaver , p. 378 . ^ Jump up to : Simoons , Frederick J. ( 1991 ) . Food in China : A Cultural and Historical Inquiry . CRC Press . pp. 147 -- 148 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 8804 - X . Jump up ^ Fulmer , Melinda ( 19 August 2002 ) . `` Lettuce Grows Into A Processed Food '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lettuce '' . Agricultural Marketing Resource Center , Iowa State University . May 2015 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles , Dan ; Aubrey , Allison ( 12 July 2016 ) . `` As Bagged Salad Kits Boom , Americans Eat More Greens '' . National Public Radio . Jump up ^ Hanning , I.B. ; Johnson , M.G. ; Ricke , S.C ( December 2008 ) . `` Precut prepackaged lettuce : a risk for listeriosis ? '' . Foodborne Pathogens and Disease . 5 ( 6 ) : 731 -- 746 . doi : 10.1089 / fpd. 2008.0142 . PMID 18847382 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chapter IV . Outbreaks Associated with Fresh and Fresh - Cut Produce . Incidence , Growth , and Survival of Pathogens in Fresh and Fresh - Cut Produce '' . Analysis and Evaluation of Preventive Control Measures for the Control and Reduction / Elimination of Microbial Hazards on Fresh and Fresh - Cut Produce . US Food and Drug Administration . 12 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Davis , J.G. ; Kendall , P. `` Preventing E. coli from Garden to Plate '' . Colorado State University . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Li , Haiping ; Tajkarimi , Mehrdad ; Osburn , Bennie I ( 2008 ) . `` Impact of Vacuum Cooling on Escherichia coli O157 : H7 Infiltration into Lettuce Tissue '' . Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 74 ( 10 ) : 3138 -- 42 . doi : 10.1128 / AEM. 02811 - 07 . PMC 2394940 . PMID 18344328 . Jump up ^ Gajraj , Roger ; Pooransingh , Shalini ; Hawker , Jeremy ; Olowokure , Babatunde ( April 2012 ) . `` Multiple outbreaks of Salmonella braenderup associated with consumption of iceberg lettuce '' . International Journal of Environmental Health Research . 22 ( 2 ) : 150 -- 155 . doi : 10.1080 / 09603123.2011. 613114 . PMID 21916661 . ^ Jump up to : Watts , Donald ( 2007 ) . Dictionary of Plant Lore . Academic Press . p. 226 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 374086 - X . Jump up ^ Duke , James A. ; Duke , Peggy - Ann K. ; DuCellie , Judith L. ( 2007 ) . Duke 's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible . CRC Press . p. 232 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 8202 - 5 . Jump up ^ MacFarquhar , Neil ( 3 January 2003 ) . `` Bashiqa Journal : A Sect Shuns Lettuce and Gives the Devil His Due '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Cited literature Bradley , Fern Marshall ; Ellis , Barbara W. ; Martin , Deborah L. , eds. ( 2009 ) . The Organic Gardener 's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control . Rodale . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60529 - 677 - 7 . Davey , M.R. ; Anthony , P. ; Van Hooff , P. ; Power , J.B. ; Lowe , , K.C. ( 2007 ) . `` Lettuce '' . Transgenic Crops . Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry . Volume 59 . Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 36752 - 9 . Katz , Solomon H. ; Weaver , Williams Woys ( 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of Food and Culture . Volume 2 . Scribner . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80565 - 8 . Weaver , Williams Woys ( 1997 ) . Heirloom Vegetable Gardening : A Master Gardener 's Guide to Planting , Seed Saving and Cultural History . Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 4025 - 8 . External links Food portal Media related to Lactuca sativa at Wikimedia Commons Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q83193 APDB : 99979 BioLib : 41651 Calflora : 10034 EoL : 468144 EPPO : LACSA FNA : 200024117 FoC : 200024117 GBIF : 3140379 GRIN : 21360 iNaturalist : 122976 IPNI : 228239 - 1 IRMNG : 10209453 ITIS : 36607 NBN : NBNSYS0000004538 NCBI : 4236 NZOR : 408d35f0 - 7ac6 - 471c - af8b - 7c25592f2d29 PalDat : Lactuca_sativa PfaF : sativa Lactuca sativa Plantarium : 21827 Plant List : gcc - 89778 PLANTS : LASA3 Tropicos : 2710604 VASCAN : 3268 GND : 4155983 - 6 LCCN : sh85076251 NDL : 00573107 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lettuce&oldid=839036151 '' Categories : Cichorieae Leaf vegetables Plants described in 1753 Lettuce Crops Crops originating from Egypt Edible Asteraceae Hydroponic plants Species groups Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Use dmy dates from January 2011 Featured articles Taxonbars with 20 + taxon IDs Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Armãneashti Asturianu Atikamekw Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kinyarwanda Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Lea faka - Tonga Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 82 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 April 2018 , at 21 : 00 ( UTC ) . 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-4360743384194168869 | List of best-selling music artists | List of best - selling Music artists - wikipedia List of best - selling Music artists Jump to : navigation , search This list includes music artists with claims of 75 million or more record sales . The artists in the following tables are listed with both their claimed sales figure along with their total of certified units and are ranked in descending order , with the artist with the highest amount of claimed sales at the top . If two or more artists have the same claimed sales , they are then ranked by certified units . The claimed sales figure and the total of certified units ( for each country ) within the provided sources include sales of albums , singles , compilation - albums , music videos as well as downloads of singles and full - length albums . Sales figures , such as those from Soundscan , which are sometimes published by Billboard magazine , have not been included in the certified units column . As of 2017 , based on both sales claims and certified units , The Beatles are considered the highest - selling band . Elvis Presley is considered the highest - selling individual artist based on sales claims and Rihanna is the highest - selling individual artist based on certified units . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 2 Artists by reputed sales 2.1 250 million or more records 2.2 200 million to 249 million records 2.3 120 million to 199 million records 2.4 100 million to 119 million records 2.5 80 million to 99 million records 2.6 75 million to 79 million records 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Definitions All artists included on this list , which have begun charting on official albums or singles charts have their available claimed figures supported by at least 20 % in certified units . That is why Cliff Richard , Diana Ross , Scorpions , Charles Aznavour , Bing Crosby , Gloria Estefan , Deep Purple , Iron Maiden , Tom Jones , The Jackson 5 , Dionne Warwick , the Spice Girls , Luciano Pavarotti , Dolly Parton , Ozzy Osbourne , Andrea Bocelli and others have not been included on this list . The more recent the artist , the higher the required percentage of certified units , so artists such as Rihanna , Taylor Swift , Flo Rida , Katy Perry , Justin Bieber , Adele , Lady Gaga , Bruno Mars and Nicki Minaj are expected to have their claimed figures supported by over 75 % in certified units . The certified units are sourced from available online databases of local music industry associations . All certified units are converted from Gold / Platinum / Diamond certification awards based on criteria provided by certifying bodies . The certified sales percentage varies according to the first year that an artist appeared in the charts . The requirements of certified sales are designed to avoid inflated sales figures , which are frequently practiced by record companies for promotional purposes . The claimed figures are referenced from online articles created by highly reliable sources . For clarity , the sources used , say the term `` records '' ( singles , albums , videos ) and not `` albums '' . However , if all available sources for an artist or band say `` albums '' , such sources are only used if the certified album units of the said artist meet the required percentage amount . This list uses claimed figures that are closest to artists ' available certified units : inflated claimed figures that meet the required certified units amount but are unrealistically high , are not used . The claimed figures are upgraded only when there is a significant progress in artists ' certified sales . In other words , the available certified sales for each artist should get relatively closer to already listed claimed figure in order for higher figures to replace the listed ones . The certified sales of the newer artists may sometimes be higher than their listed claimed figures . This is because Recording Industry Association of America and almost all other certifying bodies count streaming towards Gold and Platinum thresholds required for Digital Single Award certification . For this reason , some singles and even albums get over certified by hundreds of thousands of units . The over certified figures , however , are often in millions of units for RIAA certifications , one such example is Rihanna 's single `` We Found Love '' , which is certified at nine times Platinum by the RIAA , yet during the time of the certification , it had sold 5.4 million downloads . The certified sales for some artists / bands who have multi-disc albums can be higher than their listed claimed figures due to Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) counting each unit within set as one unit toward certification . Artists by reputed sales 250 million or more records The Beatles Elvis Presley Michael Jackson Madonna Elton John Led Zeppelin Pink Floyd To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value : each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales The Beatles United Kingdom 1960 -- 1970 1962 Rock / Pop 7002270800000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 270.8 million ( show ) US : 212.250 million JPN : 4.950 million UK : 17.845 million GER : 8 million FRA : 3.890 million CAN : 14.455 million AUS : 3.060 million ITA : 330,000 BRA : 550,000 SWE 485,000 SPA : 1.250 million SWI : 350,000 BEL : 265,000 ARG : 1.606 million DEN : 260,000 AUT : 500,000 POL : 175,000 NZ : 660,000 600 million 500 million Elvis Presley United States 1954 -- 1977 1954 Rock and roll / Pop / Country 7002211700000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 211.7 million ( show ) US : 188.650 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 12.445 million GER : 1.2 million FRA : 2.590 million CAN : 2.925 million AUS : 1.587 million ITA : 105,000 BRA : 125,000 SWE 380,000 SPA : 300,000 MEX : 105,000 SWI : 185,000 BEL : 115,000 ARG : 110,000 DEN : 120,000 AUT : 205,000 FIN : 213,945 NZ : 117,500 600 million 500 million Michael Jackson United States 1964 -- 2009 1971 Pop / Rock / Dance / Soul / R&B 7002184200000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 184.2 million ( show ) US : 104.5 million JPN : 4.650 million UK : 27.195 million GER : 11.275 million FRA : 11.375 million CAN : 4.670 million AUS : 6.6 million ITA : 1.170 million BRA : 280,000 SWE : 1.230 million SPA : 1.995 million MEX : 3.670 million SWI : 910,000 BEL : 365,000 ARG : 124,000 DEN : 1.179 million AUT : 1.197 million POL : 530,000 FIN : 384,127 NZ : 902,500 350 million 300 million Madonna United States 1979 -- present 1982 Pop / Dance / Electronica 7002170600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 170.6 million ( show ) US : 85.675 million JPN : 6.450 million UK : 28.845 million GER : 12.4 million FRA : 12.795 million CAN : 6.030 million AUS : 4.717 million ITA : 465,000 BRA : 3.440 million SWE : 1.070 million SPA : 2.815 million MEX : 510,000 SWI : 1.080 million BEL : 690,000 ARG : 1.098 DEN : 407,000 AUT : 602,500 POL : 530,000 FIN : 652,686 NZ : 417,500 300 million 275 million Elton John United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1969 Pop / Rock 7002169000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 169 million ( show ) US : 117.850 million JPN : 1.1 million UK : 22.295 million GER : 7.9 million FRA : 4.825 million CAN : 5.975 million AUS : 2.837 million BRA : 835,000 SWE : 740,000 SPA : 1.2 million MEX : 100,000 SWI : 1.313 million BEL : 390,000 ARG : 128,000 DEN : 150,000 AUT : 765,000 POL : 150,000 FIN : 163,481 NZ : 255,000 300 million 250 million Led Zeppelin United Kingdom 1968 -- 1980 1969 Hard rock / Blues rock / Folk rock 7002139500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 139.5 million ( show ) US : 114.1 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 9.130 million GER : 3.775 million FRA : 2.310 million CAN : 4.710 million AUS : 2.8 million ITA : 345,000 BRA : 820,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 211,000 ARG : 360,000 POL : 120,000 300 million 200 million Pink Floyd United Kingdom 1965 -- 1996 , 2014 1967 Progressive rock / Psychedelic rock 7002118900000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 118.9 million ( show ) US : 78 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 11.320 million GER : 7.5 million FRA : 6.360 million CAN : 6.790 million AUS : 2.932 million ITA : 1.685 million BRA : 515,000 SWE : 220,000 SPA : 625,000 SWI : 390,000 BEL : 115,000 ARG : 582,000 AUT : 460,000 POL : 590,000 NZ : 787,500 250 million 200 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 200 million to 249 million records Rihanna Mariah Carey Celine Dion AC / DC Whitney Houston Queen The Rolling Stones To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Rihanna Barbados United States 2005 -- present 2005 R&B / Pop / Dance / Hip - hop 7002227000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 227 million ( show ) US : 168.05 million JPN : 1.4 million UK : 29.3 million GER : 4.475 million FRA : 1.425 million CAN : 2.840 million AUS : 9.150 million ITA : 1.425 million BRA : 555,000 SWE : 2.480 million SPA : 1.450 million MEX : 380,000 SWI : 840,000 BEL : 660,000 DEN : 1.117 AUT : 120,000 POL : 500,000 IRE : 240,000 NZ : 667,500 230 million Mariah Carey United States 1988 -- present R&B / Pop / Soul / Hip - hop 7002136190000099999 ♠ Total available certified units : 136.2 million ( show ) US : 92.6 million JPN : 14.5 million UK : 9.820 million GER : 3.250 million FRA : 4.690 million CAN : 4.1 million AUS : 3.445 million ITA : 200,000 BRA : 835,000 SWE : 425,000 SPA : 1 million SWI : 515,000 BEL : 150,000 DEN : 130,000 AUT : 200,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 240,000 200 million 175 million Celine Dion Canada 1981 -- present 1981 Pop 7002125000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 125 million ( show ) US : 56.550 million JPN : 7.150 million UK : 13.555 million GER : 8 million FRA : 15.685 million CAN : 12.245 million AUS : 3.302 million BRA : 505,000 SWE : 1.105 million SPA : 1 million SWI : 1.685 million BEL : 1.885 million ARG : 340,000 DEN : 370,000 AUT : 440,000 POL : 680,000 FIN : 356,183 NZ : 192,500 200 million 175 million AC / DC Australia 1973 -- present Hard rock / Blues rock / Rock and roll 7002113200000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 113.2 million ( show ) US : 79.7 million UK : 4.2 million GER : 10.3 million FRA : 4.180 million CAN : 2.490 million AUS : 7.330 million ITA : 750,000 SWE : 350,000 SPA : 1.355 million SWI : 894,000 BEL : 100,000 ARG : 594,000 DEN : 135,000 AUT : 380,000 FIN : 321,169 NZ : 140,000 200 million 150 million Whitney Houston United States 1977 -- 2012 1984 R&B / Soul / Pop 7002112600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 112.6 million ( show ) US : 75.275 million JPN : 4.3 million UK : 14.605 million GER : 5.6 million FRA : 2.275 million CAN : 3.430 million AUS : 1.580 million ITA : 140,000 BRA : 1.025 SWE : 1.035 million SPA : 1.260 million SWI : 845,000 BEL : 215,000 DEN : 140,000 AUT : 535,000 POL : 180,000 FIN : 247,222 200 million 170 million Queen United Kingdom 1971 -- present 1973 Rock 7002114700000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 114.7 million ( show ) US : 55.1 million JPN : 2.850 million UK : 28.615 million GER : 11.525 million FRA : 4.495 million CAN : 1.870 million AUS : 2.167 million ITA : 505,000 BRA : 970,000 SWE : 190,000 SPA : 1.720 million SWI : 1.256 million BEL : 100,000 ARG : 1.080 million AUT : 900,000 POL : 810,000 FIN : 366,152 NZ : 275,000 200 million 150 million The Rolling Stones United Kingdom 1962 -- present 1963 Rock / Blues rock 7001972000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 97.2 million ( show ) US : 74.750 million JPN : 950,000 UK : 8.510 million GER : 3.2 million FRA : 3.370 million AUS : 417,500 CAN : 3.025 million ITA : 180,000 BRA : 100,000 SWE : 310,000 SPA : 690,000 SWI : 238,000 BEL : 120,000 ARG : 718,000 AUT : 300,000 POL : 140,000 NZ : 190,000 200 million ABBA Sweden 1972 -- 1982 1972 Pop / Disco 7001607000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 60.7 million ( show ) US : 12.7 million JPN : 1.5 million UK : 18.970 million GER : 10.450 million FRA : 2.750 million CAN : 2.785 million AUS : 6.127 million BRA : 275,000 SWE : 800,000 SPA : 1.005 million MEX : 260,000 SWI : 600,000 BEL : 380,000 ARG : 238,000 DEN : 600,000 AUT : 175,000 POL : 150,000 FIN : 656,319 NZ : 297,500 200 million 100 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 120 million to 199 million records Taylor Swift Garth Brooks Eminem Eagles Bruno Mars U2 Kanye West To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Taylor Swift United States 2006 -- present 2006 Country / Country pop / Pop / Pop - rock 7002158800000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 158.8 million ( show ) US : 135.5 million JPN : 2.850 million UK : 8.2 million GER : 750,000 FRA : 150,000 CAN : 4.540 million AUS : 5.425 million ITA : 235,000 BRA : 170,000 SWE : 180,000 MEX : 450,000 NZ : 367,500 170 million Garth Brooks United States 1989 -- present 1989 Country 7002146000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 156 million ( show ) US : 149.4 million UK : 520,000 CAN : 5.730 million AUS : 280,000 IRE : 120,000 160 million Eminem United States 1996 -- present 1999 Hip - hop 7002132000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 132 million ( show ) US : 86.1 million JPN : 2.9 million UK : 21.425 million GER : 3.450 million FRA : 3.170 million CAN : 3.770 million AUS : 5.702 million ITA : 490,000 BRA : 200,000 SWE : 810,000 SPA : 290,000 MEX : 365,000 SWI : 805,000 BEL : 475,000 DEN : 556,000 AUT : 325,000 POL : 250,000 FIN : 124,547 IRE : 285,000 NZ : 562,500 155 million Eagles United States 1971 -- 1980 , 1994 -- present 1972 Rock 7002129190000099999 ♠ Total available certified units : 129.2 million ( show ) US : 108.9 million JPN : 600,000 UK : 7.635 million GER : 925,000 FRA : 2.040 million CAN : 4.2 million AUS : 3.395 million SWE : 140,000 SPA : 500,000 SWI : 290,000 DEN : 185,000 FIN : 124,749 NZ : 352,500 150 million U2 Ireland 1976 -- present 1980 Rock 7002106700000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 106.7 million ( show ) US : 53.1 million JPN : 1.450 million UK : 18.620 million GER : 5.125 million FRA : 5.025 million CAN : 7.115 million AUS : 4.412 million ITA : 780,000 BRA : 2.675 million SWE : 515,000 SPA : 2.275 million MEX : 835,000 SWI : 696,000 BEL : 725,000 ARG : 806,000 DEN : 473,000 AUT : 515,000 POL : 360,000 FIN : 235,460 IRE : 316,000 NZ : 765,000 150 million Billy Joel United States 1964 -- present 1971 Pop / Rock 7002102600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 102.6 million ( show ) US : 87.950 million JPN : 2 million UK : 5.655 million GER : 1.250 million FRA : 925,000 CAN : 3.275 million AUS : 1.267 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 162,500 150 million Phil Collins United Kingdom 1980 -- 2011 , 2015 -- present 1981 Rock / Progressive rock / Adult contemporary 7001878000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 87.8 million ( show ) US : 39.850 million JPN : 800,000 UK : 15.250 million GER : 13.8 million FRA : 6.410 million CAN : 3.375 million AUS : 1.522 BRA : 1.370 million SWE : 245,000 SPA : 2.150 million SWI : 973,000 BEL : 305,000 ARG : 1.044 million AUT : 440,000 FIN : 182,581 NZ : 122,500 150 million Aerosmith United States 1970 -- present 1973 Hard rock 7001847000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 84.7 million ( show ) US : 70.250 million JPN : 2.7 million UK : 3.230 million GER : 2 million FRA : 225,000 CAN : 3.950 million AUS : 225,000 ITA : 100,000 BRA : 600,000 SWE : 260,000 SPA : 200,000 MEX : 230,000 SWI : 145,000 ARG : 338,000 AUT : 125,000 POL : 100,000 FIN : 101,722 150 million Frank Sinatra United States 1935 -- 1995 1939 Pop / Swing 7001373009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 37.3 million ( show ) US : 28.2 million UK : 5.445 million GER : 1 million FRA : 600,000 CAN : 650,000 AUS : 245,000 BRA : 350,000 SWE : 130,000 SPA : 500,000 ARG : 188,000 150 million Barbra Streisand United States 1960 -- present 1963 Pop / Adult contemporary 7001974000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 97.4 million ( show ) US : 82.450 million UK : 5.765 million GER : 750,000 FRA : 3.150 million CAN : 2.650 million AUS : 2.047 million SWE : 120,000 SPA : 150,000 FIN : 186,501 NZ : 137,500 145 million Bruno Mars United States 2004 -- present Pop rock / R&B 7002120600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 120.6 million ( show ) US : 86.5 million JPN : 1.1 million UK : 13.3 million GER : 3.4 million FRA : 1.850 million CAN : 5.240 million AUS : 4.690 million ITA : 685,000 SWE : 440,000 SPA : 470,000 MEX : 780,000 SWI : 405,000 BEL : 345,000 DEN : 365,000 AUT : 180,000 NZ : 532,500 PHL : 330,000 130 million Kanye West United States 1996 -- present Hip - hop / Electronic / Pop rock 7002102600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 102.6 million ( show ) US : 87.750 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 10.480 million GER : 300,000 CAN : 1.180 million AUS : 2.135 million ITA : 135,000 SWE : 160,000 DEN : 404,000 121 million Bruce Springsteen United States 1972 -- present 1973 Rock 7002101500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 101.5 million ( show ) US : 76.150 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 7.145 million GER : 4.325 million FRA : 1.887 million CAN : 3.2 million AUS : 3.362 million ITA : 575,000 BRA : 100,000 SWE : 810,000 SPA : 1.730 million SWI : 400,000 DEN : 155,000 AUT : 290,000 FIN : 449,800 IRE : 189,500 NZ : 375,000 120 million Bee Gees United Kingdom Australia 1963 -- 2003 2009 -- 2012 1963 Pop / Disco 7001673000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 67.3 million ( show ) US : 41.5 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 9.065 million GER : 6.675 million FRA : 3.4 million CAN : 3.215 million AUS : 1.187 million BRA : 350,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 415,000 ARG : 188,000 AUT : 125,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 380,000 120 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 100 million to 119 million records Justin Bieber Katy Perry Adele Lady Gaga Metallica Jay Z Bon Jovi To ensure the high level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Lady Gaga United States 2005 -- present 2008 Pop / Dance / Electronic 7001992000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 99.2 million ( show ) US : 68.5 million JPN : 5.4 million UK : 10.985 million GER : 2.9 million FRA : 1.58 million CAN : 2.4 million AUS : 2.890 million ITA : 815,000 BRA : 470,000 SWE : 680,000 SPA : 410,000 MEX : 390,000 SWI : 445,000 BEL : 270,000 DEN : 340,000 AUT : 182,500 POL : 130,000 IRE : 165,000 NZ : 277,500 114 million Metallica United States 1981 -- present Heavy metal / Thrash metal 7001943000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 94.3 million ( show ) US : 73.3 million JPN : 900,000 UK : 3.335 million GER : 3.525 million FRA : 940,000 CAN : 3.805 million AUS : 2.637 million ITA : 180,000 BRA : 380,000 SWE : 675,000 SPA : 420,000 MEX : 430,000 SWI : 560,000 BEL : 335,000 DEN : 180,000 ARG : 874,000 AUT : 340,000 POL : 735,000 FIN : 530,676 NZ : 315,000 110 million Justin Bieber Canada United States 2008 -- present 2009 Pop / Teen pop , Dance pop 7002128690000099999 ♠ Total available certified units : 128.7 million ( show ) US : 86.5 million JPN : 750,000 UK : 16.285 million GER : 3.1 million FRA : 1.2 CAN : 4.820 million AUS : 4.375 million ITA : 1.795 million BRA : 810,000 SWE : 1.820 million SPA : 880,000 MEX : 2.910 million BEL : 450,000 DEN : 1.985 million POL : 370,000 AUT : 110,000 NZ : 615,000 100 million Katy Perry United States 2001 -- present 2008 Pop 7002128300000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 128.3 million ( show ) US : 97.5 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 11.950 million GER : 2.750 million FRA : 775,000 CAN : 5.8 million AUS : 5.090 million ITA : 780,000 BRA : 625,000 SWE : 520,000 SPA : 180,000 MEX : 900,000 SWI : 160,000 BEL : 135,000 DEN : 235,000 AUT : 247,500 NZ : 360,000 100 million Adele United Kingdom 2006 -- present 2008 Pop , soul 7002104600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 104.6 million ( show ) US : 61 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 20.550 million GER : 4.7 million CAN : 6.040 million AUS : 3.955 million ITA : 1.545 million BRA : 1.310 million SWE : 240,000 SPA : 800,000 MEX : 1.490 million SWI : 510,000 BEL : 795,000 DEN : 597,500 POL : 300,000 FIN : 151,639 NZ : 577,500 100 million Jay Z United States 1996 -- present Hip - hop 7001966000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 96.6 million ( show ) US : 81.2 million JPN : 1.050 million UK : 9.320 million GER : 1.550 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1.6 million AUS : 1.260 ITA : 180,000 SWE : 130,000 100 million Bon Jovi United States 1983 -- present Hard rock / Glam metal 7001838000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 83.8 million ( show ) US : 49.9 million JPN : 4.400 million UK : 9.290 million GER : 5.650 million FRA : 825,000 CAN : 4.735 million AUS : 3.030 million ITA : 110,000 BRA : 435,000 SWE : 365,000 SPA : 1.620 million MEX : 250,000 SWI : 1.275 million AUT : 725,000 BEL : 165,000 ARG : 358,000 POL : 110,000 FIN : 422,500 NZ : 210,000 100 million Lil Wayne United States 1996 -- present 1999 Hip - hop 7001799000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 79.9 million ( show ) US : 77.7 million UK : 1.460 million CAN : 280,000 AUS : 525,000 100 million Linkin Park United States 1996 -- present 2000 Alternative rock / Nu metal / Rap rock 7001790000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 79 million ( show ) US : 58.6 million JPN : 1.550 million UK : 6.005 million GER : 5.850 million FRA : 1.025 CAN : 1.330 million AUS : 1.485 million ITA : 440,000 BRA : 595,000 SWE : 165,000 SPA : 175,000 MEX : 225,000 SWI : 425,000 BEL : 140,000 DEN : 175,000 AUT : 252,500 POL : 220,000 FIN : 120,469 NZ : 252,500 100 million Beyoncé United States 1997 -- present 2002 R&B / Pop 7001786009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 78.6 million ( show ) US : 54.150 million JPN : 1.7 million UK : 13.685 million GER : 1.550 million FRA : 560,000 CAN : 1.395 million AUS : 2.905 million ITA : 260,000 BRA : 390,000 SPA : 1.010 million MEX : 110,000 SWI : 165,000 BEL : 115,000 DEN : 312,500 POL : 100,000 NZ : 210,000 100 million Britney Spears United States 1998 -- present 1998 Pop / Dance / Dance - pop 7001785000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 78.5 million ( show ) US : 44.2 million JPN : 2.1 million UK : 10.150 million GER : 5.050 million FRA : 3.732 million CAN : 3.680 million AUS : 3.130 million ITA : 175,000 BRA : 380,000 SWE : 1.010 million SPA : 990,000 MEX : 1.175 million SWI : 485,000 AUT : 365,000 BEL : 935,000 ARG : 248,000 DEN : 187,500 POL : 210,000 FIN : 143,627 NZ : 240,000 100 million Rod Stewart United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1969 Rock / Pop 7001778000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 77.8 million ( show ) US : 43.650 million JPN : 450,000 UK : 18.330 million GER : 3.8 million FRA : 1.8 million CAN : 4.055 million AUS : 2.610 million BRA : 980,000 SWE : 440,000 SPA : 290,000 SWI : 100,000 ARG : 524,000 AUT : 100,000 POL : 220,000 IRE : 195,000 NZ : 280,000 100 million Fleetwood Mac United Kingdom United States 1967 -- present 1968 Rock / Pop 7001761009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 76.1 million ( show ) US : 51.250 million UK : 13.585 million GER : 3.5 million FRA : 800,000 AUS : 2.767 million CAN : 2.950 million SPA : 300,000 SWI : 100,000 BEL : 100,000 NZ : 572,500 100 million Guns N ' Roses United States 1985 -- present Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001738000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 73.8 million ( show ) US : 48.5 million JPN : 1.7 million UK : 5.850 million GER : 4.1 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 3.520 million AUS : 2.410 ITA : 685,000 BRA : 1.9 million SWE : 485,000 SPA : 450,000 MEX : 760,000 SWI : 365,000 BEL : 165,000 ARG : 1.248 million AUT : 365,000 IRE : 105,000 NZ : 270,000 100 million George Strait United States 1981 -- present 1984 Country 7001728000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 72.8 million ( show ) US : 72.150 million CAN : 705,000 100 million Backstreet Boys United States 1993 -- present 1995 Pop 7001720000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 72 million ( show ) US : 41.5 million JPN : 5.4 million UK : 4.875 million GER : 7 million FRA : 325,000 CAN : 3.430 million AUS : 1.4 million BRA : 1.625 million SWE : 655,000 SPA : 1.850 million MEX : 1.475 million SWI : 415,000 BEL : 425,000 ARG : 740,000 AUT : 325,000 POL : 300,000 FIN : 171,390 NZ : 132,500 100 million Neil Diamond United States 1966 -- present 1966 Pop / Rock 7001683000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 68.3 million ( show ) US : 55.9 million UK : 7.130 million GER : 1 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1.725 million AUS : 1.945 million SPA : 100,000 NZ : 127,500 100 million Prince United States 1976 -- 2016 1978 Funk / R&B / Pop / Soul / Rock 7001642000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.2 million ( show ) US : 48.950 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 7.045 million GER : 2.4 million FRA : 2.110 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 1.120 SWE : 100,000 SPA : 700,000 SWI : 250,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 177,500 100 million Kenny Rogers United States 1958 -- present Country / Pop 7001601000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 61.4 million ( show ) US : 54.050 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 2.520 million CAN : 4.6 million AUS : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million Paul McCartney United Kingdom 1960 -- present 1970 Rock 7001606000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 60.6 million ( show ) US : 41.450 million JPN : 500,000 UK : 12.365 million GER : 1.525 million FRA : 1.305 million CAN : 1.955 million AUS : 465,000 SWE : 210,000 SPA : 640,000 DEN : 210,000 100 million Janet Jackson United States 1982 -- present 1982 R&B / Pop 7001521000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 52.1 million ( show ) US : 39.750 million JPN : 1.6 million UK : 4.760 million GER : 1.4 million FRA : 1.475 million CAN : 1.460 million AUS : 1.155 SWE : 105,000 SPA : 150,000 SWI : 170,000 BEL : 125,000 100 million Julio Iglesias Spain 1968 -- present 1968 Latin 7001510000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 51 million ( show ) US : 11 million JPN : 800,000 UK : 1.620 million GER : 250,000 FRA : 6.1 million CAN : 1.5 million AUS : 540,000 ITA : 400,000 NLD : 950,000 BRA : 12.475 million SWE : 290,000 SPA : 8.7 million MEX : 2.975 million BEL : 125,000 ARG : 3.220 million FIN : 131,636 100 million Chicago United States 1967 -- present 1969 Rock / Pop 7001483000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 48.3 million ( show ) US : 44.150 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 1.490 million GER : 250,000 FRA : 100,000 CAN : 1.865 million SPA : 100,000 100 million The Carpenters United States 1969 -- 1983 1969 Pop 7001460000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 46 million ( show ) US : 34.6 million JPN : 2.9 million UK : 7.950 million GER : 250,000 CAN : 275,000 BRA : 100,000 100 million Bob Dylan United States 1959 -- present 1963 Folk / Rock 7001451000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 45.1 million ( show ) US : 35.6 million UK : 5.825 million GER : 625,000 FRA : 800,000 CAN : 1.5 million AUS : 480,000 SWI : 175,000 NZ : 105,000 100 million Dire Straits United Kingdom 1977 -- 1995 1978 Rock 7001447000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 44.7 million ( show ) US : 15.5 million UK : 11.1 million GER : 3.750 million FRA : 5.3 million CAN : 2.575 million AUS : 2.190 million ITA : 385,000 BRA : 175,000 SWE : 360,000 SPA : 1.380 million SWI : 1 million BEL : 100,000 AUT : 300,000 FIN : 471,530 NZ : 155,000 100 million Bryan Adams Canada 1979 -- present 1979 Rock 7001445000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 44.5 million ( show ) US : 21 million JPN : 600,000 UK : 8.675 million GER : 3.850 million FRA : 650,000 CAN : 5.120 million AUS : 2.010 million BRA : 100,000 SWE : 440,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 805,000 BEL : 250,000 AUT : 375,000 FIN : 183,444 100 million Def Leppard United Kingdom 1977 -- present 1979 Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001418009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 41.8 million ( show ) US : 35.650 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 1.960 million FRA : 200,000 CAN : 2.995 million AUS : 385,000 SWE : 150,000 MEX : 200,000 SWI : 125,000 100 million Cher United States 1964 -- present 1965 Pop / Rock / Dance / Folk 7001405000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 40.5 million ( show ) US : 21.9 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 6.450 million GER : 4.175 million FRA : 1.525 million CAN : 1.340 million AUS : 1.530 million ITA : 300,000 BRA : 125,000 SWE : 850,000 SPA : 600,000 MEX : 200,000 SWI : 295,000 BEL : 275,000 ARG : 106,000 DEN : 300,000 AUT : 250,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 150,000 100 million Lionel Richie United States 1968 -- present 1981 Pop / R&B 7001404000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 40.4 million ( show ) US : 28.650 million UK : 6.355 million GER : 1.050 million FRA : 1.4 million CAN : 2.380 million AUS : 260,000 BRA : 100,000 SPA : 150,000 SWI : 145,000 100 million Genesis United Kingdom 1967 -- 1999 2006 -- present 1969 Progressive rock / Pop rock 7001399000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 39.9 million ( show ) US : 21.650 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 7.325 million GER : 5.875 million FRA : 3.460 million CAN : 805,000 SWE : 100,000 SPA : 250,000 SWI : 400,000 100 million James Taylor United States 1968 -- present 1970 Rock / Pop 7001355000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 35.5 million ( show ) US : 34.650 million UK : 655,000 CAN : 100,000 AUS : 100,000 100 million Olivia Newton - John Australia 1966 -- present 1966 Pop 7001346000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 34.6 million ( show ) US : 27 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 3.950 million GER : 250,000 CAN : 3.025 million AUS : 310,000 100 million Stevie Wonder United States 1961 -- present 1962 Funk / R&B / Soul 7001346000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 34.6 million ( show ) US : 21.650 million JPN : 1.050 million UK : 8.285 million GER : 500,000 FRA : 1.4 million CAN : 1.550 million SPA : 250,000 100 million Tina Turner United States 1955 -- present Rock / Pop 7001328009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 32.8 million ( show ) US : 12.7 million UK : 8.145 million GER : 6.050 million FRA : 1.135 million CAN : 1.560 million AUS : 480,000 SWE : 330,000 SPA : 700,000 SWI : 565,000 BEL : 190,000 AUT : 630,000 POL : 120,000 FIN : 241,954 100 million Linda Ronstadt United States 1967 -- present 1968 Rock / Folk / Country 7001325000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 32.5 million ( show ) US : 31.5 million UK : 435,000 FRA : 100,000 CAN : 500,000 100 million Donna Summer United States 1968 -- 2012 Pop / Disco / R&B 7001308000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 30.8 million ( show ) US : 24.5 million UK : 3.735 million FRA : 900,000 CAN : 1.550 million BRA : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million The Beach Boys United States 1961 -- present 1962 Rock / Pop / Surf Rock 7001305000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 30.5 million ( show ) US : 25.6 million UK : 3.410 million GER : 250,000 FRA : 400,000 CAN : 100,000 AUS : 492,500 SPA : 250,000 100 million David Bowie United Kingdom 1962 -- 2016 1967 Art rock / Glam rock / Pop 7001299000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 29.9 million ( show ) US : 11.7 million JPN : 200,000 UK : 11.745 million GER : 525,000 FRA : 2.380 million CAN : 2.215 million AUS : 565,000 ITA : 320,000 SPA : 170,000 NZ : 142,500 100 million The Who United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1965 Rock / Hard rock 7001269000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 26.9 million ( show ) US : 22.150 million UK : 3.905 million FRA : 300,000 CAN : 425,000 ITA : 125,000 100 million Barry White United States 1972 -- 2003 1973 R&B / Soul 7001217000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 21.7 million ( show ) US : 16.5 million UK : 3.665 million FRA : 1.1 million CAN : 150,000 SPA : 200,000 BEL : 150,000 100 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 80 million to 99 million records B'z Shania Twain Coldplay Flo Rida Nicki Minaj Ayumi Hamasaki Van Halen To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Shania Twain Canada 1993 -- present Country pop 7001756009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 75.6 million ( show ) US : 54.5 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 6.795 million GER : 1.750 million FRA : 975,000 CAN : 6.8 million AUS : 2.360 million BRA : 475,000 SWE : 330,000 SPA : 100,000 MEX : 100,000 SWI : 310,000 BEL : 250,000 ARG : 120,000 AUT : 115,000 NZ : 402,500 90 million Coldplay United Kingdom 1996 -- present 1999 Alternative rock , Pop rock , Pop 7001758000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 75.8 million ( show ) US : 27.6 million JPN : 750,000 UK : 23.685 million GER : 4.150 million FRA : 2.930 CAN : 3.205 million AUS : 3.655 million ITA : 2.595 million BRA : 340,000 SWE : 670,000 SPA : 1.030 million MEX : 1.890 million SWI : 510,000 BEL : 735,000 ARG : 528,000 DEN : 639,000 AUT : 197,500 POL : 220,000 IRE : 210,000 NZ : 345,000 90 million Santana United States 1966 -- present 1969 Rock 7001618000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 61.8 million ( show ) US : 47.475 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 2.980 million GER : 2.4 million FRA : 3.510 million CAN : 1.660 million AUS : 855,000 BRA : 375,000 SWE : 125,000 SPA : 450,000 MEX : 405,000 SWI : 375,000 BEL : 190,000 ARG : 158,000 AUT : 145,000 POL : 205,000 NZ : 135,000 90 million Earth , Wind & Fire United States 1969 -- present 1971 Funk / R&B / Soul 7001356000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 35.6 million ( show ) US : 31.8 million JPN : 500,000 UK : 2.525 million FRA : 500,000 CAN : 360,000 90 million Johnny Cash United States 1954 -- 2003 1956 Country / Rock and roll / Gospel 7001307000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 30.7 million ( show ) US : 25.7 million UK : 3.660 million GER : 400,000 CAN : 490,000 AUS : 522,500 90 million B'z Japan 1988 -- present Rock / Pop rock / Hard rock 7001855000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 85.5 million ( show ) JPN : 85.5 million 86 million Nicki Minaj United States 2008 -- present Hip hop , Pop 7001683000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 68.3 million ( show ) US : 55 million JPN : 350,000 UK : 6.9 million GER : 800,000 FRA : 225,000 CAN : 480,000 AUS : 2.835 million ITA : 375,000 BRA : 250,000 SWE : 400,000 SPA : 100,000 MEX : 150,000 SWI : 180,000 DEN : 130,000 NZ : 187,500 85 million R.E.M. United States 1980 -- 2011 Alternative rock 7001426000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 42.6 million ( show ) US : 21.150 million UK : 8.765 million GER : 4.275 million FRA : 1.450 million CAN : 2.650 million AUS : 1.030 ITA : 175,000 BRA : 100,000 SWE : 500,000 SPA : 1.1 million SWI : 450,000 BEL : 108,000 ARG : 158,000 DEN : 155,000 AUT : 350,000 IRE : 127,500 NZ : 105,000 85 million Flo Rida United States 2007 -- present 2007 Hip - hop , Hip house , EDM 7001698000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 69.8 million ( show ) US : 49 million JPN : 650,000 UK : 7.960 million GER : 3 million FRA : 225,000 CAN : 2.810 million AUS : 3.535 million ITA : 330,000 SWE : 780,000 SPA : 140,000 MEX : 330,000 SWI : 420,000 DEN : 205,000 AUT : 180,000 NZ : 247,500 80 million Ayumi Hamasaki Japan 1998 -- present 1998 J - pop / Pop / dance / electronic 7001643000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.3 million ( show ) JPN : 64.3 million 80 million Van Halen United States 1978 -- present 1978 Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001643000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.3 million ( show ) US : 57.8 million JPN : 1.3 million UK : 740,000 GER : 1.5 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 2.450 million BRA : 200,000 80 million Red Hot Chili Peppers United States 1983 -- present Funk rock / Alternative rock 7001578000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 57.8 million ( show ) US : 32.250 million JPN : 2.6 million UK : 9.995 million GER : 2.650 million FRA : 1.420 million CAN : 2.020 million AUS : 2.590 million ITA : 455,000 BRA : 515,000 SWE : 390,000 SPA : 640,000 MEX : 150,000 SWI : 405,000 BEL : 170,000 ARG : 406,000 DEN : 227,000 AUT : 247,500 POL : 245,000 FIN : 171,951 NZ : 285,000 80 million Foreigner United States United Kingdom 1976 -- present 1977 Rock / Hard Rock 7001496000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 49.6 million ( show ) US : 45.1 million UK : 1.300 million GER : 1.5 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 700,000 AUS : 105,000 SWI : 125,000 80 million The Doors United States 1965 -- 1973 1967 Psychedelic rock 7001469000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 46.9 million ( show ) US : 36.6 million UK : 2.040 million GER : 1.750 million FRA : 1.9 million CAN : 2.780 million AUS : 1.022 million ITA : 130,000 BRA : 100,000 SPA : 300,000 SWI : 125,000 ARG : 150,000 AUT : 100,000 80 million George Michael United Kingdom 1981 -- 2016 1984 Pop 7001457000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 45.7 million ( show ) US : 19.8 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 12.850 million GER : 2.4 million FRA : 3.217 million CAN : 1.770 million AUS : 2.205 million BRA : 350,000 SWE : 310,000 SPA : 850,000 SWI : 335,000 BEL : 215,000 ARG : 118,000 DEN : 380,000 AUT : 140,000 POL : 340,000 NZ : 140,000 80 million Reba McEntire United States 1975 -- present Country / Country Pop 7001427000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 42.7 million ( show ) US : 41.9 million CAN : 850,000 80 million Meat Loaf United States 1968 -- present 1977 Rock / Hard rock 7001415000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 41.5 million ( show ) US : 23.6 million UK : 9.665 million GER : 2.350 million CAN : 3.260 million AUS : 2.382 million SWE : 100,000 SWI : 115,000 AUT : 100,000 80 million Barry Manilow United States 1973 -- present 1973 Pop / Soft rock 7001365000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 36.5 million ( show ) US : 33.3 million UK : 2.825 million CAN : 400,000 80 million Tom Petty United States 1976 -- 2017 1977 Rock 7001346000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 34.6 million ( show ) US : 31.250 million UK : 1 million GER : 500,000 CAN : 1.7 million SWE : 200,000 80 million Johnny Hallyday France 1957 -- present 1960 Rock / Pop 7001247000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 24.7 million ( show ) FRA : 24.035 million SWI : 268,000 BEL : 430,000 80 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 75 million to 79 million records Journey The Black Eyed Peas Kenny G Usher Tupac Shakur Robbie Williams Enya To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales The Black Eyed Peas United States 1995 -- present 1998 Hip - hop / R&B / Dance 7001556000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 55.6 million ( show ) US : 29.4 million JPN : 1.250 million UK : 10.8 million GER : 2.250 million FRA : 2.650 million CAN : 2.7 million AUS : 3.270 million ITA : 365,000 BRA : 255,000 SWE : 300,000 SPA : 460,000 MEX : 390,000 SWI : 460,000 BEL : 460,000 DEN : 161,000 IRE : 135,000 NZ : 340,000 76 million Journey United States 1973 -- present Rock / Soft rock 7001620000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 62 million ( show ) US : 59.7 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 1.360 million CAN : 725,000 75 million Kenny G United States 1982 -- present 1984 Smooth jazz 7001519000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 51.9 million ( show ) US : 48.1 million JPN : 700,000 UK : 360,000 CAN : 950,000 BRA : 1.350 million SPA : 450,000 75 million Usher United States 1991 -- present R&B / Pop 7001512000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 51.2 million ( show ) US : 37.435 million JPN : 750,000 UK : 7.925 million GER : 1.150 FRA : 210,000 CAN : 1.190 million AUS : 2.112 million SWE : 105,000 SWI : 170,000 DEN : 117,500 NZ : 150,000 75 million Tupac Shakur United States 1991 -- 1996 1991 Hip hop 7001509000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 50.9 million ( show ) US : 46.2 million UK : 3.015 million GER : 500,000 CAN : 820,000 AUS : 395,000 75 million Robbie Williams United Kingdom 1990 -- present Pop rock 7001502000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 50.2 million ( show ) US : 500,000 UK : 27.350 million GER : 9.475 million FRA : 2.695 million CAN : 250,000 AUS : 2.905 million ITA : 360,000 SWE : 445,000 SPA : 440,000 MEX : 1.595 million SWI : 983,000 BEL : 600,000 ARG : 462,000 DEN : 631,500 AUT : 917,500 POL : 140,000 FIN : 235,743 IRE : 135,000 NZ : 445,000 75 million Enya Ireland 1982 -- present New - age / Celtic 7001500000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 50 million ( show ) US : 26.5 million JPN : 4.6 million UK : 5.250 million GER : 4.2 million FRA : 775,000 CAN : 1.540 million AUS : 1.505 BRA : 1.650 million SWE : 390,000 SPA : 1.760 million MEX : 125,000 SWI : 370,000 BEL : 460,000 ARG : 390,000 DEN : 100,000 AUT : 185,000 POL : 120,000 NZ : 135,000 75 million Alabama United States 1972 -- present 1980 Country / Pop rock 7001480000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 48 million ( show ) US : 46.8 million CAN : 1.2 million 75 million Nirvana United States 1987 -- 1994 1989 Grunge / Alternative rock 7001455000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 45.5 million ( show ) US : 26.5 million JPN : 1.3 million UK : 5.570 million GER : 1.250 million FRA : 2.5 million CAN : 2.970 million AUS : 1.257 ITA : 375,000 BRA : 725,000 SWE : 380,000 SPA : 450,000 MEX : 475,000 SWI : 190,000 BEL : 350,000 ARG : 522,000 AUT : 230,000 POL : 300,000 NZ : 215,000 75 million The Police United Kingdom 1977 -- 1986 2007 -- 2008 1978 Pop / Rock 7001388009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 38.8 million ( show ) US : 23.150 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 8.160 million GER : 1.775 million FRA : 3.340 million CAN : 875,000 AUS : 407,500 ITA : 100,000 BRA : 140,000 SPA : 300,000 MEX : 100,000 BEL : 115,000 ARG : 228,000 75 million Bob Marley Jamaica 1962 -- 1981 Reggae 7001389000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 38.9 million ( show ) US : 21.850 million JPN : 200,000 UK : 7.4 million GER : 1.750 million FRA : 4.735 million CAN : 600,000 AUS : 350,000 ITA : 225,000 SWE : 120,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 303,000 ARG : 376,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 427,500 75 million Kiss United States 1972 -- present Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001278000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 27.8 million ( show ) US : 26 million CAN : 1.495 million UK : 100,000 AUS : 130,000 ARG : 112,000 75 million Aretha Franklin United States 1956 -- present 1961 Soul / Jazz / Blues / R&B 7001247000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 24.7 million ( show ) US : 23.5 million UK : 840,000 FRA : 275,000 CAN : 150,000 75 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . See also List of best - selling albums List of best - selling singles List of best - selling girl groups List of highest - certified music artists in the United States Notes Jump up ^ To be on this list , artists who began charting : before 1975 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 20 % in certified units . between 1975 -- 1990 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 20 -- 64 % in certified units . ( That is 2.9 % for each additional year after 1975 ) between 1990 -- 2000 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 64 -- 70 % in certified units . ( That is 0.6 % for each additional year after 1990 ) between 2000 -- present are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 70 -- 80 % in certified units . ( That is 0.66 % for each additional year after 2000 ) ^ Jump up to : Certification systems have been established periodically throughout the past half century ; thus , certification databases are not able to cover all sales . Some ( or all ) records released and sold prior to a certification system 's establishment year may not be found within the available searchable certification databases . Year of establishment ( from largest market to smallest based on Retail Value each market generates respectively ) : United States : 1958 Japan : 1989 : United Kingdom : 1973 Germany : 1975 France : 1973 Canada : 1975 Australia : 1997 ( online certification - database has begun since 1997 . Certifications ; however , existed in Australia since the 1970s ) Italy : 2009 ( online certification - database covers certifications issued since 2009 . Certifications ; however , have existed in Italy since the 1990s ) Netherlands : 1978 Brazil : 1990 Sweden : 1987 Spain : 1979 Mexico : 1999 Switzerland : 1989 Belgium : 1997 Argentina : 1980 Denmark : 2001 ( online certifications for Denmark start from 2001 . Certifications ; however , existed in Denmark since the early 1990s ) Austria : 1990 Poland : 1995 Finland : 1971 Ireland : 2005 New Zealand : July 1978 Certified sales might sometimes be larger than actual sales , if stores order more albums than they are able to sell , due to certifications generally being determined by shipments and not actual sales . Often , however , actual sales are larger than certified sales , since record labels must pay a fee to obtain certifications . Record companies often apply for certifications only when a record reaches a multiple certification - levels , meaning certifications might not be visible in the databases for more than a short period of time after an album reached a certification level . As global music sales declined in the 2000s mostly due to CD burning and downloading from unauthorized sites , certification bodies opted to reduce their certification levels . See the changes in Certification - award - levels in the following markets : United States ( Note , U.S. certification - award - levels for singles before 1989 were : 1,000,000 for Gold and 2,000,000 for Platinum . Also , U.S. certification - awards for Shortform albums before September 1996 were : 250,000 for Gold and 500,000 for Platinum ) Japan United Kingdom Germany France Canada ( Canadian certification - award - levels for singles before February 1982 were : 75,000 for Gold and 150,000 for Platinum ) Italy Netherlands Brazil Sweden Spain Mexico Switzerland Belgium Argentina Denmark Austria : Poland Finland New Zealand : ( NZ certification levels before June 2007 were : 5,000 for Gold , 10,000 for Platinum ) ( The levels for singles were adjusted again on June 17 , 2016 from previous 7,500 for Gold , 15,000 for Platinum , to 15,000 for Gold , 30,000 for Platinum ) References Jump up ^ NEWSLINE : A Former Music Executive . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . February 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Troubles in Store . Spin Magazine . Spin Media L.L.C. February 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Debuts Album Award With Streams '' . RIAA . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music streaming numbers now count toward Canada 's Gold / Platinum certifications '' . National Music Centre . September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France Now Counts Streaming Towards Certified Sales Awards '' . musicbusinessworldwide.com . October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold and Platinum : We Found Love '' . RIAA . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Rihanna 's Best - Selling Songs & Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ Yearbook 2017 : IFPI Global Music Report 2017 ( Page 5 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bundesverband Musikindustrie : Internationales : Abb. 28 / / Umsätze aus dem europäischen Musikverkauf '' . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : The Beatles ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA : Searchable Database '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Gold Disc Certifications '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certified Awards Search '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BVMI : Gold - / Platin - Datenbank '' . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Les Certifications depuis 1973 '' ( InfoDisc : Certifications from 1973 ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` SNEP : Les Certifications '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music Canada : Gold & Platinum searchable database '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` F.I.M.I : Federazione Industria Musicale Itaiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABPD : Certificados '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld & Platina IFPI '' ( Gold & Platinum IFPI ) ( in Swedish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Sweden . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` PROMUSICAE Charts : Home > Weekly charts '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 928 -- 939 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitparade.ch : Edelmetall '' . Schweizer Hitparade . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Note that the certifications for DVDs need to be retrieved by selecting the years at `` http://hitparade.ch/awards.asp '' ^ Jump up to : `` Awards 1997 -- 2003 '' . Belgian Entertainment Association . Ultratop . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop : Goud En Platina '' . Ultratop . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` CAPIF : Discos de Oro y Platino ( albums ) '' . CAPIF . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CAPIF : Discos de Oro y Platino ( albums and DVDs ) '' . CAPIF . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer marts -- maj 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Austria : Gold & Platin '' ( in German ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Austria . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Polish certification awards 1995 -- present '' ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recorded Music New Zealand : The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Recorded Music New Zealand . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radioscope : Latest Gold / Platinum Albums '' . Radioscope . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Loebenberg , Priscilla ( February 9 , 2014 ) . `` The Fab Four came to America 50 years ago with the help of a Maryland teenager '' . Carroll County Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hotten , Russell ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Beatles at 50 : From Fab Four to fabulously wealthy '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wyman , Bill ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Did ' Thriller ' Really Sell a Hundred Million Copies '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Elvis Presley ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 913 -- 929 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 940 -- 952 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amprofon Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones 2016 '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 15 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 43 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tilastot : Kulta - ja platinalevyt '' . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bennet , Mark ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Elvis impersonator reviews his career highlights , wardrobe '' . Daily Herald of Arlington Heights . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shah , Sabir ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Pakistan is not lone target of extortion , gangster crimes '' . The News International of Pakistan . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Salo , Jackie ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Elvis Presley Quotes : 10 Things He Said To Remember The Icon On Anniversary Of His Death '' . International Business Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Michael Jackson ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc Les Certifications depuis 1973 ( singles ) '' . InfoDisc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 6th July 2009 ( Issue 1010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 13th July 2009 ( Issue 1011 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 19 / 01 / 2015 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sverige Toplistan : Sök '' . Sverige Toplistan ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Note : To retrieve the certifications , type in artist 's name in the box of `` Sök '' , and then click on `` Visa '' of the desired album / single / video ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 952 -- 966 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld og platin i august '' . IFPI Denmark . September 5 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Denmark : Søg Certificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' King of Pop ' Michael Jackson was born today '' . Geo News . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson was star the world could not ignore '' . CNN . June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson : 100 facts about the king of pop '' . The Daily Telegraph . June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Agencies , China Daily ( June 27 , 2009 ) . `` 50 facts about Michael Jackson that made him a legend '' . China Daily . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Madonna ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 210 ( Madonna ) '' ( PDF ) . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld og platin november / december / januar '' . IFPI Denmark . February 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 22 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i marts '' . IFPI Denmark . April 13 , 2006 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld & platin januar 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mandle , Chris ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna compares herself to Picasso , saying she 's going to be creative until the day she dies '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna 's Rebel Heart beats strong on latest tour '' . The Macomb Daily . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna : healthy pop star admits to ' weakness ' for sticky toffee pudding '' . The Daily Telegraph . September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Elton John ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forårets guld - og platincertificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burnham , Emily ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Elton John to play two concerts in Maine this fall '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hebditch , Jon ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sir Elton John to play Aberdeen this weekend '' . The Press and Journal of Scotland . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Jacqui ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Elton John to play at WSU 's Nutter Center '' . Dayton Daily News . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mark ( March 17 , 2013 ) . `` Elton John , songtrack to my life '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Led Zeppelin ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certifications Albums -- Année 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Albums Chart ( 10 / 11 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : ARIA Top 100 Albums -- Week Commencing 10th August 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morse , Steve ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Celebration Day ' for Led Zeppelin fans '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Jane ( September 27 , 2014 ) . `` Jimmy Page reflects on Led Zeppelin '' . The Age . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Logue , Timothy ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend : Delco man pens the real story behind Led Zeppelin 's rise '' . Delaware County Daily Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barbrick , Greg ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Music DVD / CD Review : Led Zeppelin -- Celebration Day '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Pink Floyd ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Pink Floyd to release a new album in 2014 , entitled The Endless River '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : January 1995 ( Page 6 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Stephen ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` CONCERT REVIEW : Pink Floyd music lives on with tribute band '' . The Sun Chronicle . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Royal Mail Marks 50 Years of Pink Floyd With Special Stamps '' . Newsweek . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd drummer fears for young musicians trying to break through '' . Irish Examiner . September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iconic Pink Floyd Designer Exhibiting His Work In Ely '' . Ely Standard . May 4 , 2010 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Rihanna ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones 2017 '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i marts ( 31 / 03 / 2008 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i september '' . IFPI Denmark . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certificeringer marts -- maj 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts : Certtifications - Awards '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Rebecca ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Rihanna and the other female stars living the life dating billionaires '' . News.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , Ronnie ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Barbados ' precious stone '' . Barbados Today . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Mariah Carey ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 ( Million Seller List by Year ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 ( Mariah Carey ) '' ( PDF ) . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 4 ( UGE 51 - 2016 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jay ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mariah Carey will return to Vegas for a handful of Christmastime concerts '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Julie , Jackson ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey to hold solo concert in October '' . The Korea Herald . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reporter , AFP ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Mariah Carey asks fans to pray for sick husband '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Brad ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` For Mariah Carey , the angel is in the details '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Proefrock , Stacia . `` Allmusic : Celine Dion ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 1995 年 ( 1995 million - seller list ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( July 2010 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 47 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 22 - 2008 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion to launch fashion line with The Bugatti Group '' . Kingston Whig - Standard . February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ptashnick , Victoria ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Céline Dion joins Twitter '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sandhu , Sukhdev ( February 2 , 2008 ) . `` Learning to love Celine Dion '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barhat , Vikram Singh ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` Celine Dion : Taking Chances tour to heights '' . Gulf News . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : AC / DC ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Francois ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Review : AC / DC thrill Vancouver fans at BC Place '' . The Vancouver Sun . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , Ronan ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' AC / DC 's music is the best antidepressant there is ' '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Giants AC / DC Accept The Inevitable And Agree To Make Their Music Available On iTunes '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Martin ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` MSPs tell AC / DC ... We Salute You '' . The Herald of Glasgow . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Whitney Houston ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( January 2014 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Albums -- Week Commencing 27th February 2012 Issue No. 1148 ( for single `` I Will Always Love You '' and albums `` The Bodyguard Soundtrack '' , `` Whitney Houston '' ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Locker , Melissa ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Whitney Houston : 10 Career - Defining Moments '' . Time . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levine , Barry ( January 24 , 2015 ) . `` Four more who should be in the Hall of Fame '' . The Albany Herald . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thurston , Michael ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` Music world stunned at Whitney Houston 's death '' . The Australian . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ France - Presse , Agence ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` Music world stunned at death of Whitney Houston , 48 '' . Hürriyet Daily News . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Queen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 2004 年 ( 2004 Million Seller List ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Castle , Jill ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` The 20 Queen facts you can share with your mates at the Hydro '' . The Herald of Glasgow . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tolhurst , Alain ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Queen guitarist reveals Sidmouth inspiration '' . Sidmouth Herald . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fox , Emily ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Queen rocker Brian May reveals he is undergoing ' urgent tests ' for cancer '' . Daily Express . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Rolling Stones ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawless , Jill ; Dixon , Louise ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` Rolling Stones celebrate 50 years on stage '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCall , Tris ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Maybe the last time ? Rolling Stones set to rock Newark , London '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : ABBA ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : July 2001 ( Gold Album - Page 8 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold and Platinum Database ( February 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( September 8 , 1979 ) . ABBA 's Australian certifications at Billboard Magazine ( September 8 , 1979 issue ) . Billboard . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 25 - 2004 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2008 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2011 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts : Top 40 Albums ( 28 April 2014 ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts : Top 40 Albums ( 19 March 2007 ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trauth , Beti ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` ABBA music enhances ' Mamma Mia ! ' at the Van Duzer '' . Times - Standard . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lengel , Kerry ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Mamma Mia ! ' at ASU Gammage '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Murray , Philip ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` ABBA Gold and the UK Bee Gees tribute acts to perform in Skegness '' . Skegness Standard Newspaper . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA , Hollies , Genesis enter Rock Hall in NYC bash '' . The Register Citizen Newspaper . March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Taylor Swift ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wirt , John ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Superstar Taylor Swift encores in Tiger Stadium '' . The Advocate of Louisiana . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Garth Brooks ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kelly ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Garth Brooks is back in Raleigh , doing 3 shows at PNC '' . The News & Observer . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Eminem ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 17 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McAloon , Jonathan ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Letter from Eminem to Tupac 's mother discovered '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Eagles ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA : ARIA Albums Chart ( 19 / 01 / 2015 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michelle , Mitchell ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Eagles tribute band comes to the Wayne '' . The Daily Progress . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : U2 ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 22 / 09 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . November 2 , 2005 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marlowe , Lara ( June 7 , 2015 ) . `` Former U2 manager Paul McGuinness : Cracking crime on the Côte d'Azur '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Billy Joel ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( May 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gierer , Larry ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Billy Joel to perform in Atlanta Braves ' new stadium '' . Ledger - Enquirer . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Phil Collins ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Payne , Ed ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Phil Collins ' fans rejoice : Artist announces end of retirement '' . CNN . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Aerosmith ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 ARIA Singes Chart : Annual Charts '' . ARIA . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leimkuehler , Matthew ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Aerosmith frontman Steven Tyler to perform at Iowa State Fair '' . The Des Moines Register . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Frank Sinatra ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Kathaleen ( December 6 , 2015 ) . `` New Mexico musicians weigh in on performing with Frank Sinatra '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Barbra Streisand ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gornall , Jonathan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Newsmaker : Barbra Streisand '' . The National of Abu Dhabi . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Bruno Mars ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 12 - 2011 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PARI : List of PARI Gold , Platinum & Diamond Awardees '' . Philippine Association of the Record Industry . PARI . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ VanValkenburgh , Nicky ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE PREVIEW : ' Rio 2 ' flies high '' . The Greenville News . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Kanye West ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold / Platinum database : October 2010 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Track Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Chris ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` Bluesfest review : Twenty minutes late , Kanye West still captures massive crowd '' . Ottawa Citizen . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Bruce Springsteen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i april '' . IFPI Denmark . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kidd , James ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Book review : with Born to Run , Bruce Springsteen charts a true artist 's life '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Colin Larkin ( 27 May 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music . Omnibus Press . p. 448 . Jump up ^ Maury Dean ( 2003 ) . Rock ' N ' Roll Gold Rush . Algora Publishing . p. 283 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Bee Gees ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : July 1996 ( Page 5 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : November 1996 ( Page 4 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McKay , Hollie ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Barry Gibb honors brothers at sold out show , reveals Bee Gees ' best song '' . Fox News . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Lady Gaga ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barr , Gordon ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Lady Gaga : We chart her career as she prepares for Metro Radio Arena concert '' . Evening Chronicle . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Metallica ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 07 / 10 / 2013 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pashelka , Curtis ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Shark Hosting ' Metallica Night ' at SAP Center '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Collar , Matt . `` Allmusic : Justin Bieber ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber disappoints with ' hungover ' performance at V Festival '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Katy Perry ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ M. Andrews , Travis ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Katy Perry is the first judge named for new ' American Idol ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , Davis . `` Allmusic : Adele ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Felicity ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Adele Australian tour 2017 : Grammy winner to sing at Brisbane 's Gabba in March '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Jay - Z ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pagliery , Jose ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Jay - Z to buy music streaming Aspiro for $56 million '' . CNN . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bon Jovi ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 28th January 2008 ( Issue 935 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi 's Australian certifications sent by ARIA team '' . ARIA . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mathew ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Jon Bon Jovi recalls the early days and how Livin ' on a Prayer changed everything '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Lil Wayne ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levy , Piet ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Lil Wayne , Jeezy coming to UW - Milwaukee Panther Arena June 12 '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Linkin Park ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Phil ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Chester Bennington : Lead singer of Linkin Park remembered '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Beyonce ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Company : Beyoncé '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE : Conciones Top 20 Anual 2007 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 05 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 04 - 2010 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schroats , Stephen ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Beyoncé considers investing in a rising NBA team , report says '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Britney Spears ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i april ( 01 / 05 / 2008 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 6 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Hunter ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Finally , our elected officials are giving Britney Spears the respect she deserves '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Rod Stewart ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Andy ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Rod Stewart speaks exclusively ahead of Shrewsbury show '' . Shropshire Star . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Fleetwood Mac ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Charts : 29 June 2003 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . June 29 , 2003 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Charts : 16 September 2013 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Urban , Kelly ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Fleetwood Mac tribute band TUSK to rock Arcadia '' . The Tribune - Democrat . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Guns N ' Roses ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ P. Mayor , Jeffrey ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Guns N ' Roses announces August concert in Seattle '' . The News Tribune . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : George Strait ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hammontree , John ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Who won the Ultimate Southern Music Bracket ? '' . The Birmingham News . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Backstreet Boys ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 2001 年 ( 2001 Million Seller List ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Remling , Amanda ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` Backstreet ? s Back : Kevin Re-Joins The Backstreet Boys Permanently , Eighth Album In The Future '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Neil Diamond ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Michael ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Heider show will mine Neil Diamond hits '' . La Crosse Tribune . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Prince ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fong , Michelle ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Prince 's memorable performances in Dayton '' . Dayton Daily News . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Vinopal & Erlewine , David & Stephen . `` Allmusic : Kenny Rogers ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( June 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2004 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Valcourt , Keith ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Kenny Rogers : ' Christmas Once Again ' '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Paul McCartney ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Sweden : Certifications for 1987 -- 1998 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer ( page 75 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Chirs ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Paul McCartney wanted a free Brooklyn Nets T - shirt more than anything '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Janet Jackson ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lindquist , David ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Janet Jackson will make good on postponed Indy date '' . The Indianapolis Star . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Julio Iglesias ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Julio Iglesias 30th Anniversary . Billboard . May 27 , 2000 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Report , Staff ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` Julio Iglesias to perform in Sharjah '' . Gulf News . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Chicago ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital downloads : February 2014 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flans , Robyn ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Newbury Park drummer will rejoin Chicago for one big night '' . Ventura County Star . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Carpenters ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold and Platinum database ( June 2009 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nice , Bill ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sugar High Theatricals presents ' An Evening with The Carpenters ' '' . The Register - Mail . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bob Dylan ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Is Bob Dylan 's painting taken from a photo of Blackpool 's North Pier ? '' . Blackpool Gazette . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Dire Straits ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greaves , Amanda ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Dire Straits tribute turns back the clock '' . The Ilkley Gazette . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bryan Adams ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian certifications for Bryan Adams '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Szaroleta , Tom ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Saturday 's Bryan Adams concert postponed by Irma '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Def Leppard ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report Issue # 850 '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . June 19 , 2006 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mulson , Jen ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Trifecta of rock -- Def Leppard , Poison , Tesla -- to play Colorado Springs '' . The Gazette of Colorado Springs . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Cher ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cher 's Australia 's certifications sent by ARIA team '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard magazine : Believe in the Album ( Issue January 22 , 2000 page 2 ) '' . Billboard . January 22 , 2000 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official IFPI email -- Greatest Hits 1999 certification '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966 -- 2006 '' ( PDF ) . RIANZ . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chareunsy , Don ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Fabulous and incomparable Cher to headline at The Park Theater at Monte Carlo '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Lionel Richie ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 05 / 05 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Travis ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' All the hits ... all night long ! ' : Lionel Richie kicks off Mid-State Fair '' . The Tribune of San Luis Obispo . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Genesis ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Book excerpt : Phil Collins ' `` Not Dead Yet '' `` . CBS News . October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : James Taylor ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patinkin , Mark ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` James Taylor 's quiet perseverance is pitch perfect '' . The Providence Journal . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Olivia Newton - John ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Newton - John 's new battle with cancer 25 years after initial diagnosis '' . The Australian . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Stevie Wonder ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kinney , Michael ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Never - ending wonder : Stevie Wonder confirms suspicions that he 's still amazing '' . The Norman Transcript . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Allmusic : Tina Turner ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ben , Cosgrove ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tina Turner : Unpublished Photos of the Queen of Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Time . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Linda Ronstadt ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Millican , Jim ( November 23 , 2013 ) . `` Rock ' n ' roll memories '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Donna Summer ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( July 23 , 2008 ) . `` Disco Queen Donna Summer re-Embraces the Spotlight '' . Reading Eagle . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Allmusic : The Beach Boys ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Chris ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Remember when - The Beach Boys played Cawley Stadium '' . The Sun of Lowell . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : David Bowie ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gill , Andy ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Rebel , rebel : We profile singing legend David Bowie '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eder & Erlewine , Bruce & Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Who ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Huba , Nicholas ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Who to play Boardwalk Hall July 22 '' . The Press of Atlantic City . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hogen , Ed . `` Allmusic : Barry White ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connor , Tracy ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Barry White dies at 58 while waiting for kidney transplant in 2003 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Shania Twain ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Gavin ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Shania Twain sets North Little Rock concert '' . Arkansas Democrat - Gazette . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Coldplay ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alpad , Christina ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` The ' adventure of a lifetime ' for Coldplay fans '' . The Manila Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Santana ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wolgamott , L. Kent ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Santana coming to Lincoln '' . Lincoln Journal Star . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Earth , Wind & Fire ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( May 2011 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( April 2013 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Earth , Wind & Fire founder Maurice White dead at 74 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Johnny Cash ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Belanger , Joe ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tribute artist walks the line as legendary Johnny Cash '' . The London Free Press . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eremenko , Alexey . `` Allmusic : B'z ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yang , Jeff ( September 8 , 2005 ) . `` ASIAN POP Hello Kitty ! Rock ! Rock ! '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Nicki Minaj ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ofole - Prince , Samantha ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Nicki Minaj signs up as spokesperson and investor for Moscato wine '' . CaribPress . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : R.E.M. ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Mike ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Mills : A Rock Star of Fantasy Sports '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : Flo Rida ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Chuck ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Society Confidential : Flo Rida hits Sabrage '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eremenko , Alexey . `` Allmusic : Ayumi Hamasaki ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( オリコン ) 浜崎 あゆみ 、 ソロ 初 の 総 売上 5000 万 枚 超え 「 ファン の みんなの 記録 」 ( First solo artist with over 50 million in sales ) '' . Oricon . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 15 年間 ありがとう ! 「 ケータイ ランキング 」 発表 ! アーティスト 1 位 は EXILE 、 楽曲 は GReeeeN 「 キセキ 」 ~ レコチョク の ケータイ 向け 「 着うた ( R ) 」 「 着うた フル ( R ) 」 サービス 12 / 15 終了 '' . Oricon . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Van Halen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Stacey ( February 7 , 2015 ) . `` Van Halen to Release First Concert Album With David Lee Roth '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Allmusic : Red Hot Chili Peppers ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer : Page 15 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jimmy , Blake ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Red Hot Chili Peppers make a triumphant return to Reading and Leeds festival '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Allmusic : Foreigner ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kridlin , Jay ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Foreigner still shines at 40 at Tampa 's MidFlorida Credit Union Amphitheatre '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : The Doors ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( May 12 , 2010 ) . `` ' When You 're Strange ' looks at Doors , Morrison with fresh sensibility , footage '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Deming , Mark . `` Allmusic : George Michael ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( UGE 20 - 2004 '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Singer George Michael dies at age 53 '' . The New Zealand Herald . December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Reba McEntire ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boesveld , Sarah ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Three decades after her first hit , Reba McEntire -- now 60 -- is poised for a comeback '' . National Post . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Meat Loaf ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Matt ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Meat Loaf collapses onstage in Canada '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Barry Manilow ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tuccio - Koonz , Linda ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Barry Manilow to perform at Foxwoods '' . Connecticut Post . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Tom Petty ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Italie , Hillel ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Petty , down - to - earth rock superstar , dies at 66 '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Johnny Hallyday ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Vidéos -- Année 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Legendary French Singer Johnny Hallyday Is Being Treated for Cancer '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : The Black Eyed Peas ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 31 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apl. De. Ap completes roster of artists at ' MTV Music Evolution 2015 ' '' . The Manila Times . May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Journey ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( September 2010 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bolle , Kali ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Still believin ' '' . The Tullahoma News . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yanow , Scott . `` Allmusic : Kenny G ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shields , Mel ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` How would you define his music ? Kenny G simply says it 's jazz . '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , Lynda . `` Allmusic : Usher ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Souza , Alison ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` R&B star Usher toughens up to play boxer Sugar Ray Leonard in Hands Of Stone '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephan . `` Allmusic : 2 Pac ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowman , Rob ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Seeing rapper Tupac Shakur 's life , death and music through ' All Eyez ' biopic '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Robbie Williams ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Staffordshire Day : The county 's most famous homegrown talent '' . Express & Star . May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Enya ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 05 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2010 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roper , Kerri - Ann ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Enya on rich list despite lack of hits '' . Irish Examiner . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Alabama ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Max B ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Alabama brings ' southern pride ' to Deadwood '' . Rapid City Journal . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Nirvana ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : 7th November 2011 ( Issue No. 1132 ) '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Brian ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Nirvana tribute night in castlebar venue '' . The Connaught Telegraph . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Police ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop : GOUD EN PLATINA 2002 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop : GOUD EN PLATINA 2005 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop : GOUD EN PLATINA 2007 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Andy Summers finds new magic in Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Qatar Tribune . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Bob Marley ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2004 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 20 / 05 / 2013 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meschino , Patricia ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Music and Marketing Genius of Bob Marley , 34 Years After His Passing '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Kiss ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Argentina. 27s_Certification_Database was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Beck , John ( August 28 , 2008 ) . `` KISS Alive at 35 '' . The Press Democrat . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Aretha Franklin ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Association , Press ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Aretha Franklin to retire after recording album with Stevie Wonder '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About RIAJ : History '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Certifications Officielles : Chronologie Albums '' . Info Disc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( October 2 , 1976 ) . CRIA . Billboard . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Certifications '' ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos -- Certificados '' ( Brazilian Association of Record Producers -- Certificates ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones ( Earlier certification database covering the years 1999 -- 2010 ) '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community -- Awards '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Awards 1997 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capif '' ( in Spanish ) . Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Guld - og platinplader er devalueret ( Gold and Platinum awards are lowered ) . b.dk ( in Danish ) . April 24 , 2003 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tilastot '' ( IFPI Statistics ) ( in Finnish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry Finland . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bialik , Carl ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` Spun : The Off - the - Wall Accounting of Record Sales '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The awards : Certifications '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Recording Industry -- World Sales 2003 '' ( PDF ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Country Takes The Crop ( February 14 , 2008 ) '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2008 . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( May 14 , 1989 ) . `` New Golden Rule : 500,000 Sales Mark for All Singles '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIIA Certifications '' . Billboard . August 10 , 1996 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ RIAJ Certs Plan Criticized . Recording Industry Association of Japan . October 25 , 2003 . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 現 基準 - 旧 基準 ( ~ 2003.06 ) '' ( Current criteria - Former Criteria ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards Timeline '' ( PDF ) . BPI . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Verleihgrenzen '' ( Guidelines for Gold and Platinum awards ) ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( July 26 , 2006 ) . France Lowers Gold Standard . Billboard . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Certifications Officielles : Chronologie Singles '' . Info Disc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Definitions '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ CRIA Reports 46 % Rise for Disk Certifications . Billboard magazine . February 27 , 1982 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Newsline : Italian Label Body FIMI . Billboard magazine . February 5 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI Lowers Gold , Platinum Levels '' . Billboard . January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Certification - award - levels '' ( Words ) ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Níveis de Certificação '' ( Levels of Certification ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Award Levels 2009 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Certification - award - levels '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Global Newsline : Spain Lowers Certifications . Billboard magazine . November 26 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE : Top 100 Albums ( SEMANA 37 : del 07.09. 2009 al 13.09. 2009 ) '' ( PDF ) . PROMUSICAE . September 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones ( Earlier changes in certification - levels including levels for Pre-loaded albums / singles and Mater Ringtones ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 35 . Standard for Certifying Awards of Countries ( Unit sales ) ( Page 25 ) '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . RIAJ . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Award Levels 2007 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ IFPI Denmark Revamps Certification Levels . Billboard . February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nye regler for platinplader til downloads ( New rule for Gold and Platinum downloads ) . gaffa.dk. April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ IFPI Denmark : Guld og platin . IFPI ( Denmark ) . 2011 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certification levels for Austria ( all periods ) '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . ^ Jump up to : GSA : Austria . Billboard magazine . December 6 , 1997 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pełny Tekst Regulaminu Przyznawania Wyróżnień '' ( Complete Rules of Awards ) ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Certification - levels '' ( PDF ) . ZPAV . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Music Charts of NZ : June 4 , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . rianz.org.nz . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On Demand Streams Added To New Zealand Top 40 Album Charts '' . scoop.co.nz . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . 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"\n\nArtist\nCountry / Market\nPeriod active\nRelease-year of first charted record\nGenre\nTotal certified units\n(from available markets)[b]\nClaimed sales\n\n\nTaylor Swift\nUnited States\n2006–present[157]\n2006[157]\nCountry / Country pop / Pop / Pop-rock[157]\n7002158800000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 158.8 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 135.5 million[11]\nJPN: 2.850 million[12][52]\nUK: 8.2 million[13]\nGER: 750,000[14]\nFRA: 150,000[16]\nCAN: 4.540 million[17]\nAUS: 5.425 million[18]\nITA: 235,000[b][20]\nBRA: 170,000[21]\nSWE: 180,000[57]\nMEX: 450,000[42][43][98]\nNZ: 367,500[34][35]\n\n\n\n\n170 million[158]\n\n\nGarth Brooks\nUnited States\n1989–present[159]\n1989[159]\nCountry[159]\n7002146000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 156 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 149.4 million[11]\nUK: 520,000[13]\nCAN: 5.730 million[17]\nAUS: 280,000[b][18]\nIRE: 120,000[b][102]\n\n\n\n\n160 million[160]\n\n\nEminem\nUnited States\n1996–present[161]\n1999[161]\nHip-hop[161]\n7002132000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 132 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 86.1 million[11]\nJPN: 2.9 million [12][52]\nUK: 21.425 million[13]\nGER: 3.450 million[14]\nFRA: 3.170 million[16][83]\nCAN: 3.770 million[17]\nAUS: 5.702 million[18]\nITA: 490,000[b][20]\nBRA: 200,000[21]\nSWE: 810,000[22][57]\nSPA: 290,000[23][58]\nMEX: 365,000[42]\nSWI: 805,000[25]\nBEL: 475,000[26][27]\nDEN: 556,000[b][59][162]\nAUT: 325,000[32]\nPOL: 250,000[33]\nFIN: 124,547[47]\nIRE: 285,000[b][102]\nNZ: 562,500[34][35]\n\n\n\n\n155 million[163]\n\n\nEagles\nUnited States\n1971–1980, 1994–present[164]\n1972[164]\nRock[164]\n7002129190000099999♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 129.2 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 108.9 million[11]\nJPN: 600,000[b][12]\nUK: 7.635 million[b][13]\nGER: 925,000[b][14]\nFRA: 2.040 million[b][15][16][53]\nCAN: 4.2 million[b][17]\nAUS: 3.395 million[b][18][165]\nSWE: 140,000[b][22]\nSPA: 500,000[b][23][24]\nSWI: 290,000[b][25]\nDEN: 185,000[b][60]\nFIN: 124,749[47]\nNZ: 352,500[b][34][35]\n\n\n\n\n150 million[166]\n\n\nU2\nIreland\n1976–present[167]\n1980[167]\nRock[167]\n7002106700000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 106.7 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 53.1 million[11]\nJPN: 1.450 million[b][12]\nUK: 18.620 million[13]\nGER: 5.125 million[14]\nFRA: 5.025 million[15][16]\nCAN: 7.115 million[17]\nAUS: 4.412 million[b][18][19][168]\nITA: 780,000[b][20]\nBRA: 2.675 million[b][21]\nSWE: 515,000[b][22]\nSPA: 2.275 million[23][24][40][41][58]\nMEX: 835,000[b][42]\nSWI: 696,000[b][25]\nBEL: 725,000[b][26][27]\nARG: 806,000[28][29]\nDEN: 473,000[b][59][60][61][77][169]\nAUT: 515,000[b][32]\nPOL: 360,000[b][33]\nFIN: 235,460[47]\nIRE: 316,000[b][102]\nNZ: 765,000[34][35]\n\n\n\n\n150 million[170]\n\n\nBilly Joel\nUnited States\n1964–present[171]\n1971[171]\nPop / Rock[171]\n7002102600000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 102.6 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 87.950 million[11]\nJPN: 2 million[b][12][172]\nUK: 5.655 million[b][13]\nGER: 1.250 million[b][14]\nFRA: 925,000[b][15][16][53]\nCAN: 3.275 million[b][17]\nAUS: 1.267[b][18][19]\nAUT: 125,000[b][32]\nNZ: 162,500[b][34]\n\n\n\n\n150 million[173]\n\n\nPhil Collins\nUnited Kingdom\n1980–2011, 2015–present[174]\n1981[174]\nRock / Progressive rock / Adult contemporary[174]\n7001878000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 87.8 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 39.850 million[11]\nJPN: 800,000[b][12]\nUK: 15.250 million[13]\nGER: 13.8 million[14]\nFRA: 6.410 million[15][16][53]\nCAN: 3.375 million[17]\nAUS: 1.522[b][18][19]\nBRA: 1.370 million[b][21]\nSWE: 245,000[b][22]\nSPA: 2.150 million[23][24][41][58]\nSWI: 973,000[b][25]\nBEL: 305,000[b][26][27]\nARG: 1.044 million[28][29]\nAUT: 440,000[b][32]\nFIN: 182,581[47]\nNZ: 122,500[34][35]\n\n\n\n\n150 million[175]\n\n\nAerosmith\nUnited States\n1970–present[176]\n1973[176]\nHard rock[176]\n7001847000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 84.7 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 70.250 million[11]\nJPN: 2.7 million[b][12][52]\nUK: 3.230 million[13]\nGER: 2 million[b][14]\nFRA: 225,000[15][16][53]\nCAN: 3.950 million[b][17]\nAUS: 225,000[b][18][177]\nITA: 100,000[b][20]\nBRA: 600,000[b][21]\nSWE: 260,000[b][22]\nSPA: 200,000[b][23][41]\nMEX: 230,000[b][42]\nSWI: 145,000[b][25]\nARG: 338,000[b][28][29]\nAUT: 125,000[b][32]\nPOL: 100,000[b][33]\nFIN: 101,722[47]\n\n\n\n\n150 million[178]\n\n\nFrank Sinatra\nUnited States\n1935–1995[179]\n1939[179]\nPop / Swing[179]\n7001373009999900000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 37.3 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 28.2 million[b][11]\nUK: 5.445 million[b][13]\nGER: 1 million[b][14]\nFRA: 600,000[b][15]\nCAN: 650,000[b][17]\nAUS: 245,000[b][18]\nBRA: 350,000[b][21]\nSWE: 130,000[b][22]\nSPA: 500,000[b][24][41][58]\nARG: 188,000[b][28][29]\n\n\n\n\n150 million[180]\n\n\nBarbra Streisand\nUnited States\n1960–present[181]\n1963[181]\nPop / Adult contemporary[181]\n7001974000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 97.4 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 82.450 million[11]\nUK: 5.765 million[b][13]\nGER: 750,000[b][14]\nFRA: 3.150 million[b][15][16][53]\nCAN: 2.650 million[b][17]\nAUS: 2.047 million[b][18]\nSWE: 120,000[22][57]\nSPA: 150,000[b][58]\nFIN: 186,501[b][47]\nNZ: 137,500[b][34]\n\n\n\n\n145 million[182]\n\n\nBruno Mars\nUnited States\n2004–present[183]\n2010[183]\nPop rock / R&B[183]\n7002120600000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 120.6 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 86.5 million[11]\nJPN: 1.1 million[12][52]\nUK: 13.3 million[13]\nGER: 3.4 million[14]\nFRA: 1.850 million[16]\nCAN: 5.240 million[17]\nAUS: 4.690 million[18]\nITA: 685,000[b][20]\nSWE: 440,000[22][57]\nSPA: 470,000[23]\nMEX: 780,000[42][43]\nSWI: 405,000[25]\nBEL: 345,000[27]\nDEN: 365,000[b][61][184]\nAUT: 180,000[32]\nNZ: 532,500[34]\nPHL: 330,000[185]\n\n\n\n\n130 million[186]\n\n\nKanye West\nUnited States\n1996–present[187]\n2004[187]\nHip-hop / Electronic / Pop rock[187]\n7002102600000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 102.6 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 87.750 million[11]\nJPN: 100,000[188]\nUK: 10.480 million[13]\nGER: 300,000[14]\nCAN: 1.180 million[17]\nAUS: 2.135 million[18]\nITA: 135,000[b][20]\nSWE: 160,000[57]\nDEN: 404,000[60][61][69][189]\n\n\n\n\n121 million[190]\n\n\nBruce Springsteen\nUnited States\n1972–present[191]\n1973[191]\nRock[191]\n7002101500000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 101.5 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 76.150 million[11]\nJPN: 400,000[b][12]\nUK: 7.145 million[13]\nGER: 4.325 million[b][14]\nFRA: 1.887 million[15][16][53]\nCAN: 3.2 million[b][17]\nAUS: 3.362 million[b][18]\nITA: 575,000[b][20]\nBRA: 100,000[b][21]\nSWE: 810,000[b][22][57]\nSPA: 1.730 million[b][23][24][40][41][58]\nSWI: 400,000[b][25]\nDEN: 155,000[b][59][61][69][192]\nAUT: 290,000[b][32]\nFIN: 449,800[47]\nIRE: 189,500[b][102]\nNZ: 375,000[34][35]\n\n\n\n\n120 million[193]\n\n\nBee Gees\nUnited Kingdom\nAustralia[194][195]\n1963–2003\n2009–2012[196]\n1963[196]\nPop / Disco[196]\n7001673000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 67.3 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 41.5 million[11]\nJPN: 300,000[b][12][197][198]\nUK: 9.065 million[b][13]\nGER: 6.675 million[b][14]\nFRA: 3.4 million[b][15][16][53]\nCAN: 3.215 million[b][17]\nAUS: 1.187 million[b][18]\nBRA: 350,000[b][21]\nSPA: 450,000[b][24][40][58]\nSWI: 415,000[b][25]\nARG: 188,000[b][28][29]\nAUT: 125,000[b][32]\nPOL: 100,000[b][33]\nNZ: 380,000[b][34][35]\n\n\n\n\n120 million[199]\n\n"
] | [
"Kanye West"
] |
8751506959688174826 | Plot (narrative) | Plot ( narrative ) - wikipedia Plot ( narrative ) Jump to : navigation , search Plot and Story . Plot is the cause ‐ and ‐ effect sequence of events in a story . Plot refers to the sequence of events inside a story which affect other events through the principle of cause and effect . The causal events of a plot can be thought of as a series of sentences linked by `` and so '' . Plots can vary from simple structures such as in a traditional ballad to complex interwoven structures sometimes referred to as an imbroglio . The term plot can serve as a verb and refer to a character planning future actions in the story . In the narrative sense , the term highlights the important points which have important consequences within the story , according to Ansen Dibell . The term is similar in meaning to the term storyline . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 1.1 Fabula and syuzhet 2 Structure 3 Aristotle 4 Freytag 4.1 Exposition 4.2 Rising action 4.3 Climax 4.4 Falling action 4.5 Resolution 5 Plot devices 6 Plot outline 7 A-Plot 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Definition ( edit ) English novelist E.M. Forster described plot as the cause - and - effect relationship between events in a story . According to Forster , `` The king died , and then the queen died , is a story , while The king died , and then the queen died of grief , is a plot . '' Consider the following : The prince searches for Cinderella with the glass shoe Cinderella 's sisters tried the shoe on but it does not fit The shoe fits Cinderella 's foot so the prince finds her The first event is causally related to the third event , while the second event , though descriptive , does not directly impact the outcome . As a result , according to Dibell , the plot can be described numerically as 1 → 3 while the story can be described as 1 → 2 → 3 . A story orders events from beginning to end in a time sequence . Teri Shaffer Yamada agrees that a plot does not include memorable scenes within a story which do not relate directly to other events but only `` major events that move the action in a narrative . '' For example , in the 1997 film Titanic , when Rose climbs on the railing at the front of the ship and spreads her hands as if she 's flying , this scene is memorable but does not directly influence other events , so it may not be considered as part of the plot . Another example of a memorable scene which is not part of the plot occurs in the 1980 film The Empire Strikes Back , when Han Solo is frozen in carbonite . Steve Alcorn , a fiction - writing coach , said the main plot elements of The Wizard of Oz could be summarized as follows : A tornado picks up a house and drops it on a witch , a little girl meets some interesting traveling companions , a wizard sends them on a mission , and they melt a witch with a bucket of water . Fabula and syuzhet ( edit ) The literary theory of Russian Formalism in the early 20th century divided a narrative into two elements : the fabula ( фа́була ) and the syuzhet ( сюже́т ) . A fabula is the events in the fictional world , whereas a syuzhet is a perspective of those events . Formalist followers eventually translated the fabula / syuzhet to the concept of story / plot . This definition is usually used in narratology , in parallel with Forster 's definition . The fabula ( story ) is what happened in chronological order . In contrast , the syuzhet ( plot ) means a unique sequence of discourse that was sorted out by the ( implied ) author . That is , the syuzhet can consist of picking up the fabula events in non-chronological order ; for example , fabula is < a , a , a , a , a , ... , a > , syuzhet is < a , a , a > . Structure ( edit ) See also : Dramatic structure and Three - act structure The Greek philosopher Aristotle , writing in the fourth century BCE in his classic book The Poetics , considered plot or mythos as the most important element of drama , even more important than character . Aristotle wrote that a tragedy , a type of plot , could be divided into three parts : a beginning , where the plot is set up ; a middle , where the plot reaches its climax ; and an end , where the plot is resolved . He also believed that the events of the plot must causally relate to one another as being either necessary or probable . Of the utmost importance is the plot 's ability to arouse emotion in the psyche of the audience , he thought . Today screenwriters generally combine plot with plot structure into what is called a treatment , sometimes referred to as the three - act structure , in which a film is divided into three acts : the set - up , the confrontation and the resolution . Acts are connected by two plot points or turning points , with the first turning point connecting Act I to Act II , and the second connecting Act II to Act III . The conception of the three - act structure has been attributed to American screenwriter Syd Field who described plot structure in this tripartite way for film analysis . Aristotle ( edit ) In his Poetics , Aristotle considered plot ( mythos ) the most important element of drama -- more important than character , for example . A plot must have , Aristotle says , a beginning , a middle , and an end , and the events of the plot must causally relate to one another as being either necessary or probable . Of the utmost importance to Aristotle is the plot 's ability to arouse emotion in the psyche of the audience . In tragedy , the appropriate emotions are fear and pity , emotions which he considers in his Rhetoric . ( Aristotle 's work on comedy has not survived . ) Aristotle goes on to consider whether the tragic character suffers ( pathos ) , and whether the tragic character commits the error with knowledge of what he is doing . He illustrates this with the question of a tragic character who is about to kill someone in his family . The worst situation ( artistically ) is when the personage is with full knowledge on the point of doing the deed , and leaves it undone . It is odious and also ( through the absence of suffering ) untragic ; hence it is that no one is made to act thus except in some few instances , e.g. , Haemon and Creon in Antigone . Next after this comes the actual perpetration of the deed meditated . A better situation than that , however , is for the deed to be done in ignorance , and the relationship discovered afterwards , since there is nothing odious in it , and the discovery will serve to astound us . But the best of all is the last ; what we have in Cresphontes , for example , where Merope , on the point of slaying her son , recognizes him in time ; in Iphigenia , where sister and brother are in a like position ; and in Helle , where the son recognizes his mother , when on the point of giving her up to her enemy. ( Poetics book 14 ) Freytag ( edit ) Freytag 's pyramid Main article : Dramatic structure In 1863 , Gustav Freytag , a German writer , advocated a model based upon Aristotle 's theory of tragedy . This is now called `` Freytag 's pyramid , '' which divides a drama into five parts , and provides function to each part . These parts are : exposition , rising action , climax , falling action , and denouement . Exposition ( edit ) The first phase in Freytag 's pyramid is the exposition , which introduces the characters , especially the main character , also known as the protagonist . It shows how the characters relate to one another , their goals and motivations , as well as their moral character . During the exposition , the protagonist learns their main goal and what is at stake . Rising action ( edit ) Rising action is the second phase in Freytag 's five - phase structure . It starts with a conflict , for example , the death of a character . The inciting incident is the point of the plot that begins the conflict . It is the event that catalyzes the protagonist to go into motion and to take action . Rising action involves the buildup of events until the climax . In this phase , the protagonist understands his or her goal and begins to work toward it . Smaller problems thwart their initial success and their progress is directed primarily against these secondary obstacles . This phase demonstrates how the protagonist overcomes these obstacles . Climax ( edit ) The climax is the turning point or highest point of the story . The protagonist makes the single big decision that defines not only the outcome of the story , but also who they are as a person . Freytag defines the climax as the third of the five dramatic phases which occupies the middle of the story . At the beginning of this phase , the protagonist finally clears away the preliminary barriers and engages with the adversary . Usually , both the protagonist and the antagonist have a plan to win against the other as they enter this phase . For the first time , the audience sees the pair going against one another in direct or nearly direct conflict . This struggle usually results in neither character completely winning or losing . In most cases , each character 's plan is both partially successful and partially foiled by their adversary . The central struggle between the two characters is unique in that the protagonist makes a decision which shows their moral quality , and ultimately decides their fate . In a tragedy , the protagonist here makes a poor decision or a miscalculation that demonstrates their tragic flaw . Falling action ( edit ) According to Freytag , the falling action phase consists of events that lead to the ending . Character 's actions resolve the problem . In the beginning of this phase , the antagonist often has the upper hand . The protagonist has never been further from accomplishing their goal . The outcome depends on which side the protagonist has put themselves on . Resolution ( edit ) In this phase the protagonist and antagonist have solved their problems and either the protagonist or antagonist wins the conflict . The conflict officially ends . Some stories show what happens to the characters after the conflict ends and / or they show what happens to the characters in the future . Plot devices ( edit ) Main article : Plot device A plot device is a means of advancing the plot in a story . It is often used to motivate characters , create urgency , or resolve a difficulty . This can be contrasted with moving a story forward with dramatic technique ; that is , by making things happen because characters take action for well - developed reasons . An example of a plot device would be when the cavalry shows up at the last moment and saves the day in a battle . In contrast , an adversarial character who has been struggling with himself and saves the day due to a change of heart would be considered dramatic technique . Familiar types of plot devices include the deus ex machina , the MacGuffin , the red herring , and Chekhov 's gun . Plot outline ( edit ) A plot outline is a prose telling of a story which can be turned into a screenplay . Sometimes it is called a `` one page '' because of its length . It is generally longer and more detailed than a standard synopsis , which is usually only one or two paragraphs , but shorter and less detailed than a treatment or a step outline . In comics , the roughs refer to a stage in the development where the story has been broken down very loosely in a style similar to storyboarding in film development . This stage is also referred to as storyboarding or layouts . In Japanese manga , this stage is called the nemu ( pronounced like the English word `` name '' ) . The roughs are quick sketches arranged within a suggested page layout . The main goals of roughs are : to lay out the flow of panels across a page to ensure the story successfully builds suspense to work out points of view , camera angles , and character positions within panels to serve as a basis for the next stage of development , the `` pencil '' stage , which are detailed drawings in a more polished layout which will , in turn , serve as the basis for the inked drawings . In fiction writing , a plot outline is a laundry list of scenes with each line being a separate plot point , and the outline helps give a story a `` solid backbone and structure '' . A-Plot ( edit ) An A-Plot is a cinema and television term referring to the plotline that drives the story . This does not necessarily mean it is the most important , but rather the one that forces most of the action . See also ( edit ) Gustav Freytag Monomyth Mythos ( Aristotle ) Narrative Narrative structure Narrative thread Plot drift Plot hole Robert McKee Subplot Syd Field : Three - act structure in screenplays and films The Seven Basic Plots , a book by Christopher Booker The Thirty - Six Dramatic Situations , which is Georges Polti 's categorization of every dramatic situation that might occur in a story or performance . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ansen Dibell , Ph. D. ( 1999 - 07 - 15 ) . Plot . Elements of Fiction Writing . Writer 's Digest Books . pp. 5 f . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89879 - 946 - 0 . Plot is built of significant events in a given story -- significant because they have important consequences . Taking a shower is n't necessarily plot ... Let 's call them incidents ... Plot is the things characters do , feel , think or say , that make a difference to what comes afterward . Jump up ^ Random House Dictionary . `` plot . '' Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionaries . `` storyline . '' Jump up ^ Prince , Gerald ( 2003 - 12 - 01 ) . A Dictionary of Narratology ( Revised ed . ) . University of Nebraska Press . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8776 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wales , Katie ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) . A Dictionary of Stylistics . Longman Linguistics ( 3 ed . ) . Routledge . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4082 - 3115 - 9 . Jump up ^ Forster , E.M. Aspects of the Novel . Mariner Books . ( 1956 ) ISBN 978 - 0156091800 Jump up ^ Teri Shaffer Yamada , Ph. D. `` ELEMENTS OF FICTION '' . California State University , Long Beach . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Alcorn . `` Know the Difference Between Plot and Story '' . Tejix . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Aristotle , http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1974/1974-h/1974-h.htm#link2H_4_0009 `` Poetics '' , Project Gutenberg , Section VII Further reading ( edit ) Obstfeld , Raymond ( 2002 ) . Fiction First Aid : Instant Remedies for Novels , Stories and Scripts . Cincinnati , OH : Writer 's Digest Books . ISBN 1 - 58297 - 117 - X . Foster - Harris ( 1960 ) . The Basic Formulas of Fiction . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . ASIN B0007ITQBY . Polking , K ( 1990 ) . Writing A to Z . Cincinnati , OH : Writer 's Digest Books . ISBN 0 - 89879 - 435 - 8 . External links ( edit ) The `` Basic '' Plots In Literature , Information on the most common divisions of the basic plots , from the Internet Public Library organization . Plot on TV Tropes , a wiki catalog of the tricks of the trade for writing fiction Plot Definition , meaning and examples ( hide ) Narrative Character Antagonist Antihero Archenemy Character arc Characterization Deuteragonist False protagonist Focal character Foil Protagonist Stock character Supporting character Tritagonist Narrator Tragic hero Plot Action Backstory Cliché Climax Cliffhanger Conflict Deus ex machina Dialogue Dramatic structure Exposition Eucatastrophe Foreshadowing Flashback Flashforward Frame story In medias res Pace Plot device Plot twist Poetic justice Reveal Self - fulfilling prophecy Subplot Trope Kishōtenketsu Setting Backstory Utopia Dystopia Alternate history Fictional location city country universe Theme Leitmotif Metaphor Moral Motif Irony Style Allegory Bathos Diction Figure of speech Imagery Narrative techniques Narration Stylistic device Suspension of disbelief Symbolism Tone Mode Mood Structure Linear narrative Nonlinear narrative films television series Types of fiction with multiple endings Form Epic Fable Fabliau Fairy tale Folktale Flash fiction Legend Novella Novel Parable Play Poem Screenplay Short story Genre Action fiction Adventure Comic Crime Docufiction Epistolary Erotic Fiction Fantasy Gothic Historical Horror Magic realism Mystery Nautical Paranoid Philosophical Picaresque Political Psychological Romance Saga Satire Science Speculative Superhero Thriller Urban Western List of writing genres Narration First - person Multiple narrators Stream of consciousness Stream of unconsciousness Unreliable Tense Past Present Future Related Audience Author Creative nonfiction Fiction writing Literary theory Literary science Narratology Monomyth Rhetoric Screenwriting Storytelling Literature portal Structuralist Narratology ( 1 ) , seminar notes , Tzvetan Todorov on the minimal plot . The Minimal Plot ( 2 ) , on cyclic structures of the basic plots . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plot_(narrative)&oldid=808897667 '' Categories : Plot ( narrative ) Narrative techniques Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Հայերեն Ирон Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Malti Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 22 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what do we call a plot where the events do not lead to a change in the character(s) | [] | [] |
5835973668018039557 | 2017 Billboard Music Awards | 2017 Billboard Music Awards - wikipedia 2017 Billboard Music Awards Jump to : navigation , search 2017 Billboard Music Awards Date May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) Location T - Mobile Arena , Las Vegas , Nevada , United States Hosted by Ludacris Vanessa Hudgens Most awards Drake ( 13 ) Most nominations The Chainsmokers ( 22 ) Drake ( 22 ) Television / radio coverage Network ABC ← 2016 Billboard Music Awards 2018 → The 2017 Billboard Music Awards was held at the T - Mobile Arena in Las Vegas on May 21 , 2017 . The list of nominees was announced on April 10 , 2017 . Non-televised awards were announced on Billboard website the same day as the main ceremony . Contents ( hide ) 1 Performances 2 Presenters 3 Winners and nominees 4 References Performances ( edit ) Artist ( s ) Song ( s ) Nicki Minaj Jason Derulo David Guetta Lil Wayne `` No Frauds '' `` Light My Body Up '' `` Swalla '' `` Regret In Your Tears '' Camila Cabello `` I Have Questions '' `` Crying in the Club '' The Chainsmokers `` Young '' Julia Michaels `` Issues '' Ed Sheeran `` Castle on the Hill '' Miley Cyrus `` Malibu '' Lorde `` Green Light '' Sam Hunt `` Body Like a Back Road '' Celine Dion `` My Heart Will Go On '' Imagine Dragons `` Believer '' Drake `` Gyalchester '' Halsey `` Now or Never '' Florida Georgia Line John Legend `` Surefire '' `` H.O.L.Y. '' Cher `` Believe '' `` If I Could Turn Back Time '' Bruno Mars `` Versace on the Floor '' Notes Sheeran 's performance was pre-recorded at Movistar Arena in Santiago , Chile Drake 's performance was pre-recorded at The Fountains of Bellagio Mars ' performance was pre-recorded at Ziggo Dome in Amsterdam , Netherlands Presenters ( edit ) Ed Helms Kevin Hart G - Eazy Ashley Tisdale Kate Beckinsale Rita Ora Bebe Rexha DJ Khaled Mark Cuban Sara Foster Rachel Lindsay Savvy Shields Billy Ray Cyrus Noah Cyrus Josh Duhamel Hailee Steinfeld Alexandra Daddario Ansel Elgort Sean `` Diddy '' Combs Lindsey Stirling Logan Paul Lea Michele Nicole Scherzinger Jussie Smollett Rachel Platten Chris Daughtry Olivia Munn Dan Reynolds Gwen Stefani Prince Michael Jackson Winners and nominees ( edit ) Winners are listed in bold . Top Artist Top New Artist Drake Adele Beyoncé Justin Bieber The Chainsmokers Ariana Grande Shawn Mendes Rihanna Twenty One Pilots The Weeknd Zayn Alessia Cara Desiigner Lil Uzi Vert Lukas Graham Top Female Artist Top Male Artist Beyoncé Adele Ariana Grande Rihanna Sia Drake Justin Bieber Future Shawn Mendes The Weeknd Top Duo / Group Billboard Chart Achievement ( Fan - voted ) Twenty One Pilots The Chainsmokers Coldplay Florida Georgia Line Guns N ' Roses Twenty One Pilots Luke Bryan Nicki Minaj The Chainsmokers The Weeknd Top Billboard 200 Artist Top Billboard 200 Album Drake Beyoncé Prince Twenty One Pilots The Weeknd Views -- Drake Anti -- Rihanna Blurryface -- Twenty One Pilots Lemonade -- Beyoncé Starboy -- The Weeknd Top Hot 100 Artist Top Hot 100 Song Drake The Chainsmokers Rihanna Twenty One Pilots The Weeknd `` Closer '' -- The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' -- Justin Timberlake `` Do n't Let Me Down '' -- The Chainsmokers featuring Daya `` Heathens '' -- Twenty One Pilots `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla Top Song Sales Artist Top Selling Song Drake The Chainsmokers Prince Justin Timberlake Twenty One Pilots `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' -- Justin Timberlake `` Closer '' -- The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey `` Do n't Let Me Down '' -- The Chainsmokers featuring Daya `` Heathens '' -- Twenty One Pilots `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla Top Radio Songs Artist Top Radio Song Twenty One Pilots Justin Bieber The Chainsmokers Drake Rihanna `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' -- Justin Timberlake `` Cheap Thrills '' -- Sia featuring Sean Paul `` Closer '' -- The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey `` Do n't Let Me Down '' -- The Chainsmokers featuring Daya `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla Top Collaboration Top Streaming Artist The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey , `` Closer '' The Chainsmokers featuring Daya , `` Do n't Let Me Down '' Drake featuring WizKid & Kyla , `` One Dance '' Sia featuring Sean Paul , `` Cheap Thrills '' The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk , `` Starboy '' Drake The Chainsmokers Desiigner Rihanna Twenty One Pilots Top Streaming Song ( Audio ) Top Streaming Song ( Video ) `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla `` Broccoli '' -- D.R.A.M. featuring Lil Yachty `` Closer '' -- The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey `` Needed Me '' -- Rihanna `` Starboy '' -- The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk Desiigner , `` Panda '' The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey , `` Closer '' Zay Hilfigerr & Zayion McCall , `` Juju on That Beat ( TZ Anthem ) '' Rae Sremmurd featuring Gucci Mane , `` Black Beatles '' Twenty One Pilots , `` Heathens '' Top Touring Artist Top Social Artist ( Fan - voted ) Beyoncé Justin Bieber Coldplay Guns N ' Roses Bruce Springsteen & the E-Street Band BTS Justin Bieber Ariana Grande Shawn Mendes Selena Gomez Top Christian Artist Top Christian Song Lauren Daigle Hillsong Worship Hillary Scott & the Family Skillet Chris Tomlin `` Thy Will '' -- Hillary Scott & the Family `` Trust In You '' -- Lauren Daigle `` Feel Invincible '' -- Skillet `` Eye of the Storm '' -- Ryan Stevenson featuring GabeReal `` Chain Breaker '' -- Zach Williams Top Christian Album Top Gospel Artist How Can It Be -- Lauren Daigle Hymns That Are Important to Us -- Joey + Rory Love Remains -- Hillary Scott & the Family The Very Next Thing -- Casting Crowns Unleashed -- Skillet Kirk Franklin Jekalyn Carr Travis Greene Tamela Mann Hezekiah Walker Top Gospel Song Top Gospel Album `` Made a Way '' -- Travis Greene `` You 're Bigger '' -- Jekalyn Carr `` Put a Praise On It '' -- Tasha Cobbs featuring Kierra Sheard `` Wanna Be Happy ? '' -- Kirk Franklin `` Better '' -- Hezekiah Walker One Way -- Tamela Mann Better : Azusa - The Next Generation 2 -- Hezekiah Walker Losing My Religion -- Kirk Franklin The Hill -- Travis Greene One Place Live -- Tasha Cobbs Top Country Artist Top Country Song Blake Shelton Florida Georgia Line Keith Urban Chris Stapleton Jason Aldean Florida Georgia Line , `` H.O.L.Y. '' Kenny Chesney featuring P ! nk , `` Setting the World on Fire '' Florida Georgia Line featuring Tim McGraw , `` May We All '' Little Big Town , `` Better Man '' Keith Urban , `` Blue Ai n't Your Color '' Top Country Album Top Country Collaboration Traveller -- Chris Stapleton Dig Your Roots -- Florida Georgia Line If I 'm Honest -- Blake Shelton Ripcord -- Keith Urban They Do n't Know -- Jason Aldean Kenny Chesney featuring P ! nk , `` Setting the World on Fire '' Dierks Bentley featuring Elle King , `` Different for Girls '' Eric Church featuring Rhiannon Giddens , `` Kill a Word '' Florida Georgia Line featuring Tim McGraw , `` May We All '' Chris Young featuring Vince Gill , `` Sober Saturday Night '' Top Country Tour Top Dance / Electronic Artist Kenny Chesney Luke Bryan Dixie Chicks The Chainsmokers Calvin Harris Major Lazer DJ Snake Lindsey Stirling Top Dance / Electronic Song Top Dance / Electronic Album `` Closer '' -- The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey `` Do n't Let Me Down '' -- The Chainsmokers featuring Daya `` This Is What You Came For '' -- Calvin Harris featuring Rihanna `` Cold Water '' -- Major Lazer featuring Justin Bieber & MØ `` Let Me Love You '' -- DJ Snake featuring Justin Bieber Brave Enough -- Lindsey Stirling Bouquet -- The Chainsmokers Collage -- The Chainsmokers Skin -- Flume Cloud Nine -- Kygo Top Latin Artist Top Latin Song Juan Gabriel J Balvin Los Plebes del Rancho de Ariel Camacho Maluma Nicky Jam Nicky Jam , `` Hasta el Amanecer '' Daddy Yankee , `` Shaky Shaky '' Enrique Iglesias featuring Wisin , `` Duele el Corazón '' Shakira featuring Maluma , `` Chantaje '' Carlos Vives & Shakira , `` La Bicicleta '' Top Latin Album Top R&B Artist Los Dúo , Vol. 2 -- Juan Gabriel Energia -- J Balvin Primera Cita -- CNCO Vestido de Etiqueta por Eduardo Magallanes -- Juan Gabriel Recuerden Mi Estilo -- Los Plebes del Rancho de Ariel Camacho Beyoncé Bruno Mars Frank Ocean Rihanna The Weeknd Top R&B Song Top R&B Album Drake featuring WizKid & Kyla , `` One Dance '' Bruno Mars , `` 24K Magic '' Rihanna , `` Needed Me '' Rihanna featuring Drake , `` Work '' The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk , `` Starboy '' Lemonade -- Beyoncé Anti -- Rihanna Blonde -- Frank Ocean Starboy -- The Weeknd 24K Magic -- Bruno Mars Top R&B Collaboration Top R&B Tour Drake featuring WizKid & Kyla , `` One Dance '' PARTYNEXTDOOR featuring Drake , `` Come and See Me '' Rihanna featuring Drake , `` Work '' The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk , `` I Feel It Coming '' The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk , `` Starboy '' Beyoncé Lionel Richie Rihanna Top Rap Artist Top Rap Song Drake J. Cole Desiigner Future Rae Sremmurd Desiigner , `` Panda '' Drake , `` Fake Love '' D.R.A.M. featuring Lil Yachty , `` Broccoli '' Migos featuring Lil Uzi Vert , `` Bad and Boujee '' Rae Sremmurd featuring Gucci Mane , `` Black Beatles '' Top Rap Album Top Rap Collaboration Views -- Drake 4 Your Eyez Only -- J. Cole Islah -- Kevin Gates Major Key -- DJ Khaled We Got It from Here ... Thank You 4 Your Service -- A Tribe Called Quest Rae Sremmurd featuring Gucci Mane , `` Black Beatles '' D.R.A.M. featuring Lil Yachty , `` Broccoli '' Zay Hilfigerr & Zayion McCall , `` Juju on That Beat ( TZ Anthem ) '' Machine Gun Kelly & Camila Cabello , `` Bad Things '' Migos featuring Lil Uzi Vert , `` Bad and Boujee '' Top Rap Tour Top Rock Artist Drake Future Kanye West Twenty One Pilots Coldplay The Lumineers Metallica X Ambassadors Top Rock Song Top Rock Album Twenty One Pilots , `` Heathens '' Lil Wayne , Wiz Khalifa & Imagine Dragons with Logic & Ty Dolla $ ign featuring X Ambassadors , `` Sucker for Pain '' Twenty One Pilots , `` Ride '' Twenty One Pilots , `` Stressed Out '' X Ambassadors , `` Unsteady '' Hardwired ... to Self - Destruct -- Metallica A Moon Shaped Pool -- Radiohead Blurryface -- Twenty One Pilots Cleopatra -- The Lumineers The Getaway -- Red Hot Chili Peppers Top Rock Tour Top Soundtrack / Cast Album Coldplay Guns N ' Roses Bruce Springsteen & the E-Street Band Hamilton : An American Musical Moana Purple Rain Suicide Squad : The Album Trolls Icon Award Cher References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard Music Awards 2017 Show Date Announced '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Drake , The Chainsmokers Lead Nominees for the 2017 Billboard Music Awards '' . Billboard. April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` `` 2017 BILLBOARD MUSIC AWARDS '' ANNOUNCE NON-TELEVISED AWARD RECIPIENTS `` . Billboard Music Awards . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars , Ed Sheeran , Camila Cabello , Nicki Minaj & More to Perform at 2017 Billboard Music Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion to Perform ' My Heart Will Go On ' at 2017 Billboard Music Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` T - Mobile Presents Julia Michaels To Perform - Billboard Music Awards '' . 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers , Halsey and Sam Hunt Performing at the 2017 Billboard Music Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` John Legend & Florida Georgia Line to Perform ( Together ! ) At 2017 Billboard Music Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` Here Is the Complete List of Winners From the 2017 Billboard Music Awards '' . ( hide ) Billboard Music Awards Awards Top Artist Top New Artist Top Male Artist Top Female Artist Top Duo / Group Top Touring Artist Top Billboard 200 Artist Top Billboard 200 Album Top Hot 100 Artist Top Hot 100 Song Top Radio Songs Artist Top Radio Song Top Selling Song Top Streaming Artist Top Streaming Song ( Audio ) Top Streaming Song ( Video ) Top Christian Artist Top Christian Song Top Christian Album Top Gospel Artist Top Gospel Song Top Gospel Album Top Country Artist Top Country Song Top Country Album Top Dance / Electronic Artist Top Dance / Electronic Song Top Dance / Electronic Album Top Latin Artist Top Latin Song Top Latin Album Top R&B Artist Top R&B Song Top R&B Album Top Rap Artist Top Rap Song Top Rap Album Top Rock Artist Top Rock Song Top Rock Album Top Soundtrack Top Social Artist Chart Achievement See full list Special awards Spotlight Award Icon Award Millennium Award Awards ceremonies 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Billboard_Music_Awards&oldid=796522105 '' Categories : Billboard awards 2017 in Nevada T - Mobile Arena Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Čeština 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2017 , at 12 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the billboard music awards 2017 held | [
"The 2017 Billboard Music Awards was held at the T-Mobile Arena in Las Vegas on May 21, 2017.[1] The list of nominees was announced on April 10, 2017.[2] Non-televised awards were announced on Billboard website the same day as the main ceremony.[3]"
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"T-Mobile Arena"
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4691221944093498330 | List of top Premier League goal scorers by season | List of Top Premier League goal Scorers by season - wikipedia List of Top Premier League goal Scorers by season Jump to : navigation , search See also List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals and the Premier League Golden Boot Contents ( hide ) 1 1992 -- 93 2 1993 -- 94 3 1994 -- 95 4 1995 -- 96 5 1996 -- 97 6 1997 -- 98 7 1998 -- 99 8 1999 -- 2000 9 2000 -- 01 10 2001 -- 02 11 2002 -- 03 12 2003 -- 04 13 2004 -- 05 14 2005 -- 06 15 2006 -- 07 16 2007 -- 08 17 2008 -- 09 18 2009 -- 10 19 2010 -- 11 20 2011 -- 12 21 2012 -- 13 22 2013 -- 14 23 2014 -- 15 24 2015 -- 16 25 2016 -- 17 26 2017 -- 18 27 References 1992 -- 93 ( edit ) The top goalscorers in the Premier League 's inaugural season was Teddy Sheringham , who scored one goal for Nottingham Forest before his early - season transfer followed by 21 for Tottenham Hotspur for a total of 22 . Rank Player Club Goals Teddy Sheringham Nottingham Forest / Tottenham Hotspur 22 Les Ferdinand Queens Park Rangers 20 Dean Holdsworth Wimbledon 19 Micky Quinn Coventry City 17 5 Alan Shearer Blackburn Rovers 16 David White Manchester City 16 7 Chris Armstrong Crystal Palace 15 Eric Cantona Leeds United / Manchester United 15 Brian Deane Sheffield United 15 Mark Hughes Manchester United 15 Matt Le Tissier Southampton 15 Mark Robins Norwich City 15 Paul Wilkinson Middlesbrough 15 Ian Wright Arsenal 15 1993 -- 94 ( edit ) Rank Scorer Club Goals Andy Cole Newcastle United 34 Alan Shearer Blackburn Rovers 31 Matt Le Tissier Southampton 25 Chris Sutton Norwich City 25 5 Ian Wright Arsenal 23 6 Peter Beardsley Newcastle United 20 7 Mark Bright Sheffield Wednesday 19 8 Eric Cantona Manchester United 18 9 Dean Holdsworth Wimbledon 17 Rod Wallace Leeds United 17 1994 -- 95 ( edit ) Rank Scorer Club Goals Alan Shearer Blackburn Rovers 34 Robbie Fowler Liverpool 25 Les Ferdinand Queens Park Rangers 24 Stan Collymore Nottingham Forest 22 5 Andy Cole Newcastle United / Manchester United 21 Jürgen Klinsmann Tottenham Hotspur 21 7 Matt Le Tissier Southampton 19 8 Teddy Sheringham Tottenham Hotspur 18 Ian Wright Arsenal 18 10 Uwe Rösler Manchester City 15 Dean Saunders Aston Villa 15 Chris Sutton Blackburn Rovers 15 1995 -- 96 ( edit ) Rank Scorer Club Goals Alan Shearer Blackburn Rovers 31 Robbie Fowler Liverpool 28 Les Ferdinand Newcastle United 25 Dwight Yorke Aston Villa 17 5 Andrei Kanchelskis Everton 15 Teddy Sheringham Tottenham Hotspur 16 7 Chris Armstrong Tottenham Hotspur 15 Ian Wright Arsenal 15 9 Eric Cantona Manchester United 14 Stan Collymore Liverpool 14 Dion Dublin Coventry City 14 1996 -- 97 ( edit ) Rank Scorer Club Goals Alan Shearer Newcastle United 25 Ian Wright Arsenal 23 Robbie Fowler Liverpool 18 Ole Gunnar Solskjær Manchester United 18 5 Dwight Yorke Aston Villa 17 6 Les Ferdinand Newcastle United 16 Fabrizio Ravanelli Middlesbrough 16 8 Dion Dublin Coventry City 13 Matt Le Tissier Southampton 13 10 Dennis Bergkamp Arsenal 12 Steve Claridge Leicester City 12 Stan Collymore Liverpool 12 Juninho Middlesbrough 12 1997 -- 98 ( edit ) Rank Scorer Club Goals Dion Dublin Coventry City 18 Michael Owen Liverpool 18 Chris Sutton Blackburn Rovers 18 Dennis Bergkamp Arsenal 16 Kevin Gallacher Blackburn Rovers 16 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink Leeds United 16 7 Andy Cole Manchester United 15 John Hartson West Ham United 15 9 Darren Huckerby Coventry City 14 10 Paulo Wanchope Derby County 13 1998 -- 99 ( edit ) Rank Scorer Club Goals Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink Leeds United 18 Michael Owen Liverpool 18 Dwight Yorke Manchester United 18 Nicolas Anelka Arsenal 17 Andy Cole Manchester United 17 6 Hamilton Ricard Middlesbrough 15 7 Dion Dublin Aston Villa 14 Robbie Fowler Liverpool 14 Julian Joachim Aston Villa 14 Alan Shearer Newcastle United 14 1999 -- 2000 ( edit ) Rank Scorer Club Goals Kevin Phillips Sunderland 30 Alan Shearer Newcastle United 23 Dwight Yorke Manchester United 22 Michael Bridges Leeds United 19 Andy Cole Manchester United 19 6 Thierry Henry Arsenal 19 7 Paolo Di Canio West Ham United 16 8 Chris Armstrong Tottenham Hotspur 14 Steffen Iversen Tottenham Hotspur 14 Niall Quinn Sunderland 14 2000 -- 01 ( edit ) Rank Scorer Club Goals Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink Chelsea 23 Marcus Stewart Ipswich Town 19 Thierry Henry Arsenal 17 Mark Viduka Leeds United 17 5 Michael Owen Liverpool 16 6 Teddy Sheringham Manchester United 15 7 Emile Heskey Liverpool 14 Kevin Phillips Sunderland 14 9 Alen Bokšić Middlesbrough 12 10 James Beattie Southampton 11 Jonatan Johansson Charlton Athletic 11 Frédéric Kanouté West Ham United 11 Gustavo Poyet Chelsea 11 Alan Smith Leeds United 11 2001 -- 02 ( edit ) Rank Scorer Club Goals Thierry Henry Arsenal 24 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink Chelsea 23 Ruud van Nistelrooy Manchester United 23 Alan Shearer Newcastle United 23 5 Michael Owen Liverpool 19 6 Ole Gunnar Solskjær Manchester United 17 7 Robbie Fowler Liverpool / Leeds United 15 8 Eiður Guðjohnsen Chelsea 14 Marians Pahars Southampton 14 10 Andy Cole Manchester United 13 2002 -- 03 ( edit ) Rank Player Club Goals Ruud van Nistelrooy Manchester United 25 Thierry Henry Arsenal 24 James Beattie Southampton 23 Mark Viduka Leeds United 20 5 Michael Owen Liverpool 19 6 Alan Shearer Newcastle United 17 7 Nicolas Anelka Manchester City 15 8 Gianfranco Zola Chelsea 14 Robert Pirès Arsenal 14 Harry Kewell Leeds United 14 Paul Scholes Manchester United 14 2003 -- 04 ( edit ) Rank Scorer Club Goals Thierry Henry Arsenal 30 Alan Shearer Newcastle United 22 Louis Saha Manchester United / Fulham 20 Ruud van Nistelrooy Manchester United 20 5 Mikael Forssell Birmingham City 17 6 Nicolas Anelka Manchester City 16 Juan Pablo Ángel Aston Villa 16 Michael Owen Liverpool 16 Yakubu Portsmouth 16 10 James Beattie Southampton 14 2004 -- 05 ( edit ) Rank Scorer Team Goals Thierry Henry Arsenal 25 Andy Johnson Crystal Palace 21 Robert Pirès Arsenal 14 Jermain Defoe Tottenham Hotspur 13 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink Middlesbrough 13 Frank Lampard Chelsea 13 Yakubu Portsmouth 13 8 Andy Cole Fulham 12 Peter Crouch Southampton 12 Eiður Guðjohnsen Chelsea 12 2005 -- 06 ( edit ) Rank Scorer Club Goals Thierry Henry Arsenal 27 Ruud van Nistelrooy Manchester United 21 Darren Bent Charlton Athletic 18 Robbie Keane Tottenham Hotspur 16 Frank Lampard Chelsea 16 Wayne Rooney Manchester United 16 7 Marlon Harewood West Ham United 14 8 Mido Tottenham Hotspur 13 9 Craig Bellamy Blackburn Rovers 13 Yakubu Middlesbrough 13 10 Henri Camara Wigan Athletic 12 Didier Drogba Chelsea 12 2006 -- 07 ( edit ) Rank Scorer Club Goals Didier Drogba Chelsea 20 Benni McCarthy Blackburn Rovers 18 Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United 17 Wayne Rooney Manchester United 14 Mark Viduka Middlesbrough 14 6 Darren Bent Charlton Athletic 13 Kevin Doyle Reading 13 8 Dimitar Berbatov Tottenham Hotspur 12 Dirk Kuyt Liverpool 12 Yakubu Middlesbrough 12 2007 -- 08 ( edit ) Rank Scorer Club Goals Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United 31 Fernando Torres Liverpool 24 Emmanuel Adebayor Arsenal 24 Roque Santa Cruz Blackburn Rovers 19 5 Benjani Portsmouth / Manchester City 15 Dimitar Berbatov Tottenham Hotspur 15 Robbie Keane Tottenham Hotspur 15 Yakubu Everton 15 9 Carlos Tevez Manchester United 14 10 John Carew Aston Villa 13 2008 -- 09 ( edit ) Rank Scorer Club Goals Nicolas Anelka Chelsea 19 Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United 18 Steven Gerrard Liverpool 16 Robinho Manchester City 14 Fernando Torres Liverpool 14 6 Gabriel Agbonlahor Aston Villa 12 Darren Bent Tottenham Hotspur 12 Kevin Davies Bolton Wanderers 12 Dirk Kuyt Liverpool 12 Frank Lampard Chelsea 12 Wayne Rooney Manchester United 12 2009 -- 10 ( edit ) Rank Scorer Club Goals Didier Drogba Chelsea 29 Wayne Rooney Manchester United 26 Darren Bent Sunderland 24 Carlos Tevez Manchester City 23 5 Frank Lampard Chelsea 22 6 Fernando Torres Liverpool 18 Jermain Defoe Tottenham Hotspur 18 8 Cesc Fàbregas Arsenal 15 9 Emmanuel Adebayor Manchester City 14 10 Gabriel Agbonlahor Aston Villa 13 Louis Saha Everton 13 2010 -- 11 ( edit ) Rank Player Club Goals Dimitar Berbatov Manchester United 20 Carlos Tevez Manchester City 20 Robin van Persie Arsenal 18 Darren Bent Sunderland / Aston Villa 17 5 Peter Odemwingie West Bromwich Albion 15 6 DJ Campbell Blackpool 13 Andy Carroll Newcastle United / Liverpool 13 Javier Hernández Manchester United 13 Dirk Kuyt Liverpool 13 Florent Malouda Chelsea 13 Rafael van der Vaart Tottenham Hotspur 13 2011 -- 12 ( edit ) Rank Player Club Goals Robin Van Persie Arsenal 30 Wayne Rooney Manchester United 27 Sergio Agüero Manchester City 23 Clint Dempsey Fulham 17 Emmanuel Adebayor Tottenham Hotspur 17 Yakubu Blackburn 17 7 Demba Ba Newcastle United 16 8 Grant Holt Norwich City 15 9 Edin Džeko Manchester City 14 10 Mario Balotelli Manchester City 13 Papiss Cissé Newcastle United 2012 -- 13 ( edit ) Rank Player Club Goals Robin van Persie Manchester United 26 Luis Suárez Liverpool 23 Gareth Bale Tottenham Hotspur 21 Christian Benteke Aston Villa 19 5 Michu Swansea City 18 6 Romelu Lukaku West Bromwich Albion 17 7 Demba Ba Chelsea / Newcastle United 15 Dimitar Berbatov Fulham 15 Rickie Lambert Southampton 15 Frank Lampard Chelsea 15 2013 -- 14 ( edit ) Rank Player Club Goals Luis Suárez Liverpool 31 Daniel Sturridge Liverpool 21 Yaya Touré Manchester City 20 Wayne Rooney Manchester United 17 Wilfried Bony Swansea City 17 Sergio Agüero Manchester City 17 7 Edin Džeko Manchester City 16 Olivier Giroud Arsenal 16 9 Jay Rodriguez Southampton 15 Romelu Lukaku Everton 15 2014 -- 15 ( edit ) Rank Player Club Goals Sergio Agüero Manchester City 26 Harry Kane Tottenham Hotspur 21 Diego Costa Chelsea 20 Charlie Austin Queens Park Rangers 18 5 Alexis Sánchez Arsenal 16 6 Saido Berahino West Bromwich Albion 14 Olivier Giroud Arsenal Eden Hazard Chelsea 9 Christian Benteke Aston Villa 13 10 Graziano Pellè Southampton 12 Wayne Rooney Manchester United David Silva Manchester City 2015 -- 16 ( edit ) Rank Player Club Goals Harry Kane Tottenham Hotspur 25 Sergio Agüero Manchester City 24 Jamie Vardy Leicester City Romelu Lukaku Everton 18 5 Riyad Mahrez Leicester City 17 6 Olivier Giroud Arsenal 16 7 Jermain Defoe Sunderland 15 Odion Ighalo Watford 9 Troy Deeney Watford 13 Alexis Sánchez Arsenal 2016 -- 17 ( edit ) Rank Player Club Goals Harry Kane Tottenham Hotspur 29 Romelu Lukaku Everton 25 Alexis Sánchez Arsenal 24 Diego Costa Chelsea 20 Sergio Agüero Manchester City 6 Dele Alli Tottenham Hotspur 18 7 Zlatan Ibrahimović Manchester United 17 8 Joshua King Bournemouth 16 Eden Hazard Chelsea 10 Fernando Llorente Swansea City 15 Jermain Defoe Sunderland Christian Benteke Crystal Palace 2017 -- 18 ( edit ) Rank Player Club Goals Mohamed Salah Liverpool 28 Harry Kane Tottenham Hotspur 24 Sergio Agüero Manchester City 21 Raheem Sterling Manchester City 15 5 Romelu Lukaku Manchester United 14 Jamie Vardy Leicester City Roberto Firmino Liverpool 8 Son Heung - min Tottenham Hotspur 12 9 Eden Hazard Chelsea 11 Glenn Murray Brighton and Hove Albion References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bateson , Bill ; Albert Sewell ( 1993 ) . News of the World Football Annual 1993 -- 1994 . Invincible Press . p. 56 . ISBN 0 - 85543 - 208 - X . Jump up ^ `` Barclays Premier League Statistics '' . Premier League . Premier League . Archived from the original on 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 7 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Barclays Premier League Statistics -- Top Scorers '' . ESPN FC . Entertainment and Sports Programming Network ( ESPN ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barclays Premier League Statistics -- Top Scorers '' . ESPN FC . Entertainment and Sports Programming Network ( ESPN ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barclays Premier League Statistics -- Top Scorers '' . ESPN FC . Entertainment and Sports Programming Network ( ESPN ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barclays Premier League Statistics -- Top Scorers '' . ESPN FC . Entertainment and Sports Programming Network ( ESPN ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barclays Premier League Statistics -- Top Scorers '' . ESPN FC . Entertainment and Sports Programming Network ( ESPN ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barclays Premier League Statistics -- Top Scorers '' . ESPN FC . Entertainment and Sports Programming Network ( ESPN ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barclays Premier League Statistics -- Top Scorers '' . ESPN FC . Entertainment and Sports Programming Network ( ESPN ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Statistics -- Top Scorers '' . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Top Scorers - 2009 - 2010 '' . Jump up ^ `` Barclays Premier League Statistics -- Top Scorers '' . ESPN FC . Entertainment and Sports Programming Network ( ESPN ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barclays Premier League Statistics -- Top Scorers '' . ESPN FC . Entertainment and Sports Programming Network ( ESPN ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barclays Premier League Statistics -- Top Scorers '' . ESPN FC . Entertainment and Sports Programming Network ( ESPN ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barclays Premier League Statistics -- Top Scorers '' . ESPN FC . Entertainment and Sports Programming Network ( ESPN ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barclays Premier League Statistics -- Top Scorers '' . ESPN FC . Entertainment and Sports Programming Network ( ESPN ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barclays Premier League Statistics -- Top Scorers '' . ESPN FC . Entertainment and Sports Programming Network ( ESPN ) . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Leaders -- 2016 '' . PremierLeague . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Leaders -- 2017 '' . PremierLeague . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . ( hide ) Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_top_Premier_League_goal_scorers_by_season&oldid=832528526 '' Categories : Lists of Premier League players Lists of association football league top scorers in England Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 15 : 17 . About Wikipedia | list of highest goal scorers in english premier league | [] | [] |
-6962249402277986135 | Freedmen's Bureau | Freedmen 's Bureau - wikipedia Freedmen 's Bureau Jump to : navigation , search A Bureau agent stands between armed groups of whites and Freedmen this 1868 sketch from Harper 's Weekly . The Bureau of Refugees , Freedmen , and Abandoned Lands , usually referred to as simply the Freedmen 's Bureau , was an agency of the United States Department of War to `` direct such issues of provisions , clothing , and fuel , as he may deem needful for the immediate and temporary shelter and supply of destitute and suffering refugees and freedmen and their wives and children . '' The Freedmen 's Bureau Bill , which established the Freedmen 's Bureau on March 3 , 1865 , was initiated by President Abraham Lincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War . The Freedmen 's Bureau was an important agency of early Reconstruction , assisting freedmen in the South . The Bureau was made a part of the United States Department of War , as it was the only agency with an existing organization that could be assigned to the South . Headed by Union Army General Oliver O. Howard , the Bureau started operations in 1865 . Throughout the first year , its representatives learned that these tasks would be very difficult , as Southern legislatures passed laws for Black Codes that restricted movement , conditions of labor , and other civil rights of African Americans , nearly duplicating conditions of slavery . The Freedmen 's Bureau controlled limited arable land . The Bureau 's powers were expanded to help African Americans find family members from whom they had become separated during the war . It arranged to teach them to read and write , considered critical by the freedmen themselves as well as the government . Bureau agents also served as legal advocates for African Americans in both local and national courts , mostly in cases dealing with family issues . The Bureau encouraged former major planters to rebuild their plantations and urged freed blacks to return to work for them , kept an eye on contracts between the newly free laborers and planters , and pushed whites and blacks to work together as employers and employees rather than as masters and slaves . In 1866 , Congress renewed the charter for the Bureau . President Andrew Johnson , a Southerner who had succeeded to the office following Lincoln 's assassination , vetoed the bill because he believed that it encroached on states ' rights , relied inappropriately on the military in peacetime , and would prevent freed slaves from becoming independent by offering too much assistance . By 1869 , the Bureau had lost most of its funding and as a result been forced to cut much of its staff . By 1870 the Bureau had been considerably weakened due to the rise of Ku Klux Klan violence in the South . In 1872 , Congress abruptly abandoned the program , effectively shutting down the Bureau by refusing to approve renewal legislation . It did not inform Howard , who had been transferred to Arizona by President Ulysses S. Grant to settle hostilities between the Apache and settlers . Grant 's Secretary of War William W. Belknap , was hostile to Howard 's leadership and authority at the Bureau , and aroused controversy by his reassignment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Achievements 1.1 Day - to - day duties 1.2 Gender roles 1.3 Education 1.3. 1 Teachers 1.4 Colleges 1.5 Educational legacy 1.6 Church establishment 2 Continuing insurgency 3 State effectiveness 3.1 Alabama 3.2 Florida 3.3 Georgia 3.4 North Carolina 3.5 South Carolina 3.6 Texas 3.7 Virginia 4 Bureau records 5 See also 6 Bibliography 6.1 General 6.2 Education 6.3 Specialized studies 6.4 Primary sources 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Achievements ( edit ) Day - to - day duties ( edit ) The Freedmen 's Bureau office in Memphis , Tennessee , 1866 . Marriage certificate issued by the Bureau of Refugees , Freedmen and Abandoned Lands , Wilson County , Tennessee , 1866 . The Bureau helped solve everyday problems of the newly freed slaves , such as obtaining clothing , food , water , health care , communication with family members , and jobs . It distributed 15 million rations of food to African Americans , and set up a system where planters could borrow rations in order to feed freedmen they employed . Although the Bureau set aside $350,000 for this service , only $35,000 ( 10 % ) was borrowed by planters . Despite the good intentions , efforts , and limited success of the Bureau , medical treatment of the freedmen was severely deficient . Most southern white doctors and nurses would not treat freedmen , infrastructure had been destroyed by the war , and people had few means of improving sanitation . Blacks had not had much opportunity to develop their own medical personnel . In this period epidemics of cholera and yellow fever were carried along the river corridors , breaking out across the South . Gender roles ( edit ) A certificate of marriage issued by the Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Bureau agents , at first , complained that freedwomen were refusing to contract their labor . One of the first actions black families took was to withdraw women 's labor from fieldwork . The Bureau attempted to force freed women to work by insisting that their husbands sign contracts making the whole family available as field labor in the cotton industry , and by declaring that unemployed freed women should be treated as vagrants just as men were . The Bureau did allow some exceptions , such as married women with employed husbands , and some `` worthy '' women who had been widowed or abandoned and had large families of small children to care for . `` Unworthy '' women , meaning the unruly and prostitutes , were usually the ones subjected to punishment for vagrancy . Under slavery , most marriages had been informal , as slaveholders refused to acknowledge slave marriages and they were not legally recognized , although planters often presided over marriage ceremonies for their slaves . After the war , the Freedmen 's Bureau performed numerous marriages for freed couples who asked for it . As many husbands and wives had been separated during wartime chaos , the Bureau agents helped families in their attempts to reunite after the war . The Bureau had an informal regional communications system that allowed agents to send inquiries and provide answers . It sometimes provided transportation to reunite families . Freedmen and freed women turned to the Bureau for assistance in resolving issues of abandonment and divorce . Education ( edit ) The most widely recognized accomplishments of the Freedman 's Bureau were in education . Prior to the Civil War , no southern state had a system of universal , state - supported public education and prohibited slaves and free blacks from gaining education . Former slaves wanted public education while the wealthier whites opposed the idea . Freedmen had a strong desire to learn to read and write ; some started schools at refugee camps ; others worked hard to establish schools in their communities even prior to the advent of the Freedmen 's Bureau . Oliver Otis Howard was appointed as the first Freedmen 's Bureau Commissioner . Through his leadership the bureau set up four divisions : Government - Controlled Lands , Records , Financial Affairs , and Medical Affairs . Education was considered part of the Records division . Howard turned over confiscated property including planters ' mansions , government buildings , books , and furniture to superintendents to be used in the education of freedmen , and provided transportation and room and board for teachers . Many Northerners came south to educate the freedmen . The Misses Cooke 's school room , Freedman 's Bureau , Richmond , Virginia , 1866 . By 1866 , northern missionary and aid societies worked in conjunction with the Freedmen 's Bureau to provide education for former slaves . The American Missionary Association was particularly active , establishing eleven colleges in southern states for the education of freedmen . The primary focus of these groups was to raise funds to pay teachers and manage schools , while the secondary focus was the day - to - day operation of individual schools . After 1866 , Congress appropriated some funds to operate the freedmen 's schools . The main source of educational revenue for these schools came through a Congressional Act that gave the Freedmen 's Bureau the power to seize Confederate property for educational use . George Ruby , an African American , served as teacher and school administrator and as a traveling inspector for the Bureau , observing local conditions , aiding in the establishment of black schools , and evaluating the performance of Bureau field officers . Blacks supported him , but planters and other whites opposed him . Overall , the Bureau spent $5 million to set up schools for blacks . By the end of 1865 , more than 90,000 former slaves were enrolled as students in such public schools . Attendance rates at the new schools for freedmen were between 79 and 82 percent . Brigadier General Samuel Chapman Armstrong created and led Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Virginia in 1868 . It is now known as Hampton University . The Freedmen 's Bureau published their own freedmen 's textbook . They emphasized the bootstrap philosophy , encouraging freedmen to believe that each person had the ability to work hard and to do better in life . These readers included traditional literacy lessons ; as well as selections on the life and works of Abraham Lincoln , excerpts from the Bible focused on forgiveness , biographies of famous African Americans with emphasis on their piety , humbleness and industry ; and essays on humility , the work ethic , temperance , loving your enemies , and avoiding bitterness . By 1870 , there were more than 1,000 schools for freedmen in the South . J.W. Alvord , an inspector for the Bureau , wrote that the freedmen `` have the natural thirst for knowledge , '' aspire to `` power and influence ... coupled with learning , '' and are excited by `` the special study of books . '' Among the former slaves , children and adults sought this new opportunity to learn . After the Bureau was abolished , some of its achievements collapsed under the weight of white violence against schools and teachers for blacks . After the 1870s , when white Democrats regained power of southern governments , they reduced funds available to fund public education , particularly for blacks . In the 1890s they passed a new state constitutions disenfranchising most blacks by creating barriers to voter registration . They passed Jim Crow laws establishing legal segregation of public places . Segregated schools and other services for blacks were consistently underfunded by the southern legislatures . By 1871 , Northerners ' interest in reconstructing the South with military power had waned . Northerners were beginning to tire of the effort that Reconstruction required , were discouraged at the high rate of continuing violence around elections , and were ready for the South to take care of itself . All of the southern states had created new constitutions that established universal , publicly funded education . Groups based in the North began to redirect their money toward universities and colleges founded to educate African - American leaders . 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In the 21st century , new research finds that half the teachers were southern whites ; one - third were blacks ( mostly southern ) , and one - sixth were northern whites . Few were abolitionists ; few came from New England . Men outnumbered women . The salary was the strongest motivation except for the northerners , who were typically funded by northern organizations and had a humanitarian motivation . As a group , the black cohort showed the greatest commitment to racial equality ; and they were the ones most likely to remain teachers . The school curriculum resembled that of schools in the north . Colleges ( edit ) The building and opening of schools of higher learning for African Americans coincided with the shift in focus for the Freedmen 's Aid Societies from supporting an elementary education for all African Americans to gaining a high school and college education for African - American leaders . Both of these events worked in concert with concern on the part of white officials working with African Americans in the South . These officials were concerned about the lack of a moral or financial foundation seen in the African - American community and traced that lack of foundation back to slavery . Generally , they believed that blacks needed help to enter a free labor market and reconstruct stable family life . Heads of local American Missionary Associations sponsored various educational and religious efforts for African Americans . Later efforts for higher education were supported by such leaders as Samuel Chapman Armstrong of the Hampton Institute and Booker T. Washington of the Tuskegee Institute ( from 1881 ) . They said that black students should be able to leave home and `` live in an atmosphere conducive not only to scholarship but to culture and refinement '' . Most of these colleges , universities and normal schools combined what they believed were the best fundamentals of a college with that of the home , giving students a basic structure to build acceptable practices of upstanding lives . For instance , at the majority of these schools , students were expected to bathe a prescribed number of times per week , maintain an orderly living space , and present a particular appearance . At many of these institutions , Christian principles and practices were also part of the daily regime . Educational legacy ( edit ) Despite the untimely dissolution of the Freedman 's Bureau , its legacy influenced the important historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) , which were the chief institutions of higher learning for blacks in the South through the decades of segregation into the mid-20th century . Under the direction and sponsorship of the Bureau , together with the American Missionary Association in many cases , from approximately 1866 until its termination in 1872 , an estimated 25 institutions of higher learning for black youth were established . The leaders among them continue to operate as highly ranked institutions in the 21st century . ( Examples include St. Augustine 's College , Fisk University , Johnson C. Smith University , Clark Atlanta University , Dillard University , Shaw University , Virginia Union University , and Tougaloo College ) . As of 2009 , there exist approximately 105 HBCUs that range in scope , size , organization and orientation . Under the Education Act of 1965 , Congress officially defined an HBCU as `` an institution whose principal missions were and are the education of Black Americans '' . HBCUs graduate over 50 % of African - American professionals , 50 % of African - American public school teachers , and 70 % of African - American dentists . In addition , 50 % of African Americans who graduate from HBCUs go on to pursue graduate or professional degrees . One in three degrees held by African Americans in the natural sciences , and half the degrees held by African Americans in mathematics , were earned at HBCUs . Perhaps the best known of these institutions is Howard University , founded in Washington , D.C. , in 1867 , with the aid of the Freedmen 's Bureau . It was named for the commissioner of the Freedmen 's Bureau , General Oliver Otis Howard . Church establishment ( edit ) After the Civil War , control over existing churches was a contentious issue . The Methodist denomination had split into regional associations prior to the war . In some cities , Northern Methodists seized control of Southern Methodist buildings . Numerous northern denominations , including the independent black denominations of the African Methodist Episcopal ( AME ) and African Methodist Episcopal Zion , sent missionaries to the South to help the freedmen . By this time the independent black denominations were increasingly well organized and prepared to evangelize to the freedmen . Within a decade , the AME and AME Zion churches had gained hundreds of thousands of new members and were rapidly organizing new congregations . Even before the war , blacks had established independent Baptist congregations in some cities and towns , such as Silver Bluff , Charleston , Petersburg , and Richmond . In many places , especially in more rural areas , they shared public services with whites . Often enslaved blacks met secretly to conduct their own services away from white supervision or oversight . After the war , freedmen mostly withdrew from the white - dominated congregations of the Baptist , Methodist and Presbyterian churches in order to be free to worship as they pleased away from white supervision . Within a short time , they were organizing black Baptist state association , and organized a national association in the 1890s . Northern mission societies raised funds for land , buildings , teachers ' salaries , and basic necessities such as books and furniture . For years they used networks throughout their churches to raise money for freedmen 's education and worship . Continuing insurgency ( edit ) An 1866 poster attacking the Freedmen 's Bureau . Most of the assistant commissioners , realizing that African Americans would not receive fair trials in the civil courts , tried to handle black cases in their own Bureau courts . Southern whites objected that this was unconstitutional . In Alabama , state and county judges were commissioned as Bureau agents . They were to try cases involving blacks with no distinctions on racial grounds . If a judge refused , martial law could be instituted in his district . All but three judges accepted their unwanted commissions , and the governor urged compliance . Perhaps the most difficult region was Louisiana 's Caddo - Bossier Parish . It had not experienced wartime devastation or Union occupation . Understaffed and weakly supported by federal troops , well - meaning Bureau agents found their investigations blocked and authority undermined at every turn by recalcitrant plantation owners . Murders of freedmen were common , and suspects in these cases went unprosecuted . Bureau agents did negotiate labor contracts , build schools and hospitals , and aid freedmen , but they struggled against the oppressive environment . In March 1872 , at the request of President Ulysses S. Grant and the Secretary of the Interior , Columbus Delano , General Howard was asked to temporarily leave his duties as Commissioner of the Bureau to deal with Indian affairs in the west . Upon returning from his assignment in November 1872 , General Howard discovered that the Bureau and all of its activities had been officially terminated by Congress , effective as of June ( Howard , 1907 ) . While General Howard was dealing with Indian affairs in the west , the Freedmen 's Bureau was steadily losing its support . During the Bureau 's first year , Congress appropriated no money for the Bureau so it was forced to rely on the army for financial support . Because the Bureau had a lack of funding from the federal government , it was unable to carry out all of its initiatives to sustain the lives of the newly freed slaves and to ensure any real measure of racially equality . President Johnson was also opposed to the Freedmen 's Bureau and his opposition encouraged many people , especially white southerners , to challenge the Bureau . Congress was forced to dismantle the Bureau in 1872 due to pressure from white Southerners . In the South there was a never ending struggle to get the whites and blacks to work together and unfortunately , the Bureau was unable to change that . In his autobiography , General Howard expressed great frustration in regard to what had taken place without his knowledge , stating `` the legislative action , however , was just what I desired , except that I would have preferred to close out my own Bureau and not have another do it for me in an unfriendly manner in my absence . '' All documents and matters pertaining to the Freedmen 's Bureau were transferred from the office of General Howard to the War Department of the United States Congress . State effectiveness ( edit ) Alabama ( edit ) The Bureau began distributing rations in the summer of 1865 . Drought conditions resulted in so much need that the state established its own Office of the Commissioner of the Destitute to provide additional relief . The two agencies coordinated their efforts starting in 1866 . The Bureau established depots in eight major cities . Counties were allocated aid in kind each month based on the number of poor reported . The counties then were required to transport the supplies themselves . The ration was larger in winter and spring , and reduced in seasons when locally - grown food was available . In 1866 , the depot at Huntsville provided five thousand rations a day . The food was distributed without regard to race . Corruption and abuse was so great that in October 1866 , the President ended in - kind aid in that state . One hundred twenty thousand dollars was given to the state to provide relief to the end of January 1867 . Aid then ended in the state . Records show that at the end of the program , four times more White people received aid than did Black people . Florida ( edit ) The Florida Bureau was assessed to be working effectively . Col. T.W. Osborne , the assistant commissioner of the Bureau for Florida , was an astute politician who collaborated with the leadership of both parties in the state . He was warmly praised by observers on all sides . Georgia ( edit ) The Bureau played a major role in Georgia politics . It was especially active in setting up , monitoring , and enforcing labor contracts for both men and women . It also set up a new system of healthcare for the freedmen . North Carolina ( edit ) In North Carolina , the bureau employed : 9 contract surgeons , at $100 per month ; 26 hospital attendants , at average pay each per month $11.25 ; 18 civilian employees , clerks , agents , etc. , at an average pay per month of $17.20 ; 4 laborers , at an average pay per month of $11.90 ; enlisted men are detailed as orderlies , guards , etc. , by commanding officers of the different military posts where officers of the Bureau are serving . Some misconduct was reported to the bureau main office that bureau agents were using their posts for personal gains . Colonel E. Whittlesey was questioned but said he was not involved in nor knew of anyone involved in such activities . The bureau exercised what whites believed were arbitrary powers : making arrests , imposing fines , and inflicting punishments . They were considered to be disregarding the local laws and especially the statute of limitations . Their activities resulted in resentment among whites toward the federal government in general . These powers invoked negative feelings in many southerners that sparked many to want the agency to leave . In their review , Steedman and Fullerton repeated their conclusion from Virginia , which was to withdraw the Bureau and turn daily operations over to the military . South Carolina ( edit ) In South Carolina , the bureau employed , nine clerks , at average pay each per month $108.33 , one rental agent , at monthly pay of $75.00 , one clerk , at monthly pay of $50.00 , one storekeeper , at monthly pay of $85.00 , one counselor , at monthly pay of $125.00 , one superintendent of education , at monthly pay of $150.00 , one printer , at monthly pay of $100.00 , one contract surgeon , at monthly pay of $100.00 , twenty - five laborers , at average pay per month $19.20 . General Saxton was head of the bureau operations in South Carolina ; he was reported by Steedman and Fullerton to have made so many `` mistakes and blunders '' that he made matters worse for the freedmen . He was replaced by Brigadier General R.K. Scott . Steedman and Fullerton described Scott as energetic and a competent officer . It appeared that he took great pains to turn things around and correct the mistakes made by his predecessors . The investigators learned of reported murders of freedmen by a band of outlaws . These outlaws were thought to be people from other states , such as Texas , Kentucky and Tennessee , who had been part of the rebel army ( Ku Klux Klan chapters were similarly started by veterans in the first years after the war . ) When citizens were asked why the perpetrators had not been arrested , many answered that the Bureau , with the support of the military , had the primary authority . In certain areas , such as the Sea Islands , many freedmen were destitute . Many had tried to cultivate the land and began businesses with little to no success in the social disruption of the period . Texas ( edit ) Suffering much less damage in the war than some other Deep South states , Texas became a destination for some 200,000 refugee blacks from other parts of the South , in addition to 200,000 already in Texas . Slavery had been prevalent only in East Texas , and some freedmen hoped for the chance of new types of opportunity in the lightly populated but booming state . The Bureau 's political role was central , as was close attention to the need for schools . Virginia ( edit ) The Freedmen 's Bureau had 58 clerks and superintendents of farms , paid average monthly wages $78.50 ; 12 assistant superintendents , paid average monthly wages 87.00 ; and 163 laborers , paid average monthly wages 11.75 ; as personnel in the state of Virginia . Other personnel included orderlies and guards . During the war , slaves had escaped to Union lines and forts in the Tidewater , where contraband camps were established . Many stayed in that area after the war , seeking protection near the federal forts . The Bureau fed 9,000 to 10,000 blacks a month over the winter , explaining : `` A majority of the freedmen to whom this subsistence has been furnished are undoubtedly able to earn a living if they were removed to localities where labor could be procured . The necessity for issuing rations to this class of persons results from their accumulation in large numbers in certain places where the land is unproductive and the demand for labor is limited . As long as these people remain in the present localities , the civil authorities refuse to provide for the able - bodied , and are unable to care for the helpless and destitute among them , owing to their great number and the fact that very few are residents of the counties in which they have congregated during the war . The necessity for the relief extended to these people , both able - bodied and helpless , by the Government , will continue as long as they remain in their present condition , and while rations are issued to the able - bodied they will not voluntarily change their localities to seek places where they can procure labor . ' Bureau records ( edit ) In 2000 , the U.S. Congress passed the Freedmen 's Bureau Preservation Act , which directed the National Archivist to preserve the extensive records of the Bureau on microfilm , and work with educational institutions to index the records . In addition to those records of the Bureau headquarters , assistant commissioners , and superintendents of education , the National Archives now has records of the field offices , marriage records , and records of the Freedmen 's Branch of the Adjutant General on microfilm . They are being digitized and made available through online databases . These constitute a major source of documentation on the operations of the Bureau , political and social conditions in the Reconstruction Era , and the genealogies of freedpeople . The Freedmen 's Bureau Project ( announced on June 19 , 2015 ) was created as a set of partnerships between FamilySearch International and the National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) , the Smithsonian 's National Museum of African American History and Culture , the Afro - American Historical and Genealogical Society ( AAHGS ) , and the California African American Museum . Tens of thousands of volunteers are needed to make these records searchable online . No specific time commitment is required , and anyone may participate . Volunteers simply log on ( http://www.discoverfreedmen.org/ ) , pull up as many scanned documents as they like , and enter the names and dates into the fields provided . Once published , information for millions of African Americans will be accessible , allowing families to build their family trees and connect with their ancestors . As of February 2016 , the project was 51 % complete . In October 2006 , Virginia governor Tim Kaine announced that Virginia would be the first state to index and digitize Freedmen 's Bureau records . See also ( edit ) United States House Committee on Freedmen 's Affairs Freedmen 's Savings Bank Forty acres and a mule Bibliography ( edit ) see also Reconstruction : Bibliography General ( edit ) Bentley George R. A History of the Freedmen 's Bureau ( 1955 ) ; old fashioned overview Carpenter , John A. ; Sword and Olive Branch : Oliver Otis Howard ( 1999 ) ; full biography of Bureau leader Cimbala , Paul A . The Freedmen 's Bureau : Reconstructing the American South after the Civil War ( 2005 ) Cimbala , Paul A. and Trefousse , Hans L. ( eds ) , The Freedmen 's Bureau : Reconstructing the American South After the Civil War . 2005 ; essays by scholars . Colby , I.C. ( 1985 ) . `` The Freedmen 's Bureau : From Social Welfare to Segregation '' . Phylon. 46 ( 3 ) : 219 -- 230 . JSTOR 274830 . doi : 10.2307 / 274830 . W.E. Burghardt Du Bois , The Freedmen 's Bureau ( 1901 ) . Foner , Eric . Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 -- 1877 ( 1988 ) . Goldberg , Chad Alan . Citizens and Paupers : Relief , Rights , and Race , from the Freedmen 's Bureau to Workfare ( 2007 ) compares the Bureau with the WPA in the 1930s and welfare today excerpt and text search Litwack , Leon F. Been in the Storm So Long : The Aftermath of Slavery , 1979 . McFeely , William S. Yankee Stepfather : General O.O. Howard and the Freedmen ( 1994 ) ; biography of Bureau 's head . excerpt and text search Education ( edit ) Abbott , Martin . `` The Freedmen 's Bureau and Negro Schooling in South Carolina , '' South Carolina Historical Magazine , Vol. 57 # 2 ( Apr. , 1956 ) , pp. 65 -- 81 in JSTOR Anderson , James D . The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 ( 1988 ) . Butchart , Ronald E. Northern Schools , Southern Blacks , and Reconstruction : Freedmen 's Education , 1862 -- 1875 ( 1980 ) . Crouch , Barry A. `` Black Education in Civil War and Reconstruction Louisiana : George T. Ruby , the Army , and the Freedmen 's Bureau '' Louisiana History 1997 38 ( 3 ) : 287 -- 308 . ISSN 0024 - 6816 . Goldhaber , Michael ( 1992 ) . `` A Mission Unfulfilled : Freedmen 's Education in North Carolina , 1865 -- 1870 '' . Journal of Negro History . 77 ( 4 ) : 199 -- 210 . JSTOR 3031474 . doi : 10.2307 / 3031474 . Hornsby , Alton . `` The Freedmen 's Bureau Schools in Texas , 1865 -- 1870 , '' Southwestern Historical Quarterly , Vol. 76 # 4 ( April , 1973 ) , pp. 397 -- 417 in JSTOR Jackson , L.P. `` The Educational Efforts of the Freedmen 's Bureau and Freedmen 's Aid Societies in South Carolina , 1862 -- 1872 , '' The Journal of Negro History ( 1923 ) , vol 8 # 1 , pp 1 -- 40 . in JSTOR Jones , Jacqueline . Soldiers of Light and Love : Northern Teachers and Georgia Blacks , 1865 -- 1873 ( 1980 ) . Morris , Robert C. Reading , ' Riting , and Reconstruction : The Education of Freedmen in the South , 1861 -- 1870 ( 1981 ) . Myers , John B . `` The Education of the Alabama Freedmen During Presidential Reconstruction , 1865 -- 1867 , '' Journal of Negro Education , Vol. 40 # 2 ( Spring 1971 ) , pp. 163 -- 171 in JSTOR Parker , Marjorie H. `` Some Educational Activities of the Freedmen 's Bureau , '' Journal of Negro Education , Vol. 23 # 1 ( Winter , 1954 ) , pp. 9 -- 21 . in JSTOR Richardson , Joe M. Christian Reconstruction : The American Missionary Association and Southern Blacks , 1861 -- 1890 ( 1986 ) Richardson , Joe M. `` The Freedmen 's Bureau and Negro Education in Florida , '' Journal of Negro Education , Vol. 31 # 4 ( Autumn , 1962 ) , pp. 460 -- 467 . in JSTOR Span , Christopher M. `` ' I Must Learn Now or Not at All ' : Social and Cultural Capital in the Educational Initiatives of Formerly Enslaved African Americans in Mississippi , 1862 -- 1869 , '' The Journal of African American History , 2002 , pp. 196 -- 222 . Tyack , David , and Robert Lowe . `` The Constitutional Moment : Reconstruction and Black Education in the South , '' American Journal of Education , Vol. 94 # 2 ( February 1986 ) , pp. 236 -- 256 in JSTOR Williams , Heather Andrea ; `` ' Clothing Themselves in Intelligence ' : The Freedpeople , Schooling , and Northern Teachers , 1861 -- 1871 '' , The Journal of African American History , 2002 , pp. 372 + . Williams , Heather Andrea . Self - Taught : African American Education in Slavery and Freedom ( 2006 ) . online edition Specialized studies ( edit ) Bethel , Elizabeth . `` The Freedmen 's Bureau in Alabama , '' Journal of Southern History Vol. 14 , No. 1 , ( February 1948 ) pp. 49 -- 92 in JSTOR . Bickers , John M. `` The Power to Do What Manifestly Must Be Done : Congress , the Freedmen 's Bureau , and Constitutional Imagination '' , Roger Williams University Law Review , Vol. 12 , No. 70 , 2006 online at SSRN . Cimbala , Paul A. `` On the Front Line of Freedom : Freedmen 's Bureau Officers and Agents in Reconstruction Georgia , 1865 -- 1868 , '' Georgia Historical Quarterly 1992 76 ( 3 ) : 577 -- 611 . ISSN 0016 - 8297 . Cimbala , Paul A. Under the Guardianship of the Nation : the Freedmen 's Bureau and the Reconstruction of Georgia , 1865 -- 1870 ( 1997 ) . Click , Patricia C. Time Full of Trial : The Roanoke Island Freedmen 's Colony , 1862 -- 1867 ( 2001 ) . Crouch , Barry . The Freedmen 's Bureau and Black Texans ( 1992 ) . Crouch ; Barry A . `` The ' Chords of Love ' : Legalizing Black Marital and Family Rights in Postwar Texas , '' The Journal of Negro History , Vol. 79 , 1994 . Downs , Jim . Sick from Freedom : African - American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction ( Oxford University Press , 2012 ) Durrill , Wayne K. `` Political Legitimacy and Local Courts : ' Politicks at Such a Rage ' in a Southern Community during Reconstruction , '' in Journal of Southern History , Vol. 70 # 3 , 2004 pp. 577 -- 617 . Farmer - Kaiser , Mary . `` ' Are They Not in Some Sorts Vagrants ? ' Gender and the Efforts of the Freedmen 's Bureau to Combat Vagrancy in the Reconstruction South , '' Georgia Historical Quarterly 2004 88 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 49 . ISSN 0016 - 8297 . Farmer - Kaiser , Mary . Freedwomen and the Freedmen 's Bureau : Race , Gender , and Public Policy in the Age of Emancipation ( Fordham University Press , 2010 ) ; describes how freedwomen found both an ally and an enemy in the Bureau . Finley , Randy . From Slavery to Future : the Freedmen 's Bureau in Arkansas , 1865 -- 1869 ( 1996 ) . Lieberman , Robert C. `` The Freedmen 's Bureau and the Politics of Institutional Structure , '' Social Science History 1994 18 ( 3 ) : 405 -- 437 . ISSN 0145 - 5532 . Lowe , Richard ( 1993 ) . `` The Freedman 's Bureau and Local Black Leadership '' . Journal of American History . 80 ( 3 ) : 989 -- 998 . JSTOR 2080411 . doi : 10.2307 / 2080411 . Morrow Ralph Ernst . Northern Methodism and Reconstruction ( 1956 ) May J. Thomas . `` Continuity and Change in the Labor Program of the Union Army and the Freedmen 's Bureau , '' Civil War History 17 ( September 1971 ) : 245 -- 54 . Oubre , Claude F. Forty Acres and a Mule. ( 1978 ) . Pearson , Reggie L. `` ' There Are Many Sick , Feeble , and Suffering Freedmen ' : the Freedmen 's Bureau 's Health - care Activities During Reconstruction in North Carolina , 1865 -- 1868 , '' North Carolina Historical Review 2002 79 ( 2 ) : 141 -- 181 . ISSN 0029 - 2494 . Richter , William L. Overreached on All Sides : The Freedmen 's Bureau Administrators in Texas , 1865 -- 1868 ( 1991 ) . Rodrigue , John C. `` Labor Militancy and Black Grassroots Political Mobilization in the Louisiana Sugar Region , 1865 -- 1868 '' in Journal of Southern History , Vol. 67 # 1 , 2001 , pp. 115 -- 45 . Schwalm , Leslie A. `` ' Sweet Dreams of Freedom ' : Freedwomen 's Reconstruction of Life and Labor in Lowcountry South Carolina , '' Journal of Women 's History , Vol. 9 # 1 , 1997 pp. 9 -- 32 . Smith , Solomon K . `` The Freedmen 's Bureau in Shreveport : the Struggle for Control of the Red River District , '' Louisiana History 2000 41 ( 4 ) : 435 -- 465 . ISSN 0024 - 6816 . Williamson , Joel . After Slavery : The Negro in South Carolina during Reconstruction , 1861 -- 1877 ( 1965 ) . Freedmen 's Bureau in Texas , Texas Handbook of History online Primary sources ( edit ) Berlin , Ira , ed . Free at Last : A Documentary History of Slavery , Freedom , and the Civil War ( 1995 ) Howard , O.O. ( 1907 ) . Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard / Major General United States Army ( Volume Two ) . New York : The Baker & Taylor Company . Stone , William . `` Bitter Freedom : '' William Stone 's Record of Service in the Freedmen 's Bureau , edited by Suzanne Stone Johnson and Robert Allison Johnson ( 2008 ) , memoir by white Bureau official Minutes of the Freedmen 's Convention , Held in the City of Raleigh , North Carolina , October , 1866 Freedmen 's Bureau Online Reports and Speeches General Howard 's report for 1869 : The House of Representatives , Forty - first Congress , second session Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For access and inquires about the use of the records , researchers should visit or write ( e-mail ) the Old Military and Civil Branch , 700 Pennsylvania Avenue , NW , Washington , DC 20408 . For the location of previously filmed and future Freedmen 's Bureau microfilm publications , researchers should contact the nearest regional archives or visit the NARA online microfilm catalog . By 2014 , under arrangement with the National Archives , records are available online through FamilySearch and Ancestry . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Freedmen 's Bureau Bill '' . United States Congress . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Freedmen 's Bureau , The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow . Jim Crow Stories , PBS . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Robin D.G. ( 2002 ) . Freedom Dreams . Boston : Beacon Press . p. 116 . ^ Jump up to : Clayborne Carson , Emma J. Lapsansky - Werner , and Gary B. Nash , The Struggle for Freedom : A History of African Americans , 256 . Jump up ^ Review of Families and Freedom : A Documentary History of African - American Kinship in the Civil War Era , Freedmen & Southern Society Project . Jump up ^ National Park Service The Freedman 's Bureau Bill Freedmen 's Bureau Bill First Veto : 1 . Opposed to the use of the military during peacetime. 2 . Believed the Bill was a Federal encroachment into state matters . 3 . Believed this was `` class legislation '' for a particular segment of society that : a . Would keep the ex-slaves from being self - sustaining , and b . Had not been done previously for struggling poor whites ( as he had been as an ex-apprentice ) . 4 . Johnson did not believe that Congress should be making such decisions for states that were not represented in Congress at that point Second veto : Johnson 's second objections were the same as his first . ^ Jump up to : Goldhaber 1992 Jump up ^ Pearson 2002 ; Jim Downs , Sick from Freedom : African - American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction ( NY : Oxford U.P. , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Farmer - Kaiser , 2004 Jump up ^ Crouch 1997 Jump up ^ West , Earle H. ( 1982 ) . `` Book review of Freedmen 's Schools and Textbooks '' . 51 : 165 -- 167 . JSTOR 2294682 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 450 Jump up ^ Ronald E. Butchart , Schooling the Freed People : Teaching , Learning , and the Struggle for Black Freedom , 1861 -- 1876 ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Michelle A. Krowl , `` Review of Butchart , Ronald E. , Schooling the Freed People : Teaching , Learning , and the Struggle for Black Freedom , 1861 -- 1876 `` , H - SAWH , H - Net Reviews . September , 2011 . Jump up ^ Morris , 1981 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Howard , 1907 Jump up ^ Data from United Negro College Fund . Jump up ^ Harrison , Robert ( 2006 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Welfare and Employment Policies of the Freedmen 's Bureau in the District of Columbia '' . Journal of Southern History ( 1 Feb 2006 ) . Retrieved 25 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Church in the Southern Black Community '' . Documenting the South . University of North Carolina , 2004 . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Morrow 1954 Jump up ^ Foner 1988 Jump up ^ Smith 2000 Jump up ^ History.com Staff . `` Freedmen 's Bureau '' . History.com . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ PBS . `` Freedmen 's Bureau '' . PBS . PBS Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howard , 1907 , 447 . Jump up ^ Flynt . Poor But Proud. 1378 . Jump up ^ Joe M. Richardson , `` An Evaluation of the Freedmen 's Bureau in Florida , '' Florida Historical Quarterly ( 1963 ) 41 # 3 pp : 223 - 238 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Bentley , George R. ( 1949 ) . `` The Political Activity of the Freedmen 's Bureau in Florida '' . Florida Historical Quarterly . 28 ( 1 ) : 28 -- 37 . JSTOR 30138730 . Jump up ^ Paul A. Cimbala , Under the Guardianship of the Nation : the Freedmen 's Bureau and the Reconstruction of Georgia , 1865 -- 1870 ( University of Georgia Press , 2003 ) ; For an online review see John David Smith , `` ' The Work It Did Not Do Because It Could Not ' : Georgia and the ' New ' Freedmen 's Bureau Historiography , '' Georgia Historical Quarterly ( 1998 ) pp : 331 - 349 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Sara Rapport , `` The Freedmen 's Bureau as a Legal Agent for Black Men and Women in Georgia : 1865 -- 1868 , '' Georgia Historical Quarterly ( 1989 ) : 26 - 53 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Todd L. Savitt , `` Politics in Medicine : The Georgia Freedmen 's Bureau and the Organization of Health Care , 1865 -- 1866 , '' Civil War History 28.1 ( 1982 ) : 45 - 64 . Project MUSE Online Jump up ^ The United States Army and Navy Journal and Gazette of the Regular and Volunteer Forces . Army and Navy Journal Incorporated. 1865 . p. 616 . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : see `` Reports of Generals Steedman and Fullerton on the condition of the Freedmen 's Bureau in the Southern States '' Jump up ^ Charles F. Kovacik , and Robert E. Mason . `` Changes in the South Carolina Sea Island Cotton Industry , '' Southeastern Geographer ( 1985 ) 25 # 2 pp : 77 - 104 . Jump up ^ Claude Elliott , `` The Freedmen 's Bureau in Texas . '' Southwestern Historical Quarterly ( 1952 ) : 1 - 24 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ William Lee Richter , Overreached on all sides : the Freedmen 's Bureau administrators in Texas , 1865 -- 1868 ( Texas A&M University Press , 1991 ) Jump up ^ Barry A. Crouch , The Freedmen 's Bureau and Black Texans ( University of Texas Press , 2010 ) Jump up ^ from `` Reports of Generals Steedman and Fullerton on the condition of the Freedmen 's Bureau in the Southern States '' , date Jump up ^ 114 Stat. 1924 Jump up ^ `` African American Records : Freedmen 's Bureau '' . 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Reginald Washington , `` Sealing the Sacred Bonds of Holy Matrimony / Freedmen 's Bureau Marriage Records '' , Prologue Magazine , Spring 2005 , Vol. 37 , No. 1 . Jump up ^ `` United States Freedmen 's Bureau Marriages '' , FamilySearch Historical Records . Jump up ^ `` Freedmen 's Bureau Project '' . www.discoverfreedmen.org . Jump up ^ Cheney , Catherine ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` Bringing Their Lives To Light : Virginia 's Online Records Help Blacks ID Ancestors '' . Washington Post . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Freedmen 's Bureau Freedmen 's Bureau Online `` Freedmen 's Bureau Marriage Records , 1815 -- 1866 '' , 2007 , Ancestry.com website Joseph P. Reidy , `` Slave Emancipation Through the Prism of Archives Records '' , Prologue Magazine , ( 1997 ) Georgia : Freedmen 's Education during Reconstruction Africana Archives : Freedmen 's Bureau Records at the USF Africana Heritage Project ( familysearch.org Criminal Offenses Texas , Freedmen 's Bureau ... Office Records , 1865 -- 1870 , Sumpter , Roll 26 , Letters sent , vol ( 158 ) , June - Dec 1867 , Apr - Dec 1868 . p. 112 Image 60 ) ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | he was the first head of the freedmen’s bureau | [
"The Freedmen's Bureau Bill, which established the Freedmen's Bureau on March 3, 1865, was initiated by President Abraham Lincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War.[3] The Freedmen's Bureau was an important agency of early Reconstruction, assisting freedmen in the South. The Bureau was made a part of the United States Department of War, as it was the only agency with an existing organization that could be assigned to the South. Headed by Union Army General Oliver O. Howard, the Bureau started operations in 1865. Throughout the first year, its representatives learned that these tasks would be very difficult, as Southern legislatures passed laws for Black Codes that restricted movement, conditions of labor, and other civil rights of African Americans, nearly duplicating conditions of slavery. The Freedmen's Bureau controlled limited arable land.[4]"
] | [
"Union Army General Oliver O. Howard"
] |
18614470919787172 | The Whole of the Moon | The Whole of the Moon - wikipedia The Whole of the Moon Not to be confused with 1997 New Zealand film The Whole of the Moon . `` The Whole of the Moon '' Single by The Waterboys from the album This Is the Sea B - side `` Medicine Jack '' ( 7 `` ) `` The Girl in the Swing '' / `` Spirit '' / `` Medicine Jack '' ( 12 `` ) Released October 14 , 1985 ( UK ) November 21 , 1985 ( US ) April 2 , 1991 ( Re-issue ) Format 7 `` / 12 '' Recorded May 1985 , Livingstone Studios ( London ) and Amazon Studios ( Liverpool ) Genre Rock Length 4 : 58 Label Ensign Songwriter ( s ) Mike Scott Producer ( s ) Mike Scott The Waterboys singles chronology `` The Big Music '' ( 1984 ) `` The Whole of the Moon '' ( 1985 ) `` Fisherman 's Blues '' ( 1989 ) `` The Big Music '' ( 1984 ) `` The Whole of the Moon '' ( 1985 ) `` Fisherman 's Blues '' ( 1989 ) Audio sample file help `` The Whole of the Moon '' is a song by the Waterboys which was released as a single from their album This Is the Sea in 1985 . It is a classic of the band 's repertoire and has been consistently played at live shows ever since its release . Written and produced by Mike Scott , the subject of the song has inspired some speculation . The single was not a big success when initially released in 1985 , only making the lower ends of the chart , although reached number 12 on the Australian chart . Subsequently , it became one of The Waterboys ' best - known songs and their most commercially successful . It is arguably the band 's signature song and was the Ivor Novello Award winner `` Best Song Musically and Lyrically '' in 1991 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Music 3 Releases 4 Personnel 5 Covers 6 References 7 External links Lyrics ( edit ) The subject of the lyrics has inspired speculation , some of which has been rebutted by the writer . The song apparently began as a `` scribble on the back of an envelope on a wintry New York street '' , after Scott 's girlfriend asked him if it was difficult to write a song . Like The Waterboys ' first single `` A Girl Called Johnny '' , the song is a tribute to an inspirational figure or figures . In each line , the singer describes his own perspective and immediately contrasts it with that of the song 's subject , summarizing the difference with the line `` I saw the crescent / You saw the whole of the moon '' . Allmusic instead suggests that its subject is a number of people who inspired Scott , including writer C.S. Lewis and the musician Prince . Scott himself says that he `` could n't have written '' the song without having read Mark Helprin 's novel Winter 's Tale , but goes on to state that the song is not about Helprin . The official Waterboys website 's Frequently Asked Questions clarifies that Scott has said that the song 's subject is `` a composite of many people '' , including C.S. Lewis , but explicitly states that it is not about Prince . Musician Nikki Sudden , with whom Scott had collaborated before forming The Waterboys , has claimed that the song was written about himself . Music ( edit ) The band members at the time were Mike Scott , Anthony Thistlethwaite , Karl Wallinger , and Roddy Lorimer . Drummer Kevin Wilkinson had left the band by the time `` The Whole of the Moon '' was recorded and drums were played by session player , Chris Whitten . Demoed but not finished at the beginning of the recording sessions , the song was eventually completed in May 1985 . 1991 alternate sleeve A feature of `` The Whole of the Moon '' is the trumpet work on the recording , courtesy of the classically trained Lorimer . Lorimer spent three days with Scott working on the song 's arrangement and `` went home with a tape of the song and thought about a more classical approach . After a while sitting at the piano I came up with the idea of antiphonal trumpets . A piccolo trumpet on the left answered a piccolo on the right and then the same again , growing by adding a B ♭ trumpet below each side of the stereo picture . Mike loved it , except the slightly jazzy chords I had used on the run down at the very end , which he simplified . I used the same classical approach later in the song , mixing two classical - type trumpets behind a later verse . '' Lorimer also contributes falsetto background vocals to the song , while Thistlethwaite , another brass section member , performs a saxophone solo near the end . Wallinger provided synthesizer , synth bass and backing vocals . Releases ( edit ) It was first released as a seven and 12 - inch single , which reached number 26 on the United Kingdom singles chart . The single also contained a live recording of `` The Girl in the Swing '' , from The Waterboys , the band 's first album , an extended mix of `` Spirit '' , and a song titled `` Medicine Jack '' . Following various sell - out tours by the band from 1986 - 90 the song appeared on the group 's greatest hits package The Best of the Waterboys 81 -- 90 in 1991 . That year , this song was re-released as a single ( 7 `` , 12 '' and CD ) from the album and was a big hit , peaking at number three on the UK Singles Chart and receiving an Ivor Novello Award as `` Best Song Musically and Lyrically '' in 1991 . The second single release had different B sides from the 1985 version . `` Golden Age '' was on the 7 '' B side and the 12 '' had `` The Golden Age Medley '' , which included `` A Golden Age '' , `` Higher In Time '' ( fast ) , `` High Far Soon '' and `` Soon As I Get Home '' . Including the 2004 remastered album , the song has been officially released four times and appears on the following Waterboys albums : This Is the Sea ( 1985 ) Greenpeace Rainbow Warriors 2 CD Set ( 1989 ) The Best of The Waterboys 81 -- 90 ( 1991 ) The Whole of the Moon : The Music of Mike Scott & The Waterboys ( 1998 ) This Is the Sea - special remastered 2CD edition ( 2004 ) Karma to Burn ( live ) ( 2005 ) Personnel ( edit ) Max Edie - backing vocals Chris Whitten - drums , percussion Martin Ditcham - percussion Anthony Thistlethwaite - saxophone Karl Wallinger - synthesizer , bass ( synthesizer ) , backing vocals Roddy Lorimer - trumpet Mike Scott - vocals , piano , guitar Mick Glossop - mixed Covers ( edit ) `` The Whole of the Moon '' was covered by Jennifer Warnes on her 1992 album The Hunter , by Mandy Moore on her 2003 album Coverage , by Human Drama on the compilation New Wave Goes to Hell , by folk singer - songwriter Peter Mulvey on his 1995 album Rapture , by Terry Reid on his album The Driver and by Susan McFadden on the Celtic Woman album Destiny . Steve Hogarth of Marillion has included it in his solo `` h natural '' shows . It was also a hit on the Balearic dance scene in the 1980s and has appeared on numerous other compilations . Prince covered the song at Ronnie Scott 's Jazz Club during his 2014 Hit & Run tour , and again at the Paisley Park Studios during a Dance Rally for Peace in May 2015 . `` He 's so strict about people filming gigs on their phones , no one 's posted it on YouTube , '' rued Mike Scott . `` However , I understand it was a piano - and - vocal solo version . Boy , would I love to hear that . '' Mike Scott included a live solo version on his 1995 single `` Building the City of Light '' . U2 used it as their walk - up song during much of The Joshua Tree Tour 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Discography '' mikescottwaterboys.com . Retrieved 17 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mick Fitzsimmons . `` Must Have Waterboys '' . BBC : Critical List . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2005 . Retrieved October 22 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The Waterboys '' wikimusicguide.com . Retrieved 17 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Mike ( 2004 ) . `` Recording Notes '' . This Is the Sea . EMI . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Philip ( 2005 ) . The Book of Rock : From the 1950s to Today . Thunder 's Mouth Press . p. 480 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review of The Whole of the Moon '' . Allmusic . Retrieved October 24 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . mikescottwaterboys . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Nikki Sudden . `` A Few Mike Scott stories '' . Excerpts from Nikki Sudden 's Autobiography . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved October 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Roddy Lorimer '' . Kick Horns Line Up . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2005 . Retrieved October 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Prince watch : his Hit and Run tour stops by at Ronnie Scott 's Music '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Paisley Park DANCE RALLY 4 PEACE . Saturday May 2 , 2015 . Starts at NINE THIRTY '' . Prince.org. 2015 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Moody , Paul ( February 2015 ) . `` Welcome back : The Waterboys '' . Classic Rock # 206 . p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Scott -- Building The City Of Light '' . Discogs . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Video directed by Irish filmmaker Meiert Avis , and shot at the Lyceum Theatre , London in November 1985 . Mike Scott sings live over an amended version of the record , on which fiddle and acoustic guitar were added at Wessex Studios , London . Lu Edmonds of Public Image Ltd. mimes the bass in the video . The Waterboys Mike Scott Steve Wickham Trevor Hutchinson Roddy Lorimer Richard Naiff Anthony Thistlethwaite Karl Wallinger Kevin Wilkinson Marc `` Archie '' Arciero Colin Blakey Jay Dee Daugherty James Hallawell Katie Kim Ralph Salmins Sharon Shannon List of Waterboys members Studio albums as The Waterboys The Waterboys ( 1983 ) A Pagan Place ( 1984 ) This Is the Sea ( 1985 ) Fisherman 's Blues ( 1988 ) Room to Roam ( 1990 ) Dream Harder ( 1993 ) A Rock in the Weary Land ( 2000 ) Universal Hall ( 2003 ) Book of Lightning ( 2007 ) An Appointment with Mr Yeats ( 2011 ) Modern Blues ( 2015 ) Out of All This Blue ( 2017 ) Studio albums as Mike Scott Bring ' Em All In ( 1995 ) Still Burning ( 1997 ) Live albums The Live Adventures of the Waterboys ( 1998 ) Karma to Burn ( 2005 ) Compilations The Best of the Waterboys 81 -- 90 ( 1991 , recorded 1982 to 1990 ) The Secret Life of the Waterboys 81 -- 85 ( 1994 , recorded 1981 to 1985 ) The Whole of the Moon : The Music of Mike Scott & the Waterboys ( 1998 , recorded 1982 to 1996 ) Too Close To Heaven : The Unreleased Fisherman 's Blues Sessions / Fisherman 's Blues Part 2 ( 2001 , recorded 1986 to 2001 ) Kiss the Wind ( download only ) ( 2008 , recorded 1991 to 2006 ) In a Special Place : The Piano Demos for ' This Is The Sea ' ( 2011 , recorded 1985 ) Fisherman 's Box ( 2013 , recorded 1986 to 1988 ) Related articles World Party The Big Music Ivor Novello Awards -- Best Song Musically and Lyrically 1960s `` She 's Leaving Home '' ( 1968 ) 1970s `` Where Do You Go To ( My Lovely ) ? '' ( 1970 ) `` Something '' ( 1971 ) `` Do n't Let It Die '' ( 1972 ) `` Without You '' ( 1973 ) `` Daniel '' ( 1974 ) `` Streets of London '' * ( 1975 ) `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( 1978 ) `` Baker Street '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` The Logical Song '' ( 1980 ) `` Woman in Love '' ( 1981 ) `` Memory '' ( 1982 ) `` Have You Ever Been in Love '' ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' ( 1984 ) `` Against All Odds '' ( 1985 ) `` Nikita '' ( 1986 ) `` Do n't Give Up '' ( 1987 ) `` Something Inside So Strong '' ( 1988 ) `` They Dance Alone '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` The Living Years '' ( 1990 ) `` Sacrifice '' ( 1991 ) `` The Whole of the Moon '' ( 1992 ) `` Why '' ( 1993 ) `` If I Ever Lose My Faith in You '' ( 1994 ) `` Think Twice '' ( 1995 ) `` Common People '' ( 1996 ) `` Too Much Love Will Kill You '' ( 1997 ) `` Paranoid Android '' ( 1998 ) `` Believe '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` Strong '' ( 2000 ) `` Babylon '' ( 2001 ) `` Walk On '' ( 2002 ) `` The Other Side '' ( 2003 ) `` Leave Right Now '' ( 2004 ) `` Dry Your Eyes '' ( 2005 ) `` Suddenly I See '' ( 2006 ) `` Elusive '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Is a Losing Game '' ( 2008 ) `` One Day Like This '' ( 2009 ) 2010s `` The Fear '' ( 2010 ) `` Becoming a Jackal '' ( 2011 ) `` The A Team '' ( 2012 ) `` Next to Me '' ( 2013 ) `` Strong '' ( 2014 ) `` Take Me to Church '' ( 2015 ) `` Was n't Expecting That '' ( 2016 ) `` Black Man in a White World '' ( 2017 ) * Awarded as The Best Song Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Whole_of_the_Moon&oldid=847746048 '' Categories : 1985 singles 1980s ballads 1991 singles The Waterboys songs Music videos directed by Meiert Avis 1985 songs Rock ballads Songs written by Mike Scott ( musician ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 27 June 2018 , at 13 : 55 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | waterboys i saw the whole of the moon | [] | [] |
7124032331104446473 | Slave codes | Slave codes - wikipedia Slave codes Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on Slavery Contemporary ( show ) Child labour Child soldiers Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Sexual slavery Wage slavery Historical ( show ) Antiquity Ancient Rome Babylonia Ancient Greece Topics and practices Atlantic slave trade Middle Passage Arab slave trade Ghilman Mamluk Saqaliba Aztec Blackbirding Byzantine Empire Coolie Corvée labor Field slaves in the United States House slaves Kholop Medieval Europe Panyarring Thrall Serfs History Russia Slave market Slave raiding Child soldiers Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region ( show ) Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Slavery on the Barbary Coast Barbary slave trade Slave Coast Angola Chad Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Somalia South Africa Sudan Seychelles North and South America Americas indigenous U.S. Natives Brazil Lei Áurea Canada Caribbean Barbados Code Noir Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek Latin America Puerto Rico Trinidad United States colonial maps female partus penal labor Slave codes interregional Human trafficking Virgin Islands Central , East , and South Asia Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan China Booi Aha Laogai India Debt bondage Chukri System Japan comfort women South Korea Yankee princess North Korea Vietnam Australia and Oceania Blackbirding in Australia Human trafficking in Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe Britain Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Malta Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain colonies Sweden North Africa and West Asia Iran Libya Human trafficking in the Middle East Ottoman Empire Yemen Religion ( show ) Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam 21st century Judaism Bahá'í Faith Opposition and resistance ( show ) Timeline Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Colonization Liberia Sierra Leone Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Abolitionists Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Related ( show ) Common law Indentured servitude Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of slaves owners Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project Treatment in U.S. breeding court cases Washington Jefferson Adams Lincoln 40 acres Freedmen 's Bureau bit Emancipation Day Slave Codes were sets of laws during the colonial period and in individual states after the American Revolution which defined the status of slaves and the rights and responsibilities of slave owners Contents ( hide ) 1 Examples of Slave Codes 2 Violence against slaves 3 Reading by slaves illegal 4 Examples 4.1 Deep South 4.2 Tobacco states 4.3 District of Columbia slave codes 4.4 Northern colonies 4.5 Proper treatment of slaves 4.6 Utah 4.7 Due process rights for slaves 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Examples of slave codes ( edit ) Virginia , 1639 `` Act XI . All persons except the African slaves are to be provided with arms and ammunitions or be fined at the pleasure of the governor and the council . '' Virginia , 1662 `` Whereas some doubts have arisen whether children got by any Englishmen upon a Negro shall be slave or Free , Be it therefore enacted and declared by this present Grand assembly , that all children born in this country shall be held bond or free only according to the condition of the mother . '' Maryland , 1664 `` That whatsoever free - born ( English ) woman shall intermarry with any slave ... shall serve the master of such slave during the life of her husband ; and that all the issue of such free - born women , so married shall be slaves as their fathers were . '' Virginia , 1667 `` Act III . Whereas some doubts have arisen whether children that are slaves by birth ... should by virtue of their baptism be made free , it is enacted that baptism does not alter the condition to the person as to his bondage or freedom ; masters freed from this doubt may more carefully propagate Christianity by permitting slaves to be admitted to that sacrament . '' Virginia , 1682 `` Act I. It is enacted that all servants ... which shall be imported into this country either by sea or by land , whether Negroes , Moors , mulattoes or Indians who and whose parentage and native countries are not Christian at the time of their first purchase by some Christian ... and all Indians , which shall be sold by our neighboring Indians , or any other trafficking with us for slaves , are hereby adjudged , deemed and taken to be slaves to all intents and purposes any law , usage , or custom to the contrary notwithstanding . '' Virginia , 1705 `` All servants imported and brought into the Country ... who were not Christians in their native Country ... shall be accounted and be slaves . All Negro , mulatto and Indian slaves within this dominion ... shall be held to be real estate . '' South Carolina , 1712 `` Be it therefore enacted , by his Excellency , William , Lord Craven , Palatine ... and the rest of the members of the General Assembly , now met at Charles Town , for the South - west part of this Province , and by the authority of the same , That all negros , mulattoes , mestizo 's or Indians , which at any time heretofore have been sold , or now are held or taken to be , or hereafter shall be bought and sold for slaves , are hereby declared slaves ; and they , and their children , are hereby made and declared slaves ... '' Violence against slaves ( edit ) Virginia , 1705 -- `` If any slave resists his master ... correcting such a slave , and shall happen to be killed in such correction ... the master shall be free of all punishment ... as if such accident never happened . '' South Carolina , 1712 -- `` Be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , That no master , mistress , overseer , or other person whatsoever , that hath the care and charge of any negro or slave , shall give their negroes and other slaves leave ... to go out of their plantations ... Every slave hereafter out of his master 's plantation , without a ticket , or leave in writing , from his master ... shall be whipped ... '' Louisiana , 1724 -- `` The slave who , having struck his master , his mistress , or the husband of his mistress , or their children , shall have produced a bruise , or the shedding of blood in the face , shall suffer capital punishment . '' Reading by slaves illegal ( edit ) Main article : Anti-literacy laws in the United States Some codes made teaching to mulattos , Indians and indentured slaves illegal . Alabama , 1833 , section 31 -- `` Any person or persons who attempt to teach any free person of color , or slave , to spell , read , or write , shall , upon conviction thereof by indictment , be fined in a sum not less than two hundred and fifty dollars , nor more than five hundred dollars . '' Alabama , 1833 , section 32 -- `` Any free person of color who shall write for any slave a pass or free paper , on conviction thereof , shall receive for every such offense , thirty - nine lashes on the bare back , and leave the state of Alabama within thirty days thereafter ... '' Alabama , 1833 , section 33 -- `` Any slave who shall write for any other slave , any pass or free - paper , upon conviction , shall receive , on his or her back , fifty lashes for the first offence , and one hundred lashes for every offence thereafter ... '' Examples ( edit ) Deep South ( edit ) South Carolina established its slave code in 1695 , based on the 1661 English slave code employed in Barbados . The South Carolina slave code served as the model for other colonies in North America . In 1770 , Georgia adopted the South Carolina slave code , and Florida adopted the Georgia code . The 1712 South Carolina slave code included provisions such as : Slaves were forbidden to leave the owner 's property unless they were accompanied by a white person or had permission . If a slave leaves the owner 's property without permission , `` every white person '' is required to chastise such slaves . Any slave attempting to run away and leave the colony ( later the state ) receives the death penalty . Any slave who evades capture for 20 days or more is to be publicly whipped for the first offense , branded with the letter R on the right cheek for the second offense , and lose one ear if absent for 30 days for the third offense , and castrated for the fourth offense . Owners refusing to abide by the slave code are fined and forfeit ownership of their slaves . Slave homes are to be searched every two weeks for weapons or stolen goods . Punishment for violations escalates to include loss of ear , branding , and nose - slitting ( for the fourth offense , death ) No slave is allowed to work for pay ; plant corn , peas or rice ; keep hogs , cattle , or horses ; own or operate a boat ; buy or sell ; to wear clothes finer than ' Negro cloth . ' The South Carolina slave code was revised in 1739 with the following amendments : No slave is to be taught to write , to work on Sunday , or to work more than 15 hours per day in summer , and 14 hours in winter . Willful killing of a slave exacts a fine of £ 700 , `` passion '' - killing £ 350 . The fine for concealing runaway slaves is $1,000 and a prison sentence of up to one year . A fine of $100 and six months in prison are imposed for employing any black or slave as a clerk . A fine of $100 and six months in prison are imposed on anyone selling or giving alcoholic beverages to slaves . A fine of $100 and six months in prison are imposed for teaching a slave to read and write , and death is the penalty for circulating incendiary literature . Freeing a slave is forbidden , except by deed , and after 1820 , permission of the legislature ( Georgia required legislative approval after 1801 ) . Some elements of the codes were rarely or laxly enforced as they imposed costs or limitations upon ( politically powerful ) slaveowners . For instance , well after 1712 , slaves commonly worked for hire in Charleston . Tobacco States ( edit ) The slave codes of the tobacco colonies ( Delaware , Maryland , North Carolina , and Virginia ) were modeled on the Virginia code , which was initially established in 1667 . The 1682 Virginia code included the following provisions : Slaves were prohibited from possessing weapons . Slaves were prohibited from leaving their owner 's plantations without permission . Slaves were prohibited from lifting a hand against a white person even in self - defense . A runaway slave refusing to surrender could be killed without penalty . District of Columbia slave codes ( edit ) Slaves were a common sight in the nation 's capital . ( The District of Columbia at that time included what is today the city of Arlington and part of the city of Alexandria , Virginia . ) Harsh regulation of the urban slaves , most of whom were servants for the government elite , was in effect until the 1850s . Compared to some southern codes , the District of Columbia was relatively moderate . Slaves were allowed to hire their services and live apart from their masters , and free blacks were even allowed to live in the city and operate schools . The code could be used by attorneys and clerks who referred to it to draft contracts or briefs . By 1860 , there were over 11,000 free blacks and over 3,000 slaves . Following the Compromise of 1850 , the sale of slaves was outlawed . Slavery ended in 1862 and nearly 3,000 slaves were offered compensation . The official printed slave code was issued only a month before slavery ended in the District of Columbia . Northern colonies ( edit ) Slave codes in the northern colonies , before slavery was abolished , were less harsh than slave codes in the southern colonies but contained many similar provisions , such as forbidding slaves from leaving the owner 's land , forbidding whites from selling alcohol to slaves , and specifying punishment for attempting to escape . Proper treatment of slaves ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2013 ) Southern slave codes made willful killing of a slave illegal in most cases . For example , in 1791 , the North Carolina legislature made the willful killing of a slave murder unless it was done who was resisting or under moderate correction . Historian Lawrence M. Friedman wrote : `` Ten Southern codes made it a crime to mistreat a slave ... Under the Louisiana Civil Code of 1825 ( art . 192 ) , if a master was `` convicted of cruel treatment , '' the judge could order the sale of the mistreated slave , presumably to a better master . '' Utah ( edit ) In Utah , the Act in Relation to Service provided several protections for slaves . They were freed if the slave owner was found guilty of cruelty or abuse , or neglect to feed , clothe , or shelter the slave , or if there were any sexual intercourse between the master and the slave . The definition of cruelty was vague and hard to enforce , and in practice , slaves received similar treatment to those in the South . Due process rights for slaves ( edit ) In Florida , a slave charged with a capital offense was entitled to legal counsel to represent him on the theory that the master should not be deprived of his property by hanging unless the slave got a fair trial . See also ( edit ) Anti-literacy laws in the United States Atlantic slave trade Barbados Slave Code Code Noir ; French black code Conscription Convict leasing Coolie Debt bondage Forced labor Human trafficking Indentured servants International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition Slave narrative Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts Slave trade Janissaries Mamluks Saqaliba Slavery in Africa Slavery in Canada Slavery in the colonial United States Slavery in the United States Origins of the American Civil War North Carolina v. Mann Unfree labour Wage slavery Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Laws on Slavery '' . Virtual Jamestown . Jump up ^ Slave Codes of 1705 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Christian , pp. 27 - 28 Jump up ^ Berlin , Ira . Many Thousands Gone : The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America . Harvard University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 81092 - 9 Jump up ^ Christian , pp. 19 Jump up ^ Christian , p 30 ^ Jump up to : Morris , Thomas D. ( 1999 ) . Southern Slavery and the Law , 1619 - 1860 . University of North Carolina Press . p. 172 . ISBN 0807864307 . Jump up ^ Lawrence M. Friedman ( 2005 ) . A History of American Law : Third Edition . Simon and Schuster . p. 163 ISBN 0743282582 Jump up ^ Utah Slave Codes 1852 Jump up ^ `` Brief History Alex Bankhead and Marinda Redd Bankhead ( mention of Dr Pinney of Salem ) '' . The Broad Ax . March 25 , 1899 . References ( edit ) Christian , Charles M. , and Bennet , Sari , Black saga : the African American experience : a chronology , Basic Civitas Books , 1998 Thomas Cooper and David J. McCord , ed. , Statutes at Large of South Carolina , ( 10 Vols. , Columbia , 1836 -- 1841 ) VII , pp. 352 -- 356 . B.F. French , Historical Collections of Louisiana : Embracing Translations of Many Rare and Valuable Documents Relating to the Natural , Civil , and Political History of that State ( New York : D. Appleton , 1851 ) Slave Code for the District of Columbia Laws of the State of Alabama , 1833 Further reading ( edit ) Goodell , William ( 1853 ) . The American Slave Code in Theory and Practice : Its Distinctive Features Shown by Its Statutes , Judicial Decisions , and Illustrative Face External links ( edit ) Virginia 's slave codes on PBS.org Slave codes of District of Columbia Slave codes of State of Georgia The American Slave Code in Theory and Practice : Its Distinctive Features Shown by Its Statutes , Judicial Decisions , and Illustrative Face Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slave_codes&oldid=843575604 '' Categories : United States slavery law Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles lacking in - text citations from October 2010 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles to be expanded from August 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 01 : 46 . 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478261716658406567 | List of Ghost Whisperer characters | List of ghost Whisperer characters - wikipedia List of ghost Whisperer characters Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following are fictional characters from the television drama Ghost Whisperer created by John Gray . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Melinda Gordon 1.2 Jim Clancy 1.3 Andrea Marino 1.4 Delia Banks 1.5 Ned Banks 1.6 Rick Payne 1.7 Eli James 1.8 Aiden Lucas 2 Supporting characters 2.1 Beth Gordon 2.2 Mary Ann Patterson 2.3 Romano 2.4 Charlie Banks 2.5 Tim Flaherty 2.6 Gabriel Lawrence 2.7 Thomas Gordon 2.8 Paul Eastman 2.9 Zoe Ramos 3 Spirits 4 Lost spirits 5 Shinies and Shadows 5.1 Shinies 5.2 Shadows 6 References 7 External links Main characters ( edit ) Melinda Gordon ( edit ) Main article : Melinda Gordon Melinda Gordon , played by Jennifer Love Hewitt , is the protagonist of Ghost Whisperer . Melinda has been able to see ghosts since she was a little girl . Specifically , she sees ghosts who have not crossed over due to an issue that they need her help to resolve . She helps them find peace and cross over into the light . The gift has been passed on for many generations . She is married to Jim Clancy ( David Conrad ) and owns an antique shop , located in the fictional town of Grandview . She has many enemies who dislike her abilities , including Gabriel Lawrence ( Ignacio Serricchio ) and Romano ( John Walcutt ) . Jim Clancy ( edit ) Jim Clancy First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2005 Last appearance The Children 's Parade 5x22 , May 21 , 2010 Created by John Gray Portrayed by David Conrad Information Aliases Sam Lucas Occupation Paramedic / Firefighter , Doctor Family Faith Clancy ( mother ) Aiden Clancy ( father ; deceased ) Daniel ' Dan ' Clancy ( brother ; deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Melinda Gordon ( m . 2005 - 2009 ; his death ) Melinda Gordon ( m . 2009 - present ) Children Unnamed child ( miscarriage , with Melinda ) Aiden Lucas ( son , with Melinda ) Jim Clancy , played by David Conrad is Melinda 's ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ) husband . He is the only cast member other than Hewitt to appear in every episode . Jim and Melinda get married and move in at the start of the first season . Jim was a paramedic and firefighter , and the two met when he rescued her from her apartment complex , which had a structural issue . Jim knew of Melinda 's unique ability to communicate with ghosts at the start of the series ; he helped her as much as he could , though Melinda 's good friend , Andrea Marino , provided most of the aid until her death at the end of the first season . It was revealed in the pilot episode that Jim witnessed his older brother , Dan , die when they were young . After having seen Dan die and being unable to save him , Jim decides to become a paramedic . Dan attended Jim and Melinda 's wedding as a ghost and conversed with Melinda during the reception . After Melinda 's near death experience during the season two finale , `` The Gathering '' , Jim becomes worried about what else could happen to Melinda because of the ghosts . Jim also helps try to find information about Melinda 's father ( Tom Gordon ) , who might or might not be dead , as well as try to find any information about Melinda 's brother , Gabe . In `` Haunted Hero '' , Jim and Melinda welcome a returning soldier from Iraq , Matt , back to Grandview . When Matt becomes paranoid due to being haunted by his dead comrades and post-traumatic stress disorder , Jim confronts Matt in the town square and talks Matt out of trying to kill himself . Jim delivered some of his convincing argument with Matt 's gun pointed at him . In `` Weight of What Was '' , Gabriel returns to Grandview and Jim warns him away , though not before Gabriel reveals that he is Melinda 's half - brother . Jim , Rick , and Delia go in search of Melinda , who is trapped in old Grandview , which is buried under present day Grandview . Tessa , the ghost of Melinda 's maternal ancestor who was also a Ghost Whisperer , helps them find Melinda by communicating with Delia and Jim . Jim also begins thinking of moving out of Grandview to attend medical school . At first , Melinda does not like the idea , but she later agrees to it . In `` Deadbeat Dads '' , Jim admits he would like to have children someday ; Jim and Melinda try to get pregnant and succeed , but Melinda loses the baby . Near the end of `` Imaginary Friends and Enemies '' , Jim is shot in the shoulder and rushed to the hospital , where he is immediately taken into surgery . Relieved to hear his surgery went well , Melinda is taken to his room and asks if she may stay with him until he awakens . It is implied she waits several hours , and she eventually falls asleep next to him . She wakes up to find Jim next to her , and believing him to be awake , she tells him she loves him . When Jim tells her softly he suffered an embolism ; Melinda tries to get a doctor , but Jim tells her not to and says that he wants her to remember him as he is now . This causes Melinda to realize Jim is appearing to her as a ghost ; his body then flatlines in the background . As doctors rush in to revive him , Melinda tearfully pleads with Jim for it not be him . Jim then says , `` I will always love you , Melinda '' , and then his ghost disappears as Melinda sobs and the doctors are unable to revive him . His death was foreshadowed in the season premiere , when a ghost warned Melinda death might rub off on those she loves . Jim refuses to cross over because he still loves Melinda and believes their love is what is holding him back . Even though Melinda wants Jim to stay , she knows it 's selfish of her and begs him to go into the light , promising she 'll be there one day . But when Jim and Melinda witness paramedics trying to revive a motorcycle accident victim named Sam Lucas , they see the ghost of the victim go into the light . Jim goes over to the body and tells Melinda it 's the only way . Before Melinda can stop him , Jim 's ghost enters Sam 's body , thus bringing him back to `` life . '' However , the viewers continue to see him as Jim while everyone else in the show including Melinda sees him as Sam . When Melinda says `` You 're back '' , Jim , who now believes he is Sam and has no memory as Jim , says `` Do I know you ? '' This leads Melinda to try to prove to him who he really is , especially when pieces of Jim 's memory start to show . At first , he thinks she 's crazy and does n't believe her . When Melinda is trapped underground , Jim goes to save her , but he hits his head and he has flashes of memories as Jim , thus bringing Jim fully back . When he finds Melinda , she calls him Sam to which Jim replies `` Why are you calling me Sam ? '' Melinda then realizes Jim is back and she happily hugs him . Later on , Melinda finds out she is pregnant again and it turns out Jim had gotten her pregnant shortly before he died . Later Melinda begins to worry about their unborn baby . She began to have nightmares and visions the baby was in danger . She was sure by the things she was being told the baby was a girl after Melinda runs into the faceless child again , who puts her hand on Melinda 's tummy and says , `` You ca n't save her . You ca n't . '' Jim reveals to Melinda he had seen her chart accidentally and knew it was a boy , although he knew they agreed not to find out , but he told her to ease her mind , so she 'd see her visions and dreams were wrong . Jim and Melinda marry again at the same place they met - in front of witnesses , Eli James ( best man ) and Delia Banks ( matron of honor ) , and a full gathering of spirits . In Season 5 , Melinda believes her due date is the exact date in the book , which causes doubts in Jim and the rest of the characters ( Delia , Ned , and Eli ) . Melinda finally needs an emergency C - Section . When the baby suddenly goes into fetal distress in the operating room , the season 's first ghosts appear to Melinda . First the watcher , who warned Melinda of her child 's power and the danger he may come into , stops time to tell her Fate and Free Will will work together to decide whether or not the baby will live . The second ghost comes in the form of a young woman in a white gown . She quickly disappears and time restarts . While the baby is n't breathing at first , he suddenly recovers to full health . Later in recovery , Melinda tells Jim they 'll name the baby Aiden Lucas , in honor of Jim 's father and Sam Lucas . The series then jumps ahead to 2014 and the celebration of Aiden 's upcoming fifth birthday . Jim is now a resident at Rockland Memorial Teaching Hospital , as Jim , and he takes the name Jim as his middle name . Ned is also in college , taking classes with Eli , while Delia has become a big realtor . There were always problems every year on Aiden 's birthday . He would become strangely sick , for example . Every year a woman would visit Aiden and sing him happy birthday . The woman , Amber , had died in childbirth the night Melinda gave birth to Aiden . Amber was convinced her son 's spirit had jumped into Aiden , as he had stopped breathing shortly after he was born . Later on in the episode , it is revealed the son was actually adopted by the birth father and his wife . Melinda helps Amber into the light and learns from the watcher that Aiden is an empath . He feels and takes on emotions of those around him . This is revealed as the reason why each year Amber would show up and he gets sick . Melinda also finds out she shares a psychic link with Aiden , which allows them to communicate with one another , though he does n't fully understand it . Melinda and Jim decide to not tell Aiden , because they want him to have a normal life , with his own dreams . In 5.19 `` Lethal Combination '' , Jim is caught by Dr. Mavis , a morgue coroner , snooping through the files in the hospital morgue . Andrea Marino ( edit ) Andrea Marino First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2005 Last appearance `` Love Never Dies '' 2x01 , September 29 , 2006 Created by John Gray Portrayed by Aisha Tyler Information Nickname ( s ) Andie , Squeaky Occupation Lawyer Co-owned antique store Family Mitch Marino ( brother ) Maya Marino ( sister - in - law ) Unnamed nieces Andrea Joyce Marino , played by Aisha Tyler , is Melinda 's ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ) best friend and was part of the main cast during season one . Andrea once worked in New York City , as a lawyer , until she moved to Grandview . She set up an antique store that she owns along with Melinda named `` The Same As It Never Was '' . Melinda even comes to trust Andrea enough to tell her about her gift of being able to communicate with earthbound spirits , or ghosts . Andrea becomes essential to the store and Melinda , because of the very fact she knows about Melinda 's gift . Whenever Melinda has to run off and help a ghost , Andrea is left to keep the store . Andrea also helps Melinda with difficult crossovers removing some of the stress from Melinda 's husband , Jim ( David Conrad ) . In `` The One '' , a plane crashes and Andrea notices Melinda is hiding something . She believes her brother Mitch died during the plane crash and Melinda is seeing his ghost . At the end of season one , it was revealed it was Andrea who had died during the crash and not Mitch . While Andrea was not on the plane , she died because her car had been on the path the plane had crashed on . Romano attempts to prevent Andrea from crossing over into the Light and get her to join him on the Dark Side . Melinda would not allow such a horrific occurrence to happen to her friend , so she sets out to stop Romano and warn Andrea . With the help of an occult professor at Rockland University , Rick Payne , Melinda is able to help Andrea find peace and cross over into the Light . Her death was foreshadowed in Season 1 , Episode 15 . Romano is seen sitting in a chair in the antique store . When he disappears , a faint sound of an airplane engine is heard . Andrea is later mentioned in `` Drowned Lives '' , `` A Grave Matter '' , `` Delia 's First Ghost '' and `` The Prophet '' . Also , while having been successfully crossed over into the Light for over a year , two ghosts taunt Melinda by calling her Andrea during `` Bad Blood '' . In the season four episode , `` Leap of Faith '' , when Jim swims to rescue Melinda and hits his head , he has flashbacks of his past as Jim , and Andrea can be seen briefly when remembering his wedding with Melinda . Andrea 's date of death is in the book of changes backwards and was mentioned before a flashback of the plane crash which killed her . Delia Banks ( edit ) Delia Banks First appearance `` Love Still Wo n't Die '' 2x02 , September 29 , 2006 Last appearance `` The Children 's Parade '' 5x22 , May 21 , 2010 Portrayed by Camryn Manheim Information Gender Female Spouse ( s ) Charlie Banks ( deceased ) Children Ned Banks Delia Banks ( portrayed by Camryn Manheim ) joined the main cast of Ghost Whisperer at the start of season 2 . She and her teenage son , Ned , lost their husband and father , Charlie , three years prior to their appearance on the show . Delia became a real estate agent after Charlie 's death . Delia meets Melinda Gordon after Melinda calls Delia about Ned 's having tried to shoplift from Melinda 's antique store . Delia tells Melinda about how stressful her job as a real estate agent is , so Melinda offers her a job to help work at the antique store , which Delia accepts . They begin a friendship , though Delia does not know about Melinda 's gift at first . In the episode `` Delia 's First Ghost '' , Melinda has to tell Delia about her gift because Charlie 's spirit is haunting her . At first Delia calls Melinda crazy , admitting she had seen Melinda talking to herself and was worried . Delia even goes as far as to tell Melinda not to expect her at work again . By the end of the episode Delia learns , with Melinda 's help , Charlie is only haunting her because he wants her to be safe . While still a little skeptical of Melinda 's gift , Delia tells her that she will open the shop the next morning . Delia remains skeptical concerning Melinda 's gift in season three , but discusses the various ghosts Melinda encounters to help Melinda with them . When Melinda was stalked by a lawyer , Shane , he tampered with Ned 's records because Delia was trying to get him into private school . Nevertheless , when Shane was caught with Ned 's records , Ned got in . In episode 5 , `` Weight of What Was '' , Delia travels along with Jim and Rick into a series of underground tunnels and alleyways from a much older Grandview to find Melinda . With the help of a ghost named Tessa , they manage to locate her and get her to safety . In `` Bad Blood '' , Delia 's need to find a rational explanation for every situation , including ones involving ghosts , is brought up . Delia tells Melinda that she will try harder to accept the notion of ghosts . In the episode `` Heart and Soul '' , Delia 's need for a rational explanation nearly destroys her relationship with Melinda , but a conversation with her son and a moment with `` Sam '' at a basketball court provides her with faith in Melinda 's gift . She now believes Jim is living in Sam 's body . Sometime within the five - year leap between seasons 4 and 5 she left working for Melinda to open a Real Estate agency next to the shop , however she is frequently seen helping Melinda in the shop at various points in the series and remains Melinda 's best friend . Ned Banks ( edit ) Ned Banks was originally portrayed by Tyler Patrick Jones , but starting with season 3 episode `` Slambook ! '' Christoph Sanders took over the role . Ned is a nice guy who has dedicated his life to helping Melinda with the occult . He is the son of Delia and Charlie Banks . The events of his adolescence have been part of the plots of some episodes . Ned was caught shoplifting at Melinda 's antique shop , stealing Grateful Dead backstage passes . Melinda realized his behavior was the result of a spirit 's urging . Ned found out Melinda 's secret before his mother did when he overheard Melinda in the episode `` Curse of the Ninth . '' He is always eager to help Melinda with her ghosts . A few episodes later , when his deceased father Charlie visits him and his mother , Melinda helps his father go into the Light . In the season three episode `` No Safe Place , '' Ned gets into a private school . In `` Slambook , '' Ned ( played by Christoph Sanders from then on ) is on the basketball team when a ghost begins tampering with the scoreboard . In the episode `` Home But Not Alone , '' Ned has his first girlfriend and ( probably ) his first kiss . In season 4 , there was a plot which involved his mother suspecting him of smoking marijuana , but as it turned out , it was his mother 's friend 's joint . As of season five , he is a student at Rockland University . In `` Dead Air '' he is a host of a radio show , and has cheated on his girlfriend TJ ( which he later regrets and apologizes for ) . In season 5 , Ned is studying Anthropology of the Occult at Rockland University . He uses his knowledge to help Melinda and Eli solve the mystery of the Shadows and Shinies , also aiding them in crossing over spirits . Ned , Melinda , and Eli take turns keeping the Book of Changes . Rick Payne ( edit ) Richard `` Rick '' Payne First appearance `` Love Never Dies '' 2x01 , September 22 , 2006 ( As recurring cast ) `` The Underneath '' 3x01 , September 28 , 2007 ( As main cast ) Last appearance `` Firestarter '' 4x01 , October 3 , 2008 Portrayed by Jay Mohr Information Nickname ( s ) Rick , Ricky , Payne Gender Male Occupation Professor at Rockland University Spouse ( s ) Kate Payne ( wife ; deceased ) Rick Payne ( portrayed by Jay Mohr ) is a professor at Rockland University . He is a widower ; his wife , Kate , died in a crane accident before his first appearance in the series . At the beginning of season two , Melinda Gordon first seeks Rick Payne 's help to save her deceased friend , Andrea Marino , who is being attacked by a dark spirit , Romano . She finds him teaching an occult class at Rockland University . She continues to seek Rick 's help for various paranormal occurrences throughout the rest of the season . Rick first meets Melinda 's husband , Jim Clancy , when Melinda recommends Jim talk to him about a ghost . It is in `` The Night We Met '' that Rick first questions Melinda about whether or not she believes she has supernatural abilities , as well as meets Melinda 's close friend and co-worker , Delia Banks . It is only in the episode `` Cat 's Claw '' that Melinda finally informs Rick of her abilities . In the season finale , Rick and Melinda are seen working very closely trying to figure out who Gabriel Lawrence , a dark Ghost Whisperer , really is . Rick , Jim , and Melinda go as far as breaking into Gabriel 's home . It is also revealed Rick 's wife , Kate , is a ghost who worked for the dark side but would later cross over into the Light after telling her husband a secret she had been keeping from him since she died . The character joins the main cast in season three . At the beginning of this season , Rick appears to be worried about Melinda after her near - death experience . He also works a large deal more with Melinda on some things . In `` The Weight of What Was '' , Rick , Jim , and Delia all travel into old Grandview to try finding Melinda . Jim and Delia are aided by a ghost named Tessa , an ancestor of Melinda 's , and locate the trapped Melinda . Rick also helps Melinda search town death records for information about Tessa , who at the time Melinda believed to be Gabriel 's mother , though a group of ghosts attempt to stop them from finding anything . In `` Double Exposure '' , Rick 's date and co-worker , Claudia , is haunted by a ghost who makes it so she can not appear in any pictures . It seems Rick had somewhat of a crush on Melinda when they first met ; he was clearly embarrassed by everything he said to her , afraid it might sound stupid . The crush dissipated after he met Jim , Melinda 's husband , but they remain very close friends . Abrasive at times , Professor Rick Payne is often perceived as obnoxious on first impression , but most of the time he means well . Sarcastic and sometimes insensitive , he has a tendency to shout randomly and hates to be awakened by late night telephone calls . Even though he does not appreciate the title , he is rather well known as a genius , and spouts useless information at times . He has admitted that he talks a lot when he is nervous , but he talks a lot whether he is nervous or not . Professor Payne is quick - witted and highly intelligent , taking delight in annoying people and considers the reactions he gets from being rude amusing . He feels that he is taken for granted too often and likes to tell people so , though some believe it is only a technique to make others feel sorry for him . He has a certain charm , despite his ability to annoy even those with saintly amounts of patience , and he is a good friend to those who can stand to stick with him . Eli James ( edit ) Eli James First appearance `` Firestarter '' 4x01 , October 3 , 2008 Last appearance `` The Children 's Parade '' 5x22 , May 21 , 2010 Portrayed by Jamie Kennedy Information Gender Male Occupation Professor at Rockland University , therapist Family Ray James ( father ; deceased ) Evelyn James ( mother ; deceased ) Zoe Ramos ( girlfriend ; deceased ) Eli James ( Jamie Kennedy ) was introduced in the first episode of season four . During a building fire on the Rockland University campus on October 3 , 2008 , he died but was brought back , causing him to have a near death experience . It unlocked an ability which allows him to hear ghosts , but does n't allow him to see them like Melinda . Throughout the fourth season , he adjusts to his newfound ability and starts helping her cross ghosts over . Eli also helps Melinda when she needs information from the Police . Zoe , previous Guardian of the Book of Changes and Eli 's ex-girlfriend , died after falling off the stairs in an attempt to stop a thief influenced by a Watcher . At the end of Season 4 , Zoe crossed into the light ( or so it seems ) after telling Eli he was the next Guardian of the Book of Changes . In Season 5 , it is revealed Eli is one of Ned 's university lecturers . Evelyn , Eli 's mother , died 7 years ago , even though in `` Stage Fright '' he told Melinda and Jim he was getting an autograph for his mom who watches the show which was visiting Grandview . Eli 's father , Ray James , died from a heart - attack in the third episode of Season 5 , `` Till Death Do Us Start , '' which shared more shocking secrets about Eli 's parents . Eli and Melinda over time become very close friends . At first , Eli thought that Melinda was crazy ( as almost everyone always does when she shares about her gift ) until he realized he could do the same thing ( almost ) . As he learns more about his gift , he becomes more and more willing to help Melinda with the hauntings and even enjoys it . Aiden Lucas ( edit ) Aiden Lucas ( portrayed by Connor Gibbs ) is the son of Melinda Gordon and Jim Clancy . Aiden is also the grandson of Paul Eastman and Beth Gordon who are Melinda 's parents and Aiden and Faith Clancy who are Jim 's parents . Aiden was born on September 25 , 2009 . Before his birth , the watchers predict him and tell Melinda that her son is the key if the ghost 's balances shift , and he will be more powerful than she is . On the day of his birth , Melinda worries about her son 's fate . During his birth , Melinda needs an emergency C - section and Aiden suddenly goes into fetal distress in the operating room . First , the watcher ( Carl ) warned Melinda of her child 's power and the danger he may come into , stops time to tell her Fate and Free Will will work together to decide whether or not the baby will live . He quickly disappears and time restarts . While the baby is not breathing at first , he suddenly recovers to full health . Later in recovery , Melinda tells Jim they will name the baby Aiden Lucas , after Jim 's father and the late Sam Lucas . Years later , the family is celebrating Aiden 's upcoming fifth birthday . Every year on his birthday something bad happens ; Aiden strangely gets sick or something happens to Melinda or Jim . Delia and Melinda call it a birthday curse . However , Aiden is actually haunted by the ghost of the woman who died during childbirth when Melinda gave birth to Aiden . The woman believes Aiden is the spirit of her dead son and she haunts Aiden every year on his birthday . Melinda discovers this and finds out the ghost 's son , Tyler , is actually alive and safe with his real father and adoptive mother , Aiden saved Tyler earlier in a bowling accident and Melinda helped the woman go into the light . Later , Carl reveals to Melinda that Aiden is an empath and can feel other people 's emotions ; he would get sick on his birthday and something went wrong with his birth because of the ghost . In addition to being an empath , Aiden is able to see and communicate with ghosts like his mother and grandparents do , and he is psychically connected to Melinda . Melinda does not tell Aiden this because she wants him to have a normal life . Aiden is able to see things Melinda ca n't , namely the Shinies ( which Aiden refers to as `` faceless '' and made of `` light '' ) and the Shadows , which can be defeated easily by the Shinies , but the Shinies are too afraid of them to do so . Supporting characters ( edit ) Beth Gordon ( edit ) Beth Gordon ( portrayed by Anne Archer ) , Melinda 's mother and Aiden 's grandmother , has the ability to communicate with ghosts , but chooses not to . She never came to terms with her mother or Melinda when it came to their gifts and prefers not to speak of anything that has to do with ghosts , or her husband Tom Gordon . Before she met Tom , she was in a relationship with a man named Paul Eastman , whom she was having a baby with when he went to jail . Once he died , Beth married Tom and never told Melinda about her real father . In `` Pater Familias '' , Paul convinces Beth to tell Melinda the truth . She is then invited to watch the tall ships come into the harbor with Melinda , Jim and their friends , Rick , Delia , and Ned . She appeared in the episodes `` Melinda 's First Ghost '' , `` The Vanishing '' , `` The Underneath '' , and `` Pater Familias '' . Mary Ann Patterson ( edit ) Mary Ann , ( played by June Squibb ) - Melinda 's grandmother and Aiden 's great grandmother , now deceased , was a person who spoke to ghosts . It was she who gave lost spirits the title `` earthbound . '' She helped them cross over into the Light ( Heaven ) . Her gift was passed down to Melinda , the current `` ghost whisperer . '' Mary Ann crossed over into the Light so she is currently a `` Light '' Spirit . She helps Melinda bring ghosts to peace through dreams in two episodes : `` Voices '' and `` The Gathering '' . It is later revealed , in Season 3 , that Melinda 's maternal great - great - great - grandmother , Tessa ( Amy Acker ) , could also communicate with ghosts and Melinda helps her cross over . When Melinda tells Tessa the fate of her daughter ( in `` Weight of What Was '' ) , it is revealed that Mary Anne was the granddaughter of Julie Lee Lucas . Her married name was Patterson , according to Melinda . Melinda was in high school when her grandmother died and Melinda did not realize it until her grandmother said something about presence and then it dawned on Melinda that her grandmother was talking about her death and Melinda 's loss of her grandmother . Romano ( edit ) Romano ( John Walcutt ) , also known as `` Wide Brim '' ( due to his outfit : black suit and black hat ) was an American evil cult leader who lived in Spain , and who committed suicide along with 100 followers in 1939 . The energy of the mass suicide made him powerful and strong , and he went to the Dark Side . He can be considered Melinda 's true archenemy . He started to trick souls to go with him , by making them refuse to `` cross over '' into The Light . When Romano first appeared on the show , his appearances were quick and mysterious , and he was usually attached to a laughing man who had , theretofore , never spoken . He always seemed to be observing Melinda . When in the episode `` The One '' , the final episode of season one , a plane crashes outside Grandview , he attempts to gather all of the lost souls from the accident . This is the first time he declares his hatred and rivalry to Melinda , and he says he would release all `` his earthbound souls '' in exchange for her one soul . Romano and Melinda confront each other verbally , each using persuasive speeches directed to the souls from the plane crash . Finally , Romano manages to get at least seven of the souls , including a stewardess who later does go into the Light in season two . In `` Love Never Dies '' , season two episode one , Romano tries to prevent Melinda 's friend Andrea from crossing over into The Light . Melinda gathers all her strength to make Andrea cross over , and she learns with the help of Professor Rick Payne the identity of Romano . Payne also warns Melinda about Romano 's real purpose : to destroy good spirits ( the ones in charge of helping souls to `` cross over '' into The Light , such as Melinda ) in order to make the dead stronger than the living , and to be endlessly powerful . According to Payne , Dark Spirit Romano would literally take over a weak soul in a weak body to make too much harm to humanity , until the last trace of joy and happiness vanished from earth . It is impossible for Romano to get closer when Melinda helps spirits to `` cross over '' into The Light , because there is too much love , and love is what Romano hates . Romano last appeared in season two , episode one , when he was unsuccessful in trying to possess Andrea 's soul . However , mid-season two , Melinda seems to foreshadow Romano 's comeback , when Delia Banks tries on a black hat which resembles Romano 's , although nothing arises from this . Melinda loosely references Romano in an episode of season five ; when discussing the Shadows , she mentions that she 's seen similar ghosts before , ones which did n't `` cross over , so much as `` cross under '' much like Romano does with his followers . This reference could tell viewers that Romano ultimately became a Shadow after Andrea crossed over , and this is why he does not appear to Melinda for the rest of the series . Charlie Banks ( edit ) Delia was married to Charlie Banks ( Frederic Lehne ) until he died three years prior to Delia 's first appearance on the show . They had a loving relationship . After a fire at the place where Charlie worked , Charlie was said to be different and more of a family man . We also learn that it was Tim who saved Charlie 's life . Together with Charlie , Delia had her twelve - year - old son , Ned . Charlie died after being shot . Tim Flaherty ( edit ) In the episode `` The Walk - In '' , Tim Flaherty ( Thomas Wilson ) , a friend and co-worker of Jim 's , is trying to get Delia to go out on a date with him , something Delia refuses to do . In `` Delia 's First Ghost '' , Tim tries to get Jim to tell him what Delia likes so he can impress her . Charlie , Delia 's dead husband , helps him by knocking over a pot of lavender roses Delia likes . Tim also buys a motorcycle exactly like the one Charlie used to have . At the end of the episode , they are seen walking away hand in hand . He reappears in the fourth season in the episode Threshold . He is at Jim 's funeral and talks about Jim before turning on an iPod with rock music which he says Jim would have wanted . Gabriel Lawrence ( edit ) Gabriel Lawrence ( Ignacio Serricchio ) claims to be Melinda 's half - brother . He is also a `` ghost whisperer '' . It is unclear who he inherited this gift from , since none of his parents have that gift . When he was a child , Gabriel knew he could interact with the dead , but nobody believed him , and he received psychiatric treatment in a mental health institution . Gabriel never had a living friend . In fact , all of his friends were dead , and he always hated watching them `` cross over '' into The Light . He managed to get out of the mental health institution by lying . He was in the same mental health institution his mother resided in . In `` The Collector '' episode , Gabriel is now in his late twenties , and he has recently moved to Grandview . He mentions Grandview always brings him memories . Melinda Gordon has the opportunity to meet him , and she is amazed by the gift they have in common . Melinda warns Gabriel about a shift in the `` other world '' : ghosts are becoming stronger . She tells him how she struggled against a very dark spirit called Romano the year before , when a plane crashed in Grandview . However , Melinda discovers she was naive to believe in Gabriel , who had invited her to work with him in the difficult task of dealing with ghosts . Gabriel turns out to be a Ghost Whisperer from the Dark Side , and he had been gathering souls to get prepare for what `` was coming '' , a complex prophecy of the death of a `` loved one '' . Gabriel , along with the dark spirits , was blocking The Light , because he was trying to make the dead stronger than the living . When Melinda , Jim Clancy , and Rick Payne break into Gabriel 's house , they find out Gabriel 's obsession with Melinda . He had been observing her moves for quite a long time . At the end of season two , both Gabriel and Melinda struggle against each other for the fate of living and dead . Gabriel returns to Grandview in the third season episode `` Weight of What Was '' , informing Melinda he is her half - brother . He hands her a package containing images of her father 's family . An image in the package , in fact from Melinda 's mother 's past , leads Melinda to an underground church and her great - great - great grandmother , Tessa . A ghost which haunts the archives of Grandview tells Gabriel that Melinda has entered the tunnel , and Gabriel blocks the exit , preventing Melinda from escaping the way she entered . The episode ends with Gabriel speaking to Tom Gordon about what seems like a plan to get Melinda to help ghosts in a dark way . While in Grandview , he resided in a hotel under the name Gabriel Gordon . Gabriel also appears in `` All Ghosts Lead to Grandview '' , wherein he has a brief conversation with Melinda at the end of the episode . Thomas Gordon ( edit ) Thomas `` Tom '' Gordon ( Martin Donovan ) first appears in the plot in season two 's finale , although he has previously appeared in some flashbacks . When Melinda `` dies '' in season two 's finale , she confronts what appears to be an already dead Tom , who tells her she is ready to find the darkness within herself , and also tells her she has a brother , later revealed to be Gabriel . In season three , Tom has contact with both Melinda and Gabriel , manifesting himself in Melinda 's dreams , and speaking as a ghost with Gabriel . It has been suggested Tom is part of the Dark Side , and he is developing a plan to get Melinda into the Dark Side . In the penultimate episode of season three , however , Tom is found alive in Gabriel 's home . Melinda later learns every time she had seen Tom 's `` ghost '' , his body had in fact been taken over by Paul Eastman , when he was trying to kill Tom . Melinda then finds out Tom actually is not her father , Paul Eastman is . After discovering this shocking truth , Melinda goes to the main square in town to think , where Tom meets her . He asks her to come back to the house she grew up in . There he gets her to go back through her memories to the night Paul Eastman had come to their house . Just then Melinda realizes Tom is actually a cold - blooded killer ; she remembers Tom deliberately murdering Paul Eastman . Tom then informs her that he now has to kill her to keep his secret safe . As he tries to choke her to death , Melinda cries out to her dad , to which Tom answers , `` I 'm not your Dad '' . Melinda replies she was n't talking to Tom but actually was asking for help from her real father . Paul Eastman then arrives and takes over Tom 's body one last time , forcing him to throw himself over the staircase , effectively killing him . Soon afterwards he appears before Melinda . Tom is then pulled away by an unknown force to an unknown location . Paul Eastman ( edit ) Paul Eastman ( Corin Nemec ) first appears in Melinda 's dreams as someone who haunted her and / or wanted to haunt her . She soon discovers that he was an escaped prisoner accused of killing a child whose ghost Melinda was attempting to cross over . However , before he crosses over , the boy admits that his death was an accident , and that he had spoken to Eastman as a ghost to lead him to his body . This led to his wrongful incarceration . In the season 3 finale , it is revealed he is Melinda 's biological father , not Tom Gordon . Paul set a series of `` clues '' to help Melinda see the truth . To quicken the process and save Melinda , he convinces her mother to tell Melinda the truth . Melinda is initially in disbelief and consoled by Tom , who convinces her to follow him to a safe place . The `` safe '' place is Melinda 's childhood home and Paul Eastman 's burial site . Once they arrive , Tom probes Melinda about her memory of Paul 's death ; she eventually has a flashback revealing Tom deliberately killed Paul . Tom decided he must kill Melinda to protect himself from the truth being revealed . Melinda cries out to her dad , to which Tom replies : `` Do n't call me Dad . I 'm not your Father . '' Melinda answers , `` I was n't talking to you . '' As Tom realizes who Melinda had been calling to , Paul enters Tom 's body and forces him to fall to his death . Paul talks to Melinda and her mother and says he thought that he would never be so angry with his former lover , and only hearing his daughter calling for her dad made all of his anger disappear . He then went into The Light . He has one grandson by Melinda , Aiden . In life , he apparently had the ability to speak to ghosts just like Melinda and her maternal relations , meaning that Melinda received her ability from both parents . Zoe Ramos ( edit ) Zoe Ramos ( Jaclyn DeSantis ) is Eli 's ex-girlfriend and a professor at Rockland University . She knows a lot about the supernatural , because she teaches a course entitled the `` Science of the Occult . '' Zoe and Eli had broken up because at the time he did n't share her beliefs regarding ghosts , life after death , etc . At the end of the fourth season , Eli decides to resume contact with her . Zoe helps Melinda and Eli with cases involving voodoo and vampirism ( episodes `` Cursed '' and `` Endless Love '' ) . In season four 's finale , Eli observes Zoe having lunch with a lawyer , Jeremy Bishop , and becomes very jealous . When Eli attempts the theft of an ancient book from the library of the University , Zoe tells him the true value of the book , which she has studied . Eli decides to invite Zoe out for dinner . When she fails to appear , Eli goes to Zoe 's house and finds her dead . Her spirit tells Eli she died from falling down the stairs while a thief , influenced by a Watcher , entered her house to put the Book there . After securing the Book , Eli calls to Zoe , who informs him about the Other Side . She tells him that she was the `` Guardian of the Book of Changes '' and , henceforth , he will need to take care of the Book . Eli agrees and realizes he still loves Zoe . After saying goodbye to Eli , Zoe goes into the light . Spirits ( edit ) Characters that appear as spirit guest stars : Season Ep Name ( Actor ) Death Cause Status Notes Pre-deceased Mary Ann ( June Squibb ) Natural Causes Crossed over Melinda 's grandmother , seen in several episodes . ( flashback ) Romano Mass - suicide through cyanide - laced punch Lost spirit / Shadow Dead pre-Ghost Whisperer . American expatriate in Spain . Web episode Zach Crashes his bike and hits his head on a piece of debris Crossed over Crossed over in season 3 episode 16 . Season 1 Paul Adams ( Wentworth Miller ) Died when his helicopter crashed into a waterfall Crossed over Kenny Dale ( Joseph Castanon ) Train crashed into the car Shiny Was a little boy that did n't understand he was dead . Zoe Harper ( Jessica Collins ) Drowned in a lake Crossed over Zoe stayed to watch over her sister . Conor Donovan ( Sean Maher ) Crashes his bike and hits his head on a rock Crossed over Conor stayed to watch over his girlfriend 5 Rat ( Lorenzo James Henrie ) Vic ( Max Jansen Weinstein ) Marty ( Terrence Hardy Jr . ) Homer ( Ghost Dog ) All burned to death in a fire Shiny Shiny Shiny Did not cross over Rat does n't want to cross over because he blames himself for the deaths of the other boys . Vic and Marty follow rat Stays with Melinda and Jim as their pet ghost - dog . Seen in several episodes , last seen in Season 2 . 6 Jason Shields ( John Patrick Amedori ) Anaphylaxis due to multiple hornet stings Crossed over Jason wanted to meet his biological mom . 7 Hope Paulson ( Erica Leerhsen ) Complications from an ectopic pregnancy Crossed over 8 Julian Borgia ( Robert LaSardo ) Robert Hall ( G - Man ) Alexis ' Aunt Ruth Vehicular homicide Shot and killed by police Natural causes Crossed over Lost Spirit Crossed over First case of a spirit communicating through Melinda 's husband Died 1963 Reappeared to let Melinda know an emerald necklace was buried with her . 9 Lacy Jensen ( Colleen Flynn ) Electrocuted when she fell down a pit Crossed over Lacy did n't cross over because she was worried about her son . 10 Serena Hilliard ( Laura Regan ) Josh / Best man ( David Lipper ) Car went off the road and crashed into tree Crossed over Crossed over 11 Estella de La Costa ( Sonia Braga ) Inoperable brain tumor Crossed over 12 Marty Golden ( Jed Rees ) Numerous Ghosts Suicide through jumping off a bridge Numerous deaths Crossed over Stayed at the Comedy Cave . 13 Lyle Chase ( Jonathan Banks ) Heart attack Crossed over He was searching for his granddaughter 's killer . 14 Clete Youngblood ( Liam Waite ) Execution by hanging Crossed over 15 Sarah Applewhite ( Abigail Breslin ) Glioma ( cancer of the brain 's glia cells ) Shiny Melinda 's classmate and first ghost she saw . 16 Dennis McMartin ( Matt Keeslar ) Dr. Bob Norris ( Josh Daugherty ) Dennis ' and Charlie 's Father ( Michael Fairman ) Fell off a mountain ; died in the hospital Unknown Heart attack Crossed over Crossed over Crossed over Andrea 's friend Died two years before ; was haunting the hospital . 17 Daniel Greene ( David Dorfman ) Reggie Zuko ( Scott Rinker ) Car crash after car was hit and slammed into guard rail Brain tumor Crossed over Lost spirit Appeared in several episodes and seen at the end of Season 2 . 18 Edward Pierce ( Jonathan Firth ) Ventriloquist and the Dummy ( Blair Hickey ) Drowned during Circus act in circus pool Car accident after car went off road and crashed into tree Crossed over Lost spirit 19 Ely Fisher ( Giancarlo Esposito ) Rachel Fisher ( Femi Emiola ) `` Rain Check '' Nurse ( Sarah Hunley ) Bludgeoned to death with a lead pipe Heart attack Unknown Crossed over Crossed over Uncertain but most likely crossed over . 20 Brian Fordyce ( Chris Olivero ) Heart attack Crossed over 21 22 Ken Nilson / pilot ( Chris Ellis ) Almost all people killed in airplane crash At least three people in airplane crash All died in plane crash due to pilot error Crossed over Crossed over Lost spirit Season 2 Andrea Marino ( Aisha Tyler ) Plane landed on her car and crushed her to death Crossed over Killed in Season 1 Episode 21 , co-owner of Melinda 's antique shop . Jamie Barton ( Greg Cipes ) Kyle McCall / Mac ( Michael Landes ) Unknown Hit by a car Crossed over Crossed over Was attached to Ned Banks Melinda 's former boyfriend . Emily Morrison ( Tatum McCann ) Fell into pool and drowned while reaching for a beach ball Shiny Dennis Hightower ( Kevin Weisman ) Carbon monoxide poisoning Crossed over 5 Adam Godfrey ( David Paymer ) Marilyn Mandeville ( Harriet Sansom Harris ) Struck by lightning Heart attack Crossed over Crossed over 6 Eva Kaminsky ( Amanda Tosch ) Sevoflurane ( anaesthetic ) poisoning Crossed over 7 Anna Fowler ( Bess Wohl ) Hypothermia Crossed over 8 Warren Chen ( Tim Kang ) Woman the night Melinda met Jim Ghost in funeral home Burned to death in arson crime Died in building fire Unknown Crossed over Crossed over Did not cross over 9 Patrick Roth ( Norbert Weisser ) Jared ( John Paul Pitoc ) Natural causes Plane crash due to pilot error Crossed over Lost spirit 10 Matt Vonner ( Christopher Wiehl ) Car crash due to car spinning and crashing into a light pole Crossed over 11 Dr. Martin Schaer ( Reed Diamond ) Dengue fever from mosquito bite Crossed over 12 Hugh Bristow ( Brad Rowe ) Taken off life support due to Lou Gehrig 's disease Crossed over 13 Eric Sanborn / John Richmond / Oscar Hodges / Richard Ward ( David Clayton Rogers ) Aortic aneurysm Crossed over Was a spirit that died 4 times after being reincarnated . Melinda believes him staying behind was a sign that he was to be her and Jim 's future child they would have together . 14 Gordon Pike ( Eric Johnson ) Car crash due to drag racer crashing into wall Crossed over 15 Tais Baker ( Rhea Lando ) Pipe explosion in the high school boiler room Crossed over 16 Randy Cooper ( Chad Donella ) Suffocated due to an asthma attack Lost spirit 17 Bryan Curtis ( Jamie Bamber ) Jason Bennett ( Dan Byrd ) Suicide by stepping out into traffic Muscular dystrophy Crossed over Crossed over 18 Valerie Parker ( Kathleen Wilhoite ) Abdominal aneurysm Crossed over 19 Charlie Banks ( Fredric Lehne ) Jackson Reynolds ( Gil McKinney ) Shot and killed by Milt Charles Slipped and hit head on rock . Crossed over Crossed over Delia Banks ' husband Naked soldier . ( ranked private ) 20 Martina Rose ( Allison McAtee ) Amy Fields ( Rachel Cannon ) Heart attack Airplane crash due to pilot error Lost spirit Crossed over Amy Fields died in the Season 1 finale . 21 Dana Clark ( Vivian Wu ) Boat sinks due to hull being torn by rocks Crossed over Prophet ghost , wife of Ethan Clark . 22 Dana Clark ( Vivian Wu ) Boat sinks due to hull being torn by rocks Crossed over Season 3 Ray Billings Scott Carbon monoxide explosion Unknown Crossed over Lost spirit Originally haunting Melinda 's mother Haunts the archives ; portrayed by Kris Lemche . Rachel Fordham ( Mae Whitman ) Heart attack Crossed over Thought she was Bloody Mary . Hector Sanchez Steve Simmon Dekker Killed in landmine explosion Crossed over Crossed over Crossed over Colleen Finn ( Sarah Utterback ) Shane Carson ( Josh Hopkins ) Falling over stairway railing Suicide by overdosing Crossed over Lost spirit Shane stalked Melinda and Colleen . 5 Tessa Lucas Several Other Ghosts Burned to death after being accused of witchcraft All burned to death in a fire someone caused after eating diseased bread Crossed over Lost spirits Melinda 's great - great - great - grandmother that died in 1848 . Lost spirits are in the old Grandview . 6 Kevin Graham Car crash due to car colliding with another car Crossed over 7 Sydney Drake Overwhelming withdrawal symptoms Crossed over 8 Liz Sinclair ( Stacy Edwards ) Matt Sembrook ( Matthew Morrison ) Vivian Sembrook ( Kathleen York ) Falling off a cliff Carbon monoxide poisoning Carbon monoxide poisoning Crossed over Lost spirit Lost spirit Liz Sinclair sacrificed herself so her husband could save their daughter . 9 Daniel Asher Audrey Asher Sam Asher Burned to death in a car crash Car crash due to car colliding with gasoline tanker Car crash due to car colliding with a gasoline tanker Shiny Crossed over Crossed over 10 Alan Silver Heart attack Did not cross over Thought he was Santa , realized he was n't , but decided he liked helping kids so he stuck around . 11 Thomas Benjamin Hit his head on a chalkboard Crossed over 12 Peter Harrison Requested euthanasia via lethal dose of isonitrile Crossed over 13 Karen Benzing Cancer Crossed over 14 Justin Yates Julie Anderson ( Katie Lowes ) brain aneurysm Drowned on boat she capsized for an insurance scam . Crossed over Lost Spirit 15 Toby Bates Fell out of a window Crossed over 16 Kate Payne ( Rachel Shelley ) Zach Crushed to death by a crane Crashed his bike and hit his head on a piece of debris Crossed over Crossed over Rick Payne 's wife , seen in previous episodes . Web episode 17 Michael Wilkins Fell off a tree and was hanged by the cape he was wearing Shiny 18 Paul Eastman Tom Gordon Bludgeoned to death with a stair post Thrown down the stairs Crossed over Lost spirit Melinda 's father , killed pre-Ghost Whisperer Melinda 's stepfather . Season 4 Fiona Raine Burned to death in a fire Crossed over Lucas Marston Accidental drug overdose Crossed over Melinda 's classmate . Larry Jones Heart attack Crossed over Lorelei ( Peyton List ) Betty ( Katherine LaNasa ) Several other ghosts Fell to her death in a ship duct Heart failure Various deaths Crossed over Refused to cross over Crossed over 5 Diana Morrison Blood clot in lung Crossed over 6 Owen Grace Jim Clancy Accidentally drowned due to leg brace Air embolism due to being shot in the shoulder Shiny Living in Sam Lucas ' body - Melinda 's husband 7 Sam Lucas Caitlin Mahoney Dan Clancy Car crash due to car colliding with other car Died from complications of Anorexia Nervosa Fell off a roof and died Crossed over Crossed over Crossed over - - Jim Clancy 's brother , seen in the pilot episode . Crossed over in this episode . 8 Allen Walters Car crash due to hitting a motorcycle Crossed over Was the driver of the car that hit Sam Lucas ' motorcycle ; he was angry that `` Sam '' / Jim came back to life . 9 Gretchen Dennis Fell down a well and drowned while reaching for a note she stuck on the inside - wall of the well Shiny 10 Tammy Gardner / Sarah Evers Murder via being drugged and carbon monoxide poisoning Crossed over 11 Josh Bancroft Exsanguination after being thrown from a riding mower and cut up Shiny 12 Angela Hollensbach Myrna Cooperton Frank Whitaker Drina Hit by a car Natural Causes Truck gave way while fixing flat Unknown Crossed over Crossed over Crossed over Did not cross over Delia 's old friend from high school / First ghost that Eli crossed over without Melinda 13 Carl Sessick Edwin Hathaway Numerous Ghosts Died of lung cancer Stroke Various deaths Did not cross over Crossed over All crossed over Followed the Watchers , on the quest for good Died in the hospital but dumped into the lake due to furnace problems at funeral home Dumped into a lake due to furnace problems at funeral home 14 Deborah Marks Tripped and hit her head on a fireplace post Crossed over Had to let the son she gave up for adoption know that she was his mother . He had been falling for his half sister . Her daughter though Deborah had a crush on him . 15 Rebecca Kelly Caught in a rock slide , pushed off a cliff face and was hanged by a net Crossed over 16 Jeffery Crocket ( Carrie 's Dad ) Natural causes Crossed over 17 Grier Clarkson Numerous Ghosts Botched shock therapy treatments Botched shock therapy treatments Crossed over Crossed over 18 Joseph Webb Calvin Byrd Leukemia Natural Causes Living in Ben Tillman 's body Crossed over Became a `` step - in '' , living in Ben Tillman 's body 19 Rick Hartman Committed suicide by jumping out of a plane Crossed over 20 Miles Maitland Prop gun backfired and shot him in the side of his head . Crossed over 21 Stanton family Marc Carbon monoxide poisoning Crossed over Did not cross over Web episode 22 Andrew Carlin Thrombocytosis Crossed over 23 Zoe Ramos Fell down the stairs Crossed over Eli 's girlfriend ; guardian of the Book of Changes Season 5 Amber Heaton Aortic rupture during childbirth Crossed over Gwen Coritter Paula Coritter Scarlet Breslin Hit by an SUV Inoperable brain tumor Accused of slanderous gossip , eyes and mouth were stitched shut Crossed over Crossed over Lost Spirit Scarlet made Julia Miller create the `` Sally Stitch '' website . Ray James Evelyn James Heart attack Aneurysm Did not cross over Did not cross over Eli 's parents . They stayed around to watch over Eli . Dr. Albert Glassman Ghost in the morgue Heart attack Unknown Crossed over Unknown The ghost in the morgue probably cross under just like Greta Hansen 5 Amy Warner Breast cancer Crossed over 6 Sean Jackson Thrown off of a horse Crossed over 7 Tina Clark Drug overdose and car accident Crossed over 8 Kirk Jansen Rita Jansen Walked into a crawl space that had aflatoxis , a mold that made him go into anaphylaxis Fatal electrocution from a light table she smashed with a golf club Crossed over Crossed over 9 Julia Miller Leukemia Shiny Originally attached herself to Aiden to keep from going into the light . 10 Dylan Hale Accidentally bludgeoned to death with a baseball bat Crossed Over 11 Bruce Adler Car accident when the car went into the river Crossed Over 12 Trevor Marshall Fell and was impaled to death by a metal pike Crossed Over 13 Vernon Dokes Marlene Dokes Lane Dokes Suicide by exsanguination from wrist cutting due to Fatal familial insomnia ( FFI ) Exsanguination by being slashed in the arm Suicide by jumping off a bridge due to FFI . Crossed Over Crossed Over Shiny 14 Madison Clark Car accident Shiny 15 Joey Kale Joshua Bedford Numerous Ghosts Suffocated to death inside an old army storage unit Died in a bomb explosion Numerous Deaths Shiny Did not cross over Stayed on the old army base 16 Cassidy Peyton Greta Hansen Garrett Naomi Sick Boy Guillain -- Barré syndrome Wheelchair fell down the stairs Execution by electric chair Execution by hanging Disease Shiny Lost spirit Crossed Over Crossed Over Did not cross over Cassidy crossed over but came back to talk to Aiden and revealed that ghost children became shinies Greta made a deal with the shadows that as long as she feeds them children 's ghosts they would not take her . Greta used Cassidy to lure him to their mansion before he died . 17 Shane Dunning Fell through an ice lake and drowned Crossed Over 18 Charles Hammond Asphyxiated to death on a balloon Crossed Over 19 Laura Bradley Poisoned to death with Chloramine gas Crossed Over 20 Henry Alston Murdered by Geoff Colson via gunshot wound Crossed Over 21 Seth Farber Sharon Farber Fell to his death off a roof Died in the plane crash Shiny Crossed Over She crossed over when all of the spirits in the plane crash crossed over at the same time in the Season 01 episode 22 `` The One '' 22 Pete Murphy ( Billy Unger ) Numerous Children Hodgkins Disease Polio Shiny Shinies Lost spirits ( edit ) These are some of the spirits who either did not cross over or went to the Dark Side ( Hell ) . Laughing Man ( appears with Romano and is a ghostly agent for the dark side . He wears a two - piece suit and is usually seen laughing . He was portrayed by Douglas Bierman ; death was from accidental ingestion of water dropwort ) Bleeding Man ( a dark spirit whose right hand is bleeding , hence his name . He was portrayed by Lou Glenn ; death was from exsanguination ) Bloody Mary , a girl who was accidentally buried alive and died in the coffin , scratching her nails off on the seal of the coffin . Seen in the last seconds of Episode 2 , Season 3 Giles Nickelburg ( plane crash due to pilot error ) Greg Carter ( car accident due to car going off a cliff ) Martha Rucker ( building collapse ) Unnamed Man ( conjunctivitis infection ) Greta Hansen ( wheelchair fell down the stairs ) Tom Gordon ( fell down the stairs ) Eli 's parents ( death from natural causes . Melinda helps them see The Light after solving a problem between them . The problem was caused by the fact that Eli 's mother was a lesbian and had an affair with a friend . Eli 's father thought she was really having a love affair with her friend 's husband , making his spirit unable to cross over . They decide to stay to take care of her son , although he disagrees with the idea . ) Shane Carson ( suicide to continue stalking Melinda ) Randy Cooper ( asthma attack ) Shinies and Shadows ( edit ) Two different kinds of spirits that appear throughout the series . They are sworn enemies of each other , created by the emotions of ghosts , and feed upon others . Aiden Lucas , Melinda 's son , is the only one who has the ability to see both of them while his mother and the Watchers can not . Shinies ( edit ) Beings of good who are composed of light energy . Aiden reveals , in Season 5 , that the Shinies are ghost children that have crossed over into The Light . He also comments that there are more Shinies than there are Shadows , and that if they were to go to war with each other , the Shinies would win . The Shadows prevent their growing numbers by consuming still - earthbound ghost children , making the Shinies fear them . But in the episode `` The Children 's Parade '' , Aiden reveals that if he , along with the other Shinies , use their combined power , they can defeat the Shadows forever . In previous seasons , the Shinies have already revealed their presence to Melinda without her knowing . Carl , a Watcher , tells Melinda that she is surrounded by `` light beings '' watching over her and they are shown all throughout Grandview , watching over her during her wedding vow renewal . In later events , Melinda notices Aiden talking to himself . But later events reveal that Aiden has the ability to see these spirits ( the Shinies ) , which she can not see . Cassidy Peyton , a ghost girl Melinda crossed over , becomes a Shiny after going into The Light and becomes good friends with Aiden . Shinies are attracted to `` shiny things '' such as flashlights , utensils , etc . Also , the Shinies are afraid of the Shadows , as depicted in the season 5 episode `` Lost in the Shadows '' . In the series finale ( `` The Children 's Parade '' ) the Shinies , led by Aiden , destroy the Shadows once and for all . Shadows ( edit ) The Shadows are ghosts who are seen as beings of darkness . Aiden reveals that the Shadows are either `` broken pieces '' left behind by ghosts who have crossed over or have `` crossed under '' . Ghosts describe them as cold things and do n't like to talk about them . They feed on the negative emotions of ghosts , especially ghost children , break their souls beyond repair , and feed on the rest of them . In previous seasons , Gabriel was working for them , but since he disappeared they could no longer block The Light . They are extremely dangerous and use people , both living and dead , to gather the souls of ghost children so that they may feed ; examples are President Bedford of Rockland University to get the Book of Changes , which helps Melinda , Eli and Aiden , but they killed him when he could not complete the task . Another is Greta Hansen , a woman in a wheelchair who helped the Shadows by luring children 's spirits into her house ( using Cassidy Peyton ) , but Melinda saved some spirits imprisoned by the ghost Greta . Ravens are their symbols , and they fear lights , shiny things , and the Shinies . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Moses , Kim and Sanders , Ian Ghost Whisperer : Spirit Guide , page 110 , Titan Books , 2008 . Jump up ^ Beth Gordon ( Character ) Jump up ^ Charlie Banks ( Character ) Jump up ^ Tim Flaherty ( Character ) Jump up ^ Tom Gordon ( Character ) Jump up ^ Paul Eastman ( Character ) Jump up ^ Zoe Ramos ( Character ) Jump up ^ Laughing Man ( Character ) External links ( edit ) ( 1 ) ( hide ) Ghost Whisperer Episodes Season 1 `` Stranglehold '' `` Pater Familias '' 5 `` Birthday Presence '' `` Implosion '' `` The Children 's Parade '' Characters Melinda Gordon Related John Gray ( creator ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ghost_Whisperer_characters&oldid=795065687 '' Categories : Lists of American television series characters Lists of drama television characters Lists of fantasy television characters Ghost Whisperer Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2017 , at 19 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played jennifer love hewitt's husband in ghost whisperer | [
"Jim Clancy, played by David Conrad is Melinda's (Jennifer Love Hewitt) husband. He is the only cast member other than Hewitt to appear in every episode."
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-3885450726498322280 | World population | World population - wikipedia World population Jump to : navigation , search An editor has expressed concern that this article may have a number of irrelevant citations . Please help improve this article by verifying these references and challenge any that are not reliable or do not support the article . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) World population estimates from 1800 to 2100 , based on `` high '' , `` medium '' and `` low '' United Nations projections in 2015 and UN historical estimates for pre-1950 data Population growth graph generated with data supplied by World Bank , via Google In demographics , the world population is the total number of humans currently living . The world population was estimated to have reached 7.5 billion in April 2017 . The United Nations estimates it will further increase to 11.2 billion in the year 2100 . World population has experienced continuous growth since the end of the Great Famine of 1315 -- 17 and the Black Death in 1350 , when it was near 370 million . The highest population growth rates -- global population increases above 1.8 % per year -- occurred between 1955 - 1975 peaking to 2.06 % between 1965 - 1970 . The growth rate has declined to 1.18 % between 2010 - 2015 and is projected to decline to 0.13 % by the year 2100 . Total annual births were highest in the late 1980s at about 139 million , and are now expected to remain essentially constant at their 2011 level of 135 million , while deaths number 56 million per year and are expected to increase to 80 million per year by 2040 . World population reached 7 billion on October 31 , 2011 according to the United Nations Population Fund , and on March 12 , 2012 according to the United States Census Bureau . The median age of the world 's population was estimated to be 30.1 years in 2016 , with the male median age estimated to be 29.4 years and female , 30.9 years . The 2012 UN projections show a continued increase in population in the near future with a steady decline in population growth rate ; the global population is expected to reach between 8.3 and 10.9 billion by 2050 . 2003 UN Population Division population projections for the year 2150 range between 3.2 and 24.8 billion . One of many independent mathematical models supports the lower estimate , while a 2014 estimate forecasts between 9.3 and 12.6 billion in 2100 , and continued growth thereafter . Some analysts have questioned the sustainability of further world population growth , highlighting the growing pressures on the environment , global food supplies , and energy resources . Estimates on the total number of humans who have ever lived range in the order of 106 to 108 billion . World population ( millions , UN estimates ) # Top ten most populous countries 2000 2015 2030 * China * 1,270 1,376 1,416 India 1,053 1,311 1,528 United States 283 322 356 Indonesia 212 258 295 5 Brazil 176 208 229 6 Pakistan 138 189 245 7 Nigeria 123 182 263 8 Bangladesh 131 161 186 9 Russia 146 143 139 10 Mexico 103 127 148 World total 6,127 7,349 8,501 Notes : China = Mainland China only 2030 = Medium variant Contents ( hide ) 1 Population by region 1.1 Population by continent 2 History 2.1 Antiquity and Middle Ages 2.2 Modern era 2.3 Milestones by the billions 3 Global demographics 4 Largest populations by country 4.1 Most densely populated countries 5 Fluctuation 5.1 Population growth by region 5.2 Past population 5.3 Projections 6 Mathematical approximations 6.1 Years for world population to double 7 Overpopulation 7.1 Predictions of scarcity 7.2 Environmental impacts 7.3 Population control 7.4 Overpopulation skepticism 8 Number of humans who have ever lived 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Population by region ( edit ) Six of the Earth 's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale . Asia is the most populous continent , with its 4.3 billion inhabitants accounting for 60 % of the world population . The world 's two most populated countries alone , China and India , together constitute about 37 % of the world 's population . Africa is the second most populated continent , with around 1 billion people , or 15 % of the world 's population . Europe 's 733 million people make up 12 % of the world 's population as of 2012 , while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 600 million ( 9 % ) . Northern America , primarily consisting of the United States and Canada , has a population of around 352 million ( 5 % ) , and Oceania , the least - populated region , has about 35 million inhabitants ( 0.5 % ) . Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population , Antarctica has a small , fluctuating international population , based mainly in polar science stations . This population tends to rise in the summer months and decrease significantly in winter , as visiting researchers return to their home countries . Population by continent ( edit ) Population by continent ( 2016 estimates ) Continent Density ( inhabitants / km ) Population ( millions ) Most populous country Most populous city ( metropolitan area ) Asia 96.4 4,436 1,382,300,000 - China 35,676,000 / 13,634,685 - Greater Tokyo Area / Tokyo Metropolis Africa 36.7 1,216 0186,987,000 - Nigeria 21,000,000 - Lagos Europe 72.9 738 0143,439,000 - Russia ; approx. 110 million in Europe ) 19,468,664 - Moscow North America 22.9 579 0324,991,600 - United States 23,723,696 / 08,537,673 - New York Metropolitan Area / New York City South America 22.8 422 0209,567,000 - Brazil 27,640,577 / 11,316,149 - Metro Area / São Paulo City Oceania 4.5 39.9 0024,458,800 - Australia 05,005,400 - Sydney Antarctica 0.0003 ( varies ) 0.004 in summer ( non-permanent , varies ) N / A 0000001,200 ( non-permanent , varies ) - McMurdo Station History ( edit ) See also : World population estimates and History of the world Estimates of world population by their nature are an aspect of modernity , possible only since the Age of Discovery . Early estimates for the population of the world date to the 17th century : William Petty in 1682 estimated world population at 320 million ( modern estimates ranging close to twice this number ) ; by the late 18th century , estimates ranged close to one billion ( consistent with modern estimates ) . More refined estimates , broken down by continents , were published in the first half of the 19th century , at 600 to 1000 million in the early 1800s and at 800 to 1000 million in the 1840s . Antiquity and Middle ages ( edit ) Main articles : Classical demography and Medieval demography Estimates of the population of the world at the time agriculture emerged in around 10,000 BCE have ranged between 1 million and 15 million . Even earlier , genetic evidence suggests humans may have gone through a population bottleneck of between 1,000 and 10,000 people about 70,000 BCE , according to the Toba catastrophe theory . By contrast , it is estimated that around 50 -- 60 million people lived in the combined eastern and western Roman Empire in the 4th century CE . The Plague of Justinian , which first emerged during the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian , caused Europe 's population to drop by around 50 % between the 6th and 8th centuries CE . The population of Europe was more than 70 million in 1340 . The Black Death pandemic of the 14th century may have reduced the world 's population from an estimated 450 million in 1340 to between 350 and 375 million in 1400 ; it took 200 years for population figures to recover . The population of China decreased from 123 million in 1200 to 65 million in 1393 , presumably due to a combination of Mongol invasions , famine , and plague . Starting in 2 AD , the Han Dynasty of ancient China kept consistent family registers in order to properly assess the poll taxes and labor service duties of each household . In the year 2 AD the population of Western Han was recorded as 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households , decreasing to 47,566,772 individuals in 9,348,227 households by 146 AD , towards the End of the Han Dynasty . At the founding of the Ming Dynasty in 1368 , China 's population was reported to be close to 60 million ; toward the end of the dynasty in 1644 , it may have approached 150 million . England 's population reached an estimated 5.6 million in 1650 , up from an estimated 2.6 million in 1500 . New crops that were brought to Asia and Europe from the Americas by Portuguese and Spanish colonists in the 16th century are believed to have contributed to population growth . Since their introduction to Africa by Portuguese traders in the 16th century , maize and cassava have similarly replaced traditional African crops as the most important staple food crops grown on the continent . Around 300 BCE , the population of India was between 100 million and 140 million . The population of India in 1600 was around 100 million . Hence , from 300 BCE to 1600 CE India 's population was more or less stable . The pre-Columbian North American population probably numbered somewhere between 2 million and 18 million . Encounters between European explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced local epidemics of extraordinary virulence . According to the most extreme scholarly claims , as many as 90 % of the Native American population of the New World died due to Old World diseases such as smallpox , measles and influenza . Over the centuries , the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases , while the indigenous peoples had no such immunity . Modern era ( edit ) Map showing urban areas with at least one million inhabitants in 2006 . Only 3 % of the world 's population lived in cities in 1800 ; this proportion had risen to 47 % by 2000 , and reached 50.5 % by 2010 . By 2050 , the proportion may reach 70 % . During the European Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions , the life expectancy of children increased dramatically . The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5 % in 1730 -- 1749 to 31.8 % in 1810 -- 1829 . Between 1700 and 1900 , Europe 's population increased from about 100 million to over 400 million . Altogether , the areas populated by people of European descent comprised 36 % of the world 's population in 1900 . Population growth in the West became more rapid after the introduction of vaccination and other improvements in medicine and sanitation . Improved material conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 19th century . The population of the United Kingdom reached 60 million in 2006 . The United States saw its population grow from around 5.3 million in 1800 to 106 million in 1920 , exceeding 307 million in 2010 . The first half of the 20th century in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of major wars , famines and other disasters which caused large - scale population losses ( approximately 60 million excess deaths ) . After the collapse of the Soviet Union , Russia 's population declined significantly -- from 150 million in 1991 to 143 million in 2012 -- but by 2013 this decline appeared to have halted . Many countries in the developing world have experienced extremely rapid population growth since the early 20th century , due to economic development and improvements in public health . China 's population rose from approximately 430 million in 1850 to 580 million in 1953 , and now stands at over 1.3 billion . The population of the Indian subcontinent , which was about 125 million in 1750 , increased to 389 million in 1941 ; today , India , Pakistan and Bangladesh are collectively home to about 1.63 billion people . Java had about 5 million inhabitants in 1815 ; its present - day successor , Indonesia , now has a population of over 140 million . In just one hundred years , the population of Brazil decoupled ( x10 ) , from about 17 million in 1900 , or about 1 % of the world population in that year , to about 176 million in 2000 , or almost 3 % of the global population in the very early 21st century . Mexico 's population grew from 13.6 million in 1900 to about 112 million in 2010 . Between the 1920s and 2000s , Kenya 's population grew from 2.9 million to 37 million . Milestones by the billions ( edit ) Main article : World population milestones World population milestones in billions Population 5 6 7 8 9 Year 1804 1927 1960 1999 2011 2024 2042 Years elapsed -- -- 123 33 14 13 12 12 13 18 It is estimated that the world population reached one billion for the first time in 1804 . It was another 123 years before it reached two billion in 1927 , but it took only 33 years to reach three billion in 1960 . Thereafter , the global population reached four billion in 1974 , five billion in 1987 , six billion in 1999 and , according to the United States Census Bureau , seven billion in March 2012 . The United Nations , however , estimated that the world population reached seven billion in October 2011 . According to current projections , the global population will reach eight billion by 2024 , and will likely reach around nine billion by 2042 . Alternative scenarios for 2050 range from a low of 7.4 billion to a high of more than 10.6 billion . Projected figures vary depending on underlying statistical assumptions and the variables used in projection calculations , especially the fertility variable . Long - range predictions to 2150 range from a population decline to 3.2 billion in the `` low scenario '' , to `` high scenarios '' of 24.8 billion . One extreme scenario predicted a massive increase to 256 billion by 2150 , assuming the global fertility rate remained at its 1995 level of 3.04 children per woman ; however , by 2010 the global fertility rate had declined to 2.52 . There is no estimation for the exact day or month the world 's population surpassed one or two billion . The points at which it reached three and four billion were not officially noted , but the International Database of the United States Census Bureau placed them in July 1959 and April 1974 respectively . The United Nations did determine , and commemorate , the `` Day of 5 Billion '' on July 11 , 1987 , and the `` Day of 6 Billion '' on October 12 , 1999 . The Population Division of the United Nations declared the `` Day of 7 Billion '' to be October 31 , 2011 . Global Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of the world 2012 map showing average life expectancy by country in years . In 2012 , the World Health Organization estimated the average global life expectancy as 70.5 years . 80 + 77.5 + 75 + 72.5 + 70 + 67.5 + 65 + 60 + 55 + 50 + 45 + 40 + less than 40 As of 2012 , the global sex ratio is approximately 1.01 males to 1 female . The greater number of men is possibly due to the significant sex imbalances evident in the Indian and Chinese populations . Approximately 26.3 % of the global population is aged under 15 , while 65.9 % is aged 15 -- 64 and 7.9 % is aged 65 or over . The median age of the world 's population was estimated to be 29.7 years in 2014 , and is expected to rise to 37.9 years by 2050 . According to the World Health Organization , the global average life expectancy is 70.5 years as of 2012 , with women living an average of 73 years and men approximately 68 years . In 2010 , the global fertility rate was estimated at 2.52 children per woman . In June 2012 , British researchers calculated the total weight of Earth 's human population as approximately 287 million tonnes , with the average person weighing around 62 kilograms ( 137 lb ) . The CIA estimated nominal 2013 gross world product at US $74.31 trillion , giving an annual global per capita figure of around US $10,500 . Around 1.29 billion people ( 18.4 % of the world population ) live in extreme poverty , subsisting on less than US $1.25 per day ; approximately 870 million people ( 12.25 % ) are undernourished. 83 % of the world 's over-15s are considered literate . In June 2014 , there were around 3.03 billion global Internet users , constituting 42.3 % of the world population . The Han Chinese are the world 's largest single ethnic group , constituting over 19 % of the global population in 2011 . The world 's most - spoken first languages are Mandarin Chinese ( spoken by 12.44 % of the world 's population ) , Spanish ( 4.85 % ) , English ( 4.83 % ) , Arabic ( 3.25 % ) and Hindustani ( 2.68 % ) . The world 's largest religion is Christianity , whose adherents account for 33.35 % of the global population ; Islam is the second - largest religion , accounting for 22.43 % , and Hinduism the third , accounting for 13.78 % . In 2005 , around 16 % of the global population were reported to be non-religious . Largest populations by country ( edit ) Further information : List of countries by population A map of world population in 2014 10 most populous countries Rank Country / Territory Population Date Approx. % of world population Source China 1,386,440,000 September 19 , 2017 18.3 % India 1,321,450,000 September 19 , 2017 17.5 % United States 325,788,000 September 19 , 2017 4.3 % Indonesia 261,600,000 October 31 , 2016 3.46 % 5 Pakistan 208,958,000 September 19 , 2017 2.76 % 6 Brazil 208,016,000 September 19 , 2017 2.75 % 7 Nigeria 188,500,000 October 31 , 2016 2.49 % 8 Bangladesh 163,162,000 September 19 , 2017 2.16 % 9 Russia 146,773,226 June 1 , 2017 1.94 % 10 Japan 126,750,000 July 1 , 2017 1.67 % Approximately 4.3 billion people live in these ten countries , representing around 58 % of the world 's population as of March 2016 . Approximately 3.7 billion people , or half of the world population , live in the six most populous countries . Most densely populated countries ( edit ) Further information : List of countries and dependencies by population density The tables below list the world 's most densely populated countries , both in absolute terms and in comparison to their total populations . Population density ( people per km ) map of the world in 1994 . Red and pink areas denote regions of highest population density . 10 most densely populated countries ( with population above 5 million ) Rank Country Population Area ( km ) Density ( Pop . per km ) Singapore 5,607,300 710 7,898 Bangladesh 163,160,000 143,998 1,133 Taiwan 23,554,803 36,190 651 South Korea 51,446,201 99,538 517 5 Lebanon 6,082,000 10,452 582 6 Rwanda 11,553,188 26,338 439 7 Burundi 11,552,561 27,816 415 8 Netherlands 17,160,000 41,526 413 9 Haiti 10,911,819 27,065 403 10 India 1,321,450,000 3,287,240 402 Countries ranking highly in both total population ( more than 20 million people ) and population density ( more than 250 people per square kilometer ) : Rank Country Population Area ( km ) Density ( Pop . per km ) Notes India 1,321,450,000 3,287,240 402 Growing population Pakistan 208,960,000 803,940 260 Growing population Bangladesh 163,160,000 143,998 1,133 Growing population Japan 126,750,000 377,873 335 Declining population 5 Philippines 104,620,000 300,000 349 Growing population 6 Vietnam 93,700,000 331,689 282 Growing population 7 United Kingdom 65,648,100 243,610 269 Slowly growing population 8 South Korea 51,446,201 99,538 517 Slowly growing population 9 Taiwan 23,554,803 36,190 651 Steady population 10 Sri Lanka 21,203,000 65,610 323 Slowly growing population Fluctuation ( edit ) Main article : Population growth Estimates of population evolution in different continents between 1950 and 2050 , according to the United Nations . The vertical axis is logarithmic and is in millions of people . Population size fluctuates at differing rates in differing regions . Nonetheless , population growth is the long - standing trend on all inhabited continents , as well as in most individual states . During the 20th century , the global population saw its greatest increase in known history , rising from about 1.6 billion in 1900 to over 6 billion in 2000 . A number of factors contributed to this increase , including the lessening of the mortality rate in many countries by improved sanitation and medical advances , and a massive increase in agricultural productivity attributed to the Green Revolution . In 2000 , the United Nations estimated that the world 's population was growing at an annual rate of 1.14 % ( equivalent to around 75 million people ) , down from a peak of 88 million per year in 1989 . By 2000 , there were approximately ten times as many people on Earth as there had been in 1700 . Globally , the population growth rate has been steadily declining from its peak of 2.19 % in 1963 , but growth remains high in Latin America , the Middle East , and Sub-Saharan Africa . A world map showing global variations in fertility rate per woman , according to the CIA World Factbook 's 2015 data . 7 -- 8 children 6 -- 7 children 5 -- 6 children 4 -- 5 children 3 -- 4 children 2 -- 3 children 1 -- 2 children 0 -- 1 children During the 2010s , Japan and some countries in Europe began to encounter negative population growth ( i.e. a net decrease in population over time ) , due to sub-replacement fertility rates . In 2006 , the United Nations stated that the rate of population growth was visibly diminishing due to the ongoing global demographic transition . If this trend continues , the rate of growth may diminish to zero by 2050 , concurrent with a world population plateau of 9.2 billion . However , this is only one of many estimates published by the UN ; in 2009 , UN population projections for 2050 ranged between around 8 billion and 10.5 billion . An alternative scenario is given by the statistician Jorgen Randers , who argues that traditional projections insufficiently take into account the downward impact of global urbanization on fertility . Randers ' `` most likely scenario '' reveals a peak in the world population in the early 2040s at about 8.1 billion people , followed by decline . Adrian Raftery , a University of Washington professor of statistics and of sociology , states that `` there 's a 70 percent probability the world population will not stabilize this century . Population , which had sort of fallen off the world 's agenda , remains a very important issue . '' Estimated world population figures , 10,000 BCE -- 2000 CE Estimated world population figures , 10,000 BC -- 2000 CE ( in log y scale ) World population figures , 1950 -- 2000 Estimated global growth rates , 1950 -- 2050 Estimated and projected populations of the world and its continents ( except Antarctica ) from 1950 to 2100 . The shaded regions correspond to the range of projections by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . Population growth by region ( edit ) The table below shows historical and predicted regional population figures in millions . The availability of historical population figures varies by region . World historical and predicted populations ( in millions ) Region 1500 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2012 2050 2150 World 585 660 710 791 978 1,262 1,650 2,521 6,008 6,707 6,896 7,052 9,725 9,746 Africa 86 114 106 106 107 111 133 221 783 973 1,022 1,052 2,478 2,308 Asia 282 350 411 502 635 809 947 1,402 3,700 4,054 4,164 4,250 5,267 5,561 Europe 168 170 178 190 203 276 408 547 675 732 738 740 734 517 Latin America 40 20 10 16 24 38 74 167 508 577 590 603 784 912 North America 6 7 26 82 172 312 337 345 351 433 398 Oceania 6 13 30 34 37 38 57 51 World historical and predicted populations by percentage distribution Region 1500 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2012 2050 2150 World 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Africa 14.7 17.3 14.9 13.4 10.9 8.8 8.1 8.8 13.0 14.5 14.8 15.2 25.48 23.7 Asia 48.2 53.0 57.9 63.5 64.9 64.1 57.4 55.6 61.6 60.4 60.4 60.3 54.16 57.1 Europe 28.7 25.8 25.1 20.6 20.8 21.9 24.7 21.7 11.2 10.9 10.7 10.5 7.55 5.3 Latin America 6.8 3.0 1.4 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.5 6.6 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.06 9.4 North America 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.7 2.1 5.0 6.8 5.2 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.45 4.1 Oceania 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.59 0.5 Past population ( edit ) The following table gives estimates of population in the past . The data for 1750 to 1900 are from the UN report `` The World at Six Billion '' whereas the data from 1950 to 2015 are from a UN data sheet . Year World Africa Asia Europe Latin America & Carib . North America Oceania Notes 70,000 BCE < 0.015 10,000 BCE 8000 BCE 5 6500 BCE 5 5000 BCE 5 4000 BCE 7 3000 BCE 14 2000 BCE 27 1000 BCE 50 7 33 9 500 BCE 100 14 66 16 CE 1 200 23 141 28 1000 400 70 269 50 8 1500 458 86 243 84 39 1600 580 114 339 111 10 1700 682 106 436 125 10 1750 791 106 502 163 16 1800 1,000 107 656 203 24 7 1850 1,262 111 809 276 38 26 1900 1,650 133 947 408 74 82 6 1950 2,525 229 1,394 549 169 172 12.7 1955 2,758 254 1,534 577 193 187 14.2 1960 3,018 285 1,687 606 221 204 15.8 1965 3,322 322 1,875 635 254 219 17.5 1970 3,682 366 2,120 657 288 231 19.7 4,061 416 2,378 677 326 242 21.5 1980 4,440 478 2,626 694 365 254 23.0 1985 4,853 550 2,897 708 406 267 24.9 5,310 632 3,202 721 447 281 27.0 1995 5,735 720 3,475 728 487 296 29.1 2000 6,127 814 3,714 726 527 314 31.1 2005 6,520 920 3,945 729 564 329 33.4 6,930 1,044 4,170 735 600 344 36.4 2015 7,349 1,186 4,393 738 634 358 39.3 Using the above figures , the change in population from 2010 to 2015 was : World : + 420 million Africa : + 142 million Asia : + 223 million Europe : + 3 million Latin America and Caribbean : + 35 million Northern America : + 14 million Oceania : + 2.9 million ^ Jump up to : Northern America comprises the northern-most countries and territories of North America : Canada , the United States , Greenland , Bermuda , and St. Pierre and Miquelon . Latin America comprises Mexico , Central America , the Caribbean , and South America . Projections ( edit ) Main articles : World population estimates and Projections of population growth Long - term global population growth is difficult to predict . The United Nations and the US Census Bureau both give different estimates -- according to the UN , the world population reached seven billion in late 2011 , while the USCB asserted that this occurred in March 2012 . The UN has issued multiple projections of future world population , based on different assumptions . From 2000 to 2005 , the UN consistently revised these projections downward , until the 2006 revision , issued on March 14 , 2007 , revised the 2050 mid-range estimate upwards by 273 million . Average global birth rates are declining fast , but vary greatly between developed countries ( where birth rates are often at or below replacement levels ) and developing countries ( where birth rates typically remain high ) . Different ethnicities also display varying birth rates . Death rates can change rapidly due to disease epidemics , wars and other mass catastrophes , or advances in medicine . UN ( medium variant -- 2012 revision ) and US Census Bureau ( June 2015 ) estimates Year UN est . ( millions ) Difference USCB est . ( millions ) Difference 2005 6,514 -- 6,473 -- 6,916 402 6,866 393 2015 7,324 408 7,256 390 2020 7,717 393 7,643 380 2025 8,083 366 8,007 363 2030 8,425 342 8,341 334 2035 8,743 318 8,646 306 2040 9,039 296 8,926 280 2045 9,308 269 9,180 254 2050 9,551 243 9,408 228 UN 2012 estimates and medium variant projections ( in millions ) Year World Asia Africa Europe Latin America / Caribbean Northern America Oceania 6,916 4,165 ( 60.2 % ) 1,031 ( 14.9 % ) 740 ( 10.7 % ) 596 ( 8.6 % ) 347 ( 5.0 % ) 37 ( 0.5 % ) 2015 7,324 4,385 ( 59.9 % ) 1,166 ( 15.9 % ) 743 ( 10.1 % ) 630 ( 8.6 % ) 361 ( 4.9 % ) 39 ( 0.5 % ) 2020 7,717 4,582 ( 59.4 % ) 1,312 ( 17.0 % ) 744 ( 9.6 % ) 662 ( 8.6 % ) 376 ( 4.9 % ) 42 ( 0.5 % ) 2025 8,083 4,749 ( 58.8 % ) 1,468 ( 18.2 % ) 741 ( 9.2 % ) 691 ( 8.5 % ) 390 ( 4.8 % ) 45 ( 0.6 % ) 2030 8,425 4,887 ( 58.0 % ) 1,634 ( 19.4 % ) 736 ( 8.7 % ) 717 ( 8.5 % ) 403 ( 4.8 % ) 47 ( 0.6 % ) 2035 8,743 4,997 ( 57.2 % ) 1,812 ( 20.7 % ) 730 ( 8.3 % ) 739 ( 8.5 % ) 415 ( 4.8 % ) 50 ( 0.6 % ) 2040 9,039 5,080 ( 56.2 % ) 1,999 ( 22.1 % ) 724 ( 8.0 % ) 757 ( 8.4 % ) 426 ( 4.8 % ) 52 ( 0.6 % ) 2045 9,308 5,136 ( 55.2 % ) 2,194 ( 23.6 % ) 717 ( 7.7 % ) 771 ( 8.3 % ) 436 ( 4.7 % ) 55 ( 0.6 % ) 2050 9,551 5,164 ( 54.1 % ) 2,393 ( 25.1 % ) 709 ( 7.4 % ) 782 ( 8.2 % ) 446 ( 4.7 % ) 57 ( 0.6 % ) 2055 9,766 5,168 ( 52.9 % ) 2,595 ( 26.6 % ) 700 ( 7.2 % ) 788 ( 8.1 % ) 456 ( 4.7 % ) 59 ( 0.6 % ) 2060 9,957 5,152 ( 51.7 % ) 2,797 ( 28.1 % ) 691 ( 6.9 % ) 791 ( 7.9 % ) 465 ( 4.7 % ) 61 ( 0.6 % ) 2065 10,127 5,120 ( 50.6 % ) 2,998 ( 29.6 % ) 681 ( 6.7 % ) 791 ( 7.8 % ) 474 ( 4.7 % ) 63 ( 0.6 % ) 2070 10,277 5,075 ( 49.4 % ) 3,195 ( 31.1 % ) 673 ( 6.5 % ) 788 ( 7.6 % ) 482 ( 4.7 % ) 64 ( 0.6 % ) 2075 10,409 5,019 ( 48.2 % ) 3,387 ( 32.5 % ) 665 ( 6.4 % ) 783 ( 7.5 % ) 490 ( 4.7 % ) 66 ( 0.6 % ) 2080 10,524 4,957 ( 47.1 % ) 3,570 ( 33.9 % ) 659 ( 6.3 % ) 776 ( 7.4 % ) 496 ( 4.7 % ) 67 ( 0.6 % ) 2085 10,626 4,894 ( 46.1 % ) 3,742 ( 35.2 % ) 653 ( 6.1 % ) 767 ( 7.2 % ) 502 ( 4.7 % ) 68 ( 0.6 % ) 2090 10,717 4,833 ( 45.1 % ) 3,903 ( 36.4 % ) 649 ( 6.1 % ) 757 ( 7.1 % ) 506 ( 4.7 % ) 69 ( 0.6 % ) 2095 10,794 4,773 ( 44.2 % ) 4,051 ( 37.6 % ) 644 ( 6.0 % ) 747 ( 6.9 % ) 510 ( 4.7 % ) 69 ( 0.6 % ) 2100 10,854 4,712 ( 43.4 % ) 4,185 ( 38.6 % ) 639 ( 5.9 % ) 736 ( 6.8 % ) 513 ( 4.7 % ) 70 ( 0.6 % ) Mathematical approximations ( edit ) In 1975 , Sebastian von Hoerner proposed a formula for population growth which represented hyperbolic growth with an infinite population in 2025 . The hyperbolic growth of the world population observed until the 1970s was later correlated to a non-linear second order positive feedback between demographic growth and technological development . This feedback can be described as follows : technological advance → increase in the carrying capacity of land for people → demographic growth → more people → more potential inventors → acceleration of technological advance → accelerating growth of the carrying capacity → faster population growth → accelerating growth of the number of potential inventors → faster technological advance → hence , the faster growth of the Earth 's carrying capacity for people , and so on . The transition from hyperbolic growth to slower rates of growth is related to the demographic transition . According to the Russian demographer Sergey Kapitsa , the world population grew between 67,000 BCE and 1965 according to the following formula : N = C τ arccot T 0 − T τ ( \ displaystyle N = ( \ frac ( C ) ( \ tau ) ) \ operatorname ( arccot ) ( \ frac ( T_ ( 0 ) - T ) ( \ tau ) ) ) where N is current population T is the current year C = ( 1.86 ± 0.01 ) 10 T = 2007 ± 1 τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) = 42 ± 1 Years for world population to double ( edit ) According to linear interpolation and extrapolation of UNDESA population estimates , the world population has doubled , or will double , in the years listed in the tables below ( with two different starting points ) . During the 2nd millennium CE , each doubling took roughly half as long as the previous doubling , fitting the hyperbolic growth model mentioned above . However , after 2024 , it is unlikely that there will be another doubling of the global population in the 21st century . Historic chart showing the periods of time the world population has taken to double , from 1700 to 2000 Starting at 500 million Population ( in billions ) 0.5 8 Year 1500 1804 1927 2024 Years elapsed 304 123 47 50 Starting at 375 million Population ( in billions ) 0.375 0.75 1.5 6 Year 1171 1715 1881 1960 1999 Years elapsed 544 166 79 39 Overpopulation ( edit ) Main articles : Human overpopulation and Malthusian catastrophe Predictions of scarcity ( edit ) Greater Los Angeles lies on a coastal mediterranean savannah with a small watershed that is able to support at most one million people on its own water ; as of 2015 , the area has a population of over 18 million . Researchers predict that similar cases of resource scarcity will grow more common as the world population increases . In his 1798 work An Essay on the Principle of Population , the British scholar Thomas Malthus incorrectly predicted that continued population growth would exhaust the global food supply by the mid-19th century . Malthus wrote the essay to refute what he considered the unattainable utopian ideas of William Godwin and Marquis de Condorcet , as presented in Political Justice and The Future Progress of the Human Mind . In 1968 , Paul R. Ehrlich reprised Malthus ' argument in The Population Bomb , predicting that mass global famine would occur in the 1970s and 1980s . The predictions of Ehrlich and other neo-Malthusians were vigorously challenged by a number of economists , notably Julian Lincoln Simon , and advances in agriculture , collectively known as the Green Revolution , forestalled any potential global famine in the late 20th century . Between 1950 and 1984 , as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the world , grain production increased by over 250 % . The world population has grown by over four billion since the beginning of the Green Revolution , but food production has so far kept pace with population growth . Most scholars believe that , without the Revolution , there would be greater levels of famine and malnutrition than the UN presently documents . However , neo-Malthusians point out that fossil fuels provided the energy for the Green Revolution , in the form of natural gas - derived fertilizers , oil - derived pesticides , and hydrocarbon - fueled irrigation , and that many crops have become so genetically uniform that a crop failure in any one country could potentially have global repercussions . In 2004 , a meta - analysis of 70 quantitative studies estimating a sustainable limit to the world population generated a meta - estimate of 7.7 billion people . Graph of the global human population from 10,000 BCE to 2000 CE , from the US Census Bureau . The graph shows the extremely rapid growth in the world population that has taken place since the 18th century . The human population has been growing rapidly since the mid-1800s . In May 2008 , the price of grain was pushed up severely by the increased cultivation of biofuels , the increase of world oil prices to over $140 per barrel ( $880 / m ) , global population growth , the effects of climate change , the loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development , and growing consumer demand in the population centres of China and India . Food riots subsequently occurred in some countries . However , oil prices then fell sharply . Resource demands are expected to ease as population growth declines , but it is unclear whether mass food wastage and rising living standards in developing countries will once again create resource shortages . David Pimentel , professor of ecology and agriculture at Cornell University , estimates that the sustainable agricultural carrying capacity for the United States is about 200 million people ; its population as of 2015 is over 300 million . In 2009 , the UK government 's chief scientific advisor , Professor John Beddington , warned that growing populations , falling energy reserves and food shortages would create a `` perfect storm '' of shortages of food , water , and energy by 2030 . According to a 2009 report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation ( FAO ) , the world will have to produce 70 % more food by 2050 to feed a projected extra 2.3 billion people . The observed figures for 2007 showed an actual increase in absolute numbers of undernourished people in the world , with 923 million undernourished in 2007 , versus 832 million in 1995 . The 2009 FAO estimates showed an even more dramatic increase , to 1.02 billion . Environmental impacts ( edit ) Illegal slash - and - burn agriculture in Madagascar , 2010 A number of scientists have argued that the current global population expansion and accompanying increase in resource consumption threatens the world 's ecosystem . The InterAcademy Panel Statement on Population Growth , which was ratified by 58 member national academies in 1994 , states that `` unprecedented '' population growth aggravates many environmental problems , including rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide , global warming , and pollution . Indeed , some analysts claim that overpopulation 's most serious impact is its effect on the environment . The situation has continued to worsen , as at the time of the 1994 IAP statement , the world population stood at 5.5 billion and lower - bound scenarios predicted a peak of 7.8 billion by 2050 , a number that current estimates state will be reached in the late 2020s . Scientists contend that human overpopulation , continued human population growth and overconsumption , particularly by the wealthy , are the primary drivers of mass species extinction . By 2050 population growth , along with profligate consumption , could result in oceans containing more plastic than fish by weight . Population control ( edit ) Main article : Human population control India is predicted to overtake China as the world 's most populous country by 2022 . Human population control is the practice of intervening to alter the rate of population growth . Historically , human population control has been implemented by limiting a region 's birth rate , by voluntary contraception or by government mandate . It has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or increasing levels of poverty , environmental concerns , and religious reasons . The use of abortion in some population control strategies has caused controversy , with religious organizations such as the Roman Catholic Church explicitly opposing any intervention in the human reproductive process . The University of Nebraska publication Green Illusions argues that population control to alleviate environmental pressures need not be coercive . It states that `` Women who are educated , economically engaged , and in control of their own bodies can enjoy the freedom of bearing children at their own pace , which happens to be a rate that is appropriate for the aggregate ecological endowment of our planet . '' The book Fatal Misconception by Matthew Connelly similarly points to the importance of supporting the rights of women in bringing population levels down over time . Overpopulation skepticism ( edit ) The Population Research Institute ( PRI ) , an anti-abortion , anti-contraception advocacy group , has criticised predictions of overpopulation and attendant resource scarcity , with some describing overpopulation as a `` myth '' . The PRI argues that advances in agricultural , medical , and industrial technology have allowed global economic productivity to keep pace with rising populations despite Malthusian predictions to the contrary . PRI further says that family sizes are naturally declining worldwide due to higher living standards , increased availability of contraception and better economic opportunities for women . However , other commentators have described PRI 's arguments on overpopulation as deceptive . Number of humans who have ever lived ( edit ) Further information : Paleodemography Estimates of the total number of humans who have ever lived range in the order of 100 billion . It is difficult for estimates to be better than rough approximations , as even modern population estimates are fraught with uncertainties on the order of 3 % to 5 % . Kapitza ( 1996 ) cites estimates ranging between 80 and 150 billion . Haub ( 1995 ) prepared another figure , updated in 2002 and 2011 ; the 2011 figure was approximately 107 billion . Haub characterized this figure as an estimate that required `` selecting population sizes for different points from antiquity to the present and applying assumed birth rates to each period '' . One problem is in regard to the semantic difficulty of deciding the precise meaning of `` human '' . A population of , say , 4 million , with an average lifespan of , say , 10 years ( see below ) , implies a birthrate of 0.4 million per year , which over a period of 100 000 years represents 40 000 million people . Also , robust population data only exists for the last two or three centuries . Until the late 18th century , few governments had ever performed an accurate census . In many early attempts , such as in Ancient Egypt and the Persian Empire , the focus was on counting merely a subset of the population for purposes of taxation or military service . Thus , there is a significant margin of error when estimating ancient global populations . Another critical factor for such an estimate is the question of pre-modern infant mortality rates ; these figures are very difficult to estimate for ancient times due to a lack of accurate records . Haub ( 1995 ) estimates that around 40 % of those who have ever lived did not survive beyond their first birthday . Haub also stated that `` life expectancy at birth probably averaged only about ten years for most of human history '' . See also ( edit ) Anthropocene Birth control Coastal population growth Demographic transition Depopulation Doomsday argument Family planning Food security Megacity Natalism One - child policy Population boom Population Matters , population control think tank and campaign group Population Reference Bureau , population demographics and annual World Population Data Sheet Two - child policy World 's largest cities Lists : List of countries and dependencies by population List of urban areas by population List of population concern organizations List of countries by fertility rate List of countries by future population ( United Nations , medium fertility variant ) List of countries by past and future population List of countries by population in 1900 List of countries by population density List of countries by population growth rate Lists of organisms by population -- for non-human global populations List of religious populations Historical : Historical censuses Historical demography Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Excluding its Special Administrative Regions ( SARs ) of Hong Kong and Macau . Jump up ^ Including Central America and the Caribbean . Jump up ^ The Antarctic Treaty System limits the nature of national claims in Antarctica . Of the territorial claims in Antarctica , the Ross Dependency has the largest population . Jump up ^ Figure refers to Mainland China only . It excludes Taiwan and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations '' . esa.un.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Jean - Noël Biraben ( 1980 ) , `` An Essay Concerning Mankind 's Evolution '' . Population , Selected Papers . Vol. 4 . pp. 1 -- 13 . Original paper in French : ( b ) Jean - Noël Biraben ( 1979 ). `` Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes '' . Population . Vol. 34 ( no . 1 ) . pp. 13 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects , 2012 revision ( 697 million births from 1985 -- 1990 ) '' . United Nations . 2012 . 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Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official population clock '' . Jump up ^ `` United States Official Population Clock ( updated daily ) '' . USCB . Jump up ^ `` Penduduk Indonesia Tengah Tahun menurut Jenis Kelamin '' . BI.go.id . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Pakistani Population Clock '' . Population Census Organization of Pakistan . Jump up ^ `` Official population clock '' . IBGE.gov.br . Jump up ^ `` Population , total '' . World Bank . 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official population clock '' . BBS.gov.bd . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official estimate ( including Crimea and Sevastopol ) '' . GKS.ru . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan population '' . Official Japan Statistics Bureau . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hackett , C. ( 11 July 2014 ) . `` Which six countries hold half the world 's population ? '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Demetriou , Danielle ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Japan 's population suffers biggest fall in history '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The limits of a Green Revolution ? '' . BBC News . March 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Green Revolution '' . Energybulletin.net . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2008 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Population to 2300 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . 2004 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` International Programs '' . USCB . January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ron Nielsen ( 2006 ) . The Little Green Handbook . New York : Picador . ISBN 0 - 312 - 42581 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 report highlights '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UN population estimates and projections , database query , August 2009 '' . United Nations . March 11 , 2009 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Randers , Jorgen ( 2012 ) . 2052 : A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years . Vermont : Chelsea Green Publishing . p. 62 . Jump up ^ World population to keep growing this century , hit 11 billion by 2100 . UWToday . September 18 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2008 Revision '' ( PDF ) . Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat . June 2009 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World at Six Billion '' . United Nations . October 12 , 1999 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Population Growth over Human History '' . University of Michigan . January 4 , 2006 . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Figures include the former Soviet countries in Europe . Caselli , Graziella ; Gillaume Wunsch ; Jacques Vallin ( December 20 , 2005 ) . Demography : Analysis and Synthesis , Four Volume Set : A Treatise in Population . Academic Press . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 765660 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` UN report -- 2004 data '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects The 2015 Revision '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The World at Six Billion '' . UN Population Division . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . , Table 2 Jump up ^ Fewer than 15,000 individuals , according to the Toba catastrophe theory , though this theory has been criticized by some scientists . See : `` Toba super-volcano catastrophe idea `` dismissed '' `` . BBC News . April 30 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ An approximation based on figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau 's Historical Estimates of World Population ; see also * Kremer , Michael ( 1993 ) . `` Population Growth and Technological Change : One Million B.C. to 1990 '' . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 108 ( 3 ) : 681 -- 716 . doi : 10.2307 / 2118405 . Jump up ^ An approximation based on figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau 's Total Midyear Population for the World : 1950 - 2050 Jump up ^ `` Notes on the World POPClock and World Vital Events '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2012 Revision '' ( XLS ) . Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat . June 2013 . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Population -- Total Midyear Population for the World : 1950 -- 2050 '' . Census.gov . July 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sebastien von Hoerner ( 1975 ) . `` Population Explosion and Interstellar Expansion '' . Journal of the British Interplanetary Society ( 28 ) : 691 -- 712 . Jump up ^ Introduction to Social Macrodynamics . Andrey Korotayev et al . For a rigorous mathematical analysis of this issue , see `` A Compact Mathematical Model of the World System Economic and Demographic Growth , 1 CE -- 1973 CE '' . Jump up ^ Kapitsa , Sergei P. ( 1996 ) . `` The phenomenological theory of world population growth '' . Physics - Uspekhi. 39 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 71 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Lutz , Wolfgang ; Sanderson , Warren ; Scherbov , Sergei ( 1997 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Doubling of world population unlikely '' . Nature . 387 ( 6635 ) : 803 -- 805 . PMID 9194559 . doi : 10.1038 / 42935 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` World faces ' perfect storm ' of problems by 2030 , chief scientist to warn '' . The Guardian . March 18 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jowit , Juliette ( October 23 , 2011 ) . `` Paul Ehrlich , a prophet of global population doom who is gloomier than ever '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kindall , Henery W & Pimentel , David ( May 1994 ) . `` Constraints on the Expansion of the Global Food Supply '' . Ambio. 23 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ `` The limits of a Green Revolution ? '' . BBC News . March 29 , 2007 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Host Plant Resistance and Conservation of Genetic Diversity '' . Radcliffe 's IPM World Textbook . University of Minnesota . March 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ van den Bergh , Jeroen C.J.M. ; Rietveld , Piet ( 2004 ) . `` Reconsidering the Limits to World Population : Meta - analysis and Meta - prediction '' . BioScience. 54 ( 3 ) : 195 . ISSN 0006 - 3568 . doi : 10.1641 / 0006 - 3568 ( 2004 ) 054 ( 0195 : RTLTWP ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ `` The global grain bubble '' . Christian Science Monitor . January 18 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ James Randerson , science correspondent ( March 7 , 2008 ) . `` Food crisis will take hold before climate change , warns chief scientist '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John Vidal , environment editor ( November 3 , 2007 ) . `` Global food crisis looms as climate change and fuel shortages bite '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Walsoft ( February 22 , 2008 ) . `` Experts : Global Food Shortages Could ' Continue for Decades ' '' . Marketoracle.co.uk . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moya K. Mason . `` Has Urbanization Caused a Loss to Agricultural Land ? '' . Moyak.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walt , Vivienne ( February 27 , 2008 ) . `` The World 's Growing Food - Price Crisis '' . Time . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The cost of food : Facts and figures '' . BBC . October 16 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Julian Borger ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Feed the world ? We are fighting a losing battle , UN admits '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Emily ( April 22 , 2008 ) . `` Assessing the global food crisis '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Half of all food ' wasted ' report claims '' . BBC . January 10 , 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oil shock could push world food prices higher '' . CNN Money . March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ P. Crabbè ( 2000 ) . Implementing ecological integrity : restoring regional and global environmental and human health . North Atlantic Treaty Organization Scientific Affairs Division / Springer . p. 411 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 6351 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Global crisis ' to strike by 2030 '' . BBC News . March 19 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Global food production will have to increase 70 % for additional 2.3 billion people by 2050 '' . Finfacts.com . September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The State of Food Insecurity in the World , 2008 : High food prices and food security -- threats and opportunities '' . UN Food and Agriculture Organization -- Economic and Social Development Department . 2008 . p. 2 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One sixth of humanity undernourished -- more than ever before '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ecological Debt Day '' . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Planetary Boundaries : Specials '' . Nature . September 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IAP ( login required ) '' . InterAcademies.net . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pimm , S.L. ; Jenkins , C.N. ; Abell , R. ; Brooks , T.M. ; Gittleman , J.L. ; Joppa , L.N. ; Raven , P.H. ; Roberts , C.M. ; Sexton , J.O. ( 30 May 2014 ) . `` The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction , distribution , and protection '' ( PDF ) . Science . 344 ( 6187 ) : 1246752 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1246752 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption . Jump up ^ Ceballos , Gerardo ; Ehrlich , Paul R. ; Barnosky , Anthony D. ; García , Andrés ; Pringle , Robert M. ; Palmer , Todd M. ( 2015 ) . `` Accelerated modern human -- induced species losses : Entering the sixth mass extinction '' . Science Advances. 1 ( 5 ) : e1400253 . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1400253 . ^ Jump up to : Sutter , John D. ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` How to stop the sixth mass extinction '' . CNN . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ceballos , Gerardo ; Ehrlich , Paul R ; Dirzo , Rodolfo ( 23 May 2017 ) . `` Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines '' . PNAS . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1704949114 . Much less frequently mentioned are , however , the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction , namely , human overpopulation and continued population growth , and overconsumption , especially by the rich . These drivers , all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet , are themselves increasing rapidly . Jump up ^ Some population control programs , such as China 's one - child policy , entail the use of forced late - term abortions , sparking domestic anger and international condemnation : `` China one - child policy leads to forced abortions , mothers ' deaths '' . Los Angeles Times . June 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fighting poverty to build peace '' . Vatican . January 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zehmer , Ozzie ( 2012 ) . Green lllusions . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska . p. 188 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Matthew ( 2008 ) . Fatal Misconception : The Struggle to Control World Population . Harvard University Press via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Debunking the Myth of Overpopulation '' . Population Research Institute . 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IAP Statement on Population and Consumption '' . InterAcademy Panel : The Global Network of Science Academies ( IAP ) . June 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Response to Critics of Family Planning Programs '' . Guttmacher.org . March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Global Environment Outlook -- Environment for the future we want '' ( PDF ) . UNEP . May 2012 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It should be noted that even recent demographic data is accurate only from 3 to 5 % , although in demography traditionally more digits are indicated than those having a meaning . This is partially due to the ethical difficulty in rounding off numbers that supposedly represent real people , officially counted during a census . '' Sergei P Kapitza , ' The phenomenological theory of world population growth ' , Physics - Uspekhi 39 ( 1 ) 57 - 71 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Sergei P Kapitza , ' The phenomenological theory of world population growth ' , Physics - Uspekhi 39 ( 1 ) 57 - 71 ( 1996 ) , citing K.M. Weiss , Human Biology 56637 ( 1984 ) and N. Keyfitz , Applied Mathematical Demography ( New York : Wiley , 1977 ) . Jump up ^ Haub , Carl ( October 2011 ) . `` How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth ? '' . Population Reference Bureau . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kuhrt , A. ( 1995 ) . The Ancient Near East , c. 3000 -- 330 BCE . Vol. 2 . London : Routledge . p. 695 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World population statistics . Further reading Cohen , Joel E. ( 1995 ) . How Many People Can The Earth Support ? . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31495 - 2 . `` World Population Prospects , the 2012 Revision '' . United Nations Population Division . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . `` World Population Prospects , the 2010 Revision '' . United Nations Population Division . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . `` World Population History Graph '' World population graph 10000 BCE - 1950 CE . `` Symptoms of The Global Demographic Decline '' . Demographia.ru . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . World Factbook 2012 . US Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . `` The World in Balance '' ( transcript ) . Two - part PBS Nova on world population . April 20 , 2004 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . `` The Environmental Politics of Population and Overpopulation '' . University of California , Berkeley . 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . `` Global population : Faces of the future '' . The Economist . June 22 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . `` Creating new life -- and other ways to feed the world '' . BBC . July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . World Population Growth ( Oct 2016 ) , Esteban Ortiz - Ospina and Max Roser , OurWorldInData.org Organizations Optimum Population Trust The Day of 6 Billion and 7 Billion -- Official homepages maintained by UNFPA Population Reference Bureau -- News and issues related to population Berlin Institute for Population and Development Statistics and maps HiveGroup.com -- World population statistics presented in a treemap interface PopulationLabs.com -- World population map and graph PopulationData.net -- Information and maps about populations around the world GeoHive.com -- World statistics including population and future predictions Win.tue.nl -- World countries mapped by population size World-statistics.org -- World statistics including population and projections Population clocks U.S. and World Population Clock ( US Census Bureau ) People in the world Global human population Major topics Biocapacity Optimum population Overpopulation Malthusian catastrophe Population Population ethics Population momentum Sustainable development Women 's reproductive rights Zero population growth Biological and related topics Family planning Pledge two or fewer Human population planning One - child policy Two - child policy Population biology Population decline Population density Physiological density Population dynamics Population growth Population model Population pyramid Projections of population growth Human impact on the environment Deforestation Desalination Desertification Environmental impact of agriculture of aviation of biodiesel of concrete of electricity generation of the energy industry of fishing of irrigation of mining of off - roading of oil shale industry of palm oil of paper of the petroleum industry of reservoirs of shipping of war Industrialisation Land degradation Land reclamation Overconsumption Pollution Quarrying Urbanization Loss of green belts Urban sprawl Waste Water scarcity Overdrafting Population ecology Carrying capacity Deep ecology Earth 's energy budget Food security Habitat destruction I = P × A × T Malthusian growth model Overshoot ( population ) World energy consumption World energy resources World3 model Literature A Modest Proposal Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind , Peopling of Countries , etc . An Essay on the Principle of Population `` How Much Land Does a Man Need ? '' Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth Population Control : Real Costs , Illusory Benefits The Limits to Growth The Population Bomb The Skeptical Environmentalist The Ultimate Resource Publications Population and Environment Population and Development Review Lists Population and housing censuses by country Metropolitan areas by population Population milestone babies Events and organizations 7 Billion Actions International Conference on Population and Development Population Action International Population Connection Population Matters Population Research Institute United Nations Population Fund Voluntary Human Extinction Movement World Population Day World Population Foundation Related topics Classic Maya collapse Fertility and intelligence Green Revolution Holocene extinction Migration Commons Human overpopulation Human activities with impact on the environment Human migration Links to related articles Human impact on the environment General Anthropocene Environmental issues Human impact Impact assessment List of issues Planetary boundaries Causes Agriculture fishing irrigation meat production palm oil Energy industry biofuels biodiesel coal electricity generation nuclear power oil shale petroleum reservoirs wind power Manufacturing cleaning agents concrete plastics nanotechnology paint paper pesticides pharmaceuticals and personal care Tourism Transport aviation roads shipping reservoirs Other land use mining genetic pollution human overpopulation overexploitation particulates pollution war Effects Biodiversity threats Biodiversity loss Climate change Deforestation Desertification Ecocide Erosion Coral reefs Freshwater cycle Global warming Habitat destruction Holocene extinction Nitrogen cycle Land degradation Land surface effects on climate Phosphorus cycle Ocean acidification Ozone depletion Runaway climate change Mitigation Birth control Cleaner production Climate change mitigation Climate engineering Ecological engineering Environmental engineering Environmental mitigation Industrial ecology Mitigation banking Organic farming Reforestation urban Restoration ecology Sustainable consumption Waste minimization Commons Category by country assessment mitigation Lists of countries by population statistics World population Current population Current population ( United Nations ) Continental Asia Africa Europe North America Oceania South America Regional Americas Arab world Caribbean Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Cities National capitals Cities proper Metropolitan areas Urban areas Megacities Megalopolises Past and future population Past population ( United Nations ) Past and future population 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1907 1939 2000 2005 Future population Population density Current density Current real density based on food growing capacity Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Other demographics Age at first marriage Divorce rate Domestic citizens Ethnic and cultural diversity level Foreign - 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Saul Vandana Shiva Joseph Stiglitz John Urry Immanuel Wallerstein Portal Category Global catastrophic risks Future of the Earth Ultimate fate of the universe Technological Grey goo Kinetic bombardment Mutual assured destruction Dead Hand Synthetic intelligence / Artificial intelligence Existential risk from artificial intelligence See Template AI takeover Technological singularity Transhumanism Sociological Malthusian catastrophe New World Order ( conspiracy theory ) Nuclear holocaust winter famine cobalt Societal collapse World War III Ecological Climate change Extinction risk from global warming Runaway climate change Ice age Ecocide Human impact on the environment See Template Ozone depletion Cascade effect Earth Overshoot Day Overexploitation Overpopulation Human overpopulation Biological Extinction Human extinction Genetic erosion Genetic pollution Dysgenics Pandemic Biological agent Transhumanism Physical Big Crunch Big Rip Coronal mass ejection Gamma - ray burst Impact event Potentially hazardous object Solar flare Supervolcano winter Belief Eschatology Buddhist Christian Hindu Islamic Jewish Norse Zoroastrian 2012 phenomenon Armageddon Apocalypse End time Last Judgment List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events Fiction Alien invasion Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction Disaster films List of disaster films Categories Apocalypticism Future problems Hazards Risk analysis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_population&oldid=801350711 '' Categories : World population Human overpopulation Cultural globalization Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia references cleanup from March 2016 All articles needing references cleanup Use mdy dates from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 04 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is the world population expected to reach 8 billion | [
"According to current projections, the global population will reach eight billion by 2024, and will likely reach around nine billion by 2042. Alternative scenarios for 2050 range from a low of 7.4 billion to a high of more than 10.6 billion.[76] Projected figures vary depending on underlying statistical assumptions and the variables used in projection calculations, especially the fertility variable. Long-range predictions to 2150 range from a population decline to 3.2 billion in the \"low scenario\", to \"high scenarios\" of 24.8 billion.[76] One extreme scenario predicted a massive increase to 256 billion by 2150, assuming the global fertility rate remained at its 1995 level of 3.04 children per woman; however, by 2010 the global fertility rate had declined to 2.52.[13][77]"
] | [
"2024"
] |
7475091970901459500 | Techfest | Techfest - Wikipedia Techfest Jump to : navigation , search Techfest , IIT Bombay Duration 3 days Venue IIT , Bombay Location Mumbai , India Coordinates 19 ° 08 ′ 01.09 '' N 72 ° 54 ′ 55.29 '' E / 19.1336361 ° N 72.9153583 ° E / 19.1336361 ; 72.9153583 Coordinates : 19 ° 08 ′ 01.09 '' N 72 ° 54 ′ 55.29 '' E / 19.1336361 ° N 72.9153583 ° E / 19.1336361 ; 72.9153583 Type Non-Profit Student Organisation Patron ( s ) UNICEF , UNESCO , Centre for environment education ( CEE ) and South Asia Youth Environment Network ( SAYEN ) Organised by Student community of IIT Bombay Website www.techfest.org Techfest is the annual science and technology festival of Indian Institute of Technology Bombay . It also refers to the independent body of students who organize this event along with many other social initiatives and outreach programs round the year . Techfest is known for hosting a variety of events that include competitions , exhibitions , lectures as well as workshops . Started in 1998 with the aim of providing a platform for the Indian student community to develop and showcase their technical prowess , it has now grown into Asia 's Largest Science and Technology Festival with a footfall of 1.65 lakhs in its latest edition . The activities culminate in a grand three day festival event in the campus of IIT Bombay which attracts people from all over the World , including students , academia , corporates and the general public . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and Growth 2 Patronages , Awards and Recognitions 3 Structure and Organisation 4 Events 4.1 Competitions 4.2 Exhibitions 4.3 Ideate 4.4 Lectures 4.5 Ozone 4.6 Technoholix 4.7 Smart City Challenge 4.8 Summit 4.9 Workshops 5 Social Initiatives 5.1 I SMOKE 5.2 ASK 5.3 ROAR 5.4 Reform'n'ation 5.5 Techfest Green Campus Challenge 5.6 Give - A-Coin 5.7 Ummeed - e-Milaap 5.8 ReCycle 5.9 Internet For All 5.10 Cured 5.11 Save The Souls 5.12 IAmPower 6 Associates and Partners 7 References 8 External links History and growth ( edit ) The very first edition of Techfest was in 1998 . The underlying spirit of Techfest was `` to promote technology and scientific thinking and innovation '' a motto that has been followed by every Techfest since . Techfest ' 98 also set the broad outlines of Techfest in the form of competitions , lectures , workshops and exhibitions which went on to become a standard feature at every Techfest . Entrepreneurship also made an appearance in the 1999 and 2000 editions . Technoholix -- Techfest in the Dark , showcasing technological entertainment at the end of each day as well as hub of on the spot activities , made their debut during these years . Techfest 2001 - 2002 saw the incorporation of IIT Bombay 's department based events like Yantriki , Chemsplash and Last Straw . Students from GH Raisoni College of Engineering got the Engineering Excellence Award for best design . Mr. Amit Shankar Choudhary , Mr. Fahad Azad , Mr. Bodhisatta Ganguly was in the team of designers from GHRCE , Nagpur . Techfest 2002 - 2003 launched the Techfest trophy to make the competitions more interesting . Colleges from all over India participated in multiple segments to win the trophy . Techfest 2003 - 2004 marked a big milestone in the growth of Techfest as this was the year Techfest became an International event with the introduction of International Machine design contest - Cliffhanger . It also saw the introduction of the renowned robotics competition , Micromouse for the first time in India . Teams from Nepal , Sri Lanka and Singapore also participated in Cliffhanger . Techfest 2004 - 2005 added challenging problem statements in the form of competitions like Survivor as well as Drishti , which was conceived with the National Association for the Blind ( NAB ) in order to provide aids for the visually challenged . The emphasis at Techfest 2006 was on technology and its applications rather than just engineering know -- how . With this view , a section of competitions held under the name E-Rustique had problem statements that encouraged the participants to come up with solutions to existing rural problems and hence contribute to the development of modern India . Techfest 2006 - 2007 introduced an event Nexus to take robotics to the masses via robotics workshops and subsequent competitions with easy problem statements in many cities other than Mumbai . In Techfest 2007 - 2008 , Nexus was conducted at 7 centers across India namely Indore , Calicut , Jaipur , New Delhi , Pune , Surat and Mumbai respectively . Techfest 2008 also returned to the trend of taking up of initiatives by the Techfest team for social and public causes through their campaign on Global Warming . Techfest 2008 - 2009 featured the iNexus taking Nexus international to Sri Lanka , UAE and Denmark , whose finalists were flown to India to compete with their counterparts from India , making Techfest the first ever student organization to go truly international . It also saw the creation of open innovation platform called Prayaas to try come up with implementable solutions to problems existing in rural India . Techfest 2009 - 2010 added a new segment to their festival called Scintillations . The segment consisted of night exhibitions and thrilling interactive shows . The exhibitions had quite a nationalistic flavor with hanger space devoted to ISRO , Indian Navy and National Disaster Management Authority . Techfest 2010 - 2011 added more entertainment events to the festival with a new section called Crossroads which featured Street Magic Shows , Stunt Shows etc . Some of the featured events at 2011 were the VirtuSphere and Laser Tag , lecture by the likes of Harold Kroto and Richard Stallman , exhibition of Science and inventions of Leonardo da Vinci and PR2 , energy - saving competition among all Indian Institutes of Technology . Technoholix saw world 's best Double Dutch ( jump rope ) crew . Techfest 2011 - 2012 took a unique initiative Ummeed - e-Milaap to step towards a peaceful future between India and Pakistan . WAVE - India was launched with the motto of spreading awareness about electric vehicles through a road - trip covering over 2500 kilometers through India . Great lecturers viz . Venki Ramakrishnan ( Nobel Laureate in Chemistry ) , Karlheinz Brandenburg ( Co-Inventor of MP3 ) and many amazing exhibits like Nao Robot ( France ) , Crazy file ( Sweden ) etc. were a part of the festival . Techfest 2012 - 2013 created a benchmark for itself with its lecture series , competitions and initiatives . This stint of Lecture Series at Techfest was graced by Amartya Sen , Ei - ichi Negishi ( Nobel Laureate in Chemistry ) , Rakesh Sharma and many more . International Robotics Challenge ( IRC ) , the flagship event of Techfest 2013 , witnessed participation from 8 countries . A new competition TechOlympics was launched which saw 240 teams from India participate to solve multiple problem statements and compete to be crowned the winner . The initiatives - Techfest Green Campus Challenge ( participation from 750 colleges and formation of 150 new Eco-clubs ) and Give - A-Coin aimed at awareness of financial child adoption were a huge success and well appreciated all over the country . Techfest 2013 - 2014 registered a participation of 1.35 lakhs which turned out to be the highest till that year . The lecture series witnessed Prof. C.N.R. Rao ( Bharat Ratna 2014 ) , Pranav Mistry ( Inventor of SixthSense Technology ) , Kiran Bedi and many renowned personalities . The technoholix segment witnessed the World Premiere of a 3D projection mapping play , June , covered in Indian as well as Italian media . An anti-smoking campaign , I SMOKE featured in Limca Book of Records for the most number of doodles collected . The 16th edition also saw the launch of 4G services for the first time in India by Reliance Jio . Techfest 2014 - 2015 recorded a footfall of 1.45 lakhs . The edition featured a stellar lineup of eminent lecturers like APJ Abdul Kalam , inventor of C++ , Bjarne Stroustrup and one of the founding fathers of internet Vint Cerf . The social initiatives Techfest had undertaken over the past years were nominated for Times of India Social Impact Award . Smart City Challenge , inspired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi 's vision of 100 smart cities in India , engaged college students to think of innovative ideas for making a smart city . ASK , the nationwide campaign of Techfest , with the partnership of NCPRI , was aimed at creating awareness of the Right to Information Act . Techfest 2015 - 2016 witnessed the highest ever footfall of 1.65 lakhs . The lecture series was graced by renowned personalities like Prof. Serge Haroche ( Physics Nobel Laureate ) , Eric Klinker ( CEO of BitTorrent ) and Dr. K. Radhakrishnan ( Former Chairman of ISRO ) . This edition included an International Summit to unite a dynamic community of global leaders and activists to discuss solutions for challenges and analyze the impact of technology . ReCycle , a college campaign of Techfest , aimed at creating awareness about physical fitness and environment protection among the youth in society . Internet for All , a social initiative , with association of NIELIT , aimed at improving digital literacy in India by teaching the basics of Internet to school students . Techfest 2016 - 2017 was based on the theme `` A Space Expedition ''. The lecture series were graced by Rakesh Sharma ( 1st Indian in Space ) , Bruce Allen ( American Physicist and Principal Investigator , LIGO Project ) , Mark Papermaster ( Former CTO , Apple Inc . ) and many more eminent personalities. This edition hosted World MUN with 525 delegates from all over the world . CURED ? , a social initiative to make the masses aware of the causes and effects of Diabetes for which over 200 + camps were set up all across India. Save The Souls was an initiative aimed at stopping the inhumane testing of Beagle dogs in laboratories for which an online petition campaign was run . IAmPower was initiated with an aim to empower girls to become leaders of technology , innovators in STEM and build their own future through exposure to computer science and technology . Techfest 2016 - 2017 Graffiti Wall Patronages , Awards and recognitions ( edit ) Techfest is among the very few student organizations to have received patronage from United Nations organisations . Among its various recognitions , prominent ones are listed below : UNESCO for promotion of technical knowledge UNICEF for the social causes taken up through Ideate competitions and other initiatives over the years Make In India for its Innovation challenge and Ideate Centre for environment education ( CEE ) and South Asia Youth Environment Network ( SAYEN ) for its approach and initiatives towards environment changes Techfest has also been nominated for the Times of India Social Impact Award 2015 for its unique social campaigns in the field of child education , women empowerment , encouraging Indo - Pak relations and creating awareness Structure and organisation ( edit ) All Team Meet of Techfest 2016 - 2017 Techfest is an entirely student organized body . The core committee has 23 members : one Overall Coordinator at the helm and 22 managers who overlook all the aspects and activities of Techfest . A team of over 800 Coordinators and Organizers along with 2500 + College ambassadors their respective managers work in sync to execute and implement the activities of the festival . Each Manager has a portfolio assigned to him which can be broadly categorized into two sections - administration and events . The administrative portfolios primarily include tasks like accounts , infrastructure , marketing , hospitality , publicity and media along with helping with the events . The events portfolios include responsibility for each of the numerous happenings and initiatives taken by Techfest each year . Each manager then has his own team of coordinators and organizers . The coordinators and organizers help the manager in looking into the finer details of the department and ensuring that ideas of the team are executed smoothly . Events ( edit ) Competitions ( edit ) Participants of International Robotics Challenge , Techfest Competitions serve the backbone for fulfilling the basic motto of Techfest - spreading science and technology . Over the years , this segment has evolved to become a stage for international exchange . Competitions such as Full Throttle , Submerge , Skylark , Skyscraper , Boeing Aeromodelling Competition and many more have been instrumental in encouraging students to work in the technical field . The International Robotics Challenge ( IRC ) is an international competition , which has participation from over 12 countries . The elimination rounds are held in the respective countries and the finals held at Techfest . Till date IRC has seen participation from France , Russia , Sweden , South Africa , Egypt , Bangladesh , Ethiopia , India , Nepal , Pakistan , Sri Lanka and Thailand . Techfest International Coding Challenge also saw participation from different countries . Techfest International Model United Nations ( MUN ) was launched with the aim of spreading political awareness on International affairs . It saw participation of more than 300 delegates in 2016 . Techfest organizes one of the biggest Robowars , Judged by Fahad Azad , since 2009 in India . With an enclosed arena and precise set of rules , opposing robots battle it out one - on - one in one of the most popular and thrilling event during the festival which witnesses a lot of spectators . In addition to the list of other competitions , the zonal competitions at Techfest 2016 , named Technorion included five nationwide zonal centres as Hyderabad , Jaipur , Bhopal , Mumbai And Bhubaneshwar competing in robotics and coding competitions namely Meshflare , Quantum Code , Galactic Trooper . Exhibitions ( edit ) Queue for exhibitions at Techfest IIT Bombay , Mumbai , India The exhibitions segment of Techfest started out in 2004 with Indian Navy Exhibitions feeling the need to motivate young Indian minds towards military research . It was re-initiated in 2006 with a plethora of exhibitions . Welcome To Mars was the first International Exhibition from Arizona State University and NASA . While 2007 witnessed a huge increase in the number of International Exhibits of which the most prominent were Mind Reading Machines and the life size exhibits of Pterosaur , 2008 had the first interactive exhibit in Techfest in Shadow Dexterous Hand . In 2009 Amphibot capable of moving without any limbs or wheels , face detection software on a robot security platform , rudders and flight control mechanics from Airbus , and DRDO ' s mobile autonomous launcher Brahmos . Alice the first robot smaller than a ping pong ball and eyewriter - writing by eye movement were the focus of Techfest Exhibitions 2010 . Da Vinci Robotics Exhibitions - conceptualized by Leonardo da Vinci , Open vibe - the brain - computer interface shows brain activity , PR2 Robot , Eccerobot 2 - an anthropomimetic robot acting as a human replica were the cynosure of all eyes in 2011 . Techfest 2013 saw the NAO Robot from France , exhibits from the MIT Media Lab like the EyeNetra , HIRO robot were among the highlights of the exhibitions . Exhibitions at Techfest 2014 witnessed the BINA48 , Fumanoids ( Germany ) , Solowheel ( United States ) , Cubli ( Vertex balancing cube , EPFL Switzerland ) and many other exhibits . Techfest 2015 featured innovative Sepios which mimics swimming through proper fins . Bionic Hand , an artificial bionic prosthesis using 3D printing technology . Some other exhibits at display were Beach Bot , Teegi , Tigers Mannheim , Thomas Li Vigni and many more . Jinn Bot ( robot which express moods such as joy and anger ) , Dutch Nao Team ) exhibits from BRAC University , ETH Zurich were among the highlights of Exhibitions in 2016 . Techfest 2016 saw Auto - show as a part of exhibitions showcasing BMW i8 , BMW M4 , Hayabusa , Ducati , Triumph Bikes and many more . Techfest 2016 - 17 showcased Bebionic hand , ISRO prototypes , Advanced Military Weaponry with Techconnect , an exclusive showcase of IIT Bombay research projects and Exhibits . Ideate ( edit ) Ideas are the basic stage for empowerment of the society . Ideate has successfully sparked the entrepreneur in young minds to solve social and industrial problems their innovative ideas . The motto of Ideate is to ignite new ideas from across the nation that would alter and revolutionize the present day situation in India . All achievements have their beginning in an idea . A good idea with proper work has the power to change the world . India needs a newly minted idea , a belief and a vision to spark a revolution . This segment aims at providing a platform to the ponderers to come up with the ideas that spark the revolution . In Techfest 2016 , Inspire India , Utkarsh , Vidyaarth , Pakriti , Unnat and Yojna ; all as a part of the segment provided a platform to the ponderers to come up with the ideas that spark the revolution . Techfest 2014 saw participation from over 300 colleges across the nation . More than 1000 ideas were planned and implemented over the period making a great impact to the society . Techfest 2015 - 16 saw participation from over 350 colleges across the nation . More than 1000 ideas for Inspire India , Manifest , Aahaar , Ujjawal & Acquanette were planned and implemented over the period making a great impact to the society . Some ideas were presented internationally and awarded patents . Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam at Techfest 2015 Lectures ( edit ) Lecture Series , the most distinguished segment of Techfest has the sole motive to give students an opportunity to interact with their role models . Every year Techfest plays host to a number of eminent personalities from a variety of fields , articulating their thoughts and elaborating on their well known works , ranging from current to the age old topics . Lectures at Techfest are known for informative and interactive sessions between speakers and the enthusiastic audience . The past speakers at Techfest include great personalities like : APJ Abdul Kalam ( Former president of India and Founder of India 's missile program ) Jimmy Wales ( Founder , Wikipedia ) Ada Yonath ( Nobel Laureate , Chemistry ) Michael Sandel ( Political Philosopher , Harvard University ) C.N.R. Rao ( Bharat Ratna 2013 - Highest Civilian Award of India ) Bjarne Stroustrup ( inventor of C++ ) Amartya Sen ( Nobel Laureate , Economics ) Michael Sandel , Political Philosopher , Harvard University at Techfest 2014 Vint Cerf ( one of the fathers of Internet ) Pranav Mistry ( Vice President of Research at Samsung , Inventor of SixthSense technology ) John Nash ( Nobel Laureate , Economics ) Harold Kroto ( Nobel Laureate , Chemistry ) Ei - ichi Negishi ( Nobel Laureate , Chemistry ) Robert E. Kahn ( One of the fathers of internet ) Manjul Bhargava ( Fields Medal and Padma Bhushan awardee , Mathematician ) Venkatraman Ramakrishnan ( Nobel Laureate , Chemistry ) Stephen Wolfram ( Developer of Mathematica ) Ryan Germick ( Google Doodle team leader ) Jaap Haartsen ( Inventor of Bluetooth ) Serge Haroche , French Physicist , Nobel Laureate , at Techfest , IIT Bombay Jaime Lagunez ( Scientist and Human Rights activist has accepted this year ′ s invitation ) Dr. K. Radhakrishnan ( Ex-Chairman , Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) ) Eric Klinker ( CEO , Bit Torrent ) Serge Haroche ( Nobel Laureate , Physics ) Rakesh Sharma ( 1st Indian in Space ) Sharmila Tagore ( UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador ) Peter Atkins ( British Chemist and renowned Author ) Bruce Allen ( American Physicist and Principal Investigator , LIGO Project ) Mark Papermaster ( Former CTO , Apple Inc . ) Ozone ( edit ) F1 Simulator in Techfest 2017 Ozone or ' On the Spot Zone ' reveals the fun part of Techfest . It is the place to hang around for all the festive excitement and adrenaline gushing events . Started in 2006 , it has proved to be an integral part of Techfest in the past few years . Through Ozone , Techfest has brought in various entertainment - based technical gadgetry for the first time in India , be it Lazer tag ( 2010 ) , VirtuSphere ( 2011 ) , Silent Disco ( 2013 ) , F1 Simulator ( 2014 ) or Oculus Rift ( 2015 ) . Events like Junkyard Wars , Paintball , Water Zorbing , 6D - XD Simulator , Flying Simulator , Go Karting , ATV rides and the Gaming Zone help keep the audience engrossed when they are not involved in the gruelling competitions and workshops . Ozone has also hosted a variety of street artists such as Zlwin Chew ( Malaysia ) , Hiyro ( Japan ) , Fabrizio Roseilli ( Italy ) , Kelvin Kalvus ( Germany ) , Matej Kodes ( Czech Republic ) , Csirmaz Andras ( Hungary ) and many more . Ozone also organises a variety of interesting workshops like paper sculpture , poi & juggling , handwriting analysis and Origami . SciTech Quiz started by Techfest in 2008 evolved into the largest inter-institute quiz in India , the Techfest National Open Quiz , hosted by Rohit Nair - a well known quizmaster in India . Technoholix ( edit ) 1st Project , Drummers from South Africa at Techfest - 2015 Immense Crowd attending Technoholix at Techfest , IIT Bombay Technoholix , the night segment of the festival features professional shows from the biggest names in entertainment from around the world . Technoholix acts as a perfect opportunity for an audience of 10,000 to rejuvenate by bringing forth a perfect blend of science , technology and entertainment . It has hosted magic , pyrotechnics , laser shows , acrobatics to even virtual 3D holographic displays and many other different forms . The Double Dutch Force that graced the stage of Athens Olympics subsequently performed here at Techfest . The stage has even played host to the parkour team from the sets of Casino Royale . Tony Chapek , an interactive illusionist from the States ; The Pa - li - Tchi fire dancers and pyrotechnicians from Czech Republic ; the Copenhagen Drummers ; Pep Bou , a renowned bubble artist from Spain are among the few that have graced the stage at IIT Bombay . In 2014 , Cait Lin ( Performer at FIFA World Cup ) , Tararam ( Performer at Athens Olympics ) , and June - The Immersive Musical from Italy performed at the OAT . June , a 3D projection mapping show received media coverage not only in India but also in Italy . In Technoholix 2015 performances such as 1st Project ( Percussionists from South Africa , Winners of World Music Awards ) , Flowmotion Dance Company ( Austria ) , Khawater AlDalam ( Saudi Arabia Winners of Arab 's Got Talent ) kept the crowd enthralled . Techfest 2015 - 2016 featured artist groups such as Afishal ( Visual DJ drummer ) , Alexis Arts ( Illusionist , 6 Guinness World Records holder ) , Kenneth Sebastian ( Stand up comedian ) and many more . Smart city Challenge ( edit ) Jury members of Smart City Challenge , Techfest - 2015 Smart City Challenge was an initiative inspired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi 's vision to develop 100 new smart cities to engage the youth of the country in the development of their city and prosperity of its citizens . The competition was designed with the vision of bringing together technology , government and the student fraternity to make the cities more efficient , sustainable and live - able and to improve the quality of life of rapidly urbanizing population . The challenge involved five segments which participants could work on : Infrastructure : Good infrastructure is the lifeline of a city Healthcare : Clean surroundings lead to healthier life Urban Aesthetics : Beautify city , promote local culture Trade & Commerce : Create wealth and dispense it wisely Law & Policy Making : Remove archaic laws which hamper the progress of cities 1000 teams participated across India involving students from IITs , IIMs , IISER , NITs and BITS . The expert panel of over 50 mentors consists of IPS officers , IIT professors , corporate professionals and eminent government officers . Besides the prize money of INR 5 lakhs for winners , another incentive to the participants was that their ideas would be forwarded to the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project Corporation . They also got a chance to experiment and implement their ideas in Lavasa City ( Pune ) . Summit ( edit ) Bob Frankston at Techfest International Summit International summit on Internet of Things was held in techfest for two days . It focused on understanding how the business will be affected by IoT which is rapidly adopted all over the world and how the professionals may benefit from it as major technological companies and startups are embracing IoT strategies . The Inaugural IoT Summit brought together corporate , entrepreneurs and investors alike , under one roof , to explore the Internet of Things from business point of view . Professionals from the various IT / Software cells and techies of various organizations across all strata of industry were invited for the summit.It allowed one to hear from the stalwarts of the industry and get the real picture in India and in the World . The summit consisted of panel discussions , workshops and lectures by speakers like Mr. Bob Frankston , Mr. Jeff Demain , Mr. Ishwar Parulkar , Mr. Rishi Bhatnagar , Mrs. Vidya Mani , Mr. Kaustubh Nande , Mr. Rafiq Somani , Mr. Rajendra Pratap Gupta , Mr. Anil Mathur , Mr. Kartik Iyengar , Mr. Parvez Goiporia along with other names . Workshops ware conducted by Texas Instruments , giving hands on approach on various IoT applications . The Summit provided an ideal introduction to professionals & students wanting to pursue it as a career or integrate it into their work and an opportunity of networking session with professionals and like minded individuals to set the foundation on IoT Workshops ( edit ) Workshops play an important role in fulfilling Techfest vision of bringing the students face to face with the latest technology that is storming the world . These workshops are organized under expert guidance from various fields and are known to attract a lot of students owing to their repute and quality content . Over the past few years workshops in Android App Development , Ethical Hacking , r - Hex Robot ( all terrain six legged robot ) , Special Effects , Digital Photography , Humanoid Hand , Artificial Intelligence and Bioinformatics have given an enriching experience to participants . Apart from the workshops held during the three - day festival , Techfest also reaches out to many colleges across India through tie - ups with robotics companies and organizes workshops pertaining to spread the robotics culture among Indian youth . Social initiatives ( edit ) Bollywood actress Amrita Rao at the launch of ISMOKE campaign Each year Techfest undertakes social initiatives based on relevant issues in the society . Techfest having a diverse crowd and a large reach is an ideal platform for promoting social causes . Over the years , different teams have conducted various campaigns and sought to bring about a change through Techfest . I SMOKE ( edit ) I SMOKE or I Support Movement tO Kill cancEr was a doodle campaign against the ill effects of smoking and awareness about lung cancer . The campaign was launched by Amrita Rao and had the support of celebrities like Ayushmann Khurana , Prachi Desai and Darsheel Safary . The campaign was conducted in 64 colleges all over India , during which 21,383 doodles were collected between 26 August 2013 and 26 September 2013 . The number of doodles was recognized by the Limca Book of Records as a record number of doodles collected . ASK ( edit ) Bollywood actress Prachi Desai at the inauguration of ASK campaign Anxious ? Seek Know or ASK was a campaign in 50 colleges across India for spreading awareness about application of Right to Information Act . The initiative was inaugurated by Bollywood actress Prachi Desai . Being conducted in partnership with NCPRI , India 's leading non-governmental organization championing the RTI , ASK saw a slew of activities aimed at spreading awareness of the provisions in the act . This included workshops in key cities of India , citizen queries being answered online and offline , creating an online repository of available information on the issue . Roar ( edit ) ROAR aimed at upliftment and empowerment of women to bring about a change and make the world a better place to live in . It served to convene , unite and strengthen voices speaking out for girls and women around the world . ROAR contributed to making a change for the better of women and their communities . Famous scriptwriter and lyricist Javed Akhtar came to Techfest 2015 and gave a lecture supporting this campaign . Reform'n'ation ( edit ) Reform'n'ation was an initiative to involve people in holistic development of the society . The initiative involved a combination of 100 tasks which are broadly divided into - holistic development of child , sustainability , human rights and healthy living . These activities required the participating teams to create awareness as well as devise and implement practical solutions to the existing problem on these issues . Techfest Green Campus Challenge ( edit ) Techfest Green Campus Challenge was an initiative to involve people in Sustainable Development and make them aware of the effects of neglecting environmental issues . It was designed with a vision of making campuses across India more sustainable and green , and promote the idea and the necessity of the same among the college going youth of this country . Give - A-Coin ( edit ) Give - A-Coin was an initiative of IIT Bombay in joint association with Pratham Council For Vulnerable Children ( PCVC ) . It promoted financial child adoption . The campaign invited individuals to contribute a rupee each as a token symbol of willingness to contribute to financial adoption of underprivileged children . Ummeed - e-Milaap ( edit ) Ummeed - e-Milaap was an initiative taken by the core team of Techfest 2012 in partnership with LUMS - Spades , Lahore , AIESEC Karachi and FAST Karachi - NLR with a vision to promote healthy interaction between the neighboring students and build a future of harmony and partnership . A part of this initiative was the Indo - Pak Diary Campaign wherein a diary was circulated in over 30 colleges in Mumbai , Lahore and Karachi . Aimed at influencing the young minds for the cause , this diary invited ideas that have the potential to be the future of the Indo - Pak Peace Process . ReCycle ( edit ) Participants at Cyclothon as a part of ReCycle ReCycle was initiated to promote health and fitness among the youth . ReCycle consisted of three events an online campaign , a college campaign and the final Cyclothon . The online campaign included slogan , poster and photography competition to create awareness about Global Warming and promotion of cycling . Techfest , IIT Bombay reached out to over 20 colleges in Mumbai to conduct the college campaign . These college campaigns focused on involving the participants and spectators in sharing knowledge , ideas , views and finding better solutions on Global Warming through various activities . The final event Cyclothon was a marathon over cycle which had a participation count of over 1,300 , conducted in IIT Bombay . Internet for all ( edit ) IFA - Internet For All was a step taken by Techfest in collaboration with Nehru Science Centre to provide hands - on internet experience to students in rural areas in which volunteers trained by the students and faculty of IIT Bombay showed how content can be accessed with a click . A mobile science exhibition vehicle , equipped with exhibits using latest science and technology to inspire school children , traveled from Mumbai to Delhi . Besides giving hands - on internet experience , volunteers educated rural school students about the power of the internet in delivering services in areas like health , education , agriculture , banking etc. in rural areas . IFA covered 48 villages with 50 volunteers empowering 44840 people . This was initiated under the guidance of Global bodies such as UNICEF , UNESCO , CEE , and SAYEN . Cyclothon 2016 - 2017 `` Pedal For Diabetes '' Camp set up under CURED , campaign by Techfest , IIT Bombay Cured ( edit ) CURED ? or Can U Really Escape Diabetes was a movement aimed to make the masses aware of the causes and effects of Diabetes for which over 200 + camps were set up all across India. A Guinness World Record and Limca Book Record attempt was made for the maximum number of pledges signed and diabetes screenings respectively . Save the Souls ( edit ) STS or ( Save The Souls ) was an initiative aimed at stopping the inhumane testing of Beagle dogs in laboratories for which an online petition campaign was run . Apart from the online campaign there were intense on ground activities like the Vaccination Drive and the mounting of illuminating collars on stray dogs on a Pan Mumbai scale . IAmPower ( edit ) With an aim to empower girls to become leaders of technology , innovators in STEM and build their own future through exposure to computer science and technology , Techfest conducted the initiative IAmPower to support the young girls and women of India by involving them in STEM . Our initiative aims to redress an under - representation of women in employment and career progression in Science Tech Engineering and Maths discipline by attracting , retaining and advancing the women who are critical for the diverse and inclusive workplace , culminating in acceleration of global innovation . Associates and partners ( edit ) Techfest receives extensive coverage in print , television , digital as well as online media . Techfest has had Hindustan Times , DNA , Times of India , Discovery Channel , Big RTL Thrill , India Today , Big CBS Prime , 93.5 RED FM and 92.7 BIG FM as its media partners . In the past known organisations and embassies have supported Techfest in its endeavours . Techfest in the past had the support of the embassy / consulate of Italy , Netherlands , Israel , Germany , Australia , Austria , Canada and Indonesia . In terms of industrial association and sponsorship , Techfest receives sponsorship from Telecom , PSUs , Banking , Electronics , Automobile and a wide range of other such sectors . In the Past we 've had association with top firms like Reliance Jio Infocomm Ltd , which had the national launch of its 4G Free Wifi in Techfest 2014 , Tata Docomo , Microsoft , Intel , GE , IBM , MMRDA , NTPC , Pepsi , RuPay , WD and more such sponsors . Organisations such as DAAD , Alliance Francaise , British Council , Goethe Institute , Polish Institute , Swissnex and India - Sri Lanka foundation have also partnered with Techfest for the promotion of Science and Technology , education , culture as well as tourism . Social initiatives of Techfest have received the support of esteemed NGOs like CRY , Smile Foundation , Pratham , Muktangan , Garbage Concern Welfare Society , Indian Cancer Society , Laadi , Akshara and The Candle Project . With a diverse participation , Techfest is a very good place for engaging and interacting with the youth of the country . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Akolawala , Tasneem ( 4 January 2012 ) . `` Techfest 2013 : The fun side of technology '' . DNA India . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Techfest 2015 - About Us '' . techfest.org . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Day one of IIT - B 's Techfest witnesses 30,000 visitors '' . Hindustan Times . 5 April 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` IIT Bombay 's Techfest focuses on robotics , yet again -- Tech2 '' . Tech2. 2015 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Attend Techfest 's Summit on ' Internet of Things ' in IIT Bombay this December '' . dna. 2015 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ISMOKE '' . Techfest . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' RTI a potent weapon to root out corruption ' '' . The Hindu . 26 September 2014 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai College fests turn into tool to find India 's problems '' . Hindustan Times . 30 September 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TGCC '' . Techfest . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` VIT bags first prize in IIT - Bombay Techfest '' . The Hindu . 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IIT - B Techfest takes up social causes '' . DNA India . 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ` ReCycle Cyclothon ' at IIT Techfest to save environment - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` IIT - B , Nehru Science Centre to bring internet to rural schools across state '' . The Indian Express . 2015 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` IIT Bombay conducts diabetes check - up camps for one lakh participants across Mumbai '' . The Indian Express . 2016 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Techfest screens 1 lakh people for diabetes '' . http://www.asianage.com/. 2016 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Reliance Jio tests 4G network , Jio Television at IIT Mumbai Techfest '' . NDTV. 6 January 2015 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Techfest Sponsors '' . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IIT - B Techfest gets bigger , bags over ₹ 1.5 cr sponsorship '' . The Times Of India . 28 December 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sponsors shower ` 1 cr on IIT - B 's Techfest '' . Hindustan Times . 17 January 2011 . 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6315989479456977285 | I Wanna Sex You Up | I Wanna Sex you up - wikipedia I Wanna Sex you up Jump to : navigation , search `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' Single by Color Me Badd from the album C.M.B. and New Jack City ( soundtrack ) Released March 2 , 1991 Format 7 '' 12 '' CD cassette Recorded Genre R&B new jack swing Length 4 : 06 Label Giant Reprise Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Elliot Straite Producer ( s ) Dr. Freeze Color Me Badd singles chronology `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( 1991 ) `` I Adore Mi Amor '' ( 1991 ) `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( 1991 ) `` I Adore Mi Amor '' ( 1991 ) `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' is a song recorded by American group Color Me Badd . The song was released in March 1991 as the lead single from their debut album C.M.B. ( 1991 ) . The song was produced by Dr. Freeze and was also featured on the soundtrack to the 1991 film New Jack City . The single achieved commercial success in the United States , United Kingdom and New Zealand , where it reached number one on the charts . It spent four weeks at position number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 , but topped both the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs and Dance Club Songs charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Charts and rankings 2 Samples 3 Appearances in other media 3.1 Television 3.2 Films 4 Track listings 5 Official Versions 6 Personnel 7 Cover versions 8 Charts 8.1 Peak positions 8.2 End of year charts 8.3 Certifications 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Charts and rankings ( edit ) The song spent three weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart and reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 , behind both `` More Than Words '' by Extreme and `` Rush Rush '' by Paula Abdul . It was the 10th best - selling single of 1991 in the UK and the Number 2 song of the year in the US , and in 1992 the song won the group a Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B / Soul Single , Group , Band or Duo and Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B / Soul Song of the Year . It was ranked # 40 on Blender 's list of the `` 50 Worst Songs Ever '' and VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Songs of the 90s '' . Samples ( edit ) The `` to the tick tock ya do n't stop '' soundbite is sampled from Doug E. Fresh 's `` La Di Da Di . '' The bassline and the `` I know you not gon na sing that song ! '' soundbite are sampled from Betty Wright 's `` Tonight is the Night . '' The chorus melody is from the Shuggie Otis song `` Strawberry Letter 23 '' . A sample of `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' has been used in the Kardinal Beats remix of `` Tick Tock '' by Lemar . Appearances in other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) The song has been used in The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air , Two Guys , a Girl and a Pizza Place , and a 1991 episode of the daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives . The music video played on an episode of Beavis & Butt - Head , in which Beavis calls Color Me Badd a `` Super Suck Group '' , referring to group members Sam Watters , Mark Calderon , and Bryan Abrams as Kenny G , George Michael , and Snow respectively . Butt - Head also commented that if he `` sang like a wuss '' that he would get chicks . It was performed by members of the Glee cast in the episode `` Acafellas '' , and subsequently released as a bonus track on Glee : The Music , Volume 1 , which was sold at Target . Jimmy Fallon 's The Ragtime Gals did a barbershop quarter rendition of the song for Late Night ( NBC ) . Gabriel `` Fluffy '' Iglesias did the song during an episode of Lip Sync Battle . Films ( edit ) New Jack City You Do n't Mess with the Zohan Nothing Like the Holidays The Sitter CrazySexyCool : The TLC Story No Strings Attached The alternate hit version also appeared on the New Jack City soundtrack . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( master mix ) -- 4 : 05 `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( smoothed out mix ) -- 3 : 38 12 '' maxi `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( smoothed out mix ) -- 3 : 38 `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( smoothed out - long version ) -- 5 : 13 `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( instrumental ) -- 4 : 04 `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( master mix ) -- 4 : 05 `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( freeze mix ) -- 4 : 06 CD maxi `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( smoothed out mix ) -- 3 : 39 `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( smoothed out mix - long version ) -- 5 : 14 `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( Instrumental ) -- 4 : 04 `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( master mix ) -- 4 : 05 `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( freeze mix ) -- 4 : 07 Cassette `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( master mix ) `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( smoothed out mix ) `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( master mix ) `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( smoothed out mix ) Official Versions ( edit ) `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( album version ) -- 4 : 06 `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( freeze mix ) -- 4 : 07 `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( Instrumental ) -- 4 : 04 `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( master mix ) -- 4 : 05 `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( smoothed out mix ) -- 3 : 39 `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' ( smoothed out mix - long version ) -- 5 : 14 Personnel ( edit ) Co-producer : Howie Tee , Spyderman Engineer : Angela Piva , Warren Woods Mastered by Eddy Schreyer Mixed by Dr. Freeze , Howie Tee Producer : Dr. Freeze Cover versions ( edit ) Bruno Mars has done live covers on several tour dates and on his New Year 's Eve performance ( 2013 / 2014 ) at The Chelsea in Las Vegas . Jimmy Fallon and his barbershop quartet , the `` Ragtime Gals '' covered the song on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon in 2013 . Charts ( edit ) Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position Australian ARIA Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 11 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) Canadian Singles Chart 18 Dutch Top 40 Finnish Singles Chart 27 French SNEP Singles Chart 20 German Singles Chart Irish Singles Chart 9 New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart Norwegian Singles Chart 5 Swedish Singles Chart 5 Swiss Singles Chart 7 UK Singles Chart U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales U.S. Billboard Hot R&B Songs End of year charts ( edit ) End of year chart ( 1991 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 21 Dutch Top 40 18 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Date Sales certified Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 1991 35,000 U.K. ( BPI ) Silver June 1 , 1991 200,000 U.S. ( RIAA ) 2x Platinum June 27 , 1991 2,000,000 + See also ( edit ) R&B number - one hits of 1991 ( USA ) List of number - one singles from the 1990s ( UK ) List of number - one singles in 1991 ( NZ ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Josephs , Brian ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` The 25 Best New Jack Swing Songs '' . Complex . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ C.M.B ( liner notes ) . Color Me Badd . Giant Records . 1991 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The 50 Worst Songs Ever ! Watch , Listen and Cringe ! Archived 2010 - 12 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . from Blender.com Jump up ^ RCA . `` Lemar -- Tick Tock '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' , in various singles charts Lescharts.com ( Retrieved April 7 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Lwin , Nanda . Top 40 Hits : The Essential Chart Guide ( 2000 ) . Mississauga , Ont. : Music Data Canada ^ Jump up to : `` Single top 100 over 1991 '' ( pdf ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved 13 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava . p. 263 . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . Jump up ^ German Singles Chart Charts-surfer.de Archived 2009 - 01 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved April 7 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived 2009 - 06 - 03 at WebCite ( Retrieved April 7 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart Chartstats.com ( Retrieved April 7 , 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Billboard Allmusic.com ( Retrieved August 10 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 1991 Australian Singles Chart aria.com ( Retrieved August 10 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1991 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Australia certifications ( 1 ) ( Retrieved May 8 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ UK certifications Bpi.co.uk ( Retrieved August 10 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ U.S. certifications riaa.com ( Retrieved August 10 , 2008 ) External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` The Shoop Shoop Song ( It 's In His Kiss ) '' by Cher UK Singles Chart 9 June 1991 - 29 June 1991 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Any Dream Will Do '' by Jason Donovan Preceded by `` More Than Words '' by Extreme New Zealand Singles Chart 14 July 1991 - 28 July 1991 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` More Than Words '' by Extreme ( hide ) Color Me Badd Bryan Abrams Mark Calderon Kevin Thornton Martin Kember Sam Watters Studio albums C.M.B. ( 1991 ) Time and Chance ( 1993 ) Remix albums Young , Gifted & Badd : The Remixes ( 1992 ) Singles `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' `` I Adore Mi Amor '' `` All 4 Love '' `` Forever Love '' `` The Bells '' Related Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wanna_Sex_You_Up&oldid=810746713 '' Categories : 1991 singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Color Me Badd songs Debut singles Number - one singles in New Zealand UK Singles Chart number - one singles 1991 songs Giant Records ( Warner ) singles Songs about sexuality Songs written by Dr. Freeze Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles containing Finnish - language text CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Webarchive template webcite links Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 04 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | color me bad i wanna sext you up | [] | [] |
2333236679891161378 | Hunter-gatherer | Hunter - gatherer - wikipedia Hunter - gatherer Jump to : navigation , search A hunter - gatherer is a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging ( collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals ) , in contrast to agricultural societies , which rely mainly on domesticated species . Hunting and gathering was humanity 's first and most successful adaptation , occupying at least 90 percent of human history . Following the invention of agriculture , hunter - gatherers who did not change have been displaced or conquered by farming or pastoralist groups in most parts of the world . Only a few contemporary societies are classified as hunter - gatherers , and many supplement their foraging activity with horticulture or keeping animals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Archaeological evidence 2 Common characteristics 2.1 Habitat and population 2.2 Social and economic structure 3 Variability 4 Modern and revisionist perspectives 5 Americas 6 See also 6.1 Modern hunter - gatherer groups 6.2 Social movements 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Archaeological evidence ( edit ) Part of a series on Economic systems By ideology ( show ) Anarchist Capitalist Christian Communalist Communist Corporatist Democratic Dirigist Distributist Fascist Feminist Feudalism Georgist Green Islamic Laissez - faire Market socialist Mercantilist Mutualist Neo-mercantilist Participatory Protectionist Socialist State capitalist Syndicalist By coordination ( show ) Closed ( autarky ) Decentralized Digital Dual Gift Informal Market Mixed Natural Open Planned Robinson Crusoe Subsistence Underground Vertical archipelago Virtual Welfare By regional model ( show ) Asian East Asian Chinese Singaporean Soviet European Anglo - Saxon German Nordic Rhenish Sectors ( show ) Common property Private Public Voluntary Transition ( show ) Collectivization Communization Corporatization Demutualization Deregulation Expropriation Financialization Liberalization Marketization Municipalization Mutualization Nationalization Privatization Socialization Coordination ( show ) Barter Cybernetics Democratic Free market In kind Indicative planning Market Material balancing Planned Peer - to - peer Price Regulated market Self - managed Shared Access economy Other types ( show ) Corporate capitalism Expeditionary Hunter - gatherer Inclusive Democracy Information Islamic economics Manorialism Newly industrialized Palace Plantation Plutonomy Post-capitalist Post-industrial Post-scarcity Resource - based Social market Socialist market State monopoly capitalist Token Traditional Transition World Business and economics portal In the 1970s , Lewis Binford suggested that early humans were obtaining food via scavenging , not hunting . Early humans in the Lower Paleolithic lived in forests and woodlands , which allowed them to collect seafood , eggs , nuts , and fruits besides scavenging . Rather than killing large animals for meat , according to this view , they used carcasses of such animals that had either been killed by predators or that had died of natural causes . Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic hunter - gatherers survived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover . According to the endurance running hypothesis , long - distance running as in persistence hunting , a method still practiced by some hunter - gatherer groups in modern times , was likely the driving evolutionary force leading to the evolution of certain human characteristics . This hypothesis does not necessarily contradict the scavenging hypothesis : both subsistence strategies could have been in use -- sequentially , alternating or even simultaneously . Hunting and gathering was presumably the subsistence strategy employed by human societies beginning some 1.8 million years ago , by Homo erectus , and from its appearance some 0.2 million years ago by Homo sapiens . It remained the only mode of subsistence until the end of the Mesolithic period some 10,000 years ago , and after this was replaced only gradually with the spread of the Neolithic Revolution . Starting at the transition between the Middle to Upper Paleolithic period , some 80,000 to 70,000 years ago , some hunter - gatherers bands began to specialize , concentrating on hunting a smaller selection of ( often larger ) game and gathering a smaller selection of food . This specialization of work also involved creating specialized tools such as ; fishing nets , hooks , and bone harpoons . The transition into the subsequent Neolithic period is chiefly defined by the unprecedented development of nascent agricultural practices . Agriculture originated and spread in several different areas including the Middle East , Asia , Mesoamerica , and the Andes beginning as early as 12,000 years ago . Forest gardening was also being used as a food production system in various parts of the world over this period . Forest gardens originated in prehistoric times along jungle - clad river banks and in the wet foothills of monsoon regions . In the gradual process of families improving their immediate environment , useful tree and vine species were identified , protected and improved , whilst undesirable species were eliminated . Eventually superior introduced species were selected and incorporated into the gardens . Many groups continued their hunter - gatherer ways of life , although their numbers have continually declined , partly as a result of pressure from growing agricultural and pastoral communities . Many of them reside in the developing world , either in arid regions or tropical forests . Areas that were formerly available to hunter - gatherers were -- and continue to be -- encroached upon by the settlements of agriculturalists . In the resulting competition for land use , hunter - gatherer societies either adopted these practices or moved to other areas . In addition , Jared Diamond has blamed a decline in the availability of wild foods , particularly animal resources . In North and South America , for example , most large mammal species had gone extinct by the end of the Pleistocene -- according to Diamond , because of overexploitation by humans , one of several explanations offered for the Quaternary extinction event there . As the number and size of agricultural societies increased , they expanded into lands traditionally used by hunter - gatherers . This process of agriculture - driven expansion led to the development of the first forms of government in agricultural centers , such as the Fertile Crescent , Ancient India , Ancient China , Olmec , Sub-Saharan Africa and Norte Chico . As a result of the now near - universal human reliance upon agriculture , the few contemporary hunter - gatherer cultures usually live in areas unsuitable for agricultural use . Archaeologists can use evidence such as stone tool use to track hunter - gatherer activities , including mobility . Common characteristics ( edit ) A San man from Namibia . Many San still live as hunter - gatherers . Further information : cultural universal Habitat and population ( edit ) Most hunter - gatherers are nomadic or semi-nomadic and live in temporary settlements . Mobile communities typically construct shelters using impermanent building materials , or they may use natural rock shelters , where they are available . Some hunter - gatherer cultures , such as the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast , lived in particularly rich environments that allowed them to be sedentary or semi-sedentary . Social and economic structure ( edit ) Hunter - gatherers tend to have an egalitarian social ethos , although settled hunter - gatherers ( for example , those inhabiting the Northwest Coast of North America ) are an exception to this rule . Nearly all African hunter - gatherers are egalitarian , with women roughly as influential and powerful as men . Karl Marx defined this socio - economic system as primitive communism . Mbendjele meat sharing The egalitarianism typical of human hunters and gatherers is never total , but is striking when viewed in an evolutionary context . One of humanity 's two closest primate relatives , chimpanzees , are anything but egalitarian , forming themselves into hierarchies that are often dominated by an alpha male . So great is the contrast with human hunter - gatherers that it is widely argued by palaeoanthropologists that resistance to being dominated was a key factor driving the evolutionary emergence of human consciousness , language , kinship and social organization . Anthropologists maintain that hunter / gatherers do n't have permanent leaders ; instead , the person taking the initiative at any one time depends on the task being performed . In addition to social and economic equality in hunter - gatherer societies , there is often , though not always , sexual parity as well . Hunter - gatherers are often grouped together based on kinship and band ( or tribe ) membership . Postmarital residence among hunter - gatherers tends to be matrilocal , at least initially . Young mothers can enjoy childcare support from their own mothers , who continue living nearby in the same camp . The systems of kinship and descent among human hunter - gatherers were relatively flexible , although there is evidence that early human kinship in general tended to be matrilineal . One common arrangement is the sexual division of labour , with women doing most of the gathering , while men concentrate on big game hunting . In all hunter - gatherer societies , women appreciate the meat brought back to camp by men . An illustrative account is Megan Biesele 's study of the southern African Ju / ' hoan , ' Women Like Meat ' . Recent archaeological research suggests that the sexual division of labor was the fundamental organisational innovation that gave Homo sapiens the edge over the Neanderthals , allowing our ancestors to migrate from Africa and spread across the globe . To this day , most hunter - gatherers have a symbolically structured sexual division of labour . However , it is true that in a small minority of cases , women hunt the same kind of quarry as men , sometimes doing so alongside men . The best - known example are the Aeta people of the Philippines . According to one study , `` About 85 % of Philippine Aeta women hunt , and they hunt the same quarry as men . Aeta women hunt in groups and with dogs , and have a 31 % success rate as opposed to 17 % for men . Their rates are even better when they combine forces with men : mixed hunting groups have a full 41 % success rate among the Aeta . '' Among the Ju ' / hoansi people of Namibia , women help men track down quarry . Women in the Australian Martu also primarily hunt small animals like lizards to feed their children and maintain relations with other women . A 19th century engraving of an Indigenous Australian encampment . At the 1966 `` Man the Hunter '' conference , anthropologists Richard Borshay Lee and Irven DeVore suggested that egalitarianism was one of several central characteristics of nomadic hunting and gathering societies because mobility requires minimization of material possessions throughout a population . Therefore , no surplus of resources can be accumulated by any single member . Other characteristics Lee and DeVore proposed were flux in territorial boundaries as well as in demographic composition . At the same conference , Marshall Sahlins presented a paper entitled , `` Notes on the Original Affluent Society '' , in which he challenged the popular view of hunter - gatherers lives as `` solitary , poor , nasty , brutish and short '' , as Thomas Hobbes had put it in 1651 . According to Sahlins , ethnographic data indicated that hunter - gatherers worked far fewer hours and enjoyed more leisure than typical members of industrial society , and they still ate well . Their `` affluence '' came from the idea that they were satisfied with very little in the material sense . Later , in 1996 , Ross Sackett performed two distinct meta - analyses to empirically test Sahlin 's view . The first of these studies looked at 102 time - allocation studies , and the second one analyzed 207 energy - expenditure studies . Sackett found that adults in foraging and horticultural societies work , on average , about 6.5 hours a day , where as people in agricultural and industrial societies work on average 8.8 hours a day . Researchers Gurven and Kaplan have estimated that around 57 % of hunter - gatherers reach the age of 15 . Of those that reach 15 years of age , 64 % continue to live to or past the age of 45 . This places the life expectancy between 21 and 37 years . They further estimate that 70 % of deaths are due to diseases of some kind , 20 % of deaths come from violence or accidents and 10 % are due to degenerative diseases . Mutual exchange and sharing of resources ( i.e. , meat gained from hunting ) are important in the economic systems of hunter - gatherer societies . Therefore , these societies can be described as based on a `` gift economy . '' Variability ( edit ) Hunter - gatherer societies manifest significant variability , depending on climate zone / life zone , available technology , and societal structure . Archaeologists examine hunter - gatherer tool kits to measure variability across different groups . Collard et al. ( 2005 ) found temperature to be the only statistically significant factor to impact hunter - gatherer tool kits . Using temperature as a proxy for risk , Collard et al 's results suggest that environments with extreme temperatures pose a threat to hunter - gatherer systems significant enough to warrant increased variability of tools . These results support Torrence 's ( 1989 ) theory that risk of failure is indeed the most important factor in determining the structure of hunter - gatherer toolkits . One way to divide hunter - gatherer groups is by their return systems . James Woodburn uses the categories `` immediate return '' hunter - gatherers for egalitarian and `` delayed return '' for nonegalitarian . Immediate return foragers consume their food within a day or two after they procure it . Delayed return foragers store the surplus food ( Kelly , 31 ) . Hunting - gathering was the common human mode of subsistence throughout the Paleolithic , but the observation of current - day hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect Paleolithic societies ; the hunter - gatherer cultures examined today have had much contact with modern civilization and do not represent `` pristine '' conditions found in uncontacted peoples . The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture is not necessarily a one way process . It has been argued that hunting and gathering represents an adaptive strategy , which may still be exploited , if necessary , when environmental change causes extreme food stress for agriculturalists . In fact , it is sometimes difficult to draw a clear line between agricultural and hunter - gatherer societies , especially since the widespread adoption of agriculture and resulting cultural diffusion that has occurred in the last 10,000 years . This anthropological view has remained unchanged since the 1960s . Nowadays , some scholars speak about the existence within cultural evolution of the so - called mixed - economies or dual economies which imply a combination of food procurement ( gathering and hunting ) and food production or when foragers have trade relations with farmers . Modern and revisionist Perspectives. ( edit ) A Shoshone encampment in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming , photographed by Percy Jackson , 1870 In the early 1980s , a small but vocal segment of anthropologists and archaeologists attempted to demonstrate that contemporary groups usually identified as hunter - gatherers do not , in most cases , have a continuous history of hunting and gathering , and that in many cases their ancestors were agriculturalists or pastoralists who were pushed into marginal areas as a result of migrations , economic exploitation , or violent conflict ( see , for example , the Kalahari Debate ) . The result of their effort has been the general acknowledgement that there has been complex interaction between hunter - gatherers and non-hunter - gatherers for millennia . Some of the theorists who advocate this `` revisionist '' critique imply that , because the `` pure hunter - gatherer '' disappeared not long after colonial ( or even agricultural ) contact began , nothing meaningful can be learned about prehistoric hunter - gatherers from studies of modern ones ( Kelly , 24 - 29 ; see Wilmsen ) Lee and Guenther have rejected most of the arguments put forward by Wilmsen . Doron Shultziner and others have argued that we can learn a lot about the life - styles of prehistoric hunter - gatherers from studies of contemporary hunter - gatherers -- especially their impressive levels of egalitarianism . Many hunter - gatherers consciously manipulate the landscape through cutting or burning undesirable plants while encouraging desirable ones , some even going to the extent of slash - and - burn to create habitat for game animals . These activities are on an entirely different scale to those associated with agriculture , but they are nevertheless domestication on some level . Today , almost all hunter - gatherers depend to some extent upon domesticated food sources either produced part - time or traded for products acquired in the wild . Some agriculturalists also regularly hunt and gather ( e.g. , farming during the frost - free season and hunting during the winter ) . Still others in developed countries go hunting , primarily for leisure . In the Brazilian rainforest , those groups that recently did , or even continue to , rely on hunting and gathering techniques seem to have adopted this lifestyle , abandoning most agriculture , as a way to escape colonial control and as a result of the introduction of European diseases reducing their populations to levels where agriculture became difficult . Three Indigenous Australians on Bathurst Island in 1939 . According to Peterson ( 1998 ) , the island was a population isolated for 6,000 years until the eighteenth century . In 1929 , three - quarters of the population supported themselves off the bush . There are nevertheless a number of contemporary hunter - gatherer peoples who , after contact with other societies , continue their ways of life with very little external influence or with modifications that perpetuate the viability of hunting and gathering in the 21st century . One such group is the Pila Nguru ( Spinifex people ) of Western Australia , whose habitat in the Great Victoria Desert has proved unsuitable for European agriculture ( and even pastoralism ) . Another are the Sentinelese of the Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean , who live on North Sentinel Island and to date have maintained their independent existence , repelling attempts to engage with and contact them . The Savanna Pumé of Venezuela also live in an area that is inhospitable to large scale economic exploitation and maintain their subsistence based on hunting and gathering , as well as incorporating a small amount of manioc horticulture that supplements , but is not replacing , reliance on foraged foods . Americas ( edit ) Main article : Paleo - Indians See also : Paleo - Indians period ( Canada ) and History of Mesoamerica ( Paleo - Indian ) Evidence suggests big - game hunter gatherers crossed the Bering Strait from Asia ( Eurasia ) into North America over a land bridge ( Beringia ) , that existed between 47,000 -- 14,000 years ago . Around 18,500 -- 15,500 years ago , these hunter - gatherers are believed to have followed herds of now - extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice - free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets . Another route proposed is that , either on foot or using primitive boats , they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America . Hunter - gatherers would eventually flourish all over the Americas , primarily based in the Great Plains of the United States and Canada , with offshoots as far east as the Gaspé Peninsula on the Atlantic coast , and as far south as Chile , Monte Verde . American hunter - gatherers were spread over a wide geographical area , thus there were regional variations in lifestyles . However , all the individual groups shared a common style of stone tool production , making knapping styles and progress identifiable . This early Paleo - Indian period lithic reduction tool adaptations have been found across the Americas , utilized by highly mobile bands consisting of approximately 25 to 50 members of an extended family . The Archaic period in the Americas saw a changing environment featuring a warmer more arid climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna . The majority of population groups at this time were still highly mobile hunter - gatherers ; but now individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally , thus with the passage of time there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization like , the Southwest , Arctic , Poverty , Dalton and Plano traditions . These regional adaptations would become the norm , with reliance less on hunting and gathering , with a more mixed economy of small game , fish , seasonally wild vegetables and harvested plant foods . See also ( edit ) Modern hunter - gatherers and other Nomads Cro - Magnon Homo floresiensis Human migration History of the world Indigenous peoples Neanderthals Neolithic Revolution Origins of society Paleolithic Prehistoric music Primitive skills Stateless society Tribe Clan Modern hunter - gatherer groups ( edit ) Negritos in the Philippines , 1595 Aeta people Aka people Andamanese people Awá - Guajá people Batek people Efé people Fuegians Hadza people Indigenous Australians Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast Inuit culture Iñupiat Jarawa people ( Andaman Islands ) Kawahiva people Maniq people Mbuti people Mlabri people Moriori people Nukak people Onge people Penan people Pirahã people San people Semang people Sentinelese people Spinifex People Tjimba people Uncontacted peoples Yakuts Yaruro people Ye'kuana people Yupik people Social movements ( edit ) Anarcho - primitivism , which strives for the abolishment of civilization and the return to a life in the wild . Freeganism involves gathering of food ( and sometimes other materials ) in the context of an urban or suburban environment . Gleaning involves the gathering of food that traditional farmers have left behind in their fields . Paleolithic diet , which strives to achieve a diet similar to that of ancient hunter - gatherer groups . Paleolithic lifestyle , which extends the paleolithic diet to other elements of the hunter - gatherer way of life , such as movement and contact with nature References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lee , Richard B. ; Daly , Richard Heywood ( 1999 ) . Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers . Cambridge University Press . p. inside front cover . ISBN 9780521609197 . ^ Jump up to : Codding , Brian F. ; Kramer , Karen L. eds. ( 2016 ) . Why Forage ? Hunters and Gatherers in the Twenty - first Century . Santa Fe , Albuquerque : School for Advanced Research , University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 9780826356963 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Greaves , Russell D. ; et al. ( 25 contributors ) ( 2016 ) . `` Economic activities of twenty - first century foraging populations '' . Why Forage ? Hunters and Gatherers in the Twenty - First Century . Santa Fe , Albuquerque : School for Advanced Research , University of New Mexico Press . pp. 241 -- 262 . ISBN 9780826356963 . Jump up ^ Binford , Louis ( 1986 ) . `` Human ancestors : Changing views of their behavior '' . Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 3 : 235 -- 57 . Jump up ^ The Last Rain Forests : A World Conservation Atlas by David Attenborough , Mark Collins Jump up ^ Gavashelishvili , A. ; Tarkhnishvili , D. ( 2016 ) . `` Biomes and human distribution during the last ice age '' . Global Ecology and Biogeography. 25 ( 5 ) : 563 . doi : 10.1111 / geb. 12437 . Jump up ^ Fagan , B : People of the Earth , pages 169 -- 81 . Scott , Foresman , 1989 . Jump up ^ The forest - garden farms of Kandy , Sri Lanka , p. 1 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Jared Diamond ( 1998 ) . Guns , Germs and Steel . London : Vintage . ISBN 0 - 09 - 930278 - 0 . Jump up ^ Blades , B ( 2003 ) . `` End scraper reduction and hunter - gatherer mobility '' . American Antiquity. 68 : 141 -- 156 . JSTOR 3557037 . doi : 10.2307 / 3557037 . Jump up ^ Karen Endicott 1999 . `` Gender relations in hunter - gatherer societies '' . In R.B. Lee and R. Daly ( eds ) , The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , pp. 411 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Scott , John ; Marshall , Gordon ( 2007 ) . A Dictionary of Sociology . USA : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860987 - 2 . Jump up ^ Erdal , D. ; Whiten , A. ( 1994 ) . `` On human egalitarianism : an evolutionary product of Machiavellian status escalation ? '' . Current Anthropology. 35 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 183 . doi : 10.1086 / 204255 . Jump up ^ Erdal , D. and A. Whiten 1996 . Egalitarianism and Machiavellian intelligence in human evolution . In P. Mellars and K. Gibson ( eds ) , Modelling the early human mind . Cambridge : McDonald Institute Monographs . Jump up ^ Christopher Boehm ( 2001 ) , Hierarchy in the Forest : The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ^ Jump up to : Gowdy , John M. ( 1998 ) . Limited Wants , Unlimited Means : A Reader on Hunter - Gatherer Economics and the Environment . St Louis : Island Press . p. 342 . ISBN 1 - 55963 - 555 - X . ^ Jump up to : Dahlberg , Frances ( 1975 ) . Woman the Gatherer . London : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 02989 - 6 . Jump up ^ Erdal , D. & Whiten , A. ( 1996 ) `` Egalitarianism and Machiavellian Intelligence in Human Evolution '' in Mellars , P. & Gibadfson , K. ( eds ) Modelling the Early Human Mind . Cambridge MacDonald Monograph Series ^ Jump up to : Thomas M. Kiefer ( Spring 2002 ) . `` Anthropology E-20 '' . Lecture 8 Subsistence , Ecology and Food production . Harvard University . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Marlowe , Frank W. ( 2004 ) . `` Marital residence among foragers '' . Current Anthropology. 45 ( 2 ) : 277 -- 284 . doi : 10.1086 / 382256 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , K. ; O'Connell , J.F. ; Jones , N.G. Blurton ; Alvarez , H.P. ; Charnov , E.L. ( 1998 ) . `` Grandmothering , Menopause , and the Evolution of Human Life - Histories '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 95 ( 3 ) : 1336 -- 9 . PMC 18762 . PMID 9448332 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 95.3. 1336 . Jump up ^ Knight , C. 2008 . `` Early human kinship was matrilineal '' . In N.J. Allen , H. Callan , R. Dunbar and W. James ( eds . ) , Early Human Kinship . Oxford : Blackwell , pp. 61 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Biesele , M. 1993 . Women Like Meat . The folklore and foraging ideology of the Kalahari Ju / ' hoan . Witwatersrand : University Press . Jump up ^ Stefan Lovgren ( December 7 , 2006 ) . `` Sex - Based Roles Gave Modern Humans an Edge , Study Says '' . National Geographic News . Jump up ^ Testart , A. 1986 . Essai sur les fondements de la division sexuelle du travail chez les chasseurs - cueilleurs . Paris : Éditions de l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales . Jump up ^ Biesele , Megan ; Barclay , Steve ( March 2001 ) . `` Ju / ' Hoan Women 's Tracking Knowledge And Its Contribution To Their Husbands ' Hunting Success '' . African Study Monographs . Suppl. 26 : 67 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Bird , Rebecca Bliege ; Bird , Douglas W. ( 2008 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Why women hunt : risk and contemporary foraging in a Western Desert aboriginal community '' . Current Anthropology. 49 ( 4 ) : 655 -- 693 . ISSN 0011 - 3204 . PMID 19230267 . doi : 10.1086 / 587700 . Jump up ^ Sahlins , M. ( 1968 ) . `` Notes on the Original Affluent Society '' , Man the Hunter . R.B. Lee and I. DeVore ( New York : Aldine Publishing Company ) pp. 85 -- 89 . ISBN 0 - 202 - 33032 - X . See also : Jerome Lewis , `` Managing abundance , not chasing scarcity '' Archived May 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Radical Anthropology , No. 2 , 2008 , and John Gowdy , ' `` Hunter - Gatherers and the Mythology of the Market '' , in Lee , Richard B ( 2005 ) . Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers . Jump up ^ Sackett , R. 1996 . `` Time , energy , and the indolent savage . A quantitative cross-cultural test of the primitive affluence hypothesis '' . Ph. D. diss. , University of California , Angles . Jump up ^ Guenevere , Michael ; Kaplan , Hillard ( 2007 ) . `` Longevity amongst Hunter - gatherers '' ( PDF ) . Population and Development Review . 33 ( 2 ) : 319 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1728 - 4457.2007. 00171. x . Jump up ^ Collard , Mark ; Kemery , Michael ; Banks , Samantha ( 2005 ) . `` Causes of Toolkit Variation Among Hunter - Gatherers : A Test of Four Competing Hypotheses '' . Canadian Journal of Archaeology ( 29 ) : 1 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Torrence , Robin ( 1989 ) . `` Retooling : Towards a behavioral theory of stone tools '' . In Torrence , Robin . Time , Energy and Stone Tools . Cambridge University Press . pp. 57 -- 66 . ISBN 9780521253505 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Robert L. ( 1995 ) . The Foraging Spectrum : Diversity in Hunter - Gatherer Life ways . Washington : Smithsonian Institution . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 465 - 1 . Jump up ^ Portera , Claire C. ; Marlowe , Frank W. ( January 2007 ) . `` How marginal are forager habitats ? '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Archaeological Science . 34 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 68 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2006.03. 014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lee , Richard B. ; Daly , Richard , eds. ( 1999 ) . The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 60919 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hayes - Bohanan , Pamela ( 2010 ) . Birx , H. James , ed. `` 42 : Prehistoric Cultures '' . 21st Century Anthropology : A Reference Handbook . 1 : 409 -- 418 -- via Gale Virtual Reference Library . Jump up ^ Svizzero , S. ; Tisdell , C. The Persistence of Hunting and Gathering Economies / / Social Evolution & History . Volume 14 , Number 2 / September 2015 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Kelly , Raymond ( October 2005 ) . `` The evolution of lethal intergroup violence '' . PNAS. 102 ( 43 ) : 15294 -- 8 . PMC 1266108 . PMID 16129826 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0505955102 . Jump up ^ Wilmsen , Edwin ( 1989 ) . Land Filled With Flies : A Political Economy of the Kalahari . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 90015 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lee , Richard B. ; Guenther , Mathias ( 1995 ) . `` Errors Corrected or Compounded ? A Reply to Wilmsen '' . Current Anthropology. 36 : 298 -- 305 . doi : 10.1086 / 204361 . Jump up ^ Lee , Richard B. ( 1992 ) . `` Art , Science , or Politics ? The Crisis in Hunter - Gatherer Studies '' . American Anthropologist. 94 : 31 -- 54 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1992.94. 1.02 a00030 . Jump up ^ Marlowe , Frank W. ( 2002 ) . Ethnicity , Hunter - Gatherers and the ' Other ' . Smithsonian Institution Press . p. 247 . Jump up ^ Shultziner , Doron ( 2010 ) . `` The causes and scope of political egalitarianism during the Last Glacial : A multi-disciplinary perspective '' . Biology and Philosophy. 25 : 319 -- 346 . doi : 10.1007 / s10539 - 010 - 9196 - 4 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Nicolas ; Taylor , John ( 1998 ) . `` Demographic transition in a hunter - gatherer population : the Tiwi case , 1929 -- 1996 '' . Australian Aboriginal Studies . Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies . 1998 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Karen L. ; Greaves , Russell D. ( 2016 ) . `` Diversify or replace : what happens when cultigens are introduced into hunter - gatherer diets . '' . In Codding , Brian F. ; Kramer , Karen L. Why Forage ? Hunters and Gatherers in the Twenty - First Century . Santa Fe , Albuquerque : School for Advanced Research Press and University of New Mexico Press . pp. 15 -- 42 . ISBN 9780826356963 . Jump up ^ `` Atlas of the Human Journey - The Genographic Project '' . National Geographic Society . 1996 -- 2008 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The peopling of the Americas : Genetic ancestry influences health '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Alternate Migration Corridors for Early Man in North America '' . American Antiquity. 1 . 44 : 2 . January 1979 . JSTOR 279189 . Jump up ^ Eshleman , Jason A. ; Malhi , Ripan S. ; Smith , David Glenn ( 2003 ) . `` Mitochondrial DNA Studies of Native Americans : Conceptions and Misconceptions of the Population Prehistory of the Americas '' ( pdf ) . Evolutionary Anthropology . University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign. 12 : 7 -- 18 . doi : 10.1002 / evan. 10048 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Broster , John ( 2002 ) . `` Paleoindians in Tennessee '' . Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation . Tennessee Historical Society . Online Edition provided by : The University of Tennessee Press . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Blame North America Megafauna Extinction On Climate Change , Not Human Ancestors '' . ScienceDaily. 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Fiedel , Stuart J. ( 1992 ) . Prehistory of the Americas . Cambridge University Press . p. 151 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42544 - 5 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Stuart B. Schwartz , Frank Salomon ( 1999 - 12 - 28 ) . The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 63075 - 7 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 17 . Further reading ( edit ) Books Barnard , A.J. , ed. ( 2004 ) . Hunter - gatherers in history , archaeology and anthropology . Berg . ISBN 1 - 85973 - 825 - 7 . Bettinger , R.L. ( 1991 ) . Hunter - gatherers : archaeological and evolutionary theory . Plenum Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 43650 - 7 . Bowles , Samuel ; Gintis , Herbert ( 2011 ) . A Cooperative Species : Human Reciprocity and Its Evolution . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 15125 - 3 . ( Reviewed in The Montreal Review ) Brody , Hugh ( 2001 ) . The Other Side Of Eden : hunter - gatherers , farmers and the shaping of the world . North Point Press . ISBN 0 - 571 - 20502 - X . Codding , Brian F. ; Kramer , Karen L. , eds. ( 2016 ) . Why forage ? : hunters and gatherers in the twenty - first century . Santa Fe , Albuquerque : School for Advanced Research Press , University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 9780826356963 . Lee , Richard B. ; DeVore , Irven , eds. ( 1968 ) . Man the hunter . Aldine de Gruyter . ISBN 0 - 202 - 33032 - X . Meltzer , David J. ( 2009 ) . First peoples in a new world : colonizing ice age America . Berkeley : University of California . ISBN 0 - 520 - 25052 - 4 . Morrison , K.D. ; L.L. Junker , eds. ( 2002 ) . Forager - traders in South and Southeast Asia : long term histories . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 01636 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Panter - Brick , C. ; R.H. Layton ; P. Rowley - Conwy , eds. ( 2001 ) . Hunter - gatherers : an interdisciplinary perspective . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77672 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Turnbull , Colin ( 1987 ) . The Forest People . Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 64099 - 6 . Articles Mudar , Karen ; Anderson , Douglas D. ( Fall 2007 ) . `` New evidence for Southeast Asian Pleistocene foraging economies : faunal remains from the early levels of Lang Rongrien rockshelter , Krabi , Thailand '' . Asian Perspectives. 46 ( 2 ) : 298 -- 334 . doi : 10.1353 / asi. 2007.0013 -- via Project MUSE . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Nakao , Hisashi ; Tamura , Kohei ; Arimatsu , Yui ; Nakagawa , Tomomi ; Matsumoto , Naoko ; Matsugi , Takehiko ( 30 March 2016 ) . `` Violence in the prehistoric period of Japan : the spatio - temporal pattern of skeletal evidence for violence in the Jomon period '' . Biology Letters . The Royal Society publishing . 12 ( 3 ) : 20160028 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2016.0028 . Our results suggest that the mortality due to violence was low and spatio - temporally highly restricted in the Jomon period , which implies that violence including warfare in prehistoric Japan was not common . External links ( edit ) Media related to Hunter - gatherers at Wikimedia Commons The Association of Foragers : An international association for teachers of hunter - gatherer skills . A wiki dedicated to the scientific study of the diversity of foraging societies without recreating myths Balmer , Yves ( 2013 ) . `` Ethnological videos clips . Living or recently extinct traditional tribal groups and their origins '' . Andaman Association . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2014 . 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-2097054280630457388 | Thinking Out Loud | Thinking Out Loud - wikipedia Thinking Out Loud Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Thinking Out Loud ( disambiguation ) . `` Thinking Out Loud '' Single by Ed Sheeran from the album × B - side `` I 'm a Mess '' ( Live from Lightship 95 ) Released 24 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) Format 7 '' CD digital download Recorded February 2014 ; ( Sticky Studios , Windlesham , Surrey , England ) Genre Blue - eyed soul Length 4 : 41 ( album version ) 3 : 51 ( radio edit ) Label Asylum Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Ed Sheeran Amy Wadge Julian Williams Producer ( s ) Jake Gosling Ed Sheeran singles chronology `` Do n't '' ( 2014 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' ( 2014 ) `` All About It '' ( 2014 ) `` Do n't '' ( 2014 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' ( 2014 ) `` All About It '' ( 2014 ) Music video `` Thinking Out Loud '' on YouTube `` Thinking Out Loud '' is a song by English singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran , recorded for his second studio album , × ( 2014 ) . It was written by Sheeran and Amy Wadge and was produced by frequent collaborator Jake Gosling . It was released in the US as the album 's third single on 24 September 2014 . In the UK , the song spent 19 weeks within the top 40 before it peaked at number 1 in early November 2014 ; it became Sheeran 's second number 1 single there . The single has also reached the top spot in Australia , Ireland , New Zealand , Denmark , the Netherlands , Slovakia and South Africa , and peaking at # 2 on both the US Billboard Hot 100 and the Canadian Hot 100 , was the Sheeran 's highest charting single in North America until `` Shape of You '' topped the charts in both countries in 2017 . In June 2015 , `` Thinking Out Loud '' became the first single to spend a full year in the UK top 40 . In September 2015 , it also became the seventh single to have achieved triple platinum in the UK during the 21st century . In October 2015 , the song became the first to be streamed over 500 million times on Spotify , is also one of the most streamed songs in the UK and has been viewed more than 2.0 billion times on YouTube as of December 2017 . `` Thinking Out Loud '' received nominations for Grammy Award for Record of the Year , Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance at the 58th Grammy Awards , winning the latter two . Wikinews has related news : Ed Sheeran wins Song of Year Grammy for Thinking Out Loud On 10 August 2016 , it was announced that Sheeran was getting sued by the family of Ed Townsend for copyright infringement , who claim that `` Thinking Out Loud '' plagiarises elements of Marvin Gaye 's `` Let 's Get It On '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and writing 2 Lyrics and music 3 Single release 4 Music video 5 Live performances 5.1 Translations 6 Critical reception 7 Chart performance 7.1 On streaming services 8 Parodies 9 Plagiarism allegation 10 Usage in media 11 Formats and track listings 12 Charts 12.1 Weekly charts 12.2 Year - end charts 13 Certifications and sales 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Background and writing ( edit ) Sheeran wrote `` Thinking Out Loud '' with Amy Wadge ( pictured ) , an English singer - songwriter based in Wales . Sheeran wrote `` Thinking Out Loud '' with Amy Wadge , a Wales - based singer - songwriter . He met Wadge when he was 17 years old and they had since written several songs together . Of these , five songs composed the extended play Songs I Wrote with Amy , which Sheeran independently released on 4 April 2010 . Wadge also co-wrote the song `` Gold Rush '' , a track on the deluxe version of Sheeran 's debut album , + ( 2011 ) . In February 2014 , Wadge visited Sheeran in his house for a `` chilling - out time '' . Around that time , Sheeran 's second studio album , × , was nearly completed . Wadge revealed that her visit was not supposed to be a songwriting session . While Sheeran was taking a shower , Wadge played a few chords on a guitar . The tune caught the attention of Sheeran and he ran downstairs . Sheeran suggested working with the tune , but only after returning home from dinner , work began . The melody developed from a simple riff . According to Sheeran , he composed the melody on a guitar in a manner which was `` very Van - like '' , referring to Van Morrison . The Irish musician has been an inspiration to Sheeran since a young age , and Sheeran wanted to capture that vibe when he composed the song . In the kitchen , Sheeran and Wadge began writing the song at 2 : 00 am on 4 February 2014 , and completed it in 20 minutes . According to Wadge , the lyrical content resulted from her and Sheeran 's talking about `` everlasting love '' , inspired by the circumstances relevant at that time . Sheeran also revealed that the lyrics were inspired by his then - girlfriend , Athina Andrelos , whom Sheeran met in early 2014 . Sheeran would later explain that he wrote the song `` in a relationship at a really , really happy point '' . Immediately after writing , Sheeran recorded the song on his phone . He was keen to include `` Thinking Out Loud '' on the second album . He properly recorded the song the following day at the Sticky Studios , a recording facility located in the small Surrey village of Windlesham , and informed Wadge of its inclusion on the album . It became the last song recorded for the album . For `` Thinking Out Loud '' , Sheeran sought the assistance of Jake Gosling , who produced much of his debut album and had earlier contributed tracks , four of which appear on the standard version of the second album . Lyrics and Music ( edit ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' ( 2014 ) A 28 - second sample of `` Thinking Out Loud '' , a romantic blue - eyed soul ballad . Its composition has a strong influence of Marvin Gaye 's 1973 hit `` Let 's Get It On '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Thinking Out Loud '' is a romantic ballad with blue - eyed soul influences . Sheeran referred to it as a `` walking down the aisle song '' . In the lyrics , Sheeran reflects on `` getting older and fidelity and love in a fairly conventional context '' , according to Eric Clarke , professor of music at University of Oxford . The song was composed in the key of D major with a tempo of 78 beats per minute . Sheeran 's vocals range from A to B. In the mix , Sheeran 's voice is `` unusually '' loud over the instruments , which , for Mike Senior of the music technology magazine , Sound on Sound , is `` surprisingly rare '' in contemporary records . Senior analysed the vocal elements in which he found that , in spite of several notes sung off pitch , `` the overall framework of the vocal remains fundamentally in tune '' . Journalists noted similarities between `` Thinking Out Loud '' and `` Let 's Get It On '' , a 1973 single by soul musician , Marvin Gaye . Andrew Unterberger of Spin wrote that `` the gently loping four - note bass pattern and crisp ' 70s soul drums absolutely smack of the Gaye classic , as do the embrace - insistent lyrics and general candlelit - bedroom feel '' . Jason Lipshutz of Billboard called it a `` sleek update '' of the classic . Single release ( edit ) Prior to the album release , Sheeran debuted `` Thinking Out Loud '' on 24 May 2014 by performing it live on the British music television show , Later ... with Jools Holland . The debut followed the release of the video accompaniment to `` Sing '' , the album 's lead single . `` Thinking Out Loud '' was immediately perceived as having contrast to `` Sing '' , which is a `` high - energy funk / R&B - infused song '' . `` Thinking Out Loud '' became available on 18 June 2014 as an `` instant grat '' download for consumers who pre-ordered × on the iTunes Store . It served as a promotional single from × , which was released two days later . On the standard version of the album , `` Thinking Out Loud '' is the next - to - last track , the last being `` Afire Love '' . `` Thinking Out Loud '' was initially serviced to Australian radio on 14 August 2014 and later released on 24 September 2014 . It served as the third of five singles released from the album ; it followed the songs , `` Sing '' and `` Do n't '' , the first and second single respectively . According to Sheeran , no one from his record label wanted to release `` Thinking Out Loud '' as a single , favouring over `` Photograph '' as the `` big song '' . `` Photograph '' was supposed to be the main single , but when `` Thinking Out Loud '' spent several weeks within the top 20 on the UK Singles Chart albeit not receiving rotation , the latter song was kept as the third single . `` Photograph '' was later released as the fifth and final single . The song was issued on 7 '' vinyl exclusively as part of the Black Friday Record Store Day , which was celebrated on 28 November 2014 . The vinyl record included , as a B - side , the live version of `` I 'm A Mess '' which Sheeran performed at the Lightship 95 studio . Music video ( edit ) Filming of the video took place at the Crystal Ballroom of the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles Emil Nava directed the video accompaniment to the single . Most of it was filmed in the Crystal Ballroom at the Millennium Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles , California . The video was shot continuously using a 16 mm film camera . Unlike Sheeran 's earlier videos , where he assume a low profile , he took the lead role on `` Thinking Out Loud '' . In the video , Sheeran executes a ballroom dance with Brittany Cherry , a contestant from the televised American dance competition , So You Think You Can Dance . The routine was choreographed by Nappytabs and with training help from Paul Karmiryan . While on concert tour , Sheeran spent five hours a day for three weeks to practice with Cherry . The video was released on October 8 , 2014 . After first 24 hours , the video had over 2.7 million views on video - sharing website , YouTube . As of December 2017 , it has over 2.0 billion views , making it the 20th most viewed video on the site . The music video received four nominations at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards including Video of the Year and Best Male Video . Live performances ( edit ) On 26 October 2014 , Sheeran performed the song on third live results show of series 11 of The X Factor . He also performed it on 9 November 2014 in the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards . Sheeran also performed the song as a special guest at The Voice 's live finale on 16 December 2014 . Furthermore , Sheeran performed the track on the Christmas Special of The Jonathan Ross Show on 20 December 2014 . He also performed the song at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards on 8 February 2015 along with John Mayer , Questlove , Adam Blackstone , and Herbie Hancock . Sheeran performed `` Thinking Out Loud '' on 13 April 2015 results show of the second series of The X Factor in New Zealand . Sheeran also performed `` Thinking Out Loud '' at the Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show 2014 . Translations ( edit ) On 26 December 2015 , Sheeran released an Irish - language version of `` Thinking Out Loud '' for the upcoming Irish album , CEOL 2016 . Critical reception ( edit ) Lauren Murphy of The Irish Times noted that the `` injection of blue - eyed soul '' on the song is `` enjoyable '' , and that it `` makes Sheeran 's aptitude for melody difficult to dismiss '' . Jim Beviglia of the American Songwriter thought that although `` tidy '' , `` Thinking Out Loud '' comes `` toothless '' compared with the `` daring confessionals '' Sheeran made on the other songs . The Washington Post writer , Allison Stewart , has hailed the song as `` a blatant and mercilessly effective bid for ' I 'll Be ' - style wedding - song immortality '' . Billboard magazine 's Jason Lipshutz , commented that Sheeran `` pushes this bold stab at romance past its sappiest moments , and ends the album on a likable note '' . Jamieson Cox of Time wrote that `` the album 's greatest moment by a country mile is relegated to its penultimate slot '' , referring to `` Thinking Out Loud '' . Chart Performance ( edit ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' topped several charts in Europe , Oceania and South Africa , and reached the top ten in several other countries in the Northern America ( see Weekly charts below ) . Upon the album 's release , the single debuted at number 26 on the UK Singles Chart . On 2 November 2014 , `` Thinking Out Loud '' topped the UK Singles Chart in its 19th week in the Top 40 , breaking the record for the longest ascent to number one . In the week ending 27 June 2015 , it had spent a record consecutive 52 weeks ( or a full year ) inside the top 40 . Around the same time , the single had accumulated 1.65 million combined sales and streams ; it became one of the 161 million - selling singles and the 26th best - selling of the 2010s in the UK . On 18 September 2015 , the British Phonographic Industry certified the single triple platinum for combined sales ( including streaming points ) of 1,800,000 units . As of September 2017 , the song has sold 1,219,000 copies with 130 million stream , making a total of 2,521,000 units sold in the United Kingdom . In the US , `` Thinking Out Loud '' peaked at number two on the all - encompassing chart Billboard Hot 100 ; the single became Sheeran 's highest charting single until the release of `` Shape of You '' in 2017 . It remained the runner - up spot for eight consecutive weeks , a chart feat last held in 2004 . `` Thinking Out Loud '' was kept off the top spot by `` Uptown Funk '' , although it outperformed the latter song for a week in February 2015 on the Billboard Digital Songs . On other specific US charts , `` Thinking Out Loud '' reached number one on the Billboard Adult Pop Songs for the week ending 21 February 2015 , marking Sheeran 's first . For the week ending 21 March 2015 , `` Thinking Out Loud '' held the top position on the Billboard Pop Songs , Adult Pop Songs , and Adult Contemporary charts , becoming the fourth song in history to lead all three adult charts simultaneously . In celebration of Google Play 's 5th anniversary , Google announced `` Thinking Out Loud '' as the top selling song on the platform . `` Thinking Out Loud '' is Sheeran 's best - selling song in the United States , with 5,622,000 copies sold as of September 2017 . On streaming services ( edit ) In the UK , Sheeran 's native country , `` Thinking Out Loud '' claimed the record for the most streams in a single week in December 2014 . The track accumulated over 1,638,000 streams , and subsequently achieved a personal best of 1,850,000 streams in the week ending 21 December 2014 . This record has since been broken by several songs . In April 2015 , the song ranked as the most popular based on the 2.8 million sleep - themed playlists created by Spotify users . Sleep is one of the company 's most popular categories that , according to Spotify , `` people also use for general relaxation and to help themselves unwind '' . The Guardian columnist Tim Dowling suggested that the report indicated `` very popular , slightly mellow songs that keep cropping up on sleep playlists '' but not a list of a `` carefully curated journey to unconsciousness '' . In October 2015 , `` Thinking Out Loud '' set the record of most streams of a song on Spotify , having accumulated over 500 million streams . The company created the `` Sheerio Index '' , an interactive graphic map which showed where Sheeran was most popular . The color - based map indicated that Sheeran was most popular in Denmark . It was surpassed a month later by `` Lean On '' , a song by Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ . Parodies ( edit ) On 28 April 2015 episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , actor Jeremy Renner , known for his role as Hawkeye in the Avengers movies , performed on piano and sang a song captioned by Fallon 's show on YouTube as `` Hawkeye Sings About His Super Powers '' . While not parodying Sheeran 's lyrics , it is sung to the same tune . The lyrics suggest that Hawkeye feels defensive compared with the other Avengers : `` But listen , I 've got powers too ; they 're pretty sweet . / I promise I can do so much more than just archery ... / I can open a pickle jar . / I 'm friggin ' Hawkeye . / Maybe I 'm as super as they are . '' The song and video were also parodied in the CW series Crazy Ex-Girlfriend . Titled `` Let 's Have Intercourse '' , the song was sung by Scott Michael Foster with Rachel Bloom appearing in the scene dancing with Foster in the same manner as Sheeran and Cherry . The lyrics are an appeal by Foster 's character , Nathaniel Plimpton III , to series protagonist Rebecca Bunch ( Bloom ) to have sex whilst trapped in an elevator . Plagiarism allegation ( edit ) On 10 August 2016 , it was revealed that the family of Ed Townsend , who wrote Marvin Gaye 's `` Let 's Get It On '' was suing Ed Sheeran saying `` the melodic , harmonic , and rhythmic compositions of ' Thinking ' are substantially and / or strikingly similar to the drum composition of ' Let 's ' . '' Usage in Media ( edit ) The song was featured in the 2016 film Me Before You . It was also covered in the film Bridget Jones 's Baby . Formats and track listings ( edit ) 7 '' vinyl `` Thinking Out Loud '' `` I 'm a Mess '' ( Live from Lightship 95 ) CD single `` Thinking Out Loud '' `` I 'm a Mess '' ( Live from Lightship 95 ) Digital download ( Remix ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' ( Alex Adair Remix ) -- 3 : 02 EP ( Australian Exclusive ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' `` Do n't '' ( Sable Remix ) `` Sing '' ( Trippy Turtle Remix ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' ( Alex Adair Remix ) `` Do n't '' ( X Ambassadors Remix ) `` Sing '' ( Syn Cole Remix ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 15 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 8 Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 22 Bulgaria ( IFPI ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 7 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 14 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) Iceland ( RÚV ) India ( Angrezi Top 20 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 39 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 8 Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 5 Mexico Airplay ( Billboard ) Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) Mexico ( Monitor Latino ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 5 Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Romania ( Airplay 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Africa ( EMA ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 26 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 7 US Latin Airplay ( Billboard ) 44 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 29 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 14 Venezuela Pop Rock General ( Record Report ) 23 Venezuela Top Anglo ( Record Report ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 7 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 100 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 42 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 86 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 52 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 28 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 31 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 15 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 37 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 25 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 28 Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 16 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 22 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 43 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 69 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 26 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 23 Italy ( FIMI ) 12 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 24 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 30 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 6 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 13 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 14 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 12 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 43 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 10 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 16 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 90 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 88 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 9 × Platinum 630,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 9 × Platinum 720,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 4 × Platinum 240,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 150,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 6 × Platinum 180,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Platinum 60,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 6 × Platinum 90,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 4 × Platinum 160,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 4 × Platinum 1,219,000 United States ( RIAA ) Diamond 5,622,406 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 1,300,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles List of UK Singles Chart number ones of 2014 List of number - one singles of 2014 ( Australia ) List of number - one singles of 2014 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 2015 ( South Africa ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2015 ( U.S. ) List of number - one digital songs of 2015 ( U.S. ) List of best - selling singles in Australia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Farragher , Mike ( 8 January 2015 ) . `` Irish Central - Ed Sheeran X '' . 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Jump up ^ `` IRMA - Best of Singles '' . IRMA Charts . Irish Record Music Association . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI - Classifiche Annuali 2014 `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' FIMI - GfK : un anno di musica italiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Archived from the original on 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijsten 2014 '' ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2014 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2014 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2014 '' . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 2015 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 4 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2015 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop & Hung Medien . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports annuels 2015 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 , 2015 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles - année 2015 '' ( in French ) . infodisc.fr . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Single ( track ) TOP 100 - chart - pozíció alapján - 2015 '' ( in Hungarian ) . Association of Hungarian Record Companies . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Stream TOP 100 - 2015 '' ( in Hungarian ) . Association of Hungarian Record Companies . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA - Best of Singles '' . IRMA Charts . Irish Record Music Association . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Airplay Year End 2015 '' . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2015 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijsten 2015 '' ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2015 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2015 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay -- podsumowanie 2015 roku '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles 2015 '' ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2015 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - end Charts 2015 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2015 '' . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Media Group . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Media Group . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dance / Mix Show Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Media Group . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Media Group . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Enter Ed Sheeran in the field Interpret . Enter Thinking Out Loud in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . Music Canada . 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . IFPI Denmark . 5 April 2016 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Ed Sheeran ; ' Thinking Out Loud ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Ed Sheeran '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . Recorded Music NZ. 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ED SHEERAN - Thinking out Loud '' . ED SHEERAN - Thinking out Loud - Elportaldemusica.es : Novedades y Listas Oficiales de Ventas de Música en España . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Loud '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Ed Sheeran ; ' Thinking Out Loud ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer -- Ed Sheeran -- Thinking Out Loud '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' ( Official Video ) on YouTube `` Thinking Out Loud '' ( Official Fan Video ) on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Ed Sheeran songs Discography + `` The A Team '' `` Drunk '' `` Small Bump '' `` Lego House '' `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' `` Give Me Love '' `` The Parting Glass '' x `` One '' `` I 'm a Mess '' `` Sing '' `` Do n't '' `` Photograph '' `` Bloodstream '' `` Tenerife Sea '' `` The Man '' `` Thinking Out Loud '' `` Afire Love '' ÷ `` Eraser '' `` Castle on the Hill '' `` Dive '' `` Shape of You '' `` Perfect '' `` Galway Girl '' `` Happier '' `` New Man '' `` What Do I Know ? '' `` How Would You Feel ( Paean ) '' `` Supermarket Flowers '' `` Nancy Mulligan '' Featured songs `` All About It '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` Dreamers '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Hush Little Baby '' `` If I Could '' `` Lay It All on Me '' `` Old School Love '' `` Reuf '' `` Teardrop '' `` Watchtower '' `` Young Guns '' `` Boa Me '' `` River '' Other songs `` All of the Stars '' `` Candle in the Wind '' `` I See Fire '' `` Make It Rain '' Grammy Award for Song of the Year ( 2010s ) Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart -- `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' 2011 Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott -- `` Need You Now '' 2012 Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth -- `` Rolling in the Deep '' 2013 Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess -- `` We Are Young '' 2014 Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor -- `` Royals '' 2015 James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith -- `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) 2016 Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge -- `` Thinking Out Loud '' 2017 Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin -- `` Hello '' Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thinking_Out_Loud&oldid=816049027 '' Categories : 2014 songs 2014 singles 2010s ballads Ed Sheeran songs Song recordings produced by Jake Gosling Songs written by Ed Sheeran Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in New Zealand South African Airplay Chart number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Soul ballads Grammy Award for Song of the Year Songs involved in plagiarism controversies Songs written by Amy Wadge Blue - eyed soul songs Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Use British English from June 2014 Use dmy dates from June 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Scots Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 22 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is dancing with ed in thinking out loud | [
"Unlike Sheeran's earlier videos, where he assume a low profile, he took the lead role on \"Thinking Out Loud\". In the video, Sheeran executes a ballroom dance with Brittany Cherry, a contestant from the televised American dance competition, So You Think You Can Dance.[27] The routine was choreographed by Nappytabs and with training help from Paul Karmiryan. While on concert tour, Sheeran spent five hours a day for three weeks to practice with Cherry.[12]"
] | [
"Brittany Cherry, a contestant from the televised American dance competition, So You Think You Can Dance"
] |
-856858648392152334 | Guardians of the Galaxy (film) | Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) - wikipedia Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 26 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1 '' redirects here . For the first volume of the comic book series , see Guardians of the Galaxy ( 1969 team ) . Guardians of the Galaxy Theatrical release poster Directed by James Gunn Produced by Kevin Feige Written by James Gunn Nicole Perlman Based on Guardians of the Galaxy by Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Starring Chris Pratt Zoe Saldana Dave Bautista Vin Diesel Bradley Cooper Lee Pace Michael Rooker Karen Gillan Djimon Hounsou John C. Reilly Glenn Close Benicio del Toro Music by Tyler Bates Cinematography Ben Davis Edited by Fred Raskin Craig Wood Hughes Winborne Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) ( Dolby Theatre ) August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 122 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $232.3 million ( gross ) $195.9 million ( net ) Box office $773.3 million Guardians of the Galaxy ( retroactively referred to as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1 ) is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the tenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The film was directed by James Gunn , who wrote the screenplay with Nicole Perlman , and features an ensemble cast including Chris Pratt , Zoe Saldana , Dave Bautista , Vin Diesel , Bradley Cooper , Lee Pace , Michael Rooker , Karen Gillan , Djimon Hounsou , John C. Reilly , Glenn Close , and Benicio del Toro . In Guardians of the Galaxy , Peter Quill forms an uneasy alliance with a group of extraterrestrial misfits who are fleeing after stealing a powerful artifact . Perlman began working on the screenplay in 2009 . Producer Kevin Feige first publicly mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film in 2010 and Marvel Studios announced it was in active development at the San Diego Comic - Con International in July 2012 . Gunn was hired to write and direct the film that September . In February 2013 , Pratt was hired to play Peter Quill / Star - Lord , and the supporting cast members were subsequently confirmed . Principal photography began in July 2013 at Shepperton Studios in England , with filming continuing in London before wrapping up in October 2013 . Post-production was finished on July 7 , 2014 . The film premiered in Hollywood on July 21 , 2014 . It was released in theaters on August 1 , 2014 in the United States in the 3D and IMAX 3D formats . The film became a critical and commercial success , grossing $773.3 million worldwide and becoming the highest - grossing superhero film of 2014 , as well as the third highest - grossing film of 2014 . The film garnered praise for its humor , action , soundtrack , visual effects , direction , musical score , and acting . A sequel , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , was released on May 5 , 2017 , with a third film , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 , scheduled to be released in 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.1. 1 Writing 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.4. 1 Visual effects 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.1. 1 Merchandise 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequels 7.1 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 7.2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1988 , following his mother 's death , a young Peter Quill is abducted from Earth by the Ravagers , a group of space pirates led by Yondu Udonta . Twenty - six years later on the planet Morag , Quill steals an orb but is attacked by Korath , a subordinate to the fanatical Kree , Ronan . Although Quill escapes with the orb , Yondu discovers his theft and issues a bounty for his capture , while Ronan sends the assassin Gamora after the orb . When Quill attempts to sell the orb on Xandar , capital of the Nova Empire , Gamora ambushes him and steals it . A fight ensues , drawing in a pair of bounty hunters : the genetically and cybernetically modified raccoon Rocket , and the tree - like humanoid Groot . Nova Corps officers capture the four , detaining them in the Kyln . A powerful inmate there , Drax , attempts to kill Gamora due to her association with Ronan , who killed his family . Quill convinces Drax that Gamora can bring Ronan to him , though Gamora reveals that she has betrayed Ronan , unwilling to let him use the orb 's power . Learning that Gamora has a buyer for the orb , Quill , Rocket , Groot , and Drax work with her to escape the Kyln in Quill 's ship , the Milano . Ronan meets with Gamora 's adoptive father , Thanos , to discuss her betrayal . Quill 's group flee to Knowhere , a remote criminal outpost in space built in the giant severed head of a Celestial . A drunken Drax summons Ronan while the rest of the group meet Gamora 's contact , the collector Taneleer Tivan . Tivan opens the orb , revealing an Infinity Stone , an item of immeasurable power that destroys all but the most powerful beings who wield it . Tivan 's tormented assistant Carina grabs the Stone , triggering an explosion that engulfs Tivan 's archive . Ronan arrives and easily defeats Drax , while the others flee by ship , pursued by Ronan 's followers and Gamora 's adoptive sister Nebula . Nebula destroys Gamora 's ship , leaving her floating in space , and Ronan 's fighters capture the orb . Quill contacts Yondu before following Gamora into space , giving her his helmet to survive ; Yondu arrives and retrieves the pair . Rocket , Drax , and Groot threaten to attack Yondu 's ship to rescue them , but Quill negotiates a truce , promising the orb to Yondu . Quill 's group agrees that facing Ronan means certain death , but that they can not let him use the Infinity Stone to destroy the galaxy . On Ronan 's flagship , the Dark Aster , Ronan embeds the Stone in his warhammer , taking its power for himself . He contacts Thanos , threatening to kill him after first destroying Xandar ; hateful of her adoptive father , Nebula allies with Ronan . The Ravagers and Quill 's group join with the Nova Corps to confront the Dark Aster at Xandar , with Quill 's group breaching the Dark Aster with the Milano . Ronan uses his empowered warhammer to destroy the Nova Corps fleet . Gamora fights and defeats Nebula , who then escapes , but the group find themselves outmatched by Ronan 's power until Rocket crashes a Ravager ship through the Dark Aster . The damaged Dark Aster crash - lands on Xandar , with Groot sacrificing himself to shield the group . Ronan emerges from the wreck and prepares to destroy Xandar , but Quill distracts him , allowing Drax and Rocket to destroy Ronan 's warhammer . Quill grabs the freed Stone , and with Gamora , Drax , and Rocket sharing its burden , they use it to destroy Ronan . In the aftermath , Quill tricks Yondu into taking a container supposedly containing the Stone , and gives the real Stone to the Nova Corps . As the Ravagers leave Xandar , Yondu remarks that it turned out well that they did not deliver Quill to his father per their contract . Quill 's group , now known as the Guardians of the Galaxy , have their criminal records expunged , and Quill learns that he is only half - human , his father being part of an ancient , unknown species . Quill finally opens the last present he received from his mother : a cassette tape filled with her favorite songs . The Guardians leave in the rebuilt Milano along with a sapling cut from Groot . In a post-credits scene , Tivan sits in his destroyed archive with two of his living exhibits : a canine cosmonaut and an anthropomorphic duck . Cast ( edit ) The cast of Guardians of the Galaxy promoting the film at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International . From top to bottom : Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Pace , Rooker , Gillan , Hounsou , and del Toro . ( Scrollable image ) Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star - Lord : The half - human , half - alien leader of the Guardians who was abducted from Missouri as a child in 1988 and raised by a group of alien thieves and smugglers called the Ravagers . About the character , Pratt said , `` He had a hard time as a kid , and now he goes around space , making out with hot alien girls and just being a rogue and a bit of a jerk , and through teaming up with these guys , finds a higher purpose for himself . '' He also added that the character is a mix of Han Solo and Marty McFly . Pratt , who was mostly known for playing supporting characters , including Andy Dwyer on the television series Parks and Recreation , initially turned down the role . Pratt had lost weight to portray fit characters in films such as Moneyball and Zero Dark Thirty , and had given up ambitions to play the lead role in action films after humbling auditions for Star Trek and Avatar . Casting director Sarah Finn suggested Pratt to Gunn , who dismissed the idea despite struggling to cast that role . Despite this , Finn arranged for a meeting between the two , at which point Gunn was immediately convinced that Pratt was perfect for the role . Pratt also won over Feige , despite having gained weight again for Delivery Man . Prior to filming , Pratt underwent a strict diet and training regimen to lose 60 lb ( 27 kg ) in six months . Pratt signed a multi-film contract with Marvel , and was granted a temporary leave from his work on Parks and Recreation in order to accommodate his participation in the film . Wyatt Oleff portrays a young Quill . Zoe Saldana as Gamora : An orphan from an alien world who seeks redemption for her past crimes . She was trained by Thanos to be his personal assassin . Saldana said that she became Gamora through make - up rather than computer generated imagery ( CGI ) or performance capture . On taking the role , Saldana said , `` I was just excited to be asked to join by James Gunn and to also play someone green . I 've been blue before ( in Avatar ) . '' Saldana described Gamora as `` ... a warrior , she 's an assassin and she 's very lethal but what saves her is the same thing that can doom her . She has a sense of righteousness . She 's a very righteous individual . '' Dave Bautista as Drax the Destroyer : A warrior who seeks to avenge his family 's death at the hands of Ronan . On relating to the character , Bautista said , `` I can just relate to Drax so much it 's not even funny . Just the simple things that we have in common . Simple things like the tattoos , the tragedy -- because you know , I had a bit of tragedy in my life as well . So it 's really easy for me to pull from that . '' Bautista also said that there was `` a lot of comic relief to Drax '' , but the character was not aware of it . Bautista stated that he did not do much preparation for the role , because `` Luckily , for me , I 'm a lifelong athlete and I adapted real quick . '' Bautista 's makeup took approximately four hours to apply , though it could be removed in just 90 minutes . Drax has various scarring patterns on his body , which replace the simple tattoos from the comics , each having a specific story . Additionally , his skin tone was changed from the bright green in the comics to a muddier grey , to avoid visual similarities to the Hulk . Vin Diesel as Groot : A tree - like humanoid who is the accomplice of Rocket . Diesel stated that he provided the voice and motion capture for Groot , after originally being in talks to star in a new Phase Three Marvel film . Diesel also provided Groot 's voice for several foreign - language releases of the film . Krystian Godlewski portrayed the character on set , though his acting was not used in the final character CGI . On the character , which Gunn based on his dog , Gunn said , `` All the Guardians start out the movie as bastards -- except Groot . He 's an innocent . He 's a hundred percent deadly and a hundred percent sweet . He 's caught up in Rocket 's life , really . '' Gunn added that the design and movement of Groot took `` the better part of a year '' to create . Gunn added , `` The ways in which Vin Diesel says , ' I am Groot , ' I am astounded . All of the ' I am Groots ' that were earlier voices did n't sound very good at all ... Vin came in and in one day , laid down all these ' I am Groot ' tracks , and he 's a perfectionist . He made me explain to him with ever ( sic ) ' I am Groot , ' exactly what he was saying ... It was amazing when we first put that voice in there how much the character changed and how much he influenced the character . '' Regarding the limited words used by Groot , Diesel said in many ways this was , `` ... the most challenging thing to ask an actor to do . '' Diesel found an emotional note in his performance , invoking the death of his friend and Fast and Furious co-star Paul Walker , saying , `` This was in December ( 2013 ) , and the first time I came back to dealing with human beings after dealing with death , so playing a character who celebrates life in the way Groot does was very nice . '' Groot 's form and size - changing abilities are seen , with Gunn stating that he has the ability to grow in the film . Bradley Cooper as Rocket : A genetically engineered raccoon - like bounty hunter and mercenary who is a master of weapons and battle tactics . Gunn worked with live raccoons to get the correct feel for the character , and to make sure it was `` not a cartoon character '' , saying , `` It 's not Bugs Bunny in the middle of the Avengers , it 's a real , little , somewhat mangled beast that 's alone . There 's no one else in the universe quite like him , he 's been created by these guys to be a mean - ass fighting machine . '' Gunn also based the character on himself . Describing Rocket in relation to the rest of the Guardians , Cooper said , `` I think Rocket is dynamic . He 's the sort of Joe Pesci in Goodfellas guy . '' Cooper voiced Rocket , while Sean Gunn ( James ' younger brother ) stood in for the character during filming . James Gunn said that for the role of Rocket , some physical movement from Cooper , including facial expressions and hand movements , was recorded as potential reference for the animators , though much of Sean Gunn 's acting is used throughout the film . Before Cooper was cast , James Gunn said that it was a challenge finding a voice for Rocket , that he was looking for someone that could balance `` the fast - talking speech patterns that Rocket has , but also can be funny , because he is really funny . But also has the heart that Rocket has . Because there are actually some pretty dramatic scenes with Rocket . '' Lee Pace as Ronan the Accuser : A Kree radical who agrees to retrieve an artifact for Thanos in exchange for eradicating his mortal enemies , the Xandarians . Ronan and his Sakaaran army hunt down the Guardians when they interfere with his goals . Describing Ronan , Gunn said , `` He is the primary villain , and he is a really twisted guy , he has a really religious bent in this film . He has a very sick and twisted view of what morality is ; strength is virtue and weakness is sin and that is what he lives by , and I think he is very scary because of his beliefs , which are real to him . '' Pace , who originally auditioned for Peter Quill , described Ronan as a `` psycho '' and a `` monster '' . Michael Rooker as Yondu Udonta : A blue - skinned bandit who is the leader of the Ravagers and a paternal figure to Quill . Yondu helps Quill to steal the orb before Quill betrays him , leaving Yondu and the Ravagers to chase the Guardians . On the character , Rooker said , he has `` some interesting issues -- not a good guy , not a bad guy . There 's hope and there 's a heart inside Yondu . '' Gunn created the film 's version of the character specifically with Rooker in mind , while borrowing the character 's mohawk and use of a whistle - controlled arrow from the comics . Rooker fully committed to the role once he knew his role on the TV series The Walking Dead would be ending . Rooker 's makeup took approximately four hours to apply . Karen Gillan as Nebula : An adopted daughter of Thanos who was raised with Gamora as siblings and is a loyal lieutenant in the employ of Ronan and Thanos . About the character , Gillan said , `` She is the female villain of the film ... She is very sadistic and evil , but I like to think for a very valid reason . '' She also added , `` I think she 's a really interesting character . What I like to play around with is how jealous she is . She 's Gamora 's sister , and there 's a lot of sibling rivalry . That 's the most interesting aspect to me , because jealousy can consume you and turn you bitter , and ugly . And she 's a total sadist , so that 's fun too . '' Gillan researched the ancient Spartans , shaved off her hair , and trained for two months for the role . The character 's makeup took approximately four and a half hours to be applied . Djimon Hounsou as Korath : A Kree ally of Ronan who is a feared intergalactic hunter . As to why he took the role Hounsou said , `` I have a four - year old son who loves superheroes from Spider - Man to Iron Man to Batman . He 's got all the costumes . One day he looks at me and says ' Dad , I want to be light - skinned so I could be Spider - Man . Spider - Man has light skin . ' That was sort of a shock . This is why I am excited to be a part of the Marvel Universe , so I could hopefully provide that diversity in the role of the superhero . '' John C. Reilly as Rhomann Dey : A corpsman in the Nova Corps , the Nova Empire 's military and police force . Glenn Close as Irani Rael : The leader of the Nova Corps , known as Nova Prime , whose mission is to protect the citizens of the Nova Empire and keep peace . Close stated that she `` had always wanted to be in a movie like ( Guardians of the Galaxy ) , and that it would be `` the most fun to play something like the Judi Dench ( as M or ) Samuel L. Jackson ( as Nick Fury ) role '' . She said that she took the role because she `` love ( s ) to do stuff that 's different '' and wanted to show that she `` ( has ) always been up for anything . '' She also stated that her contract has `` several '' films on it , and that she would be open to working on other Marvel Studios films in addition to returning for Guardians sequels . Benicio del Toro as Taneleer Tivan / The Collector : An obsessive keeper of the largest collection of interstellar fauna , relics , and species in the galaxy who operates out of a place in space named Knowhere . Describing del Toro 's performance , Gunn said , `` He 's like an outer - space Liberace . That 's what it says in the script , which he 's kind of doing . '' On bringing the character to life , del Toro said , `` What James ( Gunn ) wanted , that I found out little by little as I was doing it , is that he wanted me to explore and just keep pushing the character and keep creating ( him ) as I was in front of the camera . '' Additionally , Josh Brolin appears , uncredited , as Thanos through voice acting and performance capture . Sean Gunn stood in for Thanos during filming and portrays Kraglin , Yondu 's first mate in the Ravagers . Alexis Denisof reprises his role as Thanos 's vizier , `` The Other '' , from The Avengers . Ophelia Lovibond plays Carina , the Collector 's slave ; Peter Serafinowicz plays Denarian Garthan Saal , a Nova Corps officer ; Gregg Henry plays Quill 's grandfather ; Laura Haddock plays Quill 's mother , Meredith ; Melia Kreiling plays Bereet ; Christopher Fairbank plays The Broker ; Mikaela Hoover plays Nova Prime 's assistant ; Marama Corlett plays a pit boss at the bar , The Boot ; Emmett J. Scanlan plays a Nova riot guard ; Alexis Rodney plays Moloka Dar ; Tom Proctor plays Horuz , a Ravager ; and Spencer Wilding plays a prison guard who confiscates Quill 's Walkman . Canine actor Fred appears as Cosmo . Stephen Blackehart had a supporting role . Naomi Ryan also had a supporting role in the film , though it was cut in the final version . Cameos in the film include : James Gunn as a Sakaaran ; Stan Lee as a Xandarian Ladies ' Man ; Lloyd Kaufman as an inmate ; Nathan Fillion as the voice of an inmate ; Rob Zombie as the voice of the Ravager Navigator ; composer Tyler Bates as a Ravager pilot ; and Seth Green as the voice of Howard the Duck . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` I think anybody ... who would have said that this would make a great main movie would have been laughed off . It 's such an unlikely thing to do . So I think it 's lovely to work on something and expose its potential to the point where a company like Marvel will say , ' Yes , this makes sense . ' '' -- Dan Abnett , co-writer of the 2008 Guardians of the Galaxy relaunch , on the project Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige first mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International , stating , `` There are some obscure titles , too , like Guardians of the Galaxy . I think they 've been revamped recently in a fun way in the ( comic ) book . '' Feige reiterated that sentiment in a September 2011 issue of Entertainment Weekly , saying , `` There 's an opportunity to do a big space epic , which Thor sort of hints at , in the cosmic side '' of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Feige added , should the film be made , it would feature an ensemble of characters , similar to X-Men and The Avengers . Feige announced that the film was in active development at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International during the Marvel Studios panel , with an intended release date of August 1 , 2014 . He stated that the film 's titular team would consist of the characters Star - Lord , Drax the Destroyer , Gamora , Groot , and Rocket Raccoon . Two pieces of concept art were also displayed , one of Rocket Raccoon , and one featuring the entire team . In August 2012 , James Gunn entered talks to direct the film , beating out other contenders , including Peyton Reed and the duo Ryan Fleck and Anna Boden . The Avengers director Joss Whedon , who signed a deal to creatively consult on all of the films leading up to The Avengers sequel , was enthusiastic about the selection of Gunn to direct , saying `` James ( Gunn ) is what makes me think it will work ... He is so off the wall , and so crazy , but so smart , such a craftsman and he builds from his heart . He loves the raccoon . Needs the raccoon ... He has a very twisted take on it , but it all comes from a real love for the material . It 's going to be hard for ( the human characters ) to keep up . '' Writing ( edit ) Nicole Perlman , who was enrolled in Marvel 's screenwriting program in 2009 , was offered several of their lesser known properties to base a screenplay on . Out of those , Perlman chose Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning 's Guardians of the Galaxy , due to her interest in space and science fiction , adding , `` I think ( Marvel ) were a little taken aback when I chose Guardians , because there were ones that would make a lot more sense if you were a romantic - comedy writer or something like that . '' Perlman spent two years writing a draft , immersing herself in the Guardians universe , and was asked in late 2011 to create another draft , before Gunn was brought in in early 2012 to contribute to the script . Gunn eventually rewrote the script entirely because `` it did n't work '' for him ; he would use the film The Dirty Dozen as a reference to convey his ideas of the film to Marvel . Gunn later explained that Perlman 's draft was very different from the script he used during filming , including a different story , character arcs and no Walkman ; he stated , `` In Nicole 's script everything is pretty different ... it 's not about the same stuff . But that 's how the WGA works . They like first writers an awful lot . '' In August 2012 , Marvel Studios hired writer Chris McCoy to rewrite Perlman 's script , however , it is unclear what contribution he had to the final script , since he did not receive production credit . Gunn revealed that character introductions were the `` hardest scenes to crack '' , with Thanos ' introduction being the most difficult . He felt that `` having Thanos be in that scene was more helpful to the ( MCU ) than it was to Guardians of the Galaxy , '' yet he still wanted Thanos in the film , without `` ( belittling ) the actual antagonist of the film , which is Ronan . '' To solve his dilemma , Gunn chose to have Ronan kill `` The Other '' , Thanos ' vizier , saying , `` I thought that was interesting , because we 've had the Other , who 's obviously very powerful even in comparison to Loki , and then we see Ronan wipe his ass with him . So that I liked , but even that was sort of difficult , because it played as funnier when I first wrote it , and the humor did n't work so much . '' Pre-production ( edit ) In September 2012 , Gunn confirmed that he had signed on to direct the film and rewrite the script . By the end of November , Joel Edgerton , Jack Huston , Jim Sturgess , and Eddie Redmayne signed deals to test for the role of Peter Quill , as did Lee Pace , which he confirmed a week later in early December . Other actors who were considered for the role included Thor : The Dark World 's Zachary Levi , Joseph Gordon - Levitt , Michael Rosenbaum , and John Gallagher Jr . Chris Pratt was cast in the role in February 2013 , as part of a multi-film deal that he signed with Marvel . Gunn promoting the film at 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International In January 2013 , filming was scheduled to take place at Shepperton Studios in London , United Kingdom , and Marvel Studios announced that the film would be released in 3D . Victoria Alonso , an executive producer on the film , said that filming would begin in June . She also said that both Rocket Raccoon and Groot would be created through a combination of CGI and motion capture , going on to say that `` You ca n't do any motion capture with a raccoon -- they wo n't let you put the suit on . But we will do rotomation , probably , for some of the behavior ... we definitely will have performers to emulate what James Gunn will lead to be , the behavior and the performance . He 's very clear on where he wants to take the characters . '' In March 2013 , Feige discussed Guardians of the Galaxy in relation to the Marvel Cinematic Universe , saying , `` It 's much more of a standalone film . It takes place in the same universe . And when we 've been on the other side of that universe in other movies , you might see those characteristics in Guardians , but the Avengers are not involved with what 's happening out there at this time . '' Feige also stated that 95 % of the film would take place in space . In mid-March , Dave Bautista was signed to play Drax the Destroyer . Other actors who had been considered for the role included Isaiah Mustafa , Brian Patrick Wade and Jason Momoa . By the following week , sculptor Brian Muir , who sculpted Darth Vader 's mask for the Star Wars films , was revealed to be working on the film . In early April 2013 , Zoe Saldana entered into negotiations to star as Gamora in the film , and it was confirmed she had been cast later that month . Also in April , Michael Rooker joined the film 's cast as Yondu , and it was announced that Ophelia Lovibond had been cast in a supporting role . By this point in time , Lee Pace was in final negotiations to play the villain of the film . In May , Marvel offered John C. Reilly the role of Rhomann Dey . At the same time , it was disclosed that filmmakers were looking at actors including Hugh Laurie , Alan Rickman , and Ken Watanabe , for another role , and that Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely were providing finishing touches to the script . A few days later , Glenn Close was cast as the head of the Nova Corps in the film , followed shortly by the casting of Karen Gillan as the film 's lead female villain . By June 2013 , Benicio del Toro was cast in the film , as part of a multi-film deal with Marvel Studios . Later in the month , it was confirmed that Reilly had been cast as Rhomann Dey . Special effects makeup designer David White took head and body casts of actors , such as Bautista , to experiment with materials used to create the characters . White said , `` James always pushed for practical and makeup effects . He wanted , like me , to see the real deal there on set . '' White was careful not to use `` modern '' creature designs to ensure they did not fall short in Gunn 's uniquely envisioned world . White and his team created upwards of 1,000 prosthetic makeup applications and 2,000 molds of different colored aliens . For the specific aesthetic look to the film , Gunn wanted to create `` a colorful science - fiction world '' , and include elements of 1950s and 60s pulp movies , citing the Ravagers ' spaceships , which he compared to muscle cars , as an example of the latter . Science fiction artist Chris Foss inspired and helped design the final look of some of the spacecrafts that appear in the film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began around July 6 , 2013 in London , United Kingdom , under the working title of Full Tilt . Filming took place at Shepperton Studios and Longcross Studios . Later in July , Gunn and the film 's cast flew from London to attend San Diego Comic - Con International , where it was revealed that Pace would play Ronan the Accuser , Gillan would be Nebula , del Toro as The Collector , and that Djimon Hounsou had been cast as Korath . Close was later revealed to play Nova Prime Irani Rael . Also at San Diego Comic - Con , Feige stated that Thanos would be a part of the film as the `` mastermind '' . On August 11 , 2013 , filming began at London 's Millennium Bridge , which was selected as a double for Xandar . In August 2013 , Marvel announced that Bradley Cooper would voice Rocket . On September 3 , 2013 , Gunn said that filming was `` a little over half ( way ) '' complete . Also in September , Vin Diesel stated that he was voicing Groot . However , Marvel did not confirm Diesel 's involvement in the film at the time . On October 12 , 2013 , Gunn announced on social media that filming had completed . Director of photography Ben Davis used Arri Alexa XT cameras for the film , saying , `` I 'm traditionally a photochemical fan , but going with the digital format was the right way for this movie ... the Alexa ( provided ) the right look for this particular film . '' During the opening scenes in the 1980s , Davis chose JDC Cooke Xtal ( Crystal ) Express anamorphic prime lenses because they `` had more anamorphic artifacts and aberrations , which ( he ) felt added something . '' Davis used spherical Panavision Primos for the rest of the film . Additionally , Davis worked closely with production designer Charles Wood in order to achieve the correct lighting looks for each scene . Dealing with two fully CGI characters forced Davis to shoot scenes multiple times , usually once with the references for the characters and once without them in the shot . Gunn revealed that his brother , Sean Gunn , took on multiple roles during the filming process , such as standing in for Rocket , which he noted was beneficial for the other actors , including Saldana , Pratt , and Bautista , who responded positively to Sean and his on - set performances . Special effects makeup designer David White made two life - size versions of Rocket and a bust of Groot as aids for visual effects , with White saying , `` it gives ( the filmmakers ) a good indication of where visual effects needs to pick up and whether Rocket can actually reach certain things or use certain devices . '' These busts were also used to see how the on - set lighting would affect the characters , to assist with the visual effects lighting process . In January 2015 , Disney revealed that the film came in `` slightly over the agreed budget '' at $232.3 million , with Disney receiving a rebate of $36.4 million from the British government . It was previously estimated to have had a $170 million budget . Post-production ( edit ) In November 2013 , Gunn stated that he attempted to use as many practical effects as possible while filming to aid the use of CGI and motion capture during post-production , saying , `` Our sets are enormous . We have a prison that is 350,000 pounds of steel . Anybody who knows me knows I love the mix of practical and CGI effects ... I ca n't wait for people to see it , because it 's astonishingly beautiful . '' After the release of Thor : The Dark World , Feige stated that the Infinity Stones would be a focus in the film , as well as going forward into the Phase Three slate of films within the MCU . In a separate interview for The Dark World in November , Feige added that a third , unknown Infinity Stone would be seen in the film , referred to as the `` Power Stone '' by the Collector . The mid-credits scene in The Dark World revealed Lovibond 's role as the Collector 's aide , later named Carina . In December 2013 , Marvel confirmed that Diesel would voice Groot . A few weeks of additional filming , involving the film 's main cast and crew , occurred in March 2014 at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California . In April 2014 , Gunn described Thanos as the `` head of the snake '' in the film , and confirmed he would appear via performance capture . In May 2014 , Gunn stated that the film features an `` enormous '' amount of smaller and minor characters from the Marvel Universe , adding that he felt the film had the most characters overall of any Marvel Studios film to date . Costume supervisor Dan Grace added to this by saying , `` We really , really get the feeling of the scale and scope of the galaxy . We visit five planets , we see a hundred different races . '' The film introduces the alien race Sakaaran , who act as Ronan 's mercenaries , as a replacement to the Badoon , as the Badoon film rights belonged to 20th Century Fox . By the end of May , Josh Brolin was revealed as the voice of Thanos , with Feige confirming in July that Brolin also provided the performance capture for the character . Thanos communicates via hologram for much of the film , though he does appear in a scene with Ronan and Nebula . In June 2014 , Feige added that Thanos and his followers are `` the biggest piece of connective tissue that will eventually lead us back into Avengers films in the future . '' On casting Brolin , Feige said , We reached out to him and it was one of those things that does not happen all the time but when it does it 's very nice , where he was totally intrigued . He was a fan of what we did , he met with Jeremy Latcham in a hotel in London and learned about the characters a little bit . I spoke to him on the phone a few times . We ran it by James who loved it , ran it by Joss ( Whedon ) who loved it because Thanos is in this universe because of Avengers . Then we shot him and recorded for it . On July 7 , 2014 , Gunn announced on social media that he had completed work on the film . In August , regarding the post-credit scene , Gunn revealed that the scene did not involve Howard the Duck when it was originally filmed , rather he was added during post-production , a decision made by `` some combination of ( Gunn ) and the editor Fred Raskin '' . As the decision to add the character was made late in the post-production process , he had to be designed that day , before being handed off to Sony Pictures Imageworks to animate . Also in August , regarding the pre-credit scene of Groot dancing , Gunn stated that he himself danced to provide motion reference for the animators , and that the decision was made to place the scene before the credits , rather than during or after them , because of positive responses from a test audience , which made Marvel and Gunn feel that they did not want `` people walking out and missing this thing '' . Marvel used design firm Sarofsky once again for the film 's title sequences , after liking their work for Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Sarofsky developed a custom typeface based on the font used in the teaser posters for the opening credits , which was tinted orange to offer a better contrast to the film 's blue and grey imagery . One of the typography solutions offered before the final product wound up being repurposed as the locator cards seen throughout the film . Visual effects ( edit ) The Gardens by the Bay ( top ) in Singapore helped inspire the look of the planet Xandar ( bottom ) . The film featured 2,750 visual effects shots , which make up approximately 90 % of the film . The visual effects were created by : Moving Picture Company ( MPC ) , who worked on creating Groot , as well as Morag , Xandar , the Dark Aster and the final battle on Xandar ; Framestore , who worked on creating Rocket , extending the Kyln prison set and constructing Knowhere ; Luma Pictures , who worked on Thanos ; Method Studios , who worked on creating the Orb opening and revealing its powers , as well as the holographic displays at the Nova Corps command center ; Lola VFX ; Cantina Creative ; Sony Pictures Imageworks , who worked on Howard the Duck and creating the Dark Aster shots with MPC ; CoSA VFX ; Secret Lab ; Rise Visual Effects Studios ; and Technicolor VFX . Pre - and post-visualizations were done by Proof and The Third Floor , with Proof also contributing to the creation of Rocket and Groot . Producer Nik Korda noted how helpful it was to have Sean Gunn and Krystian Godlewski portray Rocket and Groot on set , as it provided references for lighting and on - set performances to the animators . When creating Groot , MPC realized early on that his eyes would be essential in maintaining the character 's human qualities , as his face could n't move in the way that humans ' do . MPC visual effects supervisor Nicolas Aithadi explained that , `` When you look at humans what makes the eyes interesting is the imperfections -- trying to make these two irises not aimed at the same place -- trying to make them strange and look more human . '' Textures for Groot came from a number of sources , including inspiration from a botanical garden in London , and the character was modeled as individual branches , rigged individually , to simulate a muscle system for the character . One of the major challenges for Framestore in creating Rocket was his fur . Framestore 's Rachel Williams explained that , since `` raccoon fur is made up from a layer of short fine hair and a layer of longer thicker hairs '' , these layers were separated and animated individually , removing the need to use `` guide hairs '' to control the movements of thick sections of fur . Framestore and MPC worked closely sharing assets , to ensure shots of Rocket at MPC would match the Rocket created by Framestore , and vice versa for when Groot was needed by the other studio . In order to give Thanos `` the performance and the weight that he deserved '' , Luma Pictures created a new facial animation system to re-create Josh Brolin as a fully CG character , using his `` eyes , some of his cheek , how his muscles move when he talks '' . The character 's large jaw , and the deep groves that run down his face , had `` to be carefully planned out with the movement of his face . '' Music ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy ( soundtrack ) In August 2013 , Gunn revealed that Tyler Bates would be composing the film 's score . Gunn stated that Bates would write some of the score first so that he can film to the music , as opposed to scoring to the film . In February 2014 , Gunn revealed that the film would incorporate songs from the 1960s and 1970s , such as `` Hooked on a Feeling '' , on a mixtape in Quill 's Walkman , which acts as a way for him to stay connected to the Earth , home , and family he lost . In May 2014 , Gunn added that using the songs from the 60s and 70s were `` cultural reference points '' , saying , `` It 's striking the balance throughout the whole movie , through something that is very unique , but also something that is easily accessible to people at the same time . The music and the Earth stuff is one of those touchstones that we have to remind us that , yeah , ( Quill ) is a real person from planet Earth who 's just like you and me . Except that he 's in this big outer space adventure . '' When choosing the songs , Gunn revealed he `` started the process by reading the Billboard charts for all of the top hits of the ' 70s '' , downloading `` a few hundred '' songs that were `` semi-familiar -- ones you recognize but might not be able to name off the top of your head '' and creating a playlist for all the songs that would fit the film tonally . He added that he `` would listen to the playlist on my speakers around the house -- sometimes I would be inspired to create a scene around a song , and other times I had a scene that needed music and I would listen through the playlist , visualizing various songs , figuring out which would work the best . '' Most of the songs were played on set to help `` the actors and the camera operators find the perfect groove for the shot '' , with David Bowie 's `` Moonage Daydream '' the only song chosen and added during post-production . Gunn also said that the opening scenes were designed with `` Hooked on a Feeling '' in mind ; however once Gunn discovered `` Come and Get Your Love '' , the song used in the sequence , Gunn felt it was a `` better fit . '' Three albums were released by Hollywood Records on July 29 , 2014 : The film 's score , Guardians of the Galaxy ( Original Score ) , which features the music composed by Bates for the film ; Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) , which comprises the twelve songs from Quill 's mixtape ; and a deluxe edition featuring both albums . By August 2014 , the album which mirrored Quill 's mixtape had reached the top of the Billboard 200 chart , becoming the first soundtrack album in history consisting entirely of previously released songs to top the chart . Hollywood Records also released a cassette version of the Awesome Mix Vol. 1 soundtrack on November 28 , 2014 , as an exclusive to Record Store Day participants . The cassette , which is the first cassette Disney Music Group has released since 2003 , comes with a digital download version of the album . Release ( edit ) Karen Gillan at the London premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy . The world premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy was held on July 21 , 2014 , at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood . The film was released theatrically in the United Kingdom on July 31 , 2014 , and in the United States on August 1 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . The film was released in 4,080 theaters in the United States , making it the widest August release , breaking the five year record held by G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra ( 4,007 theatres ) . The breakdown of venues was : 354 IMAX screens , 3,200 3D screens , 350 large format screens and 240 D - Box screens . In its sixth weekend , Guardians of the Galaxy was playing in 69 territories , its most . In June 2014 , Gunn stated that the film had always been planned as a 3D film , and `` Unlike many directors , I 've been actively involved with converting every shot to 3D , making sure it works perfectly for the story and the film , making sure it 's spectacular and immersive without being silly , distracting , or overly showy . '' Gunn also revealed that the IMAX 3D version would include shifting aspect ratios , to make the viewing experience `` even fuller and more encompassing . I 've personally chosen all the places where the changes occur ... The changing aspect ratios in this case are actually a part of the storytelling . '' In July 2014 , Gunn revealed that there were multiple scenes he had cut from the film , and he was investigating how to release them , either in an extended cut of the film , or as bonus features on the film 's home media release . Marketing ( edit ) The cast and crew of Guardians of the Galaxy at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International . ( L-R : producer Kevin Feige , Bautista , director James Gunn , del Toro , Saldana , Hounsou , Pace , Rooker , Gillan , and Pratt ) At Disney 's D23 Expo in August 2013 , Feige presented footage first revealed at the San Diego Comic - Con in July 2013 . The first trailer for the film debuted on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on February 18 , 2014 , with a special introduction by Chris Pratt . The Los Angeles Times said the trailer delivered `` some spirited alien action , with exploding spaceships and muscled bad guys , not to mention a few purely comedic moments , '' while spotlighting `` a number of the offbeat characters . '' Total Film noted the similarity of the trailer 's opening clip to the 1981 film , Raiders of the Lost Ark , which Gunn stated was a big influence for Guardians , and made note of the `` edgy '' humor used throughout . Total Film also noted the similarity of the trailer to the one debuted at Comic - Con and D23 , with a few new shots featuring Nebula and the Collector . Social media response to the trailer was strong , with 88,000 mentions across Twitter , Facebook and various blogs in a 12 - hour period . Those numbers were comparable to trailers for other superhero films like Man of Steel and The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , and noteworthy for the late night time period in which it premiered . The trailer received 22.8 million views in the 24 hours after it debuted . After the debut of the trailer , Blue Swede 's version of `` Hooked on a Feeling '' , which was prominently used throughout the trailer , went up 700 % in sales the following day . The line from Serafinowicz 's character , `` What a bunch of A-holes . '' , was only intended to be featured in the trailers , but due to its positive reception , was included in the final cut of the film . Gunn noted that a different teaser was almost released `` that was very cheesy ( and ) sold the movie as something different than what it was '' , as it tested better than the version that was ultimately released . Gunn credited the marketing teams at Marvel and Disney for having faith in the latter version , despite how it tested , over choosing the version that would have mis - marketed the film . In March 2014 , the Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' introduced the Kree race to the MCU , which began a storyline that recurs throughout the series and involves finding a hidden Kree city . Also in March , ABC aired a one - hour television special titled , Marvel Studios : Assembling a Universe , which included a sneak peek of Guardians of the Galaxy . Starting in April 2014 , a two - part comic was released , titled Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Prelude . Written by Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning , with art by Wellington Alves , the first issue focused on the background of Nebula and her bond with Thanos ; the second issue featured the adventures of Rocket and Groot before they join forces with the other Guardians . In June 2014 , Mike Pasciullo , senior VP of Marvel Studios , described the marketing approach for Guardians of the Galaxy by saying that Marvel had `` built a robust marketing program for the theatrical release that carefully integrates traditional advertising , social media , digital marketing , strategic promotional partnerships , organic entertainment integrations ( and ) publicity . '' In July 2014 , Marvel launched a viral marketing campaign for the film called `` Galaxy Getaways '' , a fictional travel website that allows users to book passage to some of the planets depicted in the film , including Xandar , Morag , and Knowhere . Beginning July 4 , 2014 , a sneak peek of the film was presented at Disneyland and Disney 's Hollywood Studios in the Magic Eye and ABC Sound Studio theaters , respectively . Approximately 14 minutes of the film was screened on July 7 , 2014 , in IMAX 3D in the United States , and 3D theaters and IMAX 3D in Canada , along with two trailers . The screening was met with positive reviews , praising the humor , the 3D and IMAX conversion , and Cooper 's portrayal of Rocket . However , it was criticized for beginning partway through the film , not allowing viewers to easily acclimate to the film 's tone , and for how the general audience might respond to a film within the MCU without established characters making appearances . On July 12 , 2014 , Gunn and the actors from the film promoted Guardians of the Galaxy at the Lido 8 Cineplex in Singapore . On July 17 , 2014 , Disney Interactive released an action RPG video game titled Guardians of the Galaxy : The Universal Weapon for iOS , Android and Windows devices . The game 's original story was written by Dan Abnett , and was meant to complement the film . On July 21 , Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Diesel and Cooper appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! to promote the film and debut some additional exclusive content . On July 29 , Pratt and Saldana rang the opening bell of the New York Stock Exchange as part of the film 's marketing strategy . On August 14 , Marvel released the scene of Groot dancing , which was shortly followed by an announcement from Funko that they were releasing a toy `` Dancing Groot '' . The Hollywood Reporter noted that the quick release of the scene from Marvel two weeks after the film 's theatrical release , along with the rush announcement from Funko , indicated the popularity of both the character and the scene . The scene also produced the word `` grooting '' , coined by Michael Rooker , in which a person dances similar to Groot , with the word entering the social media lexicon . Also in August , Marvel held a special screening of the film at Children 's Hospital Los Angeles , where Pratt dressed as Star - Lord to entertain the patients . Merchandise ( edit ) In June 2012 , Marvel filed eleven trademark applications for Guardians of the Galaxy , covering a variety of consumer products , from video games to cosmetics . Disney Consumer Products partnered with Mad Engine , C - Life , New Era , Hasbro , Disguise , Rubies , Sideshow Collectibles , Lego , KIDdesigns , iHome , Funko , Freeze , Fast Forward , and Innovative Designs to produce merchandise for the film , with releases starting in June 2014 . Mad Engine and C - Life were partnered as the core apparel outfitters , producing a line of T - shirts and fleece jackets , while New Era produced headwear and hats . Hasbro produced toys for the film ; Disguise and Rubies produced the costumes ; and Sideshow Collectibles was given charge of the collectibles . Lego announced three toy sets based on scenes from the film , while iHome created character speakers , Funko made vinyl bobble heads , Freeze crafted 1980s - inspired apparel , and backpacks and stationery were made by Fast Forward and Innovative Designs . Despite first films in a potential new franchise usually being off - limits to licensees , Marvel used Iron Man 's success as evidence of unknown characters becoming hits with audiences to attract partnerships . Licensees embraced Rocket as the film 's potential breakout character , with Drax and Gamora being used for older demographics ; Star - Lord 's obsession with 1980s nostalgia , including his `` Awesome Mix Vo. 1 '' cassette , has also served as a basis for tie - in products . In August 2014 , Funko announced a toy based on `` Dancing Groot '' , while in October 2014 , Marvel and KID designs announced a replica of dancing Groot , for release in December 2014 . In December 2014 , Disney made a second marketing push , to coincide with the film 's home media release with additional merchandise . Merchandise partners included : KID designs with its replica dancing Groot ; Funko 's Fabrikations line with a plush Rocket ; Mattel 's Hot Wheels character cars ; C - Life , Hybrid - Jem Sportswear , Freeze , MZ Berger , Accutime , AME and Her Universe with apparel ; ThinkGeek with jewelry and watches ; American Greetings with cards ; Jay Franco with homegoods ; and Vandor with drinkware . Additional partners included Mad Engine , Just Play and Dragon Models . Paul Gitter , senior vice president of Marvel licensing at Disney Consumer Products said , `` The demand for Guardians of the Galaxy merchandise has been truly out of this world . Our merchandising and retail partners are doing a tremendous job of providing creative and innovative ways for fans to continue interacting with these popular characters and showcase their fandom year round . '' Home media ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy was released for digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on November 18 , 2014 and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , and DVD on November 24 , 2014 , in the United Kingdom and on December 9 in the United States . The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes , audio commentary , deleted scenes , a blooper reel , and an exclusive preview of Avengers : Age of Ultron . As of October 4 , 2015 , the film has earned over $118 million in sales in the US . The film was also included in the 13 - disc box set , titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released on December 8 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy earned $333.2 million in North America and an estimated $440.2 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $773.3 million . The film became the third highest - grossing film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , behind The Avengers and Iron Man 3 . It was the third highest - grossing 2014 film ( behind Transformers : Age of Extinction and The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ) and the highest - grossing superhero film of 2014 . It had a worldwide opening weekend of $160.7 million . Deadline.com calculated the net profit for the film to be $204.2 million , when factoring together `` production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses , and ancillary revenues from VOD to DVD and TV , '' placing it fifth on their list of 2014 's `` Most Valuable Blockbusters '' . North America ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy earned $11.2 million on its Thursday night pre-opening , surpassing Captain America : The Winter Soldier 's gross ( $10.2 million ) for the biggest Thursday evening start for a movie in 2014 . IMAX accounted for 17 % of the total gross ( $1.9 million ) , which was the biggest August pre-release in IMAX format . On its opening day , the film earned $37.8 million , including the Thursday night earnings . Guardians of the Galaxy was the number one movie during its opening weekend and grossed $94.3 million , setting an August weekend record . During the opening weekend , IMAX earnings amounted to $11.7 million and 3 - D showings accounted for 45 % of ticket sales . The film 's success was partially attributed to its appeal to both genders : the opening weekend audience was 44 % female , which is the biggest proportion ever for a MCU film ; 55 % of the opening - weekend audience was over the age of 25 . Although the film fell to second place in its second and third weekends , behind Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , the film was number one in its fourth , fifth and sixth weekend . By doing so , it became the first film in 2014 to top the domestic box office in non-consecutive weeks , the first film of the summer ( May -- August ) to be the number one film in three weekends and the first MCU film to be the top film for four weeks , surpassing Captain America : The Winter Soldier and The Avengers , both of which were number one for three weeks , and tied The Dark Knight for the most weeks at number one among comic book - based films . Phil Contrino , vice president and chief analyst of BoxOffice.com felt Guardians success was `` unconventional '' and was `` shattering expectations '' . The film remained in the top 10 for ten weekends . The film was the top grossing film of summer 2014 ( ahead of Transformers : Age of Extinction ) , first of 2014 to pass $300 million for its domestic gross , and was the third highest - grossing domestic film of 2014 ( behind American Sniper and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ) . The film was said to have `` injected life '' into an otherwise lower than normal summer box office . Outside North America ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy was released in 42 international markets and grossed $66.4 million on its opening weekend . The biggest debuts came from Russia ( $13 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $10.8 million ) , Mexico ( $6.5 million ) , Brazil ( $6.5 million ) and South Korea ( $4.7 million ) . The film topped the weekend box office two times , in its first and second weekends . In its eleventh weekend , the film opened in China , earning $29.8 million , its largest , and became the third highest opening in the country for any Disney release , behind Iron Man 3 and Captain America : The Winter Soldier , and was an all - time industry record opening in October . The following weekend saw an additional $21.3 million from China , making China the highest grossing market with $69 million . The film 's three biggest markets in total earnings were : China ( $96.5 million ) ; the UK ( $47.4 million ) ; and Russia ( $37.5 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 91 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 based on 288 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Guardians of the Galaxy is just as irreverent as fans of the frequently zany Marvel comic would expect -- as well as funny , thrilling , full of heart , and packed with visual splendor . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 52 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore audiences gave Guardians of the Galaxy an `` A '' grade rating on an A+ to F scale , while earning an `` A + '' among under - 18 and 25 - to 34 - year - old viewers . Scott Foundas of Variety said `` James Gunn 's presumptive franchise - starter is overlong , overstuffed and sometimes too eager to please , but the cheeky comic tone keeps things buoyant -- as does Chris Pratt 's winning performance '' , and praised the film 's look created by cinematographer Ben Davis , production designer Charles Wood , and special effects makeup designer David White . Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter also praised the film 's look , and felt `` A well - matched ensemble rises to the challenge of launching a heroic origin film with distinctive style , abundant thrills and no shortage of humor . '' The Daily Telegraph 's Robbie Collin said , `` A brand new summer family blockbuster this may be , but it plays by old , half - forgotten rules ; trimming out the clutter and cross-referencing for snappy , streamlined , Saturday - cartoon fun '' . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said , `` Blessed with a loose , anarchic B - picture soul that encourages you to enjoy yourself even when you 're not quite sure what 's going on , the scruffy Guardians is irreverent in a way that can bring the first Star Wars to mind , in part because it has some of the most unconventional heroes this side of the Mos Eisley Cantina . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said , `` While Guardians takes you down one after another crazy narrative turn , it also pulls you into -- and , for the most part , keeps you in -- a fully realized other world . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times said , `` Guardians of the Galaxy is a late summer treat -- a mostly lighthearted and self - referential comic - book movie with loads of whiz - bang action , some laugh - out - loud moments and a couple of surprisingly beautiful and touching scenes as well , '' calling it `` a refreshing confection of entertainment . '' Jim Starlin , creator of Drax the Destroyer , Gamora , and Thanos , said it `` might be Marvel 's best movie yet '' . Jake Coyle of the Associated Press was more critical of the film , calling it `` terribly overstuffed and many of the jokes get drowned out by the special effects ... The pervasive movie references detract from the stab at freshness , and Guardians depends all too much on the whimsy of ' 70s anthems for an original beat . '' He also felt that Close , Reilly and del Toro were underused in the film . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said , `` In place of wit , Guardians offers a sort of generalized willingness to be amusing , an atmosphere of high spirits that feels like lots of people pumping air into a tire that has a hole in it . Everyone is clearly working , but nothing is really happening -- and yet the effort is so evident that there 's an impulse to reward it . '' Kyle Smith of the New York Post also had a negative response to the film , comparing it to Howard the Duck and Green Lantern , and criticizing the dialogue , villains , soundtrack , lack of suspense , and the characters of Quill , Rocket , and Drax . The film received mixed reviews in China , where viewers complained that the film 's `` poor subtitle translation not only spoiled the fun of watching it , but also made it difficult to understand its humor . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award / Film Festival Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2014 CinemaCon Awards Breakthrough Performer of the Year Chris Pratt Won Detroit Film Critics Society Best Ensemble Guardians of the Galaxy Won Hollywood Film Awards Hollywood Blockbuster Award Guardians of the Galaxy Won Young Hollywood Awards Super Superhero Chris Pratt Nominated 2015 Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Action Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Actor in an Action Movie Chris Pratt Nominated Best Actress in an Action Movie Zoe Saldana Nominated Best Makeup David White Won Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Empire Awards Best Female Newcomer Karen Gillan Won Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Grammy Awards Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Contemporary Hair Styling in Feature Length Motion Picture Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Nominated Best Contemporary Make - Up in Feature Length Motion Picture Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Won Best Special Make - Up Effects in Feature Length Motion Picture David White Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Favorite Action Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Favorite Action Movie Actress Zoe Saldana Nominated MTV Movie Awards Movie of the Year Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Male Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best On - Screen Duo Bradley Cooper and Vin Diesel Nominated Best Shirtless Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best Musical Moment Chris Pratt Nominated Best Comedic Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best On - Screen Transformation Zoe Saldana Nominated Best Hero Chris Pratt Nominated Satellite Awards Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Top 10 Films of the Year Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Ensemble Acting Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Live Action Family Film Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Houston Film Critics Society Awards Best Picture Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Poster Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Charles Wood Won Writers Guild of America Awards Best Adapted Screenplay James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Nominated British Academy Film Awards Best Special Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti , Paul Corbould , Jonathan Fawkner , Nicolas Aithadi Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou and David White Nominated Academy Awards Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti , Nicolas Aithadi , Jonathan Fawkner and Paul Corbould Nominated Best Makeup and Hairstyling Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou and David White Nominated Saturn Awards Best Comic - to - Film Motion Picture Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Director James Gunn Won Best Writing James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Nominated Best Actor Chris Pratt Won Best Editing Fred Raskin , Craig Wood and Hughes Winborne Nominated Best Production Design Charles Wood Nominated Best Costume Alexandra Byrne Nominated Best Make - up David White and Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Won Best Special Effects Stephane Ceretti , Nicolas Aithadi , Jonathan Fawkner and Paul Corbould Nominated Hugo Awards ( Science Fiction Achievement Awards ) Best Dramatic Presentation ( Long Form ) James Gunn ( director , screenplay ) , Nicole Perlman ( screenplay ) Won Sequels ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 was released on May 5 , 2017 , again written and directed by James Gunn . Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Diesel , Cooper , Rooker , Gillan , and Sean Gunn all reprise their roles in the film , and are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis , Elizabeth Debicki as Ayesha , Chris Sullivan as Taserface , and Kurt Russell as Quill 's father Ego . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( edit ) In April 2017 , Gunn announced he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . It is scheduled to be released in 2020 . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring extraterrestrials Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Identified offscreen as Cosmo the Spacedog and Howard the Duck . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( IMAX ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sylt , Christian ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Reveals Guardians Of The Galaxy Was Over Budget At $232 Million '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . 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Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday Happy Birthday to one of my very best friends ( and Nova Prime 's assistant ) @ mikaelahoover ! Love you lots , Mikaela ! Follow her ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotg '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- Plenty Had To Be Removed From The Final Cut '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scanlan , Emmett J. ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Myself & the brilliant @ KarenGillan2 in @ JamesGunn AWESOME LOOKING # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sunu , Steve ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` '' Constantine '' Brings Jim Corrigan To Television `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gunn , James ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Also # FF AMAZING # gotg supporting cast @ Thejudgegunn @ MaramaCorlett @ AlexisRodney @ Melia_Kreiling @ GreggHenry88 @ BigSpenWilding '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rodney , Alexis ( August 30 , 2014 ) . `` Great unseen image from Guardians of the Galaxy featuring myself as ( Moloka Dar ) . From the dude himself ... '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians Tom Headshot '' . TomProctor.com . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bussey , Ben ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Teases Deleted Guardians Of The Galaxy Musical Scene '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Filming a scene with my old pal @ blackehart , who is unfortunately about to tangle with Drax the Destroyer @ DaveBautista . # gotg '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( April 27 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Lee Says He Will Cameo in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Cannes Interview : Lloyd Kaufman on Nuke ' Em High '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday I was grateful when my old boss , the president of Troma Entertainment , @ lloydkaufman , came to London to do a cameo in the film -- as a prisoner in the Kyln . Lloyd taught me more than anyone else about making films . One of the things that keeps me sane in this business is staying true to my roots -- whether with friends , family , or co-workers . As the world around me changes it 's nice to have some consistency in my personal life ( even if that consistency is as crazy as @ michael_rooker ) . Have a great day , folks ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotgFollow '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Orazio , Dante ( June 22 , 2014 ) . `` Nathan Fillion to make cameo in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( July 21 , 2014 ) . Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Red Carpet Premiere . YouTube . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phegley , Kiel ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Abnett & Lanning : A cosmic odyssey from `` Legion '' to `` Guardians '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` Marvel Considering ' Iron Fist ' & ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Movies , ' Black Panther ' & ' Guardians of the Galaxy , ' Too ! '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel 's next 5 movies after The Avengers could include some weird surprises '' . io9 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - Con 2012 : Marvel Names ' Avengers ' Follow - Ups ; Robert Downey Jr . Makes Surprise Appearance '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anders , Charlie ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` The Marvel Panel : Ant - Man Smackdown , Iron Man 's Downfall , and Rocket Raccoon ! '' . io9 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 18 , 2012 ) . `` James Gunn in Talks to Direct Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon will return for ' The Avengers 2 ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Avengers ' Mastermind Believes In ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Director '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shetty , Sharan ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Who Deserves Credit for Guardians of the Galaxy 's Great Script ? '' . Slate . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Mark ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Nicole Perlman Writes the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` How Nicole Perlman Became the First Woman to Write a Marvel Movie '' . Time . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Badass Interview : James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . Badass Digest . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Madison , Charles ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn on Guardians of the Galaxy 2 -- the promise of Nebula , Yondu and Peter Quill 's father '' . Film Divider . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Hires Three - Time Black List Writer for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ; Buchanan , Kyle ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Toughest Scene I Wrote : James Gunn on Writing Thanos Into Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Vulture . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` James Gunn Confirmed to Direct and Rewrite Guardians of the Galaxy '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Testing Short List of Actors For ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Leader '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' tests male leads '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( January 2 , 2013 ) . `` Joseph Gordon - Levitt Joins ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Race '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Smallville 's Michael Rosenbaum Up for Guardians of the Galaxy '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schager , Nick ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` James Gunn on ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' : ' It 's a Richer , More Emotional Film ' '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pratt Getting ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Lead '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wiseman , Andreas ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy due to land at Shepperton '' . Screen International . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captain America & Guardians Coming in 3D '' . Marvel.com . January 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` How The Avengers Made A Motion Capture Hulk And Snagged An Oscar Nomination '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2013 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` SFX 233 Preview : Marvel Boss On Phase 2 '' . SFX . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Signs WWE 's Dave Bautista for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` The Man Who Carved Darth Vader 's Mask Is Busy on the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Zoe Saldana in Talks to Star in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2013 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Pace in Final Negotiations to Play Villain in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McWeeny , Drew ( May 25 , 2013 ) . `` Will John C. Reilly join the Marvel Universe for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ? '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' Star Joins Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Under the Skin of `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' With Makeup FX Wizard David White `` . Fast Company Co. Create . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn on why ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' is n't weird ( and the sequel he 'd like to make ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Foss Designed Spaceships For Guardians of the Galaxy ! '' . io9 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bankston , Douglas ( September 2014 ) . `` Ben Davis , BSC , blasts off for the space adventure Guardians of the Galaxy . '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel Head Talks Thanos & Ultron -- Comic - Con 2013 . IGN . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shahid , Sharnaz ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` PHOTOS : Guardians Of The Galaxy Cast Get Physical In London Shoot '' . Entertainmentwise . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Filming Schedule Passes Halfway Mark '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige Says Vin Diesel 's ' Guardians ' Role Is ' Close ' '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` And after our last shot with @ DaveBautista that 's a full wrap on # GotG ! It 's been a long strange wonderful trip ! '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bankston , Douglas ( September 2014 ) . `` Ben Davis , BSC , blasts off for the space adventure Guardians of the Galaxy . '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Tracking for $60 Million Opening '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Matt ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` James Gunn on Guardians : Thanos , SFX & More '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Kevin Feige on Thor and Marvel 's Future '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` / Film Interview : ' Thor : The Dark World ' Producer Kevin Feige '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` How Much Thanos Will You See in Guardians of the Galaxy ? '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Diente , Tanya ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Spoilers : Thanos , Gamora And The Infinity Stones '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Vin Diesel to Voice Groot in Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . December 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dwarves at Twilight . Disney lot , additional shooting , early as hell . '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Wrapping additional photography on # GotG with @ prattprattpratt @ Michael_Rooker & @ Thejudgegunn -- 3 dudes I love working with . '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saldana , Zoe ( March 22 , 2014 ) . `` Seriously , do you guys like @ Guardians trailer ? We shot some more stuff last weekend . @ JamesGunn @ prattprattpratt @ DaveBautista @ KarenGillan2 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tilly , Chris ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` 15 Reasons To Get Excited About Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maytum , Matt ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige updates on Guardians Of The Galaxy , Thanos , Ant - Man , TV shows and Doctor Strange '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Just Finished Work on ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Benicio Del Toro may not know he 's in a scene with you - know - who '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- The Story Behind Howard The Duck 's Credit Sting '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- The Pre-Credits Dancing Was Performed By James Gunn Himself '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy : Erin Sarofsky -- President , Owner And Executive Creative Director -- Sarofsky '' . Art of VFX . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` The VFX of Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Fxguide . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( October 18 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Exec Talks ' Avengers 2 ' and Why the Studio `` Wants to Make Movies in L.A. '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` SHH 's Exclusive Interview with James Gunn on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Foundas , Scott ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holman , Jordyn ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Method Studios Taps VFX Veteran Marc Weigert to Spearhead Growth '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( August 2013 ) . `` James Gunn On ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Composer Tyler Bates ' Approach '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Star Lord 's Walkman '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Suskind , Alex ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` Director James Gunn on How He Chose the Music in Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Vulture . New York . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2014 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy : Original Score '' . Soundtrack.net . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Records And Marvel Set To Release Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Deluxe Soundtrack , Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Awesome Mix Vol. 1 And Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Digital Score Soundtrack '' . Digital Journal via PR Newswire . July 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilman , Greg ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Becomes First Soundtrack in History Without New Songs to Land No. 1 Spot '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Guardians ' Soundtrack To Be Released On Cassette Tape '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryder , Taryn ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` On the Red Carpet at the ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Premiere '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Hilary ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Cast to Appear on ' Jimmy Kimmel Live ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy An IMAX 3D Experience '' . IMAX . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office Friday : Summer Savior As ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' $92.2 M to $95.5 M ; ' Get On Up ' Down Low With $14.7 M '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` Update : Intl Box Office : ' Lucy ' Tops Chart ; ' Expendables 3 ′ In China ; Pics From Korea , Spain , Argentina Get A Look - In ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` First `` Guardians Of The Galaxy '' TV Spot Released , Gunn Hypes 3D Experience `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( August 10 , 2013 ) . `` D23 : Disney Brings Out Angelina Jolie for ' Maleficent , ' Screens New Footage of ' Saving Mr. Banks ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ; McIntyre , Gina ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' trailer : Marvel unveils cosmic action comedy '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Indiana Jones ' Influence '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Edgy Humour '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Nebula 's introduction '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : The Collector '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Trailer a Social Media Smash , Bigger Than ' Man of Steel ' '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Despite leak , ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' trailer breaks Marvel record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Trailer Sends ' Hooked On a Feeling ' Sales Through the Roof '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- ' What A Bunch Of A-Holes ' Was Originally Only Meant For The Trailer '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` James Gunn on Trailer Pressures and Nearly Shelving the First ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Teaser '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Blue Alien Confirmed As Kree '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` It 's All Connected : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Alien Revealed '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` ABC to air Marvel special with ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' sneak peek -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Abnett & Lanning Put the Band Back Together for Guardians of the Galaxy Movie Prequel '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Does n't Scare Licensing Partners '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Offers Fans Interstellar Travel Via Galaxy Getaways '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sneak Peek Landing in Disney Parks July 4 '' . DisneyParks Blog . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Get an Early Look at Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy in IMAX July 7 '' . Marvel.com . June 27 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Missed Guardians Of The Galaxy Sneak Peek ? Here 's a New Trailer ! '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dickson , Evan ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Footage Review : Evan 's Reaction to Marvel Screening 17 Minutes of Footage '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Screened 17 Minutes Of Guardians Of The Galaxy And This Is What We Saw '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Hooked On A Preview : `` Guardians '' Sneak Preview Footage Is Deliriously Fun `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` 17 Minute ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' IMAX 3D Presentation Elicits Cheers And Some Confusion ; Watch An Extended Clip '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leong , John ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` '' Guardians of the Galaxy '' cast thrill fans in Singapore `` . Channel NewsAsia . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Play Guardians of the Galaxy : The Universal Weapon '' . Marvel . July 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zalben , Alex ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Mobile Game ? You 're Welcome '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pratt and Zoe Saldana Join Marvel Entertainment Executives To Ring The Opening Bell at the NYSE to Promote the Highly - Anticipated Summer Film , Marvel s Guardians of the Galaxy '' . New York Stock Exchange . July 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Polowy , Kevin ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Here 's That Clip of Dancing Baby Groot in All Its Galactic Glory '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McMillan , Graeme ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` It 's Official : Dancing Groot Is the Breakout Character of Summer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin ( August 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grooting ' has entered the lexicon '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Pratt Visits Children 's Hospital Los Angeles in Costume as Star - Lord From Guardians of the Galaxy '' . E !. Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Ramps Up Guardians of the Galaxy Trademarks '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Rallies New Merchandise Partners Around ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Krupa , Daniel ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy LEGO Toy Sets Coming Soon '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Lego Sets Officially Unveiled '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dancing Baby Groot of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' to Hit Shelves in December '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` New Wave of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Merchandise Launches Around Homevideo Release '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel UK ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy comes to 3D / 2D Blu - ray & DVD in the UK November 24 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' on Blu - Ray 12 / 9 with Deleted Scenes , Audio Commentary and More ; Digital HD in November '' . Stitch Kingdom . October 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy - DVD and Blu - ray Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection ' Unveiled ; Contains First Look at Phase 3 '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office Final : ' Guardians ' Now 3rd Biggest Marvel Movie Ever ; ' Dracula Untold ' , ' Gone Girl ' , ' Annabelle ' Hold Well ; Action In France , Mexico ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office FINAL : ' Happy New Year ' Uncorks Record Bollywood Bow ; ' Annabelle ' Still A Doll With $26.2 M ; ' Lucy ' Outmuscles ' Hercules ' In China ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Intl Box Office Final : Milestones For ' Godzilla ' , ' 22 Jump Street ' , ' Transformers ' + ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Rockets To $67.4 M ; Local Pics Make Waves In Asia ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` No. 5 ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' -- 2014 Most Valuable Blockbuster Movie Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' Soars to Biggest Thursday Box Office Opening of the Year '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 2 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Rockets To $37.8 M Friday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Suber , Ray ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Obliterates August Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Nets $65 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Mark ( August 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Ninja Turtles ' tops ' Expendables 3 , ' ' Let 's Be Cops ' at box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brett ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Back on Top , ' Sin City 2 ′ Flops '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' Tops Weak Labor Day Box Office , Summer Stumbles to Close '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Wins Cold U.S. Box Office with $10.2 Million , ' The Identical ' Tanks '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blackmon , Joe ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Becomes Only Summer Movie To Top Box Office For Three Weekends '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Among Marvel Titles , ' Guardians ' Has The Most No. 1 Weekends '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gone Girl ' Edges Out ' Annabelle ' In Race That Energizes Box Office : Monday Actuals '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Guardians ' Becomes Biggest Movie of the Summer '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office End of Summer : Some Profitable Hits In An Overall Blah Season '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( September 13 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Hits $600 Million Worldwide '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' retakes box office , passes ' Transformers ' for summer 's top film '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 -- via U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Intl Box Office Final : ' Turtles ' Kicks In $29 M Opening ; ' Guardians ' At $313 M WW ; ' Maleficent ' Tops $500 M ; ' InBetweeners 2 ′ Smashes UK Records '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office Final : ' Annabelle ' Wins Over ' Gone Girl ' At Overseas Box Office In Hair - Pulling Race ; ' Dracula ' Drinks Up $34 M+ ; ' Guardians ' Strong In China ; More -- Int'l B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 2 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Zooms to $37.8 M Friday for Likely $92 M Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Zooms To $94 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Justin ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy , review : ' a pop - culture gem ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turran , Kenneth ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy 's ' heroes are n't what you 'd expect '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Yee - Ha ! Space Cowboy Rides to the Rescue '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : A giddy space oddity makes the summer sunnier '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Greg ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Is Marvel 's Best Movie Yet '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' relaxes Marvel 's seriousness , but not enough '' . Associated Press via Star Tribune . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' review : Space jaunt no marvel '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' is space junk '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Poor subtitles may deal blow to superhero film '' . China Daily . October 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaCon honour for Chris Pratt '' . Screen Daily . March 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 2014 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards '' . Detroit Film Critics Society . December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blake , Emily ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Hollywood Film Awards 2014 : And the winners are ... '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` YHA Nominees list '' . Young Hollywood Awards . June 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' Boyhood ' Wins Best Picture ; ' Birdman ' Leads With 7 Nods '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Jameson Empire Awards 2015 Live Blog '' . empireonline.com . Jump up ^ O'Mally , Zach ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Grammy Nominees 2015 : The Full List '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grand Budapest ' , ' Guardians ' , ' AHS : Freak Show ' Top Make - Up & Hair Stylists Awards '' . Deadline.com . Deadline Hollywood . February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2015 hosts , nominees announced '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2015 MTV Movie Awards Nominees '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Birdman ' Leads Satellite Awards Nominations '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Film Critics Society 2014 Awards '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Announce Nominees '' . AwardsDaily . December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birdman ' , ' Foxcatcher ' Among Art Directors Guild Nominees '' . Deadline.com . January 5 , 2015 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Writers Guild Awards Nominations : ' Whiplash ' , ' Gone Girl ' , ' Guardians ' On Diverse List '' . Deadline.com . January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Nominations : ' Grand Budapest Hotel ' Leads With 11 -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . January 8 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations Unveiled -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . January 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards : List of 2015 nominations '' . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sequel Gets Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Marvel.com . February 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Compton 's Neil Brown Jr . Signs On For ' Sand Castle ' ; Pom Klementieff Joins ' Guardians Of The Galaxy 2 ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy 3 ' : James Gunn Returning to Write and Direct '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 Coming In 2020 , According To Gunn '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) . Official website Guardians of the Galaxy on IMDb Guardians of the Galaxy at AllMovie Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Creators Stan Lee Arnold Drake Roy Thomas Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Members 1969 team members Charlie - 27 Martinex T'Naga Nikki Starhawk Talon Vance Astro / Major Victory Yondu Udonta 2008 team members Adam Warlock Bug Cosmo the Spacedog Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Jack Flag Mantis Moondragon Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Supporting characters Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Gladiator Quasar Ronan the Accuser Silver Surfer Avengers Kismet Nova Corps Richard Rider Sam Alexander Starjammers Antagonists Annihilus Badoon Blastaar Brood Ego the Living Planet Galactus Hala the Accuser J'son Korvac Magus Nebula Shi'ar Empire Vulcan Skrull Thanos Titus Universal Church of Truth Storylines Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative The Black Vortex In other media Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy ( TV series ) Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Related articles Cosmic entities Knowhere Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first guardians of the galaxy movie made | [
"Guardians of the Galaxy (retroactively referred to as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1)[4][5] is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the tenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. The film was directed by James Gunn, who wrote the screenplay with Nicole Perlman, and features an ensemble cast including Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldana, Dave Bautista, Vin Diesel, Bradley Cooper, Lee Pace, Michael Rooker, Karen Gillan, Djimon Hounsou, John C. Reilly, Glenn Close, and Benicio del Toro. In Guardians of the Galaxy, Peter Quill forms an uneasy alliance with a group of extraterrestrial misfits who are fleeing after stealing a powerful artifact."
] | [
"2014"
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-6793199622426794194 | Super Bowl LI halftime show | Super Bowl LI halftime show - wikipedia Super Bowl LI halftime show Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl LI halftime show Date February 5 , 2017 Location Houston , Texas Venue NRG Stadium Headliner Lady Gaga Sponsor Pepsi Director Hamish Hamilton Producer Ricky Kirshner Super Bowl halftime show chronology 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) The Super Bowl LI Halftime show took place on February 5 , 2017 , at NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas as part of Super Bowl LI . The show was headlined by Lady Gaga , who performed a medley of her songs , including newer material from her most recent studio album Joanne . Gaga 's performance was critically acclaimed , with media outlets praising the show for demonstrating her artistic and musical qualities , and some arguing that it ranked among the top Super Bowl halftime performances in history . The show was also noted for its acknowledgment of the LGBT community , the use of a swarm of lighting - equipped drones for a pre-recorded intro scene , and its perceived political undertones . With 117.5 million television viewers , the Super Bowl LI halftime show was the second most - watched Super Bowl halftime show behind Katy Perry 's and had higher average viewership than the game itself . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Background 3 Development 3.1 Conception 3.2 Rehearsals 3.3 Fashion 3.4 Multimedia 3.5 Drones 4 Critical response 5 Commercial reception 6 Set list 7 Personnel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) NRG Stadium , where the Super Bowl LI and the halftime show took place The halftime show started on the roof of NRG Stadium . Gaga started singing `` God Bless America '' as drones swarm behind her emitting red , blue and white color . She then sang Woody Guthrie 's `` This Land Is Your Land '' , followed by the ending of the Pledge of Allegiance : `` One nation under God , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all '' . Gaga then dove from the rooftop as the drones behind formed the design of the US flag . The singer came down and stood on a tall pillar across the stage , and started singing `` Poker Face '' as fireworks emitted behind her . After the first verse and chorus , Gaga , who was attached to a harness , bounced from the pillar to the main stage , and was joined by her dancers to sing `` Born This Way '' , including the track 's intermediate spoken verse . As the performance ended , Gaga headed towards one corner of the stage inside a star shaped structure , and sang `` Telephone '' . She was carried by a dancer to the main stage where she held a keytar and sang `` Just Dance '' . The singer proceeded to the grounds from the stage as the song completed . She reached a podium with a piano , and started singing `` Million Reasons '' . The audience present on the field drifted off in different directions holding the light sticks in their hands . Continuing the song , she came down from the stage and hugged members of the audience . For the finale of `` Bad Romance '' a team of white - clad dancers strutted across the main stage . Gaga joined them wearing a football inspired costume and performed the track . As fireworks erupted heralding the end of the show , Gaga reached the edge of the stage , shouted `` Super Bowl 51 '' , dropped her microphone , and jumped off stage catching a football . Background ( edit ) Gaga after performing the US national anthem at the Super Bowl 50 on February 7 , 2016 Around August 2016 , media started reporting that singer Adele was in discussion with the National Football League ( NFL ) to perform at the Super Bowl LI halftime show , to be held on February 5 , 2017 , at Houston 's NRG Stadium ; the show was sponsored by Pepsi Zero Sugar . A representative from the NFL said that `` organisers are doing absolutely everything they can to try to persuade her to sign up '' . During her Adele Live 2016 concert tour at Los Angeles , Adele clarified that although she had been offered to perform by the NFL , she had declined since she did not believe herself to be suitable for the halftime show . The NFL also explained that they had not signed any musician till then and were still in discussion with several artists . In the meantime , singer Lady Gaga had announced that she would be releasing her fifth studio album , Joanne , in October 2016 . Billboard reported that the NFL was discussing with the singer , based on her performance of the national anthem at the previous Super Bowl . On September 29 , 2016 , Gaga finally confirmed on her Instagram account that she would be performing at the halftime show . Fox Sports president and executive producer of the show , John Entz , confirmed Gaga 's involvement adding `` ( She ) is one of the most electric performers of our generation , and we could n't be happier with the choice to have her headline the Super Bowl LI Halftime Show ... It is going to be an incredible night . '' According to Emma Quigley , Pepsi 's North American head of music , and Justin Toman , Pepsi sports marketing director , choosing Gaga to headline the show made sense based on her previous output and musical endeavors . They considered various parameters -- social media followers , record sales , trending topic -- and then shortlisted her . Toman also took into account the total time it usually takes for the show -- seven minutes for set up , 12 minutes for the main show , and another seven minutes to dismantle -- and believed the singer could deliver `` power , punch , performance , singing , lights '' within that time frame . Pepsi sponsored the halftime show for the fifth - consecutive year . Development ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) A long shot view of the stage during the performance of `` Just Dance '' in the halftime show In October 2016 , Gaga told Entertainment Weekly she wanted to give `` the best show for the football fans , the ones that are watching at home '' . Although indecisive about the set list , the singer wanted to play a mixture of her past and recent songs . She also confirmed that the NFL had heard Joanne before its release , and decided to offer the halftime performance slot . Inspiration came from previous halftime show performances by Michael Jackson , Diana Ross , and Bruce Springsteen , with Gaga remarking that she loved `` all the ( past shows ) '' . In December 2016 , Gaga launched the `` Guest of Honor '' contest along with Pepsi and the NFL , which would enable her fans to win an opportunity to see the halftime show from the sidelines of the stage . The singer uploaded a video titled `` Fanifesto '' , talking about the power of fandom , and explained that one has to upload a 15 -- 60 second video on Instagram or Twitter with the hashtags # GOHContest and # PepsiHalftime by December 15 , professing their fandom for Gaga . Colin Stutz from Billboard revealed that Gaga would not be accompanied by any guest musicians for the show , which was a deviation from the shows of the past few years . Pepsi confirmed in a press release that a ten - second countdown would precede Gaga 's performance , where a lead - in featuring jazz singer Tony Bennett would be shown , produced by Creator 's Studio . Gaga confirmed planning to sing atop the dome of NRG Stadium , the idea given to her by her sister Natali Germanotta . Her team were worried about the safety hazards associated with the stunt , although Gaga continued to pursue it . The organizers considered airlifting the singer on top of the dome before the performance , or making her appear through the `` see - through '' roof of the stadium , which is retractable . Gaga 's lawyers worked on the logistics and the insurance associated with the stunt . The US media had expected Gaga to do `` something overtly political '' during her performance . NFL refuted news about them forbidding the singer to mention President Donald Trump during the show . A representative from the organization issued a statement saying , `` The Super Bowl is a time when people really come together . Lady Gaga is focused on putting together an amazing show for fans and we love working with her on it ; we are n't going to be distracted by this . '' Rehearsals ( edit ) I really had a real sense of being in the zone for this performance , worked on it for a really long time , took months , trained hard . Every second I wanted to give the world and my fans what they deserve , a great show . Its really exciting , I wanted to enjoy the moment not just be hell bent on everything . -- Gaga on the halftime show By January 2017 , Gaga started posting images on her social media accounts , showing her practicing for the show . She built a tent in her backyard where she could rehearse with her dancers . The group rehearsed in it for about 1.5 week , then moved to larger venues in Hollywood for working on the rest of the show . Finally , all the equipment was sent to Houston , where the last rehearsals took place . Gaga enlisted vocal coach Don Lawrence for helping her belt out the correct musical notes . Lawrence had worked with Gaga for her National Anthem performance previous year , as well as for her concert tours . A behind - the - scenes video from the rehearsals was uploaded by Pepsi , where Gaga explained that the main challenge was how to make the halftime performance different than the preceding years , but keep it still about the music . Choreographer Richy Jackson was shown in the middle of a session with the dancers , enacting the characteristic moves from the song , `` Bad Romance '' ( 2009 ) . Jackson said that the dancers were hand - picked and were among the personnel that had worked with the singer . He further added that the show would unveil a different aspect of Gaga , since she had never got the chance to perform on a big platform like the Super Bowl . As the day for the show approached , the singer kept posting short videos from rehearsal as well as behind - the - scenes . She showed her pre-game dance routines and choreography , FaceTimeing with her grandmother , warming up for the show , and the onstage activities . Toman explained that they wanted to have the general fans get `` a peek into the journey to halftime , tapping into the artist fanbase -- that really works . Doing a behind - the - scenes content program , giving people that glimpse of what it takes to prepare . People love that . So that really worked and we continue to do that . '' Fashion ( edit ) After the release of Joanne Gaga had worn simplistic fashion , deviating from her previous outrageous attires . Prior to the halftime show , there was much speculation regarding her fashion for the performance . Versace had created all the looks for the show , including the final look which was inspired by the label 's Spring 2017 collection . The singer wore a custom created , Atelier Versace , iridescent colored jumpsuit , which was beaded over with Swarovski crystals , along with high shoulder pads and matching knee length boots . The body suit facilitated swift movement onstage , aiding the mobility for the singer . According to fashion expert Cameron Silver , Gaga 's final look for the performance of `` Bad Romance '' was the `` most interesting '' . It consisted of silver hot pants with sequins on it , with a footballer shoulder - pad like jacket . Both the dresses were deemed as a `` customary nod '' to Gaga 's past by Billboard , who added that `` It was a solid balance of glam and sexy without overdoing it ( ... ) ( The dress ) gave fantasy to her fans . She looked great . She sounded great . It 's like she was playing football in heels . '' In between the performance , Gaga also wore a golden jacket which had shoulder spikes , while playing the keytar . Gaga 's looks were styled by her longtime collaborator Brandon Maxwell , while her makeup was influenced by singer David Bowie 's persona Ziggy Stardust . Donatella Versace herself flew to Houston to help with the costumes , including dressing the singer herself before the show . Gaga 's makeup was done by artist Sarah Nicole Tanno and her hair was coiffured by Frederic Aspiras . Tanno used products from Marc Jacobs ' cosmetics line to give a `` timeless '' look for Gaga . The singer wore a pair of eye masks made of crystals , extending till her temples . According to Vanessa Friedman from The New York Times , choosing Versace as her fashion brand for the costumes `` helped to support a subtler , arguably more powerful , message '' by Gaga . She had promised to make the show about `` inclusion '' and to that extent , using Versace and a number of other designers like Dr. Martens and Vera Wang made it a point . Multimedia ( edit ) During `` Million Reasons '' a field cast used Glow Motion LED Batons , creating a three - dimensional moving pixels show . The production work on the show was done by designers Bruce Rodgers of Tribe Inc. and LeRoy Bennett , and lighting designer Bob Barnhart of 22 Degrees . The stage was created by All Access Staging & Productions , who had also created previous Super Bowl halftime stages . Key features of the stage consisted of a main platform , two towers , three star - shaped side stages , a piano dome and a stage lift . The towers were around 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall and could be carried by carts to the field for set - up . All Access had only 4.5 weeks to create the whole piece with the main stage itself , and required 17 trucks for storage and transport . The show utilized LED system from Verrents and sound by ATK Audio tek . Around 5,000 LED lights were embedded in the stage , which was a record number . Special effects group Strictly FX was behind all the pyrotechnics . Both Rodgers and Bennett combined the individual ideas for the show , and took inputs from Barnhart and special effects designer Mark Grega from FX . Rodgers called the stage setup as `` the most intense technological and visually impactful epic possible '' . The show featured a field cast led by KP Terry ; they used Glow Motion LED batons , creating a 3D moving pixels show . A Nashville - based company , Glow Motion programmed each of the individual batons to sync with the music being played . `` All our field cast and staging experts , technicians and vendors ( had ) stepped up to support the vision , and Gaga herself , having embraced the concept early on , ( had ) taken on the task with more interest and heart than any other artist that I 've worked with in the last 11 years , '' Rodgers concluded . Lighting for the show was supplied by Production Resource Group ( PRG ) . Chris Conti from the company shared Barnhart 's floor planning for the lighting setup , which utilized DMX512 for controlling the whole system . Barnhart recalled that `` ( the ) show was a little more complicated this year , due to the amount of scenery that we normally do n't have on a halftime show '' , but it was better since there were no video backdrops . All around the roof of NRG Stadium , an array of 36 Clay Paky Sharpy fixtures were added , which lit the Houston night skyline with light beams . Barnhart also arranged a backlight array fixture , using Philips Vari - Lite VL4000 and PRG Best Boy . LED tape was used around the main production area . They were controlled by the lighting team and could light the stage from afar . Director Hamish Hamilton and his crew devised their own way of capturing and transmitting the show for the live audience . Drones ( edit ) See also : Quadcopter § Art For performing on top of NRG Stadium , Gaga was accompanied by a fleet of 300 synchronized , LED - equipped `` Shooting Star '' quadcopter drones provided by Intel , which formed an image of the American flag behind the singer . It marked the first time that the drones had been used as part of a television broadcast . According to Intel 's senior vice president Josh Walden , `` Gaga and the Super Bowl creative team wanted to pull off something that had never been done before ... The potential for these light show drones is endless '' . Barnhart explained that he had wanted to use drones in the Super Bowl for many years , but never encountered the correct technology until Intel 's drones . With the permission from producer Ricky Kirshner , he reached out to Intel representatives and told them that he wanted to use their drone technology for a `` large TV show in February . I ca n't give you money , but I can give you exposure '' . Hearing that the Super Bowl will expose the technology to over 110 million television sets across the country , Intel agreed . Since the drones did not fly indoors , Barnhart wrote a new creative segment for the opening with Gaga singing atop the roof of the stadium with the drones flying behind her . The segment was filmed earlier in the week due to safety concerns regarding performing the formation over the live audience . The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) had forbidden drones from being used within a 34.5 miles ( 55.5 km ) radius of NRG Stadium ( which is also located near William P. Hobby Airport ) . The production staff obtained special permission from the FAA in order to perform the drone acrobatics . The drones used for the show had a plastic and foam body for soft impacts , and were about 1 foot ( 0.30 m ) square and weighed 8 ounces ( 0.50 lb ) . They were connected to a central computer through wireless and executed individual choreography , each being oblivious to what the other drones ' position was . The computer checked the GPS signal strength and battery level of the drones , while assigning their roles accordingly . Intel had started preparing from early December 2016 , working out the logistics . After coming to a consensus with the creative team , they started storyboarding the drones , finally accepting to display a star array , the American flag and the Pepsi logo . Critical response ( edit ) Gaga performing `` Born This Way '' during the show in the Atelier Versace iridescent colored jumpsuit Gaga 's performance at the halftime show was critically acclaimed . A writer for Time described the show as `` among the very best in the history of the form , racing ambitiously through the artist 's entire career and putting forward the qualities of the artist that just work '' . The New Yorker review described Gaga and the show as `` an astute , intense , and disciplined performance '' . Andrew Unterberger from Billboard felt that the performance would go down as `` one of the best halftime sets of the century '' and that it had cemented Gaga as a `` legacy artist ... It was Gaga through and through , and every song felt more gratifying than the last ... ( R ) eminding you why Gaga 's pop supremacy was so inarguable not all that long ago . '' Unterberger noted that there was nothing `` outrageous '' in the show . Chris Chase of Fox Sports said that the halftime show would `` go down with Michael , Prince , Beyoncé , and Bruce as the greatest ever . '' Marguerite Ward from CNBC considered the show to be Gaga 's comeback , noting how she had announced in 2015 that she would retire . `` Fast forward to 2017 . ( Lady Gaga ) is back on the global stage , gearing up for a new world tour , '' she added . Writing for Variety , Sonia Saraiya described the show as `` breathtaking '' and `` soar ( ing ) '' , but felt it `` lacked an iconic moment or emotional button '' . Daniel Fienberg from The Hollywood Reporter was disappointed that the show never had a `` close - up or any sort of swooping medium - shot to accentuate ( Gaga 's ) movement '' , and felt that `` the weakly presented dive '' detracted from Gaga 's rendition of `` God Bless America '' and `` This Land Is Your Land '' . Nico Land from Salon noted that Gaga became the first artist to refer to the LGBT community during a Super Bowl halftime show when she sang `` Born This Way '' . Land considered this a `` crucial milestone '' for the community . He said that `` Putting LGBT issues on the main stage at the Super Bowl served as a powerful message of queer solidarity in the face on an unprecedented wave of challenges from our government . '' Although Gaga did not openly criticize Trump , Land viewed the singer 's opening performance was a subtle `` dig '' at the President . Singing `` This Land Is Your Land '' , a protest anthem for the Women 's Marches across the country following Trump 's inauguration , Gaga referred to Trump 's policies on immigration . According to Joanna Robinson from Vanity Fair , the performance was a `` dog whistle '' against Trump 's plans to construct a wall between United States and Mexico . At the 69th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , the halftime show was nominated in 6 categories : Outstanding Special Class Program , Outstanding Production Design for Variety , Nonfiction , Event or Award Special , Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Special , Outstanding Technical Direction , Camerawork , Video Control for a Limited Series , Movie , or Special , Outstanding Music Direction , and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety Series or Special and won for Outstanding Lighting Design . It was also the most nominations received by a halftime show at the Emmy Awards . Commercial reception ( edit ) Gaga performing `` Poker Face '' , after descending from the roof of the NRG Stadium in a harness . The Super Bowl LI halftime show was seen by 117.5 million television viewers in the United States , making it the second-most - watched halftime show behind Katy Perry 's ( 2015 ) . For the fourth year in a row , the viewership was higher than the game which was viewed by an audience of 111.3 million . A total of 5.1 million tweets were made regarding Gaga 's performance , including 2.2 million during the actual show , which made her the most tweeted about entertainer in the show 's history . According to statistics presented by Billboard , the most tweeted moment was captured when the show ended , followed by when Gaga waved at her parents from the stage , and finally when the singer descended from the NRG Stadium roof in a harness . The set list was also included in the most tweets tabulation with `` Bad Romance '' getting the highest number of tweets . `` Telephone '' was the second-most - tweeted song followed by `` Born This Way '' . According to Nielsen SoundScan on the day of the show , Gaga sold 150,000 digital albums and songs in the United States , up by 1,000 % from the previous day . The singer sold a total of 125,000 digital song downloads , led by `` Million Reasons '' ( 45,000 up by 900 % ) , then `` Bad Romance '' ( 13,000 ) , `` Born This Way '' ( 12,000 ) and `` Poker Face '' ( 10,000 ) . Her albums sold more than 23,000 downloads with Joanne selling over 12,000 copies , followed by The Fame Monster ( 2009 ) , which sold about 6,000 . Gaga acquired over 24,000 listeners on music streaming website Pandora Radio . Total station adds for the singer went up by 1,391 % week - by - week with a cumulative 14.8 million stations and her songs received 2.5 billion spins . All the songs performed received significant spin boosts . This was a difference from the previous halftime shows , when Coldplay was up by 225 % , Bruno Mars by 62 % , and Beyoncé up 60 % . After the final tabulation , Gaga sold over 410,000 digital song downloads in total for the tracking week of February 9 , 2017 , an increase of 1,850 % . `` Million Reasons '' re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number four becoming Gaga 's 14th top - ten single . It also reached the top of the Digital Songs chart with 149,000 downloads . Other songs entering the Digital Songs chart were `` Born This Way '' ( 41,000 , number seven ) , `` Bad Romance '' ( 39,000 , number nine ) `` Poker Face '' ( 34,000 , number fourteen ) , `` Just Dance '' ( 25,000 , number 26 ) and `` Telephone '' ( 20,000 , number 39 ) . Gaga 's streaming activity increased by 196 % to 41.8 million streams , led by `` Million Reasons '' with 3.9 million plays . Her album sales increased by 844 % to 135,000 equivalent units , with Joanne soaring from number 66 -- 2 on the Billboard 200 , selling 74,000 units ( 48,000 traditional album purchases ) . Other entries in the chart included The Fame ( 38,000 , number six ) , Born This Way ( 17,000 , number 25 ) and Artpop ( 5,000 , number 174 ) . Gaga reached number one on the Billboard Artist 100 chart , which measures activity across various social media websites as well as record sales . The Super Bowl performance also had an impact in Canada , where Joanne vaulted from number 54 -- 2 , with a 524 % gain in album - equivalent units . In the United Kingdom , Joanne 's sales were up by 222 % , while The Fame ( 2008 ) was up by 1,605 % since the show . On the UK Albums Chart , the former moved from number 88 -- 11 , with sales increasing to 5,289 copies , while the latter entered at number 38 , selling 2,263 copies . Set list ( edit ) The final performance of the show , `` Bad Romance '' The following songs were performed during the halftime show : `` God Bless America '' / `` This Land Is Your Land '' ( pre-recorded intro ) `` Poker Face '' `` Born This Way '' `` Telephone '' `` Just Dance '' `` Million Reasons '' `` Bad Romance '' Set list adapted from Billboard . Personnel ( edit ) Credits and personnel adapted from the listing available at Live Design website . Main performer Lady Gaga Creative personnel Executive Producer : Ricky Kirshner Director : Hamish Hamilton Production Designer : Bruce Rodgers , Tribe Inc . Co-Production Designer : LeRoy Bennett Lighting Designer : Bob Barnhart , 22 Degrees Vendors Set and Staging Fabrication : All Access Pyro and Effects : Strictly FX On - field cast LED batons : Glow Motion Technologies Lighting Equipment Supplier : PRG LED Systems : VER Sound Equipment Provider : ATK Lighting crew Lighting Directors : Pete Radice , David Grill , Jason Rudolph Gaffer : Tony Ward Best Boy : David Serralles , Kieth Berkes , Dean Brown , Joe Faretta , George Clayton Lead Tech : Robb Minnotte Tech : Matt Geneczko , Jeff Anderson Network Designer : Chris Conti Lead Spot Op : Tim Altman , George Sennerfelder , John Washburton Lead Spot Tech : Quinn Smith Assistant Lighting Director : Megan Seibel Fiber Tech : Alex Ward Art design team Art Directors : Shelley Rodgers , Lindsey Breslauer Set and CAD Designers : Maria Maria Garcia , Bruno Oliveira , Evan Alexander , Assistant Art Director : Lucas Ingram Stage video and projection crew LED Technicians : Gary Madura , Luke Pilato , Rod Silhanek , Michael Spencer Media Server Operator : Jason Rudolph Media Server Technician : Tim Nauss Intel Shooting Star drone team Lead Technical Engineer : Daniel Gurden Software Development Engineer ( Programmer ) : Tobias Gurden General Manager of Drone Light Shows : Natalie Cheung Project Manager : Madeline Ong Pilot In Command : Clay Coleman , Pilot In Command Hardware Engineer : Tobi Lang All Access Staging & Productions crew All Access Staging Supervisor : Tim Fallon Project Manager : Tommy Rose Manufacturing Design : Erik Eastland Automation Technician and Fabrication Lead : Fidel Garza Head Carpenter : Roger Cabot Staging Technicians : Kyle Duarte , Jesus Arroyo , Arturo Martinez , Jeff Haas , Anthony Pozos , Micky Dymond , Staging Technician / Fabricator : Julio Roch LED Technicians : Zack Eastland , Blake Chandler See also ( edit ) 2017 in American music 2017 in American television References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nelson , Jeff ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga Hopes to Deliver ' Powerful ' Super Bowl Halftime Show Like Greats Michael Jackson , Bruce Springsteen '' . 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Jump up ^ Bell , Sadie ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga Celebrates Record 6 Emmy Nominations for Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl LI Pulls in 111.3 Million Viewers on Fox , Shy of 2015 Ratings Record '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Katie ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga Super Bowl Halftime Show Drives 5.1 Million Tweets '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's Sales Surge Over 1,000 % in Wake of Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ; Trust , Gary ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's Super Week : Her Sales & Streaming Gains After the Big Game '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga Leaps to No. 1 on Billboard Artist 100 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tuch , Paul ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` On the Charts ... This Week '' . FYI Music Canada . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's sales surge in the UK after Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Elbow debut at No. 1 with new album Little Fictions '' . Music Week . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . 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4260107647558429224 | 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ | 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ - wikipedia 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ Jump to : navigation , search The first four partial sums of the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ . The parabola is their smoothed asymptote ; its y - intercept is − 1 / 12 . The infinite series whose terms are the natural numbers 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ is a divergent series . The nth partial sum of the series is the triangular number ∑ k = 1 n k = n ( n + 1 ) 2 , ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( n ) k = ( \ frac ( n ( n + 1 ) ) ( 2 ) ) , ) which increases without bound as n goes to infinity . Because the sequence of partial sums fails to converge to a finite limit , the series does not have a sum . Although the series seems at first sight not to have any meaningful value at all , it can be manipulated to yield a number of mathematically interesting results , some of which have applications in other fields such as complex analysis , quantum field theory , and string theory . Many summation methods are used in mathematics to assign numerical values even to a divergent series . In particular , the methods of zeta function regularization and Ramanujan summation assign the series a value of − 1 / 12 , which is expressed by a famous formula : 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ = − 1 12 , ( \ displaystyle 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \ cdots = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) , ) where the left - hand side has to be interpreted as being the value obtained by using one of the aforementioned summation methods and not as the sum of an infinite series in its usual meaning . In a monograph on moonshine theory , Terry Gannon calls this equation `` one of the most remarkable formulae in science '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Partial sums 2 Summability 2.1 Heuristics 2.2 Zeta function regularization 2.3 Cutoff regularization 2.4 Ramanujan summation 2.5 Failure of stable linear summation methods 3 Physics 4 History 5 In popular media 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Partial sums ( edit ) The first six triangular numbers Main article : Triangular number The partial sums of the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + ⋯ are 1 , 3 , 6 , 10 , 15 , etc . The nth partial sum is given by a simple formula : ∑ k = 1 n k = n ( n + 1 ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( n ) k = ( \ frac ( n ( n + 1 ) ) ( 2 ) ) . ) This equation was known to the Pythagoreans as early as the sixth century BCE . Numbers of this form are called triangular numbers , because they can be arranged as an equilateral triangle . The infinite sequence of triangular numbers diverges to + ∞ , so by definition , the infinite series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ also diverges to + ∞ . The divergence is a simple consequence of the form of the series : the terms do not approach zero , so the series diverges by the term test . Summability ( edit ) Among the classical divergent series , 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ is relatively difficult to manipulate into a finite value . Many summation methods are used to assign numerical values to divergent series , some more powerful than others . For example , Cesàro summation is a well - known method that sums Grandi 's series , the mildly divergent series 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + ⋯ , to ⁄ . Abel summation is a more powerful method that not only sums Grandi 's series to ⁄ , but also sums the trickier series 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ to ⁄ . Unlike the above series , 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ is not Cesàro summable nor Abel summable . Those methods work on oscillating divergent series , but they can not produce a finite answer for a series that diverges to + ∞ . Most of the more elementary definitions of the sum of a divergent series are stable and linear , and any method that is both stable and linear can not sum 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ to a finite value ; see below . More advanced methods are required , such as zeta function regularization or Ramanujan summation . It is also possible to argue for the value of − 1 / 12 using some rough heuristics related to these methods . Heuristics ( edit ) Passage from Ramanujan 's first notebook describing the `` constant '' of the series Srinivasa Ramanujan presented two derivations of `` 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ = − 1 / 12 '' in chapter 8 of his first notebook . The simpler , less rigorous derivation proceeds in two steps , as follows . The first key insight is that the series of positive numbers 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ closely resembles the alternating series 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ . The latter series is also divergent , but it is much easier to work with ; there are several classical methods that assign it a value , which have been explored since the 18th century . In order to transform the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ into 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ , one can subtract 4 from the second term , 8 from the fourth term , 12 from the sixth term , and so on . The total amount to be subtracted is 4 + 8 + 12 + 16 + ⋯ , which is 4 times the original series . These relationships can be expressed using algebra . Whatever the `` sum '' of the series might be , call it c = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ . Then multiply this equation by 4 and subtract the second equation from the first : c = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + ⋯ 4 c = 4 + 8 + 12 + ⋯ c − 4 c = 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 − 6 + ⋯ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( alignedat ) ( 7 ) c& ( ) = ( ) &1 + 2&& ( ) + 3 + 4&& ( ) + 5 + 6 + \ cdots \ \ 4c& ( ) = ( ) &4&& ( ) + 8&& ( ) + 12 + \ cdots \ \ c - 4c& ( ) = ( ) &1 - 2&& ( ) + 3 - 4&& ( ) + 5 - 6 + \ cdots \ \ \ end ( alignedat ) ) ) The second key insight is that the alternating series 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ is the formal power series expansion of the function 1 / ( 1 + x ) but with x defined as 1 . Accordingly , Ramanujan writes : − 3 c = 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ = 1 ( 1 + 1 ) 2 = 1 4 ( \ displaystyle - 3c = 1 - 2 + 3 - 4 + \ cdots = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( 1 + 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) ) Dividing both sides by − 3 , one gets c = − 1 / 12 . Generally speaking , it is incorrect to manipulate infinite series as if they were finite sums . For example , if zeroes are inserted into arbitrary positions of a divergent series , it is possible to arrive at results that are not self - consistent , let alone consistent with other methods . In particular , the step 4c = 0 + 4 + 0 + 8 + ⋯ is not justified by the additive identity law alone . For an extreme example , appending a single zero to the front of the series can lead to inconsistent results . One way to remedy this situation , and to constrain the places where zeroes may be inserted , is to keep track of each term in the series by attaching a dependence on some function . In the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ , each term n is just a number . If the term n is promoted to a function n , where s is a complex variable , then one can ensure that only like terms are added . The resulting series may be manipulated in a more rigorous fashion , and the variable s can be set to − 1 later . The implementation of this strategy is called zeta function regularization . Zeta function regularization ( edit ) Plot of ζ ( s ) . For s > 1 , the series converges and ζ ( s ) > 1 . Analytic continuation around the pole at s = 1 leads to a region of negative values , including ζ ( − 1 ) = − 1 / 12 In zeta function regularization , the series ∑ n = 1 ∞ n ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) n ) is replaced by the series ∑ n = 1 ∞ n − s ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) n ^ ( - s ) ) . The latter series is an example of a Dirichlet series . When the real part of s is greater than 1 , the Dirichlet series converges , and its sum is the Riemann zeta function ζ ( s ) . On the other hand , the Dirichlet series diverges when the real part of s is less than or equal to 1 , so , in particular , the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ that results from setting s = -- 1 does not converge . The benefit of introducing the Riemann zeta function is that it can be defined for other values of s by analytic continuation . One can then define the zeta - regularized sum of 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ to be ζ ( − 1 ) . From this point , there are a few ways to prove that ζ ( − 1 ) = − 1 / 12 . One method , along the lines of Euler 's reasoning , uses the relationship between the Riemann zeta function and the Dirichlet eta function η ( s ) . The eta function is defined by an alternating Dirichlet series , so this method parallels the earlier heuristics . Where both Dirichlet series converge , one has the identities : ζ ( s ) = 1 − s + 2 − s + 3 − s + 4 − s + 5 − s + 6 − s + ⋯ 2 × 2 − s ζ ( s ) = 2 × 2 − s + 2 × 4 − s + 2 × 6 − s + ⋯ ( 1 − 2 1 − s ) ζ ( s ) = 1 − s − 2 − s + 3 − s − 4 − s + 5 − s − 6 − s + ⋯ = η ( s ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( alignedat ) ( 7 ) \ zeta ( s ) & ( ) = ( ) &1 ^ ( - s ) + 2 ^ ( - s ) && ( ) + 3 ^ ( - s ) + 4 ^ ( - s ) && ( ) + 5 ^ ( - s ) + 6 ^ ( - s ) + \ cdots & \ \ 2 \ times 2 ^ ( - s ) \ zeta ( s ) & ( ) = ( ) &2 \ times 2 ^ ( - s ) && ( ) + 2 \ times 4 ^ ( - s ) && ( ) + 2 \ times 6 ^ ( - s ) + \ cdots & \ \ \ left ( 1 - 2 ^ ( 1 - s ) \ right ) \ zeta ( s ) & ( ) = ( ) &1 ^ ( - s ) - 2 ^ ( - s ) && ( ) + 3 ^ ( - s ) - 4 ^ ( - s ) && ( ) + 5 ^ ( - s ) - 6 ^ ( - s ) + \ cdots & = \ eta ( s ) \ \ \ end ( alignedat ) ) ) The identity ( 1 − 2 1 − s ) ζ ( s ) = η ( s ) ( \ displaystyle ( 1 - 2 ^ ( 1 - s ) ) \ zeta ( s ) = \ eta ( s ) ) continues to hold when both functions are extended by analytic continuation to include values of s for which the above series diverge . Substituting s = − 1 , one gets − 3ζ ( − 1 ) = η ( − 1 ) . Now , computing η ( − 1 ) is an easier task , as the eta function is equal to the Abel sum of its defining series , which is a one - sided limit : − 3 ζ ( − 1 ) = η ( − 1 ) = lim x → 1 − ( 1 − 2 x + 3 x 2 − 4 x 3 + ⋯ ) = lim x → 1 − 1 ( 1 + x ) 2 = 1 4 ( \ displaystyle - 3 \ zeta ( - 1 ) = \ eta ( - 1 ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to 1 ^ ( - ) ) \ left ( 1 - 2x + 3x ^ ( 2 ) - 4x ^ ( 3 ) + \ cdots \ right ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to 1 ^ ( - ) ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( 1 + x ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) ) Dividing both sides by − 3 , one gets ζ ( − 1 ) = − 1 / 12 . Cutoff regularization ( edit ) The series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ After smoothing Asymptotic behavior of the smoothing . The y - intercept of the parabola is − 1 / 12 . The method of regularization using a cutoff function can `` smooth '' the series to arrive at − 1 / 12 . Smoothing is a conceptual bridge between zeta function regularization , with its reliance on complex analysis , and Ramanujan summation , with its shortcut to the Euler -- Maclaurin formula . Instead , the method operates directly on conservative transformations of the series , using methods from real analysis . The idea is to replace the ill - behaved discrete series ∑ n = 0 N n ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( N ) n ) with a smoothed version ∑ n = 0 ∞ n f ( n N ) ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) nf \ left ( ( \ frac ( n ) ( N ) ) \ right ) ) , where f is a cutoff function with appropriate properties . The cutoff function must be normalized to f ( 0 ) = 1 ; this is a different normalization from the one used in differential equations . The cutoff function should have enough bounded derivatives to smooth out the wrinkles in the series , and it should decay to 0 faster than the series grows . For convenience , one may require that f is smooth , bounded , and compactly supported . One can then prove that this smoothed sum is asymptotic to − 1 / 12 + CN , where C is a constant that depends on f . The constant term of the asymptotic expansion does not depend on f : it is necessarily the same value given by analytic continuation , − 1 / 12 . Ramanujan summation ( edit ) The Ramanujan sum of 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ is also − 1 / 12 . Ramanujan wrote in his second letter to G.H. Hardy , dated 27 February 1913 : `` Dear Sir , I am very much gratified on perusing your letter of the 8th February 1913 . I was expecting a reply from you similar to the one which a Mathematics Professor at London wrote asking me to study carefully Bromwich 's Infinite Series and not fall into the pitfalls of divergent series. ... I told him that the sum of an infinite number of terms of the series : 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ = − 1 / 12 under my theory . If I tell you this you will at once point out to me the lunatic asylum as my goal . I dilate on this simply to convince you that you will not be able to follow my methods of proof if I indicate the lines on which I proceed in a single letter. ... '' Ramanujan summation is a method to isolate the constant term in the Euler -- Maclaurin formula for the partial sums of a series . For a function f , the classical Ramanujan sum of the series ∑ k = 1 ∞ f ( k ) ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) f ( k ) ) is defined as c = − 1 2 f ( 0 ) − ∑ k = 1 ∞ B 2 k ( 2 k ) ! f ( 2 k − 1 ) ( 0 ) , ( \ displaystyle c = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) f ( 0 ) - \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( B_ ( 2k ) ) ( ( 2k ) ! ) ) f ^ ( ( 2k - 1 ) ) ( 0 ) , ) where f is the ( 2k − 1 ) - th derivative of f and B is the 2kth Bernoulli number : B = 1 / 6 , B = − 1 / 30 , and so on . Setting f ( x ) = x , the first derivative of f is 1 , and every other term vanishes , so : c = − 1 6 × 1 2 ! = − 1 12 . ( \ displaystyle c = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 6 ) ) \ times ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ! ) ) = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) . ) To avoid inconsistencies , the modern theory of Ramanujan summation requires that f is `` regular '' in the sense that the higher - order derivatives of f decay quickly enough for the remainder terms in the Euler -- Maclaurin formula to tend to 0 . Ramanujan tacitly assumed this property . The regularity requirement prevents the use of Ramanujan summation upon spaced - out series like 0 + 2 + 0 + 4 + ⋯ , because no regular function takes those values . Instead , such a series must be interpreted by zeta function regularization . For this reason , Hardy recommends `` great caution '' when applying the Ramanujan sums of known series to find the sums of related series . Failure of stable linear summation methods ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A summation method that is linear and stable can not sum the series 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ to any finite value . ( Stable means that adding a term to the beginning of the series increases the sum by the same amount . ) This can be seen as follows . If 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ = x then adding 0 to both sides gives 0 + 1 + 2 + ⋯ = 0 + x = x by stability . By linearity , one may subtract the second equation from the first ( subtracting each component of the second line from the first line in columns ) to give 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ = x -- x = 0 . Adding 0 to both sides again gives 0 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ = 0 , and subtracting the last two series gives 1 + 0 + 0 + ⋯ = 0 contradicting stability . The methods used above to sum 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ are either not stable or not linear . Physics ( edit ) In bosonic string theory , the attempt is to compute the possible energy levels of a string , in particular the lowest energy level . Speaking informally , each harmonic of the string can be viewed as a collection of D − 2 independent quantum harmonic oscillators , one for each transverse direction , where D is the dimension of spacetime . If the fundamental oscillation frequency is ω then the energy in an oscillator contributing to the nth harmonic is nħω / 2 . So using the divergent series , the sum over all harmonics is − ħω ( D − 2 ) / 24 . Ultimately it is this fact , combined with the Goddard -- Thorn theorem , which leads to bosonic string theory failing to be consistent in dimensions other than 26 . The regularization of 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ is also involved in computing the Casimir force for a scalar field in one dimension . An exponential cutoff function suffices to smooth the series , representing the fact that arbitrarily high - energy modes are not blocked by the conducting plates . The spatial symmetry of the problem is responsible for canceling the quadratic term of the expansion . All that is left is the constant term − 1 / 12 , and the negative sign of this result reflects the fact that the Casimir force is attractive . A similar calculation is involved in three dimensions , using the Epstein zeta - function in place of the Riemann zeta function . History ( edit ) It is unclear whether Leonhard Euler summed the series to − 1 / 12 . According to Morris Kline , Euler 's early work on divergent series relied on function expansions , from which he concluded 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ = ∞ . According to Raymond Ayoub , the fact that the divergent zeta series is not Abel summable prevented Euler from using the zeta function as freely as the eta function , and he `` could not have attached a meaning '' to the series . Other authors have credited Euler with the sum , suggesting that Euler would have extended the relationship between the zeta and eta functions to negative integers . In the primary literature , the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ is mentioned in Euler 's 1760 publication De seriebus divergentibus alongside the divergent geometric series 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ⋯ . Euler hints that series of this type have finite , negative sums , and he explains what this means for geometric series , but he does not return to discuss 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ . In the same publication , Euler writes that the sum of 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ is infinite . In popular media ( edit ) David Leavitt 's 2007 novel The Indian Clerk includes a scene where Hardy and Littlewood discuss the meaning of this series . They conclude that Ramanujan has rediscovered ζ ( − 1 ) , and they take the `` lunatic asylum '' line in his second letter as a sign that Ramanujan is toying with them . Simon McBurney 's 2007 play A Disappearing Number focuses on the series in the opening scene . The main character , Ruth , walks into a lecture hall and introduces the idea of a divergent series before proclaiming , `` I 'm going to show you something really thrilling , '' namely 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ = − 1 / 12 . As Ruth launches into a derivation of the functional equation of the zeta function , another actor addresses the audience , admitting that they are actors : `` But the mathematics is real . It 's terrifying , but it 's real . '' In January 2014 , Numberphile produced a YouTube video on the series , which gathered over 1.5 million views in its first month . The 8 - minute video is narrated by Tony Padilla , a physicist at the University of Nottingham . Padilla begins with 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + ⋯ and 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ and relates the latter to 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ using a term - by - term subtraction similar to Ramanujan 's argument . Numberphile also released a 21 - minute version of the video featuring Nottingham physicist Ed Copeland , who describes in more detail how 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ = 1 / 4 as an Abel sum and 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ = − 1 / 12 as ζ ( − 1 ) . After receiving complaints about the lack of rigour in the first video , Padilla also wrote an explanation on his webpage relating the manipulations in the video to identities between the analytic continuations of the relevant Dirichlet series . In the New York Times coverage of the Numberphile video , mathematician Edward Frenkel commented , `` This calculation is one of the best - kept secrets in math . No one on the outside knows about it . '' Coverage of this topic in Smithsonian magazine describes the Numberphile video as misleading , and notes that the interpretation of the sum as − 1 / 12 relies on a specialized meaning for the equals sign , from the techniques of analytic continuation , in which equals means is associated with . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tao , Terence ( April 10 , 2010 ) , The Euler -- Maclaurin formula , Bernoulli numbers , the zeta function , and real - variable analytic continuation , retrieved January 30 , 2014 Jump up ^ Lepowsky , J. ( 1999 ) , Naihuan Jing and Kailash C. Misra , ed. , Vertex operator algebras and the zeta function , Contemporary Mathematics , 248 , pp. 327 -- 340 , arXiv : math / 9909178 , Bibcode : 1999math ... 9178L Jump up ^ Gannon , Terry ( April 2010 ) , Moonshine Beyond the Monster : The Bridge Connecting Algebra , Modular Forms and Physics , Cambridge University Press , p. 140 , ISBN 978 - 0521141888 Jump up ^ Pengelley , David J. ( 2002 ) , Otto Bekken ; et al. , eds. , The bridge between the continuous and the discrete via original sources , National Center for Mathematics Education , University of Gothenburg , Sweden , p. 3 , ISBN 978 - 9185143009 Jump up ^ Hardy p. 10 ( More detail on the source needed ) Jump up ^ Ramanujan 's Notebooks , retrieved January 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ Abdi , Wazir Hasan ( 1992 ) , Toils and triumphs of Srinivasa Ramanujan , the man and the mathematician , National , p. 41 Jump up ^ Berndt , Bruce C. ( 1985 ) , Ramanujan 's Notebooks : Part 1 , Springer - Verlag , pp. 135 -- 136 Jump up ^ Euler , Leonhard ( 2006 ) . `` Translation with notes of Euler 's paper : Remarks on a beautiful relation between direct as well as reciprocal power series '' . Translated by Willis , Lucas ; Osler , Thomas J. The Euler Archive . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . Originally published as Euler , Leonhard ( 1768 ) . `` Remarques sur un beau rapport entre les séries des puissances tant directes que réciproques '' . Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences de Berlin . 17 : 83 -- 106 . Jump up ^ Promoting numbers to functions is identified as one of two broad classes of summation methods , including Abel and Borel summation , by Knopp , Konrad ( 1990 ) ( 1922 ) . Theory and Application of Infinite Series . Dover . pp. 475 -- 476 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 66165 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stopple , Jeffrey ( 2003 ) , A Primer of Analytic Number Theory : From Pythagoras to Riemann , p. 202 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 81309 - 3 Jump up ^ Knopp , Konrad ( 1990 ) ( 1922 ) . Theory and Application of Infinite Series . Dover . pp. 490 -- 492 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 66165 - 2 . Jump up ^ Berndt et al. p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Berndt , Bruce C. ( 1985 ) , Ramanujan 's Notebooks : Part 1 , Springer - Verlag , pp. 13 , 134 Jump up ^ Hardy p. 346 Jump up ^ Barbiellini , Bernardo ( 1987 ) , `` The Casimir effect in conformal field theories '' , Physics Letters B , 190 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 137 -- 139 , Bibcode : 1987PhLB ... 190 ... 137B , doi : 10.1016 / 0370 - 2693 ( 87 ) 90854 - 9 Jump up ^ See v : Quantum mechanics / Casimir effect in one dimension Jump up ^ Zee pp. 65 -- 67 Jump up ^ Zeidler , Eberhard ( 2007 ) , `` Quantum Field Theory I : Basics in Mathematics and Physics : A Bridge between Mathematicians and Physicists '' , Quantum Field Theory I : Basics in Mathematics and Physics . A bridge between mathematicians and physicists . by Eberhard Zeidler . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 34762 - 0 . Published by Springer Science + Business Media , Springer : 305 -- 306 , Bibcode : 2006qftb. book ... Z , ISBN 9783540347644 Jump up ^ Kline , Morris ( November 1983 ) , `` Euler and Infinite Series '' , Mathematics Magazine , 56 ( 5 ) : 307 -- 314 , doi : 10.2307 / 2690371 , JSTOR 2690371 Jump up ^ Ayoub , Raymond ( December 1974 ) , `` Euler and the Zeta Function '' ( PDF ) , The American Mathematical Monthly , 81 ( 10 ) : 1067 -- 1086 , doi : 10.2307 / 2319041 , JSTOR 2319041 , retrieved February 14 , 2014 Jump up ^ Lefort , Jean , `` Les séries divergentes chez Euler '' ( PDF ) , L'Ouvert , IREM de Strasbourg ( 31 ) : 15 -- 25 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 22 , 2014 , retrieved February 14 , 2014 Jump up ^ Kaneko , Masanobu ; Kurokawa , Nobushige ; Wakayama , Masato ( 2003 ) , `` A variation of Euler 's approach to values of the Riemann zeta function '' ( PDF ) , Kyushu Journal of Mathematics , 57 ( 1 ) : 175 -- 192 , arXiv : math / 0206171 , doi : 10.2206 / kyushujm. 57.175 , retrieved January 31 , 2014 Jump up ^ Sondow , Jonathan ( February 1994 ) , `` Analytic continuation of Riemann 's zeta function and values at negative integers via Euler 's transformation of series '' , Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society , 120 ( 4 ) : 421 -- 424 , doi : 10.1090 / S0002 - 9939 - 1994 - 1172954 - 7 , retrieved February 14 , 2014 Jump up ^ Barbeau , E.J. ; Leah , P.J. ( May 1976 ) , `` Euler 's 1760 paper on divergent series '' , Historia Mathematica , 3 ( 2 ) : 141 -- 160 , doi : 10.1016 / 0315 - 0860 ( 76 ) 90030 - 6 Jump up ^ Leavitt , David ( 2007 ) , The Indian Clerk , Bloomsbury , pp. 61 -- 62 Jump up ^ Complicite ( April 2012 ) , A Disappearing Number , Oberon , ISBN 9781849432993 Jump up ^ Thomas , Rachel ( December 1 , 2008 ) , `` A disappearing number '' , Plus , retrieved February 5 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Overbye , Dennis ( February 3 , 2014 ) , `` In the End , It All Adds Up to -- 1 / 12 '' , New York Times , retrieved February 3 , 2014 Jump up ^ ASTOUNDING : 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ... = -- 1 / 12 on YouTube Jump up ^ Sum of Natural Numbers ( second proof and extra footage ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Padilla , Tony , What do we get if we sum all the natural numbers ? , retrieved February 3 , 2014 Jump up ^ Schultz , Colin ( 2014 - 01 - 31 ) . `` The Great Debate Over Whether 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ... + ∞ = − 1 / 12 '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 16 . References ( edit ) Berndt , Bruce C. ; Srinivasa Ramanujan Aiyangar ; Rankin , Robert A. ( 1995 ) . Ramanujan : letters and commentary . American Mathematical Society . ISBN 0 - 8218 - 0287 - 9 . Hardy , G.H. ( 1949 ) . Divergent Series . Clarendon Press . Zee , A. ( 2003 ) . Quantum field theory in a nutshell . Princeton UP . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01019 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Zwiebach , Barton ( 2004 ) . A First Course in String Theory . Cambridge UP . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83143 - 1 . See p. 293 . Elizalde , Emilio ( 2004 ) . `` Cosmology : Techniques and Applications '' . Proceedings of the II International Conference on Fundamental Interactions . arXiv : gr - qc / 0409076 . Bibcode : 2004gr. qc ... 9076E . Watson , G.N. ( April 1929 ) , `` Theorems stated by Ramanujan ( VIII ) : Theorems on Divergent Series '' , Journal of the London Mathematical Society , 1 , 4 ( 2 ) : 82 -- 86 , doi : 10.1112 / jlms / s1 - 4.14. 82 External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about divergent series Lamb E. ( 2014 ) , `` Does 1 + 2 + 3 ... Really Equal -- 1 / 12 ? '' , Scientific American Blogs . This Week 's Finds in Mathematical Physics ( Week 124 ) , ( Week 126 ) , ( Week 147 ) , ( Week 213 ) Euler 's Proof That 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ = − 1 / 12 -- by John Baez García Moreta , José Javier http://prespacetime.com/index.php/pst/article/view/498 The Application of Zeta Regularization Method to the Calculation of Certain Divergent Series and Integrals Refined Higgs , CMB from Planck , Departures in Logic , and GR Issues & Solutions vol 4 No 3 prespacetime journal http://prespacetime.com/index.php/pst/issue/view/41/showToc John Baez ( September 19 , 2008 ) . `` My Favorite Numbers : 24 '' ( PDF ) . The Euler - Maclaurin formula , Bernoulli numbers , the zeta function , and real - variable analytic continuation by Terence Tao A recursive evaluation of zeta of negative integers by Luboš Motl Link to Numberphile video 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ... = -- 1 / 12 Sum of Natural Numbers ( second proof and extra footage ) includes demonstration of Euler 's method . What do we get if we sum all the natural numbers ? response to comments about video by Tony Padilla Related article from New York Times Why -- 1 / 12 is a gold nugget follow - up Numberphile video with Edward Frenkel Divergent Series : why 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ = − 1 / 12 by Brydon Cais from University of Arizona ( hide ) Sequences and series Integer sequences Basic Arithmetic progression Geometric progression Harmonic progression Square number Cubic number Factorial Powers of two Powers of 10 Advanced ( list ) Complete sequence Fibonacci numbers Figurate number Heptagonal number Hexagonal number Lucas number Pell number Pentagonal number Polygonal number Triangular number Properties of sequences Cauchy sequence Monotone sequence Periodic sequence Properties of series Convergent series Divergent series Conditional convergence Absolute convergence Uniform convergence Alternating series Telescoping series Explicit series Convergent 1 / 2 − 1 / 4 + 1 / 8 − 1 / 16 + ⋯ 1 / 2 + 1 / 4 + 1 / 8 + 1 / 16 + ⋯ 1 / 4 + 1 / 16 + 1 / 64 + 1 / 256 + ⋯ 1 + 1 / 2 + 1 / 3 + ... ( Riemann zeta function ) Divergent 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ⋯ 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + ⋯ ( Grandi 's series ) Infinite arithmetic series 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ 1 − 2 + 4 − 8 + ⋯ 1 + 1 / 2 + 1 / 3 + 1 / 4 + ⋯ ( harmonic series ) 1 − 1 + 2 − 6 + 24 − 120 + ⋯ ( alternating factorials ) 1 / 2 + 1 / 3 + 1 / 5 + 1 / 7 + 1 / 11 + ⋯ ( inverses of primes ) Kinds of series Taylor series Power series Formal power series Laurent series Puiseux series Dirichlet series Trigonometric series Fourier series Generating series Hypergeometric series Generalized hypergeometric series Hypergeometric function of a matrix argument Lauricella hypergeometric series Modular hypergeometric series Riemann 's differential equation Theta hypergeometric series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1_%2B_2_%2B_3_%2B_4_%2B_ ⋯ &oldid = 843373532 '' Categories : Divergent series Arithmetic series Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bosanski Español Français हिन्दी Italiano עברית Қазақша 日本 語 Picard Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski ไทย Türkçe 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 18 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the sum of all natural numbers is 1/12 | [] | [] |
-5669068379673402738 | Establishment Clause | Establishment Clause - wikipedia Establishment Clause Jump to : navigation , search Constitutional Law of the United States Overview Articles Amendments History Judicial review Principles Separation of powers Individual rights Rule of law Federalism Republicanism Government structure Legislative branch Executive branch Judicial branch State government Local government Individual rights Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of assembly Right to petition Freedom of association Right to keep and bear arms Right to trial by jury Criminal procedural rights Right to privacy Freedom from slavery Due process Equal protection Citizenship Voting rights Theory Living Constitution Originalism Purposivism Textualism Strict constructionism The Establishment Clause together with the Free Exercise Clause form the constitutional right of freedom of religion that is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . The relevant constitutional text is : `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ... '' The Establishment Clause was derived from a number of precursors , including the Constitutions of Clarendon , the Bill of Rights 1689 , and the Pennsylvania and New Jersey colonial constitutions . An initial draft by John Dickinson was prepared in conjunction with his drafting the Articles of Confederation . In 1789 , then - congressman James Madison prepared another draft which , following discussion and debate in the First Congress , would become incorporated into the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights . The second half of the Establishment Clause includes the Free Exercise Clause , which allows individual citizens freedom from governmental interference in both private and public religious affairs . The Establishment Clause is a limitation placed upon the United States Congress preventing it from passing legislation respecting an establishment of religion . The second half of the Establishment Clause inherently prohibits the government from preferring any one religion over another . While the Establishment Clause does prohibit Congress from preferring or elevating one religion over another , it does not prohibit the government 's entry into the religious domain to make accommodations for religious observances and practices in order to achieve the purposes of the Free Exercise Clause . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 1.1 Constitutions of Clarendon 1.2 1689 Bill of Rights 1.3 Colonial New Jersey and Pennsylvania Constitutions 1.4 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom 1.5 United States Bill of Rights 1.6 Concerns of Virginia Baptists 2 Incorporation 3 Financial assistance 4 State - sanctioned prayer in public schools 5 Religious displays 6 Blue laws 7 See also 8 References 9 Research resources 10 Further reading Historical background ( edit ) Constitutions of Clarendon ( edit ) The Constitutions of Clarendon , a 12th - century English law , had prohibited criminal defendants ' using religious laws ( at that time , in mediaeval England , canon law of the Roman Catholic Church ) to seek exemption from criminal prosecution . 1689 Bill of Rights ( edit ) The 1689 English Bill of Rights secured the rights of all `` persons '' to be free from establishment of Roman Catholic laws in the government of England . Colonial New Jersey and Pennsylvania constitutions ( edit ) The original Mason - Dixon line was the demarcation line between the Catholic colony of Maryland and the New Jersey and Pennsylvania colonies , which followed the 1689 Bill of Rights and their own colonial constitutions which provided similar protections against the establishment of Catholic laws in government . Virginia statute for religious Freedom ( edit ) Main article : Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom A possible additional precursor of the Free Exercise Clause was the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom . The statute was drafted by Thomas Jefferson in 1777 and was introduced in the Virginia General Assembly in 1779 . It did not pass the General Assembly until 1786 . James Madison played an important role in its passage . The statute disestablished the Church of England in Virginia and guaranteed freedom of religion exercise to men of all religious faiths , including Catholics and Jews as well as members of all Protestant denominations . The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom granted these rights to men , whereas the First Amendment to the United States Constitution grants rights to persons , as does the 1689 Bill of Rights and the colonial constitutions in New Jersey and Pennsylvania . United states Bill of Rights ( edit ) Main article : United States Bill of Rights See also : Anti-Federalism The First Amendment is part of a group of 10 Amendments to the United States Constitution known as the Bill of Rights . The idea of adding a Bill of Rights to the Constitution was proposed by George Mason five days before the conclusion of the Constitutional Convention held in Philadelphia in 1787 . His proposal was rejected by the other delegates . Alexander Hamilton later argued in The Federalist Papers that a Bill of Rights was unnecessary , claiming that since the Constitution granted limited powers to the federal government , it did not grant the new government the power to abuse the rights that would be secured by a Bill of Rights . Nevertheless , the supporters of the Constitution ( known as Federalists ) in order to secure its ratification in Massachusetts , agreed to add a group of Amendments to the Constitution after its ratification that would serve as a Bill of Rights . Later , six more states likewise recommended the addition of a Bill of Rights , and the idea also gained the support of Jefferson and Madison . When the First Federal Congress met in 1789 , Madison implemented the idea by introducing 17 Amendments to the Constitution . By December 1791 , ten of his Amendments were ratified by the necessary three quarters of the states , and they became part of the US Constitution , thereafter becoming known as `` the Bill of Rights '' . Concerns of Virginia Baptists ( edit ) The Establishment Clause addressed the concerns of members of minority faiths who did not want the federal government to establish a state religion for the entire nation . The Baptists in Virginia , for example , had suffered discrimination prior to the disestablishment of the Anglican church in 1786 . As Virginia prepared to hold its elections to the state ratifying convention in 1788 , the Baptists were concerned that the Constitution had no safeguard against the creation of a new national church . In Orange County , Virginia , two federalist candidates , James Madison and James Gordon , Jr. , were running against two anti-federalists ( opponents of the Constitution ) , Thomas Barbour and Charles Porter . Barbour requested to John Leland , an influential Baptist preacher and fervent lifelong proponent of religious liberty , that he write a letter to Barbour outlining his objections to the proposed Constitution . Leland stated in the letter that , among his other concerns , the Constitution had no Bill of Rights and no safeguards for religious liberty and freedom of the press . A number of historians have concluded on the basis of compelling circumstantial evidence that , just prior to the election in March 1788 , Madison met with Leland and gained his support of ratification by addressing these concerns and providing him with the necessary reassurances . In any event , Leland cast his vote for Madison . Leland 's support , according to Scarberry , was likely key to the landslide victory of Madison and Gordon . Incorporation ( edit ) Prior to the enactment of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1868 , the Supreme Court generally held that the substantive protections of the Bill of Rights did not apply to state governments . Subsequently , under the Incorporation doctrine , the Bill of Rights has been broadly applied to limit state and local government as well . The process of incorporating the two Religion Clauses in the First Amendment was twofold . The first step was the Supreme Court 's conclusion in 1940 that the Free Exercise Clause was made applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment . Conceptually , this raised few difficulties : the Due Process Clause protects those rights in the Bill of Rights `` implicit in the concept of ordered liberty , '' and free exercise of religion is a quintessential individual right ( and had been recognized as such at the state level from the beginning ) . Incorporation of the Establishment Clause in 1947 proved to be problematic in several ways and subject to critique . The controversy surrounding Establishment Clause incorporation primarily stems from the fact that one of the intentions of the Establishment Clause was to prevent Congress from interfering with state establishments of religion that existed at the time of the founding ( at least six states had established religions at the founding ) -- a fact conceded by even those members of the Court who believe the Establishment Clause was made applicable to the states through incorporation . Critics have also argued that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment is understood to incorporate only individual rights found in the Bill of Rights ; the Establishment Clause , unlike the Free Exercise Clause ( which critics readily concede protects individual rights ) , does not purport to protect individual rights . Financial assistance ( edit ) The Supreme Court first considered the question of financial assistance to religious organizations in Bradfield v. Roberts ( 1899 ) . The federal government had funded a hospital operated by a Roman Catholic institution . In that case , the Court ruled that the funding was to a secular organization -- the hospital -- and was therefore permissible . In the twentieth century , the Supreme Court more closely scrutinized government activity involving religious institutions . In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the Supreme Court upheld a New Jersey statute funding student transportation to schools , whether parochial or not . Justice Hugo Black held , The `` establishment of religion '' clause of the First Amendment means at least this : Neither a state nor the federal government can set up a church . Neither can pass laws which aid one religion , aid all religions , or prefer one religion over another . Neither can force nor influence a person to go to or to remain away from church against his will or force him to profess a belief or disbelief in any religion . No person can be punished for entertaining or professing religious beliefs or disbeliefs , for church attendance or non-attendance . No tax in any amount , large or small , can be levied to support any religious activities or institutions , whatever they may be called , or whatever form they may adopt to teach or practice religion . Neither a state nor the Federal Government can , openly or secretly , participate in the affairs of any religious organizations or groups and vice versa . In the words of Jefferson , the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect `` a wall of separation between church and State . '' The New Jersey law was upheld , for it applied `` to all its citizens without regard to their religious belief . '' After Everson , lawsuits in several states sought to disentangle public monies from religious teaching , the leading case being the 1951 Dixon School Case out of New Mexico . The Jefferson quotation cited in Black 's opinion is from a letter Jefferson wrote in 1802 to the Baptists of Danbury , Connecticut , that there should be `` a wall of separation between church and state . '' Critics of Black 's reasoning ( most notably , former Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist ) have argued that the majority of states did have `` official '' churches at the time of the First Amendment 's adoption and that James Madison , not Jefferson , was the principal drafter . However , Madison himself often wrote of `` perfect separation between the ecclesiastical and civil matters '' ( 1822 letter to Livingston ) , which means the authority of the church ( that which comes from the church ) is decided by church authority , and that which is decided in civil government is decided by civil authorities ; neither may decree law or policy in each other 's realm . Another description reads : `` line of separation between the rights of religion and the civil authority ... entire abstinence of the government '' ( 1832 letter Rev. Adams ) , and `` practical distinction between Religion and Civil Government as essential to the purity of both , and as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States '' ( 1811 letter to Baptist Churches ) . In Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that government may not `` excessively entangle '' with religion . The case involved two Pennsylvania laws : one permitting the state to `` purchase '' services in secular fields from religious schools , and the other permitting the state to pay a percentage of the salaries of private school teachers , including teachers in religious institutions . The Supreme Court found that the government was `` excessively entangled '' with religion , and invalidated the statutes in question . The excessive entanglement test , together with the secular purpose and primary effect tests thereafter became known as the Lemon test , which judges have often used to test the constitutionality of a statute on establishment clause grounds . The Supreme Court decided Committee for Public Education & Religious Liberty v. Nyquist and Sloan v. Lemon in 1973 . In both cases , states -- New York and Pennsylvania -- had enacted laws whereby public tax revenues would be paid to low - income parents so as to permit them to send students to private schools . It was held that in both cases , the state unconstitutionally provided aid to religious organizations . The ruling was partially reversed in Mueller v. Allen ( 1983 ) . There , the Court upheld a Minnesota statute permitting the use of tax revenues to reimburse parents of students . The Court noted that the Minnesota statute granted such aid to parents of all students , whether they attended public or private schools . While the Court has prevented states from directly funding parochial schools , it has not stopped them from aiding religious colleges and universities . In Tilton v. Richardson ( 1971 ) , the Court permitted the use of public funds for the construction of facilities in religious institutions of higher learning . It was found that there was no `` excessive entanglement '' since the buildings were themselves not religious , unlike teachers in parochial schools , and because the aid came in the form of a one - time grant , rather than continuous assistance . One of the largest recent controversies over the amendment centered on school vouchers -- government aid for students to attend private and predominantly religious schools . The Supreme Court , in Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) , upheld the constitutionality of private school vouchers , turning away an Establishment Clause challenge . State - sanctioned Prayer in public schools ( edit ) Earl Warren was Chief Justice when Engel v. Vitale was decided . Further important decisions came in the 1960s , during the Warren Court era . One of the Court 's most controversial decisions came in Engel v. Vitale in 1962 . The case involved the mandatory daily recitation by public school officials of a prayer written by the New York Board of Regents , which read `` Almighty God , we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee , and we beg Thy blessings upon us , our parents , our teachers and our Country '' . The Supreme Court deemed it unconstitutional and struck it down , with Justice Black writing `` it is no part of the official business of government to compose official prayers for any group of American people to recite as part of a religious program carried out by the Government . '' The reading of the Lord 's Prayer or of the Bible in the classroom of a public school by the teacher was ruled unconstitutional in 1963 . The ruling did not apply to parochial or private schools in general . The decision has been met with both criticism and praise . Many social conservatives are critical of the court 's reasoning , including the late Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist . Conversely , the ACLU and other civil libertarian groups hailed the court 's decision . In Abington Township v. Schempp ( 1963 ) , the case involving the mandatory reading of the Lord 's Prayer in class , the Supreme Court introduced the `` secular purpose '' and `` primary effect '' tests , which were to be used to determine compatibility with the establishment clause . Essentially , the law in question must have a valid secular purpose , and its primary effect must not be to promote or inhibit a particular religion . Since the law requiring the recital of the Lord 's Prayer violated these tests , it was struck down . The `` excessive entanglement '' test was added in Lemon v. Kurtzman ( vide supra ) . In Wallace v. Jaffree ( 1985 ) , the Supreme Court struck down an Alabama law whereby students in public schools would observe daily a period of silence for the purpose of private prayer . The Court did not , however , find that the moment of silence was itself unconstitutional . Rather , it ruled that Alabama lawmakers had passed the statute solely to advance religion , thereby violating the secular purpose test . The 1990s were marked by controversies surrounding religion 's role in public affairs . In Lee v. Weisman ( 1992 ) , the Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional the offering of prayers by religious officials before voluntarily attending ceremonies such as graduation . Thus , the Court established that the state could not conduct religious exercises at public occasions even if attendance was not strictly compulsory . In Lee the Court developed the coercion test . Under this test the government does not violate the establishment clause unless it ( 1 ) provides direct aid to religion in a way that would tend to establish a state church , or ( 2 ) coerces people to support or participate in religion against their will . In Santa Fe Independent School Dist . v. Doe ( 2000 ) , the Court ruled that a vote of the student body could not authorize student - led prayer prior to school events . In 2002 , controversy centered on a ruling by the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow ( 2002 ) , which struck down a California law providing for the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance ( which includes the phrase `` under God '' ) in classrooms . Each House of Congress passed resolutions reaffirming their support for the pledge ; the Senate vote was 99 -- 0 and the House vote was 416 -- 3 . The Supreme Court heard arguments on the case , but did not rule on the merits , instead reversing the Ninth Circuit 's decision on standing grounds . Religious displays ( edit ) The inclusion of religious symbols in public holiday displays came before the Supreme Court in Lynch v. Donnelly ( 1984 ) , and again in Allegheny County v. Greater Pittsburgh ACLU ( 1989 ) . In the former case , the Court upheld the public display of a crèche , ruling that any benefit to religion was `` indirect , remote , and incidental . '' In Allegheny County , however , the Court struck down a crèche display , which occupied a prominent position in the county courthouse and bore the words Gloria in Excelsis Deo , the words sung by the angels at the Nativity ( Luke 2 : 14 in the Latin Vulgate translation ) . At the same time , the Allegheny County Court upheld the display of a nearby menorah , which appeared along with a Christmas tree and a sign saluting liberty , reasoning that `` the combined display of the tree , the sign , and the menorah ... simply recognizes that both Christmas and Hanukkah are part of the same winter - holiday season , which has attained a secular status in our society . '' In Lynch v. Donnelly the Supreme Court also developed with the endorsement test a further test to determine the constitutionality under the Establishment Clause of certain government actions . In 2001 , Roy Moore , then Chief Justice of Alabama , installed a monument to the Ten Commandments in the state judicial building . In 2003 , he was ordered in the case of Glassroth v. Moore by a federal judge to remove the monument , but he refused to comply , ultimately leading to his removal from office . The Supreme Court refused to hear the case , allowing the lower court 's decision to stand . On March 2 , 2005 , the Supreme Court heard arguments for two cases involving religious displays , Van Orden v. Perry and McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky . These were the first cases directly dealing with display of the Ten Commandments the Court had heard since Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) . These cases were decided on June 27 , 2005 . In Van Orden , the Court upheld , by a 5 -- 4 vote , the legality of a Ten Commandments display at the Texas State Capitol due to the monument 's `` secular purpose '' . In McCreary County , however , the Court ruled 5 -- 4 that displays of the Ten Commandments in several Kentucky county courthouses were unconstitutional because they were not clearly integrated with a secular display , and thus were considered to have a religious purpose . Blue laws ( edit ) In the 1964 case McGowan v. Maryland the Supreme Court held that blue laws which restricted the sale of goods on Sunday 's ( and were originally intended to increase Church attendance ) did not violate the Establishment Clause because they served a present secular purpose of providing a uniform day of rest for everyone . See also ( edit ) Faith - based initiatives No Religious Test Clause Separation of church and state in the United States Torcaso v. Watkins United States religious history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Act for Establishing Religious Freedom , January 16 , 1786 '' . Shaping the Constitution . Virginia Memory . ^ Jump up to : Labunski , Richard ( 2006 ) . James Madison and the struggle for the Bill of Rights . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0199740992 . Jump up ^ Bruns , Roger A . `` A More Perfect Union : The Creation of the U.S. Constitution '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scarberry , Mark S. ( 2009 ) . `` John Leland and James Madison : Religious influence on the Ratification of the Constitution and on the Proposal of the Bill of Rights '' . Penn State Law Review . 113 ( 3 ) : 733 -- 800 . SSRN 1262520 . See p. 764 , footnote 147 , which presents a quote from a copy of Leland 's letter ( as quoted in an article by L.H. Butterfield ) : `` Sir , According to your Request , I have sent you my objections to the Foederal Constitution , which are as follows ... `` . Jump up ^ Scarberry , Mark S. ( 2009 ) . `` John Leland and James Madison : Religious influence on the Ratification of the Constitution and on the Proposal of the Bill of Rights '' . Penn State Law Review . 113 ( 3 ) : 733 -- 800 . SSRN 1262520 . Jump up ^ Scarberry , Mark S. ( 2009 ) . `` John Leland and James Madison : Religious influence on the Ratification of the Constitution and on the Proposal of the Bill of Rights '' . Penn State Law Review . 113 ( 3 ) : 733 -- 800 . SSRN 1262520 . Scarberry states on pp. 775 - 6 : `` At the very least , it seems probable that Madison met with Leland before the election and persuaded Leland to support Madison 's candidacy , which otherwise likely would have failed . '' Jump up ^ Hamburger , Philip ( 2004 ) . Separation of Church and State . Harvard University Press . p. 156 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01374 - 2 . Jump up ^ Cantwell v. Connecticut , 310 U.S. 296 ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ Palko v. Connecticut , 302 U.S. 319 , 326 ( 1937 ) ^ Jump up to : McConnell , Michael W. ; Garvey , John H. ; Berg , Thomas C. ( 2006 ) . Religion and the Constitution . Aspen casebook series . Wolters Kluwer Law & Business . p. 74 . ISBN 073550718X . Jump up ^ Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ School District of Abington Township v. Schempp , 374 U.S. 203 ( 1963 ) ( Brennan , J. , concurring ) ( `` The absorption of the Establishment Clause has , however , come later and by a route less easily charted . '' ) Jump up ^ Lietzau , William K. ( 1990 ) . `` Rediscovering the Establishment Clause : Federalism and the Rollback of Incorporation '' . DePaul L. Rev. 39 ( 1191 ) . Jump up ^ Smith , Stephen D. ( 1995 ) . `` Chapter 2 : The Jurisdictional Character of the Religion Clauses '' . Foreordained Failure : The Quest for a Constitutional Principle of Religious Freedom . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , 542 U.S. 1 ( 2004 ) ( Thomas , J. , concurring ) ( `` I accept that the Free Exercise Clause ... applies against the States through the Fourteenth Amendment . But the Establishment Clause is another matter . '' ) ^ Jump up to : McConnell , Michael W. ( 1990 ) . `` The Origins and Historical Understanding of Free Exercise of Religion '' . Harvard Law Review . 103 ( 7 ) : 1409 -- 1517 . doi : 10.2307 / 1341281 . Jump up ^ Abington v. Schempp , 374 U.S. 203 ( 1963 ) ( Brennan , J. , concurring ) Jump up ^ Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , 542 U.S. 1 ( 2004 ) ( Thomas , J. , concurring ) . Jump up ^ Pfeffer , Leo ( 1967 ) Church , state , and freedom Beacon Press , Boston , Massachusetts , pages 545 - 549 Jump up ^ But see Bown v. Gwinnett County School District , 112 F. 3d 1464 ( 11th Cir. 1997 ) . Jump up ^ `` Town of Greece v. Galloway : A deep dive '' . The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago - Kent College of Law . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ For the Endorsement test see Lynch v. Donnelly , 465 U.S. 668 ( 1984 ) . Jump up ^ `` McGowan v. Maryland '' . Oyez . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Marnell , William , H. ( 1964 ) . The First Amendment : Religious Freedom in America from Colonial Days to The School Prayer Controversy . Doubleday & Company . Research resources ( edit ) First Amendment Library entry for Establishment Clause Cases ( with links to all of the Supreme Court 's Establishment Clause cases ) Defending Jefferson 's `` wall of separation '' metaphor Religious Expression in American Public Life : A Joint Statement of Current Law Further reading ( edit ) Dreisbach , Daniel L. Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation Between Church and State . New York University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 1935 - 0 . Royal C. Gilkey , `` The Problem of Church and State in Terms of the Nonestablishment and Free Exercise of Religion '' , William & Mary Law Review , Vol. 9 , Issue I , 1967 , 149 - 165 Scarberry , Mark S. ( April 2009 ) . `` John Leland and James Madison : Religious Influence on the Ratification of the Constitution and on the Proposal of the Bill of Rights '' ( PDF ) . Penn State Law Review . 113 ( 3 ) : 733 -- 800 . Stone , Geoffrey R. ( 2008 ) . `` The World of the Framers : A Christian Nation ? '' . UCLA L. Rev. 56 ( 1 ) . Tillman , Seth Barrett ( 2009 ) . `` Blushing Our Way Past Historical Fact And Fiction : A Response to Professor Geoffrey R. Stone 's Melville B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture and Essay '' . Penn St. L. Rev. 114 ( 391 ) . SSRN 1333576 . Wiecek , William M. ; United States , Permanent Committee for the Oliver Wendell Holmes Devise ( 2006 ) . `` The Establishment of Religion '' . The birth of the modern Constitution : the United States Supreme Court , 1941 - 1953 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 250 -- 284 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84820 - 6 . 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-2988962415940234619 | Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 | Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 - wikipedia Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Jump to : navigation , search Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Theatrical release poster Directed by David Yates Produced by David Heyman David Barron J.K. Rowling Screenplay by Steve Kloves Based on Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows by J.K. Rowling Starring Daniel Radcliffe Rupert Grint Emma Watson Helena Bonham Carter Robbie Coltrane Warwick Davis Ralph Fiennes Michael Gambon John Hurt Jason Isaacs Gary Oldman Alan Rickman Maggie Smith David Thewlis Julie Walters Music by Alexandre Desplat ( Harry Potter themes composed by John Williams ) Cinematography Eduardo Serra Edited by Mark Day Production company Heyday Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date 7 July 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 07 ) ( Trafalgar Square ) 15 July 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 15 ) ( United Kingdom & United States ) Running time 130 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $250 million ( Shared with Part 1 ) Box office $1.342 billion Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 is a 2011 fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is the second of two cinematic parts based on the novel of the same name by J.K. Rowling . The film , which is the eighth and final instalment in the Harry Potter film series , was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman , David Barron , and Rowling . The story continues to follow Harry Potter 's quest to find and destroy Lord Voldemort 's Horcruxes in order to stop him once and for all . The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry 's best friends , Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . Principal photography began on 19 February 2009 , and was completed on 12 June 2010 , with reshoots taking place in December 2010 , more than ten years after filming started on the first instalment of the series . Part 2 was released in 2D , 3 - D and IMAX cinemas worldwide from 13 -- 15 July 2011 , and is the only Harry Potter film to be released in 3 - D . The film became a commercial success , and one of the best reviewed films of 2011 , with Yates 's direction and the film 's performances , musical score , visual effects , cinematography , action sequences , and satisfying conclusion of the saga earning notable praise . At the box office , Part 2 claimed the worldwide opening weekend record , earning $483.2 million , as well as setting opening day and opening weekend records in various countries . As of 2018 , the film is the eighth highest - grossing film of all time . It became the highest - grossing film of 2011 , the highest - grossing film in the Harry Potter series , and the ninth film to gross over $1 billion . The Blu - ray and DVD sets were released on 11 November 2011 in the United States and on 2 December 2011 in the United Kingdom . The film was also released in the Harry Potter : Complete 8 - Film Collection box set on DVD and Blu - ray , which included all eight films and new special features . Part 1 and Part 2 were released as a combo pack on DVD and Blu - ray on 11 November 2011 in Canada . The film won several awards and was nominated for many more , including three nominations at the Academy Awards for Best Art Direction , Best Makeup and Hairstyling and Best Visual Effects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Sets 3.2 Visual effects 3.3 Music 4 Distribution 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Theatrical release 4.3 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 United States and Canada 5.1. 2 Other markets 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) After burying Dobby , Harry Potter asks the goblin Griphook to help him , Ron , and Hermione break into Bellatrix Lestrange 's vault at Gringotts bank , suspecting a Horcrux may be there . Griphook agrees , in exchange for the Sword of Gryffindor . Wandmaker Ollivander tells Harry that two wands taken from Malfoy Manor belonged to Bellatrix and to Draco Malfoy , but Malfoy 's has changed its allegiance to Harry . In Bellatrix 's vault , Harry discovers the Horcrux is Helga Hufflepuff 's cup . He retrieves it , but Griphook snatches the sword and abandons the trio , leaving them cornered by security . The three release the dragon guardian and flee on its back . Harry sees a vision of Voldemort killing goblins , including Griphook , and learns Voldemort is aware of the theft . Harry also realises there is a Horcrux at Hogwarts somehow connected to Rowena Ravenclaw . The trio apparate into Hogsmeade , where Aberforth Dumbledore reluctantly instructs the portrait of his deceased younger sister , Ariana , to fetch Neville Longbottom , who leads the trio through a secret passageway into Hogwarts . Severus Snape hears of Harry 's return and warns staff and students of punishment for aiding Harry . Harry confronts Snape , who flees after Minerva McGonagall challenges him to a duel . McGonagall gathers the Hogwarts community for battle . At Luna Lovegood 's insistence , Harry speaks to Helena Ravenclaw 's ghost , who reveals that Voldemort performed `` dark magic '' on her mother 's diadem , which is in the Room of Requirement . In the Chamber of Secrets , Hermione destroys the Horcrux cup with a Basilisk fang . In the Room of Requirement , Draco , Blaise Zabini and Gregory Goyle attack Harry , but Ron and Hermione intervene . Goyle casts a Fiendfyre curse and , unable to control it , is burned to death while Harry and his friends save Malfoy and Zabini . Harry stabs the diadem with the Basilisk fang and Ron kicks it into the Room of Requirement , where it is destroyed . As Voldemort 's army attacks , Harry , seeing into Voldemort 's mind , realises that Voldemort 's snake Nagini is the final Horcrux . After entering the boathouse , the trio witness Voldemort telling Snape that the Elder Wand can not serve Voldemort until Snape dies ; he then orders Nagini to kill Snape . Before dying , Snape tells Harry to take his memories to the Pensieve . In the chaos at Hogwarts , Fred , Lupin , and Tonks have been killed . Harry learns from Snape 's memories that while Snape despised Harry 's late father , James , who had bullied him , he loved his late mother , Lily . Following her death , Snape worked secretly with Dumbledore to protect Harry from Voldemort because of his love for Lily . Harry also learns that Dumbledore was dying and wanted Snape to kill him , and that the Patronus doe he saw in the woods that led him to the sword had been conjured by Snape . Harry discovers that he himself became a Horcrux when Voldemort originally failed to kill him and that Harry must die to destroy the piece of Voldemort 's soul within him . Harry then surrenders himself to Voldemort in the Forbidden Forest . Voldemort casts the Killing Curse upon Harry , who finds himself in limbo , where Dumbledore 's spirit meets him and explains that the part of Voldemort within Harry was killed by Voldemort 's own curse . Harry then returns to his body , determined to defeat Voldemort once and for all . Voldemort announces Harry 's apparent death to everyone at Hogwarts and demands they all surrender . As Neville gives a defiant response and draws the Sword of Gryffindor from the Sorting Hat , Harry reveals he is still alive ; the Malfoys and many Death Eaters abandon Voldemort . While Harry confronts Voldemort in a duel throughout the castle , Molly Weasley kills Bellatrix in the Great Hall and Neville decapitates Nagini , making Voldemort vulnerable . Harry and Voldemort 's fight ends with Voldemort 's own Killing Curse rebounding and obliterating him . After the battle , Harry explains to Ron and Hermione that the Elder Wand had recognised him as its true master because he had disarmed Draco , who earlier had disarmed its previous owner , Dumbledore , but instead of claiming the Elder Wand , Harry breaks and discards it . Nineteen years later , Harry , Ginny , Ron , Hermione , and Draco proudly watch their own children leave for Hogwarts at King 's Cross station . Cast ( edit ) Further information : List of Harry Potter cast members Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley , Harry 's best friend . Emma Watson as Hermione Granger , Harry 's other best friend , and the brain of the trio . Helena Bonham Carter as Bellatrix Lestrange , a Death Eater and Sirius Black 's cousin and murderer . Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid , Harry 's half - giant friend and a former member of the staff of Hogwarts . Warwick Davis as Filius Flitwick , the Charms master and Head of the Ravenclaw house at Hogwarts ; and Griphook , a goblin and former employee at Gringotts Bank . Tom Felton as Draco Malfoy , Harry 's former school rival , a Death Eater , and son of Lucius and Narcissa Malfoy ( Helen McCrory ) . Ralph Fiennes as Lord Voldemort , a twisted , evil , power - hungry , powerful wizard , and the founder and supreme leader of the Death Eaters . Michael Gambon as Albus Dumbledore , the late headmaster of Hogwarts John Hurt as Mr. Ollivander , a wandmaker abducted by the Death Eaters . Jason Isaacs as Lucius Malfoy , Draco Malfoy 's father and a disgraced Death Eater . Kelly Macdonald as Helena Ravenclaw , the ghost of Ravenclaw at Hogwarts . Gary Oldman as Sirius Black , Harry 's late godfather . Alan Rickman as Severus Snape , former Head of the Slytherin House and Potions and Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher and the new headmaster of Hogwarts . Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall , the Transfiguration teacher and the Head of the Gryffindor house at Hogwarts . David Thewlis as Remus Lupin , a member of the Order of the Phoenix and a former Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher at Hogwarts . Julie Walters as Molly Weasley , the Weasley matriarch Casting ( edit ) The roles of several minor characters were recast or replaced for this film . For example , Ciarán Hinds assumed the role of Aberforth Dumbledore , Albus Dumbledore 's brother and bartender of the Hog 's Head inn . In the book , a significant number of characters who have not appeared since some of the earlier novels , reappear to defend Hogwarts in the large , final battle . Director David Yates said , `` I want to get them all back '' , referring to his desire to bring back as many actors who have appeared in the franchise as possible for the climactic battle sequence in the film . Sean Biggerstaff , Jim Broadbent , Gemma Jones , Miriam Margolyes , and Emma Thompson reprise their roles from earlier films briefly during the battle scene . For the final scene in the film which is set nineteen years after the film 's main story , the actors playing the main characters were made to look older through the use of makeup and special effects . After the initial look of the actors ' aged appearances leaked onto the Internet , some fans reacted by opining that Radcliffe and Grint looked too old , while Watson did not appear significantly different at all . After primary filming concluded in June 2010 , Yates examined the footage , and concluded that the problem could not be resolved through editing or CGI , and had the sequence re-shot that December , with redesigned makeup . Production ( edit ) Main article : Production of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows St Pancras serves as the opening shot of the film 's final scene , `` nineteen years later '' . Part 2 was filmed back - to - back with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 from 19 February 2009 to 12 June 2010 , with reshoots for the epilogue scene taking place at Leavesden Film Studios on 21 December 2010 . Director David Yates , who shot the film with director of photography Eduardo Serra , described Part 2 as `` operatic , colourful and fantasy - oriented '' , a `` big opera with huge battles . '' Originally set for a single theatrical release , the idea to split the book into two parts was suggested by executive producer Lionel Wigram due to , what David Heyman called , `` creative imperative '' . Heyman initially responded negatively to the idea , but Wigram asked , `` No , David . How are we going to do it ? '' . After rereading the book and discussing it with screenwriter Steve Kloves , he agreed with the division . Sets ( edit ) In an interview with Architectural Digest , production designer Stuart Craig remarked on creating sets for Part 2 . Of the Gringotts Wizarding Bank , he said , `` our banking hall , like any other , is made of marble and big marble columns . And it has great strength . The fact that the goblins are the bankers and tellers at the counter helps that feeling of grandeur and solidity and the big proportions . That was part of the fun of the set : we exaggerated the size of it , we exaggerated the weight of it , and we even exaggerated the shine of the marble . '' About the multiplication of treasure in one of the bank 's vaults , he noted , `` We made literally thousands of pieces for it and vacuum metallised them to be shiny gold and silver . John Richardson , the special effects supervisor , made a floor that was capable of rising on different levels , so there was kind of a physical swelling of the treasure on it . '' Craig spoke about the Battle of Hogwarts to Art Insights Magazine , saying that `` the great challenge is the destruction of Hogwarts . The sun rising behind the smoke ... the massive remains of destroyed walls , the entrance hall , the entrance of the Great Hall , part of the roof of the Great Hall completely gone , so yeah . A big challenge there and an enjoyable one really -- maybe it helped me and the guys in the art department sort of prepare for the end ... we demolished it before we had to strike it completely . '' When asked about the King 's Cross scene near the end of the film , Craig said , `` We experimented a lot , quite honestly . I mean it was quite a protracted process really but we did experiment the sense of it being very burnt out very very kind of white -- so we experimented with underlit floors , we experimented with different kind of white covering everything : white paint , white fabric , and the cameraman was involved in how much to expose it , and a series of camera tests were done , so we got there but with a great deal of preparation and research . '' Visual effects ( edit ) Visual Effects Supervisor Tim Burke said that `` It was such a major job to stage the Battle of Hogwarts , and we had to do it in different stages of production . We had shots with complex linking camera moves from wide overviews , to flying into windows and interior spaces . So , we took the plunge at the end of 2008 , and started rebuilding the school digitally with Double Negative . '' He went on to say that `` It 's taken two years -- getting renders out , texturing every facet of the building , constructing interiors to see through windows , building a destruction version of the school . We can design shots with the knowledge that we have this brilliant digital miniature that we can do anything with . With a practical Hogwarts , we would have shot it last summer and been so tied down . Instead , as David Yates finds the flow and structure , we are able to handle new concepts and ideas . '' On the quality of 3 - D in film , Burke told Los Angeles Times , `` I think it 's good , actually . I think people are going to be really pleased . I know everyone 's a little nervous and sceptical of 3 - D these days , but the work has been done very , very well . We 've done over 200 shots in 3 - D and in the visual effects as well , because so much of it is CG , so the results are very , very good . I think everyone 's going to be really impressed with it , actually . '' Producer David Heyman spoke to SFX magazine about the 3 - D conversion , saying that `` The way David Yates is approaching 3 - D is he 's trying to approach it from a character and story point of view . Trying to use the sense of isolation , of separation that sometimes 3 - D gives you , to heighten that at appropriate moments . So we 're approaching it in a storytelling way . '' In 2012 , the visual effects in the film were nominated for an Oscar . The film also won the BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects at the 65th BAFTA Awards in 2012 . Music ( edit ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( soundtrack ) See also : Music of the Harry Potter films It was confirmed that the composer for Part 1 , Alexandre Desplat , was set to return for Part 2 . In an interview with Film Music Magazine , Desplat stated that scoring Part 2 is `` a great challenge '' and that he has `` a lot of expectations to fulfill and a great deal of work '' ahead of him . In a separate interview , Desplat also made note that John Williams ' themes will be present in the film `` much more than in part one . '' The soundtrack for the film was nominated for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards . Distribution ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) In March 2011 , the first preview for Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 was released revealing new footage and new interviews from the starring cast . The first United States poster was released on 28 March 2011 , with the caption `` It All Ends 7.15 '' ( referring to its international release date ) . On 27 April 2011 the first theatrical trailer for Part 2 was released . The trailer revealed a range of new and old footage . The IMAX trailer for the film was released with IMAX screenings of Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides on 20 May 2011 . During the MTV Movie Awards on 5 June 2011 , Emma Watson presented a sneak peek of the film . Theatrical release ( edit ) Daniel Radcliffe , Emma Watson and Rupert Grint at the premiere of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 on 7 July 2011 at Trafalgar Square in London . On 2 April 2011 , a test screening of the film was held in Chicago , with director David Yates , producers David Heyman and David Barron and editor Mark Day in attendance . The film had its world premiere on 7 July 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 07 ) at Trafalgar Square in London . The United States premiere was held in New York City at Lincoln Center on 11 July 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 11 ) . Although filmed in 2 - D , the film was converted into 3 - D in post-production and was released in both RealD 3D and IMAX 3D . The film was originally scheduled to open in Indonesia on 13 July 2011 . The Indonesian government levied a new value added tax on royalties from foreign films in February 2011 , causing three film studios , including Warner Brothers , to halt the importation of their films , including Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 into the country . The film was not released to cinemas in the Kingdom of Jordan due to recently enforced taxes on films . It had not been premiered in the Kingdom As of 13 August 2011 . On 10 June , one month before the film 's release , tickets went on sale . On 16 June 2011 , Part 2 received a 12A certificate from the British Board of Film Classification , who note that the film `` contains moderate threat , injury detail and language '' , becoming the only Harry Potter film to receive a warning for `` injury detail '' . At midnight 15 July , Part 2 screened in 3,800 cinemas . In the United States , it played in 4,375 cinemas , 3,100 3D cinemas and 274 IMAX cinemas , the widest release for an IMAX , 3D and a Harry Potter film . Home Media ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 was released on 11 November 2011 in the United States in four formats : a one - disc standard DVD , a two - disc standard DVD special edition , a one - disc standard Blu - ray , and three - Disc Blu - ray 2D Combo Pack ( Blu - ray + DVD + Digital Copy ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the film was released on 2 December 2011 in three formats : a two - disc standard DVD , a three - disc Blu - ray 2D Combo Pack ( Blu - ray + DVD + Digital Copy ) , and a four - disc Blu - ray 3D Combo Pack ( Blu - ray 3D + Blu - ray 2D + DVD + Digital Copy ) . The film set the record for fastest - selling pre-order DVD and Blu - ray on Amazon.com , just two days into the pre-order period . Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 sold 2.71 million Blu - ray units ( $60.75 million ) in three days ( Friday to Sunday ) . It also sold 2.83 million DVD units ( $42.22 million ) during its debut . By 18 July 2012 it had sold 4.71 million Blu - ray units ( $99.33 million ) and 6.47 million DVD units ( $88.96 million ) . On 28 March 2017 , Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 made its Ultra HD Blu - ray debut , along with Deathly Hallows - Part 1 , The Half - Blood Prince , and Order of the Phoenix . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Box Office Records set by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 upon its release Record item Record detail Opening weekend ( US / Canada ) $169,189,427 Summer opening weekend ( US / Canada ) $169,189,427 Opening weekend for a 3 - D film ( US / Canada ) $169,189,427 Opening weekend -- IMAX ( US / Canada ) $15,200,000 Opening weekend -- IMAX ( worldwide ) $23,200,000 Fastest to $1 billion ( worldwide ) 19 days Biggest IMAX midnight release ( US / Canada ) $2,000,000 Opening weekend ( worldwide ) $483,189,427 Opening weekend outside the United States and Canada $314,000,000 Opening day & Single day ( US / Canada ) $91,071,119 Biggest midnight release ( US / Canada ) $43,500,000 Highest gross in advance ticket sales ( US / Canada ) $32,000,000 Widest 3 - D launch ( US / Canada ) 3,100 + locations Highest - grossing film of 2011 $1,328,111,219 July Opening ( US / Canada ) $169,189,427 Highest grossing fantasy live action film $381,011,219 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 grossed $381,011,219 in the United States and Canada , along with $960,500,000 in other markets , for a worldwide total of $1,341,511,219 . In worldwide earnings , it is currently the eighth highest - grossing film , the highest - grossing 2011 film , the highest - grossing film in the Harry Potter franchise and the highest - grossing children 's book adaptation . Part 2 set a worldwide opening - weekend record with $483.2 million . It set a worldwide IMAX opening - weekend record with $23.2 million . In worldwide earnings , it is the fastest film to reach $400 million ( 5 days ) , $500 million ( 6 days ) , $600 million ( 8 days ) , $700 million ( 10 days ) , $800 million ( 12 days ) , $900 million ( 15 days ) , and $1 billion ( 19 days , tied with Avatar and Marvel 's The Avengers ) . On 31 July 2011 ( its 19th day of release ) , it became the ninth film in cinematic history and the second in 2011 to surpass the $1 - billion mark . United States and Canada ( edit ) In the US and Canada , it is the twenty - seventh highest - grossing film , the highest grossing 2011 film , the highest - grossing Harry Potter film , the highest - grossing children 's book adaptation , the highest - grossing fantasy / live action film and the thirteenth highest - grossing 3 - D film . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 40 million tickets . It set new records in advance ticket sales with $32 million , in its midnight opening with $43.5 million and in its IMAX midnight opening with $2 million . It grossed $91.1 million on its opening Friday , setting a Friday - gross record as well as single - and opening - day records . It also set an opening - weekend record with $169.2 million , an IMAX opening - weekend record of $15.2 million and opening - weekend record for a 3 - D film . Although 3 - D enhanced the film 's earning potential , only 43 % of the opening gross came from 3 - D venues . This means only $72.8 million of the opening - weekend grosses originated from 3 - D showings , the second - largest number at the time . It also scored the largest three - day and four - day gross , the sixth highest - grossing opening week ( Friday to Thursday ) with $226.2 million , and even the seventh - largest seven - day gross . It fell precipitously by 84 % on its second Friday and by 72 % during its second weekend overall , grossing $47.4 million , which is the largest second - weekend drop for any film that opened to more than $90 million . Still , it managed to become the fastest - grossing film in the franchise and also achieved the second - largest ten - day gross ever at the time ( now eighth ) . In its third weekend , the movie surpassed Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone to become the highest - grossing film of the franchise in the US & Canada . Other markets ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 is the third highest - grossing film , the highest - grossing 2011 film , the highest - grossing Warner Bros. film and the highest - grossing Harry Potter film . On its opening day , Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 grossed $43.6 million from 26 countries , placing it 86 % ahead of Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and 49 % higher than Half - Blood Prince . From Wednesday until Sunday , on its 5 - day opening weekend , it set an opening - weekend record outside the US and Canada by earning $314 million . The average 3D share of Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 was 60 % , which was lower than the 3D share for Transformers : Dark of the Moon ( 70 % ) and On Stranger Tides ( 66 % ) . On its second weekend , it held to the top spot , but fell precipitously by 62 % to $120.2 million despite minor competition . This amount is about the same as what On Stranger Tides made from its second weekend ( $124.3 million ) . Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 was in first place at the box office outside North America for four consecutive weekends . In the United Kingdom , Ireland and Malta it brought in a record $14.8 million on its first day . On its opening weekend it earned £ 23,753,171 in the United Kingdom , marking the second largest opening weekend in 2011 . Its performance did not surpass that of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban in 2004 , which eared £ 23,882,688 on its opening weekend . In United States dollars , its opening weekend was an all - time record $38.3 million , ahead of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( $33.5 million ) . The film also achieved the largest single - day gross on its first Saturday and the largest opening week with $57.6 million . The film made a total of £ 73.1 million ( $117.2 million ) at the United Kingdom box office , marking the fifth highest - grossing film . It also is the highest - grossing film of 2011 and highest - grossing Harry Potter film . Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 also set opening - day records in Mexico ( $6.1 million ) , Australia ( $7.5 million ) , France and the Maghreb region ( $7.1 million ) , Italy ( $4.6 million ) , Sweden ( $2.1 million ) , Norway ( $1.8 million ) , Denmark ( $1.6 million ) , the Netherlands ( $1.7 million ) , Belgium ( $1.4 million ) , the Czech Republic ( $2.0 million ) , Argentina ( $961,000 ) , Finland ( $749,000 ) and Hong Kong ( $808,000 ) . It also established new Harry Potter opening - day records in Japan ( $5.7 million ) , Brazil ( $4.4 million ) , Russia and the CIS ( $4.2 million ) , Spain ( $3.3 million ) and Poland ( $1.25 million ) . Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 set opening weekend records in India with ₹ 15 crores ( $3.41 million ) , Australia with $19.6 million , New Zealand with $2.46 million , Brazil with $11. million , Scandinavia with $18.5 million , Mexico with $15.9 million and many other Latin American and European countries . Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 96 % based on 315 reviews , with an average rating of 8.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Thrilling , powerfully acted , and visually dazzling , Deathly Hallows Part II brings the Harry Potter franchise to a satisfying -- and suitably magical -- conclusion . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating to reviews , the film achieved an average of 87 out of 100 , based on 41 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The film received a score of 93 from professional critics at the Broadcast Film Critics Association ; it is the organisation 's highest - rated Harry Potter film . On CinemaScore , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Philip Womack in The Daily Telegraph commented , `` This is monumental cinema , awash with gorgeous tones , and carrying an ultimate message that will resonate with every viewer , young or old : there is darkness in all of us , but we can overcome it . '' He further expressed that David Yates `` transmutes ( the book ) into a genuinely terrifying spectacle . '' Another review was released on the same day from Evening Standard , who rated the film 4 out of 5 and stated `` Millions of children , parents , and those who should know better wo n't need reminding what a Horcrux is -- and director David Yates does not let them down . In fact , in some ways , he helps make up for the shortcomings of the final book . '' The Daily Express remarked that the film showcases `` a terrifying showdown that easily equals Lord of the Rings or Star Wars in terms of a dramatic and memorable battle between good and evil . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three and a half out of four and said , `` The finale conjures up enough awe and solemnity to serve as an appropriate finale and a dramatic contrast to the lighthearted ( relative ) innocence of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone all those magical years ago . '' Mark Kermode from the BBC said that the film is a `` pretty solid and ambitious adaptation of a very complex book '' , but he criticised the post-converted 3D . Christy Lemire of the Associated Press gave the film three and a half out of four and said `` While Deathly Hallows : Part 2 offers long - promised answers , it also dares to pose some eternal questions , and it 'll stay with you after the final chapter has closed . '' Richard Roeper , also from the Chicago Sun - Times , gave the film an A+ rating and said that `` this is a masterful and worthy final chapter in one of the best franchises ever put to film . '' In one of the few negative reviews , Brian Gibson of Vue Weekly described the film as `` deadly dull '' and a `` visual overstatement '' . Other reviews criticised the decision to split the novel into two cinematic parts , with Ben Mortimer of The Daily Telegraph writing `` Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 is n't a film . It 's HALF a film ... it 's going to feel somewhat emotionless . '' Other critics wrote of the film 's runtime ; Alonso Duralde from The Wrap said , `` If there 's one substantial flaw to the film , it 's that this cavalcade of people and places and objects can barely fit in the 130 - minute running time . '' Rebecca Gillie from The Oxford Student gave the film two out of five and wrote , `` at the end of ( the film ) there is nothing that stays with you once you 've left the cinema . '' Accolades ( edit ) The film won a number of accolades and nominations . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 was nominated for Best Art Direction , Best Makeup , and Best Visual Effects at the 84th Academy Awards . At the 65th BAFTA awards , the film won the Best Visual Effects award , and was nominated in the Best Sound , Best Production Design and Best Make - up and Hair categories . The film was nominated for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards in 2012 . It won a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture . The film scored 10 nominations at the annual Saturn Awards , Winning for Best Fantasy Film . In the 2011 Scream Awards , the film received a total of 14 nominations , and won in the Best Scream - Play , Best Fantasy Actor ( Daniel Radcliffe ) , Best Villain ( Ralph Fiennes ) , Best F / X , and Holy Sh * t scene of the Year categories . ( show ) List of awards and nominations Year Award Category Result Recipient 2011 National Board of Review Awards Top 10 Films Won Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 National Movie Awards Must See Movie of the Summer Won Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Hollywood Film Awards Hollywood Movie of the Year Won Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards Fave Movie Won Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 British Academy Children 's Awards ( BAFTA ) Favourite Film Won Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 BAFTA Kids ' Vote ( Film Category ) Won Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 BAFTA Britannia Awards Artistic Excellence in Directing Won David Yates ( for Harry Potter films 5 -- 8 ) Satellite Awards Best Original Score Nominated Alexandre Desplat Best Visual Effects Nominated Tim Burke , John Richardson , David Vickery , Greg Butler Best Sound Nominated Dave Patterson , Lon Bender , Robert Fernandez , Victor Ray Ennis 2011 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Movie Won Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Choice Summer Movie Star -- Male Won Daniel Radcliffe Choice Summer Movie Star -- Female Won Emma Watson 2011 Scream Awards The Ultimate Scream Won Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Best Scream - Play Won Steve Kloves Best Fantasy Actor Won Daniel Radcliffe Best Villain Won Ralph Fiennes Holy Sh * t Scene of the Year ( Room Of Requirement ) Won Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Best F / X Won Tim Burke Best Fantasy Movie Nominated Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Best Director Nominated David Yates Best Fantasy Actress Nominated Emma Watson Best Supporting Actor Nominated Rupert Grint Best Supporting Actor Nominated Alan Rickman Best Ensemble Nominated Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fight Scene of the Year ( Final Battle ) Nominated Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fight Scene of the Year ( The Battle of Hogwarts ) Nominated Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Best 3 - D Movie Nominated Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 American Film Institute Awards 2011 AFI Special Award Won Harry Potter series World Soundtrack Academy Film Composer of the Year Won Alexandre Desplat 2012 Academy Awards Best Art Direction Nominated Stuart Craig , Stephenie McMillan Best Visual Effects Nominated Tim Burke , David Vickery , Greg Butler and John Richardson Best Makeup Nominated Nick Dudman , Amanda Knight , Lisa Tomblin BAFTA Awards Best Production Design Nominated Stuart Craig , Stephenie McMillan Best Special Visual Effects Won Tim Burke , John Richardson , Greg Butler , David Vickery Best Sound Nominated James Mather , Stuart Wilson , Stuart Hilliker , Mike Dowson , Adam Scrivener Best Makeup and Hair Nominated Amanda Knight , Lisa Tomblin People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Won Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Favorite Action Movie Won Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Favorite Movie Ensemble Won Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Favorite Book Adaptation Won Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Favorite Movie Actor Nominated Daniel Radcliffe Favorite Movie Star ( under 25 ) Nominated Daniel Radcliffe Favorite Movie Star ( under 25 ) Nominated Rupert Grint Favorite Movie Star ( under 25 ) Nominated Emma Watson Favorite Movie Star ( under 25 ) Nominated Tom Felton Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Nominated Alexandre Desplat Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Best Art Direction Nominated Stuart Craig Best Visual Effects Nominated Tim Burke , John Richardson , David Vickery , Greg Butler Best Sound Won Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 Best Makeup Won Nick Dudman , Amanda Knight and Mark Coulier Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture Won Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 Costume Designers Guild Awards Excellence in Costume Design for Film -- Fantasy Won Jany Temime ADG Excellence in Production Design Award Best Art Direction for a Fantasy film Won Stuart Craig , Stephenie McMillan Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Actor in a Supporting Role Nominated Alan Rickman SFX Award Best Film Won Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Best Director Nominated David Yates Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in an Effects Driven Feature Motion Picture Nominated Tim Burke , Emma Norton , John Richardson , David Vickery Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture -- Ukrainian Ironbelly Nominated Yasunobu Arahori , Tom Bracht , Gavin Harrison and Chris Lentz Outstanding Created Environment in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture Nominated Keziah Bailey , Stephen Ellis , Clement Gerard , Pietro Ponti Outstanding Models in a Feature Motion Picture Nominated Steven Godfrey , Pietro Ponti , Tania Marie Richard , Andy Warren Outstanding Compositing in a Feature Motion Picture Nominated Michele Benigna , Martin Ciastko , Thomas Dyg , Andy Robinson International Film Music Critics Association Awards Best Original Score for Fantasy / Science Fiction / Horror Film Nominated Alexandre Desplat Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Won Steven Godfrey , Pietro Ponti , Tania Marie Richard , Andy Warren Best Director Nominated David Yates Best Supporting Actor Nominated Ralph Fiennes Nominated Alan Rickman Best Supporting Actress Nominated Emma Watson Best Production Design Nominated Stuart Craig Best Editing Nominated Mark Day Best Costume Nominated Jany Temime Best Make - up Nominated Nick Dudman , Amanda Knight Best Special Effects Nominated Tim Burke , Greg Butler , John Richardson , David Vickery Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form Nominated David Yates , Steve Kloves MTV Movie Awards Movie of the Year Nominated Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Best Male Performance Nominated Daniel Radcliffe Best Female Performance Nominated Emma Watson Best Hero Won Daniel Radcliffe Best Kiss Nominated Rupert Grint and Emma Watson Best Fight Nominated Daniel Radcliffe and Ralph Fiennes Best Cast Won Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , Emma Watson , Tom Felton 17th Empire Awards Best Film Won Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Best Actor Nominated Daniel Radcliffe Best Director Won David Yates Best 3D Nominated Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Best Female Newcomer Nominated Bonnie Wright See also ( edit ) Harry Potter portal Film portal 2010s portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 11 August 2011 . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` Get Ready for the Biggest Potter Opening Yet '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Warner officials say shooting parts 1 and 2 of `` Deathly Hallows '' ( the second part comes out in July ) kept cost below the more than $250 million that was spent on 2009 's `` Half - Blood Prince . '' Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( 14 July 2011 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Looks to Shatter Box Office Record With $150 M+ Debut '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . Parts 1 and 2 of `` Deathly Hallows '' were filmed at a cost of roughly $250 million , essentially giving Warner Bros. a license to print money off the profits it will bank over the upcoming weekend . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. 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ASIN B005O30Y5Y , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Part 2 ( Movie - Only Edition + UltraViolet Digital Copy ) ( Blu - ray ) ( 21 September 2011 ) ASIN B001UV4XJ2 , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Part 2 ( + UltraViolet Digital Copy ) ( Blu - ray ) ( 2011 ) ( 21 September 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : United Kingdom DVD release and formats : ASIN B004NBYRYC , Harry Potter And The Deathly Hallows Part 2 ( DVD ) ( 2011 ) ( 28 September 2011 ) ASIN B004NBYRYM , Harry Potter And The Deathly Hallows Part 2 -- Triple Play ( Blu - ray + DVD + Digital Copy ) ( 2011 ) ( Region Free ) ( 28 September 2011 ) ASIN B00512WO9M , Harry Potter And The Deathly Hallows Part 2 ( Blu - ray 3D + Blu - ray + DVD + Digital Copy ) ( 2011 ) ( Region Free ) ( 28 September 2011 ) Jump up ^ B. Alan Orange ( 25 February 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Ciaran Hinds on Playing Aberforth Dumbledore in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows '' . MovieWeb.com . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Hunter , Rob ( 13 August 2010 ) . `` If The Two Harry Potter and the Death Hallows Films Were A Person This Would Be Perineum '' . Film School Rejects . Archived from the original on 23 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` David Yates : Deathly Hallows is a big opera , a great big epic with huge battles '' . The Leaky Cauldron. 24 January 2010 . Retrieved 20 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` David Heyman ' Fantastic Beasts & Where To Find Them ' script is wonderful '' . YouTube . 25 November 2014 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Stamp , Elizabeth . `` Inside Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part 2 , Production designer Stuart Craig gives AD an exclusive look at the sets of the upcoming film '' . Architectural Digest . Archived from the original on 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 23 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stuart Craig Interview Transcript '' . Art Insights Magazine . Retrieved 23 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter And The Deathly Hallows Part 2 : making the Hogwarts battle '' . Den of Greek . 24 February 2011 . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Deathly Hallows producer David Heyman explains why the 3D for the final Potter movie is more than just a gimmick '' ( 210 ed . ) . SFX. 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Potter ' : Visual effects wizard Tim Burke says 3 - D is ' very , very good ' in final film '' . Los Angeles Times . 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandre Desplat will compose Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part 2 '' . Filmonic.com. 7 November 2010 . Retrieved 7 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Schweiger , Daniel ( 9 November 2010 ) . `` Deathly Hallows Composer Alexandre Desplat '' . Film Music . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandre Desplat and scoring the Courtyard Apocalypse '' . Harry Potter 's Page . 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Annual GRAMMY Awards Nominees and Winners '' . 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Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Derschowitz , Jessica ( 12 July 2011 ) . `` '' Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part 2 '' premieres in New York `` . CBS News . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Potter ' Film To Bow On Record 423 Global Imax Screens '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Deutsch , Anthony ( 9 July 2011 ) . `` Indonesia to miss Harry Potter magic '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 19 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Boycott Jordan Courtesy Of The Jordanian Customs Authorities '' . Sleepless In Amman. 6 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 24 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter tickets go on sale '' . AZCentral.com . Retrieved 23 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Anthony Quinn ( 15 July 2011 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Part 2 ( 12A ) -- Reviews -- Films '' . The Independent . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Warner , Kara ( 30 April 2012 ) . `` 2012 MTV Movie Awards Nominees : The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved 3 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Awards 2012 '' . Sky Movies . Empire . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Official website Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 on IMDb Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 at AllMovie Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 at Rotten Tomatoes Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 at Box Office Mojo Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 at The Numbers The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Ginny Weasley Fred and George Weasley Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. 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Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also Wizarding World Films by David Yates Feature films The Tichborne Claimant ( 1998 ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) The Legend of Tarzan ( 2016 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 ) Television productions The Way We Live Now ( 2001 ) State of Play ( 2003 ) Sex Traffic ( 2004 ) The Girl in the Café ( 2005 ) Short films Rank ( 2002 ) Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald Stage play The Cursed Child Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Outside media Video games Lego Creator : Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets Quidditch World Cup The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Book of Spells Book of Potions Harry Potter : Hogwarts Mystery Harry Potter : Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Digital publication Pottermore See also Harry Potter cast Music of the Harry Potter films Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book Portkey Games Book Category Empire Award for Best Film Braveheart ( 1996 ) Se7en ( 1997 ) Men in Black ( 1998 ) Titanic ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) The Bourne Supremacy ( 2005 ) King Kong ( 2006 ) Casino Royale ( 2007 ) The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2008 ) The Dark Knight ( 2009 ) Avatar ( 2010 ) Inception ( 2011 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) Skyfall ( 2013 ) Gravity ( 2014 ) Interstellar ( 2015 ) The Revenant ( 2016 ) Rogue One ( 2017 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2018 ) Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film The Golden Voyage of Sinbad ( 1973 ) Doc Savage : The Man of Bronze ( 1974 / 75 ) The Holes ( 1976 ) Oh , God ! 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4690883004907445738 | Battle of the Bulge (film) | Battle of the Bulge ( film ) - wikipedia Battle of the Bulge ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Battle of the Bulge Original movie poster Directed by Ken Annakin Produced by Sidney Harmon Milton Sperling Philip Yordan Dino De Laurentiis ( uncredited ) Written by Bernard Gordon John Melson Milton Sperling Philip Yordan Starring Henry Fonda Robert Shaw Robert Ryan Narrated by William Conrad Music by Benjamin Frankel Cinematography Jack Hildyard Edited by Derek Parsons Production company Warner Bros. Pictures Cinerama Productions United States Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date December 16 , 1965 ( 1965 - 12 - 16 ) Running time 167 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6.5 million Box office $4.5 million ( est . US / Canada rentals ) Battle of the Bulge is a 1965 American widescreen epic war film produced in Spain , directed by Ken Annakin , and starring Henry Fonda , Robert Shaw , Telly Savalas , Robert Ryan , Dana Andrews and Charles Bronson . The feature was filmed in Ultra Panavision 70 and exhibited in 70 mm Cinerama . Battle of the Bulge had its world premiere on December 16 , 1965 , the 21st anniversary of the titular battle , at the Pacific Cinerama Dome Theatre in Hollywood , California . The filmmakers attempted to condense the Ardennes Counteroffensive , a World War II battle that stretched across parts of Germany , Belgium and Luxembourg and lasted nearly a month , into under three hours . They also shot parts of the film on terrain that did not resemble actual battle locations . This left them open to criticism for lack of historical accuracy , but they claimed in the end credits that they had `` re-organized '' the chronological order of events to maximize the dramatic story . Unlike most World War II epics , Battle of the Bulge contains virtually no portrayals of actual senior Allied leaders , civilian or military . This is presumably because of controversies surrounding the battle , both during the war and after . Though Allied forces ultimately won the battle , the initial German counteroffensive caught them by surprise and caused many casualties . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Historical inaccuracies 4 Production 5 Reaction 6 Later releases 7 Comic book adaption 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) It is December , 1944 . Military Intelligence officer and former policeman Lt. Col. Daniel Kiley ( Fonda ) and his pilot , Joe ( Robert Woods ) , are flying a reconnaissance mission over the Ardennes forest . Spotting a German staff car the plane buzzes the car and photographs the officer . Alarmed , the chauffeur flees the car , leaving the engine running . `` Petrol is blood , '' rebukes the German officer , marking a theme of the film , the German shortage of fuel . In a subterranean lair , it is revealed the officer is Col. Martin Hessler ( Shaw ) , a fictional Panzer tank commander loosely based on SS - Standartenführer Jochen Peiper . Hessler is briefed by his superior , Gen. Kohler ( Werner Peters ) , on a new German attack , piercing west against the American lines . Kohler points out a clock with a 50 - hour countdown , which is the time allotted for the operation , beyond which Germany has no resources for full - scale attack . At the same time German soldiers disguised as American troops , led by Lt. Schumacher ( Ty Hardin ) , are tasked with seizing vital bridges and sowing confusion behind the Allied lines . Meanwhile , Kiley returns to headquarters where he warns that the Germans are planning one more all - out offensive . His superiors , Gen. Grey ( Robert Ryan ) and Col. Pritchard ( Dana Andrews ) , dismiss it out of hand : all available intelligence points to Germany not having the resources and manpower to launch another attack . Hessler , having become concerned about the abilities of his tank commanders after his orderly , Conrad , ( Hans Christian Blech ) points out the staggering losses Germany has sustained since the war began , reviews them , discovering they are all young and lacking in experience . Overhearing his criticism , the commanders break into a chorus of Panzerlied , restoring Hessler 's faith . Hoping to uncover more proof , Kiley visits a US infantry position on the Siegfried Line under command of Maj . Wolenski ( Charles Bronson ) . A patrol led by Lt. Weaver ( James MacArthur ) and Sgt . Duquesne ( George Montgomery ) capture some young and obviously inexperienced German soldiers . Kiley concludes that experienced German troops have been replaced by these men and withdrawn for an offensive , but Pritchard dismisses this as well , rebuking Kiley for `` crackpot hunches '' and determining to relieve him of duty . Hessler launches his attack the next day . Awakened by the noise of German tanks , Wolenski leads his men into the wooded area of the Schnee Eifel , where they try to fight them off but are overrun . A group of Allied tanks led by Sgt . Guffy ( Telly Savalas ) also attempts to slow the Panzers , but their tanks ' weak guns and thin armor make them ineffective , forcing him and his crew to retreat . Lt. Schumacher and his disguised troops capture the only bridge over the Our River capable of carrying heavy tanks . Hessler continues his spearhead toward Ambleve , while being observed by Kiley , who also discovers that a German truck is carrying empty fuel drums . Schumacher later takes control of a vital intersection of three roads connecting Ambleve , Malmedy and the Siegfried Line . He sabotages the road signs , and the rear echelon of Wolenski 's troops take the wrong road to Malmedy ; almost the entire unit is captured and massacred . Lt. Weaver manages to escape , but Duquesne is killed . US soldiers become suspicious when they witness Schumacher 's `` military police '' lay explosives incorrectly on the Our bridge , and his masquerade is revealed , though too late to stop Hessler . When Kohler orders Hessler to bypass Ambleve , Hessler replies that the Americans have no concept of defeat , citing that they will ship things as trivial as a fresh chocolate cake to their front - line troops . He feels he can break their will to fight , and Kohler gives him the night to do so . Hessler 's tanks and infantry storm Ambleve , finally taking the town . Although many Americans , including Wolenski , are captured , Grey , Pritchard , Kiley and others escape to the River Meuse . American forces regroup and begin to reorganize for a counterattack . Facing the dangers of a foggy night , Col. Kiley conducts an aerial reconnaissance in an attempt to locate the main German spearhead . He orders the pilot to shut off the engine and glide in an attempt to listen for enemy tanks . Suddenly , through a gap in the fog , he spots Hessler 's tank column heading toward American lines . Kiley radios in the coordinates , but his plane is hit by German fire and crashes near an American fuel depot . In Hessler 's command vehicle , Conrad finally confronts the Colonel about his warmongering ways after Hessler boasts about the war going on forever , meaning Conrad 's sons will have to become soldiers and fight . Hessler is unmoved , transferring Conrad to the fuel battalion . Meanwhile , Gen. Grey 's forces , with the Meuse at their back , prepare to fight off Hessler . The outgunned , outarmored American tanks are systematically destroyed , but at the cost of the Germans burning up much of their fuel . Guffy encounters Weaver , who has taken command of a small force of wounded men , and the surviving Americans head to the depot , the same one where the wounded Kiley is recovering . Aware of the German fuel shortages , Hessler leads a detachment toward the depot to capture its stocks , Conrad watching him go . Weaver and the stragglers arrive first . Weaver recognizes Lt. Schumacher , who is still posing as an American MP and whose men have taken control of the depot , but Schumacher does n't recognize him . At Weaver 's signal , he and his men open fire on the disguised Germans , killing them all . As Hessler 's column approaches , the US defenders flood the road with gasoline and set it ablaze . The young German crews abandon their machines in terror , only to be shot by the Americans or consumed by the flames . Abandoned by his crew , Hessler goes it alone , only for his tank to be destroyed by a burning fuel drum . General Gray arrives in time to see the Panzers explode . Out of fuel , the remaining Germans give up the attack , marching back to Germany . Conrad , bringing up the rear , discards his rifle and cartridge belt , and confidently marches on , his personal war over . Cast ( edit ) Henry Fonda as Lt. Col. Daniel Kiley Robert Shaw as Col. Martin Hessler Robert Ryan as Gen. Grey Dana Andrews as Col. Pritchard George Montgomery as Sgt . Duquesne Ty Hardin as Lt. Schumacher Pier Angeli as Louise Barbara Werle as Elena Charles Bronson as Maj . Wolenski Hans Christian Blech as Conrad Werner Peters as Gen. Kohler James MacArthur as Lt. Weaver Karl - Otto Alberty as Maj . Von Diepel Telly Savalas as Sgt . Guffy Steve Rowland as Eddy Robert Woods as Joe Charles Stalmaker as Maj . Burke Robert Rietti Voiceover Historical inaccuracies ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The final tank battle is a rough depiction of the Battle of Celles on December 26 , 1944 , where the U.S. 2nd Armored Div . smashed the German 2nd Panzer Division . The film creates the false impression that large numbers of American tanks sacrificed themselves against the heavy Tiger IIs and in the process lured the enemy off course , which caused them to run out of gas . In reality , they were already stranded . The tanks used , despite the claims of the producer in an interview , which is one of the DVD extras , are not historically accurate . Although the M24 Chaffee light tanks used in the scene were World War II - era vehicles , they were not in use in the scale shown in the film and were relatively rare . The US M47 Pattons as representing German King Tiger tanks and the M4 Shermans , as represented by the M24 Chaffees , contributed much to the myth or ' meme ' of the ' superior size and firepower which US armor had to contend with . ' However , in World War II , that was actually the task and work of the ( mobile ) artillery . Aside from the initial American encounters with the German offensive is the absence of cold weather and snow , which were the conditions in which the real battle was fought . There is no trace of snow at all in the film 's major tank battle scene , and some battle scenes were fought in flat and bare territory , unlike the mountainous , forested and grassy nature of the Ardennes . The film was shot on location in the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range and Madrid , Spain . The sequence with Lt. Schumacher and his men was based on Operation Greif , the plan to parachute English - speaking Germans using American equipment behind American lines to sow confusion and capture the bridges . Absent from this movie is the response by General Patton , whose Third Army relieved the siege of Bastogne . Also , there are no African - Americans in the movie even though the 761st Tank Battalion ( The Black Panthers ) played a role in Patton 's Third Army . Indeed , there is no reference to British forces in the area , but British troops were largely kept behind the Meuse River and thus almost entirely out of the fighting . Also not mentioned is General Eisenhower 's decision to split the Bulge front in two , ceding temporary command of two American armies to Field Marshal Montgomery in the northern half of the Bulge ; the film implies a totally American operation . There is also no mention of the role of Allied air power hitting the Germans hard at the first sign of clear weather . The film 's opening narration , by William Conrad , mentions both Montgomery and Patton but is inaccurate : `` to the north , stood Montgomery 's Eighth Army . To the south , Patton 's Third Army . '' In fact , Montgomery 's northern command was actually the 21st Army Group . The Eighth Army , Montgomery 's previous command , was actually in Italy at the time of the Battle of the Bulge . Although Patton was actually in charge of Third Army during the battle , it was part of a much larger American force in the south and was one of four American armies of the 12th Army Group under General Omar Bradley . The film recaptures the major aspects of the battle , depicting how the inexperienced replacement American units stationed in the Ardennes were initially overwhelmed and how confused the situation became . It points out the superiority of heavy German tanks and their major weakness , a lack of fuel . Some early scenes , showing discussions among German officers , accurately depict the Third Reich 's desperation to cut American - British supply lines to neutralize the Allies ' huge logistical advantage . Production ( edit ) Screenwriter Bernard Gordon claims to have rewritten John Melson 's original screenplay . Some of the original choices for director were Richard Fleischer , who turned it down and Edward Dmytryk , with whom Jack L. Warner of Warner Bros. refused to work . Technical advisor on the film was Maj. Gen. ( then Col . ) Meinrad von Lauchert , who commanded the German tank division that made the most headway in the actual battle . For an economical price and with no restrictions , the Spanish army provided an estimated 500 fully equipped soldiers and 75 tanks and vehicles , some of World War II vintage . Reaction ( edit ) Eisenhower came out of retirement and held a press conference to denounce the film for what he considered its gross historical inaccuracy . The film was one of the most popular movies at the British box office in 1966 . Later releases ( edit ) The original VHS release of the film for home video use was heavily edited to fit on one VHS tape and used a full screen `` pan and scan '' technique often employed in network telecasts of widescreen motion pictures . The 1992 Laserdisc and 2005 DVD releases run at their full length and are presented letterboxed in the original 2.76 : 1 aspect ratio . A Blu - ray release followed in 2007 , also in the original 2.76 : 1 aspect ratio . Comic book adaption ( edit ) Dell Movie Classic : Battle of the Bulge ( June 1966 ) See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1965 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bart , Peter ( 25 Oct 1964 ) . `` Hollywood : War Is Hell but Profitable '' . The New York Times . p . X7 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Pictures of 1966 '' , Variety , January 4 , 1967 p 8 Jump up ^ pp. 193 - 194 Gordon , Bernard Hollywood Exile : Or How I Learned to Love the Blacklist University of Texas Press , 1999 Jump up ^ p. 194 Dmytryk , Edward Odd Man Out : A Memoir of the Hollywood Ten SIU Press , 1996 Jump up ^ p. 68 Simonis , Damien Spain 7 Lonely Planet , 01 / 03 / 2009 Jump up ^ pp. 110 Niemi , Robert History of the Media : Film and Television ABC - CLIO 2006 Jump up ^ `` Most popular star for third time . '' Times ( London , England ) 31 Dec. 1966 : 5 . The Times Digital Archive . Web . 16 Sept. 2013 . Jump up ^ Dell Movie Classic : Battle of the Bulge at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Dell Movie Classic : Battle of the Bulge at the Comic Book DB External links ( edit ) Battle of the Bulge on IMDb Battle of the Bulge at the TCM Movie Database Battle of the Bulge at AllMovie Battle of the Bulge at the American Film Institute Catalog Battle of the Bulge at Rotten Tomatoes Spanish locations Marcus Wendel ( May 14 , 2006 ) , `` Heer Units '' . Viewed December 26 , 2006 . Films directed by Ken Annakin It Began on the Clyde ( 1946 ) Fenlands ( 1946 ) Holiday Camp ( 1947 ) Miranda ( 1948 ) Broken Journey ( 1948 ) Here Come the Huggetts ( 1948 ) Vote for Huggett ( 1949 ) The Huggetts Abroad ( 1949 ) Landfall ( 1949 ) Double Confession ( 1950 ) Trio ( 1950 ) Hotel Sahara ( 1951 ) The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men ( 1952 ) The Planter 's Wife ( 1952 ) The Sword and the Rose ( 1953 ) You Know What Sailors Are ( 1954 ) The Seekers ( 1954 ) Value for Money ( 1955 ) Loser Takes All ( 1956 ) Three Men in a Boat ( 1956 ) Across the Bridge ( 1957 ) Nor the Moon by Night ( 1958 ) Third Man on the Mountain ( 1959 ) Swiss Family Robinson ( 1960 ) Very Important Person ( 1961 ) The Hellions ( 1961 ) The Fast Lady ( 1962 ) The Longest Day ( 1962 ) Crooks Anonymous ( 1962 ) The Informers ( 1963 ) Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines ( 1965 ) Battle of the Bulge ( 1965 ) The Long Duel ( 1967 ) The Biggest Bundle of Them All ( 1968 ) Monte Carlo or Bust ! ( 1969 ) The Call of the Wild ( 1972 ) Paper Tiger ( 1975 ) The Pirate ( 1978 ) The Fifth Musketeer ( 1979 ) Cheaper to Keep Her ( 1981 ) The Pirate Movie ( 1982 ) The New Adventures of Pippi Longstocking ( 1988 ) Cinerama Films Three - panel This Is Cinerama ( 1952 ) Cinerama Holiday ( 1955 ) Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 ) Search for Paradise ( 1957 ) South Seas Adventure ( 1958 ) Windjammer ( 1958 ) The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm ( 1962 ) Holiday in Spain ( 1962 ) How the West Was Won ( 1962 ) The Best of Cinerama ( 1963 ) Cinerama 's Russian Adventure ( 1966 ) 70 mm It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World ( 1963 ) Circus World ( 1964 ) Mediterranean Holiday ( 1964 ) The Greatest Story Ever Told ( 1965 ) The Hallelujah Trail ( 1965 ) Battle of the Bulge ( 1965 ) Khartoum ( 1966 ) Grand Prix ( 1966 ) Custer of the West ( 1967 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1968 ) Ice Station Zebra ( 1968 ) Krakatoa , East of Java ( 1969 ) Song of Norway ( 1970 ) The Great Waltz ( 1972 ) Fisheye To the Moon and Beyond ( 1964 ) Venues Present : Cinerama Dome Pictureville Cinema Seattle Cinerama Former : Indian Hills Theater People Merian C. Cooper Hazard E. Reeves Lowell Thomas Mike Todd Related Cinemiracle Cinerama Adventure Cinerama Releasing Corporation Kinopanorama Multi-image Polyvision Super Panavision 70 Ultra Panavision 70 Todd - AO process Waller Gunnery Trainer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Bulge_(film)&oldid=843295514 '' Categories : 1965 films English - language films 1960s war films American films American war films American epic films Films about armoured warfare Films directed by Ken Annakin Films set in 1944 Films set in 1945 Films set in Belgium Films shot in Madrid War epic films Warner Bros. films Western Front of World War II films World War II films Films produced by Dino De Laurentiis Films adapted into comics Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from February 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Slovenščina Suomi Türkçe 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 05 : 50 . 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1935285655837398527 | Pledge of Allegiance (United States) | Pledge of Allegiance ( United States ) - wikipedia Pledge of Allegiance ( United States ) This article is about the U.S. oath of allegiance . For the general topic of oaths of allegiance , see Oath of allegiance . For other uses , see Pledge of Allegiance ( disambiguation ) . Pledge of Allegiance ( Bellamy versions ) ( changes are bolded and underlined ) 1892 ( first version ) `` I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1892 to 1923 ( early revision by Bellamy ) `` I pledge allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1923 to 1924 `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States and to the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1924 to 1954 `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1954 ( current version , per 4 U.S.C. § 4 ) `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation under God , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is an expression of allegiance to the Flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America . It was originally composed by Captain George Thatcher Balch , a Union Army Officer during the Civil War and later a teacher of patriotism in New York City schools . The form of the pledge used today was largely devised by Francis Bellamy in 1892 , and formally adopted by Congress as the pledge in 1942 . The official name of The Pledge of Allegiance was adopted in 1945 . The most recent alteration of its wording came on Flag Day in 1954 , when the words `` under God '' were added . Contents 1 Recital 2 Origins 2.1 Balch and Bellamy pledges 2.2 Francis Bellamy 's account 3 Changes 3.1 Addition of `` under God '' 4 Salute 5 Music 6 Controversy 6.1 Legal challenges 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Recital ( edit ) Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge , as do many government meetings at local levels , and meetings held by many private organizations . All states except Hawaii , Iowa , Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly - scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools , although the Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students can not be compelled to recite the Pledge , nor can they be punished for not doing so . In a number of states , state flag pledges of allegiance are required to be recited after this . The United States Flag Code says : The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag -- `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation under God , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' -- should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart . When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder , the hand being over the heart . Persons in uniform should remain silent , face the flag , and render the military salute . Members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the manner provided for persons in uniform . Origins ( edit ) Balch and Bellamy pledges ( edit ) The Pledge of Allegiance , as it exists in its current form , was composed in August 1892 by Francis Bellamy ( 1855 -- 1931 ) , who was a Baptist minister , a Christian socialist , and the cousin of socialist utopian novelist Edward Bellamy ( 1850 -- 1898 ) . There did exist a previous version created by Captain George T. Balch , a veteran of the Civil War , who later became auditor of the New York Board of Education . Balch 's pledge , which existed contemporaneously with the Bellamy version until the 1923 National Flag Conference , read : We give our heads and hearts to God and our country ; one country , one language , one flag ! Balch was a proponent of teaching children , especially those of immigrants , loyalty to the United States , even going so far as to write a book on the subject and work with both the government and private organizations to distribute flags to every classroom and school . Balch 's pledge , which predates Bellamy 's by 5 years and was embraced by many schools , by the Daughters of the American Revolution until the 1910s , and by the Grand Army of the Republic until the 1923 National Flag Conference , is often overlooked when discussing the history of the Pledge . Bellamy , however , did not approve of the pledge as Balch had written it , referring to the text as `` too juvenile and lacking in dignity . '' The Bellamy `` Pledge of Allegiance '' was first published in the September 8 issue of the popular children 's magazine The Youth 's Companion as part of the National Public - School Celebration of Columbus Day , a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus 's arrival in the Americas . The event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham , a marketer for the magazine , as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism in students and to encourage children to raise flags above their schools . According to author Margarette S. Miller , this campaign was in line both with Upham 's patriotic vision as well as with his commercial interest . According to Miller , Upham `` would often say to his wife : ' Mary , if I can instill into the minds of our American youth a love for their country and the principles on which it was founded , and create in them an ambition to carry on with the ideals which the early founders wrote into The Constitution , I shall not have lived in vain . ' '' Bellamy 's original Pledge read : I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . Students reciting a pledge on Flag Day in 1899 The Pledge was supposed to be quick and to the point . Bellamy designed it to be recited in 15 seconds . As a socialist , he had initially also considered using the words equality and fraternity but decided against it , knowing that the state superintendents of education on his committee were against equality for women and African Americans . Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the Youth 's Companion as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance and the use in that observance of the American flag . By June 29 , 1892 , Bellamy and Upham had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to announce a proclamation making the public school flag ceremony the center of the Columbus Day celebrations . This arrangement was formalized when Harrison issued Presidential Proclamation 335 . Subsequently , the Pledge was first used in public schools on October 12 , 1892 , during Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the World 's Columbian Exposition ( the Chicago World 's Fair ) , Illinois . Francis Bellamy 's account ( edit ) In his recollection of the creation of the Pledge , Francis Bellamy said , `` At the beginning of the nineties patriotism and national feeling was ( sic ) at a low ebb . The patriotic ardor of the Civil War was an old story ... The time was ripe for a reawakening of simple Americanism and the leaders in the new movement rightly felt that patriotic education should begin in the public schools . '' James Upham `` felt that a flag should be on every schoolhouse , '' so his publication `` fostered a plan of selling flags to schools through the children themselves at cost , which was so successful that 25,000 schools acquired flags in the first year ( 1892 - 93 ) . As the World 's Columbian Exposition was set to celebrate the 400th anniversary the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas , Upham sought to link the publication 's flag drive to the event , `` so that every school in the land ... would have a flag raising , under the most impressive conditions . '' Bellamy was placed in charge of this operation and was soon lobbying `` not only the superintendents of education in all the States , but ( he ) also worked with governors , Congressmen , and even the President of the United States . '' The publication 's efforts paid off when Benjamin Harrison declared Wednesday October 12 , 1892 , to be Columbus Day for which The Youth 's Companion made `` an official program for universal use in all the schools . '' Bellamy recalled that the event `` had to be more than a list of exercises . The ritual must be prepared with simplicity and dignity . '' Edna Dean Proctor wrote an ode for the event , and `` There was also an oration suitable for declamation . '' Bellamy held that `` Of course , the nub of the program was to be the raising of the flag , with a salute to the flag recited by the pupils in unison . '' He found `` There was not a satisfactory enough form for this salute . The Balch salute , which ran , `` I give my heart and my hand to my country , one country , one language , one flag , '' seemed to him too juvenile and lacking in dignity . '' After working on the idea with Upham , Bellamy concluded , `` It was my thought that a vow of loyalty or allegiance to the flag should be the dominant idea . I especially stressed the word ' allegiance ' ... Beginning with the new word allegiance , I first decided that ' pledge ' was a better school word than ' vow ' or ' swear ' ; and that the first person singular should be used , and that ' my ' flag was preferable to ' the . ' '' Bellamy considered the words `` country , nation , or Republic , '' choosing the last as `` it distinguished the form of government chosen by the founding fathers and established by the Revolution . The true reason for allegiance to the flag is the Republic for which it stands . '' Bellamy then reflected on the sayings of Revolutionary and Civil War figures , and concluded `` all that pictured struggle reduced itself to three words , one Nation indivisible . '' Bellamy considered the slogan of the French Revolution , Liberté , égalité , fraternité ( `` liberty , equality , fraternity '' ) , but held that `` fraternity was too remote of realization , and ... ( that ) equality was a dubious word . '' Concluding `` Liberty and justice were surely basic , were undebatable , and were all that any one Nation could handle . If they were exercised for all . They involved the spirit of equality and fraternity . '' After being reviewed by Upham and other members of The Youth 's Companion , the Pledge was approved and put in the official Columbus Day program . Bellamy noted that , `` In later years the words ' to my flag ' were changed to ' to the flag of the United States of America ' because of the large number of foreign children in the schools . '' Bellamy disliked the change , as `` it did injure the rhythmic balance of the original composition . '' Changes ( edit ) A plaque in Lansing , MI , dated 1918 , listing the Balch Pledge , which was used parallel to the Bellamy Pledge until the National Flag Conference in 1923 . In 1906 , The Daughters of the American Revolution 's magazine , The American Monthly , listed the `` formula of allegiance '' as being the Balch Pledge of Allegiance , which reads : I pledge allegiance to my flag , and the republic for which it stands . I pledge my head and my heart to God and my country . One country , one language and one flag . In subsequent publications of the Daughters of the American Revolution , such as in 1915 's `` Proceedings of the Twenty - Fourth Continental Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution '' and 1916 's annual `` National Report , '' the Balch Pledge , listed as official in 1906 , is now categorized as `` Old Pledge '' with Bellamy 's version under the heading `` New Pledge . '' However , the `` Old Pledge '' continued to be used by other organizations until the National Flag Conference established uniform flag procedures in 1923 . In 1923 , the National Flag Conference called for the words `` my Flag '' to be changed to `` the Flag of the United States , '' so that new immigrants would not confuse loyalties between their birth countries and the US . The words `` of America '' were added a year later . Congress officially recognized the Pledge for the first time , in the following form , on June 22 , 1942 : I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . Addition of `` under God '' ( edit ) `` Under God '' redirects here . For the book , see Under God ( book ) . Louis Albert Bowman , an attorney from Illinois , was the first to suggest the addition of `` under God '' to the pledge . The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him an Award of Merit as the originator of this idea . He spent his adult life in the Chicago area and was chaplain of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . At a meeting on February 12 , 1948 , he led the society in reciting the pledge with the two words `` under God '' added . He said that the words came from Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address . Although not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words `` under God '' , all the reporters ' transcripts of the speech as delivered do , as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said `` that the nation shall , under God , have a new birth of freedom . '' Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings . In 1951 , the Knights of Columbus , the world 's largest Catholic fraternal service organization , also began including the words `` under God '' in the Pledge of Allegiance . In New York City , on April 30 , 1951 , the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words `` under God '' after the words `` one nation . '' Over the next two years , the idea spread throughout Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide . On August 21 , 1952 , the Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus at its annual meeting adopted a resolution urging that the change be made universal , and copies of this resolution were sent to the President , the Vice President ( as Presiding Officer of the Senate ) , and the Speaker of the House of Representatives . The National Fraternal Congress meeting in Boston on September 24 , 1952 , adopted a similar resolution upon the recommendation of its president , Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart . Several State Fraternal Congresses acted likewise almost immediately thereafter . This campaign led to several official attempts to prompt Congress to adopt the Knights of Columbus policy for the entire nation . These attempts were eventually a success . At the suggestion of a correspondent , Representative Louis C. Rabaut ( D - Mich . ) , of Michigan sponsored a resolution to add the words `` under God '' to the Pledge in 1953 . George MacPherson Docherty ( left ) and President Eisenhower ( second from left ) on the morning of February 7 , 1954 , at the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church . Before February 1954 , no endeavor to get the pledge officially amended had succeeded . The final successful push came from George MacPherson Docherty . Some American presidents honored Lincoln 's birthday by attending services at the church Lincoln attended , New York Avenue Presbyterian Church by sitting in Lincoln 's pew on the Sunday nearest February 12 . On February 7 , 1954 , with President Eisenhower sitting in Lincoln 's pew , the church 's pastor , George MacPherson Docherty , delivered a sermon based on the Gettysburg Address entitled `` A New Birth of Freedom . '' He argued that the nation 's might lay not in arms but rather in its spirit and higher purpose . He noted that the Pledge 's sentiments could be those of any nation : `` There was something missing in the pledge , and that which was missing was the characteristic and definitive factor in the American way of life . '' He cited Lincoln 's words `` under God '' as defining words that set the US apart from other nations . President Eisenhower had been baptized a Presbyterian very recently , just a year before . He responded enthusiastically to Docherty in a conversation following the service . Eisenhower acted on his suggestion the next day and on February 8 , 1954 , Rep. Charles Oakman ( R - Mich . ) , introduced a bill to that effect . Congress passed the necessary legislation and Eisenhower signed the bill into law on Flag Day , June 14 , 1954 . Eisenhower said : From this day forward , the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city and town , every village and rural school house , the dedication of our nation and our people to the Almighty ... In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America 's heritage and future ; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country 's most powerful resource , in peace or in war . The phrase `` under God '' was incorporated into the Pledge of Allegiance on June 14 , 1954 , by a Joint Resolution of Congress amending § 4 of the Flag Code enacted in 1942 . On October 6 , 1954 , the National Executive Committee of the American Legion adopted a resolution , first approved by the Illinois American Legion Convention in August 1954 , which formally recognized the Knights of Columbus for having initiated and brought forward the amendment to the Pledge of Allegiance . Even though the movement behind inserting `` under God '' into the pledge might have been initiated by a private religious fraternity and even though references to God appear in previous versions of the pledge , historian Kevin M. Kruse asserts that this movement was an effort by corporate America to instill in the minds of the people that capitalism and free enterprise were heavenly blessed . Kruse acknowledges the insertion of the phrase was influenced by the push - back against atheistic communism during the Cold War , but argues the longer arc of history shows the conflation of Christianity and capitalism as a challenge to the New Deal played the larger role . Salute ( edit ) Swearing of the Pledge is accompanied by a salute . An early version of the salute , adopted in 1887 , known as the Balch Salute , which accompanied the Balch pledge , instructed students to stand with their right hand outstretched toward the flag , the fingers of which are then brought to the forehead , followed by being placed flat over the heart , and finally falling to the side . In 1892 , Francis Bellamy created what was known as the Bellamy salute . It started with the hand outstretched toward the flag , palm down , and ended with the palm up . Because of the similarity between the Bellamy salute and the Nazi salute , which was adopted in Germany later , the US Congress stipulated that the hand - over-the - heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the US would be the salute to replace the Bellamy salute . Removal of the Bellamy salute occurred on December 22 , 1942 , when Congress amended the Flag Code language first passed into law on June 22 , 1942 . Attached to bills passed in Congress in 2008 and then in 2009 ( Section 301 ( b ) ( 1 ) of title 36 , United States Code ) , language was included which authorized all active duty military personnel and all veterans in civilian clothes to render a proper hand salute during the raising and lowering of the flag , when the colors are presented , and during the National Anthem . Music ( edit ) Musical setting by Irving Caesar A musical setting for `` The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' was created by Irving Caesar , at the suggestion of Congressman Louis C. Rabaut whose House Resolution 243 to add the phrase `` under God '' was signed into law on Flag Day , June 14 , 1954 . The composer , Irving Caesar , wrote and published over 700 songs in his lifetime . Dedicated to social issues , he donated all rights of the musical setting to the U.S. government , so that anyone can perform the piece without owing royalties . It was sung for the first time on the floor of the House of Representatives on Flag Day , June 14 , 1955 by the official Air Force choral group the `` Singing Sergeants '' . A July 29 , 1955 House and Senate resolution authorized the U.S. Government Printing Office to print and distribute the song sheet together with a history of the pledge . Other musical versions of the Pledge have since been copyrighted , including by Beck ( 2003 ) , Lovrekovich ( 2002 and 2001 ) , Roton ( 1991 ) , Fijol ( 1986 ) , and Girardet ( 1983 ) . Controversy ( edit ) Main article : Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance In 1940 , the Supreme Court , in Minersville School District v. Gobitis , ruled that students in public schools , including the respondents in that case -- Jehovah 's Witnesses who considered the flag salute to be idolatry -- could be compelled to swear the Pledge . In 1943 , in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , the Supreme Court reversed its decision . Justice Robert H. Jackson , writing for the 6 to 3 majority , went beyond simply ruling in the precise matter presented by the case to say that public school students are not required to say the Pledge on narrow grounds , and asserted that such ideological dogmata are antithetical to the principles of the country , concluding with : If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation , it is that no official , high or petty , can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics , nationalism , religion , or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein . If there are any circumstances which permit an exception , they do not now occur to us . In a later case , the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals held that students are also not required to stand for the Pledge . First graders of Japanese ancestry pledging allegiance to the American flag ( 1942 , photo by Dorothea Lange ) . Requiring or promoting of the Pledge on the part of the government has continued to draw criticism and legal challenges on several grounds . One objection is that a democratic republic built on freedom of dissent should not require its citizens to pledge allegiance to it , and that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right to refrain from speaking or standing , which itself is also a form of speech in the context of the ritual of pledging allegiance . Another objection is that the people who are most likely to recite the Pledge every day , small children in schools , can not really give their consent or even completely understand the Pledge they are making . Another criticism is that a government requiring or promoting the phrase `` under God '' violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment . In 2004 , linguist Geoffrey Nunberg said the original supporters of the addition thought that they were simply quoting Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address , but to Lincoln and his contemporaries , `` under God '' meant `` God willing '' , so they would have found its use in the Pledge of Allegiance grammatically incorrect and semantically odd . Legal challenges ( edit ) Prominent legal challenges were brought in the 1930s and 1940s by Jehovah 's Witnesses , a denomination whose beliefs preclude swearing loyalty to any power other than God , and who objected to policies in public schools requiring students to swear an oath to the flag . They said requiring the pledge violated their freedom of religion guaranteed by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment . The first case was in 1935 , when two children , Lillian and William Gobitas , ages ten and twelve , were expelled from the Minersville , Pennsylvania , public schools that year for failing to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance . In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow , whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the phrase `` under God '' an unconstitutional endorsement of monotheism when the Pledge was promoted in public school . In 2004 , the Supreme Court heard Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , an appeal of the ruling , and rejected Newdow 's claim on the grounds that he was not the custodial parent , and therefore lacked standing , thus avoiding ruling on the merits of whether the phrase was constitutional in a school - sponsored recitation . On January 3 , 2005 , a new suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California on behalf of three unnamed families . On September 14 , 2005 , District Court Judge Lawrence Karlton ruled in their favor . Citing the precedent of the 2002 ruling by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals , Judge Karlton issued an order stating that , upon proper motion , he would enjoin the school district defendants from continuing their practices of leading children in pledging allegiance to `` one Nation under God . '' In 2006 , in the Florida case Frazier v. Alexandre , a federal district court in Florida ruled that a 1942 state law requiring students to stand and recite the Pledge of Allegiance violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution . As a result of that decision , a Florida school district was ordered to pay $32,500 to a student who chose not to say the pledge and was ridiculed and called `` unpatriotic '' by a teacher . In 2009 , a Montgomery County , Maryland , teacher berated and had school police remove a 13 - year - old girl who refused to say the Pledge of Allegiance in the classroom . The student 's mother , assisted by the American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland , sought and received an apology from the teacher , as state law and the school 's student handbook both prohibit students from being forced to recite the Pledge . On March 11 , 2010 , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the words `` under God '' in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District . In a 2 -- 1 decision , the appellate court ruled that the words were of a `` ceremonial and patriotic nature '' and did not constitute an establishment of religion . Judge Stephen Reinhardt dissented , writing that `` the state - directed , teacher - led daily recitation in public schools of the amended ' under God ' version of the Pledge of Allegiance ... violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution . '' On November 12 , 2010 , in a unanimous decision , the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed a ruling by a New Hampshire lower federal court which found that the pledge 's reference to God does not violate non-pledging students ' rights if student participation in the pledge is voluntary . A United States Supreme Court appeal of this decision was denied on June 13 , 2011 . In September 2013 , a case was brought before the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court , arguing that the pledge violates the Equal Rights Amendment of the Constitution of Massachusetts . In May 2014 , Massachusetts ' highest court ruled that the pledge does not discriminate against atheists , saying that the words `` under God '' represent a patriotic , not a religious , exercise . In February 2015 New Jersey Superior Court Judge David F. Bauman dismissed a lawsuit , ruling that `` ... the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who do n't believe in God and does not have to be removed from the patriotic message . '' The case against the Matawan - Aberdeen Regional School District had been brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase `` under God '' in the pledge created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion , making non-believers `` second - class citizens . '' In a twenty - one page decision , Bauman wrote , `` Under ( the association members ' ) reasoning , the very constitution under which ( the members ) seek redress for perceived atheistic marginalization could itself be deemed unconstitutional , an absurd proposition which ( association members ) do not and can not advance here . '' Bauman said the student could skip the pledge , but upheld a New Jersey law that says pupils must recite the pledge unless they have `` conscientious scruples '' that do not allow it . He noted , `` As a matter of historical tradition , the words ' under God ' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words ' In God We Trust ' from every coin in the land , than the words ' so help me God ' from every presidential oath since 1789 , or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787 . '' See also ( edit ) Australian citizenship affirmation , a similar concept Ceremonial deism Flag Salute Loyalty oaths in the United States Youth 's Companion Building , where the Pledge of Allegiance was written and published Separation of church and state , which provides more information surrounding `` under God '' in the pledge References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Pledge of Allegiance '' . Historic Documents . Independence Hall Association : ushistory.org . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jeffrey Owen . `` The Man Who Wrote the Pledge of Allegiance , '' Smithsonian Magazine , Nov. 2003 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Pledge of Allegiance , '' Celebrating America 's Freedoms . n.d. U.S. Dept. of Veterans Affairs . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Title 4 , Chapter 1 , Section 4 , US Code '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Melanie . `` One Nation , Indivisible '' . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Captain and Brevet Lieutenant Colonel George T. Balch , Ordnance Corps Hall of Fame Inductee 2001 , U.S. Army Ordnance Corps '' . www.goordnance.army.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Society & Community . Faith in America : The Legal Dilemma '' . NOW with Bill Moyers . PBS . June 29 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The Pledge of Allegiance and Our Flag of the United States '' . Their History and Meaning . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Amy ( September 2015 ) , `` PR Gimmick to Patriotic Vow ; Francis Bellamy had no idea how famous , and controversial , his quick ditty would become '' , Smithsonian Magazine Jump up ^ `` American & State Pledges '' . Speck 's Web . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ U.S. Code 2011 , Title 4 , Chap. 1 , Sec. 4 . Government Printing Office . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubal , Timothy ( October 2008 ) . Cultural Movements and Collective Memory : Christopher Columbus and the Rewriting of the National Origin Myth . Basingstoke , Hampshire , GBR : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 61576 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy '' . Freemasonry.bcy.ca . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ The Overland Monthly . Samuel Carson . 1891 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine . National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution . 1906 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Francis Bellamy . `` '' A Brief Synopsis of the Story of the Origin of the Pledge taken from the Detailed Narrative by Francis Bellamy , Author of the Pledge `` '' . Congressional Record 91 Cong . Rec. ( 1945 ) House : 5510 -- 5511 . ^ Jump up to : Bellamy , Francis , `` The Story of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag , '' University of Rochester Library Bulletin , Vol . VIII , Winter 1953 . Jump up ^ Margarette S. Miller ( 1946 ) . I Pledge Allegiance . Christopher Publishing House , Youth 's companion . Jump up ^ Francis Bellamy -- The word `` to '' was inserted between `` my Flag and '' and `` the Republic '' in October 1892 . Jump up ^ Dr. John W. Baer . `` The Pledge of Allegiance A Short History '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Miller , Margarette S. ( 1976 ) . Twenty Three Words : A Biography of Francis Bellamy : Author of the Pledge of Allegiance . Portsmouth , Vir. : Printcraft Press . pp. 63 - 65 ISBN 0 - 686 - 15626 - 9 Jump up ^ Congressional Serial Set . U.S. Government Printing Office . 1917 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Proceedings of the ... Continental Congress of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution . The Congress . 1915 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 77 - 623 , Chap. 435 , 56 Stat. 377 , H.J. Res. 303 , enacted June 22 , 1942 . ^ Jump up to : Baer , John W. ( 2007 ) . The Pledge of Allegiance : A Revised History and Analysis , 1892 -- 2007 . Annapolis , MD : Free State Press . Jump up ^ Merriman , Scott A. ( 2007 ) . Religion and the Law in America : An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 863 - 7 . p. 110 . Jump up ^ `` Knights of Columbus Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Knights of Columbus . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` How the words `` UNDER GOD '' came to be added to the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Broadway , Bill . `` How ' Under God ' Got in There , '' The Washington Post , 6 July 2002 . Retrieved 4 Feb. 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pub. L. 83 - 396 , Chap. 297 , 68 Stat. 249 , H.J. Res. 243 , enacted June 14 , 1954 . Jump up ^ `` God In America : God in the White House '' . PBS . Jump up ^ `` How ' One Nation ' Did n't Become ' Under God ' Until The ' 50s Religious Revival '' . NPR . Jump up ^ Leepson , Marc ( 2006 ) . Flag : An American Biography . Macmillan . p. 171 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 32309 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Rules for Rendering Hand Salute of U.S. Flag '' . Military.com . Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 1957 - 04 - 20 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 1960 - 09 - 19 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Irving Caesar Welcome '' . www.irvingcaesar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` '' Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' H. Con . Res. 161 Statute 69 Pages B24 - B25 Concurrent Resolutions - July 26 , 1955 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Copyright Office , Copyright search for `` The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' `` . Jump up ^ West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , 319 U.S. 624 , 642 ( U.S. Supreme Court 1943 ) . ^ Jump up to : Holloman ex rel . Holloman v. Harland , 370 F. 3d 1252 ( 11th Cir. 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Lane v. Owens ; 03 - B - 1544 , United States District Court , District of Colorado Jump up ^ Olander , Herbert T. ( December 1941 ) . `` Children 's Knowledge of the Flag Salute '' . The Journal of Educational Research . 35 ( 4 ) : 300 -- 305 . JSTOR 27528245 . Jump up ^ `` Court upholds ' under God ' in Pledge of Allegiance '' . Associated Press . 2010 - 03 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Nunberg ( 2004 - 06 - 20 ) . `` I Might Have Guessed Parson Weems Would Figure In There Somewhere '' . Language Log . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Nunberg ( 2004 - 06 - 20 ) . `` '' ( Next ) Under God , '' Phrasal Idiom `` . Language Log . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jehovah 's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God 's Kingdom , Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York , 1993 , pp. 196 - 197 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Salute Cases '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Minersville School District v. Gobitis , 310 U.S. 586 , 60 S. Ct. 1010 , 84 L. Ed . 1375 ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ Kravets , David ( September 16 , 2005 ) , `` Federal judge rules Pledge of Allegiance is unconstitutional '' , The Chicago Defender , archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 11 , retrieved 2008 - 03 - 31 Jump up ^ Frazier v. Alexandre , 434 F. Supp. 2d 1350 ( S.D. Fla . May 31 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Frazier v. Alexandre , No. 05 - 81142 ( S.D. Fla . May 31 , 2006 ) '' . National School Boards Association . March 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jenna ( February 24 , 2010 ) . `` Pledge of Allegiance dispute results in Md. teacher having to apologize '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Chea , Terence ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` Fed . appeals court upholds ' under God ' in pledge '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Newdow vs. Rio Linda Union School District ( 9th Cir . March 12 , 2010 ) . Text Jump up ^ `` Pledge of Allegiance 's God reference now upheld by court '' . LA Times . March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Freedom from Religion Foundation v. Hanover School District ( 1st Cir . Nov 12 , 2010 ) . Text Jump up ^ Lavoie , Denise ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Court OKs NH law allowing ' God ' pledge in schools '' . The Boston Globe . Boston , MA : Christopher M. Mayer . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 16 . The constitutionality of a New Hampshire law ... Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` High court spurns atheist 's ' under God ' challenge '' . San Francisco Chronicle . San Francisco , CA : Hearst Corporation . A Sacramento atheist 's challenge to the addition of `` under God '' to the Pledge of Allegiance ... Jump up ^ Supreme Court of the United States ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` Freedom From Religion Foundation , Petitioner v. United States , et al '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' Under God ' part of Pledge of Allegiance under review in Massachusetts '' . CNN.com. 2013 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts court rules ' under God ' in pledge does not discriminate against atheists '' . The Washington Post . 2014 - 05 - 09 . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Under God ' is not discriminatory and will stay in pledge , judge says '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Salvador Rizzo . `` Hearing ' Under God ' in Pledge of Allegiance does not violate rights of atheist students , NJ judge rules '' . NorthJersey.com . Archived from the original on 10 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Refuses To Kick God Out Of Public Schools '' . Forbes . 7 February 2015 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Martin , Leisa A. ( May -- June 2008 ) . `` Examining the Pledge of Allegiance '' . Social Studies . 99 ( 3 ) : 127 -- 131 . doi : 10.3200 / tsss. 99.3. 127 - 131 . John W. Baer ( 2007 ) . The Pledge of Allegiance : A Revised History and Analysis , 1892 -- 2007 ( Free State Press , Inc . ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 9650620 - 2 - 2 Excerpt , Chapter Eight : `` Under God '' and Other Questions About the Pledge . Richard J. Ellis ( 2005 ) . To the Flag : The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance ( Lawrence : University of Kansas Press ) ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1372 - 2 Marc Leepson ( 2005 ) . Flag : An American Biography ( Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin 's Press ) ISBN 0 - 312 - 32308 - 5 Kevin M. Kruse ( 2015 ) . One Nation Under God : How Corporate America Invented Christian America , Basic Books , ISBN 0465049494 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutPledge of Allegiance ( United States ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource 4 U.S.C. § 4 Docherty 's Sermon Manuscript , Feb. 7 , 1954 Minister Reprises `` Under God '' Sermon National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pledge_of_Allegiance_(United_States)&oldid=855538628 '' Categories : 1892 documents American culture American nationalism Oaths of allegiance Flags of the United States Pledge of Allegiance Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ænglisc Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Iñupiak Italiano Latina Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 01 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when should the pledge of allegiance be recited | [
"Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge, as do many government meetings at local levels, and meetings held by many private organizations. All states except Hawaii, Iowa, Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly-scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools, although the Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students cannot be compelled to recite the Pledge, nor can they be punished for not doing so.[9] In a number of states, state flag pledges of allegiance are required to be recited after this.[10]\n",
"Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge, as do many government meetings at local levels, and meetings held by many private organizations. All states except Hawaii, Iowa, Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly-scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools, although the Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students cannot be compelled to recite the Pledge, nor can they be punished for not doing so.[9] In a number of states, state flag pledges of allegiance are required to be recited after this.[10]\n",
"Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge, as do many government meetings at local levels, and meetings held by many private organizations. All states except Hawaii, Iowa, Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly-scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools, although the Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students cannot be compelled to recite the Pledge, nor can they be punished for not doing so.[9] In a number of states, state flag pledges of allegiance are required to be recited after this.[10]\n",
"Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge, as do many government meetings at local levels, and meetings held by many private organizations. All states except Hawaii, Iowa, Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly-scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools, although the Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students cannot be compelled to recite the Pledge, nor can they be punished for not doing so.[9] In a number of states, state flag pledges of allegiance are required to be recited after this.[10]\n"
] | [
"Congressional sessions",
"government meetings at local levels",
"meetings held by many private organizations",
"All states except Hawaii, Iowa, Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly-scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools"
] |
5792617490278967722 | Captain (ice hockey) | Captain ( ice Hockey ) - wikipedia Captain ( ice Hockey ) Jump to : navigation , search Shane Doan , wearing the `` C '' as captain of the Arizona Coyotes . In ice hockey , the captain is the player designated by a team as the only person authorized to speak with the game officials regarding rule interpretations when the captain is on the ice . At most levels of play each team must designate one captain and a number of alternate captains ( usually two ) who speak to the officials when the captain is on the bench . Captains wear a `` C '' on their sweaters , while alternate captains wear an `` A '' . Officially captains have no other responsibility or authority , although they may , depending on the league or individual team , have various informal duties , such as participation in pre-game ceremonies or other events outside the game . As with most team sports that designate captains , the captain is usually a well - respected player and a de facto team leader . Contents ( hide ) 1 Responsibilities and importance 2 Selection 3 Alternate captains 4 Designation on uniform 5 NHL captains 5.1 Records 5.2 Stanley Cup Finals 5.3 Minority captains 5.4 Goaltender captains 6 See also 7 References Responsibilities and importance ( edit ) Captains Nicklas Lidström of the Detroit Red Wings ( right ) and Ryan Getzlaf of the Anaheim Ducks ( middle ) talk with a referee . According to International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) and National Hockey League ( NHL ) rules , the only player allowed to speak with referees about rule interpretations is the captain , or , if the captain is not on the ice , an alternate captain . Although the rules do not specify any other distinction between the captain and his teammates , the captain has numerous responsibilities to the team , particularly in North American professional hockey . The captain is a dressing room leader , and also represents the players ' concerns to management . The captain is often considered the primary representative of the team to the public , and sometimes is responsible for organizing the team 's social functions and performing ceremonial on - ice functions , such as award presentations or ceremonial faceoffs . Selection ( edit ) NHL teams need not designate the same player as captain from game to game , though most teams do . For instance , in the 1985 -- 86 , when Boston Bruins captain Terry O'Reilly retired , Ray Bourque and Rick Middleton were named as co-captains of the team . Middleton wore the `` C '' during home games and Bourque for road games during the season 's first half , and the two switched for the second half . This arrangement continued until Middleton retired in 1988 and Bourque became the sole captain . Some teams name two ( such as the Buffalo Sabres during the 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 NHL seasons ) or three ( such as the Vancouver Canucks during the 1990 -- 91 season ) captains for a season . Some teams rotate captains rather than keep one for an extended period of time ( the Minnesota Wild rotated captaincy every one or two months until the 2009 -- 10 season , when Mikko Koivu was named the first permanent captain since the franchise 's inception ) . During each NHL game , however , only one player can officially be designated as captain . Captains are usually veteran players , though on occasion younger players are chosen . The selection is often seen as an important moment for a team , and one that can affect the team 's ( and newly appointed captain 's ) performance . Captains are selected by different means : in some instances , teams have held votes among their players to choose a team captain , while on other occasions , the choice was made by team management . Captains are often chosen due to their seniority in the game and years of service with their current club . However , franchise players -- current or emerging stars -- have also been named captains . Though not required , many captains have previously served as alternate captains of their team . Some selections or removals of NHL captaincies have been controversial , more so than the other North American professional sports leagues . For instance , in Canada men 's national ice hockey team , then - General Manager Bobby Clarke selected Eric Lindros for the 1998 Olympics , considered somewhat controversial as Lindros was chosen over longer - tenured NHL captains such as Steve Yzerman , Ray Bourque and Wayne Gretzky , Clarke was also General Manager of the Philadelphia Flyers whom Lindros played for professionally . In 2000 , when the relationship between Clarke and Lindros deteriorated during contentious contract negotiations and the team 's handling of Lindros ' injuries , the team captaincy was handed over to Eric Desjardins . Tampa Bay Lightning head coach John Tortorella stripped the captaincy from Vincent Lecavalier for failing to meet on - ice performance expectations . In 1980 , Darryl Sittler angrily resigned the captaincy by cutting off the `` C '' from his jersey with scissors , in protest of Harold Ballard 's trade of his best friend Lanny McDonald , Ballard would liken Sittler 's actions to burning the Canadian flag . The rules of the IIHF , NHL and Hockey Canada do not permit goaltenders to be designated as on - ice captains , due to the logistical challenge of having the goaltender relay rules discussions between referees and coaches and then return to the crease . The NHL introduced a rule prohibiting the goaltender from being a captain following the 1947 -- 48 season ( see § Goaltender captains below ) . In the NCAA , there is no position - based restriction on the team captain . Alternate captains ( edit ) Luc Robitaille in 2005 : the `` A '' is commonly on the left side of the jersey Teams may designate alternate captains , also often erroneously called `` assistant captains '' . Alternate captains wear the letter `` A '' on their jerseys in the same manner that team captains wear the `` C '' . In the NHL , teams may appoint a captain and up to two alternate captains , or they may appoint three alternate captains and no captain . A team commonly has three alternate captains when the team has not selected a captain , or when the serving captain is injured and misses a game . International and USA amateur rules do not allow this ; they stipulate that `` each team shall appoint a Captain and no more than two Alternate Captains . '' In the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) , Quebec Major Junior Hockey League ( QMJHL ) , Western Hockey League ( WHL ) and minor leagues under the jurisdiction of Hockey Canada , teams are allowed to have a captain with up to three alternate captains . If the team chooses to not appoint a captain , they are not permitted to appoint a fourth alternate captain . When the captain is off the ice or unavailable for the game , any alternate captain on the ice is responsible for fulfilling the captain 's official role as liaison to the referees . NHL teams may choose alternate captains from game to game or appoint regular alternate captains for the season . In North America , alternate captains perform many of the same leadership and team building roles as the captain . In the 1969 -- 70 season , the Boston Bruins had three alternate captains ( Johnny Bucyk , Phil Esposito and Ed Westfall ) instead of a captain sporting the `` C . '' However , as Bucyk was the most senior of the alternate captains , he was first one to be presented the Stanley Cup when the team won the championship in 1970 and 1972 . In the NCAA , a team can designate a single alternate captain to assume the role of captain , should the captain be unavailable due to injury or penalty . Designation on uniform ( edit ) See also : Hockey jersey § Design The letter `` C '' or `` A '' is attached to the jersey of the team 's captain and alternate captains ( commonly sewn at higher levels of play , though removable insignia exist so the `` C '' or `` A '' designation can be easily changed ) . The designation is traditionally placed on the left side of the sweater , though the IIHF , NHL and NCAA rules specify only that it must be in a `` conspicuous location on the front '' of the player 's sweater . Two teams in the NHL have sweaters where the positioning of the crest on the front leaves insufficient space on the left for the letter : the Detroit Red Wings , who place the letter on the right side of the home and road jerseys since the 2007 -- 08 season , and the Arizona Coyotes , who moved their captains ' patches to the right side when they updated their uniforms in 2015 - 2016 . NHL captains ( edit ) Main article : List of current NHL captains and alternate captains Records ( edit ) Steve Yzerman served as the captain of the Detroit Red Wings for 20 years ( 1986 -- 87 to 2005 -- 06 ) and 1,303 games during that time , the longest term in the history of the NHL by both years and games . The Boston Bruins ' Ray Bourque was previously the longest - tenured captain in NHL history from 1985 -- 86 to 1999 -- 00 , being co-captain for the first three seasons . Daniel Alfredsson holds the record as the longest - serving European captain serving for 14 years ( 1999 -- 00 to 2012 -- 13 ) . Brian Bellows was the youngest captain in NHL history , serving as the interim captain of the Minnesota North Stars from January 1984 until May 1984 . The youngest permanent NHL captain in history is Connor McDavid , announced as Captain by the Edmonton Oilers on October 5 , 2016 , at the age of 19 years and 266 days . Player is still active as captain of their team . Youngest NHL captains Name Team Birth date Captaincy announced Age at announcement First game as captain Age at first game Type Bellows , Brian Brian Bellows Minnesota North Stars 000000001964 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1964 000000001984 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1984 † 7003707000000000000 ♠ 19 years , 131 days Interim Connor McDavid Edmonton Oilers 000000001997 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1997 000000002016 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2016 7003720500000000000 ♠ 19 years , 266 days October 12 , 2016 7003721200000000000 ♠ 19 years , 273 days Permanent Landeskog , Gabriel Gabriel Landeskog Colorado Avalanche 000000001992 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 1992 000000002012 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 2012 7003722500000000000 ♠ 19 years , 286 days January 19 , 2013 7003736200000000000 ♠ 20 years , 57 days Permanent Crosby , Sidney Sidney Crosby Pittsburgh Penguins 000000001987 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 1987 000000002007 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 2007 7003723700000000000 ♠ 19 years , 297 days 000000002007 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2007 7003736400000000000 ♠ 20 years , 59 days Permanent Lecavalier , Vincent Vincent Lecavalier Tampa Bay Lightning 000000001980 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 1980 000000002000 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2000 7003725400000000000 ♠ 19 years , 315 days 000000002000 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2000 7003725400000000000 ♠ 19 years , 315 days Permanent Toews , Jonathan Jonathan Toews Chicago Blackhawks 000000001988 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1988 000000002008 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2008 7003738500000000000 ♠ 20 years , 80 days 000000002008 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2008 7003746900000000000 ♠ 20 years , 164 days Permanent Yzerman , Steve Steve Yzerman Detroit Red Wings 000000001965 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 1965 000000001986 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 1986 7003782100000000000 ♠ 21 years , 151 days 000000001986 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1986 7003782300000000000 ♠ 21 years , 153 days Permanent Schoenfeld , Jim Jim Schoenfeld Buffalo Sabres 000000001952 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 1952 000000001974 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1974 7003803200000000000 ♠ 21 years , 362 days 000000001974 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 1974 7003807500000000000 ♠ 22 years , 40 days Permanent Table Notes : † An exact date for Brian Bellows ' captaincy has not yet been determined . The previous captain , Craig Hartsburg , was injured on January 3 , 1984 , and Bellows became interim captain shortly thereafter in January 1984 . Stanley Cup finals ( edit ) Charlie Gardiner was the first NHL captain born in Europe to lead his team to a Stanley Cup title ( 1934 ) . Derian Hatcher became the first American - born captain to win the Stanley Cup in 1999 . Daniel Alfredsson was the first European - born and trained captain to lead an NHL team to the Stanley Cup Final ( 2007 ) , while Nicklas Lidström was the first captain born and trained in Europe to lead an NHL team to a Stanley Cup title ( 2008 ) , followed by Zdeno Chára ( 2011 ) . Mark Messier was the first NHL player to win the Stanley Cup as captain of two different teams : the Edmonton Oilers in 1990 and the New York Rangers in 1994 . Sidney Crosby became the youngest captain in the NHL to win the Stanley Cup in 2009 at 21 years 10 months . The youngest captain to lead his team to the Stanley Cup in the history of the trophy is Mike Grant of the 1895 Montreal Victorias , who was 21 years and 2 months at the time . Minority captains ( edit ) Dirk Graham became the first NHL captain of African descent when he was named captain of the Chicago Blackhawks in March 1989 . Jarome Iginla , who became captain of the Calgary Flames in 2003 , has been cited by ESPN as the first black captain in NHL history . Goaltender captains ( edit ) In NHL history , there have been six goaltenders who served as official team captains : John Ross Roach ( Toronto St. Patricks ) : 1924 -- 25 season George Hainsworth ( Montreal Canadiens ) : 1932 -- 33 season Roy Worters ( New York Americans ) : 1932 -- 33 season Alex Connell ( Ottawa Senators ) : 1932 -- 33 season Charlie Gardiner ( Chicago Black Hawks ) : 1933 -- 34 season Bill Durnan ( Montreal Canadiens ) : latter half of 1947 -- 48 season The Hockey Hall of Fame displays a picture of Toronto Maple Leafs goaltender Turk Broda wearing the captain 's `` C , '' but he never actually served in that capacity , and he was actually wearing Toronto team Captain Syl Apps ' sweater . Prior to the 1948 -- 49 season , the NHL made a change to the rules , prohibiting goalies from being captains or alternate captains . This was in response to complaints from opponents of the Montreal Canadiens , who complained that Durnan left his crease to argue with the referee at strategic points during games , resulting in unscheduled timeouts . This rule is sometimes referred to as the `` Durnan Rule . '' Although the Canucks appointed goaltender Roberto Luongo as its team captain for the 2008 -- 09 and 2009 -- 10 seasons , since he could not be his team 's official captain during games , Willie Mitchell was the on - ice captain , serving as liaison to the officials , and Henrik Sedin and Mattias Öhlund performed ceremonial aspects of the position such as pre-game faceoffs . Japanese goaltender Yutaka Fukufuji is currently designated an alternate captain of an Asia League Ice Hockey team , the Nikkō Ice Bucks . See also ( edit ) Captain ( sports ) List of current NHL captains and alternate captains List of current AHL captains List of current SHL captains and alternate captains List of Team Canada captains Positions on the hockey rink Forwards : Left wing Centre Right wing Defencemen : Left defenceman Right defenceman Goaltender : Goaltender Power forward Enforcer Grinder Pest Two - way forward Stay - at - home defenceman Captain Head coach Referees and linesmen References ( edit ) Duplacey , James ( 1996 ) . Diamond , Dan , ed . The annotated rules of hockey . Lyons & Burford . ISBN 1 - 55821 - 466 - 6 . Notes ^ Jump up to : `` SI Flashback : Stanley Cup 1997 '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : International Ice Hockey Federation . `` IIHF Rule Book '' ( PDF ) . International Ice Hockey Federation . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : National Hockey League ( 2007 ) . `` National Hockey League Official Rules '' . Triumph Books . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 25 , 2005 . Retrieved October 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daryl Sittler 's longest year , '' Frank Orr , Toronto Star , March 16 , 1980 , p . C3 . Jump up ^ Frank Fitzpatrick ( 2000 ) . `` How it all began '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Daryl Sittler 's longest year , '' Frank Orr , Toronto Star , March 16 , 1980 , p . C3 . Jump up ^ `` Maple Leaf forever ? Sittler will stay put at least this season , '' Ken McKee , Toronto Star , March 8 , 1980 , p . C3 . ^ Jump up to : National Collegiate Athletic Association ( August 2008 ) . 2008 -- 10 NCAA Men 's and Women 's Ice Hockey Rules and Interpretations . Indianapolis , Indiana : National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 178 . ISSN 0735 - 9195 . Jump up ^ `` Rule 14 Captain of Team '' . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2000 . Retrieved September 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ontario Hockey League ( 2009 ) . `` Ontario Hockey League Official Rules 2009 -- 2010 '' . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Quebec Major Junior Hockey League ( 2009 ) . `` QMJHL Official Rules '' . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 20 , 2010 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Western Hockey League ( 2008 ) . `` Western Hockey League Official Rules 2008 -- 2009 '' . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hockey Canada ( 2008 ) . Referee 's Case Book / Rule Combination 2008 -- 2010 ( PDF ) . Hockey Canada . ISBN 978 - 1 - 897355 - 04 - 6 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Yzerman '' . NHL.com . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2006 . Retrieved September 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` McDavid 's Dedication To Craft Leads To Captaincy '' . NHL.com . October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Landeskog Named Avalanche Captain '' . The Associated Press via Yahoo Sports . August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Last September , he ( Landeskog ) became the youngest captain in league history at 19 years , 286 days , 11 days younger than Sidney Crosby was when he was named captain of the Pittsburgh Penguins in 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CROSBY BECOMES YOUNGEST CAPTAIN IN NHL HISTORY '' . May 31 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Penguins -- Recap : Pittsburgh @ Carolina -- 10 / 05 / 2007 '' . October 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2008 . Retrieved October 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Lightning History 1999 -- 2000 '' . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2007 . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NHL.com Game Summary , Game 0888 , Wednesday , March 1 , 2000 , Washington Capitals at Tampa Bay Lightning '' . Retrieved April 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Toews Named 34th Captain In Team History '' ( Press release ) . chicagoblackhawks.com . July 18 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2008 . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Burnside , Scott ( October 10 , 2008 ) . `` Too young to lead the Blackhawks ? Toews says : Bring it on '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ziehm , Len ( October 10 , 2008 ) . `` 5 things Hawks must do on ice to make changes count '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com ( October 10 , 2008 ) . `` Box Score : Chicago vs. New York Rangers , October 10 , 2008 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Detroit Free Press ( 2006 ) . `` Captain , My Captain '' . The Captain . Detroit Free Press . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57243 - 935 - 1 . Red Wings coach Jacques Demers named Steve Yzerman team captain on October 7 , 1986 . Jump up ^ 1986 -- 87 Detroit Red Wings season showing their first game played on October 9 , 1986 at the Quebec Nordiques and Steve Yzerman 's career stats showing he played in all 80 games that season . Jump up ^ `` Class of 1996 , Jim Schoenfeld , Buffalo Sabres Defenseman '' . April 15 , 2009 . In September 1974 , at age 22 , Schoenfeld became the NHL 's youngest captain ... Jump up ^ `` 1963 NHL DRAFT PICK , Gerry Meehan '' . April 15 , 2009 . Buffalo Captain : October 1971 to Oct. 14 , 1974 Jump up ^ `` Brian Bellows , 1982 NHL DRAFT PICK '' . Retrieved July 18 , 2008 . Became youngest team captain in Minnesota history as a 19 - year - old when he filled in for injured Craig Hartsburg after Hartsburg was injured on Jan. 10 , 1984 . Bellows continued to wear the `` C '' through the end of 1983 -- 84 season . Jump up ^ `` 1979 draft pick -- Dirk Graham '' . hockeydraftcentral.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Iginla becomes first black captain in NHL history '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ TSN.CA STAFF ( September 30 , 2008 ) . `` CANUCKS NAME GOALTENDER LUONGO AS TEAM CAPTAIN '' . https://www.tsn.ca . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . The Montreal Canadiens ' Bill Durnan was the last goaltender to serve as captain in the 1947 -- 48 season . Prior to 1948 -- 49 , the NHL passed a rule prohibiting goalies to act as captain or assistants in what could be called the `` Durnan Rule . '' The Canadiens keeper left his crease so much to argue calls that opponents protested saying that Durnan 's actions gave the Canadiens unscheduled timeouts during strategic points in games . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Next captain of the Canucks is Luongo '' . September 30 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2008 . Retrieved October 1 , 2008 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_(ice_hockey)&oldid=815924822 '' Categories : Ice hockey people Ice hockey terminology Leadership positions in sports Ice hockey captaincy Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Latviešu Русский Slovenščina 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 02 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what side is the c on a hockey jersey | [] | [] |
-1380316891443711455 | S-box | S - box - wikipedia S - box Jump to : navigation , search In cryptography , an S - box ( substitution - box ) is a basic component of symmetric key algorithms which performs substitution . In block ciphers , they are typically used to obscure the relationship between the key and the ciphertext -- Shannon 's property of confusion . In general , an S - box takes some number of input bits , m , and transforms them into some number of output bits , n , where n is not necessarily equal to m . An m × n S - box can be implemented as a lookup table with 2 words of n bits each . Fixed tables are normally used , as in the Data Encryption Standard ( DES ) , but in some ciphers the tables are generated dynamically from the key ( e.g. the Blowfish and the Twofish encryption algorithms ) . One good example of a fixed table is the S - box from DES ( S ) , mapping 6 - bit input into a 4 - bit output : S Middle 4 bits of input 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 Outer bits 00 0010 1100 0100 0001 0111 1010 1011 0110 1000 0101 0011 1111 1101 0000 1110 1001 01 1110 1011 0010 1100 0100 0111 1101 0001 0101 0000 1111 1010 0011 1001 1000 0110 10 0100 0010 0001 1011 1010 1101 0111 1000 1111 1001 1100 0101 0110 0011 0000 1110 11 1011 1000 1100 0111 0001 1110 0010 1101 0110 1111 0000 1001 1010 0100 0101 0011 Given a 6 - bit input , the 4 - bit output is found by selecting the row using the outer two bits ( the first and last bits ) , and the column using the inner four bits . For example , an input `` 011011 '' has outer bits `` 01 '' and inner bits `` 1101 '' ; the corresponding output would be `` 1001 '' . The 8 S - boxes of DES were the subject of intense study for many years out of a concern that a backdoor -- a vulnerability known only to its designers -- might have been planted in the cipher . The S - box design criteria were eventually published ( in Coppersmith 1994 ) after the public rediscovery of differential cryptanalysis , showing that they had been carefully tuned to increase resistance against this specific attack . Biham and Shamir found that even small modifications to an S - box could significantly weaken DES . There has been a great deal of research into the design of good S - boxes , and much more is understood about their use in block ciphers than when DES was released . Any S - box where each output bit is produced by a bent function of the input bits , and where any linear combination of the output bits is also a bent function of the input bits , is a perfect S - box . See also ( edit ) Bijection , injection and surjection Boolean function Nothing up my sleeve number Permutation box ( P - box ) Permutation cipher Rijndael S - box Substitution cipher References ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ Chandrasekaran , J. et al. ( 2011 ) . `` A Chaos Based Approach for Improving Non Linearity in the S - Box Design of Symmetric Key Cryptosystems '' . In Meghanathan , N. et al. Advances in Networks and Communications : First International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology , CCSIT 2011 , Bangalore , India , January 2 - 4 , 2011 . Proceedings , Part 2 . Springer . p. 516 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 17877 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Buchmann , Johannes A. ( 2001 ) . `` 5 . DES '' . Introduction to cryptography ( Corr . 2 . print . ed . ) . New York , NY ( u.a. ) : Springer . pp. 119 -- 120 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 95034 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gargiulo 's `` S - Box Modifications and Their Effect in DES - like Encryption Systems '' p. 9 . Jump up ^ RFC 4086 . Section 5.3 `` Using S - Boxes for Mixing '' Further reading ( edit ) Kaisa Nyberg ( 1991 ) . Perfect nonlinear S - boxes ( PDF ) . Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT ' 91 . Brighton . pp. 378 -- 386 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 20 . Coppersmith , Don ( 1994 ) . `` The Data Encryption Standard ( DES ) and its strength against attacks '' ( PDF ) . IBM Journal of Research and Development . 38 ( 3 ) : 243 -- 250 . doi : 10.1147 / rd. 383.0243 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 20 . S. Mister and C. Adams ( 1996 ) . Practical S - Box Design ( PostScript ) . Workshop on Selected Areas in Cryptography ( SAC ' 96 ) Workshop Record . Queen 's University . pp. 61 -- 76 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 20 . Schneier , Bruce ( 1996 ) . Applied Cryptography , Second Edition . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 296 -- 298 , 349 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 11709 - 9 . Easttom , Chuck ( 2014 ) . `` A guideline for creating cryptographic s - boxes '' . https://www.academia.edu/9192148/CREATING_CRYPTOGRAPHIC_S-BOXES_A_Guideline_for_Designing_Cryptographic_S-Boxes_by_Chuck_Easttom . External link in publisher = ( help ) External links ( edit ) A literature survey on S - Box design John Savard 's `` Questions of S - Box Design '' Block ciphers ( security summary ) Common algorithms AES Blowfish DES ( Internal Mechanics , Triple DES ) Serpent Twofish Less common algorithms Camellia CAST - 128 IDEA RC2 RC5 RC6 SEED ARIA Skipjack TEA XTEA Other algorithms 3 - Way Akelarre Anubis BaseKing BassOmatic BATON BEAR and LION CAST - 256 Chiasmus CIKS - 1 CIPHERUNICORN - A CIPHERUNICORN - E CLEFIA CMEA Cobra COCONUT98 Crab Cryptomeria / C2 CRYPTON CS - Cipher DEAL DES - X DFC E2 FEAL FEA - M FROG G - DES GOST Grand Cru Hasty Pudding cipher Hierocrypt ICE IDEA NXT Intel Cascade Cipher Iraqi Kalyna KASUMI KeeLoq KHAZAD Khufu and Khafre KN - Cipher Kuznyechik Ladder - DES Libelle LOKI ( 97 , 89 / 91 ) Lucifer M6 M8 MacGuffin Madryga MAGENTA MARS Mercy MESH MISTY1 MMB MULTI2 MultiSwap New Data Seal NewDES Nimbus NOEKEON NUSH PRESENT Prince Q RC6 REDOC Red Pike S - 1 SAFER SAVILLE SC2000 SHACAL SHARK Simon SM4 Speck Spectr - H64 Square SXAL / MBAL Threefish Treyfer UES Xenon xmx XXTEA Zodiac Design Feistel network Key schedule Lai -- Massey scheme Product cipher S - box P - box SPN Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening ( Whitening transformation ) Attack ( cryptanalysis ) Brute - force ( EFF DES cracker ) MITM Biclique attack 3 - subset MITM attack Linear ( Piling - up lemma ) Differential Impossible Truncated Higher - order Differential - linear Distinguishing ( Known - key ) Integral / Square Boomerang Mod n Related - key Slide Rotational Side - channel Timing Power - monitoring Electromagnetic Acoustic Differential - fault XSL Interpolation Partitioning Rubber - hose Black - bag Davies ' Rebound Weak key Tau Chi - square Time / memory / data tradeoff Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding Cryptography History of cryptography Cryptanalysis Outline of cryptography Symmetric - key algorithm Block cipher Stream cipher Public - key cryptography Cryptographic hash function Message authentication code Random numbers Steganography Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S-box&oldid=715401517 '' Categories : S - box Cryptographic algorithms Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Pages using RFC magic links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles needing additional references CS1 errors : external links Talk About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Русский Shqip Simple English Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2016 , at 15 : 17 . About Wikipedia | s-boxes are special data structures that control substitutions in block ciphers | [] | [] |
-7369820953974623880 | Hot cross bun | Hot cross bun - wikipedia Hot cross bun This article is about the food . For the nursery rhyme , see Hot Cross Buns . Hot cross bun Homemade hot cross buns Type Spiced bun Place of origin United Kingdom Main ingredients currants or raisins Cookbook : Hot cross bun Media : Hot cross bun A hot cross bun is a spiced sweet bun made with currants or raisins , marked with a cross on the top , and traditionally eaten on Good Friday in the British Isles , Australia , Canada , New Zealand , South Africa and some parts of the Americas . The cake marks the end of Lent and different parts of the hot cross bun have a certain meaning , including the cross representing the crucifixion of Jesus , and the spices inside signifying the spices used to embalm him at his burial . They are now available all year round in some places . Hot cross buns may go on sale in the United Kingdom , Australia and New Zealand as early as New Year 's Day or after Christmas . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Traditions 3 Other versions 4 The cross 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) In many historically Christian countries , plain buns made without dairy products ( forbidden in Lent until Palm Sunday ) are traditionally eaten hot or toasted during Lent , beginning with the evening of Shrove Tuesday ( the evening before Ash Wednesday ) to midday Good Friday . The ancient Greeks may have marked cakes with a cross . One theory is that the Hot Cross Bun originates from St Albans , where Brother Thomas Rocliffe , a 14th Century monk at St Albans Abbey , developed a similar recipe called an ' Alban Bun ' and distributed the bun to the local poor on Good Friday , starting in 1361 . In the time of Elizabeth I of England ( 1592 ) , the London Clerk of Markets issued a decree forbidding the sale of hot cross buns and other spiced breads , except at burials , on Good Friday , or at Christmas . The punishment for transgressing the decree was forfeiture of all the forbidden product to the poor . As a result of this decree , hot cross buns at the time were primarily made in home kitchens . Further attempts to suppress the sale of these items took place during the reign of James I of England / James VI of Scotland ( 1603 -- 1625 ) . The first definite record of hot cross buns comes from a London street cry : `` Good Friday comes this month , the old woman runs . With one or two a penny hot cross buns '' , which appeared in Poor Robin 's Almanack for 1733 . Food historian Ivan Day states , `` The buns were made in London during the 18th century . But when you start looking for records or recipes earlier than that , you hit nothing . '' Traditions ( edit ) An 1884 advertisement announcing the sale of hot cross buns for Good Friday in a Hawaiian newspaper . English folklore includes many superstitions surrounding hot cross buns . One of them says that buns baked and served on Good Friday will not spoil or grow mouldy during the subsequent year . Another encourages keeping such a bun for medicinal purposes . A piece of it given to someone ill is said to help them recover . If taken on a sea voyage , hot cross buns are said to protect against shipwreck . If hung in the kitchen , they are said to protect against fires and ensure that all breads turn out perfectly . The hanging bun is replaced each year . Other versions ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , the major supermarkets produce variations on the traditional recipe such as toffee , orange - cranberry , and apple - cinnamon . In Australia and New Zealand , a chocolate version of the bun has become popular ; coffee - flavoured buns are also sold in some Australian bakeries . They generally contain the same mixture of spices , but chocolate chips are used instead of currants . There are also sticky date and caramel versions , as well as mini versions of the chocolate and traditional bun . The not cross bun is a variation on the hot cross bun . It uses the same ingredients but instead of having a `` cross '' on top , it has a smiley face in reference to it being `` not cross '' in the sense of not angry . The not cross bun was first sold commercially in 2014 by an Australian bakery , Ferguson Plarre Bakehouses , in response to supermarkets selling hot cross buns as early as Boxing Day ( 26 December ) . In the Czech Republic , mazanec is a similar cake or sweet bread eaten at Easter . It often has a cross marked on top . The cross ( edit ) Hot cross buns with the cross made with cuts The traditional method for making the cross on top of the bun is to use shortcrust pastry ; however , more recently recipes have recommended a paste consisting of flour and water . See also ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Cookbook : Hot Cross Bun Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hot cross buns . Bath bun Fruit bun Sally Lunn bun List of British breads List of buns List of foods with religious symbolism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Turner , Ina ; Taylor , Ina ( 1999 ) . Christianity . Nelson Thornes . p. 50 . ISBN 9780748740871 . To mark the end of the Lent fast Christians eat hot cross buns . These have a special meaning . The cross in the middle shows how Jesus died . Spices inside remind Christians of the spices put on the body of Jesus . Sweet fruits in the bun show that Christians no longer have to eat plain foods . Jump up ^ Fakes , Dennis R. ( 1 January 1994 ) . Exploring Our Lutheran Liturgy . CSS Publishing . p. 33 . ISBN 9781556735967 . Since people often gave up meat during Lent , bread became one of the staples of Lent . Bakers even began making dough pretzels -- a knotted length of dough that referente a tutto a Christian praying , with arms crossed and hands placed on opposite shoulders . Hot cross buns are popular during Lent . The cross of course reminds the eater of Christ 's cross . ^ Jump up to : Rohrer , Finlo ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` BBC - How did hot cross buns become two a penny ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Cross Buns on sale already '' . au.tv.yahoo.com. 4 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Kate ( 3 January 2014 ) . `` Easter 's come early : hot cross buns already on shelves '' . The Toowoomba Chronicle . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Were The First To Cry `` Hot Cross Buns ? '' `` . The New York Times . 31 March 1912 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The City of St Albans Claims the Original Hot Cross Bun '' . St Albans Cathedral . Jump up ^ David , Elizabeth ( 1980 ) . `` Yeast Buns and Small Tea Cakes '' . English Bread and Yeast Cookery . New York : The Viking Press . pp. 473 -- 474 . ISBN 0670296538 . Jump up ^ Charles Hindley ( 2011 ) . `` A History of the Cries of London : Ancient and Modern '' . p. 218 . Cambridge University Press , ^ Jump up to : `` Hot Cross Buns '' . Practically Edible : The Web 's Biggest Food Encyclopedia . Practically Edible . Archived from the original on 3 April 2009 . Retrieved 9 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Easter Baking : Hot Cross Buns '' . jeanniebayb.livejournal.com. 24 March 2008 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2010 . Retrieved 26 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yummy Hot Cross Buns '' . Woolworths ( Australia ) . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baker launches war on supermarkets ' early hot cross bun sales '' . Good Food . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Easter in Czech Republic '' . iloveindia.com . Retrieved 7 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Berry , Mary ( 1996 ) . Mary Berry 's Complete Cookbook ( First edition ( 2nd reprint ) ed . ) . Godalming , Surrey : Dorling Kindersley . p. 386 . ISBN 1858335671 . Jump up ^ Smith , Delia ( 1986 ) . Delia Smith 's Cookery Course ( First edition ( 8th reprint ) ed . ) . London : British Broadcasting Corporation . p. 62 . ISBN 0563162619 . Jump up ^ `` The Great British Bake - off : Paul Holywood 's Hot Cross Bun '' , Easy Cook ( magazine ) ( 60 ) , p. 38 , April 2013 hide Baked goods depicting religious iconography Croissant Opłatek Sacramental bread Prosphora Hot cross bun Pretzel hide British breads List of British breads Bannock Bara brith Barley bread Barm cake Bath bun Bread roll Buttery Chelsea bun Cockle bread Colston bun Cottage loaf Crumpet Dripping cake Farl Fried bread Griddle scone Hot cross bun Iced bun Lady Arundel 's Manchet Lardy cake London bun Manchet Muffin Pan loaf Plain loaf Potato scone Saffron bun Sally Lunn bun Scone Scuffler Singing hinny Stottie cake Recipes on WikiBooks Category : British breads Food portal The United Kingdom Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hot_cross_bun&oldid=845733788 '' Categories : Sweet breads Yeast breads British breads Easter food English traditions English cuisine Buns Christmas food Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty EngvarB from March 2016 Use dmy dates from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Русский Українська 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 19 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the cross made of on hot cross buns | [] | [] |
-8897452748135861561 | List of FIFA World Cup hat-tricks | List of FIFA World Cup hat - tricks - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup hat - tricks This article is about hat - tricks at the men 's World Cup . For hat - tricks at the Women 's World Cup , see List of FIFA Women 's World Cup hat - tricks . Gabriel Batistuta of Argentina is the only player to score a hat - trick at two World Cups . This is a list of all hat - tricks scored during FIFA World Cups ; that is , the occasions when a footballer has scored three or more goals in a single football World Cup match ( not including FIFA World Cup qualification matches ) . Scoring a hat - trick in a World Cup is a relatively rare event : only 51 hat - tricks have been scored in over 800 matches in the 21 editions of the World Cup tournament . As FIFA is the governing body of football , official hat - tricks are only noted when FIFA recognises that at least three goals were scored by one player in one match . The first hat - trick was scored by Bert Patenaude of the United States , playing against Paraguay in 1930 ; the most recent was by Cristiano Ronaldo of Portugal , playing against Spain in 2018 . The only World Cup not to have at least one hat - trick scored was the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany . The record number of hat - tricks in a single World Cup tournament is eight , during the 1954 FIFA World Cup in Switzerland . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 Notable World Cup hat - tricks 3 See also 4 References 5 External links List ( edit ) Key Player 's team lost the match Player 's team drew the match FIFA World Cup hat - tricks # Player Time of goals For Goals Result Against Tournament Round Date FIFA report 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . Bert Patenaude 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ' , 15 ' , 50 ' United States 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 7000330000000000000 ♠ 3 -- 0 Paraguay 1930 , Uruguay 8Group stage 000000001930 - 07 - 17 - 0000 17 July 1930 report 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 . Guillermo Stábile 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 ' , 17 ' , 80 ' Argentina 1 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 7000360000000000000 ♠ 6 -- 3 Mexico 8Group stage 000000001930 - 07 - 19 - 0000 19 July 1930 report 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 . Pedro Cea 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 ' , 67 ' , 72 ' Uruguay 1 -- 1 , 5 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 7000560000000099999 ♠ 6 -- 1 Yugoslavia 3Semi - final 000000001930 - 07 - 27 - 0000 27 July 1930 report 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 . Angelo Schiavio 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 ' , 29 ' , 64 ' Italy 1 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 , 5 -- 1 7000670000000000000 ♠ 7 -- 1 United States 1934 , Italy 8First round 000000001934 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 1934 report 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 . Edmund Conen 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 ' , 70 ' , 87 ' Germany 3 -- 2 , 4 -- 2 , 5 -- 2 7000350000000000000 ♠ 5 -- 2 Belgium 8First round 000000001934 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 1934 report 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 . Oldřich Nejedlý 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 ' , 71 ' , 80 ' Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 , 3 -- 1 7000230000000099999 ♠ 3 -- 1 Germany 3Semi - final 000000001934 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 1934 report 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 . Ernst Wilimowski 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 ' , 59 ' , 89 ' , 118 ' Poland 2 -- 3 , 3 -- 3 , 4 -- 4 , 5 -- 6 5 -- 6 aet Brazil 1938 , France 8First round 000000001938 - 06 - 05 - 0000 5 June 1938 report 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 . Leônidas 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 ' , 93 ' , 104 ' Brazil 1 -- 0 , 5 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 7000160000000000000 ♠ 6 -- 5 aet Poland 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 . Gustav Wetterström 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 ' , 37 ' , 44 ' Sweden 2 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 , 4 -- 0 7000880000000000000 ♠ 8 -- 0 Cuba 5Quarter - final 000000001938 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 June 1938 report 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 . Harry Andersson 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 ' , 81 ' , 89 ' Sweden 1 -- 0 , 6 -- 0 , 8 -- 0 7000880000000000000 ♠ 8 -- 0 Cuba 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 . Óscar Míguez 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ' , 45 ' , 56 ' Uruguay 1 -- 0 , 4 -- 0 , 5 -- 0 7000880000000000000 ♠ 8 -- 0 Bolivia 1950 , Brazil 8Group stage 000000001950 - 07 - 02 - 0000 2 July 1950 report 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 . Ademir 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 ' , 36 ' , 52 ' , 58 ' Brazil 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 , 4 -- 0 , 5 -- 0 7000670000000000000 ♠ 7 -- 1 Sweden 2Final round 000000001950 - 07 - 09 - 0000 9 July 1950 report 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 . Sándor Kocsis 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 ' , 36 ' , 50 ' Hungary 3 -- 0 , 4 -- 0 , 5 -- 0 7000990000000000000 ♠ 9 -- 0 South Korea 1954 , Switzerland 8Group stage 000000001954 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 June 1954 report 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 . Erich Probst 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 ' , 21 ' , 24 ' Austria 2 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 , 4 -- 0 7000550000000000000 ♠ 5 -- 0 Czechoslovakia 8Group stage 000000001954 - 06 - 19 - 0000 19 June 1954 report 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 . Carlos Borges 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 ' , 47 ' , 57 ' Uruguay 1 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 , 5 -- 0 7000770000000000000 ♠ 7 -- 0 Scotland 8Group stage 000000001954 - 06 - 19 - 0000 19 June 1954 report 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 . Sándor Kocsis ( II ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ' , 21 ' , 67 ' , 78 ' Hungary 1 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 , 6 -- 1 , 8 -- 2 7000580000000000000 ♠ 8 -- 3 West Germany 8Group stage 000000001954 - 06 - 20 - 0000 20 June 1954 report 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 . Burhan Sargın 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 ' , 64 ' , 70 ' Turkey 4 -- 0 , 5 -- 0 , 6 -- 0 7000770000000000000 ♠ 7 -- 0 South Korea 8Group stage 000000001954 - 06 - 20 - 0000 20 June 1954 report 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 . Max Morlock 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 ' , 60 ' , 77 ' West Germany 3 -- 1 , 4 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 7000570000000000000 ♠ 7 -- 2 Turkey 8Group stage 000000001954 - 06 - 23 - 0000 23 June 1954 report 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 . Theodor Wagner 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 ' , 27 ' , 53 ' Austria 1 -- 3 , 3 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 7000270000000000000 ♠ 7 -- 5 Switzerland 5Quarter - final 000000001954 - 06 - 26 - 0000 26 June 1954 report 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 . Josef Hügi 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 ' , 19 ' , 58 ' Switzerland 2 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 , 5 -- 6 5 -- 7 Austria 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 . Just Fontaine 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 ' , 30 ' , 67 ' France 1 -- 1 , 2 -- 1 , 5 -- 3 7000470000000000000 ♠ 7 -- 3 Paraguay 81958 , Sweden 8Group stage 000000001958 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 1958 report 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 . Pelé 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 ' , 64 ' , 75 ' Brazil 3 -- 1 , 4 -- 1 , 5 -- 1 7000350000000000000 ♠ 5 -- 2 France 3Semi - final 000000001958 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 June 1958 report 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 . Just Fontaine ( II ) 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 ' , 36 ' , 78 ' , 89 ' France 1 -- 0 , 3 -- 1 , 4 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 7000360000000000000 ♠ 6 -- 3 West Germany 4Third - place match 000000001958 - 06 - 28 - 0000 28 June 1958 report 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 . Flórián Albert 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ' , 6 ' , 53 ' Hungary 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 , 5 -- 0 7000560000000099999 ♠ 6 -- 1 Bulgaria 1962 , Chile 8Group stage 000000001962 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 1962 report 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 . Eusébio 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 ' , 43 ' ( p ) , 56 ' , 59 ' ( p ) Portugal 1 -- 3 , 2 -- 3 , 3 -- 3 , 4 -- 3 7000250000000000000 ♠ 5 -- 3 North Korea 1966 , England 5Quarter - final 000000001966 - 07 - 23 - 0000 23 July 1966 report 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 . Geoff Hurst 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 ' , 98 ' , 120 ' England 1 -- 1 , 3 -- 2 , 4 -- 2 7000240000000000000 ♠ 4 -- 2 aet West Germany 1Final 000000001966 - 07 - 30 - 0000 30 July 1966 report 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 . Gerd Müller 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 ' , 52 ' ( p ) , 88 ' West Germany 2 -- 1 , 3 -- 1 , 5 -- 1 7000350000000000000 ♠ 5 -- 2 Bulgaria 1970 , Mexico 8Group stage 000000001970 - 06 - 07 - 0000 7 June 1970 report 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 . Gerd Müller ( II ) 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 ' , 26 ' , 39 ' West Germany 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 7000230000000099999 ♠ 3 -- 1 Peru 8Group stage 000000001970 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 1970 report 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 . Dušan Bajević 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 ' , 30 ' , 81 ' Yugoslavia 1 -- 0 , 5 -- 0 , 9 -- 0 7000990000000000000 ♠ 9 -- 0 Zaire 1974 , West Germany 8Group stage 000000001974 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 June 1974 report 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 . Andrzej Szarmach 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 ' , 34 ' , 50 ' Poland 3 -- 0 , 5 -- 0 , 6 -- 0 7000770000000000000 ♠ 7 -- 0 Haiti 8Group stage 000000001974 - 06 - 19 - 0000 19 June 1974 report 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 . Rob Rensenbrink 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 ' ( p ) , 62 ' , 79 ' ( p ) Netherlands 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 7000330000000000000 ♠ 3 -- 0 Iran 1978 , Argentina 8Group stage 000000001978 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 1978 report 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 . Teófilo Cubillas 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 ' ( p ) , 39 ' ( p ) , 79 ' Peru 2 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 , 4 -- 1 7000340000000000000 ♠ 4 -- 1 Iran 8Group stage 000000001978 - 06 - 11 - 0000 11 June 1978 report 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 . László Kiss 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 ' , 72 ' , 76 ' Hungary 6 -- 1 , 8 -- 1 , 9 -- 1 7000995000000099999 ♠ 10 -- 1 El Salvador 1982 , Spain 8First group stage 000000001982 - 06 - 15 - 0000 15 June 1982 report 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 . Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 ' , 57 ' , 66 ' West Germany 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 7000340000000000000 ♠ 4 -- 1 Chile 8First group stage 000000001982 - 06 - 20 - 0000 20 June 1982 report 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 . Zbigniew Boniek 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 ' , 26 ' , 53 ' Poland 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 7000330000000000000 ♠ 3 -- 0 Belgium 6Second group stage 000000001982 - 06 - 28 - 0000 28 June 1982 report 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 . Paolo Rossi 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 ' , 25 ' , 74 ' Italy 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 , 3 -- 2 7000130000000000000 ♠ 3 -- 2 Brazil 6Second group stage 000000001982 - 07 - 05 - 0000 5 July 1982 report 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 . Preben Elkjær 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 ' , 67 ' , 80 ' Denmark 1 -- 0 , 4 -- 1 , 5 -- 1 7000560000000099999 ♠ 6 -- 1 Uruguay 1986 , Mexico 8Group stage 000000001986 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 1986 report 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 . Gary Lineker 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 ' , 14 ' , 34 ' England 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 7000330000000000000 ♠ 3 -- 0 Poland 8Group stage 000000001986 - 06 - 11 - 0000 11 June 1986 report 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 . Igor Belanov 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 ' , 70 ' , 111 ' ( p ) Soviet Union 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 , 3 -- 4 3 -- 4 aet Belgium 7Round of 16 000000001986 - 06 - 15 - 0000 15 June 1986 report 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 . Emilio Butragueño 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 ' , 56 ' , 80 ' , 88 ' ( p ) Spain 1 -- 1 , 2 -- 1 , 4 -- 1 , 5 -- 1 7000450000000000000 ♠ 5 -- 1 Denmark 7Round of 16 000000001986 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 June 1986 report 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 . Míchel 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 ' , 61 ' , 81 ' Spain 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 , 3 -- 1 7000230000000099999 ♠ 3 -- 1 South Korea 1990 , Italy 8Group stage 000000001990 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 June 1990 report 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 . Tomáš Skuhravý 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 ' , 63 ' , 82 ' Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 , 4 -- 1 7000340000000000000 ♠ 4 -- 1 Costa Rica 7Round of 16 000000001990 - 06 - 23 - 0000 23 June 1990 report 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 . Gabriel Batistuta 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 ' , 44 ' , 89 ' ( p ) Argentina 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 , 4 -- 0 7000440000000000000 ♠ 4 -- 0 Greece 1994 , United States 8Group stage 000000001994 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 1994 report 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 . 5 Oleg Salenko 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ' , 41 ' , 44 ' ( p ) , 72 ' , 75 ' Russia 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 , 4 -- 1 , 5 -- 1 7000560000000099999 ♠ 6 -- 1 Cameroon 8Group stage 000000001994 - 06 - 28 - 0000 28 June 1994 report 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 . Gabriel Batistuta ( II ) 7001730000000000000 ♠ 73 ' , 78 ' , 83 ' ( p ) Argentina 3 -- 0 , 4 -- 0 , 5 -- 0 7000550000000000000 ♠ 5 -- 0 Jamaica 1998 , France 8Group stage 000000001998 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 1998 report 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 . Miroslav Klose 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 ' , 25 ' , 70 ' Germany 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 , 5 -- 0 7000880000000000000 ♠ 8 -- 0 Saudi Arabia 2002 , South Korea & Japan 8Group stage 000000002002 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2002 report 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 . Pauleta 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ' , 65 ' , 77 ' Portugal 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 7000440000000000000 ♠ 4 -- 0 Poland 8Group stage 000000002002 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 2002 report 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 . Gonzalo Higuaín 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 ' , 76 ' , 80 ' Argentina 2 -- 0 , 3 -- 1 , 4 -- 1 7000340000000000000 ♠ 4 -- 1 South Korea 2010 , South Africa 8Group stage 000000002010 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 June 2010 report 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 . Thomas Müller 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 ' ( p ) , 45 ' , 78 ' Germany 1 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 , 4 -- 0 7000440000000000000 ♠ 4 -- 0 Portugal 2014 , Brazil 8Group stage 000000002014 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 June 2014 report 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 . Xherdan Shaqiri 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 ' , 31 ' , 71 ' Switzerland 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 7000330000000000000 ♠ 3 -- 0 Honduras 8Group stage 000000002014 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 June 2014 report 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 . Cristiano Ronaldo 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 ' ( p ) , 44 ' , 88 ' Portugal 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 , 3 -- 3 3 -- 3 Spain 2018 , Russia 8Group stage 000000002018 - 06 - 15 - 0000 15 June 2018 report Notable World Cup hat - tricks ( edit ) Bert Patenaude was the first player to score a hat - trick in a World Cup match , on 17 July 1930 against Paraguay . However , until 10 November 2006 the first hat - trick that FIFA acknowledged had been scored by Guillermo Stábile of Argentina , two days after Patenaude . In 2006 FIFA announced that Patenaude 's claim to being the first hat - trick scorer was valid , as teammate Tom Florie 's goal in the match against Paraguay was reattributed to him . Four players have scored two hat - tricks in World Cup matches : Sándor Kocsis ( both 1954 ) ; Just Fontaine ( both 1958 ) ; Gerd Müller ( both 1970 ) ; and Gabriel Batistuta ( 1994 and 1998 ) . Batistuta is thus the only person to score hat - tricks in two World Cups . He has another unique record of scoring hat - tricks , both were achieved on 21 June of the year , against World Cup finals debutants ( Greece and Jamaica ) , and each time the third goal was a penalty . Kocsis and Müller scored their hat - tricks in consecutive matches . Oleg Salenko is the only player in World Cup history to have scored five goals in a single match . He did this during the 1994 FIFA World Cup match between Russia and Cameroon . One player has scored a hat - trick on his international début : Guillermo Stábile ( 1930 ) . One player has scored four goals for the losing side : Ernest Wilimowski ( 5 -- 6 , 1938 ) . Two players have scored a hat - trick for the losing side : Josef Hügi ( 5 -- 7 , 1954 ) ; and Igor Belanov ( 3 -- 4 , 1986 ) . Cristiano Ronaldo is the first player to score hat - trick in a drawing match in 2018 against Portugal ( 3 - 3 ) There have been three occasions when two hat - tricks have been scored in the same match . Two occurred during the 1938 FIFA World Cup : when Sweden defeated Cuba , Gustav Wetterström and Harry Andersson , both playing for Sweden , scored three goals , with the former completing his in the first half . In the Brazil vs Poland , Leônidas did it for Brazil and Ernest Wilimowski for Poland . One occurred in 1954 : when Austria defeated Switzerland , Theodor Wagner and Josef Hügi scored hat - tricks for Austria and Switzerland respectively . Only one man has scored a hat - trick in a World Cup Final . Geoff Hurst scored three for England against West Germany in the 1966 Final . This is also the longest hat - trick to be completed -- most time between the first and third goals . His first goal came at 10 ' , while the second goals were in extra time at 98 ' and 120 ' . The quickest hat - trick is Erich Probst , who scored at 4 ' , 21 ' , and 24 ' in 1954 , playing for Austria against Czechoslovakia in the first round . The briefest hat - trick to be completed -- that is , the shortest time between the first and third goals -- is the one by László Kiss in 1982 against El Salvador . He scored at 69 ' , 72 ' , and 76 ' , making the time between his first and third 7 minutes . This is also the only hat - trick scored by a substitute . The only players to have scored from three headers in a single match are Tomáš Skuhravý in 1990 and Miroslav Klose in 2002 . The youngest player to score a hat - trick is Pelé , at 17 years , 244 days . The oldest player to score a hat - trick is Cristiano Ronaldo , at 33 years , 130 days . Germany ( incl . West Germany ) holds the record for most hat - tricks scored with 7 . Germany also shares with South Korea the record for most hat - tricks conceded with 4 , and is the only team to have conceded four goals by the same player twice . See also ( edit ) Association football portal FIFA World Cup List of FIFA World Cup records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` American Bert Patenaude credited with first hat trick in FIFA World Cup history '' . FIFA Official Website. 19 November 2006 . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` A handful of heroic hat - tricks '' . FIFA Official Website. 2 April 2011 . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mcwc/ip-301_02a_fwc_goals_22689.pdf Jump up ^ `` World Cup moments : Five for Salenko '' . BBC . 30 April 2014 . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo Stabile '' . Sky Sports . 14 May 2010 . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The best World Cup game you never saw '' . Four Four Two . 8 June 2010 . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Geoff Hurst Biography '' . The Football Association Official Website . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-cup/2018/06/15/portugal-vs-spain-world-cup-2018-live-score-latest-updates/ External links ( edit ) `` FIFA Facts : World Cup Goals '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . pp. 2 -- 3 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 06 . `` World Cup Trivia - Hat - tricks '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 09 . hide FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada / Mexico / United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Team appearances Teams with no appearances Winners Miscellaneous Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_hat-tricks&oldid=846595889 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup statistics Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Français Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Қазақша मराठी Norsk Português Русский Shqip Suomi Türkçe Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 18 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | first player to score hat trick in world cup final | [
"The first hat-trick was scored by Bert Patenaude of the United States, playing against Paraguay in 1930; the most recent was by Cristiano Ronaldo of Portugal, playing against Spain in 2018."
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-4995015666183295429 | List of Property Brothers episodes | List of Property Brothers episodes - wikipedia List of Property Brothers episodes Jump to : navigation , search Property Brothers is a Canadian reality television series that is produced by Cineflix . It has aired on W Network and HGTV Canada in Canada and on HGTV in the United States . The series features identical twin brothers Jonathan Scott and Drew Scott ( born April 28 , 1978 ) who help home buyers to purchase and renovate `` fixer - uppers . '' Property Brothers debuted on the W Network on January 4 , 2011 , and aired on the channel until its owner , Corus Entertainment , decided to shift the channel 's focus to more dramatic content . Starting with 2017 / 2018 broadcast season , the show began to be broadcast on HGTV Canada in its country of origin . It airs on HGTV in the United States , and with other affiliates in over 150 other countries . The show is also carried on streaming services such as Netflix and Amazon Video . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 1.5 Season 5 1.6 Season 6 2 Specials 3 References Episodes ( edit ) For its duration , Property Brothers has been produced by Cineflix . HGTV ( a subsidiary of Scripps Networks Interactive ) has since joined the program as a distributor , however , and has broadcast the show 's episodes on a separate schedule . The dates in the chart below correspond to the episodes ' original Canadian broadcasts . Season HGTV Season Episodes Filming location Season premiere Season finale 13 Toronto January 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 04 ) March 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 29 ) 13 Toronto October 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) January 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 31 ) 13 Toronto February 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 07 ) May 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 01 ) 13 Austin / Toronto September 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 04 ) February 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 04 ) 5 13 Toronto / Vancouver February 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 17 ) August 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 22 ) 6 13 Atlanta January 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) Unknown 7 13 Toronto October 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 27 ) Unknown 5 8 13 Westchester County September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) October 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) 9 13 Westchester County Unknown August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) 6 10 13 Westchester County October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) April 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) 11 13 Nashville April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) Season 1 ( edit ) Episode no . ( W Network ) Episode no . ( HGTV ) Title Homeowner ( s ) Original air date ( W Network ) Original air date ( HGTV ) 5 `` Leaving the Suburbs '' Christine & John January 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 04 ) May 18 , 2011 John and Christine want to move closer to the high school where he teaches in the city . `` Vintage Clothes , Vintage Homes '' Emma & Kieron January 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 11 ) April 27 , 2011 Fashion designers Emma and Kieron search for a home that has more living and work space downtown property . They also want modern interiors and with vintage character . `` Victorian Dream House '' Stefan & Owen January 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 18 ) May 4 , 2011 Stefan and Owen are living with a friend as they search of a Victorian home with high ceilings , hardwood floors , and a spacious backyard . However , their limited budget is putting their dream home outside of reach . `` Honeymoon Retreat '' Matt & Aleya January 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 25 ) May 11 , 2011 Matt and Aleya search for their dream home before they get married in a few months . 5 `` Family Fixer - Upper '' Stephen & Julie February 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ) April 20 , 2011 Stephan and Julie are searching for a stylish and unique home that accommodates their two dogs , toddler and a newborn , as well as invited guests . 6 6 `` Run - down Renovation '' Julie & Peter February 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 08 ) May 25 , 2011 7 7 `` Downtown Dump to Dream Home '' Lise & Andrew February 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 15 ) June 1 , 2011 8 8 `` Contemporary Fixer - Upper '' Monica & Sam February 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 22 ) June 8 , 2011 9 9 `` Moving Out of Mom 's '' Jessica & Jason March 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 01 ) July 27 , 2011 10 10 `` Townhouse to Dream House '' Janice & Rob March 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 08 ) July 13 , 2011 11 11 `` Another Renovation Plan '' Monica & Kevin March 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 15 ) July 20 , 2011 12 12 `` Out on Their Own '' Andrea & Dave March 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 22 ) July 6 , 2011 13 13 `` Bachelor Pad to Family Home '' Raun & Jasprit March 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 29 ) June 22 , 2011 Season 2 ( edit ) Episode no . ( W Network ) Episode no . ( HGTV ) Title Homeowner ( s ) Original air date ( W Network ) Original air date ( HGTV ) HGTV Season 2 14 16 `` Empty Nesters Explore the City '' Tina & James October 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) November 2 , 2011 15 15 `` Not Suburban or Subdivision '' Nancy & Dan October 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 13 ) October 26 , 2011 16 14 `` Space-less to Spacious '' Sarah & Scott October 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 06 ) October 19 , 2011 17 17 `` Suburbs to City Life '' Tim & Michelle October 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 27 ) November 9 , 2011 18 18 `` Condo to Reno '' Katherine & Jordan November 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 03 ) November 16 , 2011 19 19 `` Commute to Compromise '' Lica & Nicolas November 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 10 ) November 23 , 2011 20 20 `` Expanding the Family Fun '' Jose & Connie November 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 17 ) November 30 , 2011 21 21 `` Renting to Renovating '' Marianne & Steve November 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 24 ) December 7 , 2011 22 22 `` Kosher Kitchen '' Liat & Zack January 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 03 ) December 14 , 2011 23 23 `` First Home Jitters '' Vincent & Helena January 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) December 21 , 2011 24 24 `` Construction to Quiet '' Mike & Avi January 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 17 ) January 11 , 2012 25 25 `` Almost Newlyweds , Almost Home '' Jay & Cara January 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 24 ) February 29 , 2012 26 26 `` Out of the In - Laws ' House '' Delecia & Dwayne January 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 31 ) March 14 , 2012 HGTV Season 4 27 `` Under Their Own Roof '' Wyatt & Whitney February 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 07 ) June 13 , 2012 28 `` Dumping the Duplex '' Morgan & Kristen February 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 14 ) June 20 , 2012 29 `` Abundance of Appliances '' Dan & Brittany February 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 21 ) June 20 , 2012 30 `` Looking for Wow '' Stan & Leslie February 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 28 ) June 20 , 2012 31 5 `` Space for a Crowd '' Kate & Cole March 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 06 ) June 27 , 2012 32 6 `` Downtown Dream Home '' Steph & Micah March 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 13 ) July 4 , 2012 33 7 `` Picturing the Possibilites '' Lana & Jacob March 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) July 11 , 2012 34 8 `` Bachelorette Pad '' Amber March 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 27 ) July 18 , 2012 35 9 `` High - End Home '' Rob & Jessica April 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 03 ) July 25 , 2012 36 10 `` An Eclectic Vision '' Olivia April 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 10 ) August 1 , 2012 37 11 `` Fit for a Family '' Sophie & Preston April 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 17 ) August 8 , 2012 38 12 `` Extended Family Fun '' Cori & Suroosh April 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 24 ) August 15 , 2012 39 13 `` Active in the City '' Jeanette & Tony May 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 01 ) August 22 , 2012 Season 3 ( edit ) Episode no . ( W Network ) Episode no . ( HGTV ) Title Homeowner ( s ) Original air date ( W Network ) Original air date ( HGTV ) HGTV Season 3 41 `` Kristi & Jay '' Kristi and Jay September 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 04 ) January 9 , 2013 42 `` Courtney & Luke '' Courtney and Luke September 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 11 ) January 16 , 2013 43 `` April '' April September 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 18 ) January 23 , 2013 44 `` Kristine & Paul '' Kristine and Paul September 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) January 30 , 2013 45 5 `` Sarah & Mari '' Sarah and Mari October 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 02 ) February 6 , 2013 46 6 `` Samira & Shawn '' Samira and Shawn October 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) February 13 , 2013 47 7 `` Angie & Tito '' Angie and Tito October 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 16 ) February 20 , 2013 48 8 `` Matt & Krysten '' Matt and Krysten November 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 13 ) February 27 , 2013 49 9 `` James & David '' James and David December 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 03 ) March 6 , 2013 50 10 `` Parker & Francesca '' Parker and Francesca December 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 17 ) March 13 , 2013 51 11 `` Caitlin & Steve '' Caitlin and Steve December 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 18 ) March 20 , 2013 52 13 `` Rose & Giancarlo '' Rose and Giancarlo January 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 28 ) April 3 , 2013 53 12 `` Kate & Dave '' Kate and Dave February 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 04 ) March 27 , 2013 HGTV Season 5 54 `` Megan & Greg '' Megan and Greg February 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 11 ) August 28 , 2013 55 `` Marla & Adam '' Marla and Adam February 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ) September 11 , 2013 56 `` Sandra & Kyle '' Sandra and Kyle March 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 01 ) September 4 , 2013 57 `` Mark & Priscilla '' Mark and Priscilla March 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 12 ) September 18 , 2013 58 5 `` Christine & Mathieu '' Christine and Mathieu May 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 24 ) September 25 , 2013 59 6 `` Kathryn & Eric '' Kathryn and Eric May 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 31 ) October 2 , 2013 60 7 `` Danielle & Chad '' Danielle and Chad June 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 11 ) October 9 , 2013 61 8 `` Mark & Joey '' Mark and Joey July 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 02 ) October 16 , 2013 62 9 `` Kari & Boris '' Kari and Boris July 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 15 ) October 23 , 2013 63 10 `` Karina & Stephan '' Karina and Stephan August 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 07 ) October 30 , 2013 64 12 `` Crista & Sumit '' Crista and Sumit August 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 07 ) November 13 , 2013 65 11 `` Nancy & Rhonda '' Nancy and Rhonda August 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 07 ) November 6 , 2013 66 13 `` Veronica & Andrew '' Veronica and Andrew September 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 12 ) November 20 , 2013 Season 4 ( edit ) Episode no . ( W Network ) Episode no . ( HGTV ) Title Homeowner ( s ) Original air date ( W Network ) Original air date ( HGTV ) HGTV Season 6 67 68 `` Maria & Dave '' Maria & Dave January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) March 19 , 2014 68 69 `` Heather & Franklin '' Heather & Franklin January 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 28 ) March 26 , 2014 69 71 `` Edith & Fred '' Edith & Fred February 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 04 ) July 2 , 2014 70 70 `` Melissa & Joe '' Melissa & Joe February 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 11 ) June 25 , 2014 71 73 `` Sandy & Susy '' Sandy February 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 18 ) July 16 , 2014 72 67 `` Chris & Mike '' Chris & Mike February 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 25 ) March 12 , 2014 73 75 `` Beatriz & Brandon '' Beatriz and Brandon March 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 04 ) July 30 , 2014 74 76 `` Luca , Anne & Barbara '' Anne and Luca March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) August 6 , 2014 75 77 `` Nicole & Colby '' Nicole and Colby April 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) August 13 , 2014 76 78 `` Nadine & Greg '' Nadine and Greg TBA August 20 , 2014 77 72 `` Stephanie & David '' Stephanie and David TBA July 9 , 2014 78 79 `` Dionna & Natasha '' Dionna TBA August 27 , 2014 79 74 `` Aven & Phillip '' Aven and Phillip TBA July 23 , 2014 HGTV Season 7 80 `` A Suburban Home All On Their Own '' Belinda & Tiago October 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 27 ) January 7 , 2015 81 `` Keeping it in the Family is Tough Competition '' Amy & Graham TBA January 14 , 2015 82 `` Catherine & Viviane '' `` Single in the City and Looking for A Deluxe Pad '' Catherine TBA January 21 , 2015 83 `` Squashing Sibling Rivalry by Going From Cramped to Spacious '' Krista & Jennifer TBA January 28 , 2015 84 5 `` Escaping the In - Laws for a Family Functional Home '' Isabella & David TBA February 4 , 2015 85 6 `` Chic and Modern Home to Entertain in Style '' Glenda & Dave TBA February 11 , 2015 86 7 `` Meeting in the Middle for the Perfect Property '' Sarah & Andrew TBA February 18 , 2015 87 8 `` Room to Grow in Time for a Surprise Delivery '' Jennifer & Derek TBA February 25 , 2015 88 9 `` Wish List and Budget are Out of Sync '' Shannon & Daryl TBA March 4 , 2015 89 10 `` She Wants a Fully - Loaded Suburban Home '' Nancy TBA March 11 , 2015 90 11 `` An Urban Dream Home for Their Happily Ever After '' Samantha & Yaron TBA May 13 , 2015 91 12 `` Promise of a Downtown Dream Home '' Thomas & Christine TBA May 20 , 2015 92 13 `` Taking a Gamble on a Fixer - Upper '' Jessica & Chase TBA May 27 , 2015 Season 5 ( edit ) Episode no . ( W Network ) Episode no . ( HGTV ) Title Homeowner ( s ) Original air date ( W Network ) Original air date ( HGTV ) HGTV Season 8 93 93 `` Suburban Reality '' `` Downtown Dreaming , Suburban Reality '' Diana and John September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) October 7 , 2015 94 95 `` Go Big or Go Home '' `` New Parents Go Big With a Blinged - Out Pad '' Katie and Justin TBA October 21 , 2015 95 97 `` New Beginnings '' `` New Beginnings and a Forever Home for a Single Mom '' Anna TBA November 4 , 2015 96 94 `` Eager for Room to Roam '' `` Room to Roam in Their Dream Home '' Carlie and Drum TBA October 14 , 2015 97 98 `` Big Changes , Bigger Decisions '' `` Big Decisions for the Perfect Property '' Angela and Ro TBA November 11 , 2015 98 99 `` Hoping to Get Lucky '' `` Hoping to Get Lucky with a Fixer - Upper '' Darren and Tory TBA November 18 , 2015 99 101 `` Ready for a Home of Their Own '' `` Ready to Fall in Love for a Home of Their Own '' Kristen and Ben TBA January 6 , 2016 100 102 `` Basement Blues '' `` From Basement Blues to Property Perfection '' Julie and Adam November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) January 13 , 2016 101 103 `` Competition Crazed '' `` Competitive Couple Is Challenged with a Reno '' Gabby and Jim TBA January 20 , 2016 102 104 `` Particularly Particular '' `` Particularly Particular with Their Wish List '' Craig and Laurel TBA January 27 , 2016 103 100 `` Independent and Ambitious '' `` Independent and Ambitious '' Gina TBA December 23 , 2015 104 105 `` Family Time '' `` More Time for Family '' Bridget and Tom TBA February 10 , 2016 105 96 `` Desperate to Settle '' `` Desperate to Settle into a Place of Their Own '' Marc and Ashleigh TBA October 28 , 2015 HGTV Season 9 106 106 `` Ready to Spend '' `` Ready to Spend It All on a Perfect Home '' Michelle and Tom February 17. , 2016 ( February 17. , 2016 ) February 17 , 2016 107 107 `` Relocation Woes '' `` Relocation Woes into Dream Home Joy '' Kevin and Suzanne February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) February 24 , 2016 108 108 `` Chasing the Suburban Dream '' `` Chasing the Suburban Dream Home '' Sukhvir and Beeban March 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 02 ) March 2 , 2016 109 109 `` Taking the Leap '' `` Taking the Renovation Leap '' Pema and John March 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 09 ) March 9 , 2016 110 110 `` Brothers Helping Brothers '' `` Brothers Helping Brothers '' Scott and Trevor March 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 16 ) March 16 , 2016 111 111 `` Not Ready for the Suburbs '' `` Not Ready for the Suburbs '' Lexa and Peter May 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 11 ) May 11 , 2016 112 112 `` Putting the ' Om ' in Home '' `` Putting the ' Om ' in Home '' Michelle and Michael May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) May 18 , 2016 113 115 `` Perfect Pair Ready for a Perfect Pad '' `` Perfect Pair Ready for a Perfect Pad '' Michelle and Jon May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) October 19 , 2016 114 113 `` Charming Fixer - Upper With Unexpected Issues '' `` Charming Fixer - Upper With Unexpected Issues '' Karima July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) May 25 , 2016 115 114 `` Dream City , Dream Job , Dream Home '' `` Dream City , Dream Job , Dream Home '' Levi and Alysha August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - Aug - 01 ) October 12 , 2016 116 117 `` Bachelor Pad Condo to Family - Friendly Home '' `` Bachelor Pad Condo to Family - Friendly Home '' Erin and Adam August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - Aug - 08 ) October 26 , 2016 117 116 `` Ready for Home Sweet Home '' `` Ready for Home Sweet Home '' Jaeme and Bliss August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) October 19 , 2016 118 118 `` Spending , Add - Ons and a Property That Fits the Bill '' `` Spending , Add - Ons and a Property That Fits the Bill '' Sarah and Kevin August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) November 2 , 2016 Season 6 ( edit ) Episode no . ( W Network ) Episode no . ( HGTV ) Title Homeowner ( s ) Original air date ( W Network / HGTV Canada ) Original air date ( HGTV ) HGTV Season 10 119 119 `` Tyler & Lindsay '' `` Navigating Rough Waters for a Picture Perfect Property '' Tyler and Lindsay October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) November 16 , 2016 120 120 `` Dorothy & John '' `` Searching for Glitz and Glam '' Dorothy and John October 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 31 ) December 21 , 2016 121 121 `` Monique & Carl '' `` Game - Time Decision '' Monique and Carl November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) December 28 , 2016 122 122 `` Collaboration and Teamwork '' `` Kevin & Shirley '' Kevin and Shirley November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) January 11 , 2017 123 123 `` Barbra & Greg '' `` Character and Closed Concept '' Barbra and Greg November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) January 18 , 2017 124 124 `` Debra & Dan '' `` Modern Must - Have '' Debra and Dan November 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 28 ) January 25 , 2017 125 125 `` Lizzy & Dave '' `` Delivering a Dream Home Just in Time '' Lizzy and Dave March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) February 1 , 2017 126 126 `` Nathan & Jessica '' `` Condo to Countryside '' Nathan and Jessica March 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) February 8 , 2017 127 127 `` Mark & Eugenie '' `` Unexpected Dream Home '' Mark and Eugenie March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) February 15 , 2017 128 129 `` Leslie & Tim '' `` Fixer - upper For Dog Lovers '' Leslie and Tim March 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 27 ) March 1 , 2017 129 130 `` Kyle & Jackie '' `` Rustic - Meets - Modern Design '' Kyle and Jackie April 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 03 ) March 8 , 2017 130 131 `` Andrew & Phil '' `` Modern Masterpiece for Two '' Andrew and Phil April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) March 15 , 2017 131 132 `` Emily & Ken '' `` Hunting for the One '' Emily and Ken April 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) October 11 , 2017 HGTV Season 11 132 135 `` Amanda & Tre '' `` Lakeside Dreaming '' Amanda and Tre April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) November 1 , 2017 133 136 `` George & Jenn '' `` Miles Apart '' George and Jenn May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) November 8 , 2017 134 137 `` Rave & Michelle '' `` Craving More Space for the Family '' Rave and Michelle May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) November 15 , 2017 135 TBA `` Marc & Stephanie '' Marc and Stephanie May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) TBA 136 TBA `` Sophie & Tim '' Sophie and Tim May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) TBA 137 TBA `` Katie & Michael '' Katie and Michael May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) TBA 138 128 `` Sandi & Phil '' `` Century Home Showstopper '' Sandi and Phil August 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 28 ) February 22 , 2017 139 133 `` Tom & TJ '' `` Building a Solid Foundation '' Tom and TJ TBA October 18 , 2017 140 134 TBA `` Big City Move '' Kristen TBA October 25 , 2017 141 TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA 141 TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA 142 TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA 143 TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA Specials ( edit ) No . No . ( HGTV ) Title Homeowner ( s ) Original air date ( W Network ) Original air date ( HGTV ) `` Property Brothers : 100 Episodes & Counting '' `` 100th Episode Special '' N / A November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) January 20 , 2016 The brothers hosted an hour - long special ahead of its 100th episode . The special highlighted their favourite moments from the preceding 99 episodes , and was accompanied by the release of the Property Brothers Handbook , an mobile app that includes design tips , multimedia from the show , and `` inspirational photos '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Jennifer ( 14 October 2011 ) . `` ' We have the same creative spirit ' ; Drew and Jonathan Scott -- twin brothers -- are the perfect designing duo '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Maloney , Val ( 4 July 2017 ) . `` Fall TV 2017 : Specialty targeting shifts '' . Media in Canada . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosman , Katherine ( 10 May 2017 ) , `` The Property Brothers Are Fixing to Take Over the World '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ David , Friend ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` Success of ' Property Brothers ' a lesson learned as Corus develops reality slate '' . Canadian Business . Toronto . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.thescottbrothers.com/property-brothers/season-1/season-1-episode-1 . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers - Movies & TV on Google Play '' . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Property Brothers '' . The Scott Brothers . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers ( TV Series 2011 -- ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers Season 1 Episode Guide '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers ( TV Series 2011 -- ) Season 2 '' . IMDB . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers '' . TVGuide.com . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1827882/episodes?season=3 Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/property-brothers/episodes-season-4/325141/ Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers Season 5 '' . TVGuide.com . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1827882/episodes?season=4 Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1827882/episodes?season=7 Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/property-brothers/episodes-season-6/325141/ Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/property-brothers/episodes-season-7/325141/ Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1827882/episodes?season=5 Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/property-brothers/episodes-season-8/325141/ Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/property-brothers/episodes-season-9/325141/ Jump up ^ http://www.corusent.com/news/hockey-wives-property-brothers-love-it-or-list-it-and-new-series-real-houses-of-pack-w-networks-fall-slate-of-programming/ Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1827882/episodes?season=6 Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers ( TV Series 2011 -- ) Season 10 '' . IMDB . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1827882/episodes?season=11 Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers Season 10 '' . TVGuide.com . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers Season 11 '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers Episode Guide Season 6 '' . HGTV.ca . Corus Entertainment Inc . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` W Network 's Property Brothers : 100 Episodes & Counting Special Premieres Monday , November 9 '' ( Press release ) . Corus Entertainment . Toronto , Ontario . Corus Entertainment . November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers '' . TVGuide . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . ( hide ) Property Brothers franchise Brothers Drew Scott Jonathan Scott Television shows Property Brothers Episodes Buying and Selling Brother Vs. Brother Property Brothers : At Home Production companies Cineflix Corus Entertainment Scott Brothers Entertainment Discovery Communications Scripps Networks Interactive Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Property_Brothers_episodes&oldid=816758175 '' Categories : Lists of American non-fiction television series episodes Property Brothers Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Episode list using the default LineColor Episode lists with non-compliant line colors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 13 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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758776698553364956 | ABO blood group system | ABO blood group system - wikipedia ABO blood group system `` ABO '' redirects here . For other uses , see ABO ( disambiguation ) . `` H substance '' redirects here . For use in inflammation , see histamine . For hydrogen atom , see hydrogen . ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells and IgM antibodies present in the serum The ABO blood group system is used to denote the presence of one , both , or neither of the A and B antigens on erythrocytes . In human blood transfusions it is the most important of the 36 different blood type ( or group ) classification systems currently recognized . A very rare ( in modern medicine ) mismatch in this , or any other serotype , can cause a serious , potentially fatal , adverse reaction after a transfusion , or a contra - indicated immune response to an organ transplant . The associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM antibodies , which are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances , such as food , bacteria , and viruses . The ABO blood types were discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901 , for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 . ABO blood types are also present in some other animals such as rodents and apes , including chimpanzees , bonobos , and gorillas . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion 3 Genetics 3.1 Subgroups 3.2 Distribution and evolutionary history 3.3 Origin theories 4 Clinical relevance 4.1 Bleeding and thrombosis ( von Willebrand factor ) 4.2 Disease risks 4.3 ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn 4.4 Clinical applications 4.5 Clinical marker 5 Pseudoscience 6 Data tables 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Karl Landsteiner , discoverer of ABO blood system . The ABO blood types were first discovered by an Austrian Physician Karl Landsteiner working at the Pathological - Anatomical Institute of the University of Vienna ( now Medical University of Vienna ) . In 1900 , he found that blood sera from different persons would clump together ( agglutinate ) when mixed in test tubes , and not only that some human blood also agglutinated with animal blood . He wrote a two - sentence footnote : The serum of healthy human beings not only agglutinates animal red cells , but also often those of human origin , from other individuals . It remains to be seen whether this appearance is related to inborn differences between individuals or it is the result of some damage of bacterial kind . This was the first evidence that blood variation exists in humans -- it was believed that all humans have similar blood . The next year , in 1901 , he made a definitive observation that blood serum of an individual would agglutinate with only those of certain individuals . Based on this he classified human bloods into three groups , namely group A , group B , and group C. He defined that group A blood agglutinates with group B , but never with its own type . Similarly , group B blood agglutinates with group A. Group C blood is different in that it agglutinates with both A and B . This was the discovery of blood groups for which Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 . In his paper , he called the specific blood group interactions as isoagglutination , and also introduced the concept of agglutinins ( antibodies ) , which is the actual basis of antigen - antibody reaction in ABO system . He asserted : ( It ) may be said that there exist at least two different types of agglutinins , one in A , another one in B , and both together in C. The red blood cells are inert to the agglutinins which are present in the same serum . Thus , he discovered two two antigens ( agglutinogens A and B) and two antibodies ( agglutinins - anti-A and anti-B ) . His third group ( C ) indicated absence of both A and B antigens , but contains anti-A and anti-B . The following year , his students Adriano Sturli and Alfred von Decastello discovered the fourth type ( but not naming it , and simply referred to it as `` no particular type '' ) . Ukraine marine uniform imprint , showing the wearer 's blood type as `` B ( III ) Rh + '' . In 1910 , Ludwik Hirszfeld and Emil Freiherr von Dungern introduced the term 0 ( null ) for the group Landsteiner designated as C , and AB for the type discovered by Sturli and von Decastello . They were also the first to explain the genetic inheritance of the blood groups . ) Jan Janský , who invented type I , II , III , IV system . Czech serologist Jan Janský independently introduced blood type classification in 1907 in a local journal . He used the Roman numerical I , II , III , and IV ( corresponding to modern O , A , B , and AB ) . Unbeknown to Janský , an American physician William L. Moss devised a slightly different classification using the same numerical ; his I , II , III , and IV corresponding to modern AB , A , B , and O. These two systems created confusion and potential danger in medical practice . Moss 's system was adopted in Britain , France , and US , while Janský 's was preferred in most European countries and some parts of US . To resolve the chaos , the American Association of Immunologists , the Society of American Bacteriologists , and the Association of Pathologists and Bacteriologists made a joint recommendation in 1921 that the Jansky classification be adopted based on priority . But it was not followed particularly where Moss 's system had been used . In 1927 , Landsteiner , who had moved to the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York , and as a member of a committee of the National Research Council concerned with blood grouping suggested to substitute Janský 's and Moss 's systems with the letters 0 , A , B , and AB . ( There was another confusion on the use of figure 0 for German null as introduced by Hirszfeld and von Dungern , because others used the letter O for ohne , meaning without or zero ; Landsteiner chose the latter . ) This classification was adopted by the National Research Council and became variously known as the National Research Council classification , the International classification , and most popularly the `` new '' Landsteiner classification . The new system was gradually accepted and by the early 1950s , it was universally followed . The first practical use of blood typing in transfusion was by an American physician Reuben Ottenberg in 1907 . And the large - scale application started during the First World War ( 1914 - 1915 ) when citric acid was developed as blood clot prevention . Felix Bernstein demonstrated the correct blood group inheritance pattern of multiple alleles at one locus in 1924 . Watkins and Morgan , in England , discovered that the ABO epitopes were conferred by sugars , to be specific , N - acetylgalactosamine for the A-type and galactose for the B - type . After much published literature claiming that the ABH substances were all attached to glycosphingolipids , Finne et al. ( 1978 ) found that the human erythrocyte glycoproteins contain polylactosamine chains that contains ABH substances attached and represent the majority of the antigens . The main glycoproteins carrying the ABH antigens were identified to be the Band 3 and Band 4.5 proteins and glycophorin . Later , Yamamoto 's group showed the precise glycosyl transferase set that confers the A , B and O epitopes . Diagram showing the carbohydrate chains that determine the ABO blood group Student blood test . Three drops of blood are mixed with anti-B ( left ) and anti-A ( right ) serum . Agglutination on the right side indicates blood type A . There are three basic variants of immunoglobulin antigens in humans that share a very similar chemical structure but are distinctly different . Red circles show where there are differences in chemical structure in the antigen - binding site ( sometimes called the antibody - combining site ) of human immunoglobulin . Notice the O - type antigen does not have a binding site . Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion ( edit ) In April 2007 , an international team of researchers announced in the journal Nature Biotechnology an inexpensive and efficient way to convert types A , B , and AB blood into type O . This is done by using glycosidase enzymes from specific bacteria to strip the blood group antigens from red blood cells . The removal of A and B antigens still does not address the problem of the Rh blood group antigen on the blood cells of Rh positive individuals , and so blood from Rh negative donors must be used . Patient trials will be conducted before the method can be relied on in live situations . Another approach to the blood antigen problem is the manufacture of artificial blood , which could act as a substitute in emergencies . Genetics ( edit ) A and B are codominant , giving the AB phenotype . Blood groups are inherited from both parents . The ABO blood type is controlled by a single gene ( the ABO gene ) with three types of alleles inferred from classical genetics : i , I , and I . The I designation stands for isoagglutinogen , another term for antigen . The gene encodes a glycosyltransferase -- that is , an enzyme that modifies the carbohydrate content of the red blood cell antigens . The gene is located on the long arm of the ninth chromosome ( 9q34 ) . The I allele gives type A , I gives type B , and i gives type O. As both I and I are dominant over i , only ii people have type O blood . Individuals with I I or I i have type A blood , and individuals with I I or I i have type B. I I people have both phenotypes , because A and B express a special dominance relationship : codominance , which means that type A and B parents can have an AB child . A couple with type A and type B can also have a type O child if they are both heterozygous ( I i , I i ) The cis - AB phenotype has a single enzyme that creates both A and B antigens . The resulting red blood cells do not usually express A or B antigen at the same level that would be expected on common group A or B red blood cells , which can help solve the problem of an apparently genetically impossible blood group . Blood group inheritance Blood type O AB Genotype ii ( OO ) I i ( AO ) I I ( AA ) I i ( BO ) I I ( BB ) I I ( AB ) O ii ( OO ) O OO OO OO OO O or A AO OO AO OO AO AO AO AO O or B BO OO BO OO BO BO BO BO A or B AO BO AO BO I i ( AO ) O or A AO AO OO OO O or A AA AO AO OO AA AA AO AO O , A , B or AB AB AO BO OO B or AB AB AB BO BO A , B or AB AA AB AO BO I I ( AA ) AO AO AO AO AA AO AA AO AA AA AA AA A or AB AB AO AB AO AB AB AB AB AB A or AB AA AB AA AB I i ( BO ) O or B BO BO OO OO O , A , B or AB AB BO AO OO A or AB AB AB AO AO O or B BB BO BO OO BB BB BO BO A , B or AB AB BB AO BO I I ( BB ) BO BO BO BO B or AB AB BO AB BO AB AB AB AB AB BB BO BB BO BB BB BB BB B or AB AB BB AB BB AB I I ( AB ) A or B AO AO BO BO A , B or AB AA AO AB BO A or AB AA AA AB AB A , B or AB AB AO BB BO B or AB AB AB BB BB A , B , or AB AA AB AB BB The table above summarizes the various blood groups that children may inherit from their parents . Genotypes are shown in the second column and in small print for the offspring : AO and AA both test as type A ; BO and BB test as type B . The four possibilities represent the combinations obtained when one allele is taken from each parent ; each has a 25 % chance , but some occur more than once . Blood group inheritance by phenotype only Blood type O AB O O O or A O or B A or B O or A O or A O , A , B or AB A , B or AB O or B O , A , B or AB O or B A , B or AB AB A or B A , B or AB A , B or AB A , B or AB Historically , ABO blood tests were used in paternity testing , but in 1957 only 50 % of American men falsely accused were able to use them as evidence against paternity . Occasionally , the blood types of children are not consistent with expectations -- for example , a type O child can be born to an AB parent -- due to rare situations , such as Bombay phenotype and cis AB . Subgroups ( edit ) The A blood type contains about 20 subgroups , of which A1 and A2 are the most common ( over 99 % ) . A1 makes up about 80 % of all A-type blood , with A2 making up almost all of the rest . These two subgroups are not always interchangeable as far as transfusion is concerned , as some A2 individuals produce antibodies against the A1 antigen . Complications can sometimes arise in rare cases when typing the blood . With the development of DNA sequencing , it has been possible to identify a much larger number of alleles at the ABO locus , each of which can be categorized as A , B , or O in terms of the reaction to transfusion , but which can be distinguished by variations in the DNA sequence . There are six common alleles in white individuals of the ABO gene that produce one 's blood type : A O A101 ( A1 ) A201 ( A2 ) B101 ( B1 ) O01 ( O1 ) O02 ( O1v ) O03 ( O2 ) The same study also identified 18 rare alleles , which generally have a weaker glycosylation activity . People with weak alleles of A can sometimes express anti-A antibodies , though these are usually not clinically significant as they do not stably interact with the antigen at body temperature . Cis AB is another rare variant , in which A and B genes are transmitted together from a single parent . Distribution and evolutionary history ( edit ) Main article : Blood type distribution by country The distribution of the blood groups A , B , O and AB varies across the world according to the population . There are also variations in blood type distribution within human subpopulations . In the UK , the distribution of blood type frequencies through the population still shows some correlation to the distribution of placenames and to the successive invasions and migrations including Norsemen , Danes , Saxons , Celts , and Normans who contributed the morphemes to the placenames and the genes to the population . The two common O alleles , O01 and O02 , share their first 261 nucleotides with the group A allele A01 . However , unlike the group A allele , a guanosine base is subsequently deleted . A premature stop codon results from this frame - shift mutation . This variant is found worldwide , and likely predates human migration from Africa . The O01 allele is considered to predate the O02 allele . Some evolutionary biologists theorize that there are four main lineages of the ABO gene and that mutations creating type O have occurred at least three times in humans . From oldest to youngest , these lineages comprise the following alleles : A101 / A201 / O09 , B101 , O02 and O01 . The continued presence of the O alleles is hypothesized to be the result of balancing selection . Both theories contradict the previously held theory that type O blood evolved first . Origin theories ( edit ) It is possible that food and environmental antigens ( bacterial , viral , or plant antigens ) have epitopes similar enough to A and B glycoprotein antigens . The antibodies created against these environmental antigens in the first years of life can cross-react with ABO - incompatible red blood cells that it comes in contact with during blood transfusion later in life . Anti-A antibodies are hypothesized to originate from immune response towards influenza virus , whose epitopes are similar enough to the α - D-N - galactosamine on the A glycoprotein to be able to elicit a cross-reaction . Anti-B antibodies are hypothesized to originate from antibodies produced against Gram - negative bacteria , such as E. coli , cross-reacting with the α - D - galactose on the B glycoprotein . However , it is more likely that the force driving evolution of allele diversity is simply negative frequency - dependent selection ; cells with rare variants of membrane antigens are more easily distinguished by the immune system from pathogens carrying antigens from other hosts . Thus , individuals possessing rare types are better equipped to detect pathogens . The high within - population diversity observed in human populations would , then , be a consequence of natural selection on individuals . HIV can be neutralized in in vitro experiments using antibodies against blood group antigens specifically expressed on the HIV - producing cell lines . Clinical relevance ( edit ) The carbohydrate molecules on the surfaces of red blood cells have roles in cell membrane integrity , cell adhesion , membrane transportation of molecules , and acting as receptors for extracellular ligands , and enzymes . ABO antigens are found having similar roles on epithelial cells as well as red blood cells . Bleeding and thrombosis ( von Willebrand factor ) ( edit ) The ABO antigen is also expressed on the von Willebrand factor ( vWF ) glycoprotein , which participates in hemostasis ( control of bleeding ) . In fact , having type O blood predisposes to bleeding , as 30 % of the total genetic variation observed in plasma vWF is explained by the effect of the ABO blood group , and individuals with group O blood normally have significantly lower plasma levels of vWF ( and Factor VIII ) than do non-O individuals . In addition , vWF is degraded more rapidly due to the higher prevalence of blood group O with the Cys1584 variant of vWF ( an amino acid polymorphism in VWF ) : the gene for ADAMTS13 ( vWF - cleaving protease ) maps to the ninth chromosome ( 9q34 ) , the same locus as ABO blood type . Higher levels of vWF are more common amongst people who have had ischemic stroke ( from blood clotting ) for the first time . The results of this study found that the occurrence was not affected by ADAMTS13 polymorphism , and the only significant genetic factor was the person 's blood group . Disease risks ( edit ) Compared to O group individuals , non-O group ( A , AB , and B) individuals have a 14 % reduced risk of squamous cell carcinoma and 4 % reduced risk of basal cell carcinoma . Conversely , type O blood is associated with a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer . The B antigen links with increased risk of ovarian cancer . Gastric cancer has reported to be more common in blood group A and least in group O . According to Glass , Holmgren , et al. , those in the O blood group have an increased risk of infection with cholera , and those O - group individuals who are infected have more severe infections . The mechanisms behind this association with cholera are unclear in the literature . ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn ( edit ) Main article : Hemolytic disease of the newborn ( ABO ) ABO blood group incompatibilities between the mother and child does not usually cause hemolytic disease of the newborn ( HDN ) because antibodies to the ABO blood groups are usually of the IgM type , which do not cross the placenta . However , in an O - type mother , IgG ABO antibodies are produced and the baby can potentially develop ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn . Clinical applications ( edit ) In human cells , the ABO alleles and their encoded glycosyltransferases have been described in several oncologic conditions . Using anti-GTA / GTB monoclonal antibodies , it was demonstrated that a loss of these enzymes was correlated to malignant bladder and oral epithelia . Furthermore , the expression of ABO blood group antigens in normal human tissues is dependent the type of differentiation of the epithelium . In most human carcinomas , including oral carcinoma , a significant event as part of the underlying mechanism is decreased expression of the A and B antigens . Several studies have observed that a relative down - regulation of GTA and GTB occurs in oral carcinomas in association with tumor development . More recently , a genome wide association study ( GWAS ) has identified variants in the ABO locus associated with susceptibility to pancreatic cancer . Clinical marker ( edit ) A multi-locus genetic risk score study based on a combination of 27 loci , including the ABO gene , identified individuals at increased risk for both incident and recurrent coronary artery disease events , as well as an enhanced clinical benefit from statin therapy . The study was based on a community cohort study ( the Malmo Diet and Cancer study ) and four additional randomized controlled trials of primary prevention cohorts ( JUPITER and ASCOT ) and secondary prevention cohorts ( CARE and PROVE IT - TIMI 22 ) . Pseudoscience ( edit ) During the 1930s , connecting blood groups to personality types became popular in Japan and other areas of the world . Studies of this association have yet to confirm its existence definitively . Other popular but unsupported ideas include the use of a blood type diet , claims that group A causes severe hangovers , group O is associated with perfect teeth , and those with blood group A2 have the highest IQs . Scientific evidence in support of these concepts is nonexistent . Data tables ( edit ) ABO allele frequencies in Korean , Japanese and German populations Population ABO allele A ( Pro ) A ( Leu ) O ( T ) O ( A ) O Korean ( n = 253 ) 0.022 0.209 0.209 0.360 0.200 0 Japanese ( n = 520 ) 0.071 0.216 0.178 0.273 0.262 0 German ( n = 169 ) 0.213 0.077 0.047 0.426 0.216 0.021 Korean versus Japanese , p < 0.001 . Korean versus Japanese , p < 0.01 . Korean versus German , p < 0.001 . Korean versus German , p < 0.01 . Korean versus German , p < 0.05 ( Fisher 's exact probability test ) . Fukumori et al. , 1996 . Nishimukai et al. , 1996 . Source : Table 2 , Page 333 , Kang Sung - ha et al. ( 1997 ) See also ( edit ) Kidd blood group References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2017 - 07 - 18 ) . `` ABO blood group system '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . 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PMID 25748612 . Jump up ^ American Red Cross , Southern California Blood Services Region ( n.d. ) . `` Answers to Commonly Asked Questions About Blood and Blood Banking '' ( PDF ) . Blood : the Basics : 4 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 November 2007 . Retrieved 16 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Sung Il Ryu , Young Woo Sohn ( 2007 ) , A Review of Sociocultural , Behavioral , Biochemical Analyses on ABO Blood - Groups Typology , The Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology . Jump up ^ Hobgood , Donna K. ( 2011 ) . `` Personality traits of aggression - submissiveness and perfectionism associate with ABO blood groups through catecholamine activities '' . Medical Hypotheses. 77 ( 2 ) : 294 -- 300 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mehy. 2011.04. 039 . PMID 21601990 . Jump up ^ Klein , Harvey G ( 7 March 2005 ) . `` Why Do People Have Different Blood Types ? '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 16 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Kang , Sung - ha et al. ( 1997 ) . Distribution of ABO Genotypes and Allele Frequencies in a Korean Population . Japanese Journal of Human Genetics , 42 ( 2 ) , Page 333 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02766955 Retrieved July 24 , 2017 , from link to the article . Further reading ( edit ) Dean L ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 5 : The ABO blood group '' . Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens . Retrieved 24 March 2007 . Farr A ( 1 April 1979 ) . `` Blood group serology -- the first four decades ( 1900 -- 1939 ) '' . Med Hist. 23 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 26 . doi : 10.1017 / s0025727300051383 . PMC 1082436 . PMID 381816 . External links ( edit ) ABO at BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI , NIH ABO blood groups , antibodies and antigens explained YouTube educational video Encyclopædia Britannica , ABO blood group system National Blood Transfusion Service Molecular Genetic Basis of ABO hide Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis , plateletpheresis , leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test ( direct and indirect ) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido - Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T - Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&oldid=844945730 '' Categories : Blood antigen systems Transfusion medicine Antigenic determinant Hematopathology Glycoproteins Serology Genes on human chromosome 9 Hidden categories : CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) Use dmy dates from April 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Íslenska ಕನ್ನಡ 日本 語 Plattdüütsch Português Suomi தமிழ் ไทย 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 08 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | explain the basis of a/b/o and rh incompatibilities | [] | [] |
-7469588981230660958 | Snow White with the Red Hair | Snow White with the Red hair - wikipedia Snow White with the Red hair Snow White with the Red Hair Cover of the first manga volume , featuring main character Shirayuki 赤 髪 の 白雪姫 ( Akagami no Shirayukihime ) Genre Fantasy , romance Manga Written by Sorata Akizuki Published by Hakusensha English publisher Viz Media Demographic Shōjo Magazine LaLa DX , LaLa Original run August 10 , 2006 -- present Volumes 19 ( List of volumes ) Anime television series Directed by Masahiro Andō Written by Deko Akao Music by Michiru Ōshima Studio Bones Licensed by Madman Entertainment Funimation Anime Limited Original network Tokyo MX , TVA , ytv , BS Fuji , Animax English network Animax Asia Original run July 6 , 2015 -- March 28 , 2016 Episodes 24 + OVA ( List of episodes ) Anime and Manga portal Snow White with the Red Hair ( 赤 髪 の 白雪姫 , Akagami no Shirayukihime ) is a Japanese shōjo manga written by Sorata Akizuki . It was serialized in Hakusensha 's bi-monthly shōjo manga magazine , LaLa DX but has since moved to monthly LaLa and is published in collected volumes by Hakusensha . An anime adaptation produced by Warner Bros. , Hakusensha , Showgate , The Klockworx Co. Ltd. , Hakuhodo DY Media Partners , Docomo Anime Store , BS Fuji and Bones aired the first half of the season in Japan between July 6 , 2015 and September 21 , 2015 . The second half of the season aired in Japan between January 11 , 2016 and March 28 , 2016 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Main characters 2.2 Secondary characters 2.2. 1 Clarines 2.2. 2 Lilias / Lyrias 2.2. 3 Lido 2.2. 4 Tanbarun 2.2. 5 The Mountain 's Lions 2.2. 6 The Claw of the Sea 2.2. 7 Others 3 Media 3.1 Manga 3.1. 1 Volume list 3.2 Anime 3.3 Episode list 3.3. 1 Snow White with the Red Hair 3.3. 2 Snow White with the Red Hair 2nd Season 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Shirayuki is a normal herbalist in the kingdom of Tanbarun with one unique feature : her beautiful red hair . Due to her unusual hair color , Shirayuki was raised to always be careful of showing her hair in new surroundings and grew to be an independent young woman . However , her hair gets her noticed by Prince Raj , who orders her to become his concubine . Refusing his orders , she cuts her hair and leaves it behind as part of what he wanted and escapes to the neighboring kingdom of Clarines . On her way there , she meets and befriends Prince Zen and his two aides Mitsuhide and Kiki . When Zen is poisoned by an apple meant for Shirayuki gifted by Raj , Shirayuki successfully obtains the antidote and decides to accompany the trio to Clarines . Shortly thereafter , Shirayuki passes an exam for a position to train in the palace as a herbalist . Shirayuki and her friends find a place in Clarines and carries out her duties as a court herbalist . Over the course of the story , Zen and Shirayuki begin to fall in love with each other and eventually begin a romantic relationship , in spite of opposition due to their difference in social status . Characters ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) Shirayuki ( 白雪 ) Voiced by : Saori Hayami ( Japanese ) ; Brina Palencia ( English ) Shirayuki is the main protagonist of the story . Born with rare red hair , she often has to hide it due to how it easily attracts attention . She escapes from the kingdom of Tanbarun after its prince orders her to become his concubine . Independent and persistent , she meets Zen on her second day in the kingdom of Clarines and befriends him after tending to his wounds . Later , she is accepted as a royal pharmacist and trains under Garack and Ryu . Shirayuki has demonstrated her abilities as a pharmacist in various situations , particularly in identifying and controlling disease outbreaks in foreign areas . She has a close relationship with Zen , and falls in love with him over the course of the story despite opposition due to their difference in social status . She moves into the east wing of Wistal Castle in chapter 49 , and is later reassigned as a pharmacist to Lyrias for two years in chapter 53 . Zen Wistaria ( ゼン ・ ウィスタリア , Zen Wisutaria ) Voiced by : Ryōta Ōsaka ( Japanese ) ; Josh Grelle ( English ) Zen is the second prince of Clarines , and meets Shirayuki on a trip outside the castle . Shortly after befriending her , he is poisoned by an apple meant for Shirayuki , but obtains the antidote with her help . Initially , Zen is often seen escaping his duties to experience Clarines first - hand , though he has since taken more responsibility over official work . He has a close relationship with his three aides , Mitsuhide , Kiki , and Obi , and has both their respect and genuine loyalty . Over the course of the story , he falls in love with Shirayuki , and rescues her from various dangers . Mitsuhide Lowen ( ミツヒデ ・ ルーエン , Mitsuhide Rūen ) Voiced by : Yūichirō Umehara ( Japanese ) ; Ian Sinclair ( English ) Mitsuhide is one of Zen 's closest aides , he was appointed by Prince Izana to watch over Zen ( despite initially wanting to be Izana 's retainer ) and is a skilled swordsman . Though their relationship was initially rocky , he is seen by Zen as both a close friend and reliable aide . He is extremely loyal though somewhat clumsy at times , as well as a little silly . In chapter 92 , he is offered a marriage proposal by Kiki , which he declines . Kiki Seiran ( 木々 ・ セイラン ) Voiced by : Kaori Nazuka ( Japanese ) ; Jamie Marchi ( English ) Kiki is one of Zen 's closest aides , and arrives at the castle some time after Mitsuhide . As the heir to the household of the Seiran family , her father expects her to return home to assume responsibility after her time serving Zen . Reserved , independent and intelligent , Kiki is extremely loyal to protecting Zen ( and later Shirayuki as she becomes part of Zen 's life ) and is most often seen with Mitsuhide . She has stated ( to Zen ) that when the time comes , she will propose to Mitsuhide . Like Mitsuhide , she is skilled at swordplay and is often seen training the soldiers or dueling with him . In chapter 92 , Kiki confesses and proposes to Mitsuhide , which he later declines . Obi ( オビ ) Voiced by : Nobuhiko Okamoto ( Japanese ) ; Austin Tindle ( English ) Obi is one of Zen 's self - proclaimed aides . Originally sent by Marquis Haruka as a way to scare Shirayuki out of the castle , he later pledges himself to Zen after being discovered . It is hinted that he has feelings for Shirayuki , but his loyalty to both Zen and Shirayuki prevents him from acting out on his feelings . Obi has a relatively mysterious past as a loner , but finds himself drawn to protecting Zen , Shirayuki , and their respective goals . He later becomes Zen 's official messenger . With his quick movements and reflexes , he is often sent by Zen to protect Shirayuki at times when he can not leave his royal duties . He has been seen using the alias `` Nanaki '' . Secondary characters ( edit ) Clarines ( edit ) Ryuu ( リユウ , Ryū ) Voiced by : Yūko Sanpei ( Japanese ) ; Mikaela Krantz ( English ) A 12 - year - old royal pharmacist and trains under Garack with Shirayuki at Wistal Castle . Both Shirayuki and him establish a close friendship as pupil and mentor respectively . Due to his youth , he is often looked down upon and mistrusted by others in the palace , despite the fact that he is actually a genius . Because of his intelligence , he has a hard time connecting with people his age , but becomes good friends with Shirayuki and Obi . He later learns how to open up and trust others as he grows . Izana Wistalia ( イザナ ・ ウィスタリア , Izana Wisutaria ) Voiced by : Akira Ishida ( Japanese ) ; Eric Vale ( English ) Izana is the first prince of Clarines and Zen 's older brother . He has a somewhat cold and sarcastic personality , but is also very responsible and serious when it comes to handling the affairs of the kingdom . Known to be very intelligent , strategic , and cunning , he is later crowned king of the kingdom . He enjoys teasing Zen and initially takes issue with Shirayuki 's closeness with Zen , but later comes to trust her after watching her handle a disease outbreak in Lyrias . While in Lyrias , Izana pretends to be a guard using Mitsuhide 's name . Marquis Haruka ( ハルカ 候 ) Voiced by : Tomoyuki Shimura ( Japanese ) ; Christopher R. Sabat ( English ) An advisor in the castle , he disapproves of Shirayuki 's closeness to Zen due to her lower social status . He hires Obi to scare her from the castle , but after an unsuccessful attempt and rebuke from Zen , is grudgingly resigned to leaving Shirayuki alone . His gruff appearance , voice and personality often scare others . Garack Gazelt ( ガラク ・ ガゼルト , Garaku Gazeruto ) Voiced by : Yūko Kaida ( Japanese ) ; Rachel Robinson ( English ) Garack is the head pharmacist of Wistal Castle . She is rather eccentric and can alternate between humorous and demanding . Despite this , she is extremely talented and cares deeply about Shirayuki and Ryu . Yatsufusa ( 八 房 ) Voiced by : Rei Yamahata ( Japanese ) ; Z. Charles Bolton ( English ) Yatsufusa is Garack 's assistant and is often seen wearing a large bandanna that obscures his eyes . Viscount Blaker ( ブレッカ 子爵 , Burekka Shishaku ) Voiced by : Tokuyoshi Kawashima ( Japanese ) ; Duncan Brannan ( English ) The viscount is the landlord of a small island of the coast of Clarines . Greedy and selfish , he attempts to exploit the island for its resources and then bribe Shirayuki in making the experiment that will determine its fate fail , but his schemes are ultimately discovered and he is put under arrest . Kihal Toghrul ( キハル ・ トグリル , Kiharu Toguriru ) Voiced by : Chiwa Saito ( Japanese ) ; Bryn Apprill ( English ) A bird trainer from a small island under Viscount Blaker . She came to Wistal Castle to ask Zen 's assistance in preventing Viscount Blaker from hunting the birds native to her island . She later befriends Shirayuki , and later proves instrumental in rescuing Shirayuki from the vicious pirate gang ' The Claw of the Sea ' ( along with Popo , her bird ) . Higata ( ヒガタ ) Voiced by : Yusuke Handa A fellow royal pharmacist training alongside Shirayuki under a separate mentor . Hisame Lugis The second - born son of a noble family and vice-captain of the Sreg Knight Circle . He tries to intimidate Kiki into marrying him and challenges her to a duel in order to win her hand . Though he lost the duel , he continues to show interest in Kiki , much to Mitsuhide 's annoyance . Earl Seiran Kiki 's father and the current head of the Seiran family . He wants Kiki to take over as the family head , and is constantly suggesting suitors for her . He has also imposed a time limit on her service with Zen in order that she may eventually return . Yuuha A worker inside the castle . He insults Shirayuki after she moves into the east wing , which angers Zen . Haruto Wistalia Haruto is the mother of Izana and Zen , and the Queen of Clarines until Izana 's coronation . Her husband , Kain , died some time ago , which sent her into a frenzy of work and sickness that caused her to become `` allergic '' to the castle . She returns for Izana 's crowning ceremony , before shortly returning north to Wilant . Zakura Shidnote An associate of Izana , he has a distinct scar over his nose . Kai Ulkir ( カイ ・ ウルキル , Kai Urukiru ) Voiced by : Yūma Uchida ( Japanese ) ; Kyle Phillips ( English ) One of the gatekeepers of Wistal Castle who seems to take interest about Zen and Shirayuki 's relationship . Shiira Eigan ( シイラ ・ エイガン , Shīra Eigan ) Voiced by : Chiharu Sawashiro ( Japanese ) ; Cris George ( English ) Another gatekeeper besides Kai . He is Kai 's senior and just like Kai , he seems to take interest about Zen and Shirayuki 's relationship . Shuka ( シュカ ) Voiced by : Tsubasa Yonaga ( Japanese ) ; Justin Briner ( English ) The only soldier that is unaffected when the strange disease affected the soldiers in the Fort Laxdo . He helps Shirayuki to take care of the other soldiers and befriends her and the prince . Shikito ( シキト ) Voiced by : Yasuaki Takumi ( Japanese ) ; Ricco Fajardo ( English ) The guard of Wistal Castle who goes along with Shirayuki and the viscount to the watchtower during the test to bring in the bird handlers from Kiharu 's island for communication . Lilias / Lyrias ( edit ) Yuzuri ( ユズリ , Yuzuri ) A botanist in Lyrias , a northern city in the kingdom of Clarines . Cheerful and outgoing , she works with Shirayuki during the disease outbreak and befriends her . Suzu ( 鈴 , Suzu ) A pharmacist and friend of Yuzuri in Lilias , he works with Shirayuki during the disease outbreak . Haki She is head of the Lilias academy district and Izana 's fiancée . Kirito A boy around Ryuu 's age , he is the nephew of Shidan . Kirito helped to in the search for a cure during the disease outbreak in Lyrias after his friends began to fall ill . He befriends Ryuu , though occasionally bewildered by Ryuu 's emotionless behavior . Lido ( edit ) Atri ( アトリ , Atori ) Voiced by : Romi Park ( Japanese ) ; Micah Solusod ( English ) Zen 's only close childhood friend . He worked as a palace archer in order to get close to Zen and lure him out to traitors from Lido . During a confrontation with Zen , Izana , and Mitsuhide , he is killed . Tanbarun ( edit ) Raji Shenazard ( ラジ ・ シェナザード , Raji Shenazādo ) Voiced by : Jun Fukuyama ( Japanese ) ; Todd Haberkorn ( English ) The prince of Tanbarun , he orders Shirayuki to become his concubine after hearing of her red hair . When she escapes , he sends her poisoned apples that are mistakenly consumed by Zen . After discovering the true status of his unintended victim , he gives Zen the antidote . Raji is rather narcissistic and ignorant , and often speaks without thinking . After being befriended by Shirayuki later in the story , he begins to mature as he embraces his duties as prince . He has a close aide named Sakaki and two younger siblings . Rona Shenazard ( ロナ ・ シェナザード , Rona Shenazādo ) , Eugena Shenazard ( ユジナ ・ シェナザード , Yujina Shenazādo ) Voiced by : Inori Minase ( Rona ) and Mikako Komatsu ( Eugena ) ( Japanese ) ; Alexis Tipton ( Rona ) and Megan Shipman ( Eugena ) ( English ) The younger twin siblings of Raji , the first princess and second prince of Tanbarun respectively . They support the relationship between Raji and Shirayuki . Sakaki ( サカキ ) Voiced by : Katsuyuki Konishi ( Japanese ) ; Robert McCollum ( English ) Raji 's close aide . He frequently answers questions addressed to the prince . King Shenazard ( シェナザード 王様 , Shanmezādo - ousama ) Voiced by : Atsushi Miyauchi ( Japanese ) ; Kent Williams ( English ) King Shenazard is the king of Tanbarun and the father of Raji , Rona , and Eugena . He allows Zen and the others to go find Shirayuki with Raji when she was captured by Sea 's Talon . Mihaya ( 巳 早 ) Voiced by : Toshiyuki Toyonaga ( Japanese ) ; Clifford Chapin ( English ) The third son of the Former Earl of Sisk , he kidnapped and planned to `` present '' Shirayuki to rich people to earn money . He later brings a kidnapping attempt on Shirayuki to Zen 's attention and helps to rescue her from pirates . He ends up working for Prince Raji 's aid , Sakaki , in Tanbarun . The Mountain 's Lions ( edit ) Mukaze ( 武 風 , Mukaze ) Voiced by : Tōru Ōkawa ( Japanese ) ; Brandon Potter ( English ) Leader of the Mountain 's Lions , a group dedicated to eradicating thieves . Mukaze also happens to be Shirayuki 's father , a former noble of Tanbarun before his exile as a result of taking back his fiancée ( Shirayuki 's mother ) when she was sent to be wed to his uncle . He held a grudge against Prince Raji since hearing that he had tried to forcefully take Shirayuki as a mistress , and as a result , forced her to flee the country . Additionally , Shirayuki was told that he deeply regretted not having been there to help her in time during said ordeal . Kazuki ( 鹿 月 ) Voiced by : Sachi Kokuryu ( Japanese ) ; Justin Pate ( English ) Often mistaken for female due to his `` pretty '' looks . He is a member of the Mountain 's Lions , and kidnaps Shirayuki with the help of Itoya . He befriends Shirayuki when the pair of them are captured by the Sea 's Talons . Itoya ( イトヤ ) Voiced by : Shintarō Asanuma ( Japanese ) ; David Trosko ( English ) A member of The Mountain 's Lions , he has a scar over left eye . He helped Kazuki during Shirayuki 's abduction . The Claw of the Sea ( edit ) A pirate organization that is known for human trafficking . Kazuki was once a member , but left the organization after being traded to a rich nobleman . Kazuki and Shirayuki were kidnapped by them to provoke the Mountain Lions . Umihebi ( ウミヘビ , Umihebi , lit . `` Sea Snake '' ) Voiced by : Mitsuki Saiga ( Japanese ) ; Monica Rial ( English ) Umihebi is the leader of the gang . A ruthless and violent woman , she and her gang members were later rounded up by palace guards and arrested in their base in Tanbarun . Others ( edit ) Torou ( トロウ , Torou ) Voiced by : Nana Mizuki ( Japanese ) ; Elizabeth Maxwell ( English ) An old associate of Obi 's , she is surprised by his change after he joined Zen 's group . Media ( edit ) Manga ( edit ) The manga was serialized in Hakusensha 's monthly shōjo manga magazine , LaLa DX in 2006 but has since moved to LaLa and is published in collected volumes by Hakusensha . As of April 2017 , 17 volumes have been published in Japan . It has been licensed in France by Kana , in North America by Viz Media , and in Taiwan by Sharp Point Press . The eleventh volume ranked 21st in Oricon 's weekly manga ranking for the week of January 6 . Volume list ( edit ) No . Release date ISBN December 5 , 2007 ISBN 9784592183730 August 5 , 2008 ISBN 9784592183747 March 5 , 2009 ISBN 9784592183754 January 4 , 2010 ISBN 9784592183761 5 December 29 , 2010 ISBN 9784592183778 6 September 5 , 2011 ISBN 9784592191056 7 March 5 , 2012 ISBN 9784592194378 8 September 5 , 2012 ISBN 9784592194385 9 March 5 , 2013 ISBN 9784592194392 10 July 5 , 2013 ISBN 9784592194408 11 January 4 , 2014 ISBN 9784592194415 12 October 3 , 2014 ISBN 9784592194422 13 April 3 , 2015 ISBN 9784592194439 14 July 3 , 2015 ISBN 9784592194446 15 January 5 , 2016 ISBN 9784592194453 16 August 5 , 2016 ISBN 9784592194460 17 March 3 , 2017 ISBN 9784592194477 18 November 02 , 2017 ISBN 9784592105763 19 June 05 , 2018 ISBN 9784592194491 This incomplete list is frequently updated to include new information . The first volume was released in Chinese on June 16 , 2008 by Sharp Point Press . Anime ( edit ) An anime television series adaptation was announced in 2015 April issue of Hakusensha 's LaLa magazine . The anime adaptation is produced by Warner Bros. , Hakusensha , Showgate , The Klockworx Co. Ltd. , Hakuhodo DY Media Partners , Docomo Anime Store , BS Fuji and Bones , which handled the animation . The anime was directed by Masahiro Andō and the script was written by Deko Akao with character designs by Kumiko Takahashi . The opening theme is `` Yasashii Kibou '' ( やさしい 希望 , lit . `` Gentle Hope '' ) by Saori Hayami and the ending theme is `` Kizuna ni Nosete '' ( 絆 に のせ て ) by Eyelis . Funimation has licensed the series for online streaming in North America . AnimeLab has secured streaming rights in Australia & New Zealand . An Original Anime DVD ( OAD ) bundled with limited edition of 15th volume of the original manga . The 30 - minute OAD features the same cast and staff with the anime television series . It adapts three chapters from the original manga ( chapter 41 , special chapter from volume 7 , and special chapter from volume 11 ) , and will not air as part of the anime television series . The OAD ending theme is `` Ginsekai '' ( 銀 世界 , lit . Snowy World ) by Eyelis . The second season of the anime television series aired in Japan from January 11 , 2016 to March 28 , 2016 . The opening theme is `` Sono Koe ga Chizu ni Naru '' ( その 声 が 地図 に なる , lit . `` The Voice Will Become A Map '' ) by Saori Hayami and Ending theme is `` Page ~ Kimi to Tsudzuru Monogatari ~ '' ( ページ 〜 君 と 綴る 物語 〜 , lit . Page - The Story To Write With You ) by Eyelis . Episode list ( edit ) Snow White with the Red hair ( edit ) Series no . Season no . Title Original air date `` Encounter ... Changing the Color of Fate '' `` Deai ... Irodzuku Unmei '' ( 出会い ... 色づく 運命 ) July 6 , 2015 Shirayuki is a skilled herbalist living in the country of Tanbarun , with a head of unusual , bright red hair . This makes trouble for her when she is chosen by the snooty Prince Raji Shenazard to be his concubine , and instead of agreeing , flees to the neighbouring city of Clarines by hitching a ride on a carriage . She also cuts her long red hair , still with a ribbon tied to it , on the windowsill . Once in Clarines , she arrives at a house but no one answers the door so she sleeps outside until the next morning . She then meets gains the trust of Zen Wistalia , and his fellow subordinates Mitsuhide Lowen and Kiki Seiran . Zen then offers her shelter in a nearby inn , while making her confess the reason why she escaped . Before he can even express his shock , a basket of apples arrives for Shirayuki , with her hair ribbon tied to the handle . Zen casually eats one and collapses in Kiki and Mitsuhide 's arms . A soldier from Tanbarun then comes and takes Shirayuki away , explaining that the apples were poisoned by Raji , and only he has the antidote , which he will only hand over if Shirayuki marries him and becomes his concubine . Shirayuki is sent to the royal palace of Tanbarun , where she is met by a smug Raji . After bravely agreeing to his proposal in exchange for Zen 's recovery , Zen emerges and rescues her , stating his immunity of poisons . Zen then reveals to Prince Raji that he is the second prince of Clarines , which means that their countries could end up going to war if he announced Prince Raj 's attempt to poison him . Afraid that he would be disgraced , Prince Raji had no choice but to give up on Shirayuki and allow her to return with Zen . `` Following the Sound of Your Heart '' `` Tadoru wa Mune no Naru Hō e '' ( 辿る は 胸 の 鳴る ほう へ ) July 13 , 2015 When they are back in Clarines , she treats him with herbs . The following day , she requests a job as a herbalist in the city , but receives an offer to train for the position of a court herbalist instead . Feeling that she should try out , Zen takes Shirayuki to a remote forest per her request to gather some rare herbs . However , she is captured by a strange man named Mihaya who has his eye on her red hair . Biding her time , Shirayuki takes advantage of the night to chew through her binds and free herself and traps Mihaya in her cell when he delivers her food . However , he somehow manages to escape and corners her in a dead end . She then places paralysing herbs in her oil lantern and smashes it against the wall to release gas that will paralyse Mihaya . She jumps out of a gridless window onto a branch and falls to the ground . Meanwhile , Zen is worried about Shirayuki and comes to see her the next day at the inn , with her neighbour reporting that she has not come back . Unfortunately , the paralysing gas only had temporary effects on Mihaya as he catches up with Shirayuki . Zen rescues her as she is cornered , and hands Mihaya over to the royal guards . Mihaya claims that the reason for capturing Shirayuka is to parade her around and earn money because his family used to be wealthy but he is now penniless and in hiding . He also reveals that the building in which he captured Shirayuki used to be his family 's mansion . `` Shining Time of Promise '' `` Yakusoku , Kagayaku Sonotoki ni '' ( 約束 、 輝く その時 に ) July 20 , 2015 Due to her closeness with Zen , Shirayuki is now a regular visitor to his castle with no restrictions . However , there are those who doubt her intentions and conspire to separate her from the prince , one of whom being the gruff Lord Marquis Haruka . Suspecting that Shirayuki is trying to take advantage of Zen 's social status as a prince , he hires a spy to scare her from the castle , but is unsuccessful . After she confronts Lord Haruka , her determination inspires the spy to rebel against Lord Haruka and pledge his loyalty to Zen , while introducing himself as a mysterious loner known as Obi . `` From the Small Hand , a Burgeoning Concerto Resonates '' `` Mebuki no Kyōsōkyoku Hibiku , Chīsana Te '' ( 芽吹き の 協奏曲 響く 、 小さな 手 ) July 27 , 2015 Shirayuki takes the court herbalist exam where her knowledge of herbs are tested . When Zen comes to check on her and her flourishing greenhouse however , the door locks behind them , and despite suspicion she was helped by the prince , passes anyway after the duo promise it was someone unknown who trapped the both of them . Shirayuki is then assigned as an apprentice to a young child prodigy named Ryuu , and they quickly become firm friends . 5 5 `` This Path , the Crystallization of Premonition '' `` Kono Michi wa Yokan no Kesshō '' ( この 道 は 予感 の 結晶 ) August 3 , 2015 When the soldiers from Fort Lax mysteriously fall ill , Shirayuki is sent for to help seek a cure . Discovering the sickness came from burning poisonous wood sent by unknown parties , she puts out the fire and makes medicinal soup for the soldiers instead , which immediately begin to get better . Obi is then sent to find out the owners of the wood , which are revealed to be gangsters that used the wood as an advantage to filch valuables . During this time , Zen starts to depend more and more on Shirayuki . 6 6 `` The Back Full of Meaning '' `` Imi no Senaka '' ( 意味 の 背中 ) August 10 , 2015 Izana , the crown prince of Clarines and Zen 's older brother , returns home and wary of Zen 's relationship with Shirayuki , invites Raji for a visit to Clarines with unknown intentions . 7 7 `` Let Me Hear the Melody of Your Smile '' `` Kikasete , Egao no Senritsu '' ( 聞かせ て 、 笑顔 の 旋律 ) August 17 , 2015 Izana confronts Zen and Shirayuki about the true nature of their relationship , causing Shirayuki to doubt her place beside Zen . At a tea party for Raji , he blurts out a lie that Shirayuki and Zen are engaged to cover up his embarrassment of previously wanting her as his concubine , causing gossip to spread around the castle and people to notice her more . It does n't help that her red hair makes her stand out either . Meanwhile , Raji goes on a tour with his aide Sakaki , only to come across the medical wing and in fear and worry that he will meet Shirayuki , begins to get a stomachache . When seeing her with a bottle of medicine , he tries to drink it believing it to be a cure only for her to snap at him and hit the bottle away , explaining that it is not meant to treat stomachaches but flesh wounds instead . After the awkward moment , Sakaki returns and takes him away and Izana tries once again to make her return to Tanbarun , even confronting Zen in the process and angering the two . 8 8 `` Memories Draw Spirals of the Past '' `` Kioku wa Kako no Rasen o Egaite '' ( 記憶 は 過去 の らせん を 描い て ) August 24 , 2015 Alert with the unwanted attention Shirayuki receives due to her closeness with him , Zen sends his aide Obi to be her personal guard . Meanwhile , Mitsuhide , another of Zen 's loyal subjects , reminisces the occasion when he first met his Zen when he was a child . 9 9 `` Feelings that Connect and Reach '' `` Tsunagari Todoku Omoi '' ( 繋がり 届く 想い ) August 31 , 2015 While standing as Shirayuki 's protector , Obi learns more about her , while Zen finally recognizes his merit and makes him an official retainer of his . 10 10 `` Inexperienced Heart , Going Deeper '' `` Kokoro Aoku , Motto Fukaku '' ( 心 蒼く 、 もっと 深く ) September 7 , 2015 Shirayuki meets Kiharu , a young girl who comes to the castle with her pet bird Popo to ask Zen to help protect the birds of Popo 's species of her home island who are threatened by local poaching . However , there is nothing Zen can do for Kiharu 's cause unless the birds can prove themselves useful for Clarines ' society , until Shirayuki comes with an idea . 11 11 `` Encountering ... A Color for the First Time '' `` Deau Hajimete no Iro '' ( 出会う 初めて の 色 ) September 14 , 2015 After being kissed by Zen , Shirayuki becomes too flustered to face him directly , while Zen , despite eager for an answer from her , must leave for a short trip with Mitsuhide and Kiki . Once reunited , Zen and Shirayuki finally share their true feelings for each other . 12 12 `` Goodbye of the Beginning '' `` Hajimari no Sayōnara '' ( 始まり の さようなら ) September 21 , 2015 The castle is open for a festival and Zen disguises himself as a guard to enjoy it with Shirayuki and the others . However , an actress is forced to quit a play due to an injury and Shirayuki is chosen to replace her , unaware of the troupe leader 's second intentions . OVA TBA TBA `` Nandemo Nai Takaramono , Kono Pēji '' ( なんでも ない 宝物 、 この 頁 ) January 5 , 2016 Now in a romantic relationship , Zen and Shirayuki go on their first official date together into one of the cities of Clarines . During their date , details regarding the history of Mitsuhide and Kiki 's relationship is revealed , while some facts of Prince Raji 's childhood is also explored . Snow White with the Red hair 2nd season ( edit ) Series no . Season no . Title Original air date 13 `` The Red that Spins Fate '' `` Unmei o Tsumugu Aka '' ( 運命 を 紡ぐ 赤 ) January 11 , 2016 It 's a new day at the castle as everyone continues with their lives including Shirayuki as she helps clean the medical wing , while Zen continues with his royal duties while holding personal thoughts regarding his future with Shirayuki . However , everyone receives a surprise when a familiar face returns ; Mihaya . He reveals disturbing news that a mysterious boy named Kazuki is out to kidnap Shirayuki for unknown reasons . Everyone is shocked , but soon get another surprise when Prince Izana informs Shirayuki that she is invited to attend ball in Tanbarun , forcing her to make preparations for her upcoming visit . 14 `` Eyes that Protect and Look Forward '' `` Mamoru Hitomi , Susumu Hitomi '' ( 守る 瞳 、 進む 瞳 ) January 18 , 2016 It 's Shirayuki 's last day at the castle as she will soon be leaving for her trip to Tanbarun . While Shirayuki continues to prepare herself for the upcoming ball , Zen and the others are still investigating the mysterious boy , Kazuki , who is after her . Zen grows worried and frustrated that he ca n't protect Shirayuki himself while Obi is hoping he can do something to help . Obi and Zen have a match together where Obi wins and is allowed to be Shirayuki 's attendant while in Tanbarun . On their last night together , Zen and Shirayuki spend quality time together and share their own personal goodbyes . The next day , Shirayuki and Obi leave and soon arrive in Tanbarun and are greeted by Prince Raji . 15 `` Indecision Caused By Confusion '' `` Mayou wa Tomadoi no Naka '' ( 迷う は 戸惑い の 中 ) January 25 , 2016 While in Tanbarun , Shirayuki and Raji try to improve their relationship . While they find themselves awkward around each other , Raji tries to make her visit more interesting and takes Shirayuki on a tour of the castle . However they receive no privacy as everyone observes them . Raji takes Shirayuki and Obi through old hidden passageways , but soon get lost while exploring , while unknown to them , Raji 's siblings Rona and Eugena secretly spy on them . Eventually they find an exit and Raji takes Shirayuki to the castle greenhouse while at the same time , Raji 's siblings question his true feelings for Shirayuki . Meanwhile , Zen continues his duties back in Clarines as he begins bird training . While observing Zen , Prince Izana and Mitsuhide have a private talk with Izana revealing he is testing Zen and Shirayuki 's relationship to see how strong they truly are together . Zen discovers their meeting , but before he learns more of their discussion he and the others receive distressing news when Mihaya is nowhere to be found . However unknown to them , Mihaya has sneaked away from the castle and once again meets the mysterious boy , Kazuki . 16 `` The Name of that Step is Change '' `` Sono Ippo no Na wa , Henka '' ( その 一歩 の 名 は 、 変化 ) February 1 , 2016 Still in Tanbarun , Raji and Shirayuki continue to let their relationship grow as they spend more and more time together , intriguing everyone in the castle and growing impressed of Raji 's sudden change in character . While Raji 's siblings , Rona and Eugena continue to secretly observe their relationship , around the same time , both Raji and Obi are beginning to consider their true feelings regarding Shirayuki . Meanwhile Mihaya returns and reveals to Zen his encounter with Kazuki , revealing new information . Kazuki is revealed to have a partner and they have both discovered that Shirayuki is in Tanbarun and are currently on their way to capture her . To warn them of the upcoming danger , Zen sends a message and prepares to leave for Tanbarun . Izana is against Zen leaving Clarines , but Zen refuses his brother 's orders and strongly affirms his relationship with Shirayuki , revealing he will one day marry her and leaves for Tanbarun . However , on the night of the ball , the mysterious men seeking to kidnap her finally arrive . 17 5 `` Prologue of the Quietly Twisting Night '' `` Shizuka ni Karamaru Yoru no Joshō '' ( 静か に 絡まる 夜 の 序章 ) February 8 , 2016 Shirayuki and Obi are attacked by Kazuki and his mysterious friend , Itoya . Obi fights to protect Shirayuki , but during the assault the men succeed in kidnapping her and escape into the night . Raji has guards sent out to search while Zen and the others finally arrive in Tanabarun and discover the incident . Zen and Raji agree to work together to rescue Shirayuki . However , Obi feels extremely guilty and sneaks away to save her himself . Unfortunately , mysterious pirates ambush Kazuki and Shirayuki and takes them to an unknown location . 18 6 `` Many Different Resolves '' `` Ikutsumo no Ketsui '' ( いくつ もの 決意 ) February 15 , 2016 Shirayuki and Kazuki are having a difficult time with the Claw of Sea Pirates . They attempt to escape , but the Pirates stop them and interrogate them , believing their enemies the Lions of the Mountain want Shirayuki . Meanwhile , Zen and the others begin their search and soon reunite with Obi and meet the Lions of the Mountain leader . They all agree to work together to save Shirayuki and Kazuki . Eventually , Zen and the others discover the town where they are being held hostage . Kiki volunteers to be taken captive by the Pirates and soon reunites with Shirayuki . 19 7 `` Wave of Determination '' `` Kakugo no Nami '' ( 覚悟 の 波 ) February 22 , 2016 While Kiki informs Shirayuki and Kazuki of the situation , Zen and the others all work to prepare to rescue them . Raji and his men go out to sea and soon confront the Claw of the Sea Pirates . The Pirates escape and soon arrive in their cave hideout . However , Raji and his army discover them and a battle breaks out as everyone gathers together to fight . During the attack , Shirayuki is captured while trying to escape , but is saved by Zen and after being separated for so long , Zen and Shirayuki share a heartfelt and tearful reunion . Zen and the others finally managed to defeat the Claw of the Sea Pirates and together the group reunites with Shirayuki . However , they soon discover another surprise when the Lions of the Mountain leader , Mukaze revealed a secret that surprised everyone especially Shirayuki . 20 8 `` The Temperature of a Smile , a Cherished Place '' `` Hohoemi no Ondo , Taisetsu na Basho '' ( 微笑み の 温度 、 大切 な 場所 ) February 29 , 2016 While Raji and his men return to Tanbarun to deal with the Pirates , Shirayuki and the others arrive at the Lions of the Mountains village , where a party is held to celebrate their victory . During their time together , Shirayuki learns why her father left her in the care of her grandparents and his history , including the reason why Kazuki had taken her . Shirayuki speaks with a guilt - ridden Obi and assures him that despite what happened , she does n't blame him . Meanwhile , Zen and Mukaze have a private talk regarding Zen and Shirayuki 's relationship , where Zen admits their love for each other and receives Mukaze 's blessing . Later , Shirayuki and Zen spend time alone together since being reunited . Eventually everyone soon returns to Tanbarun , where they reunite with Raji and attend a special ball in honour of Shirayuki 's safe return . The next day , Shirayuki and the others say their goodbyes and begin their journey to return to Clarines . 21 9 `` When I 'm with You '' `` Anata to Ireba '' ( 貴方 と いれ ば ) March 7 , 2016 While on their way back to Clarines , it soon begins to rain and Zen and others decide to stay at a nearby Inn . While everyone enjoys being back together again , Obi reflects on how much he has changed since meeting Zen and the others . Later , Obi reunites with an old friend , Torou who asks him to help her with a job . Obi sneaks away with Torou to an abandoned mansion to retrieve a young boy who ran away from home . Obi and Torou managed to defeat the boy 's bodyguards and take a moment to speak of their past together . However , they are soon interrupted when they noticed more people inside and discover them to be Zen and the others who came looking for Obi . Zen has a private talk with Obi , sternly informing him to be more self - aware otherwise it will cause others to worry about him . Later , Zen and the others resume their journey and during their ride , Obi assures Shirayuki he has no intention of returning to his previous life as they come closer to Clarines . 22 10 `` You Will Drink from the Spring of Intent '' `` Kimi o Uruowaseru no wa Ishi no Izumi '' ( 君 を 潤わ せる の は 意志 の 泉 ) March 14 , 2016 While Shirayuki goes back to work at the castle , Zen is pressured by Prince Izana and Lord Haruka to hold a ball as many women seek to marry him . Zen refuses but eventually decides to have one marriage interview . Everyone in the castle soon discover the news , including Shirayuki causing her to become worried but tries to hide her fears . However unknown to anyone , Zen has a secret marriage interview with Kiki to help avoid the subject in the future . While Zen and Kiki are together they reflect on their past , including how they first met . Eventually after the interview , Zen learns from Obi that Shirayuki was aware of the interview but was unaware he was with Kiki and leaves to find her . Zen finds Shirayuki and assures her of the situation . Later that night , Zen is visited by Prince Izana where he reveals he intends to take a wife , but informs Zen that the subject of marriage will eventually be brought up again . Zen reaffirms his relationship with Shirayuki to Izana , once again telling his brother she is the one he will marry . Izana gives his blessings towards Zen , finally accepting his relationship with Shirayuki . 23 11 `` Because of Who You Are '' `` Aru ga Yue no Saki '' ( ある が ゆえ の 先 ) March 21 , 2016 While in deep thought over his meeting with Izana , Zen gets into an accident and becomes injured . Mitsuhide goes to seek help from the Chief Herbalist , but instead accidentally knocks a bottle over and inhales its fragrance . The fragrance causes a deep part of Mitsuhide 's personality to emerge , causing his loyalty towards Zen to become stronger . While Shirayuki is tasked to find an antidote , Zen instead orders to have the medicine naturally leave his system . However , Zen begins having a difficult time when Mitsuhide refuses to leave his side and becomes extremely overprotective . Eventually , after speaking with Shirayuki and when Mitsuhide saves them from being injured , Zen wishes for him to go back to normal . Shirayuki soon discovers the cure , causing Mitsuhide to revert to normal with no memory of his recent behaviour . Due to her hard work , Shirayuki is promoted to an official court herbalist , ending her apprenticeship . Shirayuki is pleased , but remembers that soon she must make a decision regarding the future of her relationship with Zen . 24 12 `` A Tale , My Path '' `` Soshite Monogatari , Watashi no Michi '' ( そして 物語 、 私 の 道 ) March 28 , 2016 Sakaki visits Shirayuki to inform her that she dons the official title of `` friend of the crown '' of Tanbarun . Afterwards , Prince Izana questions her , asking about her intentions with Zen , and she find herself speechless . Shirayuki struggles to make up her mind as to what she wants in regards to her relationship with Zen , and while she does that , Sakaki tries to convince her to take Raj 's hand . She politely refuses . She finds herself out and about and finally makes up her mind . She abruptly asks Obi to help her find Zen , and Zen comes running . She runs up to meet him halfway on the staircase and asks if it 's okay that she wishes to be his wife one day . Zen kisses her and she gets so weak in the legs that she can not walk . Zen carries her to the roof of the castle , where she admires the view . He remembers that he never actually answered her question , so he clearly tells her that he has informed Prince Izana of his feelings towards her , and that he wants her to wait for him , even if it 's selfish of him . They meet up with Obi , Mitsuhide , and Kiki and everyone goes to wish Sakaki off as he leaves Clarines to return to Tanbarun . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Snow White with the Red Hair '' . Funimation . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pineda , Rafael Antonio ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Animax Asia Premieres Snow White with the Red Hair Anime on April 14 '' . Anime News Network . News . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Akizuki Sorata official site '' ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ドラマティック LaLa - 白泉社 '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ressler , Karen ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Akagami no Shirayuki - hime Manga Gets Summer TV Anime '' . Anime News Network . News . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hodgkins , Crystalyn ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Snow White with the Red Hair Anime to Have 2 Split Seasons '' . Anime News Network . News . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hodgkins , Crystalyn ( May 24 , 2015 ) . `` Akira Ishida , Yuko Kaida Join Snow White with the Red Hair Anime 's Cast '' . Anime News Network . News . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pineda , Rafael Antonio ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Funimation Reveals Snow White with the Red Hair Dub Cast '' . Anime News Network . News . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hodgkins , Crystalyn ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Snow White with the Red Hair Season 2 's 1st Promo Video Previews Saori Hayami 's Theme '' . Anime News Network . News . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shirayuki aux cheveux rouges tome 1 '' ( in French ) . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ressler , Karen ( September 22 , 2018 ) . `` Viz Media Licences Snow White with the Red Hair Manga '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved September 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 赤 髮 白雪 姬 ( 01 ) ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ コミック 週間 ランキング ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 赤 髪 の 白雪姫 1 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 赤 髪 の 白雪姫 2 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 赤 髪 の 白雪姫 3 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 赤 髪 の 白雪姫 4 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 赤 髪 の 白雪姫 5 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 赤 髪 の 白雪姫 6 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 赤 髪 の 白雪姫 7 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 赤 髪 の 白雪姫 8 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 赤 髪 の 白雪姫 9 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 赤 髪 の 白雪姫 10 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 赤 髪 の 白雪姫 11 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 赤 髪 の 白雪姫 12 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 赤 髪 の 白雪姫 13 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 赤 髪 の 白雪姫 14 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 赤 髪 の 白雪姫 15 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 赤 髪 の 白雪姫 16 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 赤 髪 の 白雪姫 17 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 赤 髪 の 白雪姫 18 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 赤 髪 の 白雪姫 19 ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 赤 髮 白雪 姬 ( 01 ) ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Loo , Egan ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Funimation Streams Gangsta , New Hetalia , 11 More New Anime '' . Anime News Network . News . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCallum , Jessica ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` AnimeLab Simulcast Line - Up For Summer 2015 '' . AnimeLab . Blog News . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hodgkins , Crystalyn ( August 22 , 2015 ) . `` Snow White with the Red Hair Manga Gets Original Anime DVD '' . Anime News Network . News . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pineda , Rafael Antonio ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Snow White with the Red Hair Season 2 's Cast , Singers , Visual Revealed '' . Anime News Network . News . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official manga website ( in Japanese ) Official anime website ( in Japanese ) Snow White with the Red Hair ( manga ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Works animated by Bones Television series Hiwou War Chronicles ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Angelic Layer ( 2001 ) RahXephon ( 2002 ) Wolf 's Rain ( 2003 ) Scrapped Princess ( 2003 ) Fullmetal Alchemist ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Mars Daybreak ( 2004 ) Kurau Phantom Memory ( 2004 ) Eureka Seven ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Ouran High School Host Club ( 2006 ) Jyu - Oh - Sei ( 2006 ) Ghost Slayers Ayashi ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Darker than Black ( 2007 ) Skull Man ( 2007 ) Soul Eater ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Nijū Mensō no Musume ( 2008 ) Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Tokyo Magnitude 8.0 ( 2009 ) Darker than Black : Gemini of the Meteor ( 2009 ) Heroman ( 2010 ) Star Driver ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Gosick ( 2011 ) No. 6 ( 2011 ) Un-Go ( 2011 ) Eureka Seven : AO ( 2012 ) Blast of Tempest ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Tenkai Knights ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Space Dandy ( 2014 ) Noragami ( 2014 ) Captain Earth ( 2014 ) Soul Eater Not ! 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( OVA ) The Wolf Among Us ( video game ) Ballet The Magic Mirror ( 1903 ) Characters Snow White Snow White ( Disney ) Mary Margaret Blanchard The Queen Evil Queen ( Disney ) Regina Mills Queen of Fables The Seven Dwarfs The Magic Mirror The King The Huntsman Prince Charming David Nolan Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snow_White_with_the_Red_Hair&oldid=863146928 '' Categories : Manga series 2006 manga 2015 anime television series 2016 anime television series Anime series based on manga Anime and manga based on fairy tales Bones ( studio ) Fantasy anime and manga Funimation Hakusensha manga Romance anime and manga Sharp Point Press titles Shōjo manga Viz Media manga Works based on Snow White Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Incomplete lists from August 2013 Episode lists with unformatted air dates Episode list using the default LineColor Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Русский Tagalog Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2018 , at 00 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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8109801671372496310 | Alice's Adventures in Wonderland | Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland - wikipedia Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland `` Alice in Wonderland '' redirects here . For other uses , see Alice in Wonderland ( disambiguation ) . Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Cover of the original edition ( 1865 ) Author Lewis Carroll Illustrator John Tenniel Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Fiction Publisher Macmillan Publication date 26 November 1865 Followed by Through the Looking - Glass Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( commonly shortened to Alice in Wonderland ) is an 1865 novel written by English author Charles Lutwidge Dodgson under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll . It tells of a girl named Alice falling through a rabbit hole into a fantasy world populated by peculiar , anthropomorphic creatures . The tale plays with logic , giving the story lasting popularity with adults as well as with children . It is considered to be one of the best examples of the literary nonsense genre . Its narrative course , structure , characters , and imagery have been enormously influential in both popular culture and literature , especially in the fantasy genre . Contents 1 Background 2 Synopsis 3 Characters 3.1 Character allusions 4 Poems and songs 5 Writing style and themes 5.1 Symbolism 5.2 Eating and devouring 6 Illustrations 7 Reception by reviewers 8 Publication history 8.1 Publication timeline 9 Adaptations 9.1 Cinema and television 9.2 Comic strips and books 9.3 Parodies 9.4 Live performance 9.5 Works influenced 9.6 Illustrations of the different books 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Background ( edit ) Page from the original manuscript copy of Alice 's Adventures Under Ground , 1864 Alice was published in 1865 , three years after Charles Lutwidge Dodgson and the Reverend Robinson Duckworth rowed in a boat , on 4 July 1862 ( this popular date of the `` golden afternoon '' might be a confusion or even another Alice - tale , for that particular day was cool , cloudy and rainy ) , up the Isis with the three young daughters of Henry Liddell ( the Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University and Dean of Christ Church ) : Lorina Charlotte Liddell ( aged 13 , born 1849 ) ( `` Prima '' in the book 's prefatory verse ) ; Alice Pleasance Liddell ( aged 10 , born 1852 ) ( `` Secunda '' in the prefatory verse ) ; Edith Mary Liddell ( aged 8 , born 1853 ) ( `` Tertia '' in the prefatory verse ) . The journey began at Folly Bridge near Oxford and ended five miles away in the village of Godstow . During the trip Charles Dodgson told the girls a story that featured a bored little girl named Alice who goes looking for an adventure . The girls loved it , and Alice Liddell asked Dodgson to write it down for her . He began writing the manuscript of the story the next day , although that earliest version no longer exists . The girls and Dodgson took another boat trip a month later when he elaborated the plot to the story of Alice , and in November he began working on the manuscript in earnest . To add the finishing touches he researched natural history for the animals presented in the book , and then had the book examined by other children -- particularly the children of George MacDonald . He added his own illustrations but approached John Tenniel to illustrate the book for publication , telling him that the story had been well liked by children . On 26 November 1864 he gave Alice the handwritten manuscript of Alice 's Adventures Under Ground , with illustrations by Dodgson himself , dedicating it as `` A Christmas Gift to a Dear Child in Memory of a Summer 's Day '' . Some , including Martin Gardner , speculate there was an earlier version that was destroyed later by Dodgson when he wrote a more elaborate copy by hand . But before Alice received her copy , Dodgson was already preparing it for publication and expanding the 15,500 - word original to 27,500 words , most notably adding the episodes about the Cheshire Cat and the Mad Tea - Party . Synopsis ( edit ) The White Rabbit Chapter One -- Down the Rabbit Hole : Alice , a girl of seven years , is feeling bored and drowsy while sitting on the riverbank with her elder sister . She then notices a talking , clothed White Rabbit with a pocket watch run past . She follows it down a rabbit hole when suddenly she falls a long way to a curious hall with many locked doors of all sizes . She finds a small key to a door too small for her to fit through , but through it she sees an attractive garden . She then discovers a bottle on a table labelled `` DRINK ME , '' the contents of which cause her to shrink too small to reach the key which she has left on the table . She eats a cake with `` EAT ME '' written on it in currants as the chapter closes . Chapter Two -- The Pool of Tears : Chapter Two opens with Alice growing to such a tremendous size her head hits the ceiling . Alice is unhappy and , as she cries , her tears flood the hallway . After shrinking down again due to a fan she had picked up , Alice swims through her own tears and meets a Mouse , who is swimming as well . She tries to make small talk with him in elementary French ( thinking he may be a French mouse ) but her opening gambit `` Où est ma chatte ? '' ( `` Where is my cat ? '' ) offends the mouse and he tries to escape her . Chapter Three -- The Caucus Race and a Long Tale : The sea of tears becomes crowded with other animals and birds that have been swept away by the rising waters . Alice and the other animals convene on the bank and the question among them is how to get dry again . The Mouse gives them a very dry lecture on William the Conqueror . A Dodo decides that the best thing to dry them off would be a Caucus - Race , which consists of everyone running in a circle with no clear winner . Alice eventually frightens all the animals away , unwittingly , by talking about her ( moderately ferocious ) cat . Chapter Four -- The Rabbit Sends a Little Bill : The White Rabbit appears again in search of the Duchess 's gloves and fan . Mistaking her for his maidservant , Mary Ann , he orders Alice to go into the house and retrieve them . Inside the house she finds another little bottle and drinks from it ; immediately she starts growing again . The horrified Rabbit orders his gardener , Bill the Lizard , to climb on the roof and go down the chimney . Outside , Alice hears the voices of animals that have gathered to gawk at her giant arm . The crowd hurls pebbles at her , which turn into little cakes . Alice eats them , and they reduce her again in size . Chapter Five -- Advice from a Caterpillar : Alice comes upon a mushroom and sitting on it is a blue Caterpillar smoking a hookah . The Caterpillar questions Alice and she admits to her current identity crisis , compounded by her inability to remember a poem . Before crawling away , the caterpillar tells Alice that one side of the mushroom will make her taller and the other side will make her shorter . She breaks off two pieces from the mushroom . One side makes her shrink smaller than ever , while another causes her neck to grow high into the trees , where a pigeon mistakes her for a serpent . With some effort , Alice brings herself back to her normal height . She stumbles upon a small estate and uses the mushroom to reach a more appropriate height . The Cheshire Cat Chapter Six -- Pig and Pepper : A Fish - Footman has an invitation for the Duchess of the house , which he delivers to a Frog - Footman . Alice observes this transaction and , after a perplexing conversation with the frog , lets herself into the house . The Duchess 's Cook is throwing dishes and making a soup that has too much pepper , which causes Alice , the Duchess , and her baby ( but not the cook or grinning Cheshire Cat ) to sneeze violently . Alice is given the baby by the Duchess and to her surprise , the baby turns into a pig . The Cheshire Cat appears in a tree , directing her to the March Hare 's house . He disappears but his grin remains behind to float on its own in the air prompting Alice to remark that she has often seen a cat without a grin but never a grin without a cat . Chapter Seven -- A Mad Tea - Party : Alice becomes a guest at a `` mad '' tea party along with the March Hare , the Hatter , and a very tired Dormouse who falls asleep frequently , only to be violently awakened moments later by the March Hare and the Hatter . The characters give Alice many riddles and stories , including the famous ' Why is a raven like a writing desk ? ' . The Hatter reveals that they have tea all day because Time has punished him by eternally standing still at 6 pm ( tea time ) . Alice becomes insulted and tired of being bombarded with riddles and she leaves claiming that it was the stupidest tea party that she had ever been to . Alice trying to play croquet with a Flamingo . Chapter Eight -- The Queen 's Croquet Ground : Alice leaves the tea party and enters the garden where she comes upon three living playing cards painting the white roses on a rose tree red because The Queen of Hearts hates white roses . A procession of more cards , kings and queens and even the White Rabbit enters the garden . Alice then meets the King and Queen . The Queen , a figure difficult to please , introduces her trademark phrase `` Off with his head ! '' which she utters at the slightest dissatisfaction with a subject . Alice is invited ( or some might say ordered ) to play a game of croquet with the Queen and the rest of her subjects but the game quickly descends into chaos . Live flamingos are used as mallets and hedgehogs as balls and Alice once again meets the Cheshire Cat . The Queen of Hearts then orders the Cat to be beheaded , only to have her executioner complain that this is impossible since the head is all that can be seen of him . Because the cat belongs to the Duchess , the Queen is prompted to release the Duchess from prison to resolve the matter . Chapter Nine -- The Mock Turtle 's Story : The Duchess is brought to the croquet ground at Alice 's request . She ruminates on finding morals in everything around her . The Queen of Hearts dismisses her on the threat of execution and she introduces Alice to the Gryphon , who takes her to the Mock Turtle . The Mock Turtle is very sad , even though he has no sorrow . He tries to tell his story about how he used to be a real turtle in school , which the Gryphon interrupts so they can play a game . Chapter Ten -- Lobster Quadrille : The Mock Turtle and the Gryphon dance to the Lobster Quadrille , while Alice recites ( rather incorrectly ) `` ' Tis the Voice of the Lobster '' . The Mock Turtle sings them `` Beautiful Soup '' during which the Gryphon drags Alice away for an impending trial . Chapter Eleven -- Who Stole the Tarts ? : Alice attends a trial whereby the Knave of Hearts is accused of stealing the Queen 's tarts . The jury is composed of various animals , including Bill the Lizard , the White Rabbit is the court 's trumpeter , and the judge is the King of Hearts . During the proceedings , Alice finds that she is steadily growing larger . The dormouse scolds Alice and tells her she has no right to grow at such a rapid pace and take up all the air . Alice scoffs and calls the dormouse 's accusation ridiculous because everyone grows and she can not help it . Meanwhile , witnesses at the trial include the Hatter , who displeases and frustrates the King through his indirect answers to the questioning , and the Duchess 's cook . Chapter Twelve -- Alice 's Evidence : Alice is then called up as a witness . She accidentally knocks over the jury box with the animals inside them and the King orders the animals be placed back into their seats before the trial continues . The King and Queen order Alice to be gone , citing Rule 42 ( `` All persons more than a mile high to leave the court '' ) , but Alice disputes their judgement and refuses to leave . She argues with the King and Queen of Hearts over the ridiculous proceedings , eventually refusing to hold her tongue . The Queen shouts her familiar `` Off with her head ! '' but Alice is unafraid , calling them out as just a pack of cards ; just as they start to swarm over her . Alice 's sister wakes her up from a dream , brushing what turns out to be some leaves and not a shower of playing cards from Alice 's face . Alice leaves her sister on the bank to imagine all the curious happenings for herself . Characters ( edit ) Further information : List of minor characters in the Alice series The main characters in Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland are the following . Alice The White Rabbit The Mouse The Dodo The Lory The Eaglet The Duck Pat Bill the Lizard Puppy The Caterpillar The Duchess The Cheshire Cat The March Hare The Hatter The Dormouse The Queen of Hearts The Knave of Hearts The King of Hearts The Gryphon The Mock Turtle Character allusions ( edit ) Jessie Willcox Smith 's illustration of Alice surrounded by the characters of Wonderland. ( 1923 ) Mad tea party . Theophilus Carter has been suggested as a model for The Hatter In The Annotated Alice , Martin Gardner provides background information for the characters . The members of the boating party that first heard Carroll 's tale show up in Chapter 3 ( `` A Caucus - Race and a Long Tale '' ) . Alice Liddell herself is there , while Carroll is caricatured as the Dodo ( because Dodgson stuttered when he spoke , he sometimes pronounced his last name as Dodo - Dodgson ) . The Duck refers to Canon Duckworth , and the Lory and Eaglet to Alice Liddell 's sisters Lorina and Edith . Bill the Lizard may be a play on the name of British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli . One of Tenniel 's illustrations in Through the Looking - Glass -- the 1871 sequel to Alice -- depicts the character referred to as the `` Man in White Paper '' ( whom Alice meets as a fellow passenger riding on the train with her ) as a caricature of Disraeli , wearing a paper hat . The illustrations of the Lion and the Unicorn ( also in Looking - Glass ) also bear a striking resemblance to Tenniel 's Punch illustrations of Gladstone and Disraeli . It has been suggested by some writers that The Hatter is a reference to Theophilus Carter , a furniture dealer known in Oxford . Tenniel apparently drew the Hatter to resemble Carter , on a suggestion of Carroll 's . However , it is unlikely that Carter was the model for The Hatter , and there is no evidence that Carroll ever invited Tenniel to Oxford for any purpose . The Dormouse tells a story about three little sisters named Elsie , Lacie , and Tillie . These are the Liddell sisters : Elsie is L.C. ( Lorina Charlotte ) , Tillie is Edith ( her family nickname is Matilda ) , and Lacie is an anagram of Alice . The Mock Turtle speaks of a Drawling - master , `` an old conger eel '' , who came once a week to teach `` Drawling , Stretching , and Fainting in Coils '' . This is a reference to the art critic John Ruskin , who came once a week to the Liddell house to teach the children drawing , sketching , and painting in oils . ( The children did , in fact , learn well ; Alice Liddell , for one , produced a number of skilful watercolours . ) The Mock Turtle also sings `` Turtle Soup '' . This is a parody of a song called `` Star of the Evening , Beautiful Star '' , which was performed as a trio by Lorina , Alice and Edith Liddell for Lewis Carroll in the Liddell home during the same summer in which he first told the story of Alice 's Adventures Under Ground . Poems and songs ( edit ) Carroll wrote multiple poems and songs for Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , including : `` All in the golden afternoon ... '' -- the prefatory verse , an original poem by Carroll that recalls the rowing expedition on which he first told the story of Alice 's adventures underground `` How Doth the Little Crocodile '' -- a parody of Isaac Watts ' nursery rhyme , `` Against Idleness and Mischief '' `` The Mouse 's Tale '' -- an example of concrete poetry `` You Are Old , Father William '' -- a parody of Robert Southey 's `` The Old Man 's Comforts and How He Gained Them '' The Duchess 's lullaby , `` Speak roughly to your little boy ... '' -- a parody of David Bates ' `` Speak Gently '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Bat '' -- a parody of Jane Taylor 's `` Twinkle Twinkle Little Star '' `` The Lobster Quadrille '' -- a parody of Mary Botham Howitt 's `` The Spider and the Fly '' `` ' Tis the Voice of the Lobster '' -- a parody of Isaac Watts ' `` The Sluggard '' `` Beautiful Soup '' -- a parody of James M. Sayles 's `` Star of the Evening , Beautiful Star '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' -- an actual nursery rhyme `` They told me you had been to her ... '' -- the White Rabbit 's evidence Writing style and themes ( edit ) Symbolism ( edit ) Martin Gardner and other scholars have shown the book to be filled with many parodies of Victorian popular culture , suggesting it belongs in spirit with Gilbert & Sullivan 's Topsyturveydom . Most of the book 's adventures may have been based on and influenced by people , situations and buildings in Oxford and at Christ Church , e.g. , the `` Rabbit Hole , '' which symbolised the actual stairs in the back of the main hall in Christ Church . A carving of a griffon and rabbit , as seen in Ripon Cathedral , where Carroll 's father was a canon , may have provided inspiration for the tale . Since Carroll was a mathematician at Christ Church , it has been suggested that there are many references and mathematical concepts in both this story and Through the Looking - Glass ; examples include : In chapter 1 , `` Down the Rabbit - Hole '' , in the midst of shrinking , Alice waxes philosophic concerning what final size she will end up as , perhaps `` going out altogether , like a candle '' ; this pondering reflects the concept of a limit . In chapter 2 , `` The Pool of Tears '' , Alice tries to perform multiplication but produces some odd results : `` Let me see : four times five is twelve , and four times six is thirteen , and four times seven is -- oh dear ! I shall never get to twenty at that rate ! '' This explores the representation of numbers using different bases and positional numeral systems : 4 × 5 = 12 in base 18 notation , 4 × 6 = 13 in base 21 notation , and 4 × 7 could be 14 in base 24 notation . Continuing this sequence , going up three bases each time , the result will continue to be less than 20 in the corresponding base notation . ( After 4 × 12 = 19 in Base 39 , the product would be 4 × 13 = 1A in Base 42 , then 1B , 1C , 1D , and so on . ) In chapter 7 , `` A Mad Tea - Party '' , the March Hare , the Hatter , and the Dormouse give several examples in which the semantic value of a sentence A is not the same value of the converse of A ( for example , `` Why , you might just as well say that ' I see what I eat ' is the same thing as ' I eat what I see ' ! '' ) ; in logic and mathematics , this is discussing a converse relation . Also in chapter 7 , Alice ponders what it means when the changing of seats around the circular table places them back at the beginning . This is an observation of addition on the ring of integers modulo N . The Cheshire cat fades until it disappears entirely , leaving only its wide grin , suspended in the air , leading Alice to marvel and note that she has seen a cat without a grin , but never a grin without a cat . Deep abstraction of concepts , such as non-Euclidean geometry , abstract algebra , and the beginnings of mathematical logic , was taking over mathematics at the time Dodgson was writing . Dodgson 's delineation of the relationship between cat and grin can be taken to represent the very concept of mathematics and number itself . For example , instead of considering two or three apples , one may easily consider the concept of ' apple ' , upon which the concepts of ' two ' and ' three ' may seem to depend . A far more sophisticated jump is to consider the concepts of ' two ' and ' three ' by themselves , just like a grin , originally seemingly dependent on the cat , separated conceptually from its physical object . Literary scholar Melanie Bayley asserted in the magazine New Scientist that Dodgson wrote Alice in Wonderland in its final form as a scathing satire on new modern mathematics that were emerging in the mid-19th century . It has been suggested by several people , including Martin Gardner and Selwyn Goodacre , that Dodgson had an interest in the French language , choosing to make references and puns about it in the story . It is most likely that these are references to French lessons -- a common feature of a Victorian middle - class girl 's upbringing . For example , in the second chapter Alice posits that the mouse may be French . She therefore chooses to speak the first sentence of her French lesson - book to it : `` Où est ma chatte ? '' ( `` Where is my cat ? '' ) . In Henri Bué 's French translation , Alice posits that the mouse may be Italian and speaks Italian to it . Pat 's `` Digging for apples '' could be a cross-language pun , as pomme de terre ( literally ; `` apple of the earth '' ) means potato and pomme means apple . In the second chapter , Alice initially addresses the mouse as `` O Mouse '' , based on her memory of the noun declensions `` in her brother 's Latin Grammar , ' A mouse -- of a mouse -- to a mouse -- a mouse -- O mouse ! ' '' These words correspond to the first five of Latin 's six cases , in a traditional order established by medieval grammarians : mus ( nominative ) , muris ( genitive ) , muri ( dative ) , murem ( accusative ) , ( O ) mus ( vocative ) . The sixth case , mure ( ablative ) is absent from Alice 's recitation . In the eighth chapter , three cards are painting the roses on a rose tree red , because they had accidentally planted a white - rose tree that The Queen of Hearts hates . Red roses symbolised the English House of Lancaster , while white roses were the symbol for their rival House of York . This scene is an allusion to the Wars of the Roses . While the book has remained in print and continually inspires new adaptations , the cultural material that it references has become largely specialized knowledge . Dr Leon Coward asserts the book ' suffers ' from `` readings which reflect today 's fascination with postmodernism and psychology , rather than delving into an historically informed interpretation , '' and speculates that this has been partly driven by audiences encountering the narrative through a ' second - hand ' source , explaining `` our impressions of the original text are based on a multiplicity of reinterpretations . We do n't necessarily realise we 're missing anything in understanding the original product , because we 're usually never dealing with the original product . '' Eating and devouring ( edit ) Carina Garland notes how the world is `` expressed via representations of food and appetite '' , naming Alice 's frequent desire for consumption ( of both food and words ) , her ' Curious Appetites ' . Often , the idea of eating coincides to make gruesome images . After the riddle `` Why is a raven like a writing - desk ? '' , the Hatter claims that Alice might as well say , `` I see what I eat ... I eat what I see '' and so the riddle 's solution , put forward by Boe Birns , could be that `` A raven eats worms ; a writing desk is worm - eaten '' ; this idea of food encapsulates idea of life feeding on life , for the worm is being eaten and then becomes the eater -- a horrific image of mortality . Nina Auerbach discusses how the novel revolves around eating and drinking which `` motivates much of her ( Alice 's ) behaviour '' , for the story is essentially about things `` entering and leaving her mouth '' . The animals of Wonderland are of particular interest , for Alice 's relation to them shifts constantly because , as Lovell - Smith states , Alice 's changes in size continually reposition her in the food chain , serving as a way to make her acutely aware of the ' eat or be eaten ' attitude that permeates Wonderland . Illustrations ( edit ) One of the author 's own illustrations . The manuscript was illustrated by Dodgson himself who added 37 illustrations -- printed in a facsimile edition in 1887 . John Tenniel provided 42 wood engraved illustrations for the published version of the book . The first print run was destroyed ( or sold to America ) at Carroll 's request because he was dissatisfied with the quality . The book was reprinted and published in 1866 . John Tenniel 's illustrations of Alice do not portray the real Alice Liddell , who had dark hair and a short fringe . Alice has provided a challenge for other illustrators , including those of 1907 by Charles Pears and the full series of colour plates and line - drawings by Harry Rountree published in the ( inter-War ) Children 's Press ( Glasgow ) edition . Other significant illustrators include : Arthur Rackham ( 1907 ) , Willy Pogany ( 1929 ) , Mervyn Peake ( 1946 ) , Ralph Steadman ( 1967 ) , Salvador Dalí ( 1969 ) , Graham Overden ( 1969 ) , Max Ernst ( 1970 ) , Peter Blake ( 1970 ) , Tove Jansson ( 1977 ) , Anthony Browne ( 1988 ) , Helen Oxenbury ( 1999 ) and Lisbeth Zwerger ( 1999 ) . Reception by reviewers ( edit ) The book Alice in Wonderland failed to be named in an 1888 poll of the most popular children 's stories . Generally it received poor reviews with reviewers giving more credit to Tenniel 's illustrations than to Carroll 's story . At the release of Through the Looking - Glass , the first Alice tale gained in popularity and by the end of the 19th century Sir Walter Besant wrote that Alice in Wonderland `` was a book of that extremely rare kind which will belong to all the generations to come until the language becomes obsolete '' . Publication history ( edit ) Title page of the original edition ( 1865 ) In 1865 , Dodgson 's tale was published as Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland by `` Lewis Carroll '' with illustrations by John Tenniel . The first print run of 2,000 was held back because Tenniel objected to the print quality . A new edition , released in December of the same year , but carrying an 1866 date , was quickly printed . The text blocks of the original edition were removed from the binding and sold with Dodgson 's permission to the New York publishing house of D. Appleton & Company . The binding for the Appleton Alice was virtually identical to the 1866 Macmillan Alice , except for the publisher 's name at the foot of the spine . The title page of the Appleton Alice was an insert cancelling the original Macmillan title page of 1865 , and bearing the New York publisher 's imprint and the date 1866 . The entire print run sold out quickly . Alice was a publishing sensation , beloved by children and adults alike . Among its first avid readers were Queen Victoria and the young Oscar Wilde . The book has never been out of print . Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland has been translated into at least 97 languages , or as many as 174 languages . There have now been over a hundred editions of the book , as well as countless adaptations in other media , especially theatre and film . The book is commonly referred to by the abbreviated title Alice in Wonderland , which has been popularised by the numerous stage , film and television adaptations of the story produced over the years . Some printings of this title contain both Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking - Glass , and What Alice Found There . Publication timeline ( edit ) This list needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following list is a timeline of major publication events related to Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland : 1865 : First UK edition ( the second printing ) . 1865 : First US edition ( the first printing of above ) . 1869 : Alice 's Abenteuer im Wunderland is published in German translation by Antonie Zimmermann . 1869 : Aventures d'Alice au pays des merveilles is published in French translation by Henri Bué . 1870 : Alice 's Äventyr i Sagolandet is published in Swedish translation by Emily Nonnen . 1871 : Dodgson meets another Alice during his time in London , Alice Raikes , and talks with her about her reflection in a mirror , leading to another book , Through the Looking - Glass , and What Alice Found There , which sells even better . 1872 : Le Avventure di Alice nel Paese delle Meraviglie is published in Italian translation by Teodorico Pietrocòla Rossetti . 1879 : Соня в царстве Дива . First Russian edition of `` Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland '' -- in Russian . 1882 : Selchow & Righter publishes The Game of Alice in Wonderland , the first game based on the book . 1886 : Carroll publishes a facsimile of the earlier Alice 's Adventures Under Ground manuscript . 1890 : Carroll publishes The Nursery `` Alice '' , a special edition `` to be read by Children aged from Nought to Five '' . Cover of the 1898 edition 1899 : 鏡 世界 . First Japanese edition of an Alice in Wonderland novel . Despite being the first Japanese version of an Alice in Wonderland novel , it is actually a translation of Through the Looking - Glass . 1905 : Mrs J.C. Gorham publishes Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Retold in Words of One Syllable in a series of such books published by A.L. Burt Company , aimed at young readers. ( ISBN 978 - 1 - 904808 - 44 - 2 ) 1906 : First translation into Finnish by Anni Swan ( Liisan seikkailut ihmemaailmassa ) . 1907 : Copyright on Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland expires in UK , and so the tale enters the public domain . At least 8 new editions are published in that year alone . 1910 : La Aventuroj de Alicio en Mirlando is published in Esperanto translation by E.L. Kearney . 1915 : Alice in Wonderland `` A Dramatization of `` Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland '' and `` Through the Looking Glass '' A dramatic screenplay script rendering of Alice in Wonderland by Alice Gerstenberg ; Actress Vivian Tobin ; copyright A.C. McClurg & Co. , Chicago 1915 , Produced by The Players Producing Company of Chicago ( Aline Barnsdall and Arthur Bissell ) , at the Fine Arts Theater , Chicago , 2 / 11 / 1915 , Booth Theater , New York , 3 / 23 / 1915 . 1916 : Publication of the first edition of the Windermere Series , Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . Illustrated by Milo Winter . 1928 : The manuscript of Alice 's Adventures Under Ground that Carroll wrote and illustrated and that he had given to Alice Liddell was sold at Sotheby 's on 3 April . It sold to Philip Rosenbach for £ 15,400 , a world record for the sale of a manuscript at the time . 1945 : The animated picture book of Alice in Wonderland , with illustrations and paper engineering by Julian Wehr is published . 1960 : American writer Martin Gardner publishes a special edition , The Annotated Alice , incorporating the text of both Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass . It has extensive annotations explaining the hidden allusions in the books , and includes full texts of the Victorian era poems parodied in them . Later editions expand on these annotations . 1961 : The Folio Society publication with 42 illustrations by John Tenniel . 1988 : Carroll and Anthony Browne , illustrator of a new edition from Julia MacRae Books , win the Kurt Maschler Award , or the Emil , for the year 's best British `` work of imagination for children , in which text and illustration are integrated so that each enhances and balances the other . '' 1998 : Lewis Carroll 's own copy of Alice , one of only six surviving copies of the 1865 first edition , is sold at an auction for US $1.54 million to an anonymous American buyer , becoming the most expensive children 's book ( or 19th - century work of literature ) ever sold , up to that time . 1999 : Carroll and Helen Oxenbury , illustrator of a new edition from Walker Books , win the Kurt Maschler Award for integrated writing and illustration , as did Anthony Browne and the 1988 Julia MacRae edition . 2007 : For the 50th anniversary of the British Kate Greenaway Medal ( 1955 -- 2005 ) , a panel of experts names the 1999 Walker Books edition illustrated by Helen Oxenbury one of the top ten Medal - winning works , composing the ballot for a public election of the all - time favourite . 2008 : Folio Alice 's Adventures Under Ground facsimile edition ( limited to 3,750 copies , boxed with The Original Alice pamphlet ) . 2009 : Children 's book collector and former American football player Pat McInally reportedly sold Alice Liddell 's own copy at auction for $115,000 . Adaptations ( edit ) Cinema and television ( edit ) Main article : Films and television programmes based on Alice in Wonderland The book has inspired numerous film and television adaptations which have multiplied as the original work is now in the public domain in all jurisdictions . The following list is of direct adaptations of Adventures in Wonderland ( sometimes merging it with Through the Looking - Glass ) , not other sequels or works otherwise inspired by the works ( such as Tim Burton 's 2010 film Alice in Wonderland ) : Alice in Wonderland ( 1903 ) , a British silent film directed by Cecil Hepworth and Percy Stow , with May Clark as Alice Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( 1910 ) , a silent film directed by Edwin Stanton Porter Alice in Wonderland ( 1915 ) , a silent film directed by W.W. Young Alice in Wonderland ( 1931 ) , the first talkie adaptation , directed by Bud Pollard Alice in Wonderland ( 1933 ) , a film version directed by Norman Z . McLeod , US Alice in Wonderland ( 1937 ) , a TV adaptation directed by George More O'Ferrall Alice in Wonderland ( 1937 ) TV adaptation again directed by George More O'ferrall with Usula Henray as Alice Alice in Wonderland ( 1944 ) TV adaptation of Eva La Gaillenne 's stage version of both books , USA . Alice ( 1946 ) , a BBC production starring Vivian Pickles directed by George More O'Ferrall , UK Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass ( 1948 ) BBC TV broadcast . Alice in Wonderland ( 1949 ) , a live - action / animated film with stop motion segments , directed by Dallas Bower Through the Crystal Ball : Alice in Wonderland ( 1949 ) US TV performance . Alice in Wonderland ( 1950 ) , televised on the CBS Ford Theatre , with Iris Mann as Alice , directed by Franklin J. Schaffner Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) , a film version in traditional animation from Walt Disney Feature Animation . Arguably the most well known of the Alice film adaptations , and today considered one of Disney 's great classics . Alice au pays des Merveilles ( 1951 ) France TV broadcast of a stage version Alice in Wonderland ( 1954 ) BBC broadcast of a ballet version . Alice in Wonderland ( 1955 ) , a live television adaptation of the 1932 Eva LeGallienne / Florida Friebus stage adaptation of the novel , directed for television by George Schaefer for the Hallmark Hall of Fame The Adventures of Alice ( 1960 ) Televised opera The BP Super Show : Alice in Wonderland ( 1962 ) Australian TV series Alice in Wonderland ( 1965 ) , a TV movie directed by Dennis Potter Alice in Wonderland ( 1966 ) , an animated Hanna - Barbera TV movie with Janet Waldo as Alice Alice in Wonderland ( 1966 ) , a BBC television play directed by Jonathan Miller Alice au pays des merveilles ( 1972 ) , a version made for television , by Jean - Christophe Averty . Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( 1972 ) , a musical film version starring Fiona Fullerton as Alice Nel Mondo Di Alice ( In the World of Alice ) Italian TV series in 4 parts . Alice in Wonderland ( 1976 ) , a porn - musical by Bud Townsend Alice in Wonderland ( 1981 ) , a Soviet animated film by Yefrem Puzhanskiy Alice in Wonderland ( 1983 ) , a PBS Great Performances presentation of a 1982 stage play which was in turn a revival of the 1932 LeGallienne production Alice in Wonderland ( 1985 ) , a two - part made - for - TV special produced by Irwin Allen and featuring a large all - star cast Alice in Wonderland ( 1986 ) , a BBC adaptation directed by Barry Letts and starring Kate Dorning Alice ( 1988 film ) by Jan Švankmajer , stop motion and live action Alice in Wonderland ( 1999 ) , a 1999 television movie first shown on NBC and then shown on British television on Channel 4 Comic strips and books ( edit ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1934 - 5 ) was a comic strip adaptation drawn by Edward D. Kuekes and written by Olive Ray Scott. This version also featured a `` topper '' strip , Knurl the Gnome . The strip was distributed by United Feature Syndicate . The book has also inspired numerous comic book adaptations : Walt Disney 's Alice in Wonderland ( Dell Comics , 1951 ) Walt Disney 's Alice in Wonderland ( Gold Key Comics , 1965 ) Walt Disney 's Alice in Wonderland ( Whitman , 1984 ) `` The Complete Alice in Wonderland '' ( Dynamite Entertainment , 2005 ) Return to Wonderland ( 2009 ) , Zenescope Entertainment Alice in Wonderland ( 2011 ) , Zenescope Entertainment Parodies ( edit ) The book has inspired several parodies including : The Westminster Alice ( 1902 ) by Hector Hugh Munro ( Saki ) , illustrated by Francis Carruthers Gould Live performance ( edit ) The first full major production of ' Alice ' books during Carroll 's lifetime was Alice in Wonderland , a musical play by H. Saville Clark ( book ) and Walter Slaughter ( music ) , which played in 1886 at the Prince of Wales Theatre in London . As the book and its sequel are Carroll 's most widely recognised works , they have also inspired numerous live performances , including plays , operas , ballets , and traditional English pantomimes . These works range from fairly faithful adaptations to those that use the story as a basis for new works . An example of the latter is The Eighth Square , a murder mystery set in Wonderland , written by Matthew Fleming and music and lyrics by Ben J. Macpherson . This goth - toned rock musical premiered in 2006 at the New Theatre Royal in Portsmouth , England . The TA Fantastika , a popular Black light theatre in Prague performs `` Aspects of Alice '' ; written and directed by Petr Kratochvíl . This adaptation is not faithful to the books , but rather explores Alice 's journey into adulthood while incorporating allusions to the history of Czech Republic . Over the years , many notable people in the performing arts have been involved in Alice productions . Actress Eva Le Gallienne famously adapted both Alice books for the stage in 1932 ; this production has been revived in New York in 1947 and 1982 . One of the most well - known American productions was Joseph Papp 's 1980 staging of Alice in Concert at the Public Theater in New York City . Elizabeth Swados wrote the book , lyrics , and music . Based on both Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass , Papp and Swados had previously produced a version of it at the New York Shakespeare Festival . Meryl Streep played Alice , the White Queen , and Humpty Dumpty . The cast also included Debbie Allen , Michael Jeter , and Mark Linn - Baker . Performed on a bare stage with the actors in modern dress , the play is a loose adaptation , with song styles ranging the globe . A community theater production of Alice was Olivia de Havilland 's first foray onto the stage . Similarly , the 1992 operatic production Alice used both Alice books as its inspiration . It also employs scenes with Charles Dodgson , a young Alice Liddell , and an adult Alice Liddell , to frame the story . Paul Schmidt wrote the play , with Tom Waits and Kathleen Brennan writing the music . Although the original production in Hamburg , Germany , received only a small audience , Tom Waits released the songs as the album Alice in 2002 . A musical adaption was written by Michael Sirotta and Heather M. Dominick in 1997 , titled Alice in Wonderland , a Musical Adventure . A ballet by Christopher Wheeldon and Nicholas Wright commissioned for The Royal Ballet entitled `` Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland '' premiered in February 2011 at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden , London . The ballet was based on the novel Wheeldon grew up reading as a child and is generally faithful to the original story , although some critics claimed it may have been too faithful . The ballet overall stays generally light hearted for its running time of an hour and forty minutes . The ballet returned to the Royal Opera House in 2012 . José de Creeft , Statue of Alice in Central Park , 1959 Works influenced ( edit ) Main article : Works based on Alice in Wonderland Alice and the rest of Wonderland continue to inspire or influence many other works of art to this day , sometimes indirectly via the 1951 Disney movie , for example . References , homages , reworkings and derivative works can be found in many works of literature , film , theatre , visual art , music , and games . The character of the plucky , yet proper , Alice has proven immensely popular and inspired similar heroines in literature and pop culture , many also named Alice in homage . Illustrations of the different books ( edit ) The cover illustration , by E. Gertrude Thomson The White Rabbit by John Tenniel , coloured Alice in Wonderland , John Tenniel , 1865 Alice in Wonderland by Arthur Rackham Alice in wonderland by Gertrude A. Kay An illustration by Karl Beutel The Pool of Tears by Arthur Rackham The Pool of Tears by Milo Winter See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Novels portal Translations of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Translations of Through the Looking - Glass Illustrators of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BBC 's Greatest English Books list ^ Jump up to : Lecercle , Jean - Jacques ( 1994 ) Philosophy of nonsense : the intuitions of Victorian nonsense literature Routledge , New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 07652 - 4 . p. 1 ff ^ Jump up to : Schwab , Gabriele ( 1996 ) `` Chapter 2 : Nonsense and Metacommunication : Alice in Wonderland '' in The mirror and the killer - queen : otherness in literary language Indiana University Press , Bloomington , Indiana . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 33037 - 6 . pp. 49 -- 102 Jump up ^ `` The real Alice '' . Story Museum . Archived from the original on 17 November 2010 . Retrieved 24 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Lewis Carroll , `` Alice on the Stage , The Theatre , April 1887 Jump up ^ Astronomical and Meteorological Observations Made at the Radcliffe Observatory , Oxford , Vol. 23 Jump up ^ The Background & History of Alice In Wonderland . Bedtime - Story Classics . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , p. 57 ^ Jump up to : Ray , p. 117 Jump up ^ Gardner Jump up ^ Everson , Michael ( 2009 ) `` Foreword '' , in Carroll , Lewis ( 2009 ) . Alice 's Adventures under Ground . Evertype . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904808 - 39 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gardner , p. 27 Jump up ^ Brooker , Will ( 2004 ) . Alice 's Adventures : Lewis Carroll in Popular Culture . New York : Continuum . pp. 69 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1433 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gardner , p. 172 Jump up ^ Gardner , p. 226 Jump up ^ Gardner , p. 69 Jump up ^ Collingwood , Stuart Dodgson ( 1898 ) The Life And Letters of Lewis Carroll . T Fisher Unwin , London . p. 47 Jump up ^ Gardner , p. 75 Jump up ^ Gardner , p. 98 Jump up ^ The diary of Lewis Carroll , 1 August 1862 entry Jump up ^ Coward , Leon ( November 2015 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland : 150 years '' . The Greek Australian Vema . Sydney , Australia : St Andrews Orthodox Press . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Ripon Tourist Information '' . Hello-Yorkshire.co.uk . Archived from the original on 26 November 2009 . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Gardner , Martin ( 1990 ) . More Annotated Alice . New York : Random House . p. 363 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 58571 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bayley , Melanie ( 6 March 2010 ) . `` Algebra in Wonderland '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 12 March 2010 . Retrieved 13 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Bayley , Melanie . `` Alice 's adventures in algebra : Wonderland solved '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 21 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Lewis Carroll ( 2009 ) . Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 955829 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Other explanations Lenny 's Alice in Wonderland site '' . Alice-in-wonderland.net . Retrieved 4 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Coward , Leon ( November 2015 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland : 150 years '' . The Greek Australian Vema . Sydney , Australia : St Andrews Orthodox Press . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Garland , C. ( 2008 ) . `` Curious Appetites : Food , Desire , Gender and Subjectivity in Lewis Carroll 's Alice Texts '' . The Lion and the Unicorn. 32 : 22 . doi : 10.1353 / uni. 2008.0004 . Jump up ^ Boe Birns , Margaret ( 1984 ) . `` Solving the Mad Hatter 's Riddle '' . The Massachusetts Review . 25 ( 3 ) : 457 -- 468 ( 462 ) . JSTOR 25089579 . Jump up ^ Auerbach , Nina ( 1973 ) . `` Alice and Wonderland : A Curious Child '' . Victorian Studies . 17 ( 1 ) : 31 - 47 ( 39 ) . JSTOR 3826513 . Jump up ^ Lovell - Smith , R. ( 2004 ) . `` The Animals of Wonderland : Tenniel as Carroll 's Reader '' . Criticism. 45 ( 4 ) : 383 . doi : 10.1353 / crt. 2004.0020 . Jump up ^ Ovenden , Graham ( 1972 ) . The Illustrators of Alice . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 902620 - 25 - 4 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , p. 68 Jump up ^ Ray , p. 116 Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland '' . QI . Quite Interesting Ltd . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Rebecca ( 25 February 2011 ) . `` Oscar Reads : Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , by Lewis Carroll '' . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Bandersnatch : The Newsletter of The Lewis Carroll Society , Issue 149 ( January 2011 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Alice in a World of Wonderlands - The Books '' . aliceinaworldofwonderlands.com . Jump up ^ Carroll , Lewis ( 1995 ) . The Complete , Fully Illustrated Works . New York : Gramercy Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 10027 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland -- in German '' . Jump up ^ `` Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland -- in French '' . Jump up ^ `` Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland -- in Swedish '' . Jump up ^ `` Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland -- in Italian '' . Jump up ^ `` Pastimes : Children 's Games and Their Literary Inspirations '' . Indiana University . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Page 11 of Introduction , by John Davies , of Ovenden , Graham ( 1972 ) . The Illustrators of Alice . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 902620 - 25 - 4 . Jump up ^ Basbanes , Nicholas ( 1999 ) . A Gentle Madness : Bibliophiles , Bibliomanes , and the Eternal Passion for Books . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6176 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wehr , Julian ; Carroll , Lewis . The animated picture book of Alice in Wonderland . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Review in The New Statesman , 25 December 2000 , by Will Self ^ Jump up to : `` Kurt Maschler Awards '' . Book Awards . bizland.com . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Auction Record for an Original ' Alice ' '' . The New York Times . 11 December 1998 . p . B30 . Jump up ^ `` 70 Years Celebration : Anniversary Top Tens '' Archived 27 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... The CILIP Carnegie & Kate Greenaway Children 's Book Awards . CILIP . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Alice in Wonderland book sells for $115,000 in USA '' . BBC News . 17 December 2009 . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Mills , Ted ( 31 March 2016 ) . `` The First Film Adaptation of Alice in Wonderland ( 1903 ) '' . Open Culture . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Phantomwise '' . Phantomwise . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Phantomwise '' . Phantomwise . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Phantomwise '' . Phantomwise . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Louis Peitzman , `` 17 Adaptations Of `` Alice 's Adventures In Wonderland '' Through The Years `` , BuzzFeed ( 11 October 2013 ) , describing the 1951 Disney film as `` undoubtedly the most well known '' . Jump up ^ `` All - in - the - golden - afternoon96 , still - she - haunts - me - phantomwise : London 's ... '' All - in - the - golden - afternoon96 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Phantomwise '' . Phantomwise . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Phantomwise '' . Phantomwise . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ fictionrare2 ( 2014 - 09 - 29 ) , Nel mondo di Alice 1p , retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 Jump up ^ `` Ed Kuekes '' . Lambiek Comiclopedia . Lambiek. April 11 , 2008 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Children 's Theatre `` Alice in Wonderland '' Runs Through March 24th `` . North Coast Oregon . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Redeemer conservatory of music and fine arts presents Alice in Wonderland '' . APPEN MEDIA GROUP . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Ballet Takes a Chance on Alice '' . Time . 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Joby Talbot -- Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( 2010 ) -- Music Sales Classical '' . Chesternovello.com . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Sulcas , Roslyn ( 1 March 2011 ) . `` ' Alice in Wonderland ' at the Royal Ballet -- Review '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Calendar < Events - Royal Opera House < August 2013 '' . Roh.org.uk . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1985 ) . Secret Gardens : The Golden Age of Children 's Literature . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 35293 - 9 . Gardner , Martin ( 2000 ) . The Annotated Alice : the definitive edition . New York and London : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 04847 - 6 . Ray , Gordon Norton ( 1991 ) . The Illustrator and the book in England from 1790 to 1914 . New York : Dover . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 26955 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAlice 's Adventures in Wonderlandat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks University of Adelaide : Text with illustrations by Tenniel The Real Alice In Wonderland -- slideshow by Life magazine British Library : Original manuscript and drawings by Lewis Carroll ( requires Flash ) Project Gutenberg : Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , plain text Alice 's Adventures Under Ground , HTML with facsimiles of original manuscript pages , and illustrations by Carroll LibriVox : Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland public domain audiobook at LibriVox Alice 's Adventures Underground public domain audiobook at LibriVox `` How Alice Got to Wonderland '' by Ted Gioia ( Conceptual Fiction ) Alice In Wonderland -- Multilanguage website GASL.org : First editions of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass , and What Alice Found There With 92 Illustrations by Tenniel , 1866 / 1872 . Images of the 1st editions of the book and other works by Lewis Carroll : https://sites.google.com/site/lewiscarroll1steditions/ Immersive Audiobook and Companion PDF -- read by April Sadowski ( Nother Audio ) Afterlife of Alice and Her Adventures in Wonderland is a collection of various editions of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , Through the Looking - Glass , What Alice Found There , and other similar works . Alice in Wonderland Central Park.com Lewis Carroll 's Alice Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking - Glass The Hunting of the Snark Universe Characters Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Alice The White Rabbit The Mouse The Dodo The Duck The Lory Eaglet Pat Bill the Lizard Puppy The Caterpillar The Duchess The Cheshire Cat The March Hare The Hatter Tarrant Hightopp The Dormouse The Queen of Hearts The King of Hearts The Knave of Hearts The Gryphon The Mock Turtle Through the Looking - Glass The Red Queen The White Queen The Red King The White King The White Knight Tweedledum and Tweedledee The Sheep Humpty Dumpty The Lion and the Unicorn Bandersnatch Jubjub Bird Locations Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Wonderland Through the Looking - Glass Looking - Glass Land The Old Sheep Shop Related Alice Liddell Alice 's Shop John Tenniel Theophilus Carter The Annotated Alice Mischmasch Works based on Alice in Wonderland Films and television Disney franchise Translations of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Translations of Through the Looking - Glass Unbirthday Media Adaptations Film 1903 1910 1915 1931 1933 1949 1951 1966 1972 1976 1982 1985 1988 ( Czechoslovak ) 1988 ( Australian ) 1995 1999 Stage Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( ballet ) Alice in Wonderland ( musical ) Alice in Wonderland ( opera ) But Never Jam Today ( Carroll musical ) Wonderland ( Wildhorn musical ) Peter and Alice ( 2013 play ) Wonder. land ( Albarn musical ) Television Fushigi no Kuni no Alice Once Upon a Time Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Poems `` All in the golden afternoon ... '' `` How Doth the Little Crocodile '' `` The Mouse 's Tale '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Bat '' `` You Are Old , Father William '' `` ' Tis the Voice of the Lobster '' `` Jabberwocky '' `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' `` Haddocks ' Eyes '' `` They told me you had been to her ... '' `` The Mock Turtle 's Song '' `` The Hunting of the Snark '' Sequels A New Alice in the Old Wonderland ( 1895 ) New Adventures of Alice ( 1917 ) Alice of Wonderland in Paris ( 1966 ) Alice Through the Needle 's Eye ( 1984 ) Automated Alice ( 1996 ) Wonderland Revisited and the Games Alice Played There ( 2009 ) Retellings The Nursery `` Alice '' ( 1890 ) Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable ( 1905 ) Alice in Verse : The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland ( 2010 ) Parodies The Westminster Alice ( 1902 ) Clara in Blunderland ( 1902 ) Lost in Blunderland ( 1903 ) John Bull 's Adventures in the Fiscal Wonderland ( 1904 ) Alice in Blunderland : An Iridescent Dream ( 1904 ) Imitations Mopsa the Fairy ( 1869 ) Davy and the Goblin ( 1884 ) The Admiral 's Caravan ( 1891 ) Gladys in Grammarland ( 1896 ) A New Wonderland ( 1898 ) Rollo in Emblemland ( 1902 ) Justnowland ( 1912 ) Alice in Orchestralia ( 1925 ) Reimagining Alice in Wonderland or What 's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1966 ) Alice or the Last Escapade ( 1977 ) Adventures in Wonderland ( 1991 ) The Looking Glass Wars ( 2006 ) Alice ( 2009 ) Malice in Wonderland ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Literary Alice in Murderland Alice in the Country of Hearts Miyuki - chan in Wonderland Video games Alice no Paint Adventure ( 1995 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2000 ) American McGee 's Alice ( 2000 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice : Madness Returns ( 2011 ) Kingdom Hearts Book Category Fantasy fiction History Literature Outline Sources Subgenres Bangsian Comic Contemporary Dark Grimdark Dying Earth Fairytale Fantastique Fantasy of manners Folklore Mythology ( based ) Gaslamp Gothic Hard Heroic High list Historical Juvenile Lost world Low Magical girl Medieval Mythic Romantic Shenmo Sword and sorcery Urban Weird fiction Media Film and television Anime Films Television programs Literature Authors Ballantine Adult Fantasy series Comics list The Encyclopedia of Fantasy Fantasy Masterworks Internet Speculative Fiction Database List of novels ( A -- H ) ( I -- R ) ( S -- Z ) Newcastle Forgotten Fantasy Library Publishers Magazines Fantastic Locus The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction Science Fantasy Unknown Weird Tales Fandom Art Filk music Harry Potter fandom Inklings Mythopoeic Society Religion Tolkien fandom Works inspired by J.R.R. Tolkien World Fantasy Convention World Fantasy Award Tropes Creatures Angels Demons Dragons Elementals Familiars Faeries Jinns Lycanthropes Old Ones Sirens Spirits Undead Unicorns Yōkai Characters Barbarian Caveman Damsel in distress Dark Lord Heroes Fairy godmother Magicians Occult detective list Witches Magic ( dark / light ) Animism Demonology Evocation Incantation Necromancy Shapeshifting Technomancy Witchcraft Fantasy races Dwarves Elves Treants Giants Gnomes Goblins Gremlins Halflings Hobgoblins Kobolds Ogres Oni Orcs Trolls Places and events Quests Worlds list Lost city Hollow Earth Astral plane Enchanted forest Related Allegory Dungeons & Dragons Epic poetry Fable Fairy tale Fantastic Horror fiction Ghost stories Human -- animal hybrid LGBT themes in speculative fiction Magic realism Mecha Mythology Science fantasy Science fiction Superhero fiction Supernatural fiction Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland&oldid=865737099 '' Categories : 1865 British novels Alice in Wonderland Children 's fantasy novels British children 's novels English novels Fictional subterranea Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters Fiction about size change Works by Lewis Carroll Victorian novels 1865 fantasy novels Macmillan Publishers books Animals in media High fantasy novels Surreal comedy Cultural depictions of Benjamin Disraeli D. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the author of alice's adventures in wonderland | [
"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (commonly shortened to Alice in Wonderland) is an 1865 novel written by English author Charles Lutwidge Dodgson under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll.[1] It tells of a girl named Alice falling through a rabbit hole into a fantasy world populated by peculiar, anthropomorphic creatures. The tale plays with logic, giving the story lasting popularity with adults as well as with children.[2] It is considered to be one of the best examples of the literary nonsense genre.[2][3] Its narrative course, structure, characters, and imagery have been enormously influential[3] in both popular culture and literature, especially in the fantasy genre.\n"
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"English author Charles Lutwidge Dodgson under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll"
] |
561767388533550320 | List of New York Yankees team records | List of New York Yankees team records - wikipedia List of New York Yankees team records This article is about the statistical records of the New York Yankees . For their season - by - season win -- loss records , see List of New York Yankees seasons . Babe Ruth holds sixteen franchise , four American League , and two Major League records . The New York Yankees are a professional baseball team based in the Bronx , New York . They compete in the East Division of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) American League ( AL ) . The club began play in 1903 as the Highlanders , after owners Frank Farrell and William S. Devery had bought the defunct Baltimore Orioles and moved the team to New York City ; in 1913 , the team changed its nickname to the Yankees . From 1903 to 2018 , the franchise has won more than 10,000 games and 27 World Series championships . The list below documents players and teams that hold particular club records . Outfielder Babe Ruth holds the most franchise records , with 16 , including career home runs , and career and single - season batting average and on - base percentage . Shortstop Derek Jeter has the second-most records among hitters , with eight . Jeter 's marks include the records for career hits , singles , doubles , and stolen bases . Among pitchers , Whitey Ford has the most Yankees records with five , all of which are career totals . These include games won , games started , and innings pitched . Several Yankees hold AL and MLB records . Ruth has MLB single - season records for extra-base hits and total bases , and holds four other AL single - season records . Outfielder Joe DiMaggio had a 56 - game hitting streak in the 1941 season , which remains an MLB record . Jack Chesbro holds three AL records that he set in 1904 : games won , games started , and complete games . Contents 1 Table key 2 Individual career records 2.1 Career batting 2.2 Career pitching 3 Individual single - season records 3.1 Single - season batting 3.2 Single - season pitching 4 Team single - game records 4.1 Single - game batting 4.2 Single - game pitching 4.3 Other 5 Team season records 5.1 Season batting 5.2 Season pitching 6 Team all - time records 7 Notes 8 See also 9 References Table key ( edit ) Table key # Tie between two teams † American League record * Major League record Statistics are current through the 2018 season . Individual career records ( edit ) These are records of players with the best performance in particular statistical categories during their career with the Yankees . Career Batting ( edit ) Derek Jeter is the Yankees ' all - time leader in hits , singles , doubles , and stolen bases . Career batting records Statistic Player Record Yankees career Ref Batting average Babe Ruth . 349 1920 -- 1934 On - base percentage Babe Ruth . 484 1920 -- 1934 Slugging percentage Babe Ruth . 711 1920 -- 1934 On - base plus slugging Babe Ruth 1.195 1920 -- 1934 Runs Babe Ruth 1,959 1920 -- 1934 Plate appearances Derek Jeter 12,602 1995 -- 2014 At bats Derek Jeter 11,195 1995 -- 2014 Hits Derek Jeter 3,465 1995 -- 2014 Total bases Babe Ruth 5,131 1920 -- 1934 Singles Derek Jeter 2,595 1995 -- 2014 Doubles Derek Jeter 544 1995 -- 2014 Triples Lou Gehrig 163 1923 -- 1939 Home runs Babe Ruth 659 1920 -- 1934 Runs batted in Lou Gehrig 1,995 1923 -- 1939 Walks Babe Ruth 1,852 1920 -- 1934 Strikeouts Derek Jeter 1,840 1995 -- 2014 Stolen bases Derek Jeter 358 1995 -- 2014 Games played Derek Jeter 2,747 1995 -- 2014 Career Pitching ( edit ) Mariano Rivera has the most saves , both in his career and a single season , among Yankees pitchers . Career pitching records Statistic Player Record Yankees career Ref ( s ) Wins Whitey Ford 236 1950 , 1953 -- 1967 Losses Mel Stottlemyre 139 1964 -- 1974 Win - loss percentage Johnny Allen . 725 1932 -- 1935 Earned run average Rich Gossage 2.14 1978 -- 1983 , 1989 Saves Mariano Rivera 652 1995 -- 2013 Strikeouts Andy Pettitte 2,020 1995 -- 2003 , 2007 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2013 Shutouts Whitey Ford 45 1950 , 1953 -- 1967 Games Mariano Rivera 1,115 1995 -- 2013 Innings pitched Whitey Ford 3,170 1⁄3 1950 , 1953 -- 1967 Games started Whitey Ford Andy Pettitte 438 1950 , 1953 -- 1967 1995 -- 2003 , 2007 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2013 Games finished Mariano Rivera 951 1995 -- 2013 Complete games Red Ruffing 261 1930 -- 1942 1945 -- 1946 Walks Lefty Gomez 1,090 1930 -- 1942 Hits allowed Red Ruffing 2,995 1930 -- 1942 1945 -- 1946 Wild pitches Whitey Ford 75 1950 , 1953 -- 1967 Hit batsmen Jack Warhop 114 1908 -- 1915 Individual Single - Season records ( edit ) These are records of Yankees players with the best performance in particular statistical categories during a single season . Single - Season Batting ( edit ) Joe DiMaggio has held the MLB record for the longest hitting streak since 1941 . Single - season batting records Statistic Player Record Season Ref ( s ) Batting average Babe Ruth . 393 1923 Home runs Roger Maris 61 1961 Runs batted in Lou Gehrig 185 1931 Runs Babe Ruth 177 1921 Hits Don Mattingly 238 1986 Singles Steve Sax 171 1989 Doubles Don Mattingly 53 1986 Triples Earle Combs 23 1927 Stolen bases Rickey Henderson 93 1988 At bats Alfonso Soriano 696 2002 Hitting streak Joe DiMaggio 56 1941 Slugging percentage Babe Ruth . 847 1920 Extra-base hits Babe Ruth 119 1921 Total bases Babe Ruth 457 1921 On - base percentage Babe Ruth . 545 1923 On - base plus slugging Babe Ruth 1.379 1920 Walks Babe Ruth 170 1923 Strikeouts Giancarlo Stanton 211 2018 Single - Season Pitching ( edit ) Jack Chesbro won an American League - record 41 games in the 1904 season . Single - season pitching records Statistic Player Record Season Ref ( s ) Wins Jack Chesbro 41 1904 Losses Joe Lake 22 1908 Strikeouts Ron Guidry 248 1978 Earned run average Spud Chandler 1.64 1943 Earned runs allowed Sam Jones 127 1925 Hits allowed Jack Powell 340 1904 Shutouts Ron Guidry 9 1978 Saves Mariano Rivera 53 Games Paul Quantrill 86 Games started Jack Chesbro 51 1904 Complete games Jack Chesbro 48 1904 Innings pitched Jack Chesbro 4542⁄3 1904 Team Single - game records ( edit ) These are records of Yankees teams with the best performance in particular statistical categories during a single game . Single - game Batting ( edit ) Hideki Matsui hit two of the Yankees ' eight home runs on July 31 , 2007 . Single - game batting records Statistic Record Opponent Date Home runs hit 8 Philadelphia Athletics June 28 , 1939 Home runs hit 8 Chicago White Sox July 31 , 2007 Runs scored 25 Philadelphia Athletics May 24 , 1936 Hits 30 Boston Red Sox September 28 , 1923 Doubles 10 Toronto Blue Jays April 12 , 1988 Doubles 10 Cincinnati Reds June 5 , 2003 Triples 5 Washington Senators May 1 , 1934 Grand slams 3 * Oakland Athletics August 25 , 2011 Runners left on base 23 Boston Red Sox September 5 , 1927 Strikeouts 22 Chicago Cubs May 7 , 2017 Stolen bases 15 St. Louis Browns September 28 , 1911 Single - game pitching ( edit ) Single - game pitching records Statistic Record Opponent Date Hits allowed 28 Detroit Tigers September 29 , 1928 Runs allowed 24 Cleveland Indians July 29 , 1928 Home runs allowed 7 Boston Red Sox July 4 , 2003 Strikeouts 26 Chicago Cubs May 7 , 2017 Other ( edit ) Other single - game records Statistic Record Opponent Date Longest game by time 7 : 00 Detroit Tigers June 24 , 1962 Team Season records ( edit ) These are records of Yankees teams with the best and worst performances in particular statistical categories during a single season . Season Batting ( edit ) Giancarlo Stanton hit 38 of the Yankees ' MLB record 267 home runs in 2018 . Season batting records Statistic Record Season Home runs 267 * 2018 Runs 1,067 1931 Hits 1,683 1930 Doubles 327 2006 Triples 110 1930 Total bases 2,703 1936 Runners left on base 1,258 Strikeouts 1,421 2018 Stolen bases 289 1910 Season pitching ( edit ) Season pitching records Statistic Record Season Hits allowed 1,566 1930 Runs allowed 898 1930 Home runs allowed 214 2016 Strikeouts 1,634 2018 Shutouts 24 1951 Team all - time records ( edit ) Source : Team all - time records Statistic Record Home runs 15,909 Runs 88,097 Hits 164,959 Batting average . 266 Earned run average 3.65 Runs allowed 75,701 Notes ( edit ) Earned run average is calculated as 9 × ( ER ÷ IP ) , where E R ( \ displaystyle ER ) is earned runs and I P ( \ displaystyle IP ) is innings pitched . The figure listed is the MLB total . Baseball-Reference.com credits Rivera with 952 games finished . See also ( edit ) Baseball statistics New York Yankees award winners and league leaders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Yankees Timeline : 1900s '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Complete Baseball Team and Baseball Team Encyclopedias '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees Top 10 Career Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees Top 10 Career Pitching Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Babe Ruth Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Derek Jeter '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lou Gehrig Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Whitey Ford Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mel Stottlemyre Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Allen '' . Baseball Reference.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rich Gossage Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mariano Rivera Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Saves '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Andy Pettitte Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' ( To sort , click on Pitching , then All - Time Totals , AL , and G ) . Major League Baseball . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics '' ( To sort , click on Pitching , then All - Time Totals , the right arrow , and GF ) . Major League Baseball . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Ruffing Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lefty Gomez Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Warhop Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees Top 10 Single - Season Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees Top 10 Single - Season Pitching Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Maris Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for RBI '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Don Mattingly Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Sax Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Earle Combs Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rickey Henderson Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Soriano Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hitting Streaks '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Slugging % '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Extra-Base Hits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Total Bases '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for On - Base Plus Slugging '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Bases on Balls '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Giancarlo Stanton '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jack Chesbro Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Wins '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Lake Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ron Guidry Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Spud Chandler Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sad Sam Jones '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Powell '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Quantrill Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Games Started '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Comp . Games '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees Single Game Records '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yankees tie franchise record with eight homers in rout '' . ESPN . Associated Press . July 31 , 2007 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( August 25 , 2011 ) . `` Yanks rout A 's with MLB record three slams '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Let 's play two : Yankees beat Cubs 5 -- 4 in 18 innings '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Witz , Billy ( April 11 , 2015 ) . `` After Seven Hours and 19 Innings , One Hit Sinks the Yankees '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Philip J. ( 2010 ) . Baseball 's Longest Games : A Comprehensive Worldwide Record Book . McFarland Books . p. 201 . ISBN 9780786457342 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees Season Records '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 New York Yankees Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boland , Erik . `` Yankees got their record - breaking power from some unexpected spots '' . Newsday . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 New York Yankees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has the most home runs as a yankee | [
"Outfielder Babe Ruth holds the most franchise records, with 16, including career home runs, and career and single-season batting average and on-base percentage. Shortstop Derek Jeter has the second-most records among hitters, with eight. Jeter's marks include the records for career hits, singles, doubles, and stolen bases. Among pitchers, Whitey Ford has the most Yankees records with five, all of which are career totals. These include games won, games started, and innings pitched.\n"
] | [
"Outfielder Babe Ruth"
] |
-6738729764479377230 | Millie Jackson | Millie Jackson - wikipedia Millie Jackson Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Millie Jackson Jackson performing at the Howard Theatre in 2012 Background information Birth name Mildred Virginia Jackson ( 1944 - 07 - 15 ) July 15 , 1944 ( age 73 ) Origin Thomson , Georgia , United States Genres Soul , disco , rhythm and blues Occupation ( s ) Singer - songwriter Instruments Vocals Years active 1964 -- present Labels MGM Records ( 1970 -- 1972 ) Spring Records ( 1973 -- 1984 ) Jive Records ( 1985 -- 1993 ) Ichiban Records ( 1993 -- 1997 ) Weird Wreckuds ( 2000 -- present ) Associated acts Isaac Hayes , Betty Wright , Keisha Jackson , Joi , Facts of Life Website http://www.weirdwreckuds.com/ http://aj-productions.com/ Mildred Virginia `` Millie '' Jackson ( born July 15 , 1944 ) is an American singer - songwriter . Six of her albums have been certified gold by the RIAA for over 500,000 copies . Her vocal performances are often distinguished by long , humorous , and explicit spoken sections in her music , which she started doing on stage to get the attention of the audience . She has also recorded songs in a disco or dance music style and even some country styled songs . She is the mother of Keisha Jackson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Discography 4.1 Albums 4.2 Singles 5 Chart singles 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Born in Thomson , Georgia , Jackson is the daughter of a sharecropper . Her mother died when she was a child and subsequently , she and her father moved to Newark , New Jersey . By the time Jackson was in her mid-teens , she had moved to Brooklyn to live with an aunt . She occasionally worked as a model for magazines like JIVE and Sepia . Career ( edit ) Jackson 's singing career reportedly began on a dare to enter a 1964 talent contest at Harlem nightclub Smalls Paradise , which she won . Although she first recorded for MGM Records in 1970 , she soon left and began a long association with New York - based Spring Records . Working with the label 's in - house producer , Raeford Gerald , her first single to chart was 1971 's deceptively titled `` A Child of God ( It 's Hard to Believe ) , '' which reached number 22 on the R&B charts . In 1972 , Jackson had her first R&B Top Ten single with the follow - up , `` Ask Me What You Want '' , which also reached the pop Top 30 , then `` My Man , A Sweet Man '' reached # 7 R&B ; all three hits were co-written by Jackson . `` My Man , A Sweet Man '' retains its popularity today for northern soul enthusiasts and is played on the radio in the UK and quoted as an example from this musical genre as is her 1976 recording , `` A House for Sale '' . The following year brought her biggest single success and her third Top Ten hit , `` It Hurts So Good , '' which made # 3 on the R&B charts and # 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart . The single was featured on the album of the same name and in the blaxploitation film Cleopatra Jones , also appearing on that film 's soundtrack along with the song `` Love Doctor '' . In 1974 , she released the album Caught Up , which introduced her innovative style of raunchy rap . The featured release was her version of Luther Ingram 's million - seller , `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' , for which she received two Grammy nominations . By now , she had switched producers to work only with Brad Shapiro , recording at Muscle Shoals Studio in Alabama with the renowned Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section . She continued to record most of her material for Spring there , including the follow - up album , Still Caught Up . Over the next ten years , Jackson had a string of successful albums and numerous R&B chart entries , the biggest being her 1977 version of Merle Haggard 's country hit `` If You 're Not Back In Love By Monday '' . That hit single was followed by many more , including her version of the Boney M. song , the disco single , `` Never Change Lovers In The Middle of The Night . '' This single peaked at # 33 on the Black Singles chart in 1979 . Jackson recorded an album in 1979 with Isaac Hayes called `` Royal Rappin 's '' and the same year saw her release a double album , `` Live And Uncensored '' , recorded in concert at Los Angeles venue , The Roxy. Jackson also formed and produced the group Facts of Life . They had a major hit in 1976 with `` Sometimes '' ( # 3 R&B , # 31 Pop ) . Jackson found herself without a label when Spring closed down in 1984 , but in 1986 , she signed with Jive Records in a deal that produced four albums and resulted in further R&B Top Ten hits with `` Hot ! Wild ! Unrestricted ! Crazy Love '' and `` Love Is a Dangerous Game '' . She appeared on an Elton John track in 1985 , `` Act Of War '' , which was a Top 40 hit in the UK , but failed to chart in the USA . In 1991 , she wrote , produced and starred in the successful touring play Young Man , Older Woman , based on her album of the same title for Jive . On November 24 , 1994 , Jackson appeared in the Thanksgiving episode Feast or Famine of Martin as Florine . In 2000 , her voice featured in `` Am I Wrong '' by Etienne de Crécy , sampled from her performance in `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' . Jackson may be most famous in the internet age for her album covers , which frequently appear on `` worst ever '' lists . E.S.P. ( Extra Sexual Persuasion ) features Jackson peering into a crystal ball that accentuates her cleavage ; Back to the S t ! depicts Jackson sitting on a toilet . Jackson now runs her own record label , Weird Wreckuds . After a lengthy hiatus from recording , she released her 2001 album , Not For Church Folk , which marked a return to her `` tell - it - like - it - is '' lyrical style with an Urban contemporary sound . The album features the singles `` Butt - A-Cize '' ( a dance song ) and `` Leave Me Alone '' ( a ballad ) . The album also features a collaboration with rapper Da Brat on the song `` In My Life . '' Jackson had her own radio show in Dallas , Texas for 13 years . Broadcasting via remote from her home in Atlanta , Jackson worked in afternoon drive - time from 3 - 6 pm on KKDA 730 AM , until January 6 , 2012 . In 2006 , five of Jackson 's best - selling albums -- Millie Jackson ( 1972 ) , It Hurts So Good ( 1973 ) , Caught Up ( 1974 ) , Still Caught Up ( 1975 ) , and Feelin ' Bitchy ( 1977 ) -- were digitally remastered and released on CD with bonus tracks . All of Jackson 's Spring Records - era albums are available from Ace Records in the UK . An Imitation of Love was re-issued on CD in 2013 by the Funkytowngrooves label in a remastered , expanded edition . Other albums released on the Jive and Ichiban labels remain out of print , though some of those songs appear on compilation CDs . On February 6 , 2012 , the documentary , Unsung - The Story of Mildred ' Millie ' Jackson aired on the TV One network . Jackson performed at Washington , D.C. 's historic Howard Theatre on August 3 , 2012 , and at B.B. King 's Blues Club in New York on August 4 , 2012 . On June 6 , 2015 Jackson was inducted into the Official Rhythm & Blues Music Hall of Fame in Clarksdale , MS . Personal Life ( edit ) She has two children : Keisha Jackson , born in the 1960s before she was married , and son Jerroll born in the late 1970s . She is not related to the Jackson family of singers and musicians from Gary , Indiana . Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Year Album Certification 1972 Millie Jackson 166 -- -- 1973 It Hurts So Good 175 13 -- I Got To Try It One Time -- -- -- Caught Up 21 -- RIAA : Gold Still Caught Up 112 27 -- 1976 Free And In Love -- 17 -- 1977 Feelin ' Bitchy 34 -- RIAA : Gold 1977 Lovingly Yours 175 44 -- 1978 Get It Out'cha System 55 14 -- RIAA : Gold 1979 A Moment 's Pleasure 144 47 -- 1979 Royal Rappin 's ( with Isaac Hayes ) 80 17 -- 1979 Live & Uncensored 94 22 81 1980 For Men Only 100 23 -- 1980 I Had To Say It 137 25 -- 1981 Just a Lil ' Bit Country 201 43 -- 1982 Hard Times 201 29 -- 1982 Live And Outrageous ( Rated XXX ) 113 11 -- E.S.P. ( Extra Sexual Persuasion ) -- 40 59 1986 An Imitation of Love 119 16 -- 1988 The Tide Is Turning -- -- -- Back to the S t ! -- 79 -- 1991 Young Man , Older Woman -- -- -- Young Man , Older Woman : Cast Album -- -- -- Rock N ' Soul -- -- -- 1995 It 's Over -- -- -- The Sequel , It Ai n't Over -- -- -- Not for Church Folk ! -- -- -- Singles ( edit ) `` A Little Bit of Something '' `` A Child of God ( It 's Hard to Believe ) '' ( US : # 102 ) `` Ask Me What You Want '' ( US : # 27 ) `` My Man , A Sweet Man '' ( US : # 42 ) , ( US R&B : # 7 ) ( UK : # 50 ) `` Breakaway '' ( US : # 110 ) `` It Hurts So Good '' ( US : # 24 ) , ( US R&B : # 3 ) `` I Miss You Baby '' `` How Do You Feel the Morning After '' ( US : # 77 ) `` I 'm Through Trying To Prove My Love To You '' `` I Got to Try It One Time '' `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' ( US : # 42 ) `` Leftovers '' ( US : # 87 ) `` Loving Arms '' `` The Rap '' `` A House for Sale '' `` Bad Risk '' `` Feel Like Making Love '' `` There You Are '' `` I Ca n't Say Goodbye '' `` If You 're Not Back in Love By Monday '' ( US : # 43 ) `` A Love of Your Own '' `` All The Way Lover '' ( US : # 102 ) `` Sweet Music Man '' ( US R&B # 33 ) `` Keep The Home Fire Burnin ' '' ( US R&B # 83 ) `` Never Change Lovers In The Middle of The Night '' ( US R&B : # 33 ) `` We Got To Hit It Off '' ( US R&B # 56 ) `` A Moment 's Pleasure '' ( US R&B # 70 ) `` Kiss You All Over '' `` Despair '' `` Do You Wanna Make Love '' feat . Isaac Hayes ( US R&B # 30 ) `` This Is It ( Part I ) ( US R&B # 88 ) `` You Never Cross My Mind '' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' ( US R&B # 62 ) `` Anybody That Do n't Like Millie Jackson '' `` I Had to Say It '' `` It 's Gonna Take Some Time This Time '' `` Special Occasion '' ( US R&B # 51 ) `` Passion '' `` E.S.P. '' `` I Feel Like Walkin ' In The Rain '' ( UK : # 55 ) `` Sister in the System '' `` Hot ! Wild ! Unrestricted ! Crazy Love '' ( US R&B # 9 ) ( UK : # 99 ) `` Act of War '' feat . Elton John ( UK : # 32 ) `` It 's A Thang '' ( US R&B # 79 ) `` Love Is A Dangerous Game '' ( US R&B # 6 ) ( UK : # 81 ) `` An Imitation of Love '' ( US R&B # 58 ) `` Something You Can Feel '' ( US R&B # 45 ) `` You Knocked the Love ( Right Outta My Heart ) '' `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' `` Young Man , Older Woman '' `` Living With A Stranger '' `` Taking My Life Back '' `` Love Quake '' `` Check in the Mail '' `` Chocolate Brown Eyes '' `` Breaking Up Somebody 's Home '' `` The Lies That We Live '' `` Did You Think I Would n't Cry '' `` Butt - A-Cize '' `` Leave Me Alone '' `` Black Bitch Crazy '' Chart singles ( edit ) Year Single Chart positions 1971 `` A Child of God '' 102 22 1972 `` Ask Me What You Want '' 27 `` My Man , a Sweet Man '' 42 7 50 `` I Miss You Baby '' 95 22 1973 `` Breakaway '' 110 16 `` It Hurts So Good '' 24 `` I Got To Try It One Time '' 21 `` How Do You Feel the Morning After '' 77 11 `` The Rap '' 42 `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' 42 flip `` I 'm Through Trying To Prove My Love To You '' 58 `` Leftovers '' 87 17 `` Loving Arms '' 45 1976 `` Bad Risk '' 24 `` There You Are '' flip `` Feel Like Making Love '' 71 1977 `` I Ca n't Say Goodbye '' 40 `` A Love of Your Own '' 87 `` If You 're Not Back In Love By Monday '' 43 5 1978 `` All the Way Lover '' 102 12 `` Sweet Music Man '' 33 `` Keep the Home Fires Burnin ' '' 83 1979 `` Never Change Lovers In the Middle of the Night '' 33 `` A Moment 's Pleasure '' 70 `` We Got To Hit It Off '' 56 `` Do You Wanna Make Love '' ( with Isaac Hayes ) 30 1980 `` Did n't I Blow Your Mind '' 49 `` You Never Cross My Mind '' ( with Isaac Hayes ) 78 `` Despair '' 61 `` This Is It ( Part One ) '' 88 1981 `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' 62 1982 `` Special Occasion '' 51 `` I Feel Like Walking In the Rain '' 58 55 1985 `` Act of War '' ( with Elton John ) 32 1986 `` Hot Wild Unrestricted Crazy Love '' 9 99 `` Love Is a Dangerous Game '' 6 81 `` An Imitation of Love '' 58 `` It 's a Thang '' 79 `` Be Yourself '' ( with Whodini ) 20 1988 `` Something You Can Feel '' 45 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eagle , Bob ; LeBlanc , Eric S. ( 2013 ) . Blues - A Regional Experience . Santa Barbara : Praeger Publishers . p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 0313344237 . Jump up ^ Ollison , Rashod D. `` Nasty , sassy Miss Millie Millie Jackson . '' Philly.com , April 5 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Millie Jackson biography , allmusic.com . Accessed 2017 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Russ Winstanley and Wigan Casino memories '' . BBC Sheffield . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nowell , David ( 1999 ) . Too Darn Soulful - The Story of Northern Soul . London : Robson Books . p. 151 . ISBN 1 - 86105 - 270 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Worst Album Covers EVER '' . Rate Your Music.com . Jump up ^ Holmes , Chris ( 2012 - 04 - 30 ) . `` Music from the Worst Album Covers -- Millie Jackson , Back to the S__t ! '' . The Man in the Grey Flannel Suit . Retrieved 21 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 276 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Millie Jackson on Discogs.com Millie 's Weird Wreckuds - Official website Millie Jackson at Wenig - Lamonica Associates Millie Jackson on IMDb ( hide ) Millie Jackson Albums Millie Jackson It Hurts So Good Caught Up Still Caught Up Feelin ' Bitchy Get It Out'cha System A Moment 's Pleasure Live & Uncensored E.S.P. ( Extra Sexual Persuasion ) An Imitation of Love Back to the S * * t ! Not for Church Folk ! Singles `` It Hurts So Good '' `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' `` Sweet Music Man '' `` Hot ! Wild ! Unrestricted ! Crazy Love '' VIAF : 74045268 LCCN : n92047680 ISNI : 0000 0000 5519 5491 GND : 134415396 BNF : cb13974775c ( data ) MusicBrainz : 50e7cc0b - a74e - 44b1 - a22f - 3cd9361d82dd IATH : w62b91q4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Millie_Jackson&oldid=784223878 '' Categories : 1944 births African - American female singers African - American musicians American rhythm and blues singer - songwriters American soul singers Living people People from Thomson , Georgia Northern soul musicians Songwriters from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from June 2010 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Nederlands Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2017 , at 03 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang my man is a sweet man | [] | [] |
3843316018078653988 | Love It or List It | Love It or List It - wikipedia Love It or List It Love It or List It Genre Reality renovations , upgrading Created by Maria Armstrong Catherine Fogarty Directed by Various Starring Hilary Farr David Visentin Narrated by Jacqueline Hennessy Theme music composer Lou Pomanti Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 10 No. of episodes 130 ( List of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Maria Armstrong Catherine Fogarty Producer ( s ) Maria Armstrong Production location ( s ) Toronto , Ontario , Canada , Raleigh -- Durham , North Carolina , United States Running time 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Big Coat Productions Release Original network W Network HGTV Original release September 8 , 2008 -- present External links Website Production website Love It or List It is a Canadian home design TV show currently airing on HGTV , W Network , and on OWN Canada , and is the original show in the Love it or List It franchise . The show is produced by Big Coat Productions and was based in Toronto and other surrounding areas in Ontario , Canada . The show premiered as a primetime program on W Network on September 8 , 2008 , and has since aired on OWN Canada as well as HGTV in the United States . In September 2014 , the show began filming in the United States in North Carolina . In September 2017 , HGTV ordered 20 additional episodes of the program . The next season is to start airing in June 2018 . Contents 1 Format 2 Host and crew 3 Episodes 4 Franchise 5 International syndication 6 Reception 7 Controversy 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Every episode of Love It or List It follows the same formula . A couple ( usually , but not in all cases ) presents their living situation in the current house that they own . In most episodes , the couple is split on whether or not they want to stay in the house . Interior designer Hilary Farr and real estate agent David Visentin tour the couple 's home before meeting with them . The tour usually consists of David finding mostly negative things to say about the residence while Hilary is convinced that she can work magic with whatever plans she is given . At the meetup between the couple and the hosts of the show , both Hilary and David are briefed as to what the couple 's desires are . Hilary is given a list of renovations the couple wants for the current house and her budget for the entire project . David , meanwhile , is tasked with searching for a new home for the couple that both meets their needs and stays within their desired budget . Common challenges faced by Hilary are an inadequate budget to complete the entire request list from the homeowners , often due to discovery of unforeseen issues with the house that are uncovered during the renovation such as lack of compliance with modern building codes . Common issues for David , meanwhile , depend on the homeowners ' desires ; for instance , the couple has children enrolled in the neighborhood school and they do not desire to change , or the potential house is too distant from family members or a workplace . After Hilary 's renovation is complete , the homeowners are given a tour of their current home to see what she was able to accomplish . After the tour , David meets with them and hands them an evaluation of the home 's current market value following the renovations . He will then remind the couple what they could have in one of the new homes they looked at and that they would not get that in their current home . The homeowners then meet with Hilary and David , who pose a question to them : The homeowners must choose either to `` Love It , '' meaning that they will continue to live in their current home with the renovations , or to `` List It , '' meaning that they will buy one of the homes David showed them and sell their current home . At this stage , all else being equal Hilary is at a theoretical disadvantage : Although Hilary 's renovations increase the attractiveness of her `` Love It '' option by improving the current home 's livability , they simultaneously increase the attractiveness of David 's `` List It '' option by increasing the current home 's resale value and thereby decreasing the net cost of acquiring any given new home that he proposes . By contrast , David 's efforts to maximize the attractiveness of his `` List It '' option do not provide Hilary any offsetting benefit increasing the attractiveness of her `` Love It '' option . Despite this disadvantage , as of the end of Season 9 Hilary leads by an overall tally of 90 `` Love Its '' against 64 `` List Its . '' After a moment to deliberate , the homeowners reveal their decision and explain their reasoning to Hilary and David . If the homeowners decide to `` List It , '' Hilary generally reacts with equanimity and expresses a desire for their best interest , whereas if they decide to `` Love It , '' David frequently reacts with incredulity , questioning their reasoning and / or giving at least the impression of taking their decision personally . The parties then bid each other farewell , with closing footage of Hilary and David continuing to react and occasionally continuing their bout of one - upmanship . Host and crew ( edit ) Hosts Hilary Farr -- Hilary Farr is a home designer from Toronto , Ontario . She has lived in Australia , England , California , and New York City . Farr honed her skills on properties in Los Angeles , Santa Barbara , New York and Toronto . When she first moved back to Toronto , she became the first designer to `` stage '' properties for sale . She continues to build and design homes in the downtown core where she herself owns properties . David Visentin -- David Visentin is a real estate agent in Southern Ontario with Country Living Realty Limited . He has been practicing since 1987 . Assistant Designer Desta Ostapyk ( Canadian episodes ) -- Desta is a Toronto - based designer who graduated in 2004 from the Toronto International Academy of Design and Technology in Interior Design , and has since focused on a career in the Television Industry . She first started working with Big Coat Productions during her last semester of school as an intern for HGTV 's hit series My Parents House . She soon became the Design Stylist for the show . Contractors Eric Eremita ( North Carolina episodes ) -- General contractor and designer Eric Eremita was selected to be the one and only general contractor on HGTV 's `` Love It or List It '' U.S. version , after HGTV network took notice of him when he competed in its `` Brother vs. Brother '' reality show . Eddie Richardson ( Canadian episodes ) -- Eddie Richardson was a contractor on Love It or List It who started his own family business . Richardson has also been a pro-beach volleyball player and professional bass fisherman . Fergus McLaren ( Canadian episodes ) -- Fergus McLaren started up his own construction company , R - Mac Solutions , 10 years ago . Behind the Scenes Architect : Simon West Senior Production Coordinator : Linda Johnstone Construction Coordinator : David Violante Construction Assistants : Chris Blinn , Adam Dalgarno , Ahren Mrowietz , Dale George Design Coordinator : Kaaveh Shoman Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Love It or List It episodes Season Start date End date Episodes Hilary wins David wins September 8 , 2008 January 5 , 2009 12 9 April 6 , 2009 December 7 , 2009 18 10 8 May 3 , 2010 November 8 , 2010 21 9 12 March 14 , 2011 November 11 , 2011 19 12 7 5 February 20 , 2012 November 19 , 2012 18 10 8 6 January 19 , 2013 July 1 , 2013 14 8 6 7 January 8 , 2014 April 9 , 2014 14 11 8 September 8 , 2014 January 19 , 2015 16 8 8 9 March 9 , 2015 December 7 , 2015 22 13 9 Total 154 90 64 Victories for Hilary are families or clients who decided to love their home and stay . Victories for David are families and clients who decided to list and move into a new or better home . Franchise ( edit ) Main article : Love It or List It ( franchise ) Love It or List It has spawned five spinoffs . The first , known as Love It or List It Vancouver ( or Love it or List it Too in the US ) , was launched in winter 2012 and is hosted by Jillian Harris and Todd Talbot . The second spin - off , a British version known as Love It or List It UK , debuted in 2015 , is hosted by Kirstie Allsopp and Phil Spencer . The third spin off , Love It or List It Vacation Homes debuted in spring 2016 and is hosted by Dan Vickery and Elisa Goldhawke . A fourth spin off , Vendre ou renover au Quebec debuted in January 2017 and is hosted by Maika Desnoyers and Daniel Corbin . The fifth spin off , Love It Or List It Australia , debuted in September 2017 and is hosted by Andrew Winter and Neale Whittaker . International syndication ( edit ) Country / Region Name Television Network Dubbing / Subtitles Australia Love It or List It Lifestyle Home N / A Canada Love It or List It W Network N / A USA Love It or List It HGTV N / A Spain Tu casa a juicio Divinity Spanish Brazil Ame - a ou Deixe - a Discovery Home & Health Portuguese Norway Bolighjelpen TV 2 ( Norway ) Norwegian Bulgaria Podnovi ili proday Fox Life ( Bulgaria ) Bulgarian Italy Prendere o lasciare Cielo dubbed in Italian Poland Pokochaj lub sprzedaj Vancouver WP lector Reception ( edit ) On August 31 , 2010 , Love It or List It was nominated for two Gemini Awards : Best Reality Program or Series and Best Direction in a Reality Program or Series . When HGTV premiered the show on the network , the company stated that Love It or List It has been the highest rating reality series since Candice Olson 's Candice Tells All . In 2012 , New York Times ' columnist Gail Collins noted that it was US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton 's favorite TV show . According to Collins , Clinton finds the show `` very calming '' after being interviewed about her departure from politics . In a 2013 interview with Las Vegas Magazine , Vanna White from Wheel of Fortune said it was one of her favourite HGTV programs . Actress Julianne Moore also gave similar praise for the show in an interview with Katie Couric and the Daily Mail . According to the Wall Street Journal , the show and its Vancouver spinoff is one of Canada 's beloved reality series . Controversy ( edit ) In April 2016 , homeowners Deanna Murphy and Tim Sullivan who had participated in a 2015 Love It or List It episode filed suit against production company Big Coat TV , as well as the North Carolina contractor ( Aaron Fitz Construction ) who had been hired by the show to do the renovations on their home . The couple alleges that the renovation funds that they provided were not properly disbursed , and that the work on their home was done to a substandard quality . Moreover , the lawsuit states that the television personalities on the show do not play an active role in the renovation process , and that they were not shown homes on the market by any licensed North Carolina real estate agent . Big Coat TV has commented that they `` do intend to vigorously defend what ( they ) consider to be false allegations . '' The suit was settled in April 2017 . The plaintiffs had signed a confidentiality agreement ; their lawyer would not comment on the settlement . Big Coat had previously filed a countersuit for libel , slander and product disparagement ; parts of that suit had been dismissed by the time of the settlement but that was under appeal by Big Coat . After the agreements had been concluded , both suits were dismissed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.bigcoatproductions.com/blog/post/love-it-or-list-it-is-on-the-move-to-the-us . Big Coat Productions . Retrieved 12 December 2014 Jump up ^ `` HGTV Orders 20 New Episodes of Hit Series ' Love It or List It ' Scripps Networks Interactive Newsroom '' . newsroom.scrippsnetworksinteractive.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ https://www.hgtv.com/shows/love-it-or-list-it/episodes Jump up ^ Host Bios ; Hilary Farr `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Host Bios ; David Visentin `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Big Coat Productions '' . Big Coat Productions . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Love it or List it launches new spin off Jump up ^ `` Kirstie and Phil 's Love It or List It will return for a second series : Channel 4 orders six more episodes of the show to air in 2016 '' . Digital Spy. 2 June 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.bigcoatmedia.com/ Jump up ^ http://www.hgtv.ca/tags/love-it-or-list-it-vacation-homes/ Jump up ^ http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/reality-tv/i-fear-pineapples-are-very-much-the-new-owls-love-it-or-list-it-hosts-kiss-and-tell-on-renos/news-story/935d73b586c68943a6a455f02354bef9 Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` HGTV Acquires Canadian Lifestyle Series ' Love It Or List It ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ W Network 's Top Rated Show ; http://corusent.com/home/Corporate/PressReleases/tabid/1697/Default.aspx?Id=2323 Jump up ^ Maga , Carly ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Hillary Clinton 's favorite show is Canada 's ' Love It Or List It ' '' . Ca.omg.yahoo.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie . `` Hillary Clinton 's Unlikely Favorite TV Show Revealed '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vanity Fair : Hillary Clinton 's Unlikely Favorite TV Show Revealed '' . Huffingtonpost.com . November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Clinton likes ' Love It or List It ' '' . Politico.Com . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Love it or list it News , Video and Gossip '' . Jezebel . November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collins , Gail ( November 10 , 2012 ) . `` Hillary 's Next Move '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Q&A WITH VANNA WHITE '' . Las Vegas Magazine . September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daily Mail . London http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-2376232/Julianne-Moore-My-50s-important-years.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Julianne Moore Opens Up About Her Family '' . KatieCouric.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` W Network Announces Return of Home - grown Favourites in Fall 2013 Lineup '' . The Wall Street Journal . July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2017/05/lawsuit-against-producer-of-love-it-or-list-it.html Jump up ^ CNN , Lisa Respers France . `` ' Love It or List It ' homeowners file suit '' . CNN . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ' Love It Or List It ' homeowners sue over Raleigh renovation '' . miamiherald . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` '' Raleigh property owners settle lawsuit with ' Love It or List It ' `` '' . News & Observer . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article150134792.html Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2017/05/lawsuit-against-producer-of-love-it-or-list-it.html External links ( edit ) Love It or List It on HGTV Love It or List It on W Network Love It or List It at the Internet Movie Database Love It or List It franchise Love It or List It Hosts Hilary Farr David Visentin Other Episodes Love It or List It Vancouver Hosts Jillian Harris Todd Talbot Love It or List It UK Hosts Kirstie Allsopp Phil Spencer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_It_or_List_It&oldid=861819419 '' Categories : Love It or List It 2008 Canadian television series debuts 2000s Canadian reality television series Television series produced in Toronto 2010s Canadian reality television series Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use mdy dates from February 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2018 , at 07 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | a sentimental situation love it or list it location | [] | [] |
-7017930582173179245 | Albigensian Crusade | Albigensian Crusade - wikipedia Albigensian Crusade Jump to : navigation , search Albigensian Crusade Part of the Crusades Map of Languedoc on the eve of the Albigensian Crusade Date 1209 -- 1229 Location Languedoc , France Result Crusader victory Belligerents Crusaders Papal States Kingdom of France Cathars County of Toulouse Crown of Aragon Commanders and leaders Simon de Montfort † Amaury VI of Montfort Philip II of France Louis VIII of France Raymond Roger Trencavel Raymond VI of Toulouse Raymond VII of Toulouse Peter II of Aragon † Casualties and losses At least 200,000 to at most 1,000,000 Cathars killed Considered by many historians to be an act of genocide against the Cathars , including the coiner of the word genocide himself Raphael Lemkin Crusades In the Holy Land ( 1095 -- 1291 ) First People 's 1101 Norwegian Venetian Second Third 1197 Fourth Children 's Fifth Sixth Barons ' Seventh Shepherds ' 1251 Eighth Ninth After 1291 Poor 1309 Shepherds ' 1320 Smyrniote 1343 -- 1351 Alexandrian 1365 Savoyard 1366 Barbary 1390 Nicopolis 1396 Varna 1443 Portuguese 1481 Northern Crusades ( 1147 -- 1410 ) Wendish 1147 Swedish 1150 1249 1293 Livonian 1198 -- 1290 Prussian 1217 -- 1274 Lithuanian 1283 -- 1410 Against Christians Bosnian 1235 -- 1241 Albigensian 1209 -- 1229 Aragonese 1284 / 5 Despenser 's 1382 / 3 Hussite 1419 -- 1434 Book : The Crusades Portal : Crusades The Albigensian Crusade or the Cathar Crusade ( 1209 -- 1229 ) was a 20 - year military campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc , in southern France . The Crusade was prosecuted primarily by the French crown and promptly took on a political flavour , resulting in not only a significant reduction in the number of practising Cathars , but also a realignment of the County of Toulouse in Languedoc , bringing it into the sphere of the French crown and diminishing the distinct regional culture and high level of influence of the Counts of Barcelona . The Cathars originated from an anti-materialist reform movement within the Bogomil churches of Dalmatia and Bulgaria calling for a return to the Christian message of perfection , poverty and preaching , combined with a rejection of the physical to the point of starvation . The reforms were a reaction against the often scandalous and dissolute lifestyles of the Catholic clergy in southern France . Their theology , neo-Gnostic in many ways , was basically dualist . Several of their practices , especially their belief in the inherent evil of the physical world , conflicted with the doctrines of the Incarnation of Christ and sacraments , initiated accusations of Gnosticism and brought them the ire of the Catholic establishment . They became known as the Albigensians , because there were many adherents in the city of Albi and the surrounding area in the 12th and 13th centuries . Between 1022 and 1163 , the Cathars were condemned by eight local church councils , the last of which , held at Tours , declared that all Albigenses should be put into prison and have their property confiscated . The Third Lateran Council of 1179 repeated the condemnation . Innocent III 's diplomatic attempts to roll back Catharism were met with little success . After the murder of his legate , Pierre de Castelnau , in 1208 , Innocent III declared a crusade against the Cathars . He offered the lands of the Cathar heretics to any French nobleman willing to take up arms . From 1209 to 1215 , the Crusaders experienced grand success , capturing Cathar lands and perpetrating acts of extreme violence , often against civilians . From 1215 to 1225 , a series of revolts caused many of the lands to be lost . A renewed crusade resulted in the recapturing of the territory effectively drove Catharism underground by 1244 . The Albigensian Crusade also had a role in the creation and institutionalization of both the Dominican Order and the Medieval Inquisition . The Dominicans promulgated the message of the Church to combat alleged heresies by preaching the Church 's teachings in towns and villages , while the Inquisition investigated heresies . Because of these efforts , by the middle of the 14th century , the Cathar movement had been virtually extinguished . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cathar theology 2 Prelude 3 Military campaigns 3.1 Initial success 1209 to 1215 3.1. 1 Massacre at Béziers 3.1. 2 Fall of Carcassonne 3.1. 3 Lastours and the castle of Cabaret 3.1. 4 Toulouse 3.2 Revolts and reverses 1216 to 1225 3.3 French royal intervention 3.4 Inquisition 4 Legacy 4.1 Influence 4.2 Genocide 5 References 6 Bibliography 6.1 Secondary sources 6.2 Primary sources 7 Further reading 8 External links Cathar theology ( edit ) Main article : Catharism : General beliefs Derived in part from earlier forms of Gnosticism , the theology of the Cathars was dualistic , a belief in two equal and comparable transcendental principles : God , the force of good , and the demiurge , the force of evil . They held that the physical world was evil and created by this demiurge , which they called Rex Mundi ( Latin , `` King of the World '' ) . Rex Mundi encompassed all that was corporeal , chaotic and powerful . The Cathar understanding of God was entirely disincarnate : they viewed God as a being or principle of pure spirit and completely unsullied by the taint of matter . He was the God of love , order and peace . Jesus was an angel with only a phantom body , and the accounts of him in the New Testament were to be understood allegorically . As the physical world and the human body were the creation of the evil principle , sexual abstinence ( even in marriage ) was encouraged . Civil authority had no claim on a Cathar , since this was the rule of the physical world . As such , the Cathars refused to take oaths of allegiance or volunteer for military service . Cathars also refused to kill animals or consume meat . Cathars rejected the Catholic priesthood , labeling its members , including the pope , unworthy and corrupted . Disagreeing on the Catholic concept of the unique role of the priesthood , they taught that anyone , not just the priest , could consecrate the Eucharistic host or hear a confession . Cathars insisted on it being the responsibility of the individual to develop a relationship with God , independent of an established clergy . A particularly prominent 12th century Cathar preacher was Henry the Petrobrusian , who , in addition to being strongly anti-clerical , adopted the Pelagian view that people were not tainted with original sin , but instead succumbed to sin through their own actions . He gained a large following . On baptism , Cathars claimed that the sacrament should only be given to adults . Cathars regarded baptism not as a sign of God 's grace , to be bestowed on anyone , but as necessitating the conscious decision of an adult . Catharism developed its own unique form of `` sacrament '' known as the consolamentum , to replace the Catholic rite of baptism . Instead of receiving baptism through water , one received the consolamentum by the laying on of hands . They regarded water as unclean , and therefore refused to use it . The act was typically received just before death , as Cathars believed that this increased one 's chances for salvation by wiping away all previous sins . After taking the sacrament , the recipient became known as perfectus . Despite Cathar anti-clericalism , there were men selected amongst the Cathars to serve as bishops and deacons . The bishops were selected from among the `` perfect . '' Prelude ( edit ) By the 12th century , organized groups of dissidents , such as the Waldensians and Cathars , were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of newly urbanized areas . In western Mediterranean France , one of the most urbanized areas of Europe at the time , the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement , and the belief was spreading to other areas . One such area was Lombardy , which by the 1170s was sustaining a community of Cathars . The Cathar movement was seen by some as a reaction against the corrupt and earthly lifestyles of the clergy . It has also been viewed as a manifestation of dissatisfaction with papal power . This Pedro Berruguete work of the 15th century depicts a story of Saint Dominic and the Albigensians , in which the texts of each were cast into a fire , but only Saint Dominic 's proved miraculously resistant to the flames . Cathar theology found its greatest success in the Languedoc . The Cathars were known as Albigensians because of their association with the city of Albi , and because the 1176 Church Council which declared the Cathar doctrine heretical was held near Albi . The condemnation was repeated through the Third Lateran Council of 1179 . In Languedoc , political control and land ownership was divided among many local lords and heirs . Before the crusade , there was little fighting in the area and it had a fairly sophisticated polity . Western Mediterranean France itself was at that time divided between the Crown of Aragon and the County of Toulouse . On becoming Pope in 1198 , Innocent III resolved to deal with the Cathars and sent a delegation of friars to the province of Languedoc to assess the situation . The Cathars of Languedoc were seen as not showing proper respect for the authority of the French king or the local Catholic Church , and their leaders were being protected by powerful nobles , who had clear interest in independence from the king . One of the most powerful , Count Raymond VI , Count of Toulouse , openly supported the Cathars and their independence movement . He refused to assist the delegation . He was excommunicated in May 1207 and an interdict was placed on his lands . The senior papal legate , Pierre de Castelnau , seen as responsible for these actions , was killed . His death was attributed to supporters of the count . This brought down more penalties on Count Raymond , but he soon agreed to reconcile with the Church and the excommunication was lifted . At the Council of Avignon ( 1209 ) Raymond was again excommunicated for not fulfilling the conditions of ecclesiastical reconciliation . After this , Innocent III called for a crusade against the Albigensians , with the view that ridding Europe of heresy could better defend its borders against invading Muslims . The time period of the Crusade coincided with the Fifth and Sixth Crusades in the Holy Land . Military campaigns ( edit ) Initial success 1209 to 1215 ( edit ) By mid-1209 , around 10,000 crusaders had gathered in Lyon before marching south . Many Crusaders stayed on for no more than 40 days before being replaced . A large number came from Northern France , while some had volunteered from England . The crusaders turned towards Montpellier and the lands of Raymond Roger Trencavel , aiming for the Cathar communities around Albi and Carcassonne . Raymond Roger , a nobleman , was a supporter of the Cathar movement . Like Raymond of Toulouse , he sought an accommodation with the crusaders , but he was refused a meeting and raced back to Carcassonne to prepare his defences . Massacre at Béziers ( edit ) The Crusaders captured the small village of Servian and then headed for Béziers , arriving on July 21 , 1209 . Under the command of the papal legate , Arnaud Amalric , they started to besiege the city , calling on the Catholics within to come out , and demanding that the Cathars surrender . Neither group did as commanded . The city fell the following day when an abortive sortie was pursued back through the open gates . The entire population was slaughtered and the city burned to the ground . It was reported that Amalric , when asked how to distinguish Cathars from Catholics , responded , `` Kill them all ! God will know his own . '' Whether this was actually said is sometimes considered doubtful , but , according to historian Joseph Strayer , it captures the `` spirit '' of the Crusaders , who killed nearly every man , woman , and child in the town . Amarlic and Milo , a fellow legate , in a letter to the Pope , claim that the crusaders `` put to the sword almost 20,000 people . '' Strayer insists that this number is too high , but noted that in his letter `` the legate expressed no regret about the massacre , not even a word of condolence for the clergy of the cathedral who were killed in front of their own altar . '' News of the disaster quickly spread and afterwards many settlements surrendered without a fight . Fall of Carcassonne ( edit ) Carcassonne , préfecture of the department traversed by the Aude river Cathars being expelled from Carcassonne in 1209 After the Massacre at Béziers , the next major target was Carcassonne , a city with many well known Cathars . Carsaconne was well fortified , but vulnerable , and overflowing with refugees . The Crusaders traversed the 45 miles between Béziers and Carsaconne in six days , arriving in the city on August 1 , 1209 . The siege did not last long . By August 7 they had cut the city 's water supply . Raymond Roger sought negotiations but was taken prisoner while under truce , and Carcasonne surrendered on August 15 . The people were not killed , but were forced to leave the town . They were naked according to Peter of Vaux - de-Cernay , a monk and eyewitness to many events of the crusade , but `` in their shifts and breeches , '' according to Guillaume de Puylaurens , a contemporary . Simon de Montfort , a prominent French nobleman , was then appointed leader of the Crusader army , and was granted control of the area encompassing Carcassonne , Albi , and Béziers . After the fall of Carcassonne , other towns surrendered without a fight . Albi , Castelnaudary , Castres , Fanjeaux , Limoux , Lombers and Montréal all fell quickly during the autumn . Lastours and the castle of Cabaret ( edit ) The next battle centred around Lastours and the adjacent castle of Cabaret . Attacked in December 1209 , Pierre Roger de Cabaret repulsed the assault . Fighting largely halted over the winter , but fresh Crusaders arrived . In March 1210 , Bram was captured after a short siege . In June the well - fortified city of Minerve was besieged . The city was not of major strategic importance . Simon 's decision to attack it was probably influenced by the large number of perfects who had gathered there . Unable to take the town by storm because of the surrounding geography , Simon launched a heavy bombardment against the town , and in late June the main well was destroyed and on July 22 , the city , short on water , surrendered . Simon wished to treat the occupants leniently , but was pressured by Arnaud Amalric to punish the Cathars . The Crusaders allowed the soldiers defending the town as well as the Catholics inside of it to go free , along with the non-perfect Cathars . The Cathar `` perfects '' were given the opportunity to return to Catholicism . All but three women did . The 140 who refused were burned at the stake . Some entered the flames voluntarily , not awaiting their executioners . In August , the Crusade proceeded to the stronghold of Termes . Despite sallies from Pierre - Roger de Cabaret , the siege was solid . On November 22 the Cathars managed to abandon the city and escape . By the time operations resumed in 1211 , the actions of Arnaud - Amaury and Simon de Montfort had alienated several important lords , including Raymond de Toulouse , who had been excommunicated again . The crusaders returned in force to Lastours in March and Pierre - Roger de Cabaret soon agreed to surrender . In May the castle of Aimery de Montréal was retaken ; he and his senior knights were hanged , and several hundred Cathars were burned . Cassès and Montferrand both fell easily in early June and the crusaders headed for Toulouse . The town was besieged , but for once the attackers were short of supplies and men , and Simon de Montfort withdrew before the end of the month . Emboldened , Raymond de Toulouse led a force to attack Montfort at Castelnaudary in September . Montfort broke free from the siege but Castelnaudary fell that December to Raymond 's troops and Raymond 's forces went on to liberate over thirty towns before the counter-attack ground to a halt at Lastours in the autumn . Toulouse ( edit ) The Cathars now faced a difficult situation . To repel the Crusaders , they turned to Peter II of Aragon for assistance . A favorite of the Catholic Church , Peter II had been crowned king by Innocent III in 1204 . He fought the Moors in Spain , and served in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa . However , his sister , Eleanor , had married Raymond VI , securing an alliance . He then decided to come to the aid of Toulouse . The Crown of Aragon , under Peter II , allied with the County of Toulouse and various other entities . This force engaged Simon 's troops on September 12 in the Battle of Muret . The Crusaders were heavily outnumbered , but nonetheless prevailed . Peter II was struck down and killed . The Albigensian army , hearing of his death , fled . This allowed Simon 's troops to occupy the northern part of Toulouse . It was a serious blow for the resistance , and in 1214 the situation became worse . As the Crusaders continued their advance , Raymond was forced to flee to England , and his lands were given by the pope to the victorious Philip II , a stratagem which finally succeeded in interesting the king in the conflict . In November , Simon de Montfort entered Périgord and easily captured the castles of Domme and Montfort ; he also occupied Castlenaud and destroyed the fortifications of Beynac . In 1215 , Castelnaud was recaptured by Montfort , and the Crusaders entered Toulouse . The town paid an indemnity of 30,000 marks . Toulouse was gifted to Montfort . The Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215 solidified Crusader control over the area by officially proclaiming Simon the Count of Toulouse . The type of yellow cross worn by Cathar repentants Revolts and reverses 1216 to 1225 ( edit ) Raymond VI , together with his son Raymond VII , returned to the region in April 1216 and soon raised a substantial force from disaffected towns . Beaucaire was besieged in May and fell after three months ; the efforts of Montfort to relieve the town were repulsed . Innocent III died suddenly in July 1216 and the crusade was left in temporary disarray . The command passed to the more cautious Philip II of France , who was reluctant to vigorously prosecute the crusade . Montfort then had to put down an uprising in Toulouse before heading west to capture Bigorre , but he was repulsed at Lourdes in December 1216 . On September 12 , 1217 , Raymond retook Toulouse without a fight while Montfort was occupied in the Foix region . Montfort hurried back , but his forces were insufficient to retake the town before campaigning halted . Responding to a call from Pope Honorius III to renew the crusade , Montfort resumed the siege in the spring of 1218 . On June 25 or 29 , while attempting to fend off a sally by the defenders , Montfort was struck and killed by a stone hurled from defensive siege equipment . Toulouse was held , and the Crusaders driven back . Popular accounts state that the city 's artillery was operated by the women and girls of Toulouse . The Crusade continued with renewed vigor . Philip refused to command in person , but agreed to appoint his son , the also reluctant Prince Louis , to lead an expedition . His army marched south beginning in May , passing through Poitou . In June , an army under Amaury de Montfort , son of the late Simon , joined by Louis , besieged Marmande . The town fell in June 1219 . Its occupants , excluding only the commander and his knights , were massacred . After capturing Marmande , Louis attempted to retake Toulouse . Following a siege of six weeks , the army abandoned the mission and went home . Honorius III called the endeavor a `` miserable setback . '' Without Louis 's troops , Amaury was unable to hold on to the lands that he had taken , and the Cathars were able to retake much of their land . Castelnaudary was retaken by troops under Raymond VII . Amaury again besieged the town from July 1220 to March 1221 , but it withstood an eight - month assault . In 1221 , the success of Raymond and his son continued : Montréal and Fanjeaux were retaken and many Catholics were forced to flee . By 1222 , Raymond VII had reclaimed all the lands that had been lost . That same year , Raymond VI died and was succeeded by Raymond VII . On July 14 , 1223 , Philip II died . In 1224 , Amaury de Montfort abandoned Carcassonne . Raymond VII returned from exile to reclaim the area . That same year , Amaury ceded his remaining lands to Louis VIII . French royal intervention ( edit ) In November 1225 , the Council of Bourges convened in order to deal with the alleged Cathar heresy . At the council , Raymond VII , like his father , was excommunicated . The council gathered a thousand churchmen to authorize a tax on their annual incomes , the `` Albigensian tenth , '' to support the crusade , though permanent reforms intended to fund the papacy in perpetuity foundered . Louis VIII headed the new crusade . His army assembled at Bourges in May 1226 . While the exact number of troops present is unknown , it was certainly the largest force ever sent against the Cathars . It set out in June 1226 . The crusaders captured once more the towns of Béziers , Carcassconne , Beaucaire , and Marseilles , this time with no resistance . However , Avignon , nominally under the rule of the German emperor , did resist , refusing to open its gates to the French troops . Not wanting to storm the well - fortified walls of the town , Louis settled in for a siege . A frontal assault that August was fiercely beaten back . Finally , in early September , the town surrendered , agreeing to pay 6,000 marks and destroy its walls . The town was occupied on September 9 . No killing or looting took place . Louis VIII died in November and was succeeded by the child king Louis IX . But Queen - regent Blanche of Castile allowed the crusade to continue under Humbert V de Beaujeu . Labécède fell in 1227 and Vareilles in 1228 . At that time , the Crusaders once again besieged Toulouse . While doing so , they systematically laid waste to the surrounding landscape : uprooting vineyards , burning fields and farms , and slaughtering livestock . Eventually , the city was retaken . Raymond did not have the manpower to intervene . Eventually , Queen Blanche offered Raymond a treaty recognizing him as ruler of Toulouse in exchange for his fighting the Cathars , returning all church property , turning over his castles and destroying the defenses of Toulouse . Moreover , Raymond had to marry his daughter Joan to Louis ' brother Alphonse , with the couple and their heirs obtaining Toulouse after Raymond 's death , and the inheritance reverting to the king . Raymond agreed and signed the Treaty of Paris at Meaux on April 12 , 1229 . Historian Daniel Power notes that the fact that Peter of Vaux - de-Cernay's Historia Albigensis , which many historians of the crusade rely heavily upon , was published only in 1218 leaves a shortage of primary source material for events after that year . As such , there is more difficulty in discerning the nature of various events during the subsequent time period . Inquisition ( edit ) The Inquisition was established under Pope Gregory IX in 1234 to uproot heretical movements , including the remaining Cathars . Operating in the south at Toulouse , Albi , Carcassonne and other towns during the whole of the 13th century , and a great part of the 14th , it succeeded in crushing Catharism as a popular movement and driving its remaining adherents underground . Punishments for Cathars varied greatly . Most frequently , they were made to wear yellow crosses atop their garments as a sign of outward penance . Others made obligatory pilgrimages , which often included fighting against Muslims . Visiting a local church naked once each month to be scourged was also a common punishment , including for returned pilgrims . Cathars who were slow to repent suffered imprisonment and , often , the loss of property . Others who altogether refused to repent were burned . The Catholic Church found another useful duel for combatting heresy in the establishment of the Order of Preachers , whose members were called `` Dominicans , '' after their founder , Saint Dominic . The Dominicans would travel to towns and villages preaching in favor of the teachings of the Church and against heresy . In some cases , they took part in prosecuting Cathars . From May 1243 to March 1244 , the Cathar fortress of Montségur was besieged by the troops of the seneschal of Carcassonne and Pierre Amiel , the Archbishop of Narbonne . On March 16 , 1244 , a large massacre took place , in which over 200 Cathar perfects were burnt in an enormous pyre at the prat dels cremats ( `` field of the burned '' ) near the foot of the castle . After this , Catharism did not completely vanish initially , but was practiced by its remaining adherents in secret . The Inquisition continued to search for and attempt to prosecute Cathars . While few prominent men joined the Cathars , a small group of ordinary followers remained , and were generally successful at concealing themselves . The Inquisitors sometimes used torture as a method to find Cathars , but still were able to catch only a relatively small number . The Inquisitors received funding from the French monarchy up until the 1290s , when King Phillip IV , who was in conflict with Pope Boniface VIII , severely restricted it . However , after visiting southern France in 1303 , he became alarmed by the anti-monarchial sentiments of the people in the region , especially in Carcassonne , and decided to remove the restrictions placed on the Inquisition . Pope Clement V introduced new rules designed to protect the rights of the accused . The Dominican Bernard Gui , Inquisitor of Toulouse from 1308 to 1323 , wrote a manual discussing the customs of non-Catholic sects and the methods to be employed by the Inquisitors in combating heresy . A large portion of the manual describes the reputed customs of the Cathars , while contrasting them with those of Catholics . Gui also describes methods to be used for interrogating accused Cathars . He ruled that any person found to have died without confessing his known heresy would have his remains exhumed and burned , while any person known to have been a heretic but not known whether to have confessed or not would have his body unearthed but not burned . Under Gui , a final push against Catharism began . By 1350 , the movement was virtually extinguished . Legacy ( edit ) Influence ( edit ) Strayer argues that the Albigensian Crusade increased the power of the French monarchy and made the papacy more dependent on it . This would eventually lead to the Avignon Papacy . Genocide ( edit ) Pope Innocent III excommunicating the Albigensians ( left ) . Massacre against the Albigensians by the crusaders ( right ) . Raphael Lemkin , who in the 20th century coined the word `` genocide , '' referred to the Albigensian Crusade as `` one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history . '' Mark Gregory Pegg writes that `` The Albigensian Crusade ushered genocide into the West by linking divine salvation to mass murder , by making slaughter as loving an act as His sacrifice on the cross . '' Robert E. Lerner argues that Pegg 's classification of the Albigensian Crusade as a genocide is inappropriate , on the grounds that it `` was proclaimed against unbelievers ... not against a ' genus ' or people ; those who joined the crusade had no intention of annihilating the population of southern France ... If Pegg wishes to connect the Albigensian Crusade to modern ethnic slaughter , well -- words fail me ( as they do him ) . '' Laurence Marvin is not as dismissive as Lerner regarding Pegg 's contention that the Albigensian Crusade was a genocide ; he does however take issue with Pegg 's argument that the Albigensian Crusade formed an important historical precedent for later genocides including the Holocaust . Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Solveig Björnson describe the Albigensian Crusade as `` the first ideological genocide . '' Kurt Jonassohn and Frank Chalk ( who together founded the Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies ) include a detailed case study of the Albigensian Crusade in their genocide studies textbook The History and Sociology of Genocide : Analyses and Case Studies , authored by Joseph R. Strayer and Malise Ruthven . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tatz & Higgins 2016 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Robertson 1902 , p. 254 . ^ Jump up to : Lemkin 2012 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Pegg 2008 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Cross & Livingstone 2005 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , pp. 162 - 164 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 2004 , pp. 164 - 166 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 2004 , pp. 56 - 57 . Jump up ^ Gui 2006 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Ladurie 1978 , p. xi . Jump up ^ Costen 1997 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Costen 1997 , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Costen 1997 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Costen 1997 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Gui 2006 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Gui 2006 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Costen 1997 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Barber 2014 , p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : Weber , Nicholas . `` Albigenses . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 1 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1907 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Martin - Chabot 1931 - 1961 p. 2 Jump up ^ Costen 1997 , pp. 60 - 61 . Jump up ^ Strayer 1992 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Mosheim 1867 , p. 385 . Jump up ^ Costen 1997 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Graham - Leigh 2005 , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Falk 2010 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , pp. 8 - 9 . Jump up ^ Graham - Leigh 2005 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , p. 164 . ^ Jump up to : Power 2009 , pp. 1047 -- 1085 . ^ Jump up to : Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Strayer 1992 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Costen 1997 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , pp. 90 - 91 . Jump up ^ Strayer 1992 , p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : Milo & Arnaud Amalric 2003 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Strayer 1992 , pp. 62 - 63 . ^ Jump up to : Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , pp. 92 - 93 . Jump up ^ Strayer 1992 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Strayer 1992 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , pp. 94 - 96 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Guillaume de Puylaurens 2003 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , pp. 101 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , pp. 108 - 113 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , pp. 115 - 140 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Marvin 2009a , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Strayer 1992 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Costen 1997 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , pp. 253 - 265 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , pp. 273 - 276 , 279 . Jump up ^ Strayer 1992 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , pp. 266 , 278 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , pp. 286 - 366 . Jump up ^ Barber 2014 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Barber 2014 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , pp. 367 - 466 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , p. 463 . Jump up ^ Wolff & Hazard 1969 , p. 302 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 2004 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ PL § XXV Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , pp. 528 - 534 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , p. 529 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , p. 530 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , pp. 533 - 534 . Jump up ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , p. 569 . ^ Jump up to : Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 , pp. 554 - 559 , 573 . ^ Jump up to : Strayer 1992 , p. 134 . ^ Jump up to : Lock 2006 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Paul MEYER , La Chanson de la Croisade Contre les Albigeois Commencée par Guillaume de Tudèle et Continuée par un Poète Anonyme Éditée et Traduite Pour la Societe de L'Histoire de France'TOME SECOND ' , 1879 , p 419 Jump up ^ `` Catholic Encyclopedia : Pope Innocent III '' . New Advent. 1910 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strayer 1992 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholson 2004 , p. 63 . ^ Jump up to : Costen 1997 , pp. 150 - 151 . ^ Jump up to : Strayer 1992 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Strayer 1992 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Strayer 1992 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Strayer 1992 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Strayer 1992 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Costen 1997 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Strayer 1992 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Richard Kay , The Council of Bourges , 1225 : A Documentary History ( Brookfield , Vermont : Ashgate ) 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Strayer 1992 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Oldenbourg 1961 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Strayer 1992 , pp. 132 - 133 . Jump up ^ Strayer 1992 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Sumption 1978 , pp. 230 -- 232 . Jump up ^ Costen 1997 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Strayer 1992 , pp. 146 - 147 . Jump up ^ Sumption 1978 , pp. 238 - 40 . Jump up ^ Sumption 1978 , pp. 238 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : Strayer 1992 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Strayer 1992 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Strayer 1992 , pp. 162 - 163 . ^ Jump up to : Strayer 1992 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Cullen ( 2012 ) . `` Torturer 's Apprentice '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gui 2006 , pp. 35 - 43 . Jump up ^ Gui 2006 , pp. 43 - 46 . Jump up ^ Gui 2006 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Strayer 1992 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ `` Lemkin , Raphael '' . UN Refugee Agency . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pegg 2008 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Lerner 2010 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Marvin 2009b , pp. 801 - 802 . Jump up ^ Jonassohn & Björnson 1998 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Chalk & Jonassohn 1990 , pp. 114 - 138 . Bibliography ( edit ) Secondary sources ( edit ) Barber , Malcolm ( 2014 ) ( 2000 ) . The Cathars : Christian Dualists in the Middle Ages . New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 256613 . Chalk , Frank Robert ; Jonassohn , Kurt ( 1990 ) . The History and Sociology of Genocide : Analyses and Case Studies . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 04446 - 1 . Costen , Michael D. ( 1997 ) . The Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade . Manchester and New York : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 4331 - X . Cross , Frank Leslie ; Livingstone , Elizabeth A. ( 2005 ) . Oxford Dictionary of the Catholic Church . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3 . Falk , Avner ( 2010 ) . Franks and Saracens : Reality and Fantasy in the Crusades . London , UK : Karnac Books , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85575 - 733 - 2 . Graham - Leigh , Elaine ( 2005 ) . The Southern French Nobility and the Albigensian Crusade . Suffolk , UK : Boydell & Brewer . ISBN 1 - 84383 - 129 - 5 . Ladurie , Emmanuel Le Roy ( 1978 ) ( 1975 ) . Bray , Barbara , ed . Montaillu : Cathars and Catholics in a French village : 1294 - 1324 . London , UK : Scolar Press . ISBN 0859674037 . Lemkin , Raphael ( 2012 ) . Jacobs , Steven Leonard , ed . Lemkin on Genocide . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 4526 - 5 . Lock , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Routledge Companion to the Crusades . New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 24732 - 2 . Lerner , Robert E. ( 2010 ) . `` A Most Holy War : The Albigensian Crusade and the Battle for Christendom ( review ) '' . Common Knowledge . 16 ( 2 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Martin - Chabot , Eugène , editor and translator ( 1931 -- 1961 ) . `` La Chanson de la Croisade Albigeoise éditée et traduite '' . Paris : Les Belles Lettres . His occitan text is in the Livre de Poche ( Lettres Gothiques ) edition , which uses the Gougaud 1984 translation for its better poetic style . Marvin , Laurence W. ( 2009a ) . The Occitan War : A Military and Political History of the Albigensian Crusade , 1209 - 1218 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521123655 . Marvin , Laurence W. ( 2009b ) . `` A Most Holy War : The Albigensian Crusade and the Battle for Christendom ( review ) '' . The Catholic Historical Review . 95 ( 4 ) . doi : 10.1353 / cat. 0.0546 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Mosheim , Johann Lorenz ( 1867 ) . Murdock , James , ed . Mosheim 's Institutes of Ecclesiastical History , Ancient and Modern . London , UK : William Tegg . Nicholson , Helen J. ( 2004 ) . The Crusades . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 087220619X . Pegg , Mark Gregory ( 2008 ) . A Most Holy War : The Albigensian Crusade and the Battle for Christendom . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 019988371 - 4 . Power , Daniel ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` Who Went on the Albigensian Crusade ? '' . The English Historical Review . 128 ( 534 ) . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Guillaume de Puylaurens ( 1976 ) . Duvernoy , Jean , ed . Guillaume de Puylaurens , Chronique 1145 - 1275 : Chronica magistri Guillelmi de Podio Laurentii . Paris : CNRS . ISBN 2 - 910352 - 06 - 4 . Text and French translation . Reprinted : Toulouse : Le Pérégrinateur , 1996 . Jonassohn , Kurt ; Björnson , Karin Solveig ( 1998 ) . Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations : In Comparative Perspective . Piscataway , New Jersey : Transaction Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4128 - 2445 - 3 . Oldenbourg , Zoe ( 1961 ) . Massacre at Montsegur : A History of the Albigensian Crusade . Pantheon Books . ISBN 1 - 84212 - 428 - 5 . Robertson , John M. ( 1902 ) . A Short History of Christianity . London , UK : Watts & Co . Strayer , Joseph R. ( 1992 ) ( 1971 ) . The Albigensian Crusades . Ann Arbor , Michigan : The University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 09476 - 9 . Sumption , Jonathan ( 1978 ) . The Albigensian Crusade . London , England : Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 11064 - 9 . Tatz , Colin Martin ; Higgins , Winton ( 2016 ) . The Magnitude of Genocide . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4408 - 3161 - 4 . Wolff , Robert Lee ; Hazard , Harry W. , eds. ( 1969 ) . `` Chap . VIII : The Albigensian Crusade '' . The Later Crusades , 1189 - 1311 . II ( Second ed . ) . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 04844 - 0 . Primary sources ( edit ) Peter of les Vaux de Cernay ( 1998 ) ( 1212 - 1218 ) . Silby , W.A. ; Silby , M.D. , eds . The History of the Albigensian Crusade : Peter of les Vaux - de-Cernay's Historia Albigensis . Suffolk , UK : Boydell & Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 807 - 2 . Gui , Bernard ( 2006 ) . Shirley , Janet , ed . The Inquisitor 's Guide : A Medieval Manual on Heretics . Welwyn Garden City , UK. : Raventhall Books . ISBN 1905043090 . Guillaume de Puylaurens ( 2003 ) . Silby , W.A. ; Silby , M.D. , eds . The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens : The Albigensian Crusade and its Aftermath . Suffolk , UK : Boydell & Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 925 - 7 . Milo ; Arnaud Amalric ( 2003 ) . Silby , W.A. ; Silby , M.D. , eds . Report of the legates Milo and Arnaud Amalric to Pope Innocent III on the first few weeks of the Crusade . Suffolk , UK : Boydell & Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 925 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Mann , Judith ( 2002 ) . The Trail of Gnosis : A Lucid Exploration of Gnostic Traditions . Gnosis Traditions Press . ISBN 1 - 4348 - 1432 - 7 . Weis , René ( 2001 ) . The Story of the Last Cathars ' Rebellion Against the Inquisition , 1290 - 1329 . London , UK : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 027669 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Albigensian Crusade . Albigensian Crusade The paths of Cathars by the philosopher Yves Maris . The English website of the castle of Termes , besieged in 1210 The Forgotten Kingdom - The Albigensian Crusade - La Capella Reial - Hespèrion XXI , dir . Jordi Savall `` Traces of the Bogomil Movement in English '' , Georgi Vassilev . ACADEMIE BULGARE DES SCIENCES . Institut d'etudes balkaniques . Etudes balkaniques , 1994 , No 3 GND : 4141805 - 0 NDL : 00560331 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albigensian_Crusade&oldid=809694060 '' Categories : 13th century in Europe 13th century in France 13th - century crusades Albigensian Crusade Catharism History of Catholicism in France Massacres in France Wars involving the Crown of Aragon Genocides Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 20 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the first person to call for a crusade against heretics in western europe was | [
"The Albigensian Crusade or the Cathar Crusade (1209–1229) was a 20-year military campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc, in southern France. The Crusade was prosecuted primarily by the French crown and promptly took on a political flavour, resulting in not only a significant reduction in the number of practising Cathars, but also a realignment of the County of Toulouse in Languedoc, bringing it into the sphere of the French crown and diminishing the distinct regional culture and high level of influence of the Counts of Barcelona."
] | [
"Pope Innocent III"
] |
-5635366467290063081 | Economic development | Economic development - wikipedia Economic development Jump to : navigation , search For the academic field that studies economic development , see Development economics . Economics A supply and demand diagram , illustrating the effects of an increase in demand . Index Outline History Types Classification History of economics Economic history ( academic study ) Schools of economics Microeconomics Macroeconomics Methodology Heterodox economics JEL classification codes Concepts Theory Techniques Econometrics Economic growth Economic system Experimental economics Mathematical economics Game theory Post-scarcity Market National accounting By application Agricultural Behavioral Business Computational Cultural Demographic Development Digitization Ecological Education Engineering Environmental Evolutionary Expeditionary Geography Health Industrial organization Information International Knowledge Labour Law Managerial Monetary / Financial Natural resource Organizational Personnel Public / Welfare economics Regional Rural Service Social Urban Welfare Lists Economists Publications ( journals ) Business and economics portal Economic development is the process by which a nation improves the economic , political , and social well - being of its people . The term has been used frequently by economists , politicians , and others in the 20th and 21st centuries . The concept , however , has been in existence in the West for centuries . Modernization , Westernization , and especially Industrialization are other terms people have used while discussing economic development . Economic development has a direct relationship with the environment and environmental issues . Whereas economic development is a policy intervention endeavor with aims of economic and social well - being of people , economic growth is a phenomenon of market productivity and rise in GDP . Consequently , as economist Amartya Sen points out , `` economic growth is one aspect of the process of economic development '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Type 2 History 2.1 Growth and development 3 Economic development goals 4 Economic development policies 4.1 Organization 4.2 International Economic Development Council 5 Development indicators and indices 5.1 GDP per capita -- Growing development population 5.2 Social security and pensions 5.3 Modern transportation 6 Community competition 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Type ( edit ) See also : Development economics The scope of economic development includes the process and policies by which a nation improves the economic , political , and social well - being of its people . The University of Iowa 's Center for International Finance and Development states that : ' Economic development ' is a term that economists , politicians , and others have used frequently in the 20th century . The concept , however , has been in existence in the West for centuries . Modernization , Westernisation , and especially Industrialisation are other terms people have used while discussing economic development . Economic development has a direct relationship with the environment . Although nobody is certain when the concept originated , some people agree that development is closely bound up with the evolution of capitalism and the demise of feudalism . Mansell and When also state that economic development has been understood since the World War II to involve economic growth , namely the increases in per capita income , and ( if currently absent ) the attainment of a standard of living equivalent to that of industrialized countries . Economic development can also be considered as a static theory that documents the state of an economy at a certain time . According to Schumpeter and Backhaus ( 2003 ) , the changes in this equilibrium state to document in economic theory can only be caused by intervening factors coming from the outside . History ( edit ) Economic development originated in the post-war period of reconstruction initiated by the United States . In 1949 , during his inaugural speech , President Harry Truman identified the development of undeveloped areas as a priority for the west : `` More than half the people of the world are living in conditions approaching misery . Their food is inadequate , they are victims of disease . Their economic life is primitive and stagnant . Their poverty is a handicap and a threat both to them and to more prosperous areas . For the first time in history humanity possesses the knowledge and the skill to relieve the suffering of these people ... I believe that we should make available to peace - loving peoples the benefits of our store of technical knowledge in order to help them realize their aspirations for a better life ... What we envisage is a program of development based on the concepts of democratic fair dealing ... Greater production is the key to prosperity and peace . And the key to greater production is a wider and more vigorous application of modem scientific and technical knowledge . '' There have been several major phases of development theory since 1945 . From the 1940s to the 1960s the state played a large role in promoting industrialization in developing countries , following the idea of modernization theory . This period was followed by a brief period of basic needs development focusing on human capital development and redistribution in the 1970s . Neoliberalism emerged in the 1980s pushing an agenda of free trade and removal of Import Substitution Industrialization policies . In economics , the study of economic development was borne out of an extension to traditional economics that focused entirely on national product , or the aggregate output of goods and services . Economic development was concerned in the expansion of people 's entitlements and their corresponding capabilities , morbidity , nourishment , literacy , education , and other socio - economic indicators . Borne out of the backdrop of Keynesian , advocating government intervention , and neoclassical economics , stressing reduced intervention , with rise of high - growth countries ( Singapore , South Korea , Hong Kong ) and planned governments ( Argentina , Chile , Sudan , Uganda ) , economic development , more generally development economics , emerged amidst these mid-20th century theoretical interpretations of how economies prosper . Also , economist Albert O. Hirschman , a major contributor to development economics , asserted that economic development grew to concentrate on the poor regions of the world , primarily in Africa , Asia and Latin America yet on the outpouring of fundamental ideas and models . It has also been argued , notably by Asian and European proponents of infrastructure - based development , that systematic , long - term government investments in transportation , housing , education , and healthcare are necessary to ensure sustainable economic growth in emerging countries . Growth and development ( edit ) Economic growth deals with increase in the level of output , but economic development is related to increase in output coupled with improvement in social and political welfare of people within a country . Therefore , economic development encompasses both growth and welfare values . Dependency theorists argue that poor countries have sometimes experienced economic growth with little or no economic development initiatives ; for instance , in cases where they have functioned mainly as resource - providers to wealthy industrialized countries . There is an opposing argument , however , that growth causes development because some of the increase in income gets spent on human development such as education and health . According to Ranis et al. , economic growth and development is a two - way relationship . According to them , the first chain consists of economic growth benefiting human development , since economic growth is likely to lead families and individuals to use their heightened incomes to increase expenditures , which in turn furthers human development . At the same time , with the increased consumption and spending , health , education , and infrastructure systems grow and contribute to economic growth . In addition to increasing private incomes , economic growth also generate additional resources that can be used to improve social services ( such as healthcare , safe drinking water , etc . ) . By generating additional resources for social services , unequal income distribution will be mitigated as such social services are distributed equally across each community , thereby benefiting each individual . Concisely , the relationship between human development and economic development can be explained in three ways . First , increase in average income leads to improvement in health and nutrition ( known as Capability Expansion through Economic Growth ) . Second , it is believed that social outcomes can only be improved by reducing income poverty ( known as Capability Expansion through Poverty Reduction ) . Lastly , social outcomes can also be improved with essential services such as education , healthcare , and clean drinking water ( known as Capability Expansion through Social Services ) . John Joseph Puthenkalam 's research aims at the process of economic growth theories that lead to economic development . After analyzing the existing capitalistic growth - development theoretical apparatus , he introduces the new model which integrates the variables of freedom , democracy and human rights into the existing models and argue that any future economic growth - development of any nation depends on this emerging model as we witness the third wave of unfolding demand for democracy in the Middle East . He develops the knowledge sector in growth theories with two new concepts of ' micro knowledge ' and ' macro knowledge ' . Micro knowledge is what an individual learns from school or from various existing knowledge and macro knowledge is the core philosophical thinking of a nation that all individuals inherently receive . How to combine both these knowledge would determine further growth that leads to economic development of developing nations . Yet others believe that a number of basic building blocks need to be in place for growth and development to take place . For instance , some economists believe that a fundamental first step toward development and growth is to address property rights issues , otherwise only a small part of the economic sector will be able to participate in growth . That is , without inclusive property rights in the equation , the informal sector will remain outside the mainstream economy , excluded and without the same opportunities for study . Economic development goals ( edit ) The development of a country has been associated with different concepts but generally encompasses economic growth through higher productivity , political systems that represent as accurately as possible the preferences of its citizens , the extension of rights to all social groups and the opportunities to get them and the proper functionality of institutions and organizations that are able to attend more technically and logistically complex tasks ( i.e. raise taxes and deliver public services ) . These processes describe the State 's capabilities to manage its economy , polity , society and public administration . Generally , the goals of economic development policies attempt to solve issues in these topics . With this in mind , economic development is typically associated with improvements in a variety of areas or indicators ( such as literacy rates , life expectancy , and poverty rates ) , that may be causes of economic development rather than consequences of specific economic development programs . For example , health and education improvements have been closely related to economic growth , but the causality with economic development may not be obvious . In any case , it is important to not expect that particular economic development programs be able to fix many problems at once as that would be establishing unsurmountable goals for them that are highly unlikely they can achieve . Any development policy should set limited goals and a gradual approach to avoid falling victim to something Prittchet , Woolcock and Andrews call ' premature load bearing ' . Many times the economic development goals of specific countries can not be reached because they lack the State 's capabilities to do so . For example , if a nation has little capacity to carry out basic functions like security and policing or core service delivery it is unlikely that a program that wants to foster a free - trade zone ( special economic zones ) or distribute vaccinations to vulnerable populations can accomplish their goals . This has been something overlooked by multiple international organizations , aid programs and even participating governments who attempt to carry out ' best practices ' from other places in a carbon - copy manner with little success . This isomorphic mimicry -- adopting organizational forms that have been successful elsewhere but that only hide institutional dysfunction without solving it on the home country -- can contribute to getting countries stuck in ' capability traps ' where the country does not advance in its development goals . An example of this can be seen through some of the criticisms of foreign aid and its success rate at helping countries develop . Beyond the incentive compatibility problems that can happen to foreign aid donations -- that foreign aid granting countries continue to give it to countries with little results of economic growth but with corrupt leaders that are aligned with the granting countries ' geopolitical interests and agenda -- there are problems of fiscal fragility associated to receiving an important amount of government revenues through foreign aid . Governments that can raise a significant amount of revenue from this source are less accountable to their citizens ( they are more autonomous ) as they have less pressure to legitimately use those resources . Just as it has been documented for countries with an abundant supply of natural resources such as oil , countries whose government budget consists largely of foreign aid donations and not regular taxes are less likely to have incentives to develop effective public institutions . This in turn can undermine the country 's efforts to develop . Economic development policies ( edit ) In its broadest sense , policies of economic development encompass three major areas : Governments undertaking to meet broad economic objectives such as price stability , high employment , and sustainable growth . Such efforts include monetary and fiscal policies , regulation of financial institutions , trade , and tax policies . Programs that provide infrastructure and services such as highways , parks , affordable housing , crime prevention , and K -- 12 education . Job creation and retention through specific efforts in business finance , marketing , neighborhood development , workforce development , small business development , business retention and expansion , technology transfer , and real estate development . This third category is a primary focus of economic development professionals . One growing understanding in economic development is the promotion of regional clusters and a thriving metropolitan economy . In today 's global landscape , location is vitally important and becomes a key in competitive advantage . International trade and exchange rates are a key issue in economic development . Currencies are often either under - valued or over-valued , resulting in trade surpluses or deficits . Furthermore , the growth of globalization has linked economic development with trends on international trade and participation in Global Value Chains ( GVCs ) and international financial markets . The last financial crisis had a huge effect on economies in developing countries . Economist Jayati Ghosh states that it is necessary to make financial markets in developing countries more resilient by providing a variety of financial institutions . This could also add to financial security for small - scale producers . Organization ( edit ) Main article : economic development organization Economic development has evolved into a professional industry of highly specialized practitioners . The practitioners have two key roles : one is to provide leadership in policy - making , and the other is to administer policy , programs , and projects . Economic development practitioners generally work in public offices on the state , regional , or municipal level , or in public -- private partnerships organizations that may be partially funded by local , regional , state , or federal tax money . These economic development organizations function as individual entities and in some cases as departments of local governments . Their role is to seek out new economic opportunities and retain their existing business wealth . There are numerous other organizations whose primary function is not economic development that work in partnership with economic developers . They include the news media , foundations , utilities , schools , health care providers , faith - based organizations , and colleges , universities , and other education or research institutions . International economic development Council ( edit ) With more than 20,000 professional economic developers employed worldwide in this highly specialized industry , the International Economic Development Council ( IEDC ) headquartered in Washington , D.C. is a non-profit organization dedicated to helping economic developers do their job more effectively and raising the profile of the profession . With over 4,500 members across the US and internationally , serving exclusively the economic development community , IEDC membership represents the entire range of the profession ranging from regional , state , local , rural , urban , and international economic development organizations , as well as chambers of commerce , technology development agencies , utility companies , educational institutions , consultants and redevelopment authorities . Many individual states also have associations comprising economic development professionals , who work closely with IEDC . Development indicators and indices ( edit ) There are various types of macroeconomic and sociocultural indicators or `` metrics '' used by economists and geographers to assess the relative economic advancement of a given region or nation . The World Bank 's `` World Development Indicators '' are compiled annually from officially - recognized international sources and include national , regional and global estimates . GDP per capita -- growing development population ( edit ) GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by mid year population . GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidizes not included in the value of the products . It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. per capita income of India is increased . Social security and pensions ( edit ) Modern transportation ( edit ) European development economists have argued that the existence of modern transportation networks - such as high - speed rail infrastructure constitutes a significant indicator of a country 's economic advancement : this perspective is illustrated notably through the Basic Rail Transportation Infrastructure Index ( known as BRTI Index ) and related models such as the ( Modified ) Rail Transportation Infrastructure Index ( RTI ) . Community competition ( edit ) One unintended consequence of economic development is the intense competition between communities , states , and nations for new economic development projects in today 's globalized world . With the struggle to attract and retain business , competition is further intensified by the use of many variations of economic incentives to the potential business such as : tax incentives , investment capital , donated land , utility rate discounts , and many others . IEDC places significant attention on the various activities undertaken by economic development organizations to help them compete and sustain vibrant communities . Additionally , the use of community profiling tools and database templates to measure community assets versus other communities is also an important aspect of economic development . Job creation , economic output , and increase in taxable basis are the most common measurement tools . When considering measurement , too much emphasis has been placed on economic developers for `` not creating jobs '' . However , the reality is that economic developers do not typically create jobs , but facilitate the process for existing businesses and start - ups to do so . Therefore , the economic developer must make sure that there are sufficient economic development programs in place to assist the businesses achieve their goals . Those types of programs are usually policy - created and can be local , regional , statewide and national in nature . See also ( edit ) Constitutional economics European Free Trade Association Factors of production Financial deepening Gender and development Infrastructure International Monetary Fund International development Private sector development Opportunity management Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development World Bank Group North -- South divide References ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , A. and Sheffrin , S.M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Pearson Prentice Hall , Upper Saddle River , New Jersey . Jump up ^ R. Conteras , `` How the Concept of Development Got Started '' University of Iowa Center for International Finance and Development E-Book ( 1 ) Jump up ^ http://cbdd.wsu.edu/kewlcontent/cdoutput/TR501/page59.htm Jump up ^ Mansell , R & and Wehn , U. 1998 . Knowledge Societies : Information Technology for Sustainable Development . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Schumpeter , Joseph & Backhaus , Ursula , 2003 . The Theory of Economic Development . In Joseph Alois Schumpeter . pp. 61 -- 116 . doi : 10.1007 / 0 - 306 - 48082 - 4_3 Jump up ^ See Michael Todaro and Stephen C. Smith , `` Economic Development '' ( 11th ed . ) . , Pearson Education and Addison - Wesley ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Sen , A ( 1983 ) . `` Development : Which Way Now ? '' . Economic Journal . 93 ( 372 ) : 745 -- 62 . doi : 10.2307 / 2232744 . Jump up ^ Hirschman , A.O. ( 1981 ) . The Rise and Decline of Development Economics . Essays in Trespassing : Economics to Politics to Beyond . pp. 1 -- 24 Jump up ^ Simon Kuznets ( 1966 ) . Modern Economic Growth : Rate , Structure and Spread , Yale University Press , New Haven , Connecticut . Jump up ^ Kenneth Shepsle and Mark Bonchek ( 2010 ) , Analyzing Politics , Second Edition , Norton , pp. 67 -- 86 . Jump up ^ G. Bingham Powell ( 2000 ) . Elections as Instruments of Democracy : Majoritarian and Proportional Views . Yale University Press , New Haven , Connecticut . Jump up ^ C.A. Bayly ( 2008 ) . `` Indigenous and Colonial Origins of Comparative Economic Development : The Case of Colonial India and Africa '' , Policy Research Working Paper 4474 , The World Bank . Jump up ^ Deborah Bräutigam ( 2002 ) , `` Building Leviathan : Revenue , State Capacity and Governance '' , IDS Bulletin 33 , no . 3 , pp. 1 - 17 Jump up ^ Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson ( 2012 ) , Why Nations Fail , New York : Crown Business . ^ Jump up to : Lant Pritchett , Michael Woolcock & Matt Andrews ( 2013 ) . Looking Like a State : Techniques of Persistent Failure in State Capability for Implementation , The Journal of Development Studies , 49 : 1 , 1 - 18 , DOI : 10.1080 / 00220388.2012. 709614 Jump up ^ William Easterly ( 2003 ) , `` Can Foreign Aid Buy Growth ? '' in Journal of Economic Perspectives 17 ( 3 ) , pp. 23 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Ethan Bueno de Mesquita ( 2016 ) , Political Economy for Public Policy , Princenton University Press , chapter 11 . ^ Jump up to : Todd Moss , Gunilla Pettersson and Nicolas van de Walle ( 2006 ) , `` An Aid Institutions Paradox ? A review essay on aid dependency and State building in Sub-Saharan Africa '' , Working Paper 74 , Center for Global Development . Jump up ^ Michael Ross ( 2012 ) , The Oil Curse : How petroleum wealth shapes the development of nations . Jump up ^ Jayati Gosh ( January 2013 ) . `` Too much of the same '' . dandc.eu . D + C Development and Cooperation . Jump up ^ Firzli , M. Nicolas J. ( September 2013 ) . `` Transportation Infrastructure and Country Attractiveness '' . Revue Analyse Financière . Paris . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ M. Nicolas J. Firzli : ' 2014 LTI Rome Conference : Infrastructure - Driven Development to Conjure Away the EU Malaise ? ' , Revue Analyse Financière , Q1 2015 -- Issue N ° 54 Further reading ( edit ) Vâsquez , Ian ( 2008 ) . `` Development , Economic '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 120 -- 23 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n76 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . Rosnick , David ; et al. ( 2017 ) . The Scorecard on Development , 1960 -- 2016 : China and the Global Economic Rebound ( Report ) . Washington , DC : Center for Economic and Policy Research . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economic development . Lists of countries by GDP rankings Purchasing power parity ( PPP ) Per capita Past per capita Past and projected per capita Private consumption per capita Per hour Per person employed Ten largest historically 19th century Nominal Per capita Past and projected per capita Sector composition Growth rate African countries Asian states European Union member states European countries Latin American and Caribbean countries Oceanian countries Per capita 1980 -- 2010 growth Industrial growth Gross national income ( GNI ) PPP Nominal Countries by region Africa PPP nominal Commonwealth of Nations nominal Latin America & Caribbean PPP nominal North America PPP nominal nominal per capita South America PPP Arab League ASEAN Asia Asia & Pacific PPP Former Soviet Republics Europe PPP PPP per capita nominal nominal per capita Oceania PPP PPP per capita nominal nominal per capita Subnational divisions Argentina Australia Brazil Canada Chile per capita China per capita Colombia Croatia France Germany Greece India per capita Indonesia Italy Japan Malaysia Mexico Pakistan Poland ( per capita ) Russia per capita South Africa South Korea Spain United States PPP nominal nominal per capita Thailand OECD Top country subdivisions by GDP nominal Lists of countries by financial rankings List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Aspects of capitalism ( academic views ) General Business cycle Competition Economic bubble Economic development Entrepreneurship Ecoprenuership Externalities Financial Revolution Globalization History of capitalist theory Industrial Revolution Innovation Invention Market failure Merit Multinational corporation Oligopoly Privatization Profit Property rights Regulation Wage labour Wealth Ideology American Dream Bipartisanship Democracy Free market Individualism Laissez - faire Libertarianism Neoliberalism Cultural aspects Culture of capitalism Advertising Consumerism Decentralization Economic mobility Liberty Mainstream Philanthropy Private foundation Rule of law Social alienation Spontaneous order Social aspects Economic inequality Employment Freedom of association Labour market flexibility Labour supply Productivity Prosperity Social venture capital Unemployment Criticism Criticism Anti-capitalism Market fundamentalism Marxism Wage slavery Antithesis Anarchism Anarcho - syndicalism Communism Eco-socialism Libertarian socialism Mercantilism Post-scarcity economy Sharing economy Social anarchism Socialism Syndicalism NDL : 00565444 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic_development&oldid=816452134 '' Categories : Economic development Economic indicators Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa ქართული Македонски 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2017 , at 12 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the three types of economic activities pdf | [] | [] |
-3335517478204059889 | Economics of the FIFA World Cup | Economics of the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia Economics of the FIFA World Cup The FIFA World Cup has a significant impact on the global economy . FIFA , football 's global governing body with 204 member countries , is beginning to view itself as a global `` big business '' . Contents 1 Statistics 2 North America 3 Asia 4 Germany 5 Russia 6 Africa 7 Brazil 8 2018 / 2022 World Cup winning bids 9 References Statistics ( edit ) Costs of World Cups Host General cost RUS ( 2018 ) US $14.00 billion BRA ( 2014 ) US $11.8 billion RSA ( 2010 ) US $3.6 ( £ 2.4 ) billion GER ( 2006 ) US $4.6 ( € 3.7 ) billion KOR / JPN ( 2002 ) US $7 billion FRA ( 1998 ) $340 million USA ( 1994 ) $500 billion ( million ? ) ITA ( 1990 ) $4 billion North america ( edit ) The 1994 World Cup in the United States was hosted in a number of different cities . In Los Angeles , site of the final , there was a total economic profit of 623 million dollars that went directly into the metropolitan economy . To help one better understand this figure , in comparison of that same year the Super Bowl only accounted for 182 million dollars ( Nodell ) . These figures were calculated over just a one - month period in which these games took place . Just in California , reports from the Pasadena Convention and Visitor 's Bureau conclude that 1,700 part - time jobs became available during the preparation and duration of the event ( Deady ) . New York City , San Francisco , and Boston received combined revenue of one billion and forty - five million dollars . The overall increase on hotels and food and beverages was ten and fifteen percent from the previous year . This money spent on hotels and restaurants helps the entire U.S. economy in that many of these hotels and restaurants are chains and corporations . Hence , the money made is spread throughout the corporation and it was found to be used for the opening of new facilities and expansions of the corporation . In addition to the direct impacts of the 1994 World Cup , there are many indirect impacts as well . In order to host the Cup the United States had to develop a national soccer league . This necessity quickly led to the formation of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) in 1996 . This created an ongoing economic factor for the United States . This opened doors for new facilities to be built , sponsorship of new teams , and the revenue of the ticket sales . The indirect impacts did n't stop there either ; the newly introduced professional league in the United States engendered one of the fastest growing youth sports in the country . Youth soccer took off and the selling of apparel and gear for the sport was a target for private businesses to focus on selling . However , a critic has argued that the event cost the United States $5.6 billion . Asia ( edit ) In the 2002 World Cup , several other advantages were discovered when the host was split between Japan and Korea . This was the first time the tournament had been hosted in two countries , with thirty two matches being played in each country with a grand total of sixty four matches . With the three million live spectators ticket sales were an astronomical 1.2 billion dollars . FIFA alone promised each country 110 million for hosting and all revenue from their ticket sales . Also , each country expanded their 20 soccer facilities with an investment of 4.7 billion dollars to prepare for this global event . This gave birth to another realization of hosting this event . A host country in the world cup feels this sense of pride and national exposure with so many people viewing and attending the event . Many times they feel it can show the world their economic success and the progress they have made in bracing the global sport of soccer . It was predicted prior to the 2002 Cup that the England team 's absence would cost the economy 4.7 billion in lost output or about . 3 % of their GDP ( Gross Domestic Product ) if they were to win the entire tournament . If the England team loses in just the first two weeks however , the losses are only expected to reach a total of 1.8 billion . A broader scope of Europe suggests that the top ten other soccer enthusiasts may contribute a loss of 8.1 billion of economic output or . 3 % to . 75 % of second quarter GDP . This is proven more significant in that of the thirty two nations participating , those nations account for 84 % of the global GDP . ( 1 ) Germany ( edit ) The 2006 World Cup was judged a success comparable to that of the 1994 US World Cup . The German government reported that tourism revenue over the month of the World Cup was up roughly 400 million dollars . They made about 3 billion more dollars in retail such as jerseys and other paraphernalia regarding the Cup . Lastly , a reported 500,000 new jobs were yielded in preparation for the tournament . This impact sends ripples through an economy . Restaurants and bars were full to capacity at all hours of the tournament , and 15 million more spectators arrived in Germany than was expected . This success drew attention to the German professional league , the Bundesliga . As a result , sales of tickets and team paraphernalia have increased dramatically . Many global corporations witnessed the craze in Germany during the World Cup and in recognizing the countries passion for the sport they have begun to sponsor many more German teams than prior to 2006 . The global viewing of Bundesliga games has increased as well , helping these sponsors and German telecasters the profits they were expecting . The 2006 World Cup had an operating budget ( for staging the event , not inclusive of capital infrastructure costs ) of € 430 million . The German Football Association announced a profit before tax of € 135 million . After tax and repaying the FIFA contribution of € 40.8 million - the net profit was € 56.6 million which was distributed to the German Football Association and the German Football League . For Germany 2006 that the host country was entitled to the gross receipts of all ticket sales . In October 2007 FIFA announced : `` FIFA has reassumed responsibility for ticket sales and will establish a company named ' 2010 FIFA World Cup Ticketing Ltd ' to this end . '' . Russia ( edit ) Russia is hosting the 2018 Fifa World Cup . At an estimated cost of over $14.2 billion , it will be the most expensive World Cup in history , surpassing the cost of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . Africa ( edit ) The 2010 FIFA World Cup was held in South Africa , for the first time in the tournament 's history . Even though it may not attract as many foreign visitors as the USA and Germany World Cups , it did have an economic benefit due to the location and already emerging economy . Any predictions about the economic impact of the 2010 FIFA World Cup on South Africa have to take into account the present state of the South African economy , which still has one of the largest disparities between the rich and the poor . One main factor for South Africa is attracting international investors . To increase the international trade and foreign direct investment , South Africa must have stability throughout their whole region in their economy and government . If this is achieved then South Africa could be in the top choices for foreign direct investment and collect the potential benefits of the 2010 FIFA games . Because FIFA gathers all of its finances through marketing tournaments such as the World Cup , they aim to ensure the event 's success , and assist the hosting country accordingly . Since South Africa is still a developing country , FIFA will have an important role in funding the tournament . Along with other developing countries that host mega-events , the investment of larger capital investment is required . The projected total direct economic value for GDP is approximately $21.3 billion . Also , 159,000 new jobs are predicted , including full - and part - time jobs , both permanent and temporary . The government also plans to spend millions on upgrading stadiums and building a new international airport . The tournament will host 32 teams with an average of 50 people per team , 14,500 VIPs and dignitaries , 500 officials and 10,500 media . A projected number of half a million foreign visitors ( located outside of Africa ) are expected and staying an average of 15 days . Brazil ( edit ) In 2014 , the FIFA World Cup was hosted in Brazil . This decision was based off location and close evaluation through various economical models . After years of unnecessary construction , eminent domain and countless protests , Brazil was found to be in a worse state than before . Unfortunately . Costs of the tournament totalled $11.6 billion , making it the most expensive World Cup to date , until surpassed by 2018 FIFA World Cup which cost an estimated $14.2 billion . FIFA was expected to spend US $2 billion on staging the finals , with its greatest single expense being the US $576 million prize money pot . That money could have been allocated to other departments of the inner communities of this country including health care and education to name a few . 2018 / 2022 World Cup winning bids ( edit ) On 2 December 2010 , Russia and Qatar were awarded the 2018 and 2022 World Cups , respectively . The United States was a bidder for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups , although questions were being raised about the US bid and whether its economic impact on the US would in fact be as favorable as promised . A new report argues that the US World Cup in 1994 lost billions of dollars despite a positive economic impact estimate , noted that the same company is creating the estimate for the current bid , and predicts that a 2022 US World Cup could again lose billions of dollars in lost income . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Непредвиденные расходы : как менялась смета ЧМ - 2018 08 ИЮН , 07 : 01 , RBC Jump up ^ Непредвиденные расходы : как менялась смета ЧМ - 2018 08 ИЮН , 07 : 01 , RBC Jump up ^ Fortune , Quinton ( 23 September 2014 ) . `` South Africa spent £ 2.4 bn to host the 2010 World Cup . What happened next ? '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Germany 's World Cup Report Hails Economic , Social Success '' . Deutsche Welle. 7 Dec 2006 . Jump up ^ Struck , Doug ( 29 June 2002 ) . `` Hosts Left to Foot World Cup Bill '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ http://wikispesa.costodellostato.it/Mondiali_Italia_%2790._Sprechi,_opere_incompiute,_mutui_accesi_al_2014 Jump up ^ Nodell , Bobbi ( 14 June 1993 ) . `` Tourism industry to be real winner at World Cup -- Special Report : Tourism '' ( Reprinted at Find Articles ) . Los Angeles Business Journal . Jump up ^ Keegan , Peter O. ( 27 June 1994 ) . `` Let the games begin : NJ welcomes World Games '' ( Reprinted at Find Articles ) . Nation 's Restaurant News . Jump up ^ Deady , Tim ( 25 July 1994 ) . `` World Cup gives boost to local economy but hoteliers fall short '' ( Reprinted at Find Articles ) . Los Angeles Business Journal . Jump up ^ Coates , Dennis ( 7 September 2010 ) . `` Give the World Cup bid a red card '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Economic doubts about World Cup - World Cup '' . Business Asia . May 2002 . Retrieved 1 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 's World Cup Report Hails Economic , Social Success '' . Deutsche Welle. 7 December 2006 . Retrieved 1 May 2008 ... Jump up ^ `` HM Treasury - Hosting the World Cup : A Feasibility Study '' ( PDF ) . February 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 October 2009 . Retrieved 3 May 2010 ... Jump up ^ `` Rotation ends in 2018 '' . 29 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2007 . Retrieved 3 May 2010 ... Jump up ^ Непредвиденные расходы : как менялась смета ЧМ - 2018 08 ИЮН , 07 : 01 , RBC Jump up ^ Winners and losers of the 2018 World Cup in Russia AARTHI SWAMINATHAN AND MICHAEL B. KELLEY Jun 15th 2018 11 : 48AM , Yahoo Finance Jump up ^ `` The estimate of the most expensive Football Championship in history increased several times '' . Rusletter.com. 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 's 2018 World Cup costs grow by $600 million '' . USA TODAY. 24 October 2017 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bohlmann , Heinrich ( May 2006 ) . `` Predicting the Economic Impact of the 2010 FIFA World Cup on South Africa '' ( PDF ) . Department of Economics Working Paper Series . Department of Economics , University of Pretoria . Retrieved 1 May 2008 ... Jump up ^ Bailey , Gary ( December 2006 ) . `` 2010 with Gary Bailey '' . ELan Investor Club Official Newsletter ( 14 ) . Archived from the original ( -- ) on 2012 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 1 May 2008 ... Jump up ^ https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/02/56/80/39/fr2014weben_neutral.pdf Jump up ^ `` World Cup set to be most lucrative ever '' . ESPN . 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Непредвиденные расходы : как менялась смета ЧМ - 2018 08 ИЮН , 07 : 01 , RBC Jump up ^ Dunbar , Graham ( 22 May 2014 ) . `` Record World Cup numbers game for FIFA , Brazil '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : Coates , Dennis . `` World Cup Economics : What Americans Need to Know about a US World Cup Bid '' ( PDF ) . umbc.edu . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 June 2011 . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economics_of_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=852788079 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup Sports business Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 10 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is making the money in the world cup | [] | [] |
-6061377517816760686 | History of South Africa | History of South Africa - Wikipedia History of South Africa Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of South Africa General periods Before 1652 1652 -- 1815 1815 -- 1910 1910 -- 1948 1948 -- 1994 Since 1994 Specific themes Economy Military Politics Religion Slavery Inventions See also Years Timeline ( nl ) South Africa portal Part of a series on the Culture of South Africa History People Languages ( show ) Afrikaans English Ndebele Northern Sotho Sotho Swazi Tswana Tsonga Venda Xhosa Zulu Cuisine Festivals ( show ) Public holidays Religion Art Literature ( show ) Writers Poets Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Media ( show ) Television Cinema Sport Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms South Africa portal Historical states in present - day South Africa before 1600 ( show ) Kingdom of Mapungubwe ( 1050 -- 1270 ) Kingdom of Mutapa ( 1430 -- 1760 ) 1600 -- 1700 ( show ) Dutch Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1795 ) 1700 -- 1800 ( show ) Mthethwa Paramountcy ( ca . 1780 -- 1817 ) Ndwandwe ( ca . 1780 -- 1817 ) Swellendam ( 1795 ) Graaff - Reinet ( 1795 -- 96 ) Cape Colony ( 1795 -- 1802 ) 1800 -- 1850 ( show ) Dutch Cape Colony ( 1802 -- 06 ) Cape Colony ( 1806 -- 1910 ) Waterboer 's Land ( 1813 -- 71 ) Zulu Kingdom ( 1818 -- 97 ) Adam Kok 's Land ( 1825 -- 61 ) Winburg ( 1836 -- 44 ) Potchefstroom ( 1837 -- 48 ) Natalia Republic ( 1839 -- 43 ) 1850 -- 1875 ( show ) South African Republic ( 1852 -- 1902 ) Orange Free State ( 1854 -- 1902 ) Republic of Utrecht ( 1854 -- 58 ) Lydenburg Republic ( 1856 -- 60 ) Griqualand East ( 1861 -- 79 ) Griqualand West ( 1870 -- 80 ) Diggers ' Republic ( 1870 - 71 ) 1875 -- 1900 ( show ) Stellaland ( 1882 -- 85 ) Goshen ( 1882 -- 83 ) Nieuw Republiek ( 1884 -- 88 ) Klein Vrystaat ( 1886 -- 91 ) 1900 -- present ( show ) Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1910 ) Union of South Africa ( 1910 -- 61 ) Transkei ( 1976 -- 94 ) Bophuthatswana ( 1977 -- 94 ) Venda ( 1979 -- 94 ) Ciskei ( 1981 -- 94 ) Republic of South Africa ( 1961 -- present ) South Africa portal Bartolomeu Dias Statue of Bartolomeu Dias at the High Commission of South Africa in London . He was the first European navigator to sail around the southernmost tip of Africa . Republic of South Africa flag Use Civil and state flag , civil and state ensign Design The flag of Republic of South Africa was adopted on 27 April 1994 . It replaced the flag that had been used since 1928 , and was chosen to represent multiculturalism and ethnic diversity in the country 's new , post-apartheid democratic society . The first humans are believed to have inhabited South Africa more than 100,000 years ago . The historical record of this ethnically diverse country is generally divided into five distinct periods : the pre-colonial era , the colonial era , the post-colonial and apartheid era , and the post-apartheid era . Much of this history , particularly of the colonial and post-colonial eras , is characterised by clashes of culture , violent territorial disputes between European settlers and indigenous people , dispossession and repression , and other racial and political tensions . The discoveries of diamonds and gold in the nineteenth century had a profound effect on the fortunes of the region , propelling it onto the world stage and introducing a shift away from an exclusively agrarian - based economy towards industrialisation and the development of urban infrastructure . The discoveries also led to new conflicts culminating in open warfare between the Boer settlers and the British Empire , fought essentially for control over the nascent South African mining industry . Following the defeat of the Boers in the Anglo - Boer or South African War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) , the Union of South Africa was created as a dominion of the British Empire in terms of the South Africa Act 1909 , which amalgamated the four previously separate British colonies : Cape Colony , Natal Colony , Transvaal Colony and Orange River Colony . The country became a self - governing nation state within the British Empire , in 1934 following enactment of the Status of the Union Act . The dominion came to an end on 31 May 1961 as the consequence of a 1960 referendum , which legitimised the country becoming a sovereign state named Republic of South Africa . A republican constitution was adopted . From 1948 - 1994 , South African politics were dominated by Afrikaner nationalism . Racial segregation and white minority rule known officially as apartheid came into existence in 1960 , and become an official law of segregation when South Africa became a republic , an Afrikaans word meaning `` separateness '' . It was an extension of segregationist legislation enacted in 1960 . On 27 April 1994 , after decades of armed struggle and international opposition to apartheid , during which military and political support was provided primarily by the Soviet Union to the non-racial African National Congress ( ANC ) , the ANC achieved victory in the country 's first democratic election in which all races could vote . Since then , the African National Congress has dominated the politics of South Africa , in an uneasy alliance with the South African Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history ( before 1652 ) 1.1 Prehistory 1.2 San and Khoikhoi 1.3 Bantu people 1.4 Early European exploration 1.4. 1 Portuguese role 1.4. 2 Dutch role 2 Dutch colonisation ( 1652 -- 1815 ) 3 British colonisation , Mfecane and Boer Republics ( 1815 - 1910 ) 3.1 British at the Cape 3.2 European exploration of the interior 3.3 Zulu militarism and expansionism 3.4 Boer people and republics 3.4. 1 South African Republic 3.4. 2 Free State Republic 3.4. 3 Natalia 3.5 The Cape Colony 3.6 Natal 3.7 Griqua people 3.8 Cape Frontier Wars 3.8. 1 Wars against the Xhosa 3.8. 2 Wars against the Zulu 3.8. 3 Wars with the Basotho 3.8. 4 Wars with the Ndebele 3.8. 5 Wars with the Bapedi 3.9 Discovery of diamonds 3.10 Discovery of gold 3.11 The First Anglo - Boer War 3.12 The Second Anglo - Boer War 4 Union of South Africa ( 1910 - 1948 ) 4.1 First World War 4.2 Second World War 4.2. 1 Pro-German and pro-Nazi attitudes 5 Apartheid era ( 1948 - 1994 ) 5.1 Apartheid legislation 5.2 UN embargo 5.3 Extra-judicial killings 5.4 Military operations in frontline states 5.5 Resistance to apartheid 6 Post-apartheid period ( 1994 - present ) 6.1 Emigration , debt burden and poverty 6.2 Xenophobia 6.3 Post-apartheid heads of state 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Early History ( before 1652 ) ( edit ) Main article : Early history of South Africa Prehistory ( edit ) Scientists researching the periods before written historical records were made have established that the territory of what is now referred to generically as South Africa have established that it is one of the important centers of human evolution . It was inhabited by Australopithecines since at least 2.5 million years ago . Modern human settlement occurred around 125,000 years ago in the Middle Stone Age , as shown by archaeological discoveries at Klasies River Caves . The first human habitation is associated with a DNA group originating in a northwestern area of southern Africa and still prevalent in the indigenous Khoisan ( Khoi and San ) . Southern Africa was reached later by the migration of the ethnically different , dark - skinned , Bantu - speaking or African people originating in the northwestern region of southern Africa during the early centuries AD . At the Blombos cave Professor Raymond Dart discovered the skull of a 2.51 million year old Taung Child in 1924 , the first example of Australopithecus africanus ever found . Following in Dart 's footsteps Robert Broom discovered a new much more robust hominid in 1938 Paranthropus robustus at Kromdraai , and in 1947 uncovered several more examples of Australopithecus africanus at Sterkfontein . In further research at the Blombos cave in 2002 , stones were discovered engraved with grid or cross-hatch patterns , dated to some 70,000 years ago . This has been interpreted as the earliest example ever discovered of abstract art or symbolic art created by Homo sapiens . Many more species of early hominid have come to light in recent decades . The oldest is Little Foot , a collection of footbones of an unknown hominid between 2.2 and 3.3 million years old , discovered at Sterkfontein by Ronald J. Clarke . An important recent find was that of 1.9 million year old Australopithecus sediba , discovered in 2008 . In 2015 , the discovery near Johannesburg of a previously unknown species of Homo was announced , named Homo naledi . It has been described as one of the most important paleontological discoveries in modern times . San and Khoikhoi ( edit ) Khoisan men demonstrating how to start a fire by rubbing sticks together . The descendants of the Middle Paleolithic populations are thought to be the aboriginal San and Khoikhoi tribes . The settlement of southern Africa by the ancestors of the Khoisan corresponds to the earliest separation of the extant Homo sapiens populations altogether , associated in genetic science with what is described in scientific terms as matrilinear haplogroup L0 ( mtDNA ) and patrilinear haplogroup A ( Y - DNA ) , originating in a northwestern area of southern Africa . The San and Khoikhoi are grouped under the term Khoisan , and are essentially distinguished only by their respective occupations . Whereas the San were hunter - gathers , the Khoikhoi were pastoral herders . Archaeological discoveries of livestock bones on the Cape Peninsula indicate that the Khoikhoi began to settle there by about 2000 years ago . In the late 15th and early 16th centuries , Portuguese mariners , who were the first Europeans at the Cape , encountered pastoral Khoikhoi with livestock . Later , English and Dutch seafarers in the late 16th and 17th centuries exchanged metals for cattle and sheep with the Khoikhoi . The conventional view is that availability of livestock was one reason why , in the mid-17th century , the Dutch East India Company established a staging post where the port city of Cape Town is today situated . The initial origin of the Khoikhoi remains uncertain . The establishment of the staging post by the Dutch East India Company at the Cape in 1652 soon brought the Khoikhoi into conflict with Dutch settlers over land ownership . Cattle rustling and livestock theft ensued , with the Khoikhoi being ultimately expelled from the peninsula by force , after a succession of wars . The first Khoikhoi - Dutch War broke out in 1659 , the second in 1673 , and the third 1674 -- 1677 . By the time of their defeat and expulsion from the Cape Peninsula and surrounding districts , the Khoikhoi population was decimated by a smallpox epidemic , against which the Khoikhoi had no natural resistance or indigenous medicines . The disease had been brought to the Cape by Dutch sailors . Bantu people ( edit ) Further information : Bantu migrations The Bantu expansion was one of the major demographic movements in human prehistory , sweeping much of the African continent during the 2nd and 1st millennia BC . Bantu - speaking communities would have reached southern Africa from the Congo basin by the early centuries AD . The advancing Bantu encroached on the Khoikhoi territory , forcing movement into more arid areas . Some of the migrant groups , ancestral to today 's Nguni peoples ( the Zulu , Xhosa , Swazi , and Ndebele ) , preferred to live near the eastern coast of what is present - day South Africa . Others , now known as the Sotho -- Tswana peoples ( Tswana , Pedi , and Sotho ) , settled in the interior on the plateau known as the Highveld , while today 's Venda , Lemba , and Shangaan - Tsonga peoples made their homes in the north - eastern areas of present - day South Africa . Looking out over the floodplains of the Luvuvhu River ( right ) and the Limpopo River ( far distance and left ) The Kingdom of Mapungubwe , which was located near the northern border of present - day South Africa , at the confluence of the Limpopo and Shashe rivers adjacent to present - day Zimbabwe and Botswana , was the first indigenous kingdom in southern Africa between AD 900 and 1300 . It developed into the largest kingdom in the sub-continent before it was abandoned because of climatic changes in the 14th century . Smiths created objects of iron , copper and gold both for local decorative use and for foreign trade . The kingdom controlled trade through the east African ports to Arabia , India and China , and throughout southern Africa , making it wealthy through the exchange of gold and ivory for imports such as Chinese porcelain and Persian glass beads . Specifics of the contact between Bantu - speakers and the indigenous Khoisan ethnic group remain largely unresearched , although linguistic proof of some assimilation exists , as several southern Bantu languages ( notably Xhosa and Zulu ) incorporate many click consonants of the Khoisan languages . The assimilation is not dissimilar to that of the European settlers , who adapted and assimilated the Dutch , Flemish , German and Malay languages into the Dutch patois of Afrikaans . Early European exploration ( edit ) Portuguese role ( edit ) See also : Portugal in the Age of Discovery , Discovery of the sea route to India , Bartolomeu Dias , Vasco da Gama , and Portuguese Empire The Portuguese mariner Bartolomeu Dias was the first European to explore the coastline of South Africa in 1488 , while attempting to discover a trade route to the Far East via the southernmost cape of South Africa , which he named Cabo das Tormentas , meaning Cape of Storms . In November 1497 , a fleet of Portuguese ships under the command of the Portuguese mariner Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope . By 16 December , the fleet had passed the Great Fish River on the east coast of South Africa , where Dias had earlier turned back . Da Gama gave the name Natal to the coast he was passing , which in Portuguese means Christmas . Da Gama 's fleet proceeded northwards to Zanzibar and later sailed eastwards , eventually reaching India and thereby opening the Cape Route between Europe and Asia . Dutch role ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2017 ) See also : Dutch Republic in the Age of Discovery , Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company , Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) , First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia , Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia , Brouwer Route , and Jan Huyghen van Linschoten The Dutch East India Company ( Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC ) was a major force behind the Golden Age of Dutch exploration ( ca . 1590s -- 1720s ) and Netherlandish cartography ( ca . 1570s -- 1670s ) . Dutch colonisation ( 1652 -- 1815 ) ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2017 ) Main article : Dutch Cape Colony See also : History of South Africa ( 1652 -- 1815 ) , Economic history of South Africa , Military history of South Africa , Khoikhoi -- Dutch Wars , Dutch Empire , Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company , Military history of the Dutch East India Company , and Dutch Republic in the Age of Discovery See also : History of Cape Town , Stellenbosch , Swellendam , Graaff - Reinet , Franschhoek , Huguenots in South Africa , Boer Nationalism , Dorsland Trek , South African wine , Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa , Afrikaner Calvinism , Cape Dutch , and Cape Dutch architecture Jan van Riebeeck , first Commander of the Dutch East India Company colony The Dutch East India Company ( in the Dutch of the day : Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie , or VOC ) decided to establish a permanent settlement at the Cape . The VOC , one of the major European trading houses sailing the spice route to the East , had no intention of colonising the area , instead wanting only to establish a secure base camp where passing ships could shelter and be serviced , and where hungry sailors could stock up on fresh supplies of meat , fruit , and vegetables . To this end , a small VOC expedition under the command of Jan van Riebeeck reached Table Bay on 6 April 1652 . The VOC had settled at the Cape in order to supply their trading ships . As the Khoikhoi were not agricultural farmers , there was no food to trade for at the Cape and the VOC had to import Dutch farmers to establish farms to supply the passing ships as well as to supply the growing VOC settlement . The small initial group of free burghers , as these farmers were known , steadily increased in number and began to expand their farms further north and east into the territory of the Khoikhoi . The free burghers were ex-VOC soldiers and gardeners , who were unable to return to Holland when their contracts were completed with the VOC . The statue of Jan van Riebeeck , the founder of Cape Town , in Heerengracht Street . The majority of burghers had Dutch ancestry and belonged to the Calvinist Reformed Church of the Netherlands , but there were also numerous Germans as well as some Scandinavians . In 1688 the Dutch and the Germans were joined by French Huguenots , also Calvinists , who were fleeing religious persecution in France under King Louis XIV . Van Riebeeck considered it impolitic to enslave the local Khoi and San aboriginals , so the VOC began to import large numbers of slaves , primarily from the Dutch colonies in Indonesia . Eventually , van Riebeeck and the VOC began to make indentured servants out of the Khoikhoi and the San . The offspring from miscegenation between the Dutch settlers and the Khoi - San and Malay slaves became known officially as the Cape Coloureds and the Cape Malays , respectively . A significant number of the offspring from the white and slave unions were absorbed into the local proto - Afrikaans speaking white population . The racially mixed genealogical origins of many so - called `` white '' South Africans have been traced to interracial unions at the Cape between the European occupying population and imported Asian and African slaves , the indigenous Khoi and San , and their vari - hued offspring . Simon van der Stel , the first Governor of the Dutch settlement , famous for his development of the lucrative South African wine industry , was himself of mixed race - origin . British colonisation , mfecane and Boer republics ( 1815 - 1910 ) ( edit ) British at the Cape ( edit ) Main articles : British Cape Colony and History of South Africa ( 1815 - 1910 ) The Rhodes Colossus -- Cecil Rhodes spanning `` Cape to Cairo '' In 1787 , shortly before the French Revolution , a faction within the politics of the Dutch Republic known as the Patriot Party attempted to overthrow the regime of stadtholder William V. Though the revolt was crushed , it was resurrected after the French invasion of the Netherlands in 1794 / 1795 which resulted in the stadtholder fleeing the country . The Patriot revolutionaries then proclaimed the Batavian Republic , which was closely allied to revolutionary France . In response , the stadtholder , who had taken up residence in England , issued the Kew Letters , ordering colonial governors to surrender to the British . The British then seized the Cape in 1795 to prevent it from falling into French hands . The Cape was relinquished back to the Dutch in 1803 . In 1805 , the British inherited the Cape as a prize during the Napoleonic Wars , again seizing the Cape from the French controlled Kingdom of Holland which had replaced the Batavian Republic . Like the Dutch before them , the British initially had little interest in the Cape Colony , other than as a strategically located port . The Cape Articles of Capitulation of 1806 allowed the colony to retain `` all their rights and privileges which they have enjoyed hitherto '' , and this launched South Africa on a divergent course from the rest of the British Empire , allowing the continuance of Roman - Dutch law . British sovereignty of the area was recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 , the Dutch accepting a payment of 6 million pounds for the colony . As one of their first tasks they outlawed the use of the Dutch language in 1806 with the view of converting the European settlers to the British language and culture . This had the effect of forcing more of the Dutch colonists to move ( or trek ) away from British administrative reach . Much later , in 1820 the British authorities persuaded about 5,000 middle - class British immigrants ( most of them `` in trade '' ) to leave Great Britain . Many of the 1820 Settlers eventually settled in Grahamstown and Port Elizabeth . British policy with regard to South Africa would vacillate with successive governments , but the overarching imperative throughout the 19th century was to protect the strategic trade route to India while incurring as little expense as possible within the colony . This aim was complicated by border conflicts with the Boers , who soon developed a distaste for British authority . European exploration of the interior ( edit ) Colonel Robert Jacob Gordon of the Dutch East India Company was the first European to explore parts of the interior while commanding the Dutch garrison at the renamed Cape of Good Hope , from 1780 to 1795 . The four expeditions Gordon undertook between 1777 and 1786 are recorded in a series of several hundred drawings known collectively as the Gordon Atlas , as well as in his journals , which were only discovered in 1964 . Early relations between the European settlers and the Xhosa , the first Bantu peoples they met when they ventured inward , were peaceful . However , there was competition for land , and this tension led to skirmishes in the form of cattle raids from 1779 . The British explorers David Livingstone and William Oswell , setting out from a mission station in the northern Cape Colony , are believed to have been the first white men to cross the Kalahari desert in 1849 . The Royal Geographical Society later awarded Livingstone a gold medal for his discovery of Lake Ngami in the desert . Zulu militarism and expansionism ( edit ) Main articles : Zulu people and Difaqane This map illustrates the rise of the Zulu Empire under Shaka ( 1816 -- 1828 ) in present - day South Africa . The rise of the Zulu Empire under Shaka forced other chiefdoms and clans to flee across a wide area of southern Africa . Clans fleeing the Zulu war zone included the Soshangane , Zwangendaba , Ndebele , Hlubi , Ngwane , and the Mfengu . A number of clans were caught between the Zulu Empire and advancing Voortrekkers and British Empire such as the Xhosa . The Zulu people are part of the Nguni tribe and were originally a minor clan in what is today northern KwaZulu - Natal , founded ca . 1709 by Zulu kaNtombela . The 1820s saw a time of immense upheaval relating to the military expansion of the Zulu Kingdom , which replaced the original African clan system with kingdoms . Sotho - speakers know this period as the difaqane ( `` forced migration '' ) ; Zulu - speakers call it the mfecane ( `` crushing '' ) . Various theories have been advanced for the causes of the difaqane , ranging from ecological factors to competition in the ivory trade . Another theory attributes the epicentre of Zulu violence to the slave trade out of Delgoa Bay in Mozambique situated to the north of Zululand . According to this theory , Portuguese slavers had been driven southwards because of increased naval activity during the Napoleonic wars ; it was the rush of refugees away from the encroaching slavers that precipitated violent instability in the region . In 1818 , Nguni tribes in Zululand became a militaristic kingdom under the driving force of Shaka kaSenzangakhona , son of the chief of the Zulu clan . Shaka built large armies , breaking from clan tradition by placing the armies under the control of his own officers rather than of hereditary chiefs . He then set out on a massive programme of expansion , killing or enslaving those who resisted in the territories he conquered . His impis ( warrior regiments ) were rigorously disciplined : failure in battle meant death . Shaka Zulu in traditional Zulu military garb Peoples in the path of Shaka 's armies moved out of his way , becoming in their turn aggressors against their neighbours . This wave of displacement spread throughout southern Africa and beyond . It also accelerated the formation of several new nation - states , notably those of the Sotho ( present - day Lesotho ) and of the Swazi ( now Swaziland ) . In 1828 Shaka was killed by his half - brothers Dingaan and Umhlangana . The weaker and less - skilled Dingaan became king , relaxing military discipline while continuing the despotism . Dingaan also attempted to establish relations with the British traders on the Natal coast , but events had started to unfold that would see the demise of Zulu independence . Boer people and republics ( edit ) Main article : Boer Republics After 1806 , a number of Dutch - speaking inhabitants of the Cape Colony trekked inland , first in small groups . Eventually , in the 1830s , large numbers of Boers migrated in what came to be known as the Great Trek . Among the initial reasons for their leaving the Cape colony were the English language rule . Religion was a very important aspect of the settlers culture and the bible and church services were in Dutch . Similarly , schools , justice and trade up to the arrival of the British , were all managed in the Dutch language . The language law caused friction , distrust and dissatisfaction . An account of the first trekboers Another reason for Dutch - speaking white farmers trekking away from the Cape was the abolition of slavery by the British government on Emancipation Day , 1 December 1838 . The farmers complained they could not replace the labour of their slaves without losing an excessive amount of money . The farmers had invested large amounts of capital in slaves . Owners who had purchased slaves on credit or put them up as surety against loans faced financial ruin . Britain had allocated the sum of 1 200 000 British Pounds as compensation to the Dutch settlers , on condition the Dutch farmers had to lodge their claims in Britain as well as the fact that the value of the slaves was many times the allocated amount . This caused further dissatisfaction among the Dutch settlers . The settlers , incorrectly , believed that the Cape Colony administration had taken the money due to them as payment for freeing their slaves . Those settlers who were allocated money could only claim it in Britain in person or through an agent . The commission charged by agents was the same as the payment for one slave , thus those settlers only claiming for one slave would receive nothing . South African Republic ( edit ) Main article : South African Republic Flag of the South African Republic , often referred to as the Vierkleur ( meaning four - coloured ) The South African Republic ( Dutch : Zuid - Afrikaansche Republiek or ZAR , not to be confused with the much later Republic of South Africa ) , is often referred to as The Transvaal and sometimes as the Republic of Transvaal . It was an independent and internationally recognised nation - state in southern Africa from 1852 to 1902 . Independent sovereignty of the republic was formally recognised by Great Britain with the signing of the Sand River Convention on 17 January 1852 . The republic , under the premiership of Paul Kruger , defeated British forces in the First Boer War and remained independent until the end of the Second Boer War on 31 May 1902 , when it was forced to surrender to the British . The territory of the South African Republic became known after this war as the Transvaal Colony . Free State Republic ( edit ) Main article : Orange Free State Flag of the Republic of the Orange Free State The independent Boer republic of Orange Free State evolved from colonial Britain 's Orange River Sovereignty , enforced by the presence of British troops , which lasted from 1848 to 1854 in the territory between the Orange and Vaal rivers , named Transorange . Britain , due to the military burden imposed on it by the Crimean War in Europe , then withdrew its troops from the territory in 1854 , when the territory along with other areas in the region was claimed by the Boers as an independent Boer republic , which they named the Orange Free State . In March 1858 , after land disputes , cattle rustling and a series of raids and counter-raids , the Orange Free State declared war on the Basotho kingdom , which it failed to defeat . A succession of wars were conducted between the Boers and the Basotho for the next 10 years . The name Orange Free State was again changed to the Orange River Colony , created by Britain after the latter occupied it in 1900 and then annexed it in 1902 during the Second Boer War . The colony , with an estimated population of less than 400,000 in 1904 ceased to exist in 1910 , when it was absorbed into the Union of South Africa as the Orange Free State Province . Natalia ( edit ) Main article : Natalia Republic Natalia was a short - lived Boer republic established in 1839 by Boer voortrekkers emigrating from the Cape Colony . In 1824 a party of 25 men under British Lieutenant FG Farewell arrived from the Cape Colony and established a settlement on the northern shore of the Bay of Natal , which would later become the port of Durban , so named after Sir Benjamin d'Urban , a governor of the Cape Colony . Boer voortrekkers in 1838 established the Republic of Natalia in the surrounding region , with its capital at Pietermaritzburg . On the night of 23 / 24 May 1842 British colonial forces attacked the voortrekker camp at Congella . The attack failed , with British forces then retreating back to Durban , which the Boers besieged . A local trader Dick King and his servant Ndongeni , who later became folk heroes , were able to escape the blockade and ride to Grahamstown , a distance of 600 km ( 372.82 miles ) in 14 days to raise British reinforcements . The reinforcements arrived in Durban 20 days later ; the siege was broken and the voortrekkers retreated . The Boers accepted British annexation in 1844 . Many of the Natalia Boers who refused to acknowledge British rule trekked over the Drakensberg mountains to settle in the Orange Free State and Transvaal republics . The Cape Colony ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Cape Colony and Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope Sir Harry Smith , British governor and high commissioner of the Cape Colony , 1847 -- 1852 Between 1847 and 1854 , Sir Harry Smith , governor and high commissioner of the Cape Colony , annexed territories far to the north of original British and Dutch settlement . Smith 's expansion of the Cape Colony resulted in conflict with disaffected Boers in the Orange River Sovereignty who in 1848 mounted an abortive rebellion at Boomplaats , where the Boers were defeated by a detachment of the Cape Mounted Rifles . Annexation also precipitated a war between British colonial forces and the indigenous Xhosa nation in 1850 , in the eastern coastal region . Starting from the mid-1800s , the Cape of Good Hope , which was then the largest state in southern Africa , began moving towards greater independence from Britain . In 1854 , it was granted its first locally elected legislature , the Cape Parliament . In 1872 , after a long political struggle , it attained responsible government with a locally accountable executive and Prime Minister . The Cape nonetheless remained nominally part of the British Empire , even though it was self - governing in practice . The Cape Colony was unusual in southern Africa in that its laws prohibited any discrimination on the basis of race and , unlike the Boer republics , elections were held according to the non-racial Cape Qualified Franchise system , whereby suffrage qualifications applied universally , regardless of race . Initially , a period of strong economic growth and social development ensued . However , an ill - informed British attempt to force the states of southern Africa into a British federation led to inter-ethnic tensions and the First Boer War . Meanwhile , the discovery of diamonds around Kimberley and gold in the Transvaal led to a later return to instability , particularly because they fueled the rise to power of the ambitious colonialist Cecil Rhodes . As Cape Prime Minister , Rhodes curtailed the multi-racial franchise , and his expansionist policies set the stage for the Second Boer War . Natal ( edit ) Main article : Colony of Natal By the end of 1847 , following annexation by Britain of the former Boer republic of Natalia , nearly all the Boers had left their former republic , which the British renamed Natal . The role of the Boer settlers was replaced by subsidised British immigrants of whom 5,000 arrived between 1849 and 1851 . Indian indentured labourers arriving in Durban for the first time Indian slaves from the Dutch colonies had been introduced into the Cape area of South Africa by the Dutch settlers in 1654 . By 1860 , with slavery having been abolished in 1834 , and after the annexation of Natal as a British colony in 1843 , the British colonialists in Natal ( now kwaZulu - Natal ) turned to India to resolve a labour shortage . Men of the local Zulu warrior nation were refusing to adopt the servile position of labourers . In that year , the SS Truro arrived in Durban harbour with over 300 Indians on board . Over the next 50 years , 150,000 more indentured Indian servants and labourers arrived , as well as numerous free `` passenger Indians '' , building the base for what would become the largest Indian community outside India . By 1893 , when the lawyer and social activist Mahatma Gandhi arrived in Durban , Indians outnumbered whites in Natal . The civil rights struggle of Gandhi 's Natal Indian Congress failed ; until the 1994 advent of democracy , Indians in South Africa were subject to most of the discriminatory laws that applied to all non-white inhabitants of the country . Griqua people ( edit ) Main article : Griqua people By the late 1700s , the Cape Colony population had grown to include a large number of mixed - race so - called `` coloureds '' who were the offspring of extensive miscegenation between white , male Dutch settlers , Khoikhoi females , and female slaves imported from Dutch colonies in the East . Members of this mixed - race community formed the core of what was to become the Griqua people . Under the leadership of a former slave named Adam Kok , these `` coloureds '' or Basters ( meaning Bastards ) as they were named by the Dutch , started trekking northward into the interior , through what is today named Northern Cape Province . The trek of the Griquas to escape the influence of the Cape Colony has been described as `` one of the great epics of the 19th century . '' They were joined on their long journey by a number of San and Khoikhoi aboriginals , local African tribesmen , and also some white renegades . Around 1800 , they started crossing the northern frontier formed by the Orange River , arriving ultimately in an uninhabited area , which they named Griqualand . In 1825 , a faction of the Griqua people was induced by Dr John Philip , superintendent of the London Missionary Society in Southern Africa , to relocate to a place called Philippolis , a mission station for the San , several hundred miles southeast of Griqualand . Philip 's intention was for the Griquas to protect the missionary station there against banditti in the region , and as a bulwark against the northward movement of white settlers from the Cape Colony . Friction between the Griquas and the settlers over land rights resulted in British troops being sent to the region in 1845 . It marked the beginning of nine years of British intervention in the affairs of the region , which the British named Transorange . Nicolaas Waterboer who ruled Griqualand from 1852 to 1896 In 1861 , to avoid the imminent prospect of either being colonised by the Cape Colony or coming into conflict with the expanding Boer Republic of Orange Free State , most of the Philippolis Griquas embarked on a further trek . They moved about 500 miles eastward , over the Quathlamba ( today known as the Drakensberg mountain range ) , settling ultimately in an area officially designated as `` Nomansland '' , which the Griquas renamed Griqualand East . East Griqualand was subsequently annexed by Britain in 1874 and incorporated into the Cape Colony in 1879 . The original Griqualand , north of the Orange River , was annexed by Britain 's Cape Colony and renamed Griqualand West after the discovery in 1871 of the world 's richest deposit of diamonds at Kimberley , so named after the British Colonial Secretary , Earl Kimberley . Although no formally surveyed boundaries existed , Griqua leader Nicolaas Waterboer claimed the diamond fields were situated on land belonging to the Griquas . The Boer republics of Transvaal and the Orange Free State also vied for ownership of the land , but Britain , being the preeminent force in the region , won control over the disputed territory . In 1878 , Waterboer led an unsuccessful rebellion against the colonial authorities , for which he was arrested and briefly exiled . Cape frontier wars ( edit ) In early South Africa , European notions of national boundaries and land ownership had no counterparts in African political culture . To the local African chieftains , customary tribute in the form of horses and cattle represented acceptance by the reigning chief of land use under his authority . To both the Boer and the British settlers , the same form of tribute was believed to constitute purchase and permanent ownership of the land under independent authority . As British and Boer settlers started establishing permanent farms after trekking across the country in search of prime agricultural land , they encountered resistance from the local Bantu people who had originally migrated southwards from central Africa hundreds of years earlier . The consequent frontier wars were officially referred to by the British colonial authorities as the `` Kaffir '' wars . It has been suggested by at least one historian that the early tribal societies of what is today South Africa were defeated not only by the superior weapons of the settlers , `` but also by their own backwardness and disunity . '' Too , the increasing economic involvement of the British in southern Africa from the 1820s , and especially following the discovery of first diamonds at Kimberley and gold in the Transvaal , resulted in pressure for land and African labour , and led to increasingly tense relations with African states . Wars against the Xhosa ( edit ) In the southeastern part of the country , the Boers and the Xhosa clashed along the Great Fish River , and in 1779 the first of nine frontier wars erupted . For nearly 100 years subsequently , the Xhosa fought the settlers sporadically , first the Boers or Afrikaners and later the British . In the Fourth Frontier War , which lasted from 1811 to 1812 , the British forced the Xhosa back across the Great Fish River and established forts along this boundary . Map of South Africa showing the primary Xhosa language area in green In 1818 differences between two Xhosa leaders , Ndlambe and Ngqika , ended in Ngqika 's defeat , but the British continued to recognise Ngqika as the paramount chief . He appealed to the British for help against Ndlambe , who retaliated in 1819 during the Fifth Frontier War by attacking the British colonial town of Grahamstown . The Xhosa prophet Nxele emerged at this time and led the Xhosa armies in several attacks . He was subsequently captured and imprisoned on Robben Island . After this war the British attempted unsuccessfully to declare the area between the Great Fish and the Keiskamma rivers neutral territory . More fighting took place , until eventually all Xhosa territories were incorporated into the Cape Colony . Wars against the Zulu ( edit ) King Cetshwayo photograph ( ca. 1875 ) In the eastern part of what is today South Africa , in the region named Natalia by the Boer trekkers , the latter negotiated an agreement with Zulu King Dingane kaSenzangakhona allowing the Boers to settle in part of the then Zulu kingdom . Cattle rustling ensued and a party of Boers under the leadership of Piet Retief was massacred . The Boers retaliated at the Ncome River on 16 December 1838 , when they killed about three thousand Zulu warriors in a clash known historically as the Battle of Blood River . In the later annexation of the Zulu kingdom by imperial Britain , an Anglo - Zulu War was fought in 1879 . Following Lord Carnarvon 's successful introduction of federation in Canada , it was thought that similar political effort , coupled with military campaigns , might succeed with the African kingdoms , tribal areas and Boer republics in South Africa . In 1874 , Sir Henry Bartle Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner for the British Empire to bring such plans into being . Among the obstacles were the presence of the independent states of the South African Republic and the Kingdom of Zululand and its army . Frere , on his own initiative , without the approval of the British government and with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu , had presented an ultimatum on 11 December 1878 , to the Zulu king Cetshwayo with which the Zulu king could not comply . Bartle Frere then sent Lord Chelmsford to invade Zululand . The war is notable for several particularly bloody battles , including an overwhelming victory by the Zulu at the Battle of Isandlwana , as well as for being a landmark in the timeline of imperialism in the region . Britain 's eventual defeat of the Zulus , marking the end of the Zulu nation 's independence , was accomplished with the assistance of Zulu collaborators who harboured cultural and political resentments against centralised Zulu authority . The British then set about establishing large sugar plantations in the area today named KwaZulu - Natal Province . Wars with the Basotho ( edit ) From the 1830s onwards , numbers of white settlers from the Cape Colony crossed the Orange River and started arriving in the fertile southern part of territory known as the Lower Caledon Valley , which was occupied by Basotho cattle herders under the authority of the Basotho founding monarch Moshoeshoe I. In 1845 , a treaty was signed between the British colonialists and Moshoeshoe , which recognised white settlement in the area . No firm boundaries were drawn between the area of white settlement and Moshoeshoe 's kingdom , which led to border clashes . Moshoeshoe was under the impression he was loaning grazing land to the settlers in accordance with African precepts of occupation rather than ownership , while the settlers believed they had been granted permanent land rights . Afrikaner settlers in particular were loathe to live under Moshoesoe 's authority and among Africans . The British , who at that time controlled the area between the Orange and Vaal Rivers called the Orange River Sovereignty , decided a discernible boundary was necessary and proclaimed a line named the Warden Line , dividing the area between British and Basotho territories . This led to conflict between the Basotho and the British , who were defeated by Moshoeshoe 's warriors at the battle of Viervoet in 1851 . King Moshoeshoe with his advisors As punishment to the Basotho , the governor and commander - in - chief of the Cape Colony , Sir George Cathcart , deployed troops to the Mohokare River ; Moshoeshoe was ordered to pay a fine . When he did not pay the fine in full , a battle broke out on the Berea Plateau in 1852 , where the British suffered heavy losses . In 1854 , the British handed over the territory to the Boers through the signing of the Sand River Convention . This territory and others in the region then became the Republic of the Orange Free State . A succession of wars followed from 1858 to 1868 between the Basotho kingdom and the Boer republic of Orange Free State . In the battles that followed , the Orange Free State tried unsuccessfully to capture Moshoeshoe 's mountain stronghold at Thaba Bosiu , while the Sotho conducted raids in Free State territories . Both sides adopted scorched - earth tactics , with large swathes of pasturage and cropland being destroyed . Faced with starvation , Moshoeshoe signed a peace treaty on 15 October 1858 , though crucial boundary issues remained unresolved . War broke out again in 1865 . After an unsuccessful appeal for aid from the British Empire , Moshoeshoe signed the 1866 treaty of Thaba Bosiu , with the Basotho ceding substantial territory to the Orange Free State . On 12 March 1868 , the British parliament declared the Basotho Kingdom a British protectorate and part of the British Empire . Open hostilities ceased between the Orange Free State and the Basotho . The country was subsequently named Basutoland and is presently named Lesotho . Wars with the Ndebele ( edit ) Boer voortrekkers depicted in an early artist 's rendition In 1836 , when Boer voortrekkers ( meaning advance trekkers ) arrived in the northwestern part of present - day South Africa , they came into conflict with a Ndebele sub-group that the settlers named `` Matabele '' , under chief Mzilikazi . A series of battles ensued , in which Mzilikazi was eventually defeated . He withdrew from the area and led his people northwards to what would later become the Matabele region of Southern Rhodesia ( now Zimbabwe ) . Other members of the Ndebele ethnic language group in different areas of the region similarly came into conflict with the Voortrekkers , notably in the area that would later become the Northern Transvaal . In September 1854 , 28 Boers accused of cattle rustling were killed in three separate incidents by an alliance of the Ndebele chiefdoms of Mokopane and Mankopane . Mokopane and his followers , anticipating retaliation by the settlers , retreated into the mountain caves known as Gwasa , ( or Makapansgat in Afrikaans ) . In late October , Boer commandos supported by local Kgatla tribal collaborators laid siege to the caves . By the end of the siege , about three weeks later , Mokopane and between 1,000 and 3,000 people had died in the caves . The survivors were captured and allegedly enslaved . Wars with the Bapedi ( edit ) The Bapedi wars , also known as the Sekukuni wars , consisted of three separate campaigns fought between 1876 and 1879 against the Bapedi under their reigning monarch King Sekukuni , in the northeastern region known as Sekukuniland , bordering on Swaziland . The wars were an outcome of constant friction between the Bapedi and the Boers , who claimed that Bapedi carrying arms were continually stealing livestock , whilst the Bapedi claimed that neighbouring Boer settlers stole children to be forced into farm labour . Further friction was caused by the refusal of Sekukuni to allow prospectors to search for gold in territory he considered to be sovereign and independent under his authority . The First Sekukuni War of 1876 was conducted by the Boers , and the two separate campaigns of the Second Sekukuni War of 1878 / 1879 were conducted by the British . During the final campaign , Sekukuni ( also spelled Sekhukhune ) and members of his entourage took refuge in a mountain cave where he was cut off from food and water . He eventually surrendered to a combined deputation of Boer and British forces on December 2 , 1879 . Sekukuni , members of his family and some Bapedi generals were subsequently imprisoned in Pretoria for two years , with Sekukuniland becoming part of the Transvaal Republic . No gold was ever discovered in the annexed territory . Discovery of diamonds ( edit ) Cecil John Rhodes , co-founder of De Beers Consolidated Mines at Kimberley The first diamond discoveries between 1866 and 1867 were alluvial , on the southern banks of the Orange River . By 1869 , diamonds were found at some distance from any stream or river , in hard rock called blue ground , later called kimberlite , after the mining town of Kimberley where the diamond diggings were concentrated . The diggings were located in an area of vague boundaries and disputed land ownership . Claimants to the site included the South African ( Transvaal ) Republic , the Orange Free State Republic , and the mixed - race Griqua nation under Nicolaas Waterboer . Cape Colony Governor Sir Henry Barkly persuaded all claimants to submit themselves to a decision of an arbitrator and so Robert W Keate , Lieutenant - Governor of Natal was asked to arbitrate . Keate awarded ownership to the Griquas . Waterboer , fearing conflict with the Boer republic of Orange Free State , subsequently asked for and received British protection . Griqualand then became a separate Crown Colony renamed Griqualand West in 1871 , with a Lieutenant - General and legislative council . The Crown Colony of Griqualand West was annexed into the Cape Colony in 1877 , enacted into law in 1880 . No material benefits accrued to the Griquas as a result of either colonisation or annexation ; they did not receive any share of the diamond wealth generated at Kimberley . The Griqua community became subsequently dissimulated . By the 1870s and 1880s the mines at Kimberley were producing 95 % of the world 's diamonds . The widening search for gold and other resources were financed by the wealth produced and the practical experience gained at Kimberley . Revenue accruing to the Cape Colony from the Kimberley diamond diggings enabled the Cape Colony to be granted responsible government status in 1872 , since it was no longer dependent on the British Treasury and hence allowing it to be fully self - governing in similar fashion to the federation of Canada , New Zealand and some of the Australian states . The wealth derived from Kimberley diamond mining , having effectively tripled the customs revenue of the Cape Colony from 1871 to 1875 , also doubled its population , and allowed it to expand its boundaries and railways to the north . In 1888 , British imperialist Cecil John Rhodes co-founded De Beers Consolidated Mines at Kimberley , after buying up and amalgamating the individual claims with finance provided by the Rothschild dynasty . Abundant , cheap African labour was central to the success of Kimberley diamond mining , as it would later also be to the success of gold mining on the Witwatersrand . It has been suggested in some academic circles that the wealth produced at Kimberley was a significant factor influencing the Scramble for Africa , in which European powers had by 1902 competed with each other in drawing arbitrary boundaries across almost the entire continent and dividing it among themselves . Discovery of gold ( edit ) Main article : Witwatersrand Gold Rush Johannesburg before gold mining transformed it into a bustling modern city Although many tales abound , there is no conclusive evidence as to who first discovered gold or the manner in which it was originally discovered in the late 19th Century on the Witwatersrand ( meaning White Waters Ridge ) of the Transvaal . The discovery of gold in February 1886 at a farm called Langlaagte on the Witwatersrand in particular precipitated a gold rush by prospectors and fortune seekers from all over the world . Except in rare outcrops , however , the main gold deposits had over many years become covered gradually by thousands of feet of hard rock . Finding and extracting the deposits far below the ground called for the capital and engineering skills that would soon result in the deep - level mines of the Witwatersrand producing a quarter of the world 's gold , with the `` instant city '' of Johannesburg arising astride the main Witwatersrand gold reef . Within two years of gold being discovered on the Witwatersrand , four mining finance houses had been established . The first was formed by Hermann Eckstein in 1887 , eventually becoming Rand Mines . Cecil Rhodes and Charles Rudd followed , with their Gold Fields of South Africa company . Rhodes and Rudd had earlier made fortunes from diamond mining at Kimberley . In 1895 there was an investment boom in Witwatersrand gold - mining shares . The precious metal that underpinned international trade would dominate South African exports for decades to come . Of the leading 25 foreign industrialists who were instrumental in opening up deep level mining operations at the Witwatersrand gold fields , 15 were Jewish , 11 of the total were from Germany or Austria , and nine of that latter category were also Jewish . The commercial opportunities opened by the discovery of gold attracted many other people of European Jewish origin . The Jewish population of South Africa in 1880 numbered approximately 4,000 ; by 1914 it had grown to more than 40,000 , mostly migrants from Lithuania . The working environment of the mines , meanwhile , as one historian has described it , was `` dangerous , brutal and onerous '' , and therefor unpopular among local black Africans . Recruitment of black labour began to prove difficult , even with an offer of improved wages . In mid-1903 there remained barely half of the 90,000 black labourers who had been employed in the industry in mid-1899 . The decision was made to start importing Chinese indentured labourers who were prepared to work for far less wages than local African labourers . The first 1,000 indentured Chinese labourers arrived in June 1904 . By January 1907 , 53,000 Chinese labourers were working in the gold mines . The first Anglo - Boer War ( edit ) Main article : First Boer War This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Regional geography during the period of the Anglo - Boer wars ; the South African Republic / Transvaal ( green ) , with the Orange Free State ( orange ) , the British Cape Colony ( blue ) , and Natalia Republic ( red ) The Transvaal Boer republic was forcefully annexed by Britain in 1877 , during Britain 's attempt to consolidate the states of southern Africa under British rule . Long - standing Boer resentment turned into full - blown rebellion in the Transvaal and the first Anglo - Boer War , also known as the Boer Insurrection , broke out in 1880 . The conflict ended almost as soon as it began with a decisive Boer victory at Battle of Majuba Hill ( 27 February 1881 ) . The republic regained its independence as the Zuid - Afrikaansche Republiek ( `` South African Republic '' ) , or ZAR . Paul Kruger , one of the leaders of the uprising , became President of the ZAR in 1883 . Meanwhile , the British , who viewed their defeat at Majuba as an aberration , forged ahead with their desire to federate the Southern African colonies and republics . They saw this as the best way to come to terms with the fact of a white Afrikaner majority , as well as to promote their larger strategic interests in the area . The cause of the Anglo - Boer wars has been attributed to a contest over which nation would control and benefit most from the Witwatersrand gold mines . The enormous wealth of the mines was in the hands of European `` Randlords '' overseeing the mainly British foreign managers , mining foremen , engineers and technical specialists , characterised by the Boers as uitlander , meaning aliens . The `` aliens '' objected to being denied parliamentary representation and the right to vote , and they complained also of bureaucratic government delays in the issuing of licenses and permits , and general administrative incompetence on the part of the government . In 1895 , a column of mercenaries in the employ of Cecil John Rhodes ' Rhodesian - based Charter Company and led by Captain Leander Starr Jameson had entered the ZAR with the intention of sparking an uprising on the Witwatersrand and installing a British administration there . The armed incursion became known as the Jameson Raid . It ended when the invading column was ambushed and captured by Boer commandos . President Kruger suspected the insurgency had received at least the tacit approval of the Cape Colony government under the premiership of Cecil John Rhodes , and that Kruger 's South African Republic faced imminent danger . Kruger reacted by forming an alliance with the neighbouring Boer republic of Orange Free State . This did not prevent the outbreak of a Second Anglo - Boer war . The Second Anglo - Boer War ( edit ) Main article : Second Boer War Emily Hobhouse campaigned against the appalling conditions of the British concentrations in South Africa , thus influencing British public opinion against the war . Renewed tensions between Britain and the Boers peaked in 1899 when the British demanded voting rights for the 60,000 foreign whites on the Witwatersrand . Until that point , President Paul Kruger 's government had excluded all foreigners from the franchise . Kruger rejected the British demand and called for the withdrawal of British troops from the borders of the South African Republic . When the British refused , Kruger declared war . This Second Anglo - Boer War , also known as the South African War lasted longer than the first , with British troops being supplemented by colonial troops from Southern Rhodesia , Canada , India , Australia and New Zealand . It has been estimated that the total number of British and colonial troops deployed in South Africa during the war outnumbered the population of the two Boer Republics by more than 150,000 . By June 1900 , Pretoria , the last of the major Boer towns , had surrendered . Yet resistance by Boer bittereinders ( meaning those who would fight to the bitter end ) continued for two more years with guerrilla warfare , which the British met in turn with scorched earth tactics . The Boers kept on fighting . The British suffragette Emily Hobhouse visited British concentration camps in South Africa and produced a report condemning the appalling conditions there . By 1902 , 26,000 Boer women and children had died of disease and neglect in the camps . The Anglo - Boer War affected all race groups in South Africa . Black people were conscripted or otherwise coerced by both sides into working for them either as combatants or non-combatants to sustain the respective war efforts of both the Boers and the British . The official statistics of blacks killed in action are inaccurate . Most of the bodies were dumped in unmarked graves . It has , however , been verified that 17,182 black people died mainly of diseases in the Cape concentration camps alone , but this figure is not accepted historically as a true reflection of the overall numbers . Concentration camp superintendents did not always record the deaths of black inmates in the camps . From the outset of hostilities in October 1899 to the signing of peace on 31 May 1902 the war claimed the lives of 22,000 imperial soldiers and 7,000 republican fighters . In terms of the peace agreement known as the Treaty of Vereeniging , the Boer republics acknowledged British sovereignty , while the British in turn committed themselves to reconstruction of the areas under their control . Union of South Africa ( 1910 - 1948 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of South Africa ( 1910 -- 48 ) Main article : Union of South Africa This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Union Buildings , government administrative centre , Pretoria , circa 1925 During the years immediately following the Anglo - Boer wars , Britain set about unifying the four colonies including the former Boer republics into a single self - governed country called the Union of South Africa . This was accomplished after several years of negotiations , when the South Africa Act 1909 consolidated the Cape Colony , Natal , Transvaal , and Orange Free State into one nation . Under the provisions of the act , the Union became an independent Dominion of the British Empire , governed under a form of constitutional monarchy , with the British monarch represented by a Governor - General . Prosecutions before the courts of the Union of South Africa were instituted in the name of the Crown and government officials served in the name of the Crown . The British High Commission territories of Basutoland ( now Lesotho ) , and Bechuanaland ( now Botswana ) , Swaziland continued under direct rule from Britain . Among other harsh segregationist laws , including denial of voting rights to black people , the Union parliament enacted the 1913 Natives ' Land Act , which earmarked only eight percent of South Africa 's available land for black occupancy . White people , who constituted 20 percent of the population , held 90 percent of the land . The Land Act would form a cornerstone of legalised racial discrimination for the next nine decades . Daniel François Malan , National Party leader from 1934 -- 1953 General Louis Botha headed the first government of the new Union , with General Jan Smuts as his deputy . Their South African National Party , later known as the South African Party or SAP , followed a generally pro-British , white - unity line . The more radical Boers split away under the leadership of General Barry Hertzog , forming the National Party ( NP ) in 1914 . The National Party championed Afrikaner interests , advocating separate development for the two white groups , and independence from Britain . Dissatisfaction with British influence in the Union 's affairs reached a climax in September 1914 , when impoverished Boers , anti-British Boers and bitter - enders launched a rebellion . The rebellion was suppressed , and at least one officer was sentenced to death and executed by firing squad . In 1924 the Afrikaner - dominated National Party came to power in a coalition government with the Labour Party . Afrikaans , previously regarded as a low - level Dutch patois , replaced Dutch as an official language of the Union . English and Dutch became the two official languages in 1925 . The Union of South Africa came to an end after a referendum on 5 October 1960 , during which , a majority of white South Africans voted in favour of unilateral withdrawal from the British Commonwealth and the establishment of a Republic of South Africa . First World War ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Jan Smuts and Military history of South Africa The British Empire is red on the map , at its zenith in 1919 . ( India highlighted in purple . ) South Africa , bottom centre , lies between both halves of the Empire . At the outbreak of World War I , South Africa joined Great Britain and the Allies against the German Empire . Both Prime Minister Louis Botha and Defence Minister Jan Smuts , were former Second Boer War generals who had previously fought against the British , but they now became active and respected members of the Imperial War Cabinet . Elements of the South African Army refused to fight against the Germans and along with other opponents of the government ; they rose in an open revolt known as the Maritz Rebellion . The government declared martial law on 14 October 1914 , and forces loyal to the government under the command of generals Louis Botha and Jan Smuts defeated the rebellion . The rebel leaders were prosecuted , fined heavily and sentenced to imprisonment ranging from six to seven years . Nearly 250,000 South Africans served in the South African military units supporting the Allies during World War I . This included 43,000 in German South West Africa and 30,000 on the Western Front . An estimated 3,000 South Africans also joined the Royal Flying Corps . The total South African casualties during the war was about 18,600 . South Africa assisted the Allied war effort by capturing the two German colonies of German West Africa and German East Africa , as well as participating in battles in Western Europe and the Middle East . In July 1916 , four battalions of the South African Brigade attached to the 9th Scottish Division suffered 766 fatalities among the approximately 3,150 South African soldiers who fought in the Battle of Delville Wood , France , . It was the most costly action fought by the South African Brigade on the Western Front . The dead outnumbered the wounded by four to one . Generals Smuts ( right ) and Botha were members of the British Imperial War Cabinet during World War I . Public opinion in South Africa split along racial and ethnic lines . The British elements strongly supported the war , and formed by far the largest military component . Likewise the Indian element ( led by Mahatma Gandhi ) generally supported the war effort . Afrikaners were split , with some like Botha and Smuts taking a prominent leadership role in the British war effort . This position was rejected by many rural Afrikaners who supported the Maritz Rebellion . The trade union movement was divided . Many urban blacks supported the war expecting it would raise their status in society . Others said it was not relevant to the struggle for their rights . The Coloured element was generally supportive and many served in a Coloured Corps in East Africa and France , also hoping to better themselves after the war . 25,000 Black South Africans were recruited at the request of the British War Cabinet to serve as non-combatant labourers in the South African Native Labour Contingent ( SANLC ) . 21,000 of them were deployed to France as stevedores at French ports , where they were housed in segregated compounds . A total of 616 men from the Fifth Battalion of the SANLC drowned on 21 February 1917 when the troopship SS Mendi , on which they were being transported to France , collided with another vessel near the Isle of Wight . The Mendi disaster was one of South Africa 's worst tragedies of the Great War , second perhaps only to the Battle of Delville Wood . The South African government issued no war service medal to the black servicemen and the special medal issued by King George V to `` native troops '' that served the Empire , the British War Medal in bronze , was disallowed and not issued to the SANLC . Black and mixed - race South Africans who had supported the war were embittered when post-war South Africa saw no easing of white domination and racial segregation . South Africa 's main economic role was as the country that supplied two - thirds of gold production in the British Empire , most of the remainder coming from Australia . When the war began , Bank of England officials worked with the government of South Africa to block any gold shipments to Germany , and force the mine owners to sell only to the British Treasury , at prices set by the Treasury . This facilitated purchases of munitions and food in the United States and neutral countries . Second World War ( edit ) Simon 's Town harbour and naval base in South Africa was used by the Allies during World War II . During World War II , South Africa 's ports and harbours , such as at Cape Town , Durban , and Simon 's Town , were important strategic assets to the British Royal Navy . South Africa 's top - secret Special Signals Service played a significant role in the early development and deployment of radio detection and ranging ( radar ) technology used in protecting the vital coastal shipping route around southern Africa . By August 1945 , South African Air Force aircraft in conjunction with British and Dutch aircraft stationed in South Africa had intercepted 17 enemy ships , assisted in the rescue of 437 survivors of sunken ships , attacked 26 of the 36 enemy submarines operating the vicinity of the South African coast , and flown 15,000 coastal patrol sorties . About 334,000 South Africans volunteered for full - time military service in support of the Allies abroad . Nearly 9,000 were killed in action . On 21 June 1942 nearly 10,000 South African soldiers , representing one - third of the entire South African force in the field , were taken prisoner by German Field Marshal Rommel 's forces in the fall of Tobruk , Libya . A number of South African fighter pilots served with distinction in the Royal Air Force during the Battle of Britain , including Group Captain Adolph `` Sailor '' Malan who led 74 Squadron and established a record of personally destroying 27 enemy aircraft . General Jan Smuts was the only important non-British general whose advice was constantly sought by Britain 's war - time Prime Minister Winston Churchill . Smuts was invited to the Imperial War Cabinet in 1939 as the most senior South African in favour of war . On 28 May 1941 , Smuts was appointed a Field Marshal of the British Army , becoming the first South African to hold that rank . When the war ended , Smuts represented South Africa in San Francisco at the drafting of the United Nations Charter in May 1945 . Just as he had done in 1919 , Smuts urged the delegates to create a powerful international body to preserve peace ; he was determined that , unlike the League of Nations , the UN would have teeth . Smuts also signed the Paris Peace Treaty , resolving the peace in Europe , thus becoming the only signatory of both the treaty ending the First World War , and that which ended the Second . Pro-German and pro-Nazi attitudes ( edit ) After the suppression of the abortive , pro-German Maritz Rebellion during the South African World War I campaign against German South West Africa in 1914 , the South African rebel General Manie Maritz escaped to Spain . He returned in 1923 , and continued working in the Union of South Africa as a German Spy for the Third Reich . In 1896 , the German Kaiser Kaiser Wilhelm had enraged Britain by sending congratulations to Boer republican leader Paul Kruger after Kruger 's commandos captured a column of British South Africa Company soldiers engaged in an armed incursion and abortive insurrection , known historically as the Jameson Raid , into Boer territory . Germany was the primary supplier of weapons to the Boers during the subsequent Anglo - Boer war . Kaiser Wilhelm 's government arranged for the two Boer Republics to purchase modern breech - loading Mauser rifles and millions of smokeless gunpowder cartridges . Germany 's Ludwig Loewe company , later known as Deutsche Waffen - und Munitionfabriken , delivered 55,000 of these rifles to the Boers in 1896 . The early - 1940s saw the pro-Nazi Ossewa Brandwag ( OB ) movement become half - a-million strong , including future prime minister John Vorster and Hendrik van den Bergh , the future head of police intelligence . The anti-semitic Boerenasie ( Boer Nation ) and other similar groups soon joined them . When the war ended , the OB was one of the anti-parliamentary groups absorbed into the National Party . The South African Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging or AWB ( meaning Afrikaner Resistance Movement ) , a militant neo-Nazi , mainly Afrikaner white supremacist movement that arose in the 1970s , and was active until the mid-1990s , openly used a flag that closely resembled the swastika . In the early to mid-1990s , the AWB attempted unsuccessfully through various acts of public violence and intimidation to derail the country 's transition to democracy . After the country 's first multiracial democratic elections in 1994 , a number of terrorist bomb blasts were linked to the AWB . On 11 March 1994 , several hundred AWB members formed part of an armed right - wing force that invaded the nominally independent `` homeland '' territory of Bophuthatswana , in a failed attempt to prop up its unpopular , conservative leader Chief Lucas Mangope . The AWB leader Eugène Terre'Blanche was murdered by farm workers on 3 April 2010 . A majority of politically moderate Afrikaners were pragmatic and did not support the AWB 's extremism . Apartheid era ( 1948 - 1994 ) ( edit ) Main article : Apartheid in South Africa Apartheid legislation ( edit ) `` For use by white persons '' -- sign from the apartheid era Racist legislation during the apartheid era was a continuation and extension of discriminatory and segregationist laws forming a continuum that had commenced in 1856 , under Dutch rule in the Cape and continued throughout the country under British colonialism . From 1948 , successive National Party administrations formalised and extended the existing system of racial discrimination and denial of human rights into the legal system of apartheid , which lasted until 1991 . A key act of legislation during this time was the Homeland Citizens Act of 1970 . This act augmented the Native Land Act of 1913 through the establishment of so - called `` homelands '' or `` reserves '' . It authorised the forced evictions of thousands of African people from urban centres in South Africa and South West Africa ( now Namibia ) to what became described colloquially as `` Bantustans '' or the `` original homes '' , as they were officially referred to , of the black tribes of South Africa . The same legislation applied also to South West Africa over which South Africa had continued after World War I to exercise a disputed League of Nations mandate . Apartheid apologists attempted to justify the `` homelands '' policy by citing the 1947 partition of India , when the British had done much the same thing without arousing international condemnation . Map of the black homelands in South Africa at the end of apartheid in 1994 Although many important events occurred during this period , apartheid remained the central pivot around which most of the historical issues of this period revolved , including violent conflict and the militarisation of South African society . By 1987 , total military expenditure amounted to about 28 % of the national budget . In the aftermath of the 1976 Soweto uprising and the security clampdown that accompanied it , Joint Management Centres ( JMCs ) operating in at least 34 State - designated `` high - risk '' areas became the key element in a National Security Management System . The police and military who controlled the JMCs by the mid-1980s were endowed with influence in decision - making at every level , from the Cabinet down to local government . UN embargo ( edit ) On 16 December 1966 , United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2202 A ( XXI ) identified apartheid as a `` crime against humanity '' . The Apartheid Convention , as it came to be known , was adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 1973 with 91 member states voting in favour , four against ( Portugal , South Africa , the United Kingdom and the United States ) and 26 abstentions . The convention came into force on 18 July 1976 . On 23 October 1984 the UN Security Council endorsed this formal determination . The convention declared that apartheid was both unlawful and criminal because it violated the Charter of the United Nations . The General Assembly had already suspended South Africa from the UN organisation on 12 November 1974 . On 4 November 1977 , the Security Council imposed a mandatory arms embargo in terms of Resolution 181 calling upon all States to cease the sale and shipment of arms , ammunition and military vehicles to South Africa . The country would only be readmitted to the UN in 1994 following its transition to democracy . Apartheid South Africa reacted to the UN arms embargo by strengthening its military ties with Israel , and establishing its own arms manufacturing industry : with the help of Israel . Four hundred M - 113A1 armoured personnel carriers , and 106mm recoilless rifles manufactured in the United States were delivered to South Africa via Israel . Extrajudicial killings ( edit ) In the mid-1980s , police and army death squads conducted state - sponsored assassinations of dissidents and activists . By mid-1987 the Human Rights Commission knew of at least 140 political assassinations in the country , while about 200 people died at the hands of South African agents in neighbouring states . The exact numbers of all the victims may never be known . Strict censorship disallowed journalists from reporting , filming or photographing such incidents , while the government ran its own covert disinformation programme that provided distorted accounts of the extrajudicial killings . At the same time , State - sponsored vigilante groups carried out violent attacks on communities and community leaders associated with resistance to apartheid . The attacks were then falsely attributed by the government to `` black - on - black '' or factional violence within the communities . The Truth and Reconciliation Commission ( TRC ) would later establish that a covert , informal network of former or still serving army and police operatives , frequently acting in conjunction with extreme right - wing elements , was involved in actions that could be construed as fomenting violence and which resulted in gross human rights violations , including random and targeted killings . Between 1960 - 1994 , according to statistics from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission , the Inkatha Freedom Party was responsible for 4,500 deaths , South African Police 2,700 , and the ANC about 1,300 . In early 2002 , a planned military coup by a white supremacist movement known as the Boeremag ( Boer Force ) was foiled by the South African police . Two dozen conspirators including senior South African Army officers were arrested on charges of treason and murder , after a bomb explosion in Soweto . The effectiveness of the police in foiling the planned coup strengthened public perceptions that the democratic order was irreversible . The TRC , at the conclusion of its mandate in 2004 , handed over a list of 300 names of alleged perpetrators to the National Prosecuting Authority ( NPA ) for investigation and prosecution by the NPA 's Priority Crimes Litigation Unit . Less than a handful of prosecutions were ever pursued . Military operations in Frontline states ( edit ) See also : South African Border War and Angolan Civil War South African security forces during the latter part of the apartheid era , had a policy of destabilising neighbouring states supporting opposition movements , conducting sabotage operations and attacking ANC bases and places of refuge for exiles in those states . These states , forming a regional alliance of southern African states , were named collectively as the Frontline States : Angola , Botswana , Lesotho , Mozambique , Swaziland , Tanzania , Zambia and , from 1980 , Zimbabwe . South African troops in Angola In early - November 1975 , immediately after Portugal granted independence to its former African colony of Angola , civil war broke out between the rival UNITA and MPLA movements . In order to prevent UNITA 's collapse and cement the rule of a friendly government , South Africa intervened on 23 October , sending between 1,500 and 2,000 troops from Namibia into southern Angola in order to fight the MPLA . In response to the South African intervention , Cuba sent 18,000 soldiers as part of a large - scale military intervention nicknamed Operation Carlota in support of the MPLA . Cuba had initially provided the MPLA with 230 military advisers prior to the South African intervention . The Cuban intervention was decisive in helping reverse SADF and UNITA advances and cement MPLA rule in Angola . More than a decade later 36,000 Cuban troops were deployed throughout the country helping providing support for MPLA 's fight with UNITA . The civil war in Angola resulted in 550,000 - 1,250,000 deaths in total mostly from famine . Most of the deaths occurred between 1992 and 1993 , after South African and Cuban involvement had ended . Direct war damage in Angola alone amounted to over $17,000,000,000 in the period 1980 - 88 . Loss of farm production amounted to a further $1,000,000,000 . Between 1975 and 1988 , the SADF continued to stage massive conventional raids into Angola and Zambia to eliminate PLAN 's forward operating bases across the border from Namibia as well as provide support for UNITA . A controversial bombing and airborne assault conducted by 200 South African paratroopers on 4 May 1978 at Cassinga in southern Angola , resulted in around 700 South West Africans being killed , including PLAN millitants and a large number of women and children . Colonel Jan Breytenbach , the South African parachute battalion commander , claimed it was `` recognised in Western military circles as the most successful airborne assault since World War II . '' The Angolan government described the target of the attack as a refugee camp . The United Nations Security Council on 6 May 1978 condemned South Africa for the attack . On 23 August 1981 South African troops again launched an incursion into Angola with collaboration and encouragement provided by the American Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) . The Angolan army , in resisting what it perceived as a South African invasion , was supported by a combination of Cuban forces and PLAN and ANC guerrillas , all armed with weapons supplied by the Soviet Union . The apartheid - era South African military and political intelligence services , for their part , worked closely with American , British and West German secret services throughout the Cold War . Both South Africa and Cuba claimed victory at the decisive battle of Cuito Cuanavale , which have been described as `` the fiercest in Africa since World War II '' . However , the South African military had lost air superiority and its technological advantage , largely due to an international arms embargo against the country . South African involvement in Angola ended formally after the signing of a United Nations - brokered agreement known as the New York Accords between the governments of Angola , Cuba and South Africa , resulting in the withdrawal of all foreign troops from Angola and also South Africa 's withdrawal from South West Africa ( now Namibia ) , which the UN regarded as illegally occupied since 1966 . South Africa in the 1980s also provided logistical and other covert support to Resistência Nacional Moçambicana ( RENAMO ) rebels , in neighbouring Mozambique fighting the FRELIMO - run government during the Mozambique Civil War , and it launched cross-border raids into Lesotho , Swaziland and Botswana , killing or capturing a number of South African exiles . The civil war in Mozambique resulted in an estimated 1,000,000 deaths from violence and famine . Resistance to apartheid ( edit ) Painting of the Sharpeville massacre of March 1960 Organised resistance to Afrikaner nationalism was not confined exclusively to activists of the oppressed , dark - skinned population . A movement known as the Torch Commando was formed in the 1950s , led by white war veterans who had fought fascism in Europe and North Africa during World War II , only to find fascism on the rise in South Africa when they returned home . With 250,000 paid - up members at the height of its existence , it was the largest white protest movement in the country 's history . By 1952 , the brief flame of mass - based white radicalism was extinguished , when the Torch Commando disbanded due to government legislation under the Suppression of Communism Act , 1950 . Some members of the Torch Commando subsequently became leading figures in the armed wing of the banned African National Congress . From the 1940s to the 1960s , anti-apartheid resistance within the country took the form mainly of passive resistance , influenced in part by the pacifist ideology of Mahatma Gandhi . After the March 1960 massacre of 69 peaceful demonstrators at Sharpeville , and the subsequent declaration of a state of emergency , and the banning of anti-apartheid parties including the African National Congress ( ANC ) , the Pan-Africanist Congress ( PAC ) , and the Communist Party of South Africa , the focus of national resistance turned to armed struggle and underground activity . The armed wing of the ANC , Umkhonto weSizwe ( abbreviation MK , meaning Spear of the Nation ) claimed moral legitimacy for the resort to violence on the grounds of necessary defence and just war . From the 1960s onwards until 1989 , MK carried out numerous acts of sabotage and attacks on military and police personnel . The Truth and Reconciliation Commission noted in 2003 that , despite the ANC 's stated policy of attacking only military and police targets , `` the majority of casualties of MK operations were civilians . '' The national liberation movement was divided in the early 1960s when an `` Africanist '' faction within the ANC objected to an alliance between the ANC and the Communist Party of South Africa . Leaders of the Communist Party of South Africa were mostly white . The Africanists broke away from the ANC to form the Pan-Africanist Congress and its military wing named Poqo , which became active mainly in the Cape provinces . During the early - 1990s , Poqo was renamed Azanian People 's Liberation Army ( APLA ) . Its underground cells conducted armed robberies to raise funds and obtain weapons and vehicles . Civilians were killed or injured in many of these robberies . In 1993 , attacks on white civilian targets in public places increased . APLA denied the attacks were racist in character , claiming that the attacks were directed against the apartheid government as all whites , according to the PAC , were complicit in the policy of apartheid . An attack on a Christian church in Cape Town in 1993 , left eleven people dead and 58 injured . Hundreds of students and others who fled to neighbouring countries , especially Botswana , to avoid arrest after the Soweto uprising of 16 June 1976 , provided a fertile recruiting ground for the military wings of both the ANC and PAC . The uprising had been precipitated by Government legislation forcing African students to accept Afrikaans as the official medium for tuition . with support from the wider Black Consciousness Movement . The uprising spread throughout the country . By the time it was finally quelled , hundreds of protesters had been shot dead with many more wounded or arrested by police . A non-racial United Democratic Front ( UDF ) coalition of about 400 civic , church , student , trade union and other organisations emerged in 1983 . At its peak in 1987 , the UDF had some 700 affiliates and about 3,000,000 members . It pursued a non-violent strategy known as `` ungovernability '' including rent boycotts , student protests , and strike campaigns . A strong relationship existed between the African National Congress ( ANC ) and the UDF , based on the shared mission statement of the Freedom Charter . Following restrictions placed on its activities , the UDF was replaced in 1988 by the Mass Democratic Movement , a loose and amorphous alliance of anti-apartheid groups that had no permanent structure , making it difficult for the government to place a ban on its activities . A total of 130 political prisoners were hanged on the gallows of Pretoria Central Prison between 1960 and 1990 . The prisoners were mainly members of the Pan Africanist Congress and United Democratic Front . Post-apartheid period ( 1994 - present ) ( edit ) Main article : History of South Africa ( 1994 -- present ) Frederik de Klerk and Nelson Mandela , two of the driving forces in ending apartheid The dissolution of the Soviet Union in the late - 1980s meant the African National Congress ( ANC ) in alliance with the South African Communist Party , could no longer depend on the Soviet Union for weaponry and political support . It also meant the apartheid government could no longer link apartheid and its purported legitimacy to the protection of Christian values and civilisation in the face of the rooi gevaar , meaning `` red danger '' or the threat of communism . Both sides were forced to the negotiating table , with the result that in June 1991 , all apartheid laws were finally rescinded - opening the way for the country 's first multiracial democratic elections three years later . It was the culmination of mounting local and international opposition to apartheid in the 1980s , including the armed struggle , widespread civil unrest , economic and cultural sanctions by the international community , and pressure from the anti-apartheid movement around the world , State President FW de Klerk announced the lifting of the ban on the African National Congress , the Pan Africanist Congress and the South African Communist Party , as well as the release of political prisoner Nelson Mandela on 2 February 1990 , after twenty - seven years in prison . In a referendum held on 17 March 1992 , the white electorate voted 68 % in favour of democracy . After lengthy negotiations under the auspices of the Convention for a Democratic South Africa ( CODESA ) , a draft constitution was published on 26 July 1993 , containing concessions towards all sides : a federal system of regional legislatures , equal voting - rights regardless of race , and a bicameral legislature . From 26 -- 29 April 1994 , the South African population voted in the first universal suffrage general elections . The African National Congress won , well ahead of the governing National Party and the Inkatha Freedom Party . The Democratic Party and Pan Africanist Congress , among others , formed a parliamentary opposition in the country 's first non-racial parliament . Nelson Mandela was elected as President on 9 May 1994 and formed a Government of National Unity , consisting of the ANC , the National Party and Inkatha . On 10 May 1994 Mandela was inaugurated as South Africa 's new President in Pretoria with Thabo Mbeki and F.W. De Klerk as his vice-presidents . The Government of National Unity lapsed at the end of the first parliament sitting in 1999 , with the ANC becoming the sole party in power while maintaining a strategic alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions ( COSATU ) and the South African Communist Party . After considerable debate , and following submissions from advocacy groups , individuals and ordinary citizens , the Parliament enacted a new Constitution and Bill of Rights in 1996 . The death penalty was abolished , land reform and redistribution policies were introduced , and equitable labour laws legislated . Emigration , debt burden and poverty ( edit ) The immediate post-apartheid period was marked by an exodus of skilled , white South Africans amid safety concerns . The South African Institute of Race Relations estimated in 2008 that 800,000 or more white people had emigrated since 1995 , out of the approximately 4,000,000 who were in South Africa when apartheid formally ended the year before . Large white South African diasporas , both English - and Afrikaans - speaking , sprouted in Australia , New Zealand , North America , and especially in the UK to which around 550,000 South Africans emigrated . The apartheid government had declared a moratorium on foreign debt repayments in the mid-1980s , when it declared a state of emergency in the face of escalating civil unrest . With the formal end of apartheid in 1994 , the new democratic government was saddled with an onerous foreign debt amounting to 86,700,000,000 rands ( $14,000,000,000 at then current exchange rates ) accrued by the former apartheid regime . The cash - strapped post-apartheid government was obliged to repay this debt or else face a credit downgrading by foreign financial institutions . The debt was finally settled in September 2001 . A further financial burden was imposed on the new post-apartheid government through its obligation to provide antiretroviral ( ARV ) treatment to impoverished victims of the HIV / AIDS epidemic sweeping the country . South Africa had the highest prevalence of HIV / AIDS compared to any other country in the world , with 5,600,000 people afflicted by the disease and 270,000 HIV - related deaths were recorded in 2011 . By that time , more than 2,000,000 children were orphaned due to the epidemic . The provision of ARV treatment resulted in 100,000 fewer AIDS - related deaths in 2011 than in 2005 . Church on Green Market Square in Cape Town , South Africa with a banner memorialising the Marikana massacre Migrant labour remained a fundamental aspect of the South African mining industry , which employed half a million mostly black miners . Labour unrest in the industry resulted in a massacre in mid-August 2012 , when anti-riot police shot dead 34 striking miners and wounded many more in what is known as the Marikana massacre . The incident was widely criticised by the public , civil society organisations and religious leaders . The migrant labour system was identified as a primary cause of the unrest . Multi-national mining corporations including Anglo - American Corporation , Lonmin , and Anglo Platinum , were accused of failing to address the enduring legacies of apartheid . By 2014 , around 47 % of mostly black South Africans continued to live in poverty , making it one of the most unequal countries in the world . Widespread dissatisfaction with the slow pace of socio - economic transformation , government incompetence and maladministration , and other public grievances in the post-apartheid era , precipitated many violent protest demonstrations . In 2007 , less than half the protests were associated with some form of violence , compared with 2014 , when almost 80 % of protests involved violence on the part of the participants or the authorities . The slow pace of transformation also fomented tensions within the tripartite alliance between the ANC , the Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions . The ANC had risen to power on the strength of a socialist agenda embodied in a Freedom Charter , which was intended to form the basis of ANC social , economic and political policies . The Charter decreed that `` the national wealth of our country , the heritage of South Africans , shall be restored to the people ; the mineral wealth beneath the soil , the banks and monopoly industry shall be transferred to the ownership of the people '' . ANC icon Nelson Mandela , asserted in a statement released on 25 January 1990 : `` The nationalisation of the mines , banks and monopoly industries is the policy of the ANC , and a change or modification of our views in this regard is inconceivable . '' But , after the ANC 's electoral victory in 1994 , the eradication of mass poverty through nationalisation was never implemented . The ANC - led government , in a historic reversal of policy , adopted neoliberalism instead . A wealth tax on the super-rich to fund developmental projects was set aside , while domestic and international corporations , enriched by apartheid , were excused from any financial reparations . Large corporations were allowed to shift their main listings abroad . According to a leading South African economics expert , the government 's concessions to big business represented `` treacherous decisions that ( will ) haunt South Africa for generations to come '' . Xenophobia ( edit ) The post-apartheid period has been marked by numerous outbreaks of xenophobic attacks against foreign migrants and asylum seekers from various conflict zones in Africa . An academic study conducted in 2006 , found that South Africans showed levels of xenophobia greater than anywhere else in the world . The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) found that competition over jobs , business opportunities , public services and housing gave rise to tension among refugees , asylum seekers , migrants and host communities , identified as a main cause of the xenophobic violence . South Africa received more than 207,000 individual asylum applications in 2008 and a further 222,300 in 2009 , representing nearly a four-fold rise in both years over the levels seen in 2007 . These refugees and asylum seekers originated mainly from Zimbabwe , Burundi , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Rwanda , Eritrea , Ethiopia and Somalia . Post-apartheid heads of State ( edit ) Under the post-apartheid Constitution the president is head of both state and government . The president is elected by the National Assembly and serves a term that expires at the next general election ; a president may serve a maximum of two terms . In the event of a vacancy the Deputy President serves as Acting President . President Term of office Political party # Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration Nelson Mandela ( 1918 -- 2013 ) 10 May 1994 16 June 1999 5 years , 37 days African National Congress Thabo Mbeki ( 1942 -- ) 16 June 1999 24 September 2008 ( Resigned ) 9 years , 100 days African National Congress Kgalema Motlanthe ( 1949 -- ) 25 September 2008 9 May 2009 226 days African National Congress Jacob Zuma ( 1942 -- ) 9 May 2009 Incumbent 7003307100000000000 ♠ 8 years , 149 days ( as of 5 October 2017 ) African National Congress See also ( edit ) History of Africa Scramble for Africa History of Cape Colony History of Johannesburg History of the Northern Cape History of South African wine List of Presidents of South Africa List of Prime Ministers of South Africa List of heads of state of South Africa List of South Africa - related topics Military history of South Africa Politics of South Africa Timeline of liberal parties in South Africa Years in South Africa History of cities in South Africa : Cape Town history and timeline Durban history and timeline Johannesburg history and timeline Pietermaritzburg history and timeline Port Elizabeth history and timeline Pretoria history and timeline References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bert Woodhouse , The Rock Art of the Golden Gate and Clarens Districts , Johannesburg : Waterman 1996 , p. 34 -- ( citing report by Professor C van Riet Lowe and Dr DJH Visser , published in 1955 by government Department of Mines ) . 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Johannesburg : Jonathan Ball Publishers , 1986 , pp. 137 , 138 , 143 , 147 -- 9 , 169 . ISBN 0715390511 Jump up ^ Openlibrary.org , Census of the British empire , 1906 , p. 169 . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ George McCall Theal , History of the Boers in South Africa , 3rd ed . Cape Town : Struik 1973 , pp 156 -- 165 . ISBN 0869770365 Jump up ^ The Voortrekkers : A history of the Voortrekkers Great Trek 1835 -- 1845 , Voortrekkers leave Natal Accessed 17 June 2015 Jump up ^ Karel Schoeman ( ed ) , The British Presence in the Transorange 1845 -- 1854 , Human & Rosseau , Cape Town , 1992 , p. 22 - 25 ISBN 0 - 7981 - 2965 - 4 Jump up ^ Piers Brendon , Decline and Fall of the British Empire , New York : Knopf 2007 , page 98 . Jump up ^ Neil Parsons ( 1993 ) . A New History of Southern Africa . Macmillan , London . ISBN 0333570103 . 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Jump up ^ Jan Breytenbach , They Live by the Sword : 32 Battalion , South Africa 's Foreign Legion , Johannesburg : Lemur 1990 , p. 180 ISBN 0620148705 Jump up ^ UN Security Council , Resolution 435 Jump up ^ Cambridge Journals , Review of Stockwell , In Search of Enemies accessed 27 April 2015 Jump up ^ John Stockwell , In Search of Enemies , London : Futura , 1979 pp. 193 -- 96 , 228 -- 29 , 214 , 241 ISBN 0 7088 1647 9 Jump up ^ Anthony Egan , Review of `` The Hidden Thread : Russia and South Africa in the Soviet Era '' by Irina Filatova & Apollon Davidson , Focus : Journal of the Helen Suzman Foundation , issue 70 , October 2013 Jump up ^ Horace Campbell , `` Siege of Cuito Cuanavale '' Current African Issues No. 10 , Scandinavian Institute of African Studies , Uppsala , Sweden , pp. 22 -- 6 Accessed 27 April 2015 Jump up ^ Phyllis Johnson & David Martin , Apartheid Terrorism : The destabilisation report , Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1989 , p. 122 ISBN 0253331331 Jump up ^ UN General Assembly , res n ° 2154 ( XXI ) , 17 November 1966 . Available at http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/21/ares21.htm ( Recovered October 1 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ United Nations , UN Resolution 435 of 1978 Accessed 1 May 2015 Jump up ^ B Turok ( ed ) , Witness from the Frontline : Aggression and resistance in southern Africa , London : Institute for African Alternatives , 1990 ISBN 1 870425 12X Jump up ^ Edgerton , Robert B , Africa 's armies : from honor to infamy : a history from 1791 to the present ( 2002 ) p. 109 Jump up ^ `` B&J '' : Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson , International Conflict : A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945 - 1995 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Sunday Times ( Johannesburg ) , Insight section . 1 November 1998 Jump up ^ Sibiso Ndlovu ( ed . ) The Turn to Armed Resistance . University of South Africa ( Unisa ) Press , Pretoria , Chapter 2 , Vol 2 , 2001 Jump up ^ Padraig O'Malley , Umkhonto weSizwe ( MK ) Operations Report , Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory , Johannesburg . 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Accessed 27 July 2015 Jump up ^ DM Powell , M O'Donovan and J De Visser , Civic Protests Barometer 2007 -- 2014 , Cape Town : Community Law Centre , University of Western Cape , 2015 . Accessed 9 May 2015 Jump up ^ Independent Online , `` Spat within tripartite alliance runs deep '' , 14 November 2004 . Accessed 12 October 2015 Jump up ^ African National Congress , `` ANC policy '' . Accessed 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Freedom Charter , adopted 26 June 1955 . Accessed 17 September 2015 Jump up ^ Mail & Guardian , `` We will nationalise -- Mandela '' , 26 January 1990 . Accessed 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Ashwin Desai , `` Neoliberalism and resistance in South Africa '' , Monthly Review , Volume 54 , Issue 08 , January 2003 . Accessed 18 September 2015 Jump up ^ Solomon Johannes Terreblanche , Lost in Transformation , Johannesburg : KMM Review Publishing , 2012 , ISBN 0620537256 , quoted in Ronnie Kasrils , `` How the ANC 's Faustian pact sold out South Africa 's poorest '' , The Guardian 24 June 2013 . Accessed 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Crush ( ed ) , The Perfect Storm : Realities of Xenophobia in Contemporary South Africa , Southern African Migration Project , University of Cape Town & Queen 's University , Canada , 2006 , p. 1 Jump up ^ UNHCR , UNHCR Global Appeal 2011 - South Africa Jump up ^ UNHCR , 2011 UNHCR country operations profile - South Africa Political history of South Africa Defunct polities Kingdom of Mapungubwe ( c. 1075 -- c. 1220 ) Dutch Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1806 ) Mthethwa Paramountcy ( c. 1780 -- 1817 ) Ndwandwe Kingdom ( c. 1780 -- 1819 ) Cape Colony ( 1795 -- 1910 ) Zulu Kingdom ( 1816 -- 97 ) Natalia Republic ( 1839 -- 43 ) Natal Colony ( 1843 -- 1910 ) Orange Free State ( 1854 -- 1902 ) South African Republic ( 1856 -- 1902 ) Griqualand East ( 1861 -- 79 ) Griqualand West ( 1870 -- 73 ) Goshen ( 1882 -- 83 ) Stellaland ( 1882 -- 85 ) Nieuwe Republiek ( 1884 -- 88 ) Upingtonia ( 1885 -- 87 ) Klein Vrystaat ( 1886 -- 91 ) Orange River Colony ( 1902 -- 10 ) Transvaal Colony ( 1902 -- 10 ) Union of South Africa ( 1910 -- 61 ) Transkei ( 1976 -- 94 ) Bophuthatswana ( 1977 -- 94 ) Venda ( 1979 -- 94 ) Ciskei ( 1981 -- 94 ) Events 1652 -- 1815 Dutch settlement French Huguenot settlement Khoikhoi -- Dutch Wars Xhosa Wars Battle of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo - Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815 -- 1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Boer Republics Mineral Revolution Witwatersrand Gold Rush South African Wars South Africa Act 1909 1910 -- 1948 Maritz Rebellion Rand Rebellion Great Depression 1946 African Mine Workers ' Union strike Bantustans Apartheid era 1948 general election Apartheid legislation Pass laws Internal resistance Coloured - vote constitutional crisis Defiance Campaign Congress of the People Freedom Charter Women 's March 1956 1957 Alexandra bus boycott Sharpeville massacre 1960 republic referendum International isolation Academic boycott Disinvestment Sporting boycott Olympics Rugby union Rivonia Trial Tar Baby Option Durban Moment Border War Israeli alliance Israel -- South Africa Agreement Soweto Uprising Weapons of mass destruction Project Coast Constructive engagement Church Street bombing 1983 constitutional reform referendum Rubicon speech Dakar Conference Third Force CODESA 1992 apartheid referendum Saint James Church massacre Bophuthatswana crisis Shell House massacre Post-apartheid 1994 general election Government of National Unity Reconstruction and Development Programme Truth and Reconciliation Commission Arms Deal Floor crossing Soweto bombings African Renaissance Xenophobia Marikana massacre 2012 Western Cape farm workers ' strike Nkandlagate 2014 platinum strike # RhodesMustFall protests # FeesMustFall student protests Tshwane riots Political culture African nationalism Afrikaner Calvinism Afrikaner nationalism Azania Baasskap Boerehaat Black Consciousness Movement Day of the Vow Greater South Africa Honorary whites Rooi gevaar Slavery Swart gevaar Uitlander Volkstaat Defunct organisations Civic and political organisations Afrikaner Bond Afrikaner Broederbond Afrikaner Party AITUP APO AVF BPC Black Sash CDA CTEG COD Congress Alliance COSG CP Dominion Party DP ( 1973 -- 1977 ) DP ( 1989 -- 2000 ) DPP ECC FA FD Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners GNP Het Volk HNP IDASA ID IP ISL Jeugkrag Johannesburg Reform Committee Labour Party ( 1910 -- 1958 ) Labour Party ( 1969 -- 1994 ) Liberal Party ( 1953 -- 1968 ) NA NCP NIC NLP NNP NP NPP NRP NUSAS PFP Progressive Party ( Cape Colony ) Progressive Party PRP Radio Freedom Reform Party SABP SADECO SAIC SASO SAYCO SAYRCO South African Party ( Cape Colony ) South African Party ( 1911 -- 1934 ) South African Party ( 1977 -- 1980 ) TNIP Torch Commando UFP United Party Unionist Party Volksparty Workers Party WOSA Trade unions and social movements APF BCM BLATU CNETU CTSWU FCWU FNETU FOSATU ICU IWW ( SA ) MUSA NEUM NURHS PAWE SAAPAWU SACTU SAIF SARHU SATUC Die Spoorbund UDF Umkosi Wezintaba Paramilitary and terrorist organisations APLA ARM BBB Boeremag Greyshirts MK Ossewabrandwag Orde van die Dood SANF Histories of political parties African National Congress Democratic Alliance Pan Africanist Congress of Azania Category Further reading ( edit ) Beinart , William . Twentieth - Century South Africa . Oxford University Press . 2001 . Beck , Roger S. History of South Africa , Greenwood Press , Westport CT : 2000 Blignaut , Charl . `` Untold History with a Historiography : A Review of Scholarship on Afrikaner Women in South African History . '' South African Historical Journal 65.4 ( 2013 ) : 596 - 617 . Bunting , Brian . Rise of the South African Reich First published by Penguin Africa Library 1964 , revised 1969 . Christopher , A.J. The Atlas of Changing South Africa . 2000 . 216 pages . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21178 - 6 . Deegan , Heather . The Politics of the New South Africa . 2000 . 256 pages . ISBN 0 - 582 - 38227 - 0 . Elbourne , Elizabeth . Blood Ground : Colonialism , Missions , and the Contest for Christianity in the Cape Colony and Britain , 1799 -- 1853 . McGill - Queen 's University Press . December 2002 . 560 pages . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 2229 - 8 . Hamilton , Carolyn and Bernard K. Mbenga , eds . The Cambridge History of South Africa : Volume 1 : From Early Times to 1885 ( 2009 ) excerpt Hetherington , Penelope . `` Women in South Africa : the historiography in English . '' The International Journal of African Historical Studies 26 # 2 ( 1993 ) : 241 - 269 . Hrbek , Ivan ( cs ) ( 1981 ) . `` Written sources from the fifteenth century onwards '' . In J. Ki - Zerbo . Methodology and African Prehistory . General History of Africa . 1 . UNESCO . pp. 121 -- 124 . ISBN 0435948075 . Republic of South Africa CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Johnson , R.W. South Africa 's Brave New World : The Beloved Country Since the End of Apartheid ( Overlook Press ; 2011 ) 702 pages ; a history since 1994 Joyce , Peter . The Making of a Nation South Africa 's Road to Freedom , Zebra Press , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 77007 - 312 - 8 Le Cordeur , Basil Alexander . The War of the Axe , 1847 : Correspondence between the governor of the Cape Colony , Sir Henry Pottinger , and the commander of the British forces at the Cape , Sir George Berkeley , and others . Brenthurst Press . 1981 . 287 pages . ISBN 0 - 909079 - 14 - 5 . Mabin , Alan . Recession and its aftermath : The Cape Colony in the eighteen eighties . University of the Witwatersrand , African Studies Institute . 1983 . 27 pages . Meiring , Hannes . Early Johannesburg , Its Buildings and People , Human & Rousseau , 1986 , 143 pages , ISBN 0 - 7981 - 1456 - 8 Mitchell , Laura . Belongings : Property , Family , and Identity in Colonial South Africa : An Exploration of Frontiers , 1725 - c. 1830 . Columbia University Press , 2008.Gutenberg-e.org Pakenham , Thomas . The Boer War , Weidenfeld and Nicolson , London 1979 , ISBN 9780349104669 Rosenthal , Eric . Gold ! Gold ! Gold ! The Johannesburg Gold Rush , AD . Donker , 1970 , ISBN 0 - 949937 - 64 - 9 Ross , Robert , and David Anderson . Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony , 1750 -- 1870 : A Tragedy of Manners . Cambridge University Press . 1999 . 220 pages . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62122 - 4 . Ross , Robert , Anne Kelk Mager and Bill Nasson , eds . The Cambridge History of South Africa : Volume 2 since 1885 ( 2011 ) excerpt Theal , George McCall . History of the Boers in South Africa ; Or , the Wanderings and Wars of the Emigrant Farmers from Their Leaving the Cape Colony to the Acknowledgment of Their Independence by Great Britain . Greenwood Press . 28 February 1970 . 392 pages . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 1661 - 9 . Thompson , Leonard . A History of South Africa , Third Edition . Yale University Press . 2001 . 384 pages . ISBN 0 - 300 - 08776 - 4 . Tomlinson , Richard , et al. Emerging Johannesburg : Perspectives on the Postapartheid City . 2003 . 336 pages . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93559 - 8 . Van Der Merwe , P.J. , and Roger B. Beck . The Migrant Farmer in the History of the Cape Colony . Ohio University Press . 1995 . 333 pages . ISBN 0 - 8214 - 1090 - 3 . Welsh , Frank . South Africa : A Narrative History . Kodansha America . 1 February 1999 . 606 pages . ISBN 1 - 56836 - 258 - 7 . Worden , Nigel . Making of Modern South Africa : Conquest , Segregation and Apartheid. 2000 . 194 pages . ISBN 0 - 631 - 21661 - 8 . External links ( edit ) South African History Archive Democratic Development in South Africa from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives South African History Online SouthAfrica.info . Accessed 12 February 2005 . South Africa Government Online . Accessed 20 February 2005 . Dr Cyril Hromník on research into ancient history of Africa -- an article written by Maré Mouton . Bearer of an Ideal -- a public - release document of the Afrikanerbond ( formerly Afrikaner Broederbond ) : think - tank which influenced policies of separate development in South Africa Full text of the UN convention South Africa , 10 years later from US National Public Radio `` History : Useful links '' . LibGuides . University of KwaZulu - Natal Libraries . `` Registry '' . Archivalplatform.org . Rondebosch . ( Directory of South African archival and memory institutions and organisations ) Links to related articles South Africa articles History Timeline ( nl ) Years Early history Cape Colony Orange Free State Transvaal First Boer War Second Boer War Great Depression World War II Apartheid Border War Since 1994 By topic Economy Military Geography Districts Earthquakes Estuaries Forests Islands Lakes Mountain ranges Municipalities National parks Populated places Provinces Rivers Wildlife Politics Constitution Courts Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Law Parliament Political parties President State security and intelligence Minister Co-ordinating committee ( NICC ) Intelligence agency ( NIA ) Communications centre ( NCC ) Communications security ( COMSEC ) Secret Service ( SASS ) Intelligence academy ( SANAI ) Law enforcement Department of Police Police Service Criminal intelligence ( SAPS ) Special Task Force National Intervention Unit NFDD Municipal Police Independent Complaints Directorate Department of Correctional Services Biometrics use Military Department of Defence Defence Force Air Force Army Navy Military Health Service Special Forces Commando System Intelligence Economy Agriculture Communications Economic history Energy Foreign trade Mining industry Rand ( currency ) Stock exchange Taxation Tourism Trade unions Transportation Water and sanitation Society Crime Education Feminism Health Healthcare Immigration Intersex Languages LGBT Racism Religion Sexual violence Social movements Xenophobia Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Flag HIV / AIDS Homelessness Literature Media Music Public holidays Sports Demographics Asian Indian Chinese Bantu Ndebele Pedi Sotho Swazi Tsonga Tswana Venda Xhosa Zulu Coloured Cape Coloured Cape Malay Griqua Khoisan White Afrikaner British Outline Index Category Portal Years in South Africa ( 1910 -- present ) Pre-1910 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 History of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / ( see also plazas de soberanía ) ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_South_Africa&oldid=803883063 '' Categories : History of South Africa Hidden categories : Use South African English from May 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Use dmy dates from May 2011 Interlanguage link template link number Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles to be expanded from May 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip SiSwati Suomi Svenska Українська Vèneto Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 07 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was south africa called before it became a republic | [
"Following the defeat of the Boers in the Anglo-Boer or South African War (1899–1902), the Union of South Africa was created as a dominion of the British Empire in terms of the South Africa Act 1909, which amalgamated the four previously separate British colonies: Cape Colony, Natal Colony, Transvaal Colony and Orange River Colony. The country became a self-governing nation state within the British Empire, in 1934 following enactment of the Status of the Union Act. The dominion came to an end on 31 May 1961 as the consequence of a 1960 referendum, which legitimised the country becoming a sovereign state named Republic of South Africa. A republican constitution was adopted."
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"the Union of South Africa"
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3287456923371012079 | Evolutionary history of life | Evolutionary history of life - wikipedia Evolutionary history of life Jump to : navigation , search For a more concise outline of the evolution of life , see Timeline of evolutionary history of life . `` History of evolution '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with History of evolutionary thought . Part of a series on Evolutionary biology Key topics ( show ) Introduction to evolution Common descent Evidence of common descent Processes and outcomes ( show ) Population genetics Variation Diversity Mutation Natural selection Adaptation Polymorphism Genetic drift Gene flow Speciation Adaptive radiation Co-operation Coevolution Divergence Convergence Parallel evolution Extinction Natural history ( show ) Origin of life History of life Timeline of evolution Human evolution Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event History of evolutionary theory ( show ) Overview Renaissance Before Darwin Darwin Origin of Species Before synthesis Modern synthesis Molecular evolution Evo - devo Current research History of speciation History of paleontology ( timeline ) Fields and applications ( show ) Applications of evolution Biosocial criminology Ecological genetics Evolutionary aesthetics Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary computation Evolutionary ecology Evolutionary economics Evolutionary epistemology Evolutionary ethics Evolutionary game theory Evolutionary linguistics Evolutionary medicine Evolutionary neuroscience Evolutionary physiology Evolutionary psychology Experimental evolution Phylogenetics Paleontology Selective breeding Speciation experiments Sociobiology Systematics Universal Darwinism Social implications ( show ) Evolution as fact and theory Social effects Creation -- evolution controversy Objections to evolution Level of support Evolutionary biology portal Category Book Related topics The evolutionary history of life on Earth traces the processes by which both living organisms and fossil organisms evolved since life emerged on the planet , until the present . Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ( Ga ) ago and evidence suggests life emerged prior to 3.7 Ga . Although there is some evidence to suggest that life appeared as early as 4.1 to 4.28 Ga this evidence remains controversial due to the non-biological mechanisms that may have formed these potential signatures of past life . The similarities among all present - day organisms indicate the presence of a common ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution . More than 99 percent of all species , amounting to over five billion species , that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct . Estimates on the number of Earth 's current species range from 10 million to 14 million , of which about 1.9 million are estimated to have been named and 1.6 million documented in a central database to date . More recently , in May 2016 , scientists reported that 1 trillion species are estimated to be on Earth currently with only one - thousandth of one percent described . Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Arthropods Molluscs Plants Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers Birds Primates ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Earliest plants ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Tetrapoda ← Earliest apes h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary ice ages Axis scale : million years Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline The earliest evidences of life on Earth are biogenic carbon signatures and stromatolite fossils discovered in 3.7 billion - year - old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland . In 2015 , `` remains of biotic life '' were potentially found in 4.1 billion - year - old rocks in Western Australia . In March 2017 , researchers reported evidence of possibly the oldest forms of life on Earth . Putative fossilized microorganisms were discovered in hydrothermal vent precipitates in the Nuvvuagittuq Belt of Quebec , Canada , that may have lived as early as 4.280 billion years ago , not long after the oceans formed 4.4 billion years ago , and not long after the formation of the Earth 4.54 billion years ago . According to biologist Stephen Blair Hedges , `` If life arose relatively quickly on Earth ... then it could be common in the universe . '' Microbial mats of coexisting bacteria and archaea were the dominant form of life in the early Archean and many of the major steps in early evolution are thought to have taken place within them . The evolution of photosynthesis , around 3.5 Ga , eventually led to a buildup of its waste product , oxygen , in the atmosphere , leading to the great oxygenation event , beginning around 2.4 Ga . The earliest evidence of eukaryotes ( complex cells with organelles ) dates from 1.85 Ga , and while they may have been present earlier , their diversification accelerated when they started using oxygen in their metabolism . Later , around 1.7 Ga , multicellular organisms began to appear , with differentiated cells performing specialised functions . Sexual reproduction , which involves the fusion of male and female reproductive cells ( gametes ) to create a zygote in a process called fertilization is , in contrast to asexual reproduction , the primary method of reproduction for the vast majority of macroscopic organisms , including almost all eukaryotes ( which includes animals and plants ) . However the origin and evolution of sexual reproduction remain a puzzle for biologists though it did evolve from a common ancestor that was a single celled eukaryotic species . Bilateria , animals with a front and a back , appeared by 555 Ma ( million years ago ) . The earliest complex land plants date back to around 850 Ma , from carbon isotopes in Precambrian rocks , while algae - like multicellular land plants are dated back even to about 1 billion years ago , although evidence suggests that microorganisms formed the earliest terrestrial ecosystems , at least 2.7 Ga . Microorganisms are thought to have paved the way for the inception of land plants in the Ordovician . Land plants were so successful that they are thought to have contributed to the Late Devonian extinction event . ( The long causal chain implied seems to involve the success of early tree archaeopteris ( 1 ) drew down CO levels , leading to global cooling and lowered sea levels , ( 2 ) roots of archeopteris fostered soil development which increased rock weathering , and the subsequent nutrient run - off may have triggered algal blooms resulting in anoxic events which caused marine - life die - offs . Marine species were the primary victims of the Late Devonian extinction . ) Ediacara biota appear during the Ediacaran period , while vertebrates , along with most other modern phyla originated about 525 Ma during the Cambrian explosion . During the Permian period , synapsids , including the ancestors of mammals , dominated the land , but most of this group became extinct in the Permian -- Triassic extinction event 252 Ma . During the recovery from this catastrophe , archosaurs became the most abundant land vertebrates ; one archosaur group , the dinosaurs , dominated the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods . After the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event 66 Ma killed off the non-avian dinosaurs , mammals increased rapidly in size and diversity . Such mass extinctions may have accelerated evolution by providing opportunities for new groups of organisms to diversify . Contents ( hide ) 1 Earliest history of Earth 2 Earliest evidence for life on Earth 3 Origins of life on Earth 3.1 Independent emergence on Earth 3.1. 1 Replication first : RNA world 3.1. 2 Metabolism first : Iron -- sulfur world 3.1. 3 Membranes first : Lipid world 3.1. 4 The clay hypothesis 3.2 Life `` seeded '' from elsewhere 4 Environmental and evolutionary impact of microbial mats 5 Diversification of eukaryotes 5.1 Chromatin , nucleus , endomembrane system , and mitochondria 5.2 Plastids 6 Sexual reproduction and multicellular organisms 6.1 Evolution of sexual reproduction 6.2 Multicellularity 6.3 Fossil evidence 7 Emergence of animals 7.1 Deuterostomes and the first vertebrates 8 Colonization of land 8.1 Evolution of terrestrial antioxidants 8.2 Evolution of soil 8.3 Plants and the Late Devonian wood crisis 8.4 Land invertebrates 8.5 Early land vertebrates 9 Dinosaurs , birds and mammals 10 Flowering plants 11 Social insects 12 Humans 13 Mass extinctions 14 See also 15 Footnotes 16 References 17 Bibliography 18 Further reading 19 External links 19.1 General information 19.2 History of evolutionary thought Earliest history of Earth ( edit ) History of Earth and its life - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- Hadean Archean Protero - zoic Phanero - zoic Eo Paleo Meso Neo Paleo Meso Neo Paleo Meso Ceno ← Earth and Solar System formed ← Cool surface , oceans , atmosphere ← Late Heavy Bombardment ← Earliest evidence of life ( - 4100 ) ← Oxygenation of atmosphere ← Earliest multicellular organism ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest land invertebrates and plants ← Earliest land vertebrates ← Earliest known dinosaur ← Extinction of non-avian dinosaurs Scale : Ma ( Millions of years ) Main article : History of the Earth The oldest meteorite fragments found on Earth are about 4.54 billion years old ; this , coupled primarily with the dating of ancient lead deposits , has put the estimated age of Earth at around that time . The Moon has the same composition as Earth 's crust but does not contain an iron - rich core like the Earth 's . Many scientists think that about 40 million years after the formation of Earth , it collided with a body the size of Mars , throwing into orbit crust material that formed the Moon . Another hypothesis is that the Earth and Moon started to coalesce at the same time but the Earth , having much stronger gravity than the early Moon , attracted almost all the iron particles in the area . Until 2001 , the oldest rocks found on Earth were about 3.8 billion years old , leading scientists to estimate that the Earth 's surface had been molten until then . Accordingly , they named this part of Earth 's history the Hadean . However , analysis of zircons formed 4.4 Ga indicates that Earth 's crust solidified about 100 million years after the planet 's formation and that the planet quickly acquired oceans and an atmosphere , which may have been capable of supporting life . Evidence from the Moon indicates that from 4 to 3.8 Ga it suffered a Late Heavy Bombardment by debris that was left over from the formation of the Solar System , and the Earth should have experienced an even heavier bombardment due to its stronger gravity . While there is no direct evidence of conditions on Earth 4 to 3.8 Ga , there is no reason to think that the Earth was not also affected by this late heavy bombardment . This event may well have stripped away any previous atmosphere and oceans ; in this case gases and water from comet impacts may have contributed to their replacement , although outgassing from volcanoes on Earth would have supplied at least half . However , if subsurface microbial life had evolved by this point , it would have survived the bombardment . Earliest evidence for life on Earth ( edit ) Main article : Earliest known life forms The earliest identified organisms were minute and relatively featureless , and their fossils look like small rods , which are very difficult to tell apart from structures that arise through abiotic physical processes . The oldest undisputed evidence of life on Earth , interpreted as fossilized bacteria , dates to 3 Ga . Other finds in rocks dated to about 3.5 Ga have been interpreted as bacteria , with geochemical evidence also seeming to show the presence of life 3.8 Ga . However , these analyses were closely scrutinized , and non-biological processes were found which could produce all of the `` signatures of life '' that had been reported . While this does not prove that the structures found had a non-biological origin , they can not be taken as clear evidence for the presence of life . Geochemical signatures from rocks deposited 3.4 Ga have been interpreted as evidence for life , although these statements have not been thoroughly examined by critics . Evidence for fossilized microorganisms considered to be 3,770 million to 4,280 million years was found in the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt in Quebec , Canada , although the evidence is disputed as inconclusive . Origins of life on Earth ( edit ) Evolutionary tree showing the divergence of modern species from their common ancestor in the center . The three domains are colored , with bacteria blue , archaea green , and eukaryotes red . Further information : Evidence of common descent , Common descent , and Homology ( biology ) Biologists reason that all living organisms on Earth must share a single last universal ancestor , because it would be virtually impossible that two or more separate lineages could have independently developed the many complex biochemical mechanisms common to all living organisms . Independent emergence on Earth ( edit ) Main article : Abiogenesis Life on Earth is based on carbon and water . Carbon provides stable frameworks for complex chemicals and can be easily extracted from the environment , especially from carbon dioxide . There is no other chemical element whose properties are similar enough to carbon 's to be called an analogue ; silicon , the element directly below carbon on the periodic table , does not form very many complex stable molecules , and because most of its compounds are water - insoluble , it would be more difficult for organisms to extract . The elements boron and phosphorus have more complex chemistries , but suffer from other limitations relative to carbon . Water is an excellent solvent and has two other useful properties : the fact that ice floats enables aquatic organisms to survive beneath it in winter ; and its molecules have electrically negative and positive ends , which enables it to form a wider range of compounds than other solvents can . Other good solvents , such as ammonia , are liquid only at such low temperatures that chemical reactions may be too slow to sustain life , and lack water 's other advantages . Organisms based on alternative biochemistry may , however , be possible on other planets . Research on how life might have emerged from non-living chemicals focuses on three possible starting points : self - replication , an organism 's ability to produce offspring that are very similar to itself ; metabolism , its ability to feed and repair itself ; and external cell membranes , which allow food to enter and waste products to leave , but exclude unwanted substances . Research on abiogenesis still has a long way to go , since theoretical and empirical approaches are only beginning to make contact with each other . Replication first : RNA world ( edit ) Main articles : Last universal ancestor and RNA world hypothesis Even the simplest members of the three modern domains of life use DNA to record their `` recipes '' and a complex array of RNA and protein molecules to `` read '' these instructions and use them for growth , maintenance and self - replication . The discovery that some RNA molecules can catalyze both their own replication and the construction of proteins led to the hypothesis of earlier life - forms based entirely on RNA . These ribozymes could have formed an RNA world in which there were individuals but no species , as mutations and horizontal gene transfers would have meant that the offspring in each generation were quite likely to have different genomes from those that their parents started with . RNA would later have been replaced by DNA , which is more stable and therefore can build longer genomes , expanding the range of capabilities a single organism can have . Ribozymes remain as the main components of ribosomes , modern cells ' `` protein factories . '' Evidence suggests the first RNA molecules formed on Earth prior to 4.17 Ga . Although short self - replicating RNA molecules have been artificially produced in laboratories , doubts have been raised about where natural non-biological synthesis of RNA is possible . The earliest `` ribozymes '' may have been formed of simpler nucleic acids such as PNA , TNA or GNA , which would have been replaced later by RNA . In 2003 , it was proposed that porous metal sulfide precipitates would assist RNA synthesis at about 100 ° C ( 212 ° F ) and ocean - bottom pressures near hydrothermal vents . Under this hypothesis , lipid membranes would be the last major cell components to appear and , until then , the protocells would be confined to the pores . Metabolism first : iron -- sulfur world ( edit ) Main article : Iron -- sulfur world theory A series of experiments starting in 1997 showed that early stages in the formation of proteins from inorganic materials including carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide could be achieved by using iron sulfide and nickel sulfide as catalysts . Most of the steps required temperatures of about 100 ° C ( 212 ° F ) and moderate pressures , although one stage required 250 ° C ( 482 ° F ) and a pressure equivalent to that found under 7 kilometres ( 4.3 mi ) of rock . Hence it was suggested that self - sustaining synthesis of proteins could have occurred near hydrothermal vents . Membranes first : lipid world ( edit ) = water - attracting heads of lipid molecules = water - repellent tails Cross-section through a liposome It has been suggested that double - walled `` bubbles '' of lipids like those that form the external membranes of cells may have been an essential first step . Experiments that simulated the conditions of the early Earth have reported the formation of lipids , and these can spontaneously form liposomes , double - walled `` bubbles , '' and then reproduce themselves . Although they are not intrinsically information - carriers as nucleic acids are , they would be subject to natural selection for longevity and reproduction . Nucleic acids such as RNA might then have formed more easily within the liposomes than they would have outside . The clay hypothesis ( edit ) Main articles : Graham Cairns - Smith § Clay hypothesis , and RNA world hypothesis RNA is complex and there are doubts about whether it can be produced non-biologically in the wild . Some clays , notably montmorillonite , have properties that make them plausible accelerators for the emergence of an RNA world : they grow by self - replication of their crystalline pattern ; they are subject to an analog of natural selection , as the clay `` species '' that grows fastest in a particular environment rapidly becomes dominant ; and they can catalyze the formation of RNA molecules . Although this idea has not become the scientific consensus , it still has active supporters . Research in 2003 reported that montmorillonite could also accelerate the conversion of fatty acids into `` bubbles , '' and that the `` bubbles '' could encapsulate RNA attached to the clay . These `` bubbles '' can then grow by absorbing additional lipids and then divide . The formation of the earliest cells may have been aided by similar processes . A similar hypothesis presents self - replicating iron - rich clays as the progenitors of nucleotides , lipids and amino acids . Life `` seeded '' from elsewhere ( edit ) Main article : Panspermia The Panspermia hypothesis does not explain how life arose in the first place , but simply examines the possibility of it coming from somewhere other than the Earth . The idea that life on Earth was `` seeded '' from elsewhere in the Universe dates back at least to the Greek philosopher Anaximander in the sixth century BCE . In the twentieth century it was proposed by the physical chemist Svante Arrhenius , by the astronomers Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe , and by molecular biologist Francis Crick and chemist Leslie Orgel . There are three main versions of the `` seeded from elsewhere '' hypothesis : from elsewhere in our Solar System via fragments knocked into space by a large meteor impact , in which case the most credible sources are Mars and Venus ; by alien visitors , possibly as a result of accidental contamination by microorganisms that they brought with them ; and from outside the Solar System but by natural means . Experiments in low Earth orbit , such as EXOSTACK , demonstrated that some microorganism spores can survive the shock of being catapulted into space and some can survive exposure to outer space radiation for at least 5.7 years . Scientists are divided over the likelihood of life arising independently on Mars , or on other planets in our galaxy . Environmental and evolutionary impact of microbial mats ( edit ) Main articles : Microbial mat and Great Oxygenation Event Modern stromatolites in Shark Bay , Western Australia Microbial mats are multi-layered , multi-species colonies of bacteria and other organisms that are generally only a few millimeters thick , but still contain a wide range of chemical environments , each of which favors a different set of microorganisms . To some extent each mat forms its own food chain , as the by - products of each group of microorganisms generally serve as `` food '' for adjacent groups . Stromatolites are stubby pillars built as microorganisms in mats slowly migrate upwards to avoid being smothered by sediment deposited on them by water . There has been vigorous debate about the validity of alleged fossils from before 3 Ga , with critics arguing that so - called stromatolites could have been formed by non-biological processes . In 2006 , another find of stromatolites was reported from the same part of Australia as previous ones , in rocks dated to 3.5 Ga . In modern underwater mats the top layer often consists of photosynthesizing cyanobacteria which create an oxygen - rich environment , while the bottom layer is oxygen - free and often dominated by hydrogen sulfide emitted by the organisms living there . It is estimated that the appearance of oxygenic photosynthesis by bacteria in mats increased biological productivity by a factor of between 100 and 1,000 . The reducing agent used by oxygenic photosynthesis is water , which is much more plentiful than the geologically produced reducing agents required by the earlier non-oxygenic photosynthesis . From this point onwards life itself produced significantly more of the resources it needed than did geochemical processes . Oxygen is toxic to organisms that are not adapted to it , but greatly increases the metabolic efficiency of oxygen - adapted organisms . Oxygen became a significant component of Earth 's atmosphere about 2.4 Ga . Although eukaryotes may have been present much earlier , the oxygenation of the atmosphere was a prerequisite for the evolution of the most complex eukaryotic cells , from which all multicellular organisms are built . The boundary between oxygen - rich and oxygen - free layers in microbial mats would have moved upwards when photosynthesis shut down overnight , and then downwards as it resumed on the next day . This would have created selection pressure for organisms in this intermediate zone to acquire the ability to tolerate and then to use oxygen , possibly via endosymbiosis , where one organism lives inside another and both of them benefit from their association . Cyanobacteria have the most complete biochemical `` toolkits '' of all the mat - forming organisms . Hence they are the most self - sufficient of the mat organisms and were well - adapted to strike out on their own both as floating mats and as the first of the phytoplankton , providing the basis of most marine food chains . Diversification of eukaryotes ( edit ) Eukarya Diaphoretickes Archaeplastida ( Land plants , green algae , red algae , and glaucophytes ) Hacrobia SAR ( Stramenopiles , Alveolata , and Rhizaria ) Excavata Amorphea Amoebozoa Sulcozoa Opisthokonta Metazoa ( Animals ) Choanozoa Fungi One possible family tree of eukaryotes Main article : Eukaryote Chromatin , nucleus , endomembrane System , and mitochondria ( edit ) Eukaryotes may have been present long before the oxygenation of the atmosphere , but most modern eukaryotes require oxygen , which their mitochondria use to fuel the production of ATP , the internal energy supply of all known cells . In the 1970s it was proposed and , after much debate , widely accepted that eukaryotes emerged as a result of a sequence of endosymbiosis between `` prokaryotes . '' For example : a predatory microorganism invaded a large prokaryote , probably an archaean , but the attack was neutralized , and the attacker took up residence and evolved into the first of the mitochondria ; one of these chimeras later tried to swallow a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium , but the victim survived inside the attacker and the new combination became the ancestor of plants ; and so on . After each endosymbiosis began , the partners would have eliminated unproductive duplication of genetic functions by re-arranging their genomes , a process which sometimes involved transfer of genes between them . Another hypothesis proposes that mitochondria were originally sulfur - or hydrogen - metabolising endosymbionts , and became oxygen - consumers later . On the other hand , mitochondria might have been part of eukaryotes ' original equipment . There is a debate about when eukaryotes first appeared : the presence of steranes in Australian shales may indicate that eukaryotes were present 2.7 Ga ; however , an analysis in 2008 concluded that these chemicals infiltrated the rocks less than 2.2 Ga and prove nothing about the origins of eukaryotes . Fossils of the algae Grypania have been reported in 1.85 billion - year - old rocks ( originally dated to 2.1 Ga but later revised ) , and indicates that eukaryotes with organelles had already evolved . A diverse collection of fossil algae were found in rocks dated between 1.5 and 1.4 Ga . The earliest known fossils of fungi date from 1.43 Ga . Plastids ( edit ) Plastids , the superclass of organelles of which chloroplasts are the best - known exemplar , are thought to have originated from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria . The symbiosis evolved around 1.5 Ga and enabled eukaryotes to carry out oxygenic photosynthesis . Three evolutionary lineages have since emerged in which the plastids are named differently : chloroplasts in green algae and plants , rhodoplasts in red algae and cyanelles in the glaucophytes . Sexual reproduction and multicellular organisms ( edit ) Evolution of sexual reproduction ( edit ) Main articles : Evolution of sexual reproduction and Sexual reproduction The defining characteristics of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes are meiosis and fertilization . There is much genetic recombination in this kind of reproduction , in which offspring receive 50 % of their genes from each parent , in contrast with asexual reproduction , in which there is no recombination . Bacteria also exchange DNA by bacterial conjugation , the benefits of which include resistance to antibiotics and other toxins , and the ability to utilize new metabolites . However , conjugation is not a means of reproduction , and is not limited to members of the same species -- there are cases where bacteria transfer DNA to plants and animals . On the other hand , bacterial transformation is clearly an adaptation for transfer of DNA between bacteria of the same species . Bacterial transformation is a complex process involving the products of numerous bacterial genes and can be regarded as a bacterial form of sex . This process occurs naturally in at least 67 prokaryotic species ( in seven different phyla ) . Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes may have evolved from bacterial transformation . ( Also see Evolution of sexual reproduction # Origin of sexual reproduction . ) The disadvantages of sexual reproduction are well - known : the genetic reshuffle of recombination may break up favorable combinations of genes ; and since males do not directly increase the number of offspring in the next generation , an asexual population can out - breed and displace in as little as 50 generations a sexual population that is equal in every other respect . Nevertheless , the great majority of animals , plants , fungi and protists reproduce sexually . There is strong evidence that sexual reproduction arose early in the history of eukaryotes and that the genes controlling it have changed very little since then . How sexual reproduction evolved and survived is an unsolved puzzle . Horodyskia may have been an early metazoan , or a colonial foraminiferan . It apparently re-arranged itself into fewer but larger main masses as the sediment grew deeper round its base . The Red Queen hypothesis suggests that sexual reproduction provides protection against parasites , because it is easier for parasites to evolve means of overcoming the defenses of genetically identical clones than those of sexual species that present moving targets , and there is some experimental evidence for this . However , there is still doubt about whether it would explain the survival of sexual species if multiple similar clone species were present , as one of the clones may survive the attacks of parasites for long enough to out - breed the sexual species . Furthermore , contrary to the expectations of the Red Queen hypothesis , Kathryn A. Hanley et al. found that the prevalence , abundance and mean intensity of mites was significantly higher in sexual geckos than in asexuals sharing the same habitat . In addition , biologist Matthew Parker , after reviewing numerous genetic studies on plant disease resistance , failed to find a single example consistent with the concept that pathogens are the primary selective agent responsible for sexual reproduction in the host . Alexey Kondrashov 's deterministic mutation hypothesis ( DMH ) assumes that each organism has more than one harmful mutation and the combined effects of these mutations are more harmful than the sum of the harm done by each individual mutation . If so , sexual recombination of genes will reduce the harm that bad mutations do to offspring and at the same time eliminate some bad mutations from the gene pool by isolating them in individuals that perish quickly because they have an above - average number of bad mutations . However , the evidence suggests that the DMH 's assumptions are shaky , because many species have on average less than one harmful mutation per individual and no species that has been investigated shows evidence of synergy between harmful mutations . ( Further criticisms of this hypothesis are discussed in the article Evolution of sexual reproduction # Removal of deleterious genes ) The random nature of recombination causes the relative abundance of alternative traits to vary from one generation to another . This genetic drift is insufficient on its own to make sexual reproduction advantageous , but a combination of genetic drift and natural selection may be sufficient . When chance produces combinations of good traits , natural selection gives a large advantage to lineages in which these traits become genetically linked . On the other hand , the benefits of good traits are neutralized if they appear along with bad traits . Sexual recombination gives good traits the opportunities to become linked with other good traits , and mathematical models suggest this may be more than enough to offset the disadvantages of sexual reproduction . Other combinations of hypotheses that are inadequate on their own are also being examined . The adaptive function of sex today remains a major unresolved issue in biology . The competing models to explain the adaptive function of sex were reviewed by John A. Birdsell and Christopher Wills . The hypotheses discussed above all depend on possible beneficial effects of random genetic variation produced by genetic recombination . An alternative view is that sex arose , and is maintained , as a process for repairing DNA damage , and that the genetic variation produced is an occasionally beneficial byproduct . Multicellularity ( edit ) Main article : Multicellular organism The simplest definitions of `` multicellular , '' for example `` having multiple cells , '' could include colonial cyanobacteria like Nostoc . Even a technical definition such as `` having the same genome but different types of cell '' would still include some genera of the green algae Volvox , which have cells that specialize in reproduction . Multicellularity evolved independently in organisms as diverse as sponges and other animals , fungi , plants , brown algae , cyanobacteria , slime molds and myxobacteria . For the sake of brevity , this article focuses on the organisms that show the greatest specialization of cells and variety of cell types , although this approach to the evolution of biological complexity could be regarded as `` rather anthropocentric . '' A slime mold solves a maze . The mold ( yellow ) explored and filled the maze ( left ) . When the researchers placed sugar ( red ) at two separate points , the mold concentrated most of its mass there and left only the most efficient connection between the two points ( right ) . The initial advantages of multicellularity may have included : more efficient sharing of nutrients that are digested outside the cell , increased resistance to predators , many of which attacked by engulfing ; the ability to resist currents by attaching to a firm surface ; the ability to reach upwards to filter - feed or to obtain sunlight for photosynthesis ; the ability to create an internal environment that gives protection against the external one ; and even the opportunity for a group of cells to behave `` intelligently '' by sharing information . These features would also have provided opportunities for other organisms to diversify , by creating more varied environments than flat microbial mats could . Multicellularity with differentiated cells is beneficial to the organism as a whole but disadvantageous from the point of view of individual cells , most of which lose the opportunity to reproduce themselves . In an asexual multicellular organism , rogue cells which retain the ability to reproduce may take over and reduce the organism to a mass of undifferentiated cells . Sexual reproduction eliminates such rogue cells from the next generation and therefore appears to be a prerequisite for complex multicellularity . The available evidence indicates that eukaryotes evolved much earlier but remained inconspicuous until a rapid diversification around 1 Ga . The only respect in which eukaryotes clearly surpass bacteria and archaea is their capacity for variety of forms , and sexual reproduction enabled eukaryotes to exploit that advantage by producing organisms with multiple cells that differed in form and function . By comparing the composition of transcription factor families and regulatory network motifs between unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms , scientists found there are many novel transcription factor families and three novel types of regulatory network motifs in multicellular organisms , and novel family transcription factors are preferentially wired into these novel network motifs which are essential for multicullular development . These results propose a plausible mechanism for the contribution of novel - family transcription factors and novel network motifs to the origin of multicellular organisms at transcriptional regulatory level . Fossil evidence ( edit ) The Francevillian biota fossils , dated to 2.1 Ga , are the earliest known fossil organisms that are clearly multicellular . They may have had differentiated cells . Another early multicellular fossil , Qingshania , dated to 1.7 Ga , appears to consist of virtually identical cells . The red algae called Bangiomorpha , dated at 1.2 Ga , is the earliest known organism that certainly has differentiated , specialized cells , and is also the oldest known sexually reproducing organism . The 1.43 billion - year - old fossils interpreted as fungi appear to have been multicellular with differentiated cells . The `` string of beads '' organism Horodyskia , found in rocks dated from 1.5 Ga to 900 Ma , may have been an early metazoan ; however , it has also been interpreted as a colonial foraminiferan . Emergence of animals ( edit ) Main articles : Animal , Ediacara biota , Cambrian explosion , Burgess Shale type fauna , and Crown group § Stem groups Bilaterians Deuterostomes ( chordates , hemichordates , echinoderms ) Protostomes Ecdysozoa ( arthropods , nematodes , tardigrades , etc . ) Lophotrochozoa ( molluscs , annelids , brachiopods , etc . ) Acoelomorpha Cnidaria ( jellyfish , sea anemones , corals ) Ctenophora ( comb jellies ) Placozoa Porifera ( sponges ) : Calcarea Porifera : Hexactinellida & Demospongiae Choanoflagellata Mesomycetozoea A family tree of the animals Animals are multicellular eukaryotes , and are distinguished from plants , algae , and fungi by lacking cell walls . All animals are motile , if only at certain life stages . All animals except sponges have bodies differentiated into separate tissues , including muscles , which move parts of the animal by contracting , and nerve tissue , which transmits and processes signals . The earliest widely accepted animal fossils are the rather modern - looking cnidarians ( the group that includes jellyfish , sea anemones and Hydra ) , possibly from around 580 Ma , although fossils from the Doushantuo Formation can only be dated approximately . Their presence implies that the cnidarian and bilaterian lineages had already diverged . The Ediacara biota , which flourished for the last 40 million years before the start of the Cambrian , were the first animals more than a very few centimetres long . Many were flat and had a `` quilted '' appearance , and seemed so strange that there was a proposal to classify them as a separate kingdom , Vendozoa . Others , however , have been interpreted as early molluscs ( Kimberella ) , echinoderms ( Arkarua ) , and arthropods ( Spriggina , Parvancorina ) . There is still debate about the classification of these specimens , mainly because the diagnostic features which allow taxonomists to classify more recent organisms , such as similarities to living organisms , are generally absent in the Ediacarans . However , there seems little doubt that Kimberella was at least a triploblastic bilaterian animal , in other words , an animal significantly more complex than the cnidarians . The small shelly fauna are a very mixed collection of fossils found between the Late Ediacaran and Middle Cambrian periods . The earliest , Cloudina , shows signs of successful defense against predation and may indicate the start of an evolutionary arms race . Some tiny Early Cambrian shells almost certainly belonged to molluscs , while the owners of some `` armor plates , '' Halkieria and Microdictyon , were eventually identified when more complete specimens were found in Cambrian lagerstätten that preserved soft - bodied animals . Opabinia made the largest single contribution to modern interest in the Cambrian explosion . In the 1970s there was already a debate about whether the emergence of the modern phyla was `` explosive '' or gradual but hidden by the shortage of Precambrian animal fossils . A re-analysis of fossils from the Burgess Shale lagerstätte increased interest in the issue when it revealed animals , such as Opabinia , which did not fit into any known phylum . At the time these were interpreted as evidence that the modern phyla had evolved very rapidly in the Cambrian explosion and that the Burgess Shale 's `` weird wonders '' showed that the Early Cambrian was a uniquely experimental period of animal evolution . Later discoveries of similar animals and the development of new theoretical approaches led to the conclusion that many of the `` weird wonders '' were evolutionary `` aunts '' or `` cousins '' of modern groups -- for example that Opabinia was a member of the lobopods , a group which includes the ancestors of the arthropods , and that it may have been closely related to the modern tardigrades . Nevertheless , there is still much debate about whether the Cambrian explosion was really explosive and , if so , how and why it happened and why it appears unique in the history of animals . Deuterostomes and the first vertebrates ( edit ) Acanthodians were among the earliest vertebrates with jaws . Main articles : Chordate and Evolution of fish See also : Chordate genomics Most of the animals at the heart of the Cambrian explosion debate are protostomes , one of the two main groups of complex animals . The other major group , the deuterostomes , contains invertebrates such as starfish and sea urchins ( echinoderms ) , as well as chordates ( see below ) . Many echinoderms have hard calcite `` shells , '' which are fairly common from the Early Cambrian small shelly fauna onwards . Other deuterostome groups are soft - bodied , and most of the significant Cambrian deuterostome fossils come from the Chengjiang fauna , a lagerstätte in China . The chordates are another major deuterostome group : animals with a distinct dorsal nerve cord . Chordates include soft - bodied invertebrates such as tunicates as well as vertebrates -- animals with a backbone . While tunicate fossils predate the Cambrian explosion , the Chengjiang fossils Haikouichthys and Myllokunmingia appear to be true vertebrates , and Haikouichthys had distinct vertebrae , which may have been slightly mineralized . Vertebrates with jaws , such as the acanthodians , first appeared in the Late Ordovician . Colonization of land ( edit ) See also : Earliest known life forms Adaptation to life on land is a major challenge : all land organisms need to avoid drying - out and all those above microscopic size must create special structures to withstand gravity ; respiration and gas exchange systems have to change ; reproductive systems can not depend on water to carry eggs and sperm towards each other . Although the earliest good evidence of land plants and animals dates back to the Ordovician period ( 488 to 444 Ma ) , and a number of microorganism lineages made it onto land much earlier , modern land ecosystems only appeared in the Late Devonian , about 385 to 359 Ma . In May 2017 , evidence of the earliest known life on land may have been found in 3.48 - billion - year - old geyserite and other related mineral deposits ( often found around hot springs and geysers ) uncovered in the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia . Evolution of terrestrial antioxidants ( edit ) Oxygen is a potent oxidant whose accumulation in terrestrial atmosphere resulted from the development of photosynthesis over 3 Ga , in cyanobacteria ( blue - green algae ) , which were the most primitive oxygenic photosynthetic organisms . Brown algae accumulate inorganic mineral antioxidants such as rubidium , vanadium , zinc , iron , copper , molybdenum , selenium and iodine which is concentrated more than 30,000 times the concentration of this element in seawater . Protective endogenous antioxidant enzymes and exogenous dietary antioxidants helped to prevent oxidative damage . Most marine mineral antioxidants act in the cells as essential trace elements in redox and antioxidant metalloenzymes . When plants and animals began to enter rivers and land about 500 Ma , environmental deficiency of these marine mineral antioxidants was a challenge to the evolution of terrestrial life . Terrestrial plants slowly optimized the production of `` new '' endogenous antioxidants such as ascorbic acid , polyphenols , flavonoids , tocopherols , etc . A few of these appeared more recently , in last 200 -- 50 Ma , in fruits and flowers of angiosperm plants . In fact , angiosperms ( the dominant type of plant today ) and most of their antioxidant pigments evolved during the Late Jurassic period . Plants employ antioxidants to defend their structures against reactive oxygen species produced during photosynthesis . Animals are exposed to the same oxidants , and they have evolved endogenous enzymatic antioxidant systems . Iodine is the most primitive and abundant electron - rich essential element in the diet of marine and terrestrial organisms , and as iodide acts as an electron donor and has this ancestral antioxidant function in all iodide - concentrating cells from primitive marine algae to more recent terrestrial vertebrates . Evolution of soil ( edit ) Before the colonization of land , soil , a combination of mineral particles and decomposed organic matter , did not exist . Land surfaces would have been either bare rock or unstable sand produced by weathering . Water and any nutrients in it would have drained away very quickly . Lichens growing on concrete Films of cyanobacteria , which are not plants but use the same photosynthesis mechanisms , have been found in modern deserts , and only in areas that are unsuitable for vascular plants . This suggests that microbial mats may have been the first organisms to colonize dry land , possibly in the Precambrian . Mat - forming cyanobacteria could have gradually evolved resistance to desiccation as they spread from the seas to intertidal zones and then to land . Lichens , which are symbiotic combinations of a fungus ( almost always an ascomycete ) and one or more photosynthesizers ( green algae or cyanobacteria ) , are also important colonizers of lifeless environments , and their ability to break down rocks contributes to soil formation in situations where plants can not survive . The earliest known ascomycete fossils date from 423 to 419 Ma in the Silurian . Soil formation would have been very slow until the appearance of burrowing animals , which mix the mineral and organic components of soil and whose feces are a major source of the organic components . Burrows have been found in Ordovician sediments , and are attributed to annelids ( `` worms '' ) or arthropods . Plants and the Late Devonian wood crisis ( edit ) Main article : Evolutionary history of plants Reconstruction of Cooksonia , a vascular plant from the Silurian Fossilized trees from the Middle Devonian Gilboa Fossil Forest In aquatic algae , almost all cells are capable of photosynthesis and are nearly independent . Life on land required plants to become internally more complex and specialized : photosynthesis was most efficient at the top ; roots were required in order to extract water from the ground ; the parts in between became supports and transport systems for water and nutrients . Spores of land plants , possibly rather like liverworts , have been found in Middle Ordovician rocks dated to about 476 Ma . In Middle Silurian rocks 430 Ma , there are fossils of actual plants including clubmosses such as Baragwanathia ; most were under 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) high , and some appear closely related to vascular plants , the group that includes trees . By the Late Devonian 370 Ma , trees such as Archaeopteris were so abundant that they changed river systems from mostly braided to mostly meandering , because their roots bound the soil firmly . In fact , they caused the `` Late Devonian wood crisis '' because : They removed more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , reducing the greenhouse effect and thus causing an ice age in the Carboniferous period . In later ecosystems the carbon dioxide `` locked up '' in wood is returned to the atmosphere by decomposition of dead wood . However , the earliest fossil evidence of fungi that can decompose wood also comes from the Late Devonian . The increasing depth of plants ' roots led to more washing of nutrients into rivers and seas by rain . This caused algal blooms whose high consumption of oxygen caused anoxic events in deeper waters , increasing the extinction rate among deep - water animals . Land invertebrates ( edit ) Animals had to change their feeding and excretory systems , and most land animals developed internal fertilization of their eggs . The difference in refractive index between water and air required changes in their eyes . On the other hand , in some ways movement and breathing became easier , and the better transmission of high - frequency sounds in air encouraged the development of hearing . The relative number of species contributed to the total by each phylum of animals . Nematoda is the phylum with the most individual organisms while arthropod has the most species . The oldest known air - breathing animal is Pneumodesmus , an archipolypodan millipede from the Middle Silurian , about 428 Ma . Its air - breathing , terrestrial nature is evidenced by the presence of spiracles , the openings to tracheal systems . However , some earlier trace fossils from the Cambrian - Ordovician boundary about 490 Ma are interpreted as the tracks of large amphibious arthropods on coastal sand dunes , and may have been made by euthycarcinoids , which are thought to be evolutionary `` aunts '' of myriapods . Other trace fossils from the Late Ordovician a little over 445 Ma probably represent land invertebrates , and there is clear evidence of numerous arthropods on coasts and alluvial plains shortly before the Silurian - Devonian boundary , about 415 Ma , including signs that some arthropods ate plants . Arthropods were well pre-adapted to colonise land , because their existing jointed exoskeletons provided protection against desiccation , support against gravity and a means of locomotion that was not dependent on water . The fossil record of other major invertebrate groups on land is poor : none at all for non-parasitic flatworms , nematodes or nemerteans ; some parasitic nematodes have been fossilized in amber ; annelid worm fossils are known from the Carboniferous , but they may still have been aquatic animals ; the earliest fossils of gastropods on land date from the Late Carboniferous , and this group may have had to wait until leaf litter became abundant enough to provide the moist conditions they need . The earliest confirmed fossils of flying insects date from the Late Carboniferous , but it is thought that insects developed the ability to fly in the Early Carboniferous or even Late Devonian . This gave them a wider range of ecological niches for feeding and breeding , and a means of escape from predators and from unfavorable changes in the environment . About 99 % of modern insect species fly or are descendants of flying species . Early land vertebrates ( edit ) Main articles : Tetrapod and Evolution of tetrapods Acanthostega changed views about the early evolution of tetrapods . `` Fish '' Osteolepiformes Panderichthyidae Obruchevichthidae Acanthostega Ichthyostega Tulerpeton Early labyrinthodonts Anthracosauria Amniotes Family tree of tetrapods Tetrapods , vertebrates with four limbs , evolved from other rhipidistian fish over a relatively short timespan during the Late Devonian ( 370 to 360 Ma ) . The early groups are grouped together as Labyrinthodontia . They retained aquatic , fry - like tadpoles , a system still seen in modern amphibians . Amphibian Metamorphosis Iodine and T4 / T3 stimulate the amphibian metamorphosis and the evolution of nervous systems transforming the aquatic , vegetarian tadpole into a `` more evoluted '' terrestrial , carnivorous frog with better neurological , visuospatial , olfactory and cognitive abilities for hunting . The new hormonal action of T3 was made possible by the formation of T3 - receptors in the cells of vertebrates . Firstly , about 600 - 500 million years ago , in primitive Chordata appeared the alpha T3 - receptors with a metamorphosing action and then , about 250 - 150 million years ago , in the Birds and Mammalia appeared the beta T3 - receptors with metabolic and thermogenetic actions . From the 1950s to the early 1980s it was thought that tetrapods evolved from fish that had already acquired the ability to crawl on land , possibly in order to go from a pool that was drying out to one that was deeper . However , in 1987 , nearly complete fossils of Acanthostega from about 363 Ma showed that this Late Devonian transitional animal had legs and both lungs and gills , but could never have survived on land : its limbs and its wrist and ankle joints were too weak to bear its weight ; its ribs were too short to prevent its lungs from being squeezed flat by its weight ; its fish - like tail fin would have been damaged by dragging on the ground . The current hypothesis is that Acanthostega , which was about 1 metre ( 3.3 ft ) long , was a wholly aquatic predator that hunted in shallow water . Its skeleton differed from that of most fish , in ways that enabled it to raise its head to breathe air while its body remained submerged , including : its jaws show modifications that would have enabled it to gulp air ; the bones at the back of its skull are locked together , providing strong attachment points for muscles that raised its head ; the head is not joined to the shoulder girdle and it has a distinct neck . The Devonian proliferation of land plants may help to explain why air breathing would have been an advantage : leaves falling into streams and rivers would have encouraged the growth of aquatic vegetation ; this would have attracted grazing invertebrates and small fish that preyed on them ; they would have been attractive prey but the environment was unsuitable for the big marine predatory fish ; air - breathing would have been necessary because these waters would have been short of oxygen , since warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cooler marine water and since the decomposition of vegetation would have used some of the oxygen . Later discoveries revealed earlier transitional forms between Acanthostega and completely fish - like animals . Unfortunately , there is then a gap ( Romer 's gap ) of about 30 Ma between the fossils of ancestral tetrapods and Middle Carboniferous fossils of vertebrates that look well - adapted for life on land . Some of these look like early relatives of modern amphibians , most of which need to keep their skins moist and to lay their eggs in water , while others are accepted as early relatives of the amniotes , whose waterproof skin and egg membranes enable them to live and breed far from water . Dinosaurs , birds and mammals ( edit ) Main articles : Evolution of dinosaurs , Origin of birds , and Evolution of mammals Amniotes Synapsids Early synapsids ( extinct ) Pelycosaurs Extinct pelycosaurs Therapsids Extinct therapsids Mammaliaformes Extinct mammaliaforms Mammals Sauropsids Anapsids ; whether turtles belong here is debated Captorhinidae and Protorothyrididae ( extinct ) Diapsids Araeoscelidia ( extinct ) Squamata ( lizards and snakes ) Archosaurs Extinct archosaurs Crocodilians Pterosaurs ( extinct ) Dinosaurs Theropods Extinct theropods Birds Sauropods ( extinct ) Ornithischians ( extinct ) Possible family tree of dinosaurs , birds and mammals Amniotes , whose eggs can survive in dry environments , probably evolved in the Late Carboniferous period ( 330 to 298.9 Ma ) . The earliest fossils of the two surviving amniote groups , synapsids and sauropsids , date from around 313 Ma . The synapsid pelycosaurs and their descendants the therapsids are the most common land vertebrates in the best - known Permian ( 298.9 to 251.902 Ma ) fossil beds . However , at the time these were all in temperate zones at middle latitudes , and there is evidence that hotter , drier environments nearer the Equator were dominated by sauropsids and amphibians . The Permian -- Triassic extinction event wiped out almost all land vertebrates , as well as the great majority of other life . During the slow recovery from this catastrophe , estimated to have taken 30 million years , a previously obscure sauropsid group became the most abundant and diverse terrestrial vertebrates : a few fossils of archosauriformes ( `` ruling lizard forms '' ) have been found in Late Permian rocks , but , by the Middle Triassic , archosaurs were the dominant land vertebrates . Dinosaurs distinguished themselves from other archosaurs in the Late Triassic , and became the dominant land vertebrates of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods ( 201.3 to 66 Ma ) . During the Late Jurassic , birds evolved from small , predatory theropod dinosaurs . The first birds inherited teeth and long , bony tails from their dinosaur ancestors , but some had developed horny , toothless beaks by the very Late Jurassic and short pygostyle tails by the Early Cretaceous . While the archosaurs and dinosaurs were becoming more dominant in the Triassic , the mammaliaform successors of the therapsids evolved into small , mainly nocturnal insectivores . This ecological role may have promoted the evolution of mammals , for example nocturnal life may have accelerated the development of endothermy ( `` warm - bloodedness '' ) and hair or fur . By 195 Ma in the Early Jurassic there were animals that were very like today 's mammals in a number of respects . Unfortunately , there is a gap in the fossil record throughout the Middle Jurassic . However , fossil teeth discovered in Madagascar indicate that the split between the lineage leading to monotremes and the one leading to other living mammals had occurred by 167 Ma . After dominating land vertebrate niches for about 150 Ma , the non-avian dinosaurs perished in the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event ( 66 Ma ) along with many other groups of organisms . Mammals throughout the time of the dinosaurs had been restricted to a narrow range of taxa , sizes and shapes , but increased rapidly in size and diversity after the extinction , with bats taking to the air within 13 million years , and cetaceans to the sea within 15 million years . Flowering plants ( edit ) Main articles : Flowering plant and Gymnosperm Gymnosperms Gnetales ( gymnosperm ) Welwitschia ( gymnosperm ) Ephedra ( gymnosperm ) Bennettitales Angiosperms ( flowering plants ) One possible family tree of flowering plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms ( flowering plants ) Cycads ( gymnosperm ) Bennettitales Ginkgo Gnetales ( gymnosperm ) Conifers ( gymnosperm ) Another possible family tree The first flowering plants appeared around 130 Ma . The 250,000 to 400,000 species of flowering plants outnumber all other ground plants combined , and are the dominant vegetation in most terrestrial ecosystems . There is fossil evidence that flowering plants diversified rapidly in the Early Cretaceous , from 130 to 90 Ma , and that their rise was associated with that of pollinating insects . Among modern flowering plants Magnolia are thought to be close to the common ancestor of the group . However , paleontologists have not succeeded in identifying the earliest stages in the evolution of flowering plants . Social insects ( edit ) These termite mounds have survived a bush fire . Main article : Eusociality The social insects are remarkable because the great majority of individuals in each colony are sterile . This appears contrary to basic concepts of evolution such as natural selection and the selfish gene . In fact , there are very few eusocial insect species : only 15 out of approximately 2,600 living families of insects contain eusocial species , and it seems that eusociality has evolved independently only 12 times among arthropods , although some eusocial lineages have diversified into several families . Nevertheless , social insects have been spectacularly successful ; for example although ants and termites account for only about 2 % of known insect species , they form over 50 % of the total mass of insects . Their ability to control a territory appears to be the foundation of their success . The sacrifice of breeding opportunities by most individuals has long been explained as a consequence of these species ' unusual haplodiploid method of sex determination , which has the paradoxical consequence that two sterile worker daughters of the same queen share more genes with each other than they would with their offspring if they could breed . However , E.O. Wilson and Bert Hölldobler argue that this explanation is faulty : for example , it is based on kin selection , but there is no evidence of nepotism in colonies that have multiple queens . Instead , they write , eusociality evolves only in species that are under strong pressure from predators and competitors , but in environments where it is possible to build `` fortresses '' ; after colonies have established this security , they gain other advantages through co-operative foraging . In support of this explanation they cite the appearance of eusociality in bathyergid mole rats , which are not haplodiploid . The earliest fossils of insects have been found in Early Devonian rocks from about 400 Ma , which preserve only a few varieties of flightless insect . The Mazon Creek lagerstätten from the Late Carboniferous , about 300 Ma , include about 200 species , some gigantic by modern standards , and indicate that insects had occupied their main modern ecological niches as herbivores , detritivores and insectivores . Social termites and ants first appear in the Early Cretaceous , and advanced social bees have been found in Late Cretaceous rocks but did not become abundant until the Middle Cenozoic . Humans ( edit ) Hominin timeline view discuss edit - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- Hominini Nakalipithecus Ouranopithecus Sahelanthropus Orrorin Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus H. heidelbergensis Homo sapiens Neanderthals ← Earlier apes ← LCA -- Gorilla separation ← Possibly bipedal ← LCA -- Chimpanzee separation ← Earliest bipedal ← Earliest stone tools ← Earliest exit from Africa ← Earliest fire use ← Earliest in Europe ← Earliest cooking ← Earliest clothes ← Modern speech ← Modern humans l i s o n l i o n i o n o m i n i d s Axis scale : million years Also see : Life timeline and Nature timeline Main article : Human evolution The idea that , along with other life forms , modern - day humans evolved from an ancient , common ancestor was proposed by Robert Chambers in 1844 and taken up by Charles Darwin in 1871 . Modern humans evolved from a lineage of upright - walking apes that has been traced back over 6 Ma to Sahelanthropus . The first known stone tools were made about 2.5 Ma , apparently by Australopithecus garhi , and were found near animal bones that bear scratches made by these tools . The earliest hominines had chimpanzee - sized brains , but there has been a fourfold increase in the last 3 Ma ; a statistical analysis suggests that hominine brain sizes depend almost completely on the date of the fossils , while the species to which they are assigned has only slight influence . There is a long - running debate about whether modern humans evolved all over the world simultaneously from existing advanced hominines or are descendants of a single small population in Africa , which then migrated all over the world less than 200,000 years ago and replaced previous hominine species . There is also debate about whether anatomically modern humans had an intellectual , cultural and technological `` Great Leap Forward '' under 100,000 years ago and , if so , whether this was due to neurological changes that are not visible in fossils . Mass extinctions ( edit ) Main article : Extinction event Marine extinction intensity during the Phanerozoic % Millions of years ago ( H ) K -- Pg Tr -- J P -- Tr Cap Late D O -- S Apparent extinction intensity , i.e. the fraction of genera going extinct at any given time , as reconstructed from the fossil record . ( Graph not meant to include the recent , ongoing Holocene extinction event ) . Life on Earth has suffered occasional mass extinctions at least since 542 Ma . Although they were disasters at the time , mass extinctions have sometimes accelerated the evolution of life on Earth . When dominance of particular ecological niches passes from one group of organisms to another , it is rarely because the new dominant group is `` superior '' to the old and usually because an extinction event eliminates the old dominant group and makes way for the new one . All genera `` Well - defined '' genera Trend line `` Big Five '' mass extinctions Other mass extinctions Million years ago Thousands of genera Phanerozoic biodiversity as shown by the fossil record The fossil record appears to show that the gaps between mass extinctions are becoming longer and the average and background rates of extinction are decreasing . Both of these phenomena could be explained in one or more ways : The oceans may have become more hospitable to life over the last 500 Ma and less vulnerable to mass extinctions : dissolved oxygen became more widespread and penetrated to greater depths ; the development of life on land reduced the run - off of nutrients and hence the risk of eutrophication and anoxic events ; and marine ecosystems became more diversified so that food chains were less likely to be disrupted . Reasonably complete fossils are very rare , most extinct organisms are represented only by partial fossils , and complete fossils are rarest in the oldest rocks . So paleontologists have mistakenly assigned parts of the same organism to different genera , which were often defined solely to accommodate these finds -- the story of Anomalocaris is an example of this . The risk of this mistake is higher for older fossils because these are often both unlike parts of any living organism and poorly conserved . Many of the `` superfluous '' genera are represented by fragments which are not found again and the `` superfluous '' genera appear to become extinct very quickly . Biodiversity in the fossil record , which is `` ... the number of distinct genera alive at any given time ; that is , those whose first occurrence predates and whose last occurrence postdates that time '' shows a different trend : a fairly swift rise from 542 to 400 Ma ; a slight decline from 400 to 200 Ma , in which the devastating Permian -- Triassic extinction event is an important factor ; and a swift rise from 200 Ma to the present . See also ( edit ) Book : Evolution History of evolutionary thought On the Origin of Species Speciation Taxonomy of commonly fossilised invertebrates Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Viral evolution Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Myxozoa were thought to be an exception , but are now thought to be heavily modified members of the Cnidaria . 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The Biology of Rarity : Causes and consequences of rare -- common differences ( 1st ed . ) . London ; New York : Chapman & Hall . ISBN 0 - 412 - 63380 - 9 . LCCN 96071014 . OCLC 36442106 . Miller , G. Tyler ; Spoolman , Scott E. ( 2012 ) . Environmental Science ( 14th ed . ) . Belmont , CA : Brooks / Cole . ISBN 978 - 1 - 111 - 98893 - 7 . LCCN 2011934330 . OCLC 741539226 . Newman , William L. ( July 9 , 2007 ) . `` Age of the Earth '' . Geologic Time . Reston , VA : Publications Services , USGS . OCLC 18792528 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 29 . O'Leary , Margaret R. ( 2008 ) . Anaxagoras and the Origin of Panspermia Theory . Bloomington , IN : iUniverse . ISBN 0 - 595 - 49596 - 6 . OCLC 757322661 . Padian , Kevin ( 2004 ) . `` Basal Avialae '' . In Weishampel , David B. ; Dodson , Peter ; Osmólska , Halszka . The Dinosauria ( 2nd ed . ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24209 - 2 . LCCN 2004049804 . OCLC 55000644 . Sansom , Ivan J. ; Smith , Moya M. ; Smith , M. Paul ( 2001 ) . `` The Ordovician radiation of vertebrates '' . In Ahlberg , Per Erik . Major Events in Early Vertebrate Evolution : Palaeontology , phylogeny , genetics and development . Systematics Association special volume series . 61 . London ; New York : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23370 - 4 . LCCN 00062919 . OCLC 51667292 . Thewissen , J.G.M. ; Madar , S.I. ; Hussain , S.T. ( 1996 ) . Ambulocetus natans , an Eocene cetacean ( Mammalia ) from Pakistan . Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 191 . Frankfurt : Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft . ISBN 3 - 929907 - 32 - 1 . LCCN 97151576 . OCLC 36463214 . Further reading ( edit ) Dawkins , Richard ( 1989 ) . The Selfish Gene ( New ed . ) . Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 286092 - 5 . LCCN 89016077 . OCLC 20012195 . Dawkins , Richard ( 2004 ) . The Ancestor 's Tale : A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 00583 - 8 . LCCN 2004059864 . OCLC 56617123 . Ruse , Michael ; Travis , Joseph , eds. ( 2009 ) . Evolution : The First Four Billion Years . Foreword by Edward O. Wilson . Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03175 - 3 . LCCN 2008030270 . OCLC 225874308 . Smith , John Maynard ; Szathmáry , Eörs ( 1997 ) ( Originally published 1995 ; Oxford : W.H. Freeman / Spektrum ) . The Major Transitions in Evolution . Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850294 - X . LCCN 94026965 . OCLC 715217397 . External links ( edit ) General information ( edit ) `` Evolution '' . The Virtual Fossil Museum . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 22 . General information on evolution compiled by Roger Perkins `` Understanding Evolution : your one - stop resource for information on evolution '' . University of California , Berkeley . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 22 . `` Evolution Resources '' . Washington , D.C. : National Academies . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . `` Tree of Life '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Tree of life diagram by Neal Olander `` Evolution '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Brain , Marshall . How Evolution Works at HowStuffWorks `` Modern Theories of Evolution : An Introduction to the Concepts and Theories That Led to Our Current Understanding of Evolution '' . Palomar College . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Tutorial created by Dennis O'Neil History of evolutionary thought ( edit ) van Wyhe , John ( ed . ) . `` The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online '' . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Price , R.G. `` Understanding Evolution : History , Theory , Evidence , and Implications '' . rationalrevolution.net . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . 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7115810548641264999 | Glossary of sheep husbandry | Glossary of sheep husbandry - wikipedia Glossary of sheep husbandry A trio of lambs The raising of domestic sheep has occurred in nearly every inhabited part of the globe , and the variations in cultures and languages which have kept sheep has produced a vast lexicon of unique terminology used to describe sheep husbandry . Contents 1 Terms 1.1 B , C 1.2 D → F 1.3 G → K 1.4 L → N 1.5 O , P , R 1.6 S 1.7 T , W , Y 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Terms ( edit ) Below are a few of the more common terms . B , c ( edit ) Backliner -- an externally applied medicine , applied along the backline of a freshly shorn sheep to control lice or other parasites . In the British Isles called pour - on . Bale -- a wool pack containing a specified weight of pressed wool as regulated by industry authorities . Bell sheep -- a sheep ( usually a rough , wrinkly one ) caught by a shearer , just before the end of a shearing run . Bellwether -- originally an experienced wether given a bell to lead a flock ; now mainly used figuratively for a person acting as a lead and guide . Black wool -- Any wool that is not white , but not necessarily black . Board -- the floor where the shearing stands are in a wool shed . Bolus -- an object placed in the reticulum of the rumen , remaining there for some time or permanently . Used for long - term administration of medicines , or as a secure location for an electronic marking chip . Bottle lamb or cade lamb -- an orphan lamb reared on a bottle . Also poddy lamb or pet lamb . Boxed -- when different mobs of sheep are mixed . Break -- a marked thinning of the fleece , producing distinct weakness in one part of the staple . Broken - mouth or broken - mouthed -- a sheep which has lost or broken some of its incisor teeth , usually after the age of about six years . Broad -- wool which is on the strong side for its quality number , or for its type . Broomie -- a rouseabout in a shearing shed . Butt -- an underweight bale of greasy wool in a standard wool pack . Callipyge / kælɪˈpiːdʒ / -- a natural genetic mutation that produces extremely muscled hindquarters in sheep . These lambs are found in the US and lack tenderness . Cast -- unable to regain footing , possibly due to lying in a hollow with legs facing uphill and / or having a heavy fleece . Also see riggwelter . CFA or cast for age -- sheep culled because of their age . Also see cull ewe , killer . Chilver -- a Female Lamb Clip -- all the wool from a flock ( in Australian Wool Classing ) . Clipping -- cutting off the wool : see shearing and rooing . Comeback -- the progeny of a mating of a Merino with a British longwool sheep . Crimp -- the natural wave formation seen in wool . Usually the closer the crimps , the finer the wool . Cull ewe -- a ewe no longer suitable for breeding , and sold for meat . Also see killer . Crutching -- shearing parts of a sheep ( especially the hind end of some woollier breeds such as Merino ) , to prevent fly - strike . Also see dagging . Cut - out -- the completion of shearing a flock . D → f ( edit ) Dags -- clumps of dried dung stuck to the wool of a sheep , which may lead to fly - strike . ( Hence `` rattle your dags ! '' , meaning `` hurry up ! '' , especially used in New Zealand . ) Dagging -- clipping off dags . Also see crutching . Devil 's Grip -- a serious conformation defect , appearing as a depression behind the withers . Dewlap -- the upper fold under the neck of a Merino sheep . Dipping -- immersing sheep in a plunge or shower dip to kill external parasites . Backliners are now replacing dipping . Downs -- breeds of sheep belonging to the short wool group . Draft ewe -- a ewe too old for rough grazing ( such as moorland ) , drafted ( selected ) out of the flock to move to better grazing , usually on another farm . Generally spelt `` draft '' , but in the British Isles either as `` draft '' or `` draught '' . Drench -- an oral veterinary medicine administered by a drenching gun ( usually an anthelmintic ) . Driving or droving -- walking animals from one place to another . Dry Sheep Equivalent -- ( DSE ) is a standard unit used in Australia to compare energy requirements between different classes and species of animals . A DSE is the amount of energy required to maintain a 45 to 50 kg Merino wether . Eaning - the act of giving birth in sheep . See lambing . Earmark -- a distinctive mark clipped out of the ear ( or sometimes a tattoo inside the ear ) to denote ownership and / or age . Ear tag -- plastic or metal tag clipped to ear , with identification number , name or electronic chip . Ewe / ˈjuː / -- a female sheep capable of producing lambs . In areas where `` gimmer '' or similar terms are used for young females , may refer to a female only after her first lamb . In some areas yow . Fleece -- the wool covering of a sheep . Flock -- a group of sheep ( or goats ) . All the sheep on a property ( in Australian Wool Classing ) ; also all the sheep in a region or country . Sometimes called herd or mob . Flushing -- providing especially nutritious feed in the few weeks before mating to improve fertility , or in the period before birth to increase lamb birth - weight . Flushing ( eggs / embryo ) -- removing unfertilised or fertilised egg from an animal ; often as part of an embryo transfer procedure . Fly strike or myiasis -- infestation of the wool , skin and eventually flesh with blowfly or botfly maggots , rapidly causing injury or death . Usually ( but not always ) occurs where the wool has become contaminated by dung or urine , or at the site of an injury . Also see crutching , dagging , Mulesing . Fold ( or sheepfold ) -- a pen in which a flock is kept overnight to keep the sheep safe from predators , or to allow the collection of dung for manure . Folding -- confining sheep ( or other livestock ) onto a restricted area for feeding , such as a temporarily fenced part of a root crop field , especially when done repeatedly onto a sequence of areas . Foot rot -- infectious pododermatitis , a painful hoof disease commonly found in sheep ( also goats and cattle ) , especially when pastured on damp ground . G → k ( edit ) Gimmer ( / ˈɡɪmər / , not / ˈdʒɪmər / ) -- a young female sheep , usually before her first lamb ( especially used in the north of England and Scotland ) . Also theave . Graziers ' alert or graziers ' warning -- a cold - weather warning issued by the weather bureau to sheep graziers . Greasy -- a sheep shearer . Greasy wool -- wool as it has been shorn from the sheep and therefore not yet washed or cleaned . Also see lanolin . Guard llama -- a llama ( usually a castrated male ) kept with sheep as a guard . The llama will defend the flock from predators such as foxes and dogs . Hefting ( or heafing ) -- the instinct in some breeds of keeping to a certain heft ( a small local area ) throughout their lives . Allows different farmers in an extensive landscape such as moorland to graze different areas without the need for fences , each ewe remaining on her particular area . Lambs usually learn their heft from their mothers . Hogget , hogg or hog -- a young sheep of either sex from about 9 to 18 months of age ( until it cuts two teeth ) ; a yearling sheep , as yet unshorn . Also the meat of a hogget . Also teg , old - season lamb , shearling . Hoof - shears -- implement similar to secateurs , used to trim the hoofs of sheep . In lamb -- pregnant . Joining -- the placing of rams with ewes for mating ( see tupping ) . Ked , or sheep ked -- Melophagus ovinus , a species of louse - fly , a nearly flightless biting fly infesting sheep . Kemp -- a short , white , hollow , hairy fibre usually found about the head and legs of sheep . Killer -- a sheep that has been selected for slaughter on an Australian property . Also see cull ewe . L → n ( edit ) Lamb / ˈlæm / -- a young sheep in its first year . In many eastern countries there is a looser use of the term which may include hoggets . Also the meat of younger sheep . Lambing -- the process of giving birth in sheep . Also the work of tending lambing ewes ( shepherds are said to lamb their flocks ) . Lambing jug or lambing pen -- a small pen to confine ewes and newly born lambs . Lamb marking -- the work of earmarking , docking and castration of lambs . Lambing percentage -- the number of lambs successfully reared in a flock compared with the number of ewes that have been mated -- effectively a measure of the success of lambing and the number of multiple births . May vary from around 100 % in a hardy mountain flock ( where a ewe may not be able to rear more than one lamb safely ) , to 150 % or more in a well - fed lowland flock ( whose ewes can more easily support twins or even triplets ) . Lamb 's fry -- lamb 's liver ( as food ) . Lamb fries -- lamb testicles when served as food . Lanolin -- a thick yellow greasy substance in wool , secreted by the sheep 's skin . Also called wool fat , wool wax , wool grease , adeps lanae or yolk . Extracted from raw wool and used for various purposes . Livestock guardian dog -- a dog bred and trained to guard sheep from predators such as bears , wolves , people or other dogs . Usually a large type of dog , often white and woolly , apparently to allow them to blend in with the sheep . Sometimes given a spiked collar to prevent attack by wolves or dogs . Does not usually muster the sheep . Sometimes called a sheepdog -- but also see separate entry for this . Lug mark -- local term in Cumbria for earmark . Poddy lambs ( orphaned lambs ) drinking milk on a sheep station in rural Australia Marking knife -- a knife with a clamp or hook made for lamb marking . Myiasis -- see fly strike . Micron -- one millionth of a metre , a measure of fibre diameter of wool in wool measurement . Term used in preference to `` micrometre '' , the SI name for the same unit . Mob -- a group or cohort of sheep of the same breed that have run together under similar environmental conditions since the previous shearing ( in Australian Wool Classing ) . Monorchid -- a male mammal with only one descended testicle , the other being retained internally . Monorchid sheep are less fertile than full rams , but have leaner meat than wethers . Mule -- a type of cross-bred sheep , both hardy and suitable for meat ( especially in northern England ) . Usually bred from a Bluefaced Leicester ram on hardy mountain ewes such as Swaledales . May be qualified according to the female parent : for example a Welsh Mule is from a Blue - faced Leicester ram and a Welsh Mountain ewe . Mulesing -- a practice in Australia of cutting off wrinkles from the crutch area of Merinos , to prevent fly strike . Controversial , and illegal in some parts of the world . Named after a Mr Mules . Mustering -- the round up of livestock for inspection or other purposes . Mutton -- the meat of an older ewe or wether . May also refer to goat meat in eastern countries . Derived from the Anglo - Norman French word mouton ( `` sheep '' ) . NSM -- not station mated . A term used in sale advertisements indicating that those ewes have not been mated . O , p , r ( edit ) Off shears -- sheep have been recently shorn . Old - season lamb -- a lamb a year old or more . Also hogget , shearling , teg . Orf , scabby mouth or contagious ecthyma -- a highly contagious viral disease of sheep ( and goats ) attacking damaged skin areas around the mouth and causing sores , usually affecting lambs in their first year of life . Plain bodied -- a sheep that has relatively few body wrinkles . Poddy lamb , bottle lamb or pet lamb -- an orphan lamb reared on a bottle . Also cade lamb , or placer . Rubbed wool indicating the presence of external parasites on sheep . Pour - on -- see backliner . Raddle -- coloured pigment used to mark sheep for various reasons , such as to show ownership , or to show which lambs belong to which ewe . May be strapped to the chest of a ram , to mark the backs of ewes he mates ( different rams may be given different colours ) . Also a verb ( `` that ewe 's been raddled '' ) . Also ruddy . Ram -- an un castrated adult male sheep . Also tup . Riggwelter -- a sheep that has fallen onto its back and is unable to get up ( usually because of the weight of its fleece ) . Ring -- a mob of sheep moving around in a circle . Ringing -- the removal of a circle of wool from around the pizzle of a male sheep . Rooing -- removing the fleece by hand - plucking . Done once a year in late spring , when the fleece begins to moult naturally , especially in some breeds , such as Shetlands . Rouseabout -- ( often abbreviated to ' rousie ' ) , shedhands who pick up fleeces after they have been removed during shearing . See also broomie above . Ruddy -- local Cumbrian term for raddle . These sheep have been `` raddled '' ( marked ) . Scab or sheep scab -- a type of mange in sheep , a skin disease caused by attack by the sheep scab mite Psoroptes ovis , a psoroptid mite . Scabby mouth -- see orf above . Scrapie -- a wasting disease of sheep and goats , a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy ( TSE , like BSE of cattle ) and believed to be caused by a prion . Efforts have been made in some countries to breed for sheep genotypes resistant to scrapie . Shearing -- cutting off the fleece , normally done in two pieces by skilled shearers . A sheep may be said to have been either sheared or shorn , depending on dialect . Also clipping . Shearling -- a yearling sheep before its first shearing . Also hogget , old - season lamb , teg . Sheepdog or shepherd dog -- a dog used to move and control sheep , often very highly trained . Other types of dog may be used just to guard sheep ( see livestock guarding dog ) , and these are sometimes also called sheepdogs . Sheep -- the species , or members of it . The plural is the same as the singular , and it can also be used as a mass noun . Normally used of individuals of any age , but in some areas only for those of breeding age . Sheepwalk -- an area of rough grazing occupied by a particular flock or forming part of a particular farm . Shepherd -- a stockperson or farmer who looks after sheep while they are in the pasture . Shepherding -- the act of shepherding sheep , or sheep husbandry more generally . Shornie -- a freshly shorn sheep . Shepherd 's crook -- a staff with a hook at one end , used to catch sheep by the neck or leg ( depending on type ) . SIL - Scanned In Lamb Slink -- a very young lamb . Rollover sheep handler for crutching , foot inspection and paring , general husbandry , udder inspection etc . Springer - a ewe close to lambing . Stag -- a ram castrated after about 6 months of age . Staple -- a group of wool fibres that formed a cluster or lock . Store -- a sheep ( or other meat animal ) in good average condition , but not fat . Usually bought by dealers to fatten for resale . Sucker -- an unweaned lamb . T , w , y ( edit ) Teg -- a sheep in its second year . Also hogget , old - season lamb , shearling . Theave or theaf ( plural of either : theaves ) -- a young female sheep , usually before her first lamb ( used especially in lowland England ) . Also gimmer . Top knot -- wool from the forehead or poll of a sheep . Tup -- an alternative term for ram . Tupping -- mating in sheep , or the mating season ( autumn , for a spring - lambing flock ) . Weaner -- a young animal that has been weaned , from its mother , until it is about a year old . Wether -- a castrated male sheep ( or goat ) . Wigging -- the removal of wool from around a sheep 's eyes to prevent wool - blindness . Wool - blindness -- when excessive wool growth interferes with the normal sight of a sheep . Woolcock - a husband of sheep Wool - grease -- see lanolin . Wool pack -- a standard - sized woven nylon container manufactured to industry specifications for the transportation of wool . Woolsack -- a ceremonial cushion used by the Lord Speaker of the UK House of Lords , filled with wool to symbolise the importance of the wool trade for the prosperity of the country . Yoke -- two crossed pieces of timber or a forked branch fixed to the neck of a habitually straying sheep in an attempt to prevent it breaking through hedges and fences . Yolk / ˈjoʊk / -- see lanolin . Yow / ˈjaʊ / -- local form of ewe in some areas . See also ( edit ) Domestic sheep Sheep husbandry Yan Tan Tethera ( numbers for counting sheep ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wilkes , G.A. , A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms , Sydney University Press , N.S.W. , 1978 , ISBN 0 - 424 - 00034 - 2 Jump up ^ Article about use of boluses for electronic marking Jump up ^ MLA , Feedback , September , 2009 Jump up ^ Kiwi words and phrases ( accessed March 2008 ) ) Jump up ^ http://chambers.co.uk/search/?query=hog&title=21st Jump up ^ https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/hog ^ Jump up to : The Macquarie Dictionary . North Ryde : Macquarie Library . 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Wether Sheep : Definition '' . RaisingSheep.net . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) A Glossary of sheep terms from the American Sheep Industry Association Domestic sheep Husbandry Breeds Glossary Predation Reproduction As food Fictional sheep Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_sheep_husbandry&oldid=852329665 '' Categories : Sheep Wikipedia glossaries Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 05 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does the title run sheep run mean | [] | [] |
1759314626003418719 | The Champion (song) | The Champion ( song ) - wikipedia The Champion ( song ) `` The Champion '' Single by Carrie Underwood featuring Ludacris Released January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) Genre Pop , Rap Length 3 : 43 Label Capitol Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Carrie Underwood Christopher Bridges Chris DeStefano Brett James Producer ( s ) Jim Jonsin Carrie Underwood singles chronology `` The Fighter '' ( 2017 ) `` The Champion '' ( 2018 ) `` Cry Pretty '' ( 2018 ) `` The Fighter '' ( 2017 ) `` The Champion '' ( 2018 ) `` Cry Pretty '' ( 2018 ) Ludacris singles chronology `` Vitamin D '' ( 2017 ) `` The Champion '' ( 2018 ) Music video `` The Champion '' on YouTube `` The Champion '' is a song recorded by American country singer Carrie Underwood , featuring rapper Ludacris . The song was released on January 12 , 2018 , and was recorded to serve as an opening theme for NBC 's television broadcast of Super Bowl LII . The song entered at number 47 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Commercial performance 4 Music video 5 Live performances 6 Awards and nominations 6.1 CMT Music Awards 7 Charts 8 References Background ( edit ) The song 's lyrics revolve around recovery from obstacles . The song was relevant to both Super Bowl LII and the 2018 Winter Olympics , which were both being broadcast by NBC in the United States ; Underwood also performs the theme song for the network 's Sunday Night Football . Underwood stated that `` the main focus was to celebrate athletes at the top of their game , but we also wanted the song to resonate with people in their everyday lives '' . The song was featured in the intro for NBC 's Super Bowl LII broadcast ; in the sequence , Underwood and Ludacris performed on a stage alongside footage of retired NFL players and highlights from past Super Bowl games . Composition ( edit ) The song is performed in the key of G ♯ minor with a tempo of 90 beats per minute in common time . It follows a chord progression of G ♯ m -- B -- F ♯ -- D ♯ , and Underwood 's vocals span from G ♯ to C ♯ . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` The Champion '' sold 61,000 units in its first week and debuted at number 47 on the Billboard Hot 100 becoming that week 's Hot Shot Debut . It landed at number three on Digital Songs . It fell off the chart in the following week . Following the video premiere of the song during the Super Bowl LII , it saw an increase in streaming -- 668,000 on - demand streams on February 5 , a 110 percent rise compared to what it tallied on February 3 . As of May 14 , 2018 , the single has sold 314,000 copies in the United States . Music Video ( edit ) The official music video for the song was released on March 2 , 2018 . Live performances ( edit ) Underwood and Ludacris performed the song live for the first time at the 2018 Radio Disney Music Awards on June 23 , 2018 . The performance was accompanied by the West Los Angeles Children 's Choir , who filtered through the audience and made their way to the stage towards the final chorus . Awards and nominations ( edit ) CMT Music Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2018 `` The Champion '' Video of the Year Nominated Female Video of the Year Won Collaborative Video of the Year Nominated Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Canada Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 13 US Billboard Hot 100 47 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 57 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Carrie Underwood 's ' The Champion , ' Feat . Ludacris , Is a Winner '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Norwin , Alyssa ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Carrie Underwood Debuts ' The Champion ' Video Before Super Bowl : 1st Look At Her New Face ? '' . hollywoodlife.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Underwood Kicks Off Super Bowl With Sexy ' Champion ' Vid '' . Taste of Country . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Underwood Shares Anthemic Super Bowl LII Opening Song ' The Champion ' With Ludacris '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` See Carrie Underwood 's Adrenalized ' The Champion ' Super Bowl Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Underwood `` The Champion '' Sheet Music in G# Minor - Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Carrie Underwood 's ' The Champion , ' Feat . Ludacris , Is a Winner '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show Yields 45 % Streaming Gain in U.S. '' Billboard . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles : May 14 , 2018 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maher , Natalie ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Carrie Underwood and Ludacris ' ' The Champion ' Video : Watch Triumphant Visual '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://tasteofcountry.com/carrie-underwood-ludacris-2018-radio-disney-awards-the-champion/ Jump up ^ `` Carrie Underwood Chart History ( Hot Canadian Digital Song Sales ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Underwood Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Underwood Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Carrie Underwood songs Discography Awards and nominations Songs Some Hearts `` Jesus , Take the Wheel '' `` Some Hearts '' `` Do n't Forget to Remember Me '' `` Before He Cheats '' `` Wasted '' Carnival Ride `` So Small '' `` All - American Girl '' `` Last Name '' `` Just a Dream '' `` I Told You So '' Play On `` Cowboy Casanova '' `` Temporary Home '' `` Undo It '' `` Mama 's Song '' Blown Away `` Good Girl '' `` Blown Away '' `` Two Black Cadillacs '' `` See You Again '' Greatest Hits : Decade # 1 `` Something in the Water '' `` Little Toy Guns '' Storyteller `` Smoke Break '' `` Heartbeat '' `` Church Bells '' `` Dirty Laundry '' Cry Pretty `` Cry Pretty '' Featured singles `` Just Stand Up ! '' ( with Artists Stand Up To Cancer ) `` Remind Me '' ( with Brad Paisley ) `` Ca n't Stop Lovin ' You '' ( with Aerosmith ) `` Somethin ' Bad '' ( with Miranda Lambert ) `` The Fighter '' ( with Keith Urban ) Other singles `` Inside Your Heaven '' Promotional singles `` I 'll Stand by You '' `` Praying for Time '' `` Home Sweet Home '' `` There 's a Place for Us '' `` Chaser '' `` The Champion '' ( with Ludacris ) Other songs `` Eighteen Inches '' `` Ever Ever After '' Book Ludacris Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Incognegro Back for the First Time Word of Mouf Chicken - n - Beer The Red Light District Release Therapy Theater of the Mind Battle of the Sexes Ludaversal Compilations Golden Grain Disturbing tha Peace Mixtapes DJ Drama Presents : The Preview Singles `` What 's Your Fantasy '' `` Southern Hospitality '' `` Area Codes '' `` Rollout ( My Business ) '' `` Saturday ( Oooh Oooh ! ) '' `` Move Bitch '' `` Fatty Girl '' `` Act a Fool '' `` P - Poppin '' `` Stand Up '' `` Splash Waterfalls '' `` Diamond in the Back '' `` Blow It Out '' `` Get Back '' `` Number One Spot '' `` The Potion '' `` Pimpin ' All Over the World '' `` Money Maker '' `` Grew Up a Screw Up '' `` Runaway Love '' `` Slap '' `` What Them Girls Like '' `` Wish You Would '' `` Undisputed '' `` One More Drink '' `` Nasty Girl '' `` How Low '' `` My Chick Bad '' `` Sex Room '' `` Good Lovin '' Featured singles `` One Minute Man '' `` Loverboy '' `` Welcome to Atlanta '' `` Why Do n't We Fall in Love '' `` Gossip Folks '' `` Holidae In '' `` Yeah ! '' `` Lovers & Friends '' `` Shake Dat Shit '' `` Oh '' `` Sugar ( Gimme Some ) '' `` Georgia '' `` Unpredictable '' `` Need a Boss '' `` Glamorous '' `` Get Buck in Here '' `` I 'm So Hood ( Remix ) '' `` Rock Star '' `` Gimme Dat '' `` Grippin ' '' `` How We Do It ( Around My Way ) '' `` Still Standing '' `` Chopped & Skrewed '' `` How Do You Sleep ? '' `` Bulletproof '' `` Regret '' `` Creepin ' ( Solo ) '' `` Baby '' `` Break Your Heart '' `` All I Do Is Win '' `` Ride '' `` Porn Star Dancing '' `` I Like '' `` Saturday Night '' `` Tonight ( I 'm Fuckin ' You ) '' `` Dirt Road Anthem '' `` Little Bad Girl '' `` Wet the Bed '' `` We in This Bitch '' `` All Around the World '' `` The Champion '' Other songs `` War with God '' `` Down in tha Dirty '' `` Shake Señora '' `` Candy Paint & Gold Teeth '' `` Representin '' `` Rest of My Life '' `` Party Girls '' Related articles Disturbing tha Peace WeMix Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Champion_(song)&oldid=850329629 '' Categories : 2018 singles 2018 songs Capitol Records Nashville singles Carrie Underwood songs Ludacris songs Song recordings produced by Jim Jonsin Songs written by Brett James Songs written by Carrie Underwood Songs written by Chris DeStefano Songs written by Ludacris Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 05 : 15 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who wrote the champion sung by carrie underwood | [
"\"The Champion\"\nSingle by Carrie Underwood featuring LudacrisReleased\nJanuary 12, 2018 (2018-01-12)Genre\nPop, RapLength\n3:43Label\nCapitol NashvilleSongwriter(s)\nCarrie UnderwoodChristopher BridgesChris DeStefanoBrett JamesProducer(s)\nJim JonsinCarrie Underwood singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"The Fighter\" (2017)\n\n\"The Champion\" (2018)\n\n\"Cry Pretty\" (2018)\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The Fighter\" (2017)\n\n\"The Champion\"(2018)\n\n\"Cry Pretty\"(2018)\n\nLudacris singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Vitamin D\"(2017)\n\n\"The Champion\"(2018)\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\"The Champion\" on YouTube\n",
"\"The Champion\"\nSingle by Carrie Underwood featuring LudacrisReleased\nJanuary 12, 2018 (2018-01-12)Genre\nPop, RapLength\n3:43Label\nCapitol NashvilleSongwriter(s)\nCarrie UnderwoodChristopher BridgesChris DeStefanoBrett JamesProducer(s)\nJim JonsinCarrie Underwood singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"The Fighter\" (2017)\n\n\"The Champion\" (2018)\n\n\"Cry Pretty\" (2018)\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The Fighter\" (2017)\n\n\"The Champion\"(2018)\n\n\"Cry Pretty\"(2018)\n\nLudacris singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Vitamin D\"(2017)\n\n\"The Champion\"(2018)\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\"The Champion\" on YouTube\n",
"\"The Champion\"\nSingle by Carrie Underwood featuring LudacrisReleased\nJanuary 12, 2018 (2018-01-12)Genre\nPop, RapLength\n3:43Label\nCapitol NashvilleSongwriter(s)\nCarrie UnderwoodChristopher BridgesChris DeStefanoBrett JamesProducer(s)\nJim JonsinCarrie Underwood singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"The Fighter\" (2017)\n\n\"The Champion\" (2018)\n\n\"Cry Pretty\" (2018)\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The Fighter\" (2017)\n\n\"The Champion\"(2018)\n\n\"Cry Pretty\"(2018)\n\nLudacris singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Vitamin D\"(2017)\n\n\"The Champion\"(2018)\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\"The Champion\" on YouTube\n",
"\"The Champion\"\nSingle by Carrie Underwood featuring LudacrisReleased\nJanuary 12, 2018 (2018-01-12)Genre\nPop, RapLength\n3:43Label\nCapitol NashvilleSongwriter(s)\nCarrie UnderwoodChristopher BridgesChris DeStefanoBrett JamesProducer(s)\nJim JonsinCarrie Underwood singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"The Fighter\" (2017)\n\n\"The Champion\" (2018)\n\n\"Cry Pretty\" (2018)\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The Fighter\" (2017)\n\n\"The Champion\"(2018)\n\n\"Cry Pretty\"(2018)\n\nLudacris singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Vitamin D\"(2017)\n\n\"The Champion\"(2018)\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\"The Champion\" on YouTube\n"
] | [
"Carrie Underwood",
"Christopher Bridges",
"Chris DeStefano",
"Brett James"
] |
-7327929866143184161 | Cathedral of Our Lady of the Rosary (Duluth, Minnesota) | Cathedral of Our Lady of the Rosary ( Duluth , Minnesota ) - Wikipedia Cathedral of Our Lady of the Rosary ( Duluth , Minnesota ) Jump to : navigation , search Cathedral of Our Lady of the Rosary Location in Minnesota 46 ° 48 ′ 59 '' N 92 ° 04 ′ 06 '' W / 46.8165 ° N 92.0682 ° W / 46.8165 ; - 92.0682 Coordinates : 46 ° 48 ′ 59 '' N 92 ° 04 ′ 06 '' W / 46.8165 ° N 92.0682 ° W / 46.8165 ; - 92.0682 Location 2801 East 4th Street Duluth , Minnesota Country United States Denomination Catholic Church Website duluthcathedral.com History Founded 1923 Architecture Status Cathedral Style Italianate Completed 1957 Specifications Number of spires One Materials Stone Administration Diocese Duluth Clergy Bishop ( s ) Most Rev. Paul Sirba Rector Rev. Peter Muhich The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Rosary , also known simply as the Cathedral of Our Lady , is a Catholic cathedral located in Duluth , Minnesota , United States . It is the seat of the Diocese of Duluth . The present Italianate cathedral was completed in 1957 and replaced the former Sacred Heart Cathedral , which is now a music center . See also ( edit ) List of Catholic cathedrals in the United States List of cathedrals in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cathedral of Our Lady '' . GCatholic.org . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jay Baago , Lawrence Sommer . `` Sacred Heart Cathedral and Cathedral School '' ( PDF ) . National Register of Historic Places . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Sacred Heart Music Center . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Cathedral of Our Lady of the Rosary ( Duluth , Minnesota ) at Wikimedia Commons Cathedral website Diocese of Duluth website Roman Catholic Diocese of Duluth Bishops Ordinaries James McGolrick John T. McNicholas Thomas Anthony Welch Francis Joseph Schenk Paul Francis Anderson Robert Henry Brom Roger Lawrence Schwietz Dennis Marion Schnurr Paul Sirba Auxiliary Lawrence Alexander Glenn Churches Cathedral Cathedral of Our Lady of the Rosary , Duluth Parishes Resurrection Church , Eveleth Holy Spirit , Virginia Historic Sacred Heart Cathedral , Duluth Church of Sts . Joseph and Mary , Cloquet Church of St. Joseph , Elmer Church of St. Francis Xavier , Grand Marais Education The College of St. Scholastica Priests Jozef Cieminski Mike Schmitz Catholicism portal This article on a Roman Catholic cathedral in the United States is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about a church or other Christian place of worship in Minnesota is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_(Duluth,_Minnesota)&oldid=792971729 '' Categories : Religious organizations established in 1923 Roman Catholic churches completed in 1957 Roman Catholic cathedrals in Minnesota Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Duluth Roman Catholic churches in Duluth , Minnesota Churches in St. Louis County , Minnesota Italianate architecture in Minnesota United States Roman Catholic cathedral stubs Minnesota church stubs Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Commons category without a link on Wikidata All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2017 , at 22 : 20 . About Wikipedia | cathedral of our lady of the rosary duluth minnesota | [] | [] |
-6646586239505881086 | Sarah McLachlan | Sarah McLachlan - wikipedia Sarah McLachlan Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Canadian musician Sarah McLachlan . For the British musician born Sarah McLaughlin performing with the stage name Bishop Briggs , see Bishop Briggs . Sarah McLachlan McLachlan after a performance at JFK Airport , July 2010 Background information Birth name Sarah Ann McLachlan ( 1968 - 01 - 28 ) January 28 , 1968 ( age 50 ) Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada Genres Pop , rock Occupation ( s ) Singer songwriter Instruments Vocals piano keyboards guitar banjo ukulele harp Years active 1987 -- present Labels Nettwerk , Arista , Verve Website sarahmclachlan.com Sarah Ann McLachlan , OC , OBC ( born January 28 , 1968 ) is a Canadian singer and songwriter known for her emotional ballads and mezzo - soprano vocal range . As of 2009 she had sold over 30 million albums worldwide . McLachlan 's best - selling album to date is Surfacing , for which she won two Grammy Awards ( out of four nominations ) and four Juno Awards . In addition to her personal artistic efforts , she founded the Lilith Fair tour , which showcased female musicians on an unprecedented scale . The Lilith Fair concert tours took place from 1997 to 1999 , and resumed in the summer of 2010 . On May 6 , 2014 , she released her first album of original music in four years , titled Shine On . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early and personal life 2 Albums career 2.1 1987 -- 92 : Touch and Solace 2.2 1993 -- 97 : Fumbling Towards Ecstasy and Surfacing 2.3 2003 -- 05 : Afterglow 2.4 2006 : Wintersong 2.5 2008 -- 2010 : Rarities Vol 2 , greatest - hits compilation and Laws of Illusion 2.6 2014 -- 2015 : Shine On 2.7 2016 -- present : Wonderland 3 Lilith Fair 4 Additional projects 5 Guest appearances 6 Awards and achievements 7 Philanthropy 7.1 Sarah McLachlan School of Music 7.2 ASPCA 7.3 Other charitable contributions 8 Discography 8.1 Studio albums 9 References 10 External links Early and personal life ( edit ) Sarah McLachlan was born on January 28 , 1968 , in Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada , and placed with the McLachlan family who later legally adopted her . She played music from a very young age , beginning with the ukulele at age four . She would go on to study classical guitar , classical piano , and voice at the Maritime Conservatory of Music through the curriculum of The Royal Conservatory of Music . When she was 17 years old and still a student at Queen Elizabeth High School in Halifax , she fronted a short - lived rock band called The October Game . One of the band 's songs , `` Grind '' , credited as a group composition , can be found on the independent Flamingo Records release Out of the Fog and the CD Out of the Fog Too . It has yet to be released elsewhere . Her high school yearbook predicted that she was `` destined to become a famous rock star '' . Following The October Game 's first concert at Dalhousie University opening for Moev , McLachlan was offered a recording contract with Vancouver - based independent record label Nettwerk by Moev 's Mark Jowett . McLachlan 's parents insisted she finish high school and complete one year of studies at the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design before moving to Vancouver and embarking on a new life as a recording artist . She finally signed to Nettwerk two years later before having written a single song . A mutual acquaintance introduced her to her birth mother when she was nineteen . McLachlan did not seek her out and was ambivalent about meeting her . In 1994 McLachlan was sued by Uwe Vandrei , an obsessed fan from Ottawa , who alleged that his letters to her had been the basis of the single `` Possession '' . The lawsuit was also challenging for the Canadian legal system : Vandrei was an admitted stalker whose acknowledged goal in filing the lawsuit was to be near McLachlan . Consequently , precautions were taken to ensure McLachlan 's safety if she had to be in the same location as Vandrei . Before the trial began however , Vandrei was found dead in an apparent suicide . Vandrei 's preoccupation with McLachlan was explored at length in Canadian author Judith Fitzgerald 's book , Building a Mystery : The Story of Sarah McLachlan & Lilith Fair . In 1997 , McLachlan married her drummer , Ashwin Sood , in Jamaica . While she was pregnant with her first child , her mother died from cancer in December 2001 . While working on her next album , Afterglow , she gave birth to daughter India Ann Sushil Sood in Vancouver on April 6 , 2002 . On June 22 , 2007 she gave birth to her second daughter , Taja Summer Sood , in Vancouver . McLachlan announced her separation from Ashwin Sood in September 2008 and they divorced the same year . Albums career ( edit ) 1987 -- 92 : Touch and Solace ( edit ) The signing with Nettwerk prompted McLachlan to move to Vancouver , British Columbia . There she recorded her first album , Touch , in 1987 , which received both critical and commercial success and included the song `` Vox '' . During this period she also contributed to an album by Moev , provided vocals on Manufacture 's `` As the End Draws Near , '' and embarked on her first national concert tour as an opening act for The Grapes of Wrath . Her 1991 album , Solace , was her mainstream breakthrough in Canada , spawning the hit singles `` The Path of Thorns ( Terms ) '' and `` Into the Fire '' . Solace also marked the beginning of her partnership with Pierre Marchand . Marchand and McLachlan have been collaborators ever since , with Marchand producing many of McLachlan 's albums and occasionally co-writing songs . 1993 -- 97 : Fumbling Towards Ecstasy and Surfacing ( edit ) McLachlan at a 1993 benefit for Clayoquot Sound 1993 's Fumbling Towards Ecstasy was an immediate hit in Canada . From her Nettwerk connection , her piano version of the song `` Possession '' was included on the first Due South soundtrack in 1996 . Over the next two years , Fumbling Towards Ecstasy quietly became McLachlan 's international breakthrough as well , scaling the charts in a number of countries . In 1993 , Darryl Neudorf filed a lawsuit against McLachlan and her label , Nettwerk , alleging that he had made a significant and uncredited contribution to the songwriting on Touch , and alleging that he was not paid properly for work done on Solace . The judge in this suit eventually ruled in McLachlan 's favour on the songs ; though Neudorf may have contributed to the songwriting , neither regarded each other as joint authors . The judge ruled in Neudorf 's favour on the payment issue . Following the success from Fumbling Towards Ecstasy , McLachlan returned in 1997 with Surfacing , her best - selling and best - known album to date . The album earned her two 1998 Grammy Awards , one for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance ( for `` Building a Mystery '' ) and one for Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance ( for `` Last Dance '' ) , and four Juno Awards , including Album of the Year for Surfacing and Song of the Year and Songwriter of the Year for `` Building a Mystery '' . The album has since sold over 16 million copies worldwide and brought her much international success . Still in the spotlight from the album , McLachlan launched the highly popular Lilith Fair tour . Her song `` Angel '' -- inspired by the fatal overdose of Smashing Pumpkins touring keyboardist Jonathan Melvoin -- made sales skyrocket . One of the songs from Surfacing , Full of Grace , features in the season 2 finale of Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Becoming ( II ) . Fellow adoptee Darryl McDaniels was so touched by `` Angel '' that it inspired him to reassess his life and career . He credits McLachlan and her album , Surfacing , ( on which `` Angel '' appeared ) with saving his life . They collaborated on many projects in support of Adoptee Rights . In Spring 1998 , the motion picture City of Angels featured `` Angel '' . It became the No. 1 album on the Billboard chart . More than five months after the movie disappeared from the theatres , City of Angels : Music from the Motion Picture remained firmly entrenched among Billboard 's top 40 albums . This soundtrack earned quadruple - platinum status . In 1999 , she sings `` When She Loved Me '' , a song in the Pixar animated movie Toy Story 2 about how a girl named Emily used to play with a cowgirl doll named Jessie ( voiced by Joan Cusack ) , but how Jessie is forgotten as Emily grows older . The song , written by Randy Newman , is sung through Jessie 's perspective . 2003 -- 05 : Afterglow ( edit ) McLachlan returned to public life and touring with her 2003 album release , Afterglow , which contained the singles `` Fallen '' , `` Stupid '' , and `` World On Fire '' . Rather than shoot a conventional music video for `` World On Fire '' , McLachlan donated all but $15 of the $150,000 budget to various charitable causes around the world and then used the video to explain how it benefited the communities that received the money . Another live album , Afterglow Live , was released in late 2004 . The CD consisted of several tracks from a full - length concert , which was included in its entirety on a DVD , as well as the three music videos from Afterglow . In 2004 , Darryl `` D.M.C. '' McDaniels , who credits McLachlan and her music for lifting him from a period of depression , as he described publicly on NPR Moth Radio Hour `` Angel '' dated September 9 , 2014 , invited her to join him on a track from his solo album . Although the album was not released until early 2006 , remixes of the song `` Just Like Me '' were included on a number of compilations in 2005 . 2006 : Wintersong ( edit ) In October 2006 , McLachlan released a Christmas album , Wintersong . The album included 11 new recordings , featuring covers of Joni Mitchell 's `` River '' , Gordon Lightfoot 's `` Song for a Winter 's Night '' , and John Lennon 's `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' , which she recorded with her outreach children and youth choir , and seasonal favourites : `` Christmas Time Is Here '' , `` O Little Town of Bethlehem '' , `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' , `` Silent Night '' , `` The First Noel '' , and `` Greensleeves ( What Child Is This ? ) '' , among others . The title track is an original work of McLachlan 's . Wintersong debuted at No. 42 on the Billboard 200 album chart the week ending November 4 , 2006 . It peaked at No. 7 . Worldwide the album has sold over 1.1 million copies to date . It has been certified Platinum in the U.S. and 2x Platinum in Canada . Wintersong was nominated for both a Grammy Award , in the Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album category , as well as for a Juno Award , for Pop Album of the Year . On October 3 , 2006 , the live album Mirrorball was re-released as Mirrorball : The Complete Concert . This release contains two discs that were compiled from two concerts performed on consecutive nights in April 1998 at the Rose Garden arena in Portland , Oregon . 2008 -- 2010 : Rarities vol 2 , Greatest - hits compilation and Laws of Illusion ( edit ) On April 29 , 2008 , Rarities , B - Sides and Other Stuff Volume 2 was released . The track list includes McLachlan 's recent covers of Joni Mitchell 's `` River '' and Dave Stewart 's `` Ordinary Miracle '' , as well as collaborations throughout her career with the Perishers , Cyndi Lauper and Bryan Adams , among others . On August 5 , 2008 , the 15th anniversary three - disc edition of Fumbling Towards Ecstasy was released . The set includes the original re-mastered album , The Freedom Sessions and a DVD that includes live performances , music videos and more . The album was released by Legacy Recordings . McLachlan released a greatest hits album , Closer : The Best of Sarah McLachlan , on October 7 , 2008 . On August 12 , 2008 , she released a new song from the album , `` U Want Me 2 '' , a mid-tempo contemplative love song , as a digital single in the iTunes Store ; also accompanied with a video performance . McLachlan also admitted the song was inspired by the dissolution of her marriage , which she announced in September 2008 , during initial promotion . `` Do n't Give Up on Us '' , the other new song on the album , was released as the second and final single on February 3 , 2009 . Both singles were subsequently included on her next album , Laws of Illusion . A single , `` One Dream '' , was released on September 29 , 2009 and was the official theme song of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver . McLachlan 's first studio album of original material in nearly seven years , Laws of Illusion , was released on June 15 , 2010 . New York Times music critic John Pareles says about Laws of Illusion -- `` It 's a kindly , enveloping sound that Ms. McLachlan has long used to conjure passion and empathy laced with melancholy . But now it encompasses a new anguish , deeper and sharper than what she hinted at with Afterglow in 2003 . '' It features 10 new songs in addition to the previously released tracks `` U Want Me 2 '' and `` Do n't Give Up on Us '' , as well as various bonus tracks . Previews of the tracks and bonus materials were made available in the iTunes Store and on Amazon.com for listening and viewing on May 26 , 2010 . Lilith Fair kicked off in Calgary , AB on June 27 , 2010 . In anticipation of the album and the tour , McLachlan appeared on the WNYC - produced radio show Soundcheck . During the wide - ranging interview , McLachlan discussed with host John Schaefer the last eleven years of her life and how she has changed , especially as a working mother of two . 2014 -- 2015 : Shine on ( edit ) In late January 2014 , McLachlan announced the release of her next studio album , Shine On , which was inspired by the death of her father . It was her first release on Verve Records , after leaving Nettwerk / Arista after over twenty years . The album was released on May 6 , 2014 . In March 2014 McLachlan announced a schedule for a Shine On tour across the United States , which began in Seattle on June 20 , 2014 . The tour visited 30 cities all together . The Canadian leg of the tour was to include 25 shows in 21 cities . On May 14 , 2014 , it was announced that Shine On debuted at No. 4 on the US Billboard charts , with 42,000 copies . On June 24 , 2014 , Shine On was certified Gold ( 40,000 units sold ) by the Canadian Recording Industry Association . In March 2015 , McLachlan won a Juno for Adult Contemporary Album of the Year for Shine On . 2016 -- present : Wonderland ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Sarah McLachlan '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On October 21 , 2016 , McLachlan released Wonderland , her ninth studio album and second Christmas album . Wonderland contains interpretations of 13 traditional and contemporary holiday classics . McLachlan performed on NBC 's Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade on November 24 as well as NBC 's annual Christmas in Rockefeller Center special on November 30 . She also performed on ABC 's CMA Country Christmas Special on November 28 , Live with Kelly ! on December 8 and Harry TV on December 16 . On December 9 McLachlan performed on CBS Radio 's WCBS_FM 101.1 Holiday In Brooklyn show featuring live performances by Jimmy Buffet and James Taylor . McLachlan has recently released the single `` The Long Goodbye '' and is currently writing for her next studio album . Lilith Fair ( edit ) Main article : Lilith Fair In 1996 McLachlan became frustrated with concert promoters and radio stations that refused to feature two female musicians in a row . Bucking conventional industry wisdom , she booked a successful tour for herself and Paula Cole . At least one of their appearances together -- in McLachlan 's home town , on September 14 , 1996 -- went by the name `` Lilith Fair '' and included performances by McLachlan , Cole , Lisa Loeb and Michelle McAdorey , formerly of Crash Vegas . The next year , McLachlan founded the Lilith Fair tour , taking Lilith from the medieval Jewish legend that Lilith was Adam 's first wife . In 1997 , Lilith Fair , featuring McLachlan as one of the headlining acts , garnered a $16 million gross , making it the top - grossing of any touring festival . Among all concert tours for that year , it was the 16th highest grossing . Lilith Fair tour brought together 2 million people over its three - year history and raised more than $7 million for charities . It was the most successful all - female music festival in history , one of the biggest music festivals of the 1990s , and helped launch the careers of several well - known female artists . Subsequent Lilith Fairs followed in 1998 and 1999 before the tour was discontinued . Nettwerk CEO and Lilith Fair co-founder Terry McBride announced that the all - female festival would make its return in mid-2010 in Canada , the United States , and Europe . A list of 36 North American shows was released . But poor ticket sales , financial problems , and headliners ' withdrawing out of fear of not being paid caused 13 of the shows to be cancelled . The two - week European tour never materialized . Additional projects ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Sarah McLachlan '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) McLachlan performing for Good Morning America in 1998 In 1997 , McLachlan co-wrote and provided guest vocals on the Delerium song `` Silence '' for their album Karma . This song achieved a massive amount of US top 40 airplay when released as a single in late 2000 and also featured on the soundtrack for the movie Brokedown Palace . In 2001 , McLachlan provided background vocals , guitar , and piano on the closing track `` Love Is '' from Stevie Nicks ' eighth solo album , Trouble in Shangri - La , in addition to drawing the dragon used for the `` S '' in Stevie 's name on the album cover . In May 2002 , her duet with Bryan Adams was released on the Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron soundtrack . She sang harmonies and played the piano on the song `` Do n't Let Go '' while Sood did the drum work . In 1998 , in addition to performing her own set , she performed a cover of Cat Stevens ' `` Sad Lisa '' with rock band Phish at the annual Bridge School Benefit concert in California , hosted by Neil Young . During 1999 , she released a live album , Mirrorball . The album 's singles included a new live version of her earlier song , `` I Will Remember You '' , a studio recording of which had previously been released on The Brothers McMullen soundtrack as well as Rarities , B - Sides and Other Stuff . The song was released as a single twice , once in 1995 where it peaked No. 65 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and No. 10 in Canada , and again in 1999 at No. 14 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and No. 10 in Canada . The 1999 version garnered McLachlan her third Grammy Awards for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance ( for `` I Will Remember You '' ) in 2000 . In 1999 , McLachlan recorded the Randy Newman song `` When She Loved Me '' on the Toy Story 2 soundtrack . This song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 2000 , and McLachlan performed it at the awards ceremony , but the award went to `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' from Tarzan , written and recorded by Phil Collins . McLachlan also participated in several concerts during her break , such as Sheryl Crow 's Live from Central Park in 1999 , the Arista Records twenty - fifth anniversary celebration in 2000 , as well as the 2002 British Columbia Cancer Foundation Benefit Concert in memory of cancer victim Michele Bourbonnais . She participated along with four other Canadian artists : Bryan Adams , Jann Arden , Barenaked Ladies , and Chantal Kreviazuk . Guest appearances ( edit ) McLachlan performing at the 2017 Invictus Games opening ceremony This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1993 , she appeared as a guest vocalist on albums by Blue Rodeo ( Five Days in July ) and Stephen Fearing ( The Assassin 's Apprentice ) . In 1995 , she contributed to `` A Testimonial Dinner '' , an XTC tribute album , covering the song `` Dear God '' . In 1997 , she appeared as herself on the television series Ellen Season 5 episode 12 `` Womyn Fest '' and performed . In November 2006 , McLachlan performed the song `` Ordinary Miracle '' for that year 's feature film , Charlotte 's Web . The song was written by Glen Ballard and David A. Stewart of Eurythmics . McLachlan was the subject of rumours of an Oscar nomination for the song , but in the end was not nominated . She helped to promote the song and movie by performing it on The Oprah Winfrey Show as well as during the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade . She also performed the song during the opening ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , in front of an estimated 3 billion television viewers worldwide . In early 2007 , she sang on Dave Stewart 's Go Green , alongside Nadirah X , Imogen Heap , Natalie Imbruglia , and others . In 2007 , McLachlan 's song `` Answer '' featured in The Brave One starring Jodie Foster . McLachlan also appeared on Annie Lennox 's album , Songs of Mass Destruction . Together with Madonna , Céline Dion , Pink , Sugababes , Angélique Kidjo , k.d. lang , Faith Hill , Fergie , Melissa Etheridge , Bonnie Raitt , Shakira , Anastacia , Joss Stone , Dido , and KT Tunstall , she performed on the song `` Sing '' . In 2010 , McLachlan appeared as herself on the television series Life Unexpected and performed . On September 8 , 2010 , McLachlan performed and sang `` Forgiveness '' from her 2010 album Laws of Illusion on a semi-final show of America 's Got Talent ; she did so again on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , two days later . Sarah appeared alongside Aimee Mann on the IFC series Portlandia , as a piñata and a yard maintenance person . On November 22 , 2010 , McLachlan again performed and sang `` Forgiveness '' this time on the Regis and Kelly show . On September 10 , 2012 she performed I Will Remember You and Angel at a ceremony in Stonycreek , Pennsylvania , commemorating the passengers and crew of hijacked United Airlines Flight 93 who fought the hijackers and brought down their airplane on September 11 , 2001 . The event marked the dedication of the Flight 93 National Memorial and was attended by former President George W. Bush , former First Lady Laura Bush , former President Bill Clinton , Vice President Joe Biden and Speaker John Boehner . Awards and achievements ( edit ) Sarah McLachlan recognized by BC Entertainment Hall of Fame in a sidewalk in downtown Vancouver Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Sarah McLachlan McLachlan has been nominated for 26 Juno Awards and awarded 9 . In 1992 , her video for `` Into the Fire '' was selected as best music video . In 1998 , she won Female Vocalist of the Year , Songwriter of the Year ( along with Pierre Marchand ) , Single of the Year for `` Building a Mystery '' , and Album of the Year for Surfacing . In 2000 , she won an International Achievement award and in 2004 , won Pop Album of the Year for Afterglow and again shared the Songwriter of the Year award with Pierre Marchand for the singles `` Fallen '' , `` World on Fire '' , and `` Stupid '' . She has also won three Grammy Awards . She was awarded Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1997 for `` Building a Mystery '' and again in 1999 for the live version of `` I Will Remember You '' . She also scored Best Pop Instrumental Performance in 1997 for `` Last Dance '' . Her song `` Building a Mystery '' came in at 91 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of the 90s . McLachlan has been extensively profiled by media including cover stories for Rolling Stone , Time magazine , Entertainment Weekly and Flare , a Canadian fashion magazine . Through her career , she has also received many awards , primarily in recognition of her efforts in launching Lilith Fair . She was awarded the Elizabeth Cady Stanton Visionary Award in 1998 for advancing the careers of women in music . In 1999 , she was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Canada by then - Governor General Adrienne Clarkson in recognition of her successful recording career , her role in Lilith Fair , and the charitable donations she made to women 's shelters across Canada . In 2001 , she was inducted to the Order of British Columbia . On February 12 , 2010 , McLachlan performed her song `` Ordinary Miracle '' at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver . On June 15 , 2011 , she was recognized with an honorary degree from Simon Fraser University . Kiwanis International presented her with the 2013 Kiwanis International World Service Medal to recognize her for founding the Sarah McLachlan School of Music , a free music school for at - risk youth in Vancouver , British Columbia . On November 20 , 2013 , McLachlan was recognized with an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Alberta . In 2012 she was inducted into Canada 's Walk of Fame . In May 2015 McLachlan received a Governor General 's Performing Arts Award for Lifetime Artistic Achievement , Canada 's highest honour in the performing arts . On April 2 , 2017 , at the Juno Awards ceremony , Sarah was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame . Philanthropy ( edit ) Sarah McLachlan School of music ( edit ) McLachlan also funds an outreach program in Vancouver that provides music education for inner city children . In 2007 , the provincial government announced $500,000 in funding for the outreach program . Originating at the `` Sarah McLachlan Music Outreach '' , this program evolved into the Sarah McLachlan School of Music . This program provided children with high quality music instruction in guitar , piano , percussion and choir . In 2011 McLachlan opened the Sarah McLachlan School of Music in Vancouver , a free music school for at - risk youth . The School of Music provides group and private lessons to hundreds of young people every year . It is their goal that through music education , students will develop a love of the arts and have greater self - esteem . On May 25 , 2016 , the Sarah McLachlan School of Music expanded to Edmonton , Alberta , opening in Rundle Elementary School and Eastglen High School . The music school contains the same initiative as the Vancouver school . Select VIP tickets for her 2014 summer tour will also feature a charitable contribution to the School of Music . ASPCA ( edit ) She supports the ASPCA by appearing in advertisements . She filmed a two - minute advertisement for the organization which featured her song `` Angel '' . The advertisement 's imagery of shelter animals mixed with the soundtrack and McLachlan 's simple appeal for donations has raised $30 million for the ASPCA since it began to air in 2006 , which allowed the organization to air appeals in higher profile prime - time cable ad slots ; subsequently the organization produced a new ad for the 2008 holiday season featuring McLachlan appealing for the ASPCA over her Wintersong performance of `` Silent Night '' , and a new ad with her was released in January 2009 featuring the song `` Answer '' . In 2012 , McLachlan wrote a letter on behalf of PETA to then - Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper , protesting that country 's annual seal hunt . During Super Bowl XLVIII on February 3 , 2014 , McLachlan parodied her ASPCA appeals in an Audi commercial featuring a `` Doberhuahua '' dog gnawing on the neck of her guitar . McLachlan contributed the track `` Hold On '' to the 1993 AIDS - benefit album No Alternative , produced by the Red Hot Organization . She also performed at the Leonard Peltier Defense Fund Benefit Concert on February 12 , 1997 and went on to release a cover version of Unchained Melody created as part of her support for Peltier . It was later included on the album Rarities , B - Sides and Other Stuff Volume 2 . Other charitable contributions ( edit ) In early 2005 , McLachlan took part in a star - studded tsunami disaster relief telethon on NBC . On January 29 McLachlan was a headliner for a benefit concert in Vancouver along with other Canadian superstars such as Avril Lavigne and Bryan Adams . The show also featured a performance by the Sarah McLachlan Musical Outreach Choir & Percussion Ensemble , a children 's choir and percussion band from the aforementioned Vancouver outreach program . In addition to her own headliner show she also joined Delerium live on stage for their first - ever performance of `` Silence '' . The concert was titled One World : The Concert for Tsunami Relief , and raised approximately $3.6 million for several Canadian aid agencies working in south and southeast Asia . The show was the brainchild of McLachlan 's manager , Terry McBride , CEO of Nettwerk . It ran for four hours and aired live on CTV across Canada . In 2008 , she donated a song to Aid Still Required 's CD to assist with the restoration of the devastation done to Southeast Asia from the 2004 tsunami . On July 2 , 2005 , McLachlan participated in the Philadelphia installment of the Live 8 concerts , where she performed her hit `` Angel '' with Josh Groban . These concerts , which were held simultaneously in nine major cities around the world , were intended to coincide with the G8 summit to put pressure on the leaders of the world 's richest nations to fight poverty in Africa by cancelling debt . For raising millions of dollars for causes including women 's charities , AIDS sufferers and inner - city children , Simon Fraser University conferred on McLachlan the degree of Doctor of Fine Arts , honoris causa on June 13 , 2011 . On November 30 , 2012 , McLachlan lent her support to Kate Winslet 's Golden Hat Foundation together with Tim Janis , Loreena McKennitt , Andrea Corr , Hayley Westenra , Sleepy Man Banjo Boys , Dawn Kenney , Jana Mashonee , Amy Petty and a choir etc performing on `` The American Christmas Carol '' concert in Carnegie Hall . On June 29 , 2013 , McLachlan was awarded the Kiwanis International World Service Medal for her dedication to music education and working to improve the quality of life for young children . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Sarah McLachlan discography Studio albums ( edit ) Touch ( 1988 ) Solace ( 1991 ) Fumbling Towards Ecstasy ( 1993 ) Surfacing ( 1997 ) Afterglow ( 2003 ) Wintersong ( 2006 ) Laws of Illusion ( 2010 ) Shine On ( 2014 ) Wonderland ( 2016 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wintersong -- Credits '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah McLachlan At Her Best '' , CBS News , CBS Interactive Inc , October 9 , 2008 , retrieved March 13 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Mom makes music '' . Canada.com . Canwest . September 30 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Encyclopedia biography of Sarah McLachlan '' . Jump up ^ `` Sarah 's Biography / Discography '' . Jump up ^ `` Sarah McLachlan on recording her third album in 1993 '' . March 26 , 1993 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mentor Memories with singer - songwriter Sarah McLachlan '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah 's Biography / Discography '' . Jump up ^ `` New McLachlan Songs Evoke Personal Turmoil '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah McLachlan Opens Up About `` Devastating '' Divorce `` . Us Weekly . 27 May 2011 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Moev ft . Sarah McLachlan -- As the End Draws Near video '' . London : NME . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Grapes of Wrath -- The Official Site -- Bio '' . May 10 , 2009 . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Their Canadian tour to support this album was also notable for its opening act , a then - emerging singer - songwriter named Sarah McLachlan . she was so cool . Jump up ^ Paul Tingen ( March 2000 ) . `` Pierre Marchand : Producing Sarah McLachlan '' . Sound on Sound . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Larry LeBlanc ( December 24 , 1994 ) . A Breakthrough Year for Canadian Acts . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . pp. 53 -- . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2008 . Retrieved August 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Essex , Andrew ( December 27 , 1998 ) . `` MUSIC ; Forget the Movie . Listen to the CD '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Inwood , Damian ( September 24 , 2009 ) . `` Olympic songbird Sarah McLachlan releases One Dream '' . The Province . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2010 . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Sarah McLachlan Signs to Verve ; New Album ' Shine On ' Coming May 6 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US 2014 Tour Announced '' . March 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Sarah McLachlan 's Shine On Canadian Tour Coming This Fall '' . August 18 , 2014 . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Friend , David ( 7 December 2016 ) . `` Sarah McLachlan on the new Christmas album she made on a whim '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Freydkin , Donna ( July 28 , 1998 ) . `` Lilith Fair : Lovely , lively and long overdue '' . CNN . Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Looking for Lilith . by Eliezer Seagal . People.ucalgary.ca ( February 6 , 1995 ) . Retrieved on July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Greenpeace Works '' . Greenpeace . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2009 . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Flight 93 victims remembered in emotional ceremony '' Local News '' The Tribune Democrat , Johnstown , PA `` . The Tribune - Democrat . Johnstown , PA . September 10 , 2011 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Songs of the ' 90s -- Full Episode Summary '' . MTV Networks . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Proctor , David ( June 16 , 2011 ) , `` SFU honours McLachlan '' , Metro , Vancouver : Metro International , retrieved June 21 , 2011 Jump up ^ Meherally , Almas ( June 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sarah McLachlan gets World Service Medal in Vancouver '' . Vancouver Sun . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah McLachlan gives grads a tribute to remember '' . University of Alberta . November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` University of Alberta 2013 Convocation Ceremony Video '' . University of Alberta . November 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah McLachlan biography '' . Governor General 's Performing Arts Awards . Governor General 's Performing Arts Awards Foundation . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` B.C. gives $500,000 to music outreach project for youth '' . Office of the Premier . May 14 , 2007 . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ To The Stars Retrieved on March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Our History Sarah McLachlan School of Music , Vancouver Music School . Sarahschoolofmusic.com ( September 16 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ French , Janet ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sarah McLachlan music program lands at two city schools '' . Edmonton Journal . Jump up ^ for Charity , Tickets for Charity . Retrieved on March 17 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Strom , Stephanie ( December 25 , 2008 ) . `` Ad Featuring Singer Proves Bonanza for the A.S.P.C.A. '' The New York Times . pp. A20 . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kenyon Wallace , `` Sarah McLachlan Asks Stephen Harper to End Seal Hun t , '' Toronto Star , April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Judkis , Maura ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` Audi 's menacing mutt Super Bowl commercial '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sarah McLachlan Biography at Blue Rodeo Archived August 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah McLachlan -- Doctor of Fine Arts , honoris causa '' . Simon Fraser University . June 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American Christmas Carol Concert '' . broadwayworld.com . September 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The American Christmas Carol '' . goldenhatfoundation.org . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet attends American Christmas Carol Concert '' . dailymail.co.uk . December 1 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah McLachlan Receives Distinguished 2013 World Service Medal from Kiwanis International '' . nationalpost.ca . June 30 , 2013 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSarah McLachlanat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Sarah McLachlan on IMDb Sarah McLachlan Video produced by Makers : Women Who Make America ( hide ) Sarah McLachlan Studio albums Touch Solace Fumbling Towards Ecstasy Surfacing Afterglow Wintersong Laws of Illusion Shine On Wonderland Live albums Mirrorball Afterglow Live Mirrorball : The Complete Concert Compilations Rarities , B - Sides and Other Stuff iTunes Originals Rarities , B - Sides and Other Stuff Volume 2 Closer : The Best of Sarah McLachlan The Essential The Box Set Series The Classic Christmas Album Remix albums The Freedom Sessions Remixed Bloom : Remix Album EPs Live Live Acoustic Live From Etown : 2006 Christmas Special Singles `` Vox '' `` The Path of Thorns ( Terms ) '' `` Into the Fire '' `` Drawn to the Rhythm '' `` Possession '' `` Hold On '' `` I Will Remember You '' `` Building a Mystery '' `` Sweet Surrender '' `` Adia '' `` Angel '' `` Fallen '' `` Stupid '' `` World on Fire '' `` River '' `` U Want Me 2 '' Other songs `` Silence '' `` Sing '' `` When She Loved Me '' Collaborators Pierre Marchand Ashwin Sood Terry McBride Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Lilith Fair Nettwerk Music of Canada Music of British Columbia Juno Award for Album of the Year ( 1980 -- 1999 ) 1980s 1980 : Anne Murray -- New Kind of Feeling 1981 : Anne Murray -- Anne Murray 's Greatest Hits 1982 : Loverboy -- Loverboy 1983 : Loverboy -- Get Lucky 1984 : Bryan Adams -- Cuts Like a Knife 1985 : Bryan Adams -- Reckless 1986 : Glass Tiger -- The Thin Red Line 1987 : Kim Mitchell -- Shakin ' Like a Human Being 1988 : no award ceremony held 1989 : Robbie Robertson -- Robbie Robertson 1990s 1990 : Alannah Myles -- Alannah Myles 1991 : Celine Dion -- Unison 1992 : Tom Cochrane -- Mad Mad World 1993 : k.d. lang -- Ingénue 1994 : Neil Young -- Harvest Moon 1995 : Celine Dion -- The Colour of My Love 1996 : Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill 1997 : The Tragically Hip -- Trouble at the Henhouse 1998 : Sarah McLachlan -- Surfacing 1999 : Celine Dion -- Let 's Talk About Love ( 2000 -- 2019 ) BNF : cb13972004f ( data ) GND : 120860929 ISNI : 0000 0001 1470 6037 LCCN : n92014379 MusicBrainz : ce58d854 - 7430 - 4231 - aa44 - 97f0144b3372 SNAC : w6wr4ft4 VIAF : 35297444 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_McLachlan&oldid=841872245 '' Categories : Sarah McLachlan 1968 births 20th - century Canadian singers 21st - century Canadian singers Arista Records artists Ballad musicians Canadian adoptees Canadian agnostics Canadian female guitarists Canadian female pop singers Canadian feminist writers Canadian harpists Canadian keyboardists Canadian mezzo - sopranos 20th - century Canadian multi-instrumentalists Canadian music video directors Canadian pop guitarists Canadian pop pianists Canadian women pianists Canadian singer - songwriters Female music video directors Feminist musicians Canadian Screen Award winning people Governor General 's Performing Arts Award winners Grammy Award winners Juno International Achievement Award winners Living people Members of the Order of British Columbia Music festival founders Musicians from Halifax , Nova Scotia Musicians from Vancouver NSCAD University alumni Officers of the Order of Canada RCA Records artists Nettwerk Records artists Juno Award for Single of the Year winners Juno Award for Album of the Year winners Juno Award for Songwriter of the Year winners Juno Award for Artist of the Year winners Canadian female singer - songwriters 21st - century Canadian multi-instrumentalists 20th - century Canadian pianists 21st - century Canadian pianists 20th - century Canadian keyboardists 21st - century Canadian keyboardists Canadian banjoists 20th - century Canadian guitarists 21st - century Canadian guitarists Canadian ukulele players 20th - century women singers 21st - century women singers The Royal Conservatory of Music alumni Juno Award for Adult Contemporary Album of the Year winners Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from March 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - 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-8438068678232536707 | Chicago Bears | Chicago Bears - wikipedia Chicago Bears Jump to : navigation , search Chicago Bears Current season Established September 17 , 1920 ; 97 years ago ( September 17 , 1920 ) First season : 1920 Play in Soldier Field Chicago , Illinois Headquartered in Halas Hall Lake Forest , Illinois Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations Independent ( 1919 ) National Football League ( 1920 -- present ) Western Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) National Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Western Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Central Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) Central Division ( 1970 -- 2001 ) North Division ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Dark Navy Blue , Orange , White Fight song `` Bear Down , Chicago Bears '' Mascot Staley Da Bear Personnel Owner ( s ) Virginia Halas McCaskey Chairman George McCaskey President Ted Phillips General manager Ryan Pace Head coach John Fox Team history Decatur Staleys ( 1919 -- 1920 ) Chicago Staleys ( 1921 ) Chicago Bears ( 1922 -- present ) Team nicknames Da Bears The Monsters of the Midway Championships League championships ( 9 ) NFL Championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 8 ) 1921 , 1932 , 1933 , 1940 , 1941 , 1943 , 1946 , 1963 Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 1985 ( XX ) Conference championships ( 4 ) NFL Western : 1956 , 1963 NFC : 1985 , 2006 Division championships ( 18 ) NFL Western : 1933 , 1934 , 1937 , 1940 , 1941 , 1942 , 1943 , 1946 NFC Central : 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 2001 NFC North : 2005 , 2006 , 2010 Playoff appearances ( 26 ) NFL : 1932 , 1933 , 1934 , 1937 , 1940 , 1941 , 1942 , 1943 , 1946 , 1950 , 1956 , 1963 , 1977 , 1979 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1991 , 1994 , 2001 , 2005 , 2006 , 2010 Home fields Staley Field ( 1919 -- 1920 ) Wrigley Field ( 1921 -- 1970 ) Soldier Field ( 1971 -- 2001 , 2003 -- present ) Memorial Stadium ( 2002 ) Team owner ( s ) A.E. Staley Company ( 1919 -- 1921 ) George Halas and Dutch Sternaman ( 1921 -- 1932 ) George Halas ( 1932 -- 1983 ) Virginia Halas McCaskey ( 1983 -- present ) Team president ( s ) George Halas ( 1921 -- 1953 ) George Halas Jr. ( 1963 -- 1979 ) Michael McCaskey ( 1983 -- 1999 ) Ted Phillips ( 1999 -- present ) The Chicago Bears are a professional American football team based in Chicago , Illinois . The Bears compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . The Bears have won nine NFL Championships , including one Super Bowl , and hold the NFL record for the most enshrinees in the Pro Football Hall of Fame and the most retired jersey numbers . The Bears have also recorded more victories than any other NFL franchise . The franchise was founded in Decatur , Illinois , in 1919 , and moved to Chicago in 1921 . It is one of only two remaining franchises from the NFL 's founding in 1920 , along with the Arizona Cardinals , which was originally also in Chicago . The team played home games at Wrigley Field on Chicago 's North Side through the 1970 season ; they now play at Soldier Field on the Near South Side , next to Lake Michigan . The Bears have a long - standing rivalry with the Green Bay Packers . The team headquarters , Halas Hall , is in the Chicago suburb of Lake Forest , Illinois . The Bears practice at adjoining facilities there during the season . Since 2002 , the Bears have held their annual training camp , from late July to mid-August , at Ward Field on the campus of Olivet Nazarene University in Bourbonnais , Illinois . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1919 -- 1939 : Early Bears 1.2 1940s : The Monsters of the Midway 1.3 1950s -- 1968 : Late - Halas era 1.4 1969 -- 1982 : Struggles 1.5 1985 : Super Bowl Champions 1.6 1986 -- 2003 : Post-Super Bowl 1.7 2004 -- 2012 : Lovie Smith era 1.8 2013 -- 2014 : Marc Trestman era 1.9 2015 -- present : John Fox era 2 Ownership 3 Sponsorships 4 Logos , uniforms , mascots , and cheerleaders 4.1 Logo 4.2 Uniforms 4.3 Mascots 4.4 Cheerleaders 5 Rivals 5.1 Divisional rivals 5.1. 1 Green Bay Packers 5.1. 2 Minnesota Vikings 5.1. 3 Detroit Lions 5.2 Historic rivals 5.2. 1 Arizona Cardinals 5.3 Other rivals 6 Stadium 7 In popular culture 8 Broadcast media 8.1 Radio 8.2 Television 9 Statistics and records 9.1 Season - by - season results 9.2 Records 10 Players of note 10.1 Current roster 10.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 10.3 Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame 10.4 Retired numbers 11 Coaching staff 12 Partnership with ' A Safe Place ' 13 Notes and references 14 Sources 15 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the Chicago Bears 1919 -- 1939 : early Bears ( edit ) In March of 1920 a man telephoned me ... George Chamberlain and he was general superintendent of the A.E. Staley Company ... In 1919 , ( the company 's Fellowship Club ) had formed a football team . It had done well against other local teams but Mr. Staley wanted to build it into a team that could compete successfully with the best semi-professional and industrial teams in the country ... Mr. Chamberlain asked if I would like to come to Decatur and work for the Staley Company . -- George Halas , in his book Halas by Halas . The team 's founder George Halas ( right ) with NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle Originally named the Decatur Staleys , the club was established by the A.E. Staley food starch company of Decatur , Illinois in 1919 as a company team . This was the typical start for several early professional football franchises . The company hired George Halas and Edward `` Dutch '' Sternaman in 1920 to run the team . The 1920 Decatur Staleys season was their inaugural regular season completed in the newly formed American Professional Football Association ( later renamed the National Football League ( NFL ) in 1922 ) . Full control of the team was turned over to Halas and Sternaman in 1921 . Official team and league records cite Halas as the founder as he took over the team in 1920 when it became a charter member of the NFL . The team relocated to Chicago in 1921 , where the club was renamed the Chicago Staleys . Under an agreement reached by Halas and Sternaman with Staley , Halas purchased the rights to the club from Staley for US $100 . In 1922 , Halas changed the team name from the Staleys to the Bears . The team moved into Wrigley Field , which was home to the Chicago Cubs baseball franchise . As with several early NFL franchises , the Bears derived their nickname from their city 's baseball team ( some directly , some indirectly -- like the Bears , whose young are called `` cubs '' ) . Halas liked the bright orange - and - blue colors of his alma mater , the University of Illinois , and the Bears adopted those colors as their own , albeit in a darker shade of each ( the blue is Pantone 5395 , navy blue , and the orange is Pantone 1665 , similar to burnt orange ) . The Staleys / Bears dominated the league in the early years . Their rivalry with the Chicago Cardinals , the oldest in the NFL ( and a crosstown rival from 1920 to 1959 ) , was key in four out of the first six league titles . During the league 's first six years , the Bears lost twice to the Canton Bulldogs ( who took two league titles over that span ) , and split with their crosstown rival Cardinals ( going 4 -- 4 -- 2 against each other over that span ) , but no other team in the league defeated the Bears more than a single time . During that span , the Bears posted 34 shutouts . The Bears ' rivalry with the Green Bay Packers is one of the oldest and most storied in American professional sports , dating back to 1921 ( the Green Bay Packers were an independent team until they joined the NFL in 1921 ) . In one infamous incident that year , Halas got the Packers expelled from the league in order to prevent their signing a particular player , and then graciously got them re-admitted after the Bears had closed the deal with that player . The 1924 team photo The franchise was an early success under Halas , capturing the NFL Championship in 1921 and remaining competitive throughout the decade . In 1924 the Bears claimed the Championship after defeating the Cleveland Bulldogs on December 7 , even putting the title `` World 's Champions '' on their 1924 team photo . But the NFL had ruled that games after November 30 did not count towards league standings , and the Bears had to settle for second place behind Cleveland . Their only losing season came in 1929 . During the 1920s the club was responsible for triggering the NFL 's long - standing rule that a player could not be signed until his college 's senior class had graduated . The NFL took that action as a consequence of the Bears ' aggressive signing of famous University of Illinois player Red Grange within a day of his final game as a collegian . Despite much of the on - field success , the Bears were a team in trouble . They faced the problem of increased operating costs and flatlined attendance . The Bears would only draw roughly 5,000 -- 6,000 fans a game , while a University of Chicago game would draw 40,000 -- 50,000 fans a game . By adding top college football draw Red Grange to the roster , the Bears knew that they found something to draw more fans to their games . C.C. Pyle was able to secure a $2,000 per game contract for Grange , and in one of the first games , the Bears defeated the Green Bay Packers , 21 -- 0 . However , Grange remained on the sidelines while learning the team 's plays from Bears quarterback Joey Sternaman . Later in 1925 , The Bears would go on a barnstorming tour , showing off the best football player of the day . 75,000 people paid to see Grange lead the Bears to a 17 -- 7 victory over the Los Angeles Tigers , who were a quickly put together team of West Coast college all - stars . After a loss to San Francisco , the Bears cruised to a 60 -- 3 over a semi-pro team called the Portland All Stars . Any hopes that Grange would lead the Bears to glory in 1926 were quickly dashed . A failed contract talk led to Grange bolting to the AFL 's New York Yankees , owned by Pyle . The Bears also lost star quarterback Joey Sternaman , who joined the Chicago Bulls of the AFL . The Bears replaced Grange with Paddy Driscoll , a star football player in his own right . The Bears used the money made from the Grange barn - storming tour to sign the man that replaced him . Grange split his time between making movies and playing football . However , the time was not right to have two competing pro football leagues , and the AFL folded after only one season . Grange would return to the Bears . After the financial losses of the 1932 Championship season , Halas ' partner Dutch Sternaman left the organization . Halas maintained full control of the Bears until his death in 1983 . He also coached the team off - and - on for forty seasons , an NFL record . In the 1932 `` Unofficial '' NFL Championship , the Bears defeated the Portsmouth Spartans in the first indoor American football game at Chicago Stadium . The success of the playoff game led the NFL to institute a championship game . In the very first NFL Championship , the Bears played against the New York Giants , defeating them 23 -- 21 . The teams met again in the 1934 NFL Championship where the Giants , wearing sneakers defeated the Bears 30 -- 13 on a cold , icy day at the Polo Grounds . 1940s : the Monsters of the Midway ( edit ) The 1946 NFL Championship team photo From 1940 -- 1947 , quarterback Sid Luckman led the Bears to victories in four out of the five NFL Championship Games in which they appeared . The team acquired the University of Chicago 's discarded nickname `` Monsters of the Midway '' and their now - famous helmet `` C '' , as well as a newly penned theme song that declared them `` The Pride and Joy of Illinois '' . One famous victory during that period was their 73 -- 0 victory over the favored Washington Redskins at Griffith Stadium in the 1940 NFL Championship Game ; the score is still an NFL record for lopsided results . The secret behind the one - sided outcome was the introduction of a new offensive formation by Halas . The T - formation , as Halas named it , involved two running backs instead of the traditional one in the backfield . Luckman established himself as one of the franchise 's most elite quarterbacks . Between 1939 and 1950 , He set the Bears ' passing records for most career touchdowns , yards , and completions . Many of Luckman 's records stood for decades before they were eclipsed by Jay Cutler in 2014 . Cutler then went on to break Luckman 's franchise record for most career passing touchdowns a year later in 2015 . 1950s -- 1968 : late - Halas era ( edit ) Bears Hall of Famer Mike Ditka is the only person in the modern era to win an NFL championship as a player and coach for the Chicago Bears . After declining throughout the 1950s , the team rebounded in 1963 to capture its eighth NFL Championship , which would be its last until 1985 . The late 1960s and early - 1970s produced notable players like Dick Butkus , Gale Sayers , and Brian Piccolo , who died of embryonal carcinoma in 1970 . The American television network ABC aired a movie about Piccolo in 1971 entitled Brian 's Song , starring James Caan and Billy Dee Williams in the roles of Piccolo and Sayers respectively ; Jack Warden won an Emmy Award for his performance as Halas . The movie was later released for theater screenings after first being shown on television . Despite Hall of Fame careers , Butkus and Sayers would also have their careers cut short due to injuries , hamstringing the Bears of this era . Halas retired as coach in 1967 and spent the rest of his days in the front office . He became the only person to be involved with the NFL throughout the first 60 years of its existence . He was also a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame 's first induction class in 1963 . As the only living founder of the NFL at the February 1970 merger between the NFL and the American Football League , the owners honored Halas by electing him the first President of the National Football Conference , a position that he held until his death in 1983 . In his honor , the NFL named the NFC Championship trophy as the George Halas Memorial Trophy . 1969 -- 1982 : struggles ( edit ) Payton set several franchise and NFL records in rushing during his 13 - season career with the Bears After the merger , the Bears finished the 1970 season last place in their division , a repeat of their placing in the 1969 season . In 1975 , the Bears drafted Walter Payton from Jackson State University with their first pick . He won the NFL Most Valuable Player Award in the 1977 -- 78 season . Payton would go on to eclipse Jim Brown 's NFL career rushing record in 1984 before retiring in 1987 , and would hold the mark until 2002 , when Emmitt Smith of the Dallas Cowboys surpassed it . Payton 's career and personality would capture the hearts of Bear fans , who called him `` Sweetness '' . He died from a rare form of liver cancer in 1999 at the age of 45 . On November 1 , 1983 , a day after the death of George Halas , his oldest daughter , Virginia McCaskey , took over as the majority owner of the team . Her husband , Ed McCaskey , succeeded her father as the Chairman of the Board . Their son Michael became the third president in team history . Mrs. McCaskey holds the honorary title of `` secretary of the board of directors '' , but the 90 - year -- old matriarch has been called the glue that holds the franchise together . Mrs. McCaskey 's reign as the owner of the Bears was not planned , as her father originally earmarked her brother , George `` Mugs '' Halas Jr. as the heir apparent to the franchise . However , he died of a massive heart attack in 1979 . Her impact on the team is well - noted as her own family has dubbed her `` The First Lady of Sports '' , and the Chicago Sun - Times has listed her as one of Chicago 's most powerful women . 1985 : Super Bowl Champions ( edit ) The Bears making a rushing play in the end zone against the Patriots during Super Bowl XX . Mike Ditka , a tight end for the Bears from 1961 to 1966 , was hired to coach the team by George Halas in 1982 . His gritty personality earned him the nickname `` Iron Mike '' . In the 1985 season the fire in the Bears -- Packers rivalry was relit when Ditka used 315 pound defensive tackle `` Refrigerator '' Perry as a running back in a touchdown play at Lambeau Field , against the Packers . The Bears won their ninth NFL Championship , first since the AFL - NFL merger , in Super Bowl XX after the 1985 season in which they dominated the NFL with their then - revolutionary 46 defense and a cast of characters that recorded the novelty rap song `` The Super Bowl Shuffle '' . The season was notable in that the Bears had only one loss , the `` unlucky 13th '' game of the season , a Monday night affair in which they were defeated by the Miami Dolphins . At the time , much was made of the fact that the 1972 Dolphins were the only franchise in history to have had an undefeated season and post-season . The Dolphins came close to setting up a rematch in the Super Bowl , but lost to the New England Patriots in the AFC title game . `` The Super Bowl Shuffle '' was videotaped the day after that Monday night loss in Miami . 1986 -- 2003 : post-super Bowl ( edit ) After the 1985 Championship season , the Bears remained competitive throughout the 1980s but failed to return to the Super Bowl under Ditka . Between the firing of Ditka and the hiring of Lovie Smith , the Bears had two head coaches , Dick Jauron and Dave Wannstedt . While both head coaches led the team to the playoffs once ( Wannstedt in 1994 and Jauron in 2001 ) , neither was able to accumulate a winning record or bring the Bears back to the Super Bowl . Therefore , the 1990s was largely considered to be a disappointment . Before the Bears hired Jauron in January 1999 , Dave McGinnis ( Arizona 's defensive coordinator , and a former Bears assistant under Ditka and Wannstedt ) backed out of taking the head coaching position . The Bears scheduled a press conference to announce the hiring before McGinnis agreed to contract terms . Soon after Jauron 's hiring , Mrs. McCaskey fired her son Michael as president , replacing him with Ted Phillips and promoting Michael to chairman of the board . Phillips , the current Bears president , became the first man outside of the Halas - McCaskey family to run the team . 2004 -- 2012 : Lovie Smith era ( edit ) Lovie Smith accomplished his first objective as the team 's head coach by sweeping the Green Bay Packers during the 2005 season . Lovie Smith , hired on January 15 , 2004 , is the third post-Ditka head coach . Joining the Bears as a rookie head coach , Smith brought the highly successful Tampa 2 defensive scheme with him to Chicago . Before his second season with the Bears , the team rehired their former offensive coordinator and then Illinois head coach Ron Turner to improve the Bears ' struggling offense . In 2005 , the Bears won their division and reached the playoffs for the first time in four years . Their previous playoff berth was earned by winning the NFC Central in 2001 . The Bears improved upon their success the following season , by clinching their second consecutive NFC North title during Week 13 of the 2006 season , winning their first playoff game since 1995 , and earning a trip to Super Bowl XLI . However , they fell short of the championship , losing 29 -- 17 to the Indianapolis Colts . Following the 2006 season , the club decided to give Smith a contract extension through 2011 , at roughly $5 million per year . This comes a season after being the lowest paid head coach in the National Football League . The club has played in over a thousand games since becoming a charter member of the NFL in 1920 . Through the 2010 season , they led the NFL in overall franchise wins with 704 and had an overall record of 704 -- 512 -- 42 ( going 687 -- 494 -- 42 during the regular season and 17 -- 18 in the playoffs ) . On November 18 , 2010 the Bears recorded franchise win number 700 in a win against the Miami Dolphins . The Bears made one of the biggest trades in team history by acquiring Pro Bowl quarterback Jay Cutler in 2009 . The Bears made one of the biggest trades in franchise history , acquiring Pro Bowl quarterback Jay Cutler from the Denver Broncos in exchange for Kyle Orton and draft picks on April 2 , 2009 . After a disappointing 2009 campaign with the team going 7 -- 9 , Mike Martz was hired as the team 's offensive coordinator on February 1 , 2010 . On March 5 , 2010 , the Bears signed defensive end Julius Peppers , running back Chester Taylor , and tight end Brandon Manumaleuna , spending over $100 million on the first day of free agency . Also during the 2010 offseason , Michael McCaskey was replaced by brother George McCaskey as chairman of the Bears . With a 38 -- 34 win against the New York Jets , the Bears clinched the No. 2 seed and a first - round bye for the 2010 -- 11 NFL playoffs . In their first Playoff game since Super Bowl XLI , The Bears defeated the No. 4 seed Seattle Seahawks 35 -- 24 in the Divisional Round . The Bears reached the NFC Championship Game , where they played Green Bay Packers at Soldier Field -- only the second playoff meeting between the two storied rivals , the only other game played in 1941 . The Bears lost the game , 21 -- 14 . The team started the 2011 season strong with a 7 -- 3 record , and running back Matt Forté led the NFL in total yards from scrimmage . Eventually , quarterback Jay Cutler fractured his thumb , and Forté also was lost for the season against the Kansas City Chiefs after spraining his MCL , and the Bears , with Caleb Hanie playing , lost five straight before winning against the Minnesota Vikings with Josh McCown starting in favor over Hanie . At season 's end , general manager Jerry Angelo was fired , and former Chiefs director of scouting and former Bears scout Phil Emery was brought in . Offensive coordinator Mike Martz resigned , and eventually retired , and was replaced by offensive line coach Mike Tice . The Bears made another notable move by trading for Miami Dolphins receiver and Pro Bowl MVP Brandon Marshall . The Bears became the first team in NFL history to return six interceptions for touchdowns in the first seven games of the season , with another pick - six by Brian Urlacher in Week 9 bringing Chicago two behind the record set by the 1961 San Diego Chargers . However , the Bears missed the playoffs with a record of 10 -- 6 ( after starting the season 7 -- 1 , the first team to start with the record and miss the playoffs since the 1996 Washington Redskins ) , and Smith was fired on December 31 . 2013 -- 2014 : Marc Trestman era ( edit ) Then - CFL head coach and former NFL journeyman Marc Trestman was hired to succeed Smith after an exhaustive search that included at least 13 known candidates . On March 20 , 2013 , Brian Urlacher 's 13 - year tenure with the Bears ended when both sides failed to agree on a contract . The Trestman era began on September 8 with a 24 -- 21 win over the Cincinnati Bengals , making Trestman the fourth head coach in Bears history to win in his coaching debut , after George Halas ( 1920 ) , Neill Armstrong ( 1978 ) and Dick Jauron ( 1999 ) . The Bears ended the 2013 season 8 -- 8 . The following season was a disaster for the Bears , as they finished 5 -- 11 and last in the NFC North . Trestman and Emery were fired after the season ended . 2015 -- present : John Fox era ( edit ) The Bears hired Ryan Pace of the New Orleans Saints to be their new general manager on January 8 , 2015 . On January 16 , 2015 , John Fox accepted a four - year deal to become head coach . In Fox 's first season as head coach , the Bears saw improvements from 2014 ; after USA Today projected the Bears to win three games , they doubled that total and finished the season with a 6 -- 10 record , including a Thanksgiving win over the Packers at Lambeau Field . However , during the 2016 season , the Bears regressed heavily , compiling a 3 -- 13 record , their worst since the NFL 's change to 16 - game seasons in 1978 . The season included several injuries to starters and secondary players , including Jay Cutler , who only played five games as a result of two separate injuries . The team 's backup quarterback Brian Hoyer would then start the next three games before being out for the season with a broken arm and being replaced by Matt Barkley , who earned his first career start with the Bears . Ownership ( edit ) Halas Hall in Lake Forest , Illinois is the Bears ' headquarters . Virginia Halas McCaskey , her children , and grandchildren control 80 percent of the team , and Mrs. McCaskey votes her children 's stock as well as her own . Patrick Ryan , executive chairman of Aon Corp. , and Aon director Andrew McKenna own 19.7 % of the club . In a Crain 's Chicago Business article , one businessman described his wishes for the team to maximize its potential . In 2009 , Yahoo ! Sports listed the McCaskeys as the third worst owner in the NFL , stating `` ( T ) hey get less for what they 've got than any team in our league . '' There have been rumors that the McCaskey family might split up over the team . In 2012 , Forbes magazine reported that the franchise is worth $1.19 billion , making it the eighth richest franchise in the NFL . Chicago is the third largest media market in the United States . Sponsorships ( edit ) The team has major sponsorship deals with Dr Pepper Snapple Group , Miller Brewing Company , PNC Financial Services , United Airlines , Verizon , Xfinity and Proven IT . The team was the first in the NFL to have a presenting sponsor , with the 2004 season advertised as `` Bears Football presented by BankOne ( now Chase ) '' . Additionally , the Bears have an agreement with WFLD ( the Fox owned - and - operated station in Chicago ) to broadcast pre-season football games . Logos , uniforms , Mascots , and cheerleaders ( edit ) Main article : Chicago Bears logos , uniforms , and mascots Logo ( edit ) One of the original logos ( 1962 -- 1973 ) The club 's first logo was introduced in the early 1950s as a black bear on top of a football . They kept this until 1962 , when the Bears trademark ' C ' logo was first introduced . The change in their logo from the black bear was due to the addition of logos on helmets , which pro football teams started adding in the late 1950s and early 1960s . Unlike some NFL franchises that have had many different looks over time , the Bears have kept the wishbone ' C ' for over 40 years . In 1974 , the team decided to keep the same ' C ' logo but change the color from white to orange with white trim . This is the current logo ; however , the club has since introduced alternate logos , including a black bear inside of the orange wishbone ' C ' , introduced in 1995 , and an orange bear head , introduced in 1999 . Uniforms ( edit ) In 1920 the team introduced uniforms containing brown and blue stripes . In the 1930s , the franchise 's uniform underwent substantial alterations . By 1933 the Bears donned all - orange jerseys with navy numbers and matching navy blue helmets . In 1936 , they modified this design into `` an early version of psychedelia '' by adding three orange stripes to their helmets , changing the color of the jerseys from orange to white , complementing the new white jerseys with 14 navy and orange alternating stripes on the sleeves , and introducing socks with a similar striped pattern extending from ankle to knee . Because of poor response from the fans and the media , this design lasted only one season . By 1949 , the team was wearing the familiar navy blue shirts with white , rounded numbers . In 1956 , the team added `` TV numbers '' to the sleeves . The Bears ' C ' logo first appeared on the helmets in 1962 . The logo changed from white to a white - bordered orange logo 11 years later , and has remained unchanged ever since . The Bears added the initials GSH to the left sleeve of their jerseys in 1984 in memory of George Halas . For decades , the team was known as the only NFL team to wear jersey numbers that were not the traditional block - style numbers ( though during the 1971 season , the Bears ' road jerseys used the block - style numbers ) . Although a handful of other NFL teams and the Houston Oilers during their early AFL days experimented with rounder jersey numbers , by the mid-1960s the Bears were the only team left to continue wearing rounded jersey numbers . Since the mid-1990s , however , several teams have shifted away from the block numbers in favor of numbers that match a specific team font ( e.g. Denver Broncos , Baltimore Ravens , Philadelphia Eagles , etc . ) or in the case of the Pittsburgh Steelers , match the jersey number font with the helmet numbers while otherwise leaving the jersey design alone . Other variations to the Bears uniforms over the years include the addition of navy blue pants as a part of the road kit in 1984 . During the 1994 season , the Bears -- with most of the other NFL franchises -- introduced throwback uniforms to be worn in the honor of the NFL 's 75th anniversary . These uniforms with brown and blue stripes resemble the original Bears uniforms worn in the 1920s . On October 7 , 2002 the Bears wore navy blue pants with their navy blue home jerseys for the first time , and lost at home to Green Bay before a national Monday Night Football audience . The Bears did not wear the all - blue combination again until the 2006 regular season finale against the Packers , also a loss , on December 31 . A variation of the all - blue look , this time featuring blue socks with orange stripes , was used on October 20 , 2016 against the Packers as part of the NFL Color Rush initiative , a game the Bears also lost . Then on September 10 , 2017 , the Bears played the Atlanta Falcons at home in their all - blue uniforms and lost , giving the combination an 0 -- 4 all - time record . On November 13 , 2005 and October 29 , 2006 ( both times in games against the San Francisco 49ers ) , the Bears introduced an orange alternate home jersey . The orange swaps roles with the navy blue on this alternate jersey , as it becomes the dominant color while the navy complements . The orange jerseys were worn again on October 19 , 2008 at home against the Minnesota Vikings in a 48 -- 41 victory . The Bears also wore the orange jerseys against the Detroit Lions in 2007 , a 2009 game vs. the Cleveland Browns , as well as in 2011 against the Packers and Lions . The Bears previously wore orange jerseys as part of a throwback uniform in a Thanksgiving Day game at the Dallas Cowboys in 2004 . Their uniforms , especially for their classic look , have been cited as one of the best in the league . Since 2005 , the Bears have worn their alternate orange jerseys for one home game a season that is near Halloween . For the 2005 -- 07 and 2010 home openers , the team wore the white jerseys with the navy blue pants . The team is 4 -- 0 in these games , beating the Lions in 2005 , 2006 , and 2010 , and beating the Chiefs in 2007 . The Bears honored the original Monsters of the Midway during the 2010 season by wearing throwback uniforms of the era for selected games . The uniforms are a nod to the 1940s when the Bears won four NFL titles with Hall of Famers Danny Fortman , Sid Luckman , George McAfee , George Musso , Bronko Nagurski , Joe Stydahar and Clyde `` Bulldog '' Turner . The Bears wore the throwbacks once again for the 2012 season . In 2012 , after Nike took over the NFL uniform supplier from Reebok , the Bears uniform received changes . One of the changes include moving the numbers on the sleeves onto the shoulder pad , as well as enlarging the GSH on the stripes . Mascots ( edit ) Main article : Staley Da Bear Staley Da Bear in 2008 . The team 's official mascot , Staley Da Bear , made his debut at Soldier Field in 2003 . He is named after A.E. Staley , the team 's founder . Cheerleaders ( edit ) Main article : Chicago Honey Bears The team also formerly had their own cheerleading squad called the Chicago Honey Bears . However , Bears owner Virginia Halas McCaskey terminated them after the 1985 season . The squad 's uniforms have changed 3 times : from 1977 -- 1979 was a white bodysuit with navy blue sleeves , from 1980 -- 1984 was also a white bodysuit , but with orange sleeves and the navy was moved to the trim , and in the squad 's final season in 1985 , the uniform was redesigned with an orange sequin vest . Rivals ( edit ) Divisional rivals ( edit ) Green Bay Packers ( edit ) Main article : Bears -- Packers rivalry The Green Bay Packers are the Bears ' biggest rivals since their team 's inception in 1920 . The Green Bay Packers currently have the lead at 95 -- 94 -- 6 , and the teams have met twice in the postseason . The Bears won the 1941 meeting , 33 -- 14 , and eventually defeated the New York Giants in the 1941 NFL Championship Game , and the Packers won the 2011 meeting , 21 -- 14 , en route to a Super Bowl XLV win over the Pittsburgh Steelers . The teams ' first meeting was a victory for the Bears ( known as the Staleys at the time ) in 1921 in a shutout , 20 -- 0 . The Packers claimed their first win over the Bears in 1925 , 14 -- 10 . The 1924 matchup ( which ended in a 3 -- 0 win for Chicago ) was notable for featuring the first ever ejection of players in a game in NFL history , as Frank Hanny of the Bears and Walter Voss of the Packers were ejected for punching each other . The rivalry also featured one of the last successful fair catch kicks in 1968 , when Bears kicker Mac Percival kicked the game - winning field goal . Minnesota Vikings ( edit ) Main article : Bears -- Vikings rivalry Chicago and Minnesota took each other on in the Vikings ' inaugural game , with the Vikings defeating the Bears in a 37 -- 13 rout , and Minnesota currently holds the series lead 54 -- 50 -- 2 . Detroit Lions ( edit ) Main article : Bears -- Lions rivalry The Detroit Lions and Bears have faced off since the Lions ' inception in 1930 , when they were known as the Portsmouth Spartans , with the Spartans winning , 7 -- 6 , and Chicago winning the second meeting , 14 -- 6 . Since then , the Bears have led the series , 95 -- 66 -- 5 . The rivalry grew in 1932 , when the Bears and Spartans met in the first ever postseason game in NFL history , with the Bears winning the game 9 -- 0 . The game also was known as the first `` indoor football '' game , as the game took place in indoor Chicago Stadium due to a blizzard at the time . The game also started the forward pass . Historic rivals ( edit ) Arizona Cardinals ( edit ) Former cross-town rivals , the Bears and the Cardinals have faced each other more times than any other teams not currently in the same division . Highlights of the rivalry include Ernie Nevers scoring 40 points against the Bears in 1929 in a 40 -- 7 rout . In 2006 , the Bears defeated the Cardinals in a 24 -- 23 comeback from a 20 - point deficit in the 2nd half , which resulted in Cardinals coach Dennis Green 's famous rant . The Bears currently lead the all - time series , 57 -- 27 -- 6 . Other rivals ( edit ) Cleveland Browns : Since 2005 , the Bears and Browns have met in the final game of the preseason , after the two teams made an agreement to play each other in alternating cities due to their close proximity . The Browns won the 2005 game 16 -- 6 , but the Bears have since gone 7 -- 5 , winning in their 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , and 2016 matchups . In their all - time series , the Browns lead 6 -- 9 ( as the current expansion team ) . Indianapolis Colts : Despite not meeting as often , the Bears and Colts are known as being geographic rivals , with NFL.com analyst Dave Dameshek calling the game the I - 65 Bowl , after Interstate 65 , which connects between Chicago and Indianapolis . The Colts ( while in Baltimore ) won the first meeting in 1953 13 -- 9 . Both teams have shared various moments in the past , with the Bears suffering their worst loss in franchise history 52 -- 0 to the Colts during their time in Baltimore . The Bears later won 57 -- 0 in 1962 against the Colts , which is the highest scoring differential in team history for a regular - season game . The most notable moment between the two teams was Super Bowl XLI , with Indianapolis pulling away with the win despite Chicago dominance in the first half , which was also known for being the first ever Super Bowl to be played in rain . The teams also share various relations with each other , including the relationship between former Colts coach Tony Dungy and Bears coach Lovie Smith , who both were on the Tampa Bay Buccaneers team in the late 1990s and early 2000s , and both coaches met in Super Bowl XLI . The Colts currently lead the series , 23 -- 19 , though the Bears have won the last two meetings both in 2008 , 23 - 19 and in 2012 , 41 -- 21 . Because of the NFL 's scheduling formula , The Bears and Colts will meet again in 2016 at Lucas Oil Stadium . San Francisco 49ers : In the 1980s , the Bears and San Francisco 49ers have met twice in the postseason , as well as many times in the regular season . In the teams ' first meeting in 1950 , the Bears triumphed , 17 -- 0 . In the 1980s , the Bears went 3 -- 4 , including 2 postseason meetings . The 49ers won the first meeting in a 23 -- 0 shutout , as well as the next meeting , 28 -- 3 . In 1985 , the Bears claimed their revenge for their humiliating loss by sending in rookie William `` The Refrigerator '' Perry in at fullback in a 26 -- 10 rout . Since the game , the Bears have lost all eight games at Candlestick Park , the last being a 32 -- 7 loss in 2012 . In the 49ers ' new stadium Levi 's Stadium 's opening game against the Bears , the Bears triumphed 28 -- 20 . However , the 49ers won the most recent meeting on December 6 , 2015 at Soldier Field , defeating the Bears 26 -- 20 . Because both teams finished in last place in their respective divisions , the Bears and 49ers will meet again in 2016 . New York Giants : In a newer preseason rivalry ( as well as an old rivalry ) , the Bears and Giants have taken each other on frequently in the preseason against each other since 2009 , and since 2011 , has been the 3rd game in the preseason ( both teams did n't meet in 2010 ) . The 2 teams have also shared some bad blood before the AFL - NFL merger , as the Bears defeated the Giants in the inaugural NFL Championship Game . The Giants would claim their revenge in the infamous `` Sneakers Game '' over the undefeated Bears . The Bears would defeat New York in the 1963 NFL Championship Game . In the recent decade , the Bears defeated the Giants in 2006 , 38 -- 20 , and Bears rookie Devin Hester showed his ability to return on special teams when he tied a Bears record for longest play when he ran a missed field goal back 108 yards for a touchdown on Sunday Night Football . The Giants would claim their revenge in 2010 , when they defeated the Bears in a 17 -- 3 victory , in which the Giants sacked Bears quarterback Jay Cutler nine times in the first half . The Bears eventually won in 2013 , 27 -- 21 . Because of the NFL 's scheduling formula , the Bears and Giants will meet again in 2016 at MetLife Stadium . Stadium ( edit ) Main articles : Wrigley Field and Soldier Field Soldier Field in 2011 , as seen from the lakeshore Soldier Field , located on Lake Shore Drive in Chicago , is the current home of the Bears . The Bears moved to Soldier Field in 1971 after outgrowing Wrigley Field , the team 's home for 50 years . Northwestern University 's residential neighbors objected to their playing at Dyche Stadium , now called Ryan Field . After the AFL - NFL Merger , the newly merged league wanted their teams to play in stadiums that could hold at least 50,000 fans . Even with the portable bleachers that the team brought into Wrigley , the stadium could still only hold 46,000 . Soldier Field 's playing turf was changed from natural grass to astroturf before the 1971 season , and then back to natural grass in time for the start of the 1988 season . The stadium was the site of the infamous Fog Bowl playoff game between the Bears and Philadelphia Eagles . In 2002 , the stadium was closed and rebuilt with only the exterior wall of the stadium being preserved . It was closed on Sunday , January 20 , 2002 , a day after the Bears lost in the playoffs . It reopened on September 27 , 2003 after a complete rebuild ( the second in the stadium 's history ) . Many fans refer to the rebuilt stadium as `` New Soldier Field '' . During the 2002 season , the Bears played their home games at the University of Illinois ' Memorial Stadium in Champaign , where they went 3 -- 5 . Many critics have negative views of the new stadium . They believe that its current structure has made it more of an eyesore than a landmark ; some have dubbed it the `` Mistake on the Lake '' . Soldier Field was stripped of its National Historic Landmark designation on February 17 , 2006 . In the 2005 season , the Bears won the NFC North Division and the No. 2 Seed in the NFC Playoffs , entitling them to play at least one home game in the postseason . The team hosted ( and lost ) their divisional round match on January 15 , 2006 against the Carolina Panthers . This was the first playoff game at Soldier Field since the stadium reopened . The stadium 's end zones and midfield were not painted until the 1982 season . The design sported on the field included the bolded word `` Chicago '' rendered in Highway Gothic in both end zones . In 1983 , the end zone design returned , with the addition of a large wishbone `` C '' Bears logo painted at midfield . These field markings remained unchanged until the 1996 season . In 1996 the midfield wishbone `` C '' was changed to a large blue Bears head , and the end zone design were painted with `` Bears '' in cursive . This new design remained until the 1999 season , at which point the artwork was returned to the classic `` Chicago '' and the `` C '' . In the new Soldier Field , the artwork was tweaked to where one end zone had the word `` Chicago '' bolded and the other had `` Bears '' . In popular culture ( edit ) The CNA Center in Chicago flashes a `` GO BEARS '' window display before a Bears Sunday Night Football game While the Super Bowl XX Champion Bears were a fixture of mainstream American pop culture in the 1980s , the Bears made a prior mark with the 1971 American TV movie Brian 's Song starring Billy Dee Williams as Gale Sayers and James Caan as Brian Piccolo . The film told of how Piccolo helped Sayers recover from a devastating knee injury to return to his status as one of the league 's best players , and how Sayers in turn helped the Piccolo family through Brian 's fatal illness . A 2001 remake of the movie for ABC starred Sean Maher as Piccolo and Mekhi Phifer as Sayers . The 1985 team is also remembered for recording the song `` The Super Bowl Shuffle '' , which reached number forty - one on the Billboard Hot 100 and was nominated for a Grammy Award . The music video for the song depicts the team rapping that they are `` not here to start no trouble '' but instead `` just here to do the Super Bowl Shuffle '' . The team took a risk by recording and releasing the song before the playoffs had even begun , but were able to avoid embarrassment by going on to win Super Bowl XX by a then - record margin of 46 -- 10 . That game was one of the most watched television events in history according to the Nielsen ratings system ; the game had a rating of 48.3 , ranking it 7th in all - time television history . In addition to the `` Super Bowl Shuffle '' rap song , the Bears ' success in the 1980s -- and especially the personality of head coach Mike Ditka -- inspired a recurring sketch on the American sketch comedy program Saturday Night Live , called `` Bill Swerski 's Superfans '' . The sketch featured Cheers co-star George Wendt , a Chicago native , as host of a radio talk - show ( similar in tone to WGN radio 's `` The Sportswriters '' ) , with co-panelists Carl Wollarski ( Robert Smigel ) , Pat Arnold ( Mike Myers ) and Todd O'Connor ( Chris Farley ) . To hear them tell it , `` Da Bears '' and Coach Ditka could do no wrong . The sketch stopped after Ditka was fired in 1993 . The sketch usually showed the panelists drinking lots of beer and eating lots of Polish sausage , and often featured Todd getting so agitated about what was happening with the Bears that he suffered a heart attack , but quickly recovered ( through self - administered CPR ) . The sketch also features the cast predicting unrealistic blowout victories for Bears games . Da Super Fan sketch has not been brought back by SNL , with the exception of a single appearance by Horatio Sanz as a Super Fan for the Cubs on `` Weekend Update '' in 2003 . Outside of SNL , George Wendt reprised his role of Swerski in the opening promo of Super Bowl XL on ABC . On TV shows based in Chicago such as The Bob Newhart Show , Married ... with Children , Family Matters , Still Standing , According to Jim , Early Edition and The Bernie Mac Show , the main characters are all Bears fans , and have worn Bears ' jerseys and T - shirts on some occasions . Some episodes even show them watching Bears games . Roseanne is another TV show based in Illinois ( albeit not in Chicago itself ) to feature the Bears as the consensus household favorite , as ' Dan Connor ' John Goodman is seen wearing Bears hats in several episodes . That ' 70s Show featured several Bears references , as it was based in Wisconsin , home of the Packers . On one episode while the gang is at a Bears vs. Packers game , Eric comes to the seat in a Walter Payton jersey and is booed by the surrounding Packers fans . In an episode of the Disney Channel show Shake It Up , based in Chicago , recurring character Dina Garcia ( Ainsley Bailey ) sold scalped Chicago Bears tickets . More recently , Modern Family character Cameron Tucker has been shown as a Bears fan . In an episode of the Disney Channel show `` I Did n't Do It '' , based in Chicago , Lindy Watson ( Olivia Holt ) and Logan Watson ( Austin North ) try to get a football signed by NFL Hall of Famer Dick Butkus after destroying their fathers Butkus signed ball , Alshon Jeffery also makes a cameo appearance as well . Ditka 's success and popularity in Chicago has led him to land analyst roles on various American football pregame shows . Ditka worked for both the NFL on NBC and CBS 's The NFL Today , and he currently works on ESPN 's Sunday NFL Countdown and provided Friday night analysis on the Bears on WBBM - TV 's 2 on Football with former WBBM - TV sports director Mark Malone . He is also the color analyst for all local broadcasts of Bears preseason games . Ditka also co-starred himself alongside actor Will Ferrell in the 2005 comedy film Kicking & Screaming . Also , Ditka , Dick Butkus , Walter Payton , Jim McMahon , William `` Refrigerator '' Perry and Brian Urlacher are among Bears figures known for their appearances in TV commercials . Urlacher , whose jersey was among the league 's best - selling in 2002 , was featured on Nike commercials with former Atlanta Falcons quarterback Michael Vick . In the 1961 Hanna - Barbera animated short `` Rah Rah Bear '' , Yogi Bear helps the Bears beat the New York Giants . The Bears were later depicted in an episode of the 1985 cartoon version of the NBC sitcom Punky Brewster , where the Bears are playing the Green Bay Packers . Clark Griswold ( Chevy Chase ) from the National Lampoon 's Vacation series appears in some scenes wearing a navy blue with burnt orange scripting Chicago Bears ball cap . He wears the same Chicago Bears cap throughout all four Vacation movies . Broadcast media ( edit ) Chicago Bears Network Radio ( edit ) Map of radio affiliates . Currently , WBBM ( 780 AM ) and its simulcasting partner , WCFS - FM ( 105.9 FM ) broadcast Bears games with Jeff Joniak doing the play - by - play , along with color commentator Tom Thayer , who played for the Bears from 1985 -- 1992 , and sideline reporter Zach Zaidman . Over the years , many Bears play - by - play broadcasters have included play - by - play announcers Jack Brickhouse , Joe McConnell and Wayne Larrivee , and color commentators Hub Arkush , Dick Butkus , Jim Hart and Irv Kupcinet . Spanish radio station WLEY - FM aired the Bears games from 2012 to 2014 . Since 2015 , WRTO and WVIV - FM air Bears games in Spanish . Chicago Bears Network Radio affiliates Market Station Notes Chicago WBBM ( 780 AM ) / WCFS - FM ( 105.9 FM ) All games Bears Insider WRTO ( 1200 AM ) / WVIV - FM ( 93.5 FM ) All games ( in Spanish ) WSCR ( 670 AM ) Bears All - Access Television ( edit ) Their current preseason TV announcers on WFLD ( channel 32 ) , which also carries the majority of the team 's regular season games through the NFL on Fox , are Sam Rosen ( play - by - play ) , Erik Kramer ( color commentary ) and Lou Canellis ( sideline reporter ) . When the games are played against an AFC team , it can be aired on the CBS O&O station , WBBM - TV . Sunday Night games are broadcast on WMAQ - TV , the NBC O&O station . Chicago Bears Network Television affiliates Market Station Notes Regional cable NBC Sports Chicago Bears Recap Bears Huddle Bears Blitz Chicago WFLD Preseason and Fox regional / national games Bears Gameday Live Bears Gamenight Live Cedar Rapids , Iowa KFXA Preseason and Fox regional / national games Champaign -- Urbana WCCU Preseason and Fox regional / national games Peoria WMBD - TV Preseason and CBS regional / national games Quad Cities KLJB Preseason and Fox regional / national games Rockford WIFR Preseason and CBS regional / national games Rockford WQRF Preseason and Fox regional / national games Springfield WRSP - TV Preseason and Fox regional / national games South Bend WSBT - TV Preseason and CBS regional / national games Statistics and records ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Chicago Bears statistics . Patrick Mannelly holds the record for the most seasons in a Bears uniform with 16 . On the other hand , Steve McMichael holds the record for most consecutive games played by a Bear with 191 ; he accomplished the feat from 1981 to 1993 . In second place is Payton , who played 186 games from 1975 to 1987 at running back , a position considered to be conducive to injury , only missing one game in a span of 13 seasons . Kicker Robbie Gould became the Bears ' all - time scoring leader in Week 5 of 2015 season overtaking placekicker Kevin Butler who previously held the club record for scoring the most points in his ten - year Bear career . He scored 1,116 points as the Bears kicker from 1985 to 1995 . He is followed by running back Walter Payton , with 750 points . Payton holds the team record for career rushing yards with 16,726 . That was an NFL record until Emmitt Smith of the Dallas Cowboys broke it in 2002 . Former Bears running back Matt Forte , who started playing for the Bears in 2008 , is the closest to Payton 's record with 6,985 yards . Forte also holds the team 's single season record for rookies in rushing attempts , rushing yards and receptions . Mark Bortz holds the record for most Bear playoff appearances , with 13 between 1983 and 1994 , and is followed by Kevin Butler , Dennis Gentry , Dan Hampton , Jay Hilgenberg , Steve McMichael , Ron Rivera , Mike Singletary , and Keith Van Horne , who have each played in 12 playoff games . The 1940 Chicago Bears team holds the record for the biggest margin of victory in an NFL game ( playoff or regular season ) with a 73 -- 0 victory over the Washington Redskins in the 1940 NFL Championship Game . The largest home victory for the Bears came in a 61 -- 7 result against the Green Bay Packers in 1980 . The largest defeat in club history was a 52 -- 0 loss against the Baltimore Colts in 1964 . The club recorded undefeated regular seasons in 1934 and 1942 , but ( unlike the 1972 Dolphins ) did not win the championship game in either season . In 1934 , the club completed a 13 -- 0 record but were defeated by the New York Giants , and in 1942 the club completed an 11 -- 0 record but were defeated by the Redskins . Had the Bears won either championship , the club would have completed a championship three - peat -- a feat completed only by the Packers ( twice ) , although no team has done it since the AFL - NFL merger . Halas holds the team record for coaching the most seasons with 40 and for having the most career victories of 324 . Halas ' victories record stood until Don Shula surpassed Halas in 1993 . Ditka is the closest Bears coach to Halas , with 112 career victories . No other Bears coach has recorded over 100 victories with the team . During the 2006 season , return specialist Devin Hester set several kick return records . He currently holds the franchise record for most return yards with 2,261 . He had six touchdown returns , setting a record for most returns in a single season . In 2007 , he recorded another six touchdown season from returns . One of the most notable of these returns came on November 12 , 2006 , when he returned a missed field goal for a 108 - yard touchdown . The record tied former teammate Nathan Vasher 's previous record , which was set almost a year earlier . Additionally , Hester set a Super Bowl record by becoming the first player to return an opening kick of a Super Bowl for a touchdown . On December 20 , 2010 , Hester set an NFL record for most touchdowns on a punt or kickoff return with his 14th career return coming against the Minnesota Vikings . In 2011 , Hester broke the record for the most punt returns against the Carolina Panthers . In 2012 , Charles Tillman has the record for most forced fumbles in a single game with 4 against the Tennessee Titans . Also against the Titans , Chicago became the first team in league history to score a touchdown pass , a touchdown run , an interception return for a touchdown , and a blocked kick / punt for a score in the same quarter . Tillman and teammate Lance Briggs became the first pair in NFL history to return an interception for a touchdown in consecutive games against the Jacksonville Jaguars and Dallas Cowboys . Season - by - season results ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see List of Chicago Bears all - time record versus NFL . This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed or in progress by the Bears . For the full season - by - season franchise results , see List of Chicago Bears seasons . Note : The Finish , Wins , Losses , and Ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play . Record as of December 28 , 2014 Super Bowl Champions Conference Champions Division Champions Wild Card Berth Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Post Season Results Ref Finish Wins Losses Ties 2012 2012 NFL NFC North 3rd 10 6 0 2013 2013 NFL NFC North 2nd 8 8 0 2014 2014 NFL NFC North 4th 5 11 0 2015 2015 NFL NFC North 4th 6 10 0 2016 2016 NFL NFC North 4th 13 0 All - time regular season record ( 1920 -- 2010 ) -- 722 526 42 -- -- All - time postseason record ( 1932 -- 2010 ) -- 17 18 -- -- -- All - time regular season and postseason record ( 1920 -- 2010 ) -- 739 542 42 -- -- Records ( edit ) All - Time Bears Leaders Leader Player Record Number Years with Bears Passing Jay Cutler 23,443 passing yards 2009 -- 2016 Rushing Walter Payton 16,726 rushing yards 1975 -- 1987 Receiving Johnny Morris 5,059 receiving yards 1958 -- 1967 Points Robbie Gould 1,142 points 2005 -- 2015 Coaching Wins George Halas 318 wins 1920 -- 29 , 1933 -- 1942 , 1946 -- 1955 , 1958 -- 1967 Players of note ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see List of Chicago Bears players . Current roster ( edit ) Chicago Bears roster view talk Quarterbacks 8 Mike Glennon 6 Mark Sanchez 10 Mitchell Trubisky Running backs 46 Michael Burton FB 29 Tarik Cohen 30 Benny Cunningham 24 Jordan Howard 33 Taquan Mizzell Wide receivers 15 Josh Bellamy 19 Tanner Gentry 17 Dontrelle Inman 18 Tre McBride 12 Markus Wheaton 13 Kendall Wright Tight ends 85 Daniel Brown 86 Zach Miller 87 Adam Shaheen 88 Dion Sims Offensive linemen 76 Tom Compton T 55 Hroniss Grasu C 72 Charles Leno Jr . T 75 Kyle Long G 70 Bobby Massie T 71 Josh Sitton G 79 Bradley Sowell T 65 Cody Whitehair C Defensive linemen 90 Jonathan Bullard DE 91 Eddie Goldman NT 96 Akiem Hicks DE 73 John Jenkins NT 95 Roy Robertson - Harris DE 98 Mitch Unrein DE Linebackers 93 Sam Acho OLB 94 Leonard Floyd OLB 47 Isaiah Irving OLB 52 Christian Jones ILB 44 Nick Kwiatkoski ILB 92 Pernell McPhee OLB 53 John Timu ILB 59 Danny Trevathan ILB Defensive backs 38 Adrian Amos FS 20 Prince Amukamara CB 26 Deon Bush FS 37 Bryce Callahan CB 31 Marcus Cooper CB 23 Kyle Fuller CB 36 DeAndre Houston - Carson FS 39 Eddie Jackson FS 22 Cre'Von LeBlanc CB 27 Sherrick McManis CB Special teams 4 Connor Barth K 49 Andrew DePaola LS 16 Pat O'Donnell P Reserve lists 21 Quintin Demps SS ( IR ) 50 Jerrell Freeman ILB ( Susp . ) 32 Deiondre ' Hall FS ( IR ) 64 Eric Kush C ( IR ) 81 Cameron Meredith WR ( IR ) 67 Jordan Morgan G ( IR ) 48 Patrick Scales LS ( IR ) 11 Kevin White WR ( IR ) 97 Willie Young OLB ( IR ) Practice squad 83 Mario Alford WR 58 Jonathan Anderson ILB 84 Ben Braunecker TE 68 Rashaad Coward DE 35 Doran Grant CB 60 Brandon Greene T 57 Howard Jones OLB 63 Cameron Lee G 1 Darreus Rogers WR 86 Nelson Spruce WR Rookies in italics Roster updated October 28 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 9 Inactive , 10 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of Famers ( edit ) Main article : List of Chicago Bears in the Pro Football Hall of Fame In the Pro Football Hall of Fame , the Bears have the most enshrined primary members with 27 , however the club also have had five Hall of Famers spend a minor portion of their career with the franchise . Founder , owner , head coach , and player George Halas , halfback Bronko Nagurski , and Red Grange were a part of the original class of inductees in 1963 . The franchise saw 14 individuals inducted into the Hall of Fame from 1963 -- 1967 . Defensive end Richard Dent , a member of the Super Bowl XX team is the most recent Bear inducted , a part of the Class of 2011 . Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame Retired numbers ( edit ) The Bears have retired 14 uniform numbers , which is the most in the NFL , and ranks fourth behind the basketball Boston Celtics ( 21 ) , baseball New York Yankees ( 21 ) , and hockey Montreal Canadiens ( 15 ) for the most in North American professional sports . The Bears retired Mike Ditka 's number 89 jersey on December 9 , 2013 . It is the last number that the Bears retired . Chicago Bears retired numbers view talk Bronko Nagurski FB / LB / T 1930 -- 1937 , 1943 Minnesota George McAfee RB / DB / PR 1940 -- 1941 , 1945 - 1950 Duke George Halas End / HC Owner / Founder 1920 -- 1983 Illinois Willie Galimore RB 1957 -- 1963 Florida A&M Walter Payton RB 1975 -- 1987 Jackson State Gale Sayers RB / KR 1965 -- 1971 Kansas Brian Piccolo RB / FB 1965 -- 1969 Wake Forest Sid Luckman QB / DB / P 1939 -- 1950 Columbia Dick Butkus MLB 1965 -- 1973 Illinois Bill Hewitt End 1932 -- 1936 Michigan Bill George MG / MLB 1952 -- 1965 Wake Forest Clyde Turner C / LB 1940 -- 1952 Hardin - Simmons Red Grange RB / DB 1925 , 1929 -- 1934 Illinois Mike Ditka TE 1961 -- 1966 HC 1982 -- 1992 Pittsburgh Coaching staff ( edit ) For a more in - depth look into the history of the head coaches of the Bears , see List of Chicago Bears head coaches . Chicago Bears staff Front Office Secretary of the Board of Directors -- Virginia Halas McCaskey Chairman -- George McCaskey President / CEO -- Ted Phillips General Manager -- Ryan Pace Vice President & General Counsel -- Cliff Stein Director of Player Personnel -- Josh Lucas Director of College Scouting -- Mark Sadowski Director of Pro Personnel -- Anthony Kelly Director of Football Administration -- Joseph Laine Head Coaches Head Coach -- John Fox Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Dowell Loggains Quarterbacks -- Dave Ragone Running Backs -- Curtis Modkins Wide Receivers -- Zach Azzanni Tight Ends -- Frank Smith Offensive Line -- Jeremiah Washburn Assistant Offensive Line -- Ben Wilkerson Offensive Assistant -- John Dunn Offensive Assistant -- Ben McDaniels Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Vic Fangio Defensive Line -- Jay Rodgers Inside Linebackers -- Glenn Pires Outside Linebackers -- Brandon Staley Defensive Backs -- Ed Donatell Assistant Defensive Backs -- Roy Anderson Defensive Quality Control -- Sean Desai Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Jeff Rodgers Assistant Special Teams -- Derius Swinton II Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Jason George Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Rick Perry Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Pierre Ngo → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Partnership with ' a Safe place ' ( edit ) Since 1998 , the Bears have partnered with ' A Safe Place , ' a domestic violence shelter in Waukegan , Illinois . In June 2017 , current and former Bears employees helped with renovations at the shelter by ripping up carpet , painting walls , demolishing a kitchen and building a fence . The Bears have also provided financial support throughout the years . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Highlights from the 1920s '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears Brand Book '' ( PDF ) . Chicago Bears . March 31 , 2011 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` George Halas , Jr '' . Chicago Bears Official Website . Archived from the original on 11 December 2006 . Retrieved December 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Win - Loss Records By Team '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Halas , George ; Morgan , Gwen ; Veysey , Arthur ( 1979 ) . Halas By Halas . McGraw Hill . pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears Team Encyclopedia '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears Training Camp Locations - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` 1920 Decatur Staleys '' . Independentfootball.site90.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Decatur Staleys '' . Local Website . Archived from the original on 23 February 2004 . Retrieved June 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` George Halas : Hall of Fame Member '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved May 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights from the 1920s '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Exoo , Thales ( 31 January 2007 ) . `` Ask Chicagoist : Why Are They Called the Bears ? '' . Chicagoist . Gothamist . Archived from the original on 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears Uniform History '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chicago Bears Brand '' ( PDF ) . Chicago Bears . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Brian ( September 28 , 2000 ) . `` Love - Hate Relationship : Bears - Packers Rivalry Always Bittersweet '' . Green Bay Packers . Archived from the original on 7 January 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1924 : The Third Time is Charmed '' . PFRA . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved February 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Galloping Ghost scared opponents '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Whittingham , Richard ; Ditka , Mike . The Chicago Bears : From George Halas to Super Bowl XX . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 62885 - 7 . OCLC 13795870 . Jump up ^ See 1934 NFL Championship Game for more information on how the Giants wore sneakers and defeated the Bears Jump up ^ `` General History -- Chronology ( 1940 to 1959 ) '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved January 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Sid Luckman '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Cutler sets Bears record with 138th TD pass '' . Jump up ^ the subject of the film Brian 's Song Jump up ^ `` Walter Payton 's Statistics '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved June 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Walter Payton '' . Daily Herald . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2006 . Retrieved June 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Smith passes Payton as NFL 's career rushing leader '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Ed McCaskey '' . Cook County Clerk . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved December 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Mike McCaskey '' . ChicagoBears Official Website . Archived from the original on 21 January 2007 . Retrieved December 13 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` McCaskey '' . Cranes Chicago Business . Retrieved July 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago 's Most Powerful Women '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2004 . Retrieved April 24 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Dave McGinnis '' . Bears History . Retrieved December 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Michael McCaskey '' . Cranes Chicago Business . Retrieved July 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Phillips '' . Chicago Bears.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2006 . Retrieved July 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` About the Chicago Bears '' . Vividseats.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` GameCenter : Recap -- Superbowl.com '' . Superbowl.com . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2007 . Retrieved January 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bears coach Smith , GM Angelo ink contract extensions '' . Sports.espn.go.com . March 1 , 2007 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Chicago Bears Record '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved June 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Mulligan , Mike ( April 3 , 2009 ) . `` Bears get Cutler for two first - round picks , Orton '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 4 April 2009 . Retrieved April 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Martz hired as Bears ' offensive coordinator - Chicago Breaking Sports '' . Wayback.archive.org. 2010 - 02 - 01 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears spend $100 on Free Agents -- The Way Things Should Be '' . Chicagonow.com . March 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 12 July 2010 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` George McCaskey becomes chairman '' . Chicagobears.com . May 5 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 20 August 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Bears defeat Seahawks to set up NFC Title showdown '' . chicagobears.com . Archived from the original on 19 January 2011 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bears land Marshall in trade with Miami '' . Chicagobears.com . March 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Bears picking on history '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . 2012 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Trister , Noah ( 2012 - 12 - 30 ) . `` Bears miss playoffs despite 26 -- 24 win over Lions '' . Boston.com . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( 2012 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Lovie Smith fired as Chicago Bears coach '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Biggs , Brad ; Pompei , Dan ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Marc Trestman chosen to be Bears ' new coach '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Isaacson , Melissa ( 2013 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Emery ca n't wait too long '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Brian ( 2013 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Chicago Bears announce that Brian Urlacher will not be back in 2013 '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Cutler , Marshall lead Bears over Bengals 24 -- 21 '' . Sports Illustrated . 2013 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` Chicago Bears fire Marc Trestman '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Biggs , Brad ; Campbell , Rich ; Wiederer , Dan ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Bears hire Ryan Pace as general manager '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Bears hire John Fox as head coach '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Nate ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Who reaches Super Bowl 50 ? 2015 NFL record projections for all 32 teams '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bears Minority Owners '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . Retrieved July 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Silver , Michael ( September 2 , 2009 ) . `` ' 09 owner rankings , 17 -- 32 : Dysfunctional Davis '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on 3 November 2011 . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bears rated as eighth most valuable NFL franchise '' . Chicago Tribune . Reuters. 2012 - 09 - 05 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ariens , Chris ( 2015 - 09 - 04 ) . `` In 2016 DMA Rankings , D.C. Moves Up One Spot , Tampa Up Two '' . AdWeek . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Partners '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Pepper Wins Exclusive Sponsorship Rights With Bears '' CBS Chicago `` . WBBM - TV . April 17 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears Feel at Home on WFLD - TV '' . TVWeek . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Chicago Bears Logo '' . Chicago Bears . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2005 . Retrieved August 1 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Chicago Bears Uniform -- Chicago Bears official website '' . Chicagobears.com . Archived from the original on 11 August 2010 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yahoo ! Sports `` Bears hang on against Minnesota '' Jump up ^ `` Jay Mohr : Breaking down the best and worst NFL uniforms '' . Sports Illustrated . November 9 , 2005 . Retrieved November 9 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Bears unveil new throwback uniforms '' . Chicago Breaking Sports . Archived from the original on 22 April 2010 . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Will Bears wear orange jerseys this season ? '' . Chicagobears.com. 2012 - 04 - 20 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Nike unveils brand new NFL uniforms '' . Chicagobears.com. April 3 , 2012 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears - Staley 's Page '' . Jump up ^ Taylor , Roy . `` The Honey Bears and Chicago Bears Mascots '' . Bearshistory.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Honey Bears.net '' . Chicago Honey Bears.net . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Phil ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Cubs clobber Bears in Thursday 's TV ratings '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` History is special between old rivals '' . Foxsportswisconsin.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bears shocked Pack with late free kick '' . Chicagobears.com. 2012 - 03 - 09 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` History : The First Playoff Game '' . Profootballhof.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears vs. Arizona Cardinals -- Recap -- October 16 , 2006 '' . Scores.espn.go.com. 2006 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( 2013 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Why do Bears always face Browns in finale ? '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` PRESEASON WEEK 4 '' . nfl.com. 2016 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Here are six ways to improve the NFL '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2009 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore finder : Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts vs Chicago Bears '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( 2013 - 03 - 05 ) . `` Bears crushed Packers in memorable 1980 meeting '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLI Game Recap '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( 2012 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Bears suffer defeat at the hands of 49ers '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` BRANDON MARSHALL MAKES 3 TDS VIA JAY CUTLER TO BEAT 49ERS '' . WLS - TV . Associated Press . September 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears vs. New York Giants -- Recap -- November 12 , 2006 -- ESPN '' . Scores.espn.go.com. 2006 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Game Center : Chicago Bears at New York Giants -- 2010 Week 4 '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soldier Field History '' . BearsHistory.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Flashback : Eagles fly into fog '' . NFL.com . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2004 . Retrieved September 28 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Soldier Field History '' . ChicagoBears.com . Archived from the original on 5 December 2005 . Retrieved July 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Mistake on the Lake '' . The Times of Northwest Indiana . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties , 4 / 17 / 06 through 4 / 21 / 06 '' . National Register of Historic Places Listings . Jump up ^ `` Bears History `` Bits '' `` . Bears History.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Bears Midfield Logo '' . Bears History.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` New Soldier Field Art '' . Bears History.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Brian 's Song ( 1971 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved July 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Reel Life : Brian 's Song '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Brian 's Song ( 2001 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved July 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Greatest NFL Team 's of All - Time '' . WatchMojo.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved July 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` These records were meant to be broken '' . Floridan . Retrieved January 28 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen 's Top 10 '' . Nielsen Ratings . Archived from the original on 14 June 2006 . Retrieved July 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering the Super Bowl Shuffle '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Swerski 's Super Fans '' . SNL Transcripts . Retrieved July 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` SNL Super Fans Transcripts '' . SNL Transcripts . Retrieved July 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Ditka joins CBS2 '' . WBBM - TV . Archived from the original on 14 February 2007 . Retrieved July 14 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Kicking and Screaming ( 2005 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Urlacher 's not going anywhere '' . USA Today . June 4 , 2003 . Retrieved June 3 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Stuart ( February 24 , 2004 ) . `` A Different Campaign for Nike '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 19 April 2005 . Retrieved February 24 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Video '' . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Punky Brewster '' . Retrieved September 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` YouTube Video '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2009 . 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CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Retrieved on February 28 , 2007 Jump up ^ ESPN.com , Hester 's record return pushes Bears past sleeping Giants Retrieved on March 11 , 2007 Jump up ^ ESPN.com Page 2 , The Damn ! Moment of Week 10 Retrieved on March 11 , 2007 Jump up ^ Yahoo ! Sports , Indianapolis 29 , Chicago 17 Archived 2014 - 01 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on February 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears win big , gain steam in NFC playoff race '' . National Football League . 2012 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Sean ( 2012 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Charles Tillman and Lance Briggs enter NFL history books together '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Roy Taylor . `` 2012 Chicago Bears '' . Bearshistory.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Roy Taylor . `` 2013 Chicago Bears '' . Bearshistory.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Records of Current NFL Franchises '' ( PDF ) . Pro-Football Hall of Fame . Pro-Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers by Team '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( 24 May 2013 ) . `` Bears to retire Mike Ditka 's number '' . ChicagoBears.com . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Biggs , Brad ( 2013 - 05 - 24 ) . `` Ditka 's 89 final number Bears will retire '' . Chicago Tribune . ^ Jump up to : `` Bears volunteer at ' A Safe Place ' shelter '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 26 . Sources ( edit ) Taylor , Roy ( 2004 ) . Chicago Bears History . Arcadia Publishing ( SC ) . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 3319 - X . External links ( edit ) Chicago portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicago Bears . Official website Chicago Bears at the National Football League official website Chicago Bears at ESPN.com Chicago Bears at the Chicago Tribune Chicago Bears Founded in 1919 Formerly the Decatur Staleys ( 1919 -- 20 ) and the Chicago Staleys ( 1921 ) Based in Chicago , Illinois Headquartered in Lake Forest , Illinois Franchise History Coaches Seasons Current season Records Records and statistics Franchise records All - time record versus NFL Team awards and honors Players Head coaches Pro Football Hall of Famers First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Stadiums Staley Field Wrigley Field Soldier Field Memorial Stadium Soldier Field II Lore Staley Swindle 1932 Playoff Game First NFL Championship Game `` The Sneakers Game '' 73 -- 0 15 -- 1 46 defense Super Bowl XX Fog Bowl 75th Anniversary League Team NFL All - Time Team Cardiac Kids 2006 game vs. Arizona Cardinals Monsters of the Midway T formation George S. Halas Trophy Brian Piccolo Award Culture Brian 's Song 1971 2001 `` Bear Down , Chicago Bears '' `` The Super Bowl Shuffle '' Bill Swerski 's Superfans Chuck Swirsky Staley Da Bear Logos and uniforms Halas Hall A.E. Staley Jack Brickhouse Papa Bear Da Coach Roosevelt / Wabash 85386 Payton Chicago Honey Bears Jim Cornelison Rivalries Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Retired numbers 5 7 28 34 40 41 42 51 56 61 66 77 89 Key personnel Chairman : George McCaskey President / CEO : Ted Phillips General Manager : Ryan Pace Head Coach : John Fox Division championships ( 18 ) 1933 1934 1937 1940 1941 1942 1943 1946 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 2001 2005 2006 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1956 1963 1985 2006 League championships ( 9 ) 1921 1932 1933 1940 1941 1943 1946 1963 1985 ( XX ) Media Broadcasters Radio : WBBM ( AM ) WCFS - FM ( FM simulcast of WBBM ) Personnel : Jeff Joniak ( play - by - play ) Tom Thayer ( analyst ) Zach Zaidman ( sideline reporter and radio coach 's show host ) Television : WFLD ( pre-season and most regular season games through Fox , official pre-game and post-game ) NBC Sports Chicago ( in - season team programming ) Personnel : Lou Canellis ( gameday television host , pre-season sideline reporter ) Sam Rosen ( pre-season play - by - play ) Jim Miller ( pre-season analyst ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 98 ) 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 2001 2017 Championship seasons in bold Book : Chicago Bears : Category : Chicago Bears WikiProject Chicago Bears Links to related articles National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - 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-7933063721430564230 | History of Zimbabwe | History of Zimbabwe - Wikipedia History of Zimbabwe Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2011 ) Part of a series on the History of Zimbabwe Ancient history Mapungubwe Kingdom c. 1075 -- 1220 Zimbabwe Kingdom c. 1220 -- 1450 Mutapa Kingdom c. 1450 -- 1760 Torwa dynasty c. 1450 -- 1683 White settlement pre-1923 Rozwi Empire c. 1684 -- 1834 Matabeleland 1838 -- 1894 Rudd Concession 1888 BSA Company rule 1890 -- 1923 First Matabele War 1893 -- 1894 Second Matabele War 1896 -- 1897 World War I involvement 1914 -- 1918 Colony of Southern Rhodesia 1923 -- 1980 World War II involvement 1939 -- 1945 Malayan Emergency involvement 1948 -- 1960 Federation with Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland 1953 -- 1963 Rhodesian Bush War 1964 -- 1979 Unilateral Declaration of Independence ( UDI ) 1965 Rhodesia under UDI 1965 -- 1979 Zimbabwe - Rhodesia June -- Dec 1979 Lancaster House Agreement Dec 1979 British Dependency 1979 -- 1980 Zimbabwe 1980 -- present Gukurahundi 1982 -- 1987 Second Congo War 1998 -- 2003 Zimbabwe portal Following the Lancaster House Agreement of 1979 there was a transition to internationally recognised majority rule in 1980 ; the United Kingdom ceremonially granted Zimbabwe independence on 18 April that year . In the 2000s Zimbabwe 's economy began to deteriorate due to various factors , including , the imposition of sanctions , such as among others the Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001 , following the switch from Willing Buyer , Willing Seller to Fast Track land reform and also due to intensive economic corruption . Economic instability led to a lot of Zimbabwe and move to neighbouring countries and overseas . Prior to its recognised independence as Zimbabwe in 1980 , the nation had been known by several names : Rhodesia , Southern Rhodesia and Zimbabwe Rhodesia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-Colonial era ( 1000 -- 1887 ) 2 Colonial era ( 1888 -- 1980 ) 3 Independence and the 1980s 4 1990s 4.1 The economy during the 1980s and 1990s 5 1999 to 2000 6 2002 7 2003 -- 2005 8 2006 to 2007 8.1 Deterioration of the educational system 9 2008 9.1 2008 elections 9.2 Marange diamond fields massacre 10 2009 -- present 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Pre-colonial era ( 1000 -- 1887 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pre-colonial history of Zimbabwe See also : Bantu expansion Stoneage paintings by the San located near Murewa , Zimbebwe . Prior to the arrival of Bantu speakers in present - day Zimbabwe the region was populated by ancestors of the San people who were present in the region when the first Bantu - speaking farmers arrived during the Bantu expansion around 2000 years ago . These Bantu speakers were the makers of early Iron Age pottery belonging to the Silver Leaves or Matola tradition , third to fifth centuries A.D. , found in southeast Zimbabwe . This tradition was part of the eastern stream of Bantu expansion ( sometimes called Kwale ) which originated west of the Great Lakes , spreading to the coastal regions of southeastern Kenya and north eastern Tanzania , and then southwards to Mozambique , south eastern Zimbabwe and Natal . More substantial in numbers in Zimbabwe were the makers of the Ziwa and Gokomere ceramic wares , of the fourth century A.D. Their early Iron Age ceramic tradition belonged to the highlands facies of the eastern stream , which moved inland to Malawi and Zimbabwe . Imports of beads have been found at Gokomere and Ziwa sites , possibly in return for gold exported to the coast . A later phase of the Gokomere culture was the Zhizo in southern Zimbabwe . Zhizo communities settled in the Shashe - Limpopo area in the tenth century . Their capital there was Schroda ( just across the Limpopo River from Zimbabwe ) . Many fragments of ceramic figurines have been recovered from there , figures of animals and birds , and also fertility dolls . The inhabitants produced ivory bracelets and other ivory goods . Imported beads found there and at other Zhizo sites , are evidence of trade , probably of ivory and skins , with traders on the Indian Ocean coast . Pottery belonging to a western stream of Bantu expansion ( sometimes called Kalundu ) has been found at sites in northeastern Zimbabwe , dated from the seventh century . ( The western stream originated in the same area as the eastern stream : both belong to the same style system , called by Phillipson the Chifumbadze system , which has general acceptance by archaeologists . ) The terms eastern and western streams represent the expansion of the Bantu speaking peoples in terms of their culture . Another question is the branches of the Bantu languages which they spoke . It seems that the makers of the Ziwa / Gokomere wares were not the ancestral speakers of the Shona languages of today 's Zimbabwe , who did not arrive in there until around the tenth century , from south of the Limpopo river , and whose ceramic culture belonged to the western stream . The linguist and historian Ehret believes that in view of the similarity of the Ziwa / Gokomere pottery to the Nkope of the ancestral Nyasa language speakers , the Ziwa / Gokomere people spoke a language closely related to the Nyasa group . Their language , whatever it was , was superseded by the ancestral Shona languages , although Ehret says that a set of Nyasa words occur in central Shona dialects today . The evidence that the ancestral Shona speakers came from South Africa is that the ceramic styles associated with Shona speakers in Zimbabwe from the thirteenth to the seventeenth centuries can be traced back to western stream ( Kalunndu ) pottery styles in South Africa . The Ziwa / Gokomere and Zhizo traditions were superseded by Leopards Kopje and Gumanye wares of the Kalundu tradition from the tenth century . Although the western stream Kalundu tradition was ancestral to Shona ceramic wares , the closest relationships of the ancestral Shona language according to many linguists were with a southern division of eastern Bantu -- such languages as the southeastern languages ( Nguni , Sotho - Tswana , Tsonga ) , Nyasa and Makwa . While it may well be the case that the people of the western stream spoke a language belonging to a wider Eastern Bantu division , it is a puzzle which remains to be resolved that they spoke a language most closely related to the languages just mentioned , all of which are today spoken in southeastern Africa . After the Shona speaking people moved into the present day Zimbabwe many different dialects developed over time in the different parts of the country . Among these was Kalanga . It is believed that Kalanga speaking societies first emerged in the middle Limpopo valley in the 9th century before moving on to the Zimbabwean highlands . The Zimbabwean plateau eventually became the centre of subsequent Kalanga states . The Kingdom of Mapungubwe was the first in a series of sophisticated trade states developed in Zimbabwe by the time of the first European explorers from Portugal . They traded in gold , ivory and copper for cloth and glass . From about 1250 until 1450 , Mapungubwe was eclipsed by the Kingdom of Zimbabwe . This Kalanga state further refined and expanded upon Mapungubwe 's stone architecture , which survives to this day at the ruins of the kingdom 's capital of Great Zimbabwe . From circa 1450 -- 1760 , Zimbabwe gave way to the Kingdom of Mutapa . This Kalanga state ruled much of the area that is known as Zimbabwe today , and parts of central Mozambique . It is known by many names including the Mutapa Empire , also known as Mwenemutapa was known for its gold trade routes with Arabs and the Portuguese . However , Portuguese settlers destroyed the trade and began a series of wars which left the empire in near collapse in the early 17th century . As a direct response to Portuguese aggression in the interior , a new Kalanga state emerged called the Rozwi Empire . Relying on centuries of military , political and religious development , the Rozwi ( which means `` destroyers '' ) removed the Portuguese from the Zimbabwe plateau by force of arms . The Rozwi continued the stone building traditions of the Zimbabwe and Mapungubwe kingdoms while adding guns to its arsenal and developing a professional army to protect its trade routes and conquests . Around 1821 , the Zulu general Mzilikazi of the Khumalo clan successfully rebelled from King Shaka and created his own clan , the Ndebele . The Ndebele fought their way northwards into the Transvaal , leaving a trail of destruction in their wake and beginning an era of widespread devastation known as the Mfecane . When Dutch trekboers converged on the Transvaal in 1836 , they drove the tribe even further northward . By 1838 , the Rozwi Empire , along with the other petty Shona states were conquered by the Ndebele and reduced to vassaldom . After losing their remaining South African lands in 1840 , Mzilikazi and his tribe permanently settled the southwest of present - day Zimbabwe in what became known as Matabeleland , establishing Bulawayo as their capital . Mzilikazi then organised his society into a military system with regimental kraals , similar to those of Shaka , which was stable enough to repel further Boer incursions . Mzilikazi died in 1868 and , following a violent power struggle , was succeeded by his son , Lobengula . Colonial era ( 1888 -- 1980 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Southern Rhodesia and Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland In the 1880s , the British arrived with Cecil Rhodes 's British South Africa Company . In 1898 , the name Southern Rhodesia was adopted . In 1888 , British colonialist Cecil Rhodes obtained a concession for mining rights from King Lobengula of the Ndebele peoples . Cecil Rhodes presented this concession to persuade the government of the United Kingdom to grant a royal charter to his British South Africa Company ( BSAC ) over Matabeleland , and its subject states such as Mashonaland . Rhodes sought permission to negotiate similar concessions covering all territory between the Limpopo River and Lake Tanganyika , then known as ' Zambesia ' . In accordance with the terms of aforementioned concessions and treaties , Cecil Rhodes promoted the colonisation of the region 's land , with British control over labour as well as precious metals and other mineral resources . In 1895 the BSAC adopted the name ' Rhodesia ' for the territory of Zambesia , in honour of Cecil Rhodes . In 1898 ' Southern Rhodesia ' became the official denotation for the region south of the Zambezi , which later became Zimbabwe . The region to the north was administered separately by the BSAC and later named Northern Rhodesia ( now Zambia ) . The Shona staged unsuccessful revolts ( known as Chimurenga ) against encroachment upon their lands , by clients of BSAC and Cecil Rhodes in 1896 and 1897 . Following the failed insurrections of 1896 -- 97 the Ndebele and Shona groups became subject to Rhodes 's administration thus precipitating European settlement en masse which led to land distribution disproportionately favouring Europeans , displacing the Shona , Ndebele , and other indigenous peoples . Southern Rhodesia stamp : princesses Elizabeth and Margaret on the 1947 royal tour of South Africa Southern Rhodesia became a self - governing British colony in October 1923 , subsequent to a 1922 referendum . Rhodesians served on behalf of the United Kingdom during World War II , mainly in the East African Campaign against Axis forces in Italian East Africa . In 1953 , in the face of African opposition , Britain consolidated the two colonies of Rhodesia with Nyasaland ( now Malawi ) in the ill - fated Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland which was dominated by Southern Rhodesia . Growing African nationalism and general dissent , particularly in Nyasaland , persuaded Britain to dissolve the Union in 1963 , forming three colonies . As colonial rule was ending throughout the continent and as African - majority governments assumed control in neighbouring Northern Rhodesia and in Nyasaland , the white - minority Rhodesia government led by Ian Smith made a Unilateral Declaration of Independence ( UDI ) from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965 . The United Kingdom deemed this an act of rebellion , but did not re-establish control by force . The white - minority government declared itself a `` republic '' in 1970 . A civil war ensued , with Joshua Nkomo 's ZAPU and Robert Mugabe 's ZANU using assistance from the governments of Zambia and Mozambique . Although Smith 's declaration was not recognised by the United Kingdom nor any other power , Southern Rhodesia dropped the designation ' Southern ' , and claimed nation status as the Republic of Rhodesia in 1970 although this was not recognised internationally . Independence and the 1980s ( edit ) The country gained official independence as Zimbabwe on 18 April 1980 . The government held independence celebrations in Rufaro stadium in Salisbury , the capital . Lord Christopher Soames , the last Governor of Southern Rhodesia , watched as Charles , Prince of Wales , gave a farewell salute and the Rhodesian Signal Corps played `` God Save the Queen '' . Many foreign dignitaries also attended , including Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of India , President Shehu Shagari of Nigeria , President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia , President Seretse Khama of Botswana , and Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser of Australia , representing the Commonwealth of Nations . Bob Marley sang ' Zimbabwe ' , a song he wrote , at the government 's invitation in a concert at the country 's independence festivities . President Shagari pledged $15 million at the celebration to train Zimbabweans in Zimbabwe and expatriates in Nigeria . Mugabe 's government used part of the money to buy newspaper companies owned by South Africans , increasing the government 's control over the media . The rest went to training students in Nigerian universities , government workers in the Administrative Staff College of Nigeria in Badagry , and soldiers in the Nigerian Defence Academy in Kaduna . Later that year Mugabe commissioned a report by the BBC on press freedom in Zimbabwe . The BBC issued its report on 26 June , recommending the privatisation of the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation and its independence from political interests . See also : Foreign relations of Zimbabwe Mugabe 's government changed the capital 's name from Salisbury to Harare on 18 April 1982 in celebration of the second anniversary of independence . The government renamed the main street in the capital , Jameson Avenue , in honour of Samora Machel , President of Mozambique . The new Constitution provided for a non-executive President as Head of State with a Prime Minister as Head of Government . Reverend Canaan Banana served as the first President . In government amended the Constitution in 1987 to provide for an Executive President and abolished the office of Prime Minister . The constitutional changes came into effect on 1 January 1988 with Robert Mugabe as President . The bicameral Parliament of Zimbabwe had a directly elected House of Assembly and an indirectly elected Senate , partly made up of tribal chiefs . The Constitution established two separate voters rolls , one for the black majority , who had 80 % of the seats in Parliament , and the other for whites and other ethnic minorities , such as Coloureds , people of mixed race , and Asians , who held 20 % . The government amended the Constitution in 1986 , eliminating the voter rolls and replacing the white seats with seats filled by nominated members . Many white MPs joined ZANU which then reappointed them . In 1990 the government abolished the Senate and increased the House of Assembly 's membership to include members nominated by the President . Prime Minister Mugabe kept Peter Walls , the head of the army , in his government and put him in charge of integrating the Zimbabwe People 's Revolutionary Army ( ZIPRA ) , Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army ( ZANLA ) , and the Rhodesian Army . While Western media outlets praised Mugabe 's efforts at reconciliation with the white minority , tension soon developed . On 17 March 1980 , after several unsuccessful assassination attempts Mugabe asked Walls , `` Why are your men trying to kill me ? '' Walls replied , `` If they were my men you would be dead . '' BBC news interviewed Walls on 11 August 1980 . He told the BBC that he had asked British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher to annul the 1980 election prior to the official announcement of the result on the grounds that Mugabe used intimidation to win the election . Walls said Thatcher had not replied to his request . On 12 August British government officials denied that they had not responded , saying Antony Duff , Deputy Governor of Salisbury , told Walls on 3 March that Thatcher would not annul the election . Minister of Information Nathan Shamuyarira said the government would not be `` held ransom by racial misfits '' and told `` all those Europeans who do not accept the new order to pack their bags . '' He also said the government continued to consider taking `` legal or administrative action '' against Walls . Mugabe , returning from a visit with United States President Jimmy Carter in New York City , said , `` One thing is quite clear -- we are not going to have disloyal characters in our society . '' Walls returned to Zimbabwe after the interview , telling Peter Hawthorne of Time magazine , `` To stay away at this time would have appeared like an admission of guilt . '' Mugabe drafted legislation that would exile Walls from Zimbabwe for life and Walls moved to South Africa . Ethnic divisions soon came back to the forefront of national politics . Tension between ZAPU and ZANU erupted with guerrilla activity starting again in Matabeleland in south - western Zimbabwe . Nkomo ( ZAPU ) left for exile in Britain and did not return until Mugabe guaranteed his safety . In 1982 government security officials discovered large caches of arms and ammunition on properties owned by ZAPU , accusing Nkomo and his followers of plotting to overthrow the government . Mugabe fired Nkomo and his closest aides from the cabinet . Seven MPs , members of the Rhodesian Front , left Smith 's party to sit as `` independents '' on 4 March 1982 , signifying their dissatisfaction with his policies . As a result of what they saw as persecution of Nkomo and his party , PF - ZAPU supporters , army deserters began a campaign of dissidence against the government . Centring primarily in Matabeleland , home of the Ndebeles who were at the time PF - ZAPU 's main followers , this dissidence continued through 1987 . It involved attacks on government personnel and installations , armed banditry aimed at disrupting security and economic life in the rural areas , and harassment of ZANU - PF members . Because of the unsettled security situation immediately after independence and democratic sentiments , the government kept in force a `` state of emergency '' . This gave the government widespread powers under the `` Law and Order Maintenance Act , '' including the right to detain persons without charge which it used quite widely . In 1983 to 1984 the government declared a curfew in areas of Matabeleland and sent in the army in an attempt to suppress members of the Ndebele tribe . The pacification campaign , known as the Gukuruhundi , or strong wind , resulted in at least 20,000 civilian deaths perpetrated by an elite , North Korean - trained brigade , known in Zimbabwe as the Gukurahundi . ZANU - PF increased its majority in the 1985 elections , winning 67 of the 100 seats . The majority gave Mugabe the opportunity to start making changes to the constitution , including those with regard to land restoration . Fighting did not cease until Mugabe and Nkomo reached an agreement in December 1987 whereby ZAPU became part of ZANU - PF and the government changed the constitution to make Mugabe the country 's first executive president and Nkomo one of two vice-presidents . 1990s ( edit ) Elections in March 1990 resulted in another overwhelming victory for Mugabe and his party , which won 117 of the 120 election seats . Election observers estimated voter turnout at only 54 % and found the campaign neither free nor fair , though balloting met international standards . Unsatisfied with a de facto one - party state , Mugabe called on the ZANU - PF Central Committee to support the creation of a de jure one - party state in September 1990 and lost . The government began further amending the constitution . The judiciary and human rights advocates fiercely criticised the first amendments enacted in April 1991 because they restored corporal and capital punishment and denied recourse to the courts in cases of compulsory purchase of land by the government . The general health of the civilian population also began to significantly flounder and by 1997 25 % of the population of Zimbabwe had been infected by HIV , the AIDS virus . During the 1990s students , trade unionists , and workers often demonstrated to express their discontent with the government . Students protested in 1990 against proposals for an increase in government control of universities and again in 1991 and 1992 when they clashed with police . Trade unionists and workers also criticised the government during this time . In 1992 police prevented trade unionists from holding anti-government demonstrations . In 1994 widespread industrial unrest weakened the economy . In 1996 civil servants , nurses , and junior doctors went on strike over salary issues . On 9 December 1997 a national strike paralysed the country . Mugabe was panicked by demonstrations by Zanla ex-combatants , war veterans , who had been the heart of incursions 20 years earlier in the Bush War . He agreed to pay them large gratuities and pensions , which proved to be a wholly unproductive and unbudgeted financial commitment . The discontent with the government spawned draconian government crackdowns which in turn started to destroy both the fabric of the state and of society . This in turn brought with it further discontent within the population . Thus a vicious downward spiral commenced . Although many whites had left Zimbabwe after independence , mainly for neighbouring South Africa , those who remained continued to wield disproportionate control of some sectors of the economy , especially agriculture . In the late - 1990s whites accounted for less than 1 % of the population but owned 70 % of arable land . Mugabe raised this issue of land ownership by white farmers . In a calculated move , he began forcible land redistribution , which brought the government into headlong conflict with the International Monetary Fund . Amid a severe drought in the region , the police and military were instructed not to stop the invasion of white - owned farms by the so - called ' war veterans ' and youth militia . This has led to a mass migration of White Zimbabweans out of Zimbabwe . At present almost no arable land is in the possession of white farmers ; the country has also experienced a debilitating food shortage with the exodus of its White minority , turning the `` breadbasket of Africa '' into one of Africa 's most food insecure states . The economy during the 1980s and 1990s ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of Zimbabwe The economy was run along corporatist lines with strict governmental controls on all aspects of the economy . Controls were placed on wages , prices and massive increases in government spending resulting in significant budget deficits . This experiment met with very mixed results and Zimbabwe fell further behind the first world and unemployment . Some market reforms in the 1990s were attempted . A 40 per cent devaluation of the Zimbabwean dollar was allowed to occur and price and wage controls were removed . These policies also failed at that time . Growth , employment , wages , and social service spending contracted sharply , inflation did not improve , the deficit remained well above target , and many industrial firms , notably in textiles and footwear , closed in response to increased competition and high real interest rates . The incidence of poverty in the country increased during this time . 1999 to 2000 ( edit ) See also : Land reform in Zimbabwe However , Zimbabwe began experiencing a period of considerable political and economic upheaval in 1999 . Opposition to President Mugabe and the ZANU - PF government grew considerably after the mid-1990s in part due to worsening economic and human rights conditions . The Movement for Democratic Change ( MDC ) was established in September 1999 as an opposition party founded by trade unionist Morgan Tsvangirai . The MDC 's first opportunity to test opposition to the Mugabe government came in February 2000 , when a referendum was held on a draft constitution proposed by the government . Among its elements , the new constitution would have permitted President Mugabe to seek two additional terms in office , granted government officials immunity from prosecution , and authorised government seizure of white - owned land . The referendum was handily defeated . Shortly thereafter , the government , through a loosely organised group of war veterans , some of the so - called war veterans judging from their age were not war veterans as they were too young to have fought in the chimurenga , sanctioned an aggressive land redistribution program often characterised by forced expulsion of white farmers and violence against both farmers and farm employees . Parliamentary elections held in June 2000 were marred by localised violence , and claims of electoral irregularities and government intimidation of opposition supporters . Nonetheless , the MDC succeeded in capturing 57 of 120 seats in the National Assembly . 2002 ( edit ) Presidential elections were held in March 2002 . In the months leading up to the poll , ZANU - PF , with the support of the army , security services , and especially the so - called ' war veterans ' , -- very few of whom actually fought in the Second Chimurenga against the Smith regime in the 1970s -- set about wholesale intimidation and suppression of the MDC - led opposition . Despite strong international criticism , these measures , together with organised subversion of the electoral process , ensured a Mugabe victory . The government 's behaviour drew strong criticism from the EU and the USA , which imposed limited sanctions against the leading members of the Mugabe regime . Since the 2002 election , Zimbabwe has suffered further economic difficulty and growing political chaos . 2003 -- 2005 ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) GBP 8 worth of Zimbabwean dollars in 2003 Divisions within the opposition MDC had begun to fester early in the decade , after Morgan Tsvangirai ( the president of the MDC ) was lured into a government sting operation that videotaped him talking of Mr. Mugabe 's removal from power . He was subsequently arrested and put on trial on treason charges . This crippled his control of party affairs and raised questions about his competence . It also catalysed a major split within the party . In 2004 he was acquitted , but not until after suffering serious abuse and mistreatment in prison . The opposing faction was led by Welshman Ncube who was the general secretary of the party . In mid-2004 , vigilantes loyal to Mr. Tsvangirai began attacking members who were mostly loyal to Ncube , climaxing in a September raid on the party 's Harare headquarters in which the security director was nearly thrown to his death . An internal party inquiry later established that aides to Tsvangirai had tolerated , if not endorsed , the violence . Divisive as the violence was , it was a debate over the rule of law that set off the party 's final break - up in November 2005 . These division severely weakened the opposition . In addition the government employed its own operatives to both spy on each side and to undermine each side via acts of espionage . Zimbabwean parliamentary election , 2005 were held in March 2005 in which ZANU - PF won a two - thirds majority , were again criticised by international observers as being flawed . Mugabe 's political operatives were thus able to weaken the opposition internally and the security apparatus of the state was able to destabilise it externally by using violence in anti-Mugabe strongholds to prevent citizens from voting . Some voters were ' turned away ' from polling station despite having proper identification , further guaranteeing that the government could control the results . Additionally Mugabe had started to appoint judges sympathetic to the government , making any judicial appeal futile . Mugabe was also able to appoint 30 of the members of parliament . As Senate elections approached further opposition splits occurred . Ncube 's supporters argued that the M.D.C. should field a slate of candidates ; Tsvangirai 's argued for a boycott . When party leaders voted on the issue , Ncube 's side narrowly won , but Mr. Tsvangirai declared that as president of the party he was not bound by the majority 's decision . Again the opposition was weakened . As a result , the elections for a new Senate in November 2005 were largely boycotted by the opposition . Mugabe 's party won 24 of the 31 constituencies where elections were held amid low voter turnout . Again , evidence surfaced of voter intimidation and fraud . In May 2005 the government began Operation Murambatsvina . It was officially billed to rid urban areas of illegal structures , illegal business enterprises , and criminal activities . In practice its purpose was to punish political opponents . The UN estimates 700,000 people have been left without jobs or homes as a result . Families and traders , especially at the beginning of the operation , were often given no notice before police destroyed their homes and businesses . Others were able to salvage some possessions and building materials but often had nowhere to go , despite the government 's statement that people should be returning to their rural homes . Thousands of families were left unprotected in the open in the middle of Zimbabwe 's winter . , . The government interfered with non-governmental organisation ( NGO ) efforts to provide emergency assistance to the displaced in many instances . Some families were removed to transit camps , where they had no shelter or cooking facilities and minimal food , supplies , and sanitary facilities . The operation continued into July 2005 , when the government began a program to provide housing for the newly displaced . Human Rights Watch said the evictions had disrupted treatment for people with HIV / Aids in a country where 3,000 die from the disease each week and about 1.3 million children have been orphaned . The operation was `` the latest manifestation of a massive human rights problem that has been going on for years '' , said Amnesty International . As of September 2006 , housing construction fell far short of demand , and there were reports that beneficiaries were mostly civil servants and ruling party loyalists , not those displaced . The government campaign of forced evictions continued in 2006 , albeit on a lesser scale . In September 2005 Mugabe signed constitutional amendments that reinstituted a national senate ( abolished in 1987 ) and that nationalised all land . This converted all ownership rights into leases . The amendments also ended the right of landowners to challenge government expropriation of land in the courts and marked the end of any hope of returning any land that had been hitherto grabbed by armed land invasions . Elections for the senate in November resulted in a victory for the government . The MDC split over whether to field candidates and partially boycotted the vote . In addition to low turnout there was widespread government intimidation . The split in the MDC hardened into factions , each of which claimed control of the party . The early months of 2006 were marked by food shortages and mass hunger . The sheer extremity of the siltation was revealed by the fact that in the courts , state witnesses said they were too weak from hunger to testify . 2006 to 2007 ( edit ) In August 2006 runaway inflation forced the government to replace its existing currency with a revalued one . In December 2006 , ZANU - PF proposed the `` harmonisation '' of the parliamentary and presidential election schedules in 2010 ; the move was seen by the opposition as an excuse to extend Mugabe 's term as president until 2010 . Morgan Tsvangirai was badly beaten on 12 March 2007 after being arrested and held at Machipisa Police Station in the Highfield suburb of Harare . The event garnered an international outcry and was considered particularly brutal and extreme , even considering the reputation of Mugabe 's government . `` We are very concerned by reports of continuing brutal attacks on opposition activists in Zimbabwe and call on the government to stop all acts of violence and intimidation against opposition activists , '' said Kolawole Olaniyan , Director of Amnesty International 's Africa Programme . The economy has shrunk by 50 % from 2000 to 2007 . In September 2007 the inflation rate was put at almost 8,000 % , the world 's highest . There are frequent power and water outages . Harare 's drinking water became unreliable in 2006 and as a consequence dysentery and cholera swept the city in December 2006 and January 2007 . Unemployment in formal jobs is running at a record 80 % . There is widespread famine , which has been cynically manipulated by the government so that opposition strongholds suffer the most . Most recently , supplies of bread have dried up , after a poor wheat harvest , and the closure of all bakeries . The country used to be one of Africa 's richest and is now one of its poorest . Many observers now view the country as a ' failed state ' . The settlement of the Second Congo War brought back Zimbabwe 's substantial military commitment , although some troops remain to secure the mining assets under their control . The government lacks the resources or machinery to deal with the ravages of the HIV / AIDS pandemic , which affects 25 % of the population . With all this and the forced and violent removal of white farmers in a brutal land redistribution program , Mugabe has earned himself widespread scorn from the international arena . The regime has managed to cling to power by creating wealthy enclaves for government ministers , and senior party members . For example , Borrowdale Brook , a suburb of Harare is an oasis of wealth and privilege . It features mansions , manicured lawns , full shops with fully stocked shelves containing an abundance of fruit and vegetables , big cars and a golf club give is the home to President Mugabe 's out - of - town retreat . Zimbabwe 's bakeries shut down in October 2007 and supermarkets warned that they would have no bread for the foreseeable future due to collapse in wheat production after the seizure of white - owned farms . The ministry of agriculture has also blamed power shortages for the wheat shortfall , saying that electricity cuts have affected irrigation and halved crop yields per acre . The power shortages are because Zimbabwe relies on Mozambique for some of its electricity and that due to an unpaid bill of $35 million Mozambique had reduced the amount of electrical power it supplies . On 4 December 2007 , The United States imposed travel sanctions against 38 people with ties to President Mugabe because they `` played a central role in the regime 's escalated human rights abuses . '' On 8 December 2007 , Mugabe attended a meeting of EU and African leaders in Lisbon , prompting UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown to decline to attend . While German chancellor Angela Merkel criticised Mugabe with her public comments , the leaders of other African countries offered him statements of support . Deterioration of the educational system ( edit ) The educational system in Zimbabwe which was once regarded as among the best in Africa , has gone into crisis because of the country 's economic meltdown . Almost a quarter of the teachers have quit the country , absenteeism is high , buildings are crumbling and standards plummeting . One foreign reporter witnessed hundreds of children at Hatcliffe Extension Primary School in Epworth , 12 miles west of Harare , writing in the dust on the floor because they had no exercise books or pencils . The high school exam system unravelled in 2007 . Examiners refused to mark examination papers when they were offered just Z $79 a paper , enough to buy three small candies . Corruption has crept into the system and may explain why in January 2007 thousands of pupils received no marks for subjects they had entered , while others were deemed `` excellent '' in subjects they had not sat . Various disused offices and storerooms have been turned into makeshift brothels at the University of Zimbabwe in Harare by students and staff who have turned to prostitution to make ends meet . Students are destitute following the institution 's refusal in July to re-open their halls of residence , effectively banning students from staying on campus . Student leaders believe this was part of the administration 's plan to take revenge on them for their demonstrations over deteriorating standards . 2008 ( edit ) 2008 elections ( edit ) Main articles : Zimbabwean presidential election , 2008 and 2008 -- 2009 Zimbabwean political negotiations Zimbabwe held a presidential election along with a 2008 parliamentary election of 29 March . The three major candidates were incumbent President Robert Mugabe of the Zimbabwe African National Union -- Patriotic Front ( ZANU - PF ) , Morgan Tsvangirai of the Movement for Democratic Change -- Tsvangirai ( MDC - T ) , and Simba Makoni , an independent . As no candidate received an outright majority in the first round , a second round was held on 27 June 2008 between Tsvangirai ( with 47.9 % of the first round vote ) and Mugabe ( 43.2 % ) . Tsvangirai withdrew from the second round a week before it was scheduled to take place , citing violence against his party 's supporters . The second round went ahead , despite widespread criticism , and led to victory for Mugabe . Because of Zimbabwe 's dire economic situation the election was expected to provide President Mugabe with his toughest electoral challenge to date . Mugabe 's opponents were critical of the handling of the electoral process , and the government was accused of planning to rig the election ; Human Rights Watch said that the election was likely to be `` deeply flawed '' . After the first round , but before the counting was completed , Jose Marcos Barrica , the head of the Southern African Development Community observer mission , described the election as `` a peaceful and credible expression of the will of the people of Zimbabwe . '' No official results were announced for more than a month after the first round . The failure to release results was strongly criticised by the MDC , which unsuccessfully sought an order from the High Court to force their release . An independent projection placed Tsvangirai in the lead , but without the majority needed to avoid a second round . The MDC declared that Tsvangirai won a narrow majority in the first round and initially refused to participate in any second round . ZANU - PF has said that Mugabe will participate in a second round ; the party alleged that some electoral officials , in connection with the MDC , fraudulently reduced Mugabe 's score , and as a result a recount was conducted . After the recount and the verification of the results , the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission ( ZEC ) announced on 2 May that Tsvangirai won 47.9 % and Mugabe won 43.2 % , thereby necessitating a run - off , which was to be held on 27 June 2008 . Despite Tsvangirai 's continuing claims to have won a first round majority , he refused to participate in the second round . The period following the first round was marked by serious political violence caused by ZANU - PF . ZANU - PF blamed the MDC supporters for perpetrating this violence ; Western governments and prominent Western organisations have blamed ZANU - PF for the violence which seems very likely to be true . On 22 June 2008 , Tsvangirai announced that he was withdrawing from the run - off , describing it as a `` violent sham '' and saying that his supporters risked being killed if they voted for him . The second round nevertheless went ahead as planned with Mugabe as the only actively participating candidate , although Tsvangirai 's name remained on the ballot . Mugabe won the second round by an overwhelming margin and was sworn in for another term as President on 29 June . The international reaction to the second round have varied . The United States and states of the European Union have called for increased sanctions . On 11 July , the United Nations Security Council voted to impose sanctions on the Zimbabwe ; Russia and China vetoed . The African Union has called for a `` government of national unity . '' Preliminary talks to set up conditions for official negotiations began between leading negotiators from both parties on 10 July , and on 22 July , the three party leaders met for the first time in Harare to express their support for a negotiated settlement of disputes arising out of the presidential and parliamentary elections . Negotiations between the parties officially began on 25 July and are currently proceeding with very few details released from the negotiation teams in Pretoria , as coverage by the media is barred from the premises where the negotiations are taking place . The talks were mediated by South African President Thabo Mbeki . On 15 September 2008 , the leaders of the 14 - member Southern African Development Community witnessed the signing of the power - sharing agreement , brokered by South African leader Thabo Mbeki . With symbolic handshake and warm smiles at the Rainbow Towers hotel , in Harare , Mugabe and Tsvangirai signed the deal to end the violent political crisis . As provided , Robert Mugabe will remain president , Morgan Tsvangirai will become prime minister , ZANU - PF and the MDC will share control of the police , Mugabe 's Zanu ( PF ) will command the Army , and Arthur Mutambara becomes deputy prime minister . Marange diamond fields massacre ( edit ) In November 2008 the Air Force of Zimbabwe was sent , after some police officers began refusing orders to shoot the illegal miners at Marange diamond fields . Up to 150 of the estimated 30,000 illegal miners were shot from helicopter gunships . In 2008 some Zimbabwean lawyers and opposition politicians from Mutare claimed that Shiri was the prime mover behind the military assaults on illegal diggers in the diamond mines in the east of Zimbabwe . Estimates of the death toll by mid-December range from 83 reported by the Mutare City Council , based on a request for burial ground , to 140 estimated by the ( then ) opposition Movement for Democratic Change - Tsvangirai party . 2009 -- present ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : US says Zimbabwe government has `` a long way to go '' before sanctions are lifted In January 2009 , Morgan Tsvangirai announced that he would do as the leaders across Africa had insisted and join a coalition government as prime minister with his nemesis , President Robert Mugabe . On 11 February 2009 Tsvangirai was sworn in as the Prime Minister of Zimbabwe . By 2009 inflation had peaked at 500 billion % per year under the Mugabe government and the Zimbabwe currency was worthless . The opposition shared power with the Mugabe regime between 2009 and 2013 , Zimbabwe switched to using the US dollar as currency and the economy improved reaching a growth rate of 10 % per year . In 2013 the Mugabe government won an election which The Economist described as `` rigged , '' doubled the size of the civil service and embarked on `` ... misrule and dazzling corruption . '' By 2016 the economy had collapsed , nationwide protests took place throughout the country and the finance minister admitted `` Right now we literally have nothing . '' See also ( edit ) Economic history of Zimbabwe Education in Zimbabwe Governor of Southern Rhodesia History of Africa History of Southern Africa Land reform in Zimbabwe List of presidents of Zimbabwe Politics of Zimbabwe President of Rhodesia Prime Minister of Rhodesia Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Bulawayo history and timeline Harare history and timeline Years in Zimbabwe References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pre-colonial history of SA '' . South African History Online . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Huffman , T.N. ( 2007 ) . Handbook to the Iron Age . University of KwaZulu - Natal Press . p. 123 . Jump up ^ Phillipson , D.W. ( 1985 ) . `` An Archaeological Reconsideration of Bantu Expansion '' . Muntu. 2 : 69 -- 84 . ^ Jump up to : Huffman . Handbook to the Iron Age . Jump up ^ Phillipson , D.W. ( 1995 ) . African Archaeology 3rd ed . Cambridge . pp. 250 ff . Jump up ^ Phillipson , D.W. `` An Archaeological Reconsideration of Bantu Expansion '' : 77 -- 8 . Jump up ^ P. Mitchell ; G. Whitelaw ( 2005 ) . `` The Archaeology of Southernmost Africa from c. 2000 bp to the Early 1800s : a Review of Recent Research '' . Journal of African History . 46 : 209 -- 241 . doi : 10.1017 / s0021853705000770 . Jump up ^ Phillipson , D.W. ( 1989 ) . Bantu - Speaking People in Southern Africa ' in Obenga ( ed ) , Les Peuples Bantu . Paris . p. 156 . Jump up ^ Mapungubwe : A Living Legacy . Mapungubwe Institute for Strategic Reflection. 2011 . Jump up ^ Phillipson ( 1989 ) . Bantu - Speaking People in Southern Africa . p. 156 . Jump up ^ Phillipson , 1985 . `` An Archaeological Reconsideration of Bantu Expansion '' : 69 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Ehret , C. ( 2001 ) . An African Classical Age . University Press of Virginia . p. 239 . Jump up ^ Huffman ( 2007 ) . Handbook to the Iron Age . Jump up ^ Ehret . An African Classical Age . Jump up ^ Bastin Y , Coupez A , Mann M ( 1999 ) . `` Continuity and divergence in the Bantu languages : perspectives from a lexicostatistic study '' . Annales , Sciences humaines. 162 : 315 -- 317 ( the S languages ) . Jump up ^ Guthrie , M. ( 1967 -- 71 ) . Comparative Bantu : an introduction to the comparative linguistics and prehistory of the Bantu languages . Gregg International . Jump up ^ K. Rexová ; Y . Bastin ; D. Frynta ( 2006 ) . `` Cladistic analysis of Bantu Languages '' . Naturwissenschaften. 93 : 189 -- 194 . PMID 16514514 . doi : 10.1007 / s00114 - 006 - 0088 - z . Jump up ^ Holden , C.J. ( 2002 ) . `` Bantu language trees reflect the spread of farming across sub - Saharan Africa , '' . Proc. R. Soc . Lond : 793 -- 799 . Jump up ^ Hall , Martin ; Stephen W. Silliman ( 2005 ) . Historical Archaeology . Wiley Blackwell . pp. 241 -- 244 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0751 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` So Who Was Shaka Zulu - Really ? '' . The Odyssey . Retrieved 14 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Hensman , Howard . Cecil Rhodes : A Study of a Career . p. 106 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Neil . A New History of Southern Africa , Second Edition , 1993 . London : Macmillan . pp. 178 -- 181 . Jump up ^ Bryce , James . Impressions of South Africa . p. 170 . Jump up ^ `` '' A Country in Search of a Name . '' The Northern Rhodesia Journal III ( 1 ) ( 1956 ) . p. 78. `` . Gray , J.A. ( 1956 ) . Retrieved 14 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Parsons ( 1993 ) . p. 292 . Jump up ^ Judd , Denis . Empire : The British Imperial Experience from 1765 to the Present . p. 372 . 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Southern African Political History : A chronological of key political events from independence to mid-1997 , 1999 . Page 711 - 712 . Jump up ^ Zanu - PF 's Walls ' manhunt ' backfires Archived 30 November 2003 at the Wayback Machine . Dispatch Jump up ^ A soldier faces his critics TIME magazine and CNN Jump up ^ `` HISTORY OF ZIMBABWE '' . History World . 4 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` From Corporatism to Liberalization in Zimbabwe : Economic Policy Regimes and Political Crisis , 1980 -- 97 '' . International Political Science Review . 26 ( 1 ) . 2005 . pp. 91 -- 106 . Jump up ^ `` REPORT : Policing the State -- an evaluation of 1,981 political arrests in Zimbabwe : 2000 -- 2005 '' . zimonline.co.za. 15 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Wines , Michael ( 9 May 2007 ) . `` Opposition Splits While Zimbabwe Slips '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Sturcke , James ( 1 April 2005 ) . `` Mugabe 's party wins Zimbabwe election '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Wines , Michael ( 9 May 2007 ) . `` Opposition Splits While Zimbabwe Slips '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Background Note : Zimbabwe '' . United States Department of State . Jump up ^ Tisdall , Simon ( 8 November 2005 ) . `` Zimbabwe surrounded by sound and fury , but little action '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Meldrum , Andrew ( 29 September 2005 ) . `` Zimbabwe 's economic crisis drives it back into steam age '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe : End harassment , torture and intimidation of opposition activists '' ( PDF ) . Amnesty International . 28 March 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe inflation ' incalculable ' '' . London : BBC News . 27 November 2007 . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Meldrum , Andrew ( 10 May 2007 ) . `` Zimbabweans face power cuts for up to 20 hours a day '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Wines , Michael ( 2 May 2007 ) . `` How Bad Is Inflation in Zimbabwe ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Corn Up Nearly 700 Percent in Zimbabwe '' . The Washington Post . 1 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ McGreal , Chris ( 1 October 2007 ) . `` Zimbabwe runs out of bread '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe : Column -- Mary Revesai '' . All Africa . 7 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Trip to Africa enlightens '' . Contra Costa Times . 16 April 2007 . Jump up ^ McVeigh , Tracy ( 22 April 2007 ) . `` Now Zimbabwe can see end of the road for its ' brutal old man ' '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Evans , Ian ( 7 December 2007 ) . `` President leaves behind a people left paralysed by their poverty '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on 9 January 2008 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ McGreal , Chris ( 2 October 2007 ) . `` Bakeries close their doors as collapse in wheat production adds to crisis '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US Imposes Sanctions on 39 Zimbabweans '' . The Washington Post . 4 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Castle , Stephen ( 9 December 2007 ) . `` Mugabe 's Presence Hijacks European - African Meeting '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Stephen ( 18 November 2007 ) . `` Thousands of teachers abandon Zimbabwe '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe : Education -- 30 Years Backwards And Still Declining '' . All Africa . 2 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe 's opposition party claims early election lead '' , Associated Press ( International Herald Tribune ) , 30 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe presidential candidates confirmed '' Archived 26 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , AFP , 15 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mugabe accused of election - rigging plan '' , CNN , 23 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald Dzirutwe , `` Zim heads for run - off '' , Reuters ( IOL ) , 2 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe opposition rejects run - off '' Archived 13 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Al Jazeera , 10 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Runoff OK , says Zimbabwe ruling party '' . CNN . 4 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2008 . Retrieved 4 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zim run - off set for June 27 '' , Sapa - Associated Press ( IOL ) , 16 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe MDC never accepted run - off vote '' Archived 10 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Al Jazeera , 10 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tsvangirai to run in second round '' , BBC News , 10 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 12 ' violent ' MDC supporters held : Africa : Zimbabwe : News24 '' . Retrieved 23 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Tendai Maphosa . `` VOA News -- Zimbabwe Sets Date for Runoff Amid Increasing Violence '' . Retrieved 23 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Daily Mail Reporter ( 21 May 2008 ) . `` Mugabe tells Zimbabwe opposition : You are to blame for political violence after branding MDC ' evil ' '' . Mail Online . London . Retrieved 23 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Angus Shaw , `` Zimbabwe opposition leader pulling out of election '' , Associated Press , 22 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UN impasse irks Zimbabwe opposition '' , Al Jazeera , 28 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mugabe begins new term as criticism of one - man election mounts '' Archived 3 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , AFP , 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe : President Mugabe Wins Run - Off , Sworn in '' , The Zimbabwe Guardian ( allAfrica.com ) , 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` President Sworn in , Appeals for Unity '' , The Herald ( allAfrica.com ) , 30 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UN move against Zimbabwe blocked '' , Al Jazeera , 28 June 2008 . Jump up ^ MACFARQUHAR , NEIL ( 14 May 1999 ) . `` 2 Vetoes Quash U.N. Sanctions on Zimbabwe '' . New York Times . Retrieved 12 July 2008 . Jump up ^ United Nations Security Council Verbotim Report 5933 . S / PV / 5933 page 7 . 11 July 2008 . Retrieved 14 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` African call for Zimbabwe unity '' . London : BBC News . 1 July 2008 . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rivals sign Zimbabwe power - share deal '' . Edition.cnn.com. 16 September 2008 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ timesonline.co.uk , Power - sharing deal signed in Zimbabwe Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe power - sharing deal signed '' . MSNBC. 15 September 2008 . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Government looking for land for mass burial , after killing 78 miners '' . SW Radio Africa via ZWnews. 11 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2010 . Retrieved 12 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe meets diamond trade standards '' , IRIN , 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ McGreal , Chris ( 11 December 2008 ) . `` Bodies pile up as Mugabe wages war on diamond miners '' . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 10 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Robyn ( 4 December 2008 ) . `` Zimbabwe 's deadly diamond fever '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 12 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Dugger , Celia W. ( 31 January 2009 ) . `` Opposition Party to Join Zimbabwe 's Government - NYTimes.com '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tsvangirai sworn in Zimbabwe PM '' . BBC News . London : BBC . 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 11 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe PM and wife ' in crash ' '' . London : BBC News . 6 March 2009 . Retrieved 6 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe PM wife dies '' . Zimbabwe Metro News . 6 March 2009 . Retrieved 6 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bailing out bandits '' . The Economist. 420 ( 8997 ) . 2016 - 07 - 09 . pp. 43 -- 44 . ISSN 0013 - 0613 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe ' shut down ' over economic collapse '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Bourne , Richard . Catastrophe : What Went Wrong in Zimbabwe ? ( Zed Books 2011 ) . ISBN 978 - 1848135215 Davoodi , Schoresch & Sow , Adama : Democracy and Peace in Zimbabwe in : EPU Research Papers : Issue 12 / 08 , Stadtschlaining 2008 Maguwu , Farai : Land Reform , Famine and Environmental Degradation in Zimbabwe in : EPU Research Papers : Issue 06 / 07 , Stadtschlaining 2007 Raftopoulos , Brian & Alois Mlambo , Eds . Becoming Zimbabwe . A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008 ( Weaver Press , 2009 ) . ISBN 978 - 1779220837 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Zimbabwe . Background Note : Zimbabwe Monomotapa Years in Zimbabwe 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 Rhodesia 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Southern Rhodesia 1960 1961 1962 1963 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 The Conquests 1920s 1910s 1900s Pre-1900s Zimbabwe articles 1890 -- 1923 : Company rule ; 1923 -- 80 : Southern Rhodesia ; 1953 -- 63 : Federation ; 1965 -- 79 : Rhodesia under UDI ; 1979 : Zimbabwe Rhodesia under UDI ; 1980 -- present : Zimbabwe History Chronology Pre-colonial Rudd Concession Company rule Pioneer Column First Matabele War Shangani Patrol Second Matabele War Second Boer War First World War Southern Rhodesia colonial history Second World War Rhodesia -- Nyasaland federation Malayan Emergency involvement Unilateral Declaration of Independence Rhodesia Bush War 1975 Victoria Falls Conference 1976 Geneva Conference Internal Settlement Zimbabwe Rhodesia Lancaster House Agreement Gukurahundi 2008 -- 2009 cholera outbreak 2016 -- 17 protests By topic Constitutional Cricket ( to 1992 ) Cricket ( 1992 -- 2006 ) Cricket crisis ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Military Geography Chimanimani District Cities and towns Districts Great Zimbabwe Place name renaming Provinces Rivers Limpopo Zambezi Wards ( municipalities ) Wildlife Politics Elections Electoral Commission Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Land reform Military Parliament Senate House of Assembly Political parties Presidents Vice-President Prime Minister 2007 political crisis Economy Central bank Dollar ( suspended currency ) Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Culture Art Media Music Public holidays Sex work Demographics Ethnic groups ( diaspora ) Black Hungwe Kunda Lemba Manyika Ndebele Rusape Jews Shona Tokaleya Tonga White Afrikaners British Greeks Jews `` Rhodies '' Others Coloureds ( Goffals ) Indians Languages Afrikaans English ( South African ) Shona Sindebele Symbols Animal Anthem Coat of arms Emblem Flag Flower Outline Index Book Portal History of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / ( see also plazas de soberanía ) ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Zimbabwe&oldid=803752018 '' Categories : History of Zimbabwe Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from June 2017 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2011 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Articles needing additional references from May 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français Ido Italiano Kiswahili Lietuvių Македонски Português Русский Українська Vèneto Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 11 : 50 . 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-7129802663159609269 | Pretty Fly (For a White Guy) | Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) - wikipedia Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' Single by The Offspring from the album Americana B - side `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) ( The Geek Mix ) '' Released November 9 , 1998 Format Vinyl cassette CD Recorded 1998 Genre Punk rock Length 3 : 07 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Dexter Holland Producer ( s ) Dave Jerden The Offspring singles chronology `` I Choose '' ( 1997 ) `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( 1998 ) `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' ( 1999 ) `` I Choose '' ( 1997 ) `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( 1998 ) `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' ( 1999 ) Music video `` Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) '' on YouTube `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' is a song by American rock band The Offspring . It is the fourth track from their fifth studio album Americana ( 1998 ) and was released as the first single from the album . It achieved significant pop and rock and alternative radio play and popularity , peaking at number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100 , number 5 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks , and number 3 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart . The song reached the charts in over 15 countries and topped the charts in nine of these , including Australia , where it went four times platinum , and the United Kingdom , making it one of the most commercially successful singles released by the band . The song is a mocking portrayal of a white man who likes to act like an African - American stereotype . The song appears as the seventh track on their Greatest Hits ( 2005 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and lyrics 2 Track listing 2.1 Cassette single and 7 '' black vinyl 2.2 Initial pressing 2.3 Australia CD Maxi 2.4 Italy 12 '' black vinyl 2.5 Promo 12 '' black vinyl 2.6 Promo CD 3 Music video 3.1 DVD appearances 4 Rock Band and Guitar Hero 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Certifications 7 Antecedents and descendants 8 References 9 External links Composition and lyrics ( edit ) Beginning with a sample of the pseudo-German nonsense phrase `` Gunter glieben glauchen globen '' from Def Leppard 's song `` Rock of Ages , '' chanted as a replacement for the traditional `` 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 '' to start the recording , the song ridicules a `` wannabe gangsta '' who is immersed in hip - hop culture not because he truly loves or understands it , but because it is trendy , makes him feel tough ( `` friends say he 's tryin ' too hard , and he 's not quite hip / but in his own mind , he 's the , he 's the dopest trip '' ) , and because he believes it attracts women ( `` and all the girlies say I 'm pretty fly , for a white guy '' ) . As summed up by Dexter Holland , the people described in the lyrics `` are from , like , Omaha , Nebraska , regular white - bread boys , but who act like they 're from Compton . The song was the genesis of the metal / post-avant - garde movement with its early tendencies in the genre - defining the late 90 's early 00 's . It 's so fake and obvious that they 're trying to have an identity . '' Holland detailed that he meets many teenagers like those in his native Orange County , `` going to the mall , where they buy FUBU , Tommy Hilfiger , and Ice Cube 's latest record . '' Given rap culture is the starting point , Holland clarified that it was not an attack on African - Americans , but `` poseurs of any kind '' , but without wanting `` to be preachy about it ... We 're getting amusement out of it more than anything else . '' Track listing ( edit ) Cassette single and 7 '' black vinyl ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' 3 : 08 2 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Geek mix ) 3 : 01 Initial pressing ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' 3 : 08 2 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Geek mix ) 3 : 07 3 . `` All I Want '' ( Live ) 2 : 02 4 . `` Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) '' ( Spanish version ) 3 : 08 Australia CD Maxi ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' 3 : 08 2 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Geek mix ) 3 : 07 3 . `` No Brakes '' 2 : 06 Italy 12 '' black vinyl ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' 3 : 08 2 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Geek Mix ) 3 : 07 3 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Baka Boys remix ) 3 : 01 4 . `` All I Want '' ( Live ) 2 : 02 Promo 12 '' black vinyl ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Baka Boys Low Rider remix ) 2 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Baka Boys remix ) 3 : 01 3 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( Dust Bros Space Echo remix ) 4 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( Dust Bros Dust mix ) Promo CD ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( album version ) 3 : 11 2 . `` Callout Hook # 1 '' 0 : 10 3 . `` Callout Hook # 2 '' 0 : 05 Music video ( edit ) In the video , directed by McG , the video begins with the `` white guy '' singing the opening lines and with Offspring guitarist Noodles walking on the pavement with his guitar , playing the introductory riff . The `` white guy '' drives through town in his lowrider and tries to act cool in front of people , playing with his car 's hydraulic system and interrupting a break dance session to dance himself . He is then carried by girls watching it to a pool party and thrown into the pool . He jumps out of the pool only to find a bunch of bikini clad dancers in front of him . These scenes are cut by the band 's playing . The video ends with the `` white guy '' returning home and accidentally scaring his little sister , wearing a fairy costume , because of his dishevelled appearance . According to Dexter Holland , the band wanted Seth Green to play the `` white guy '' , but he was unavailable . After seeing an audition tape with `` five unknowns '' , they settled on Guy Cohen , who went on to cameo in the `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' video and occasionally appear at Offspring concerts . In Offspring 's VEVO channel on YouTube , the video fades out as the song ends , cutting off the final scene . DVD appearances ( edit ) The music video also appears on the Complete Music Video Collection DVD . It was released in 2005 . The DVD also contains a storyboard version of the video ( in which the storyboard plays over top of the music video . ) Rock band and Guitar Hero ( edit ) The song was released as downloadable content for the video game Rock Band . The song was released in the first `` Offspring pack '' which was released on October 7 , 2008 along with `` Gone Away '' and `` Self Esteem '' . The song was released on the Guitar Hero : Van Halen spinoff track list on December 22 , 2009 . It was later made available as downloadable content for Guitar Hero Live , containing the music video . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 -- 99 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( RPM ) 5 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 10 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece ( IFPI ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Japan ( Oricon ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( OLiS ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 53 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 5 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 13 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 31 US Top 40 Tracks ( Billboard ) 36 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 93 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 18 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 16 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 25,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Diamond 100,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 2 × Platinum 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Antecedents and descendants ( edit ) The song was parodied by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic ( with Tress MacNeille and Mary Kay Bergman ) as `` Pretty Fly for a Rabbi '' on his 1999 album Running with Scissors . Other parodies have been made , such as `` Pretty Fly for a Jedi '' by comedy music group The Axis of Awesome , `` Pretty Fly for a Draenei '' and others . They are frequently and incorrectly attributed to `` Weird Al '' Yankovic on file sharing networks . The song is available as a marching band arrangement . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Offspring , The -- Pretty Fly ( For A White Guy ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . Rate Your Music . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 629 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ LLC , SPIN Media ( 1 December 1998 ) . `` SPIN '' . SPIN Media LLC -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Dexter Holland 's Americana Tour ^ Jump up to : LLC , SPIN Media ( 1 March 1999 ) . `` SPIN '' . SPIN Media LLC -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ CROMELIN , RICHARD ( 31 January 1999 ) . `` How to Survive in Suburbia '' -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Billboard - Google Books . Books.google.ca ( 1999 - 02 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring : Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- The Offspring Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Greece '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Polish Singles Chart '' . Lp3.polskieradio.pl . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 70 , No. 8 , December 13 , 1999 '' . RPM . December 13 , 1999 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss year - end chart '' . swisscharts.com. 1999 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2012 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1999 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- The Offspring '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Enter The Offspring in the field Interpret . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop 50 Singles Vlaanderen 1999 '' . Ultratop Belgien Charts . ultratop.be . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- The Offspring '' . Music Canada . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- OFFSPRING -- PRETTY FLY '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' Pretty Fly ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norsk platebransje Trofeer 1993 -- 2011 '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sverige . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Note : Search for `` Offspring '' and press `` Sök '' to see the search results . Select `` PRETTY FLY ( FOR A WHITE GUY ) '' and press `` VISA '' to see various charting positions and certification awards . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Offspring -- PRETTY FLY ( FOR A WHITE GUY ) '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Enter PRETTY FLY ( FOR A WHITE GUY ) in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . ActiveMusician.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` A Little Bit More '' by 911 UK Singles Chart number - one single January 24 , 1999 - January 30 , 1999 Succeeded by `` You Do n't Know Me '' by Armand Van Helden featuring Duane Harden Preceded by No Aphrodisiac by The Whitlams Triple J Hottest 100 Winner 1998 Succeeded by These Days by Powderfinger ( hide ) The Offspring Dexter Holland Greg K . Noodles Pete Parada Jim Benton Doug Thompson Marcus Parrish James Lilja Ron Welty Atom Willard Studio albums The Offspring Ignition Smash Ixnay on the Hombre Americana Conspiracy of One Splinter Rise and Fall , Rage and Grace Days Go By Compilations Collection Greatest Hits Happy Hour ! EPs Baghdad They Were Born to Kill Club Me A Piece of Americana Summer Nationals Demos 6 songs cassette Tehran Singles `` I 'll Be Waiting '' `` Come Out and Play '' `` Self Esteem '' `` Gotta Get Away '' `` Smash It Up '' `` All I Want '' `` Gone Away '' `` The Meaning of Life '' `` I Choose '' `` Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) '' `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' `` The Kids Are n't Alright '' `` She 's Got Issues '' `` Original Prankster '' `` Want You Bad '' `` Million Miles Away '' `` Defy You '' `` Hit That '' `` ( Ca n't Get My ) Head Around You '' `` Spare Me the Details '' `` Ca n't Repeat '' `` Hammerhead '' `` You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' `` Kristy , Are You Doing Okay ? '' `` Half - Truism '' `` Days Go By '' `` Cruising California ( Bumpin ' in My Trunk ) '' `` Turning Into You '' `` Coming for You '' Video albums Americana Huck It Complete Music Video Collection Tours Warped Tour 2005 Smash : 20th Anniversary Tour World Tour 2016 World Tour 2017 World Tour 2018 Related articles Discography List of songs Awards List of the Offspring band members Nitro Records Related bands Angels & Airwaves Face to Face Saves the Day Steady Ground Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretty_Fly_(For_a_White_Guy)&oldid=840474360 '' Categories : The Offspring songs 1998 singles 1998 songs Multilingual songs Number - one singles in Australia Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Finland Number - one singles in Greece UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Sweden Songs written by Dexter Holland Music videos directed by McG Comedy rock songs Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 03 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was pretty fly for a white guy made | [
"\"Pretty Fly (For a White Guy)\" is a song by American rock band The Offspring. It is the fourth track from their fifth studio album Americana (1998) and was released as the first single from the album. It achieved significant pop and rock and alternative radio play and popularity, peaking at number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 5 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks, and number 3 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart. The song reached the charts in over 15 countries and topped the charts in nine of these, including Australia, where it went four times platinum, and the United Kingdom,[3] making it one of the most commercially successful singles released by the band. The song is a mocking portrayal of a white man who likes to act like an African-American stereotype."
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4478449282118737014 | Neoclassicism | Neoclassicism - wikipedia Neoclassicism Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Neoclassical ( disambiguation ) . Antonio Canova 's Psyche Revived by Love 's Kiss Henry Fuseli , The artist moved to despair at the grandeur of antique fragments , 1778 -- 79 Neoclassicism ( from Greek νέος nèos , `` new '' and Latin classicus , `` of the highest rank '' ) is the name given to Western movements in the decorative and visual arts , literature , theatre , music , and architecture that draw inspiration from the `` classical '' art and culture of classical antiquity . Neoclassicism was born in Rome in the mid-18th century , at the time of the rediscovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum , but its popularity spread all over Europe as a generation of European art students finished their Grand Tour and returned from Italy to their home countries with newly rediscovered Greco - Roman ideals . The main Neoclassical movement coincided with the 18th - century Age of Enlightenment , and continued into the early 19th century , laterally competing with Romanticism . In architecture , the style continued throughout the 19th , 20th and up to the 21st century . European Neoclassicism in the visual arts began c. 1760 in opposition to the then - dominant Baroque and Rococo styles . Rococo architecture emphasizes grace , ornamentation and asymmetry ; Neoclassical architecture is based on the principles of simplicity and symmetry , which were seen as virtues of the arts of Rome and Ancient Greece , and were more immediately drawn from 16th - century Renaissance Classicism . Each `` neo '' - classicism selects some models among the range of possible classics that are available to it , and ignores others . The Neoclassical writers and talkers , patrons and collectors , artists and sculptors of 1765 -- 1830 paid homage to an idea of the generation of Phidias , but the sculpture examples they actually embraced were more likely to be Roman copies of Hellenistic sculptures . They ignored both Archaic Greek art and the works of Late Antiquity . The `` Rococo '' art of ancient Palmyra came as a revelation , through engravings in Wood 's The Ruins of Palmyra . Even Greece was all - but - unvisited , a rough backwater of the Ottoman Empire , dangerous to explore , so Neoclassicists ' appreciation of Greek architecture was mediated through drawings and engravings , which subtly smoothed and regularized , `` corrected '' and `` restored '' the monuments of Greece , not always consciously . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Painting and printmaking 3 Sculpture 4 Architecture and the decorative arts 5 Neoclassical gardens 6 Neoclassicism and fashion 7 Later `` Neoclassicisms '' 7.1 In music 7.2 Architecture in Russia and the Soviet Union 7.3 Architecture in the 21st century 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Neoclassicism is a revival of the styles and spirit of classic antiquity inspired directly from the classical period , which coincided and reflected the developments in philosophy and other areas of the Age of Enlightenment , and was initially a reaction against the excesses of the preceding Rococo style . While the movement is often described as the opposed counterpart of Romanticism , this is a great over-simplification that tends not to be sustainable when specific artists or works are considered . The case of the supposed main champion of late Neoclassicism , Ingres , demonstrates this especially well . The revival can be traced to the establishment of formal archaeology . Johann Joachim Winckelmann , often called `` the father of archaeology '' The writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann were important in shaping this movement in both architecture and the visual arts . His books Thoughts on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture ( 1750 ) and Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums ( `` History of Ancient Art '' , 1764 ) were the first to distinguish sharply between Ancient Greek and Roman art , and define periods within Greek art , tracing a trajectory from growth to maturity and then imitation or decadence that continues to have influence to the present day . Winckelmann believed that art should aim at `` noble simplicity and calm grandeur '' , and praised the idealism of Greek art , in which he said we find `` not only nature at its most beautiful but also something beyond nature , namely certain ideal forms of its beauty , which , as an ancient interpreter of Plato teaches us , come from images created by the mind alone '' . The theory was very far from new in Western art , but his emphasis on close copying of Greek models was : `` The only way for us to become great or if this be possible , inimitable , is to imitate the ancients '' . With the advent of the Grand Tour , a fad of collecting antiquities began that laid the foundations of many great collections spreading a Neoclassical revival throughout Europe . `` Neoclassicism '' in each art implies a particular canon of a `` classical '' model . In English , the term `` Neoclassicism '' is used primarily of the visual arts ; the similar movement in English literature , which began considerably earlier , is called Augustan literature . This , which had been dominant for several decades , was beginning to decline by the time Neoclassicism in the visual arts became fashionable . Though terms differ , the situation in French literature was similar . In music , the period saw the rise of classical music , and `` Neoclassicism '' is used of 20th - century developments . However , the operas of Christoph Willibald Gluck represented a specifically Neoclassical approach , spelt out in his preface to the published score of Alceste ( 1769 ) , which aimed to reform opera by removing ornamentation , increasing the role of the chorus in line with Greek tragedy , and using simpler unadorned melodic lines . Anton Raphael Mengs , Judgement of Paris , c. 1757 , bought by Catherine the Great from the studio The term `` Neoclassical '' was not invented until the mid-19th century , and at the time the style was described by such terms as `` the true style '' , `` reformed '' and `` revival '' ; what was regarded as being revived varying considerably . Ancient models were certainly very much involved , but the style could also be regarded as a revival of the Renaissance , and especially in France as a return to the more austere and noble Baroque of the age of Louis XIV , for which a considerable nostalgia had developed as France 's dominant military and political position started a serious decline . Ingres 's coronation portrait of Napoleon even borrowed from Late Antique consular diptychs and their Carolingian revival , to the disapproval of critics . Neoclassicism was strongest in architecture , sculpture and the decorative arts , where classical models in the same medium were relatively numerous and accessible ; examples from ancient painting that demonstrated the qualities that Winckelmann 's writing found in sculpture were and are lacking . Winckelmann was involved in the dissemination of knowledge of the first large Roman paintings to be discovered , at Pompeii and Herculaneum and , like most contemporaries except for Gavin Hamilton , was unimpressed by them , citing Pliny the Younger 's comments on the decline of painting in his period . As for painting , Greek painting was utterly lost : Neoclassicist painters imaginatively revived it , partly through bas - relief friezes , mosaics and pottery painting , and partly through the examples of painting and decoration of the High Renaissance of Raphael 's generation , frescos in Nero 's Domus Aurea , Pompeii and Herculaneum , and through renewed admiration of Nicholas Poussin . Much `` Neoclassical '' painting is more classicizing in subject matter than in anything else . A fierce , but often very badly informed , dispute raged for decades over the relative merits of Greek and Roman art , with Winckelmann and his fellow Hellenists generally the winning side . Painting and printmaking ( edit ) Print of a drawing by John Flaxman of a scene in Homer 's Iliad , 1795 It is hard to recapture the radical and exciting nature of early Neoclassical painting for contemporary audiences ; it now strikes even those writers favourably inclined to it as `` insipid '' and `` almost entirely uninteresting to us '' -- some of Kenneth Clark 's comments on Anton Raphael Mengs ' ambitious Parnassus at the Villa Albani , by the artist who his friend Winckelmann described as `` the greatest artist of his own , and perhaps of later times '' . The drawings , subsequently turned into prints , of John Flaxman used very simple line drawing ( thought to be the purest classical medium ) and figures mostly in profile to depict The Odyssey and other subjects , and once `` fired the artistic youth of Europe '' but are now `` neglected '' , while the history paintings of Angelica Kauffman , mainly a portraitist , are described as having `` an unctuous softness and tediousness '' by Fritz Novotny . Rococo frivolity and Baroque movement had been stripped away but many artists struggled to put anything in their place , and in the absence of ancient examples for history painting , other than the Greek vases used by Flaxman , Raphael tended to be used as a substitute model , as Winckelmann recommended . Jacques - Louis David , Oath of the Horatii , 1784 The work of other artists , who could not easily be described as insipid , combined aspects of Romanticism with a generally Neoclassical style , and form part of the history of both movements . The German - Danish painter Asmus Jacob Carstens finished very few of the large mythological works that he planned , leaving mostly drawings and colour studies which often succeed in approaching Winckelmann 's prescription of `` noble simplicity and calm grandeur '' . Unlike Carstens ' unrealized schemes , the etchings of Giovanni Battista Piranesi were numerous and profitable , and taken back by those making the Grand Tour to all parts of Europe . His main subject matter was the buildings and ruins of Rome , and he was more stimulated by the ancient than the modern . The somewhat disquieting atmosphere of many of his Vedute ( views ) becomes dominant in his series of 16 prints of Carceri d'Invenzione ( `` Imaginary Prisons '' ) whose `` oppressive cyclopean architecture '' conveys `` dreams of fear and frustration '' . The Swiss - born Johann Heinrich Füssli spent most of his career in England , and while his fundamental style was based on Neoclassical principles , his subjects and treatment more often reflected the `` Gothic '' strain of Romanticism , and sought to evoke drama and excitement . Neoclassicism in painting gained a new sense of direction with the sensational success of Jacques - Louis David 's Oath of the Horatii at the Paris Salon of 1785 . Despite its evocation of republican virtues , this was a commission by the royal government , which David insisted on painting in Rome . David managed to combine an idealist style with drama and forcefulness . The central perspective is perpendicular to the picture plane , made more emphatic by the dim arcade behind , against which the heroic figures are disposed as in a frieze , with a hint of the artificial lighting and staging of opera , and the classical colouring of Nicholas Poussin . David rapidly became the leader of French art , and after the French Revolution became a politician with control of much government patronage in art . He managed to retain his influence in the Napoleonic period , turning to frankly propagandistic works , but had to leave France for exile in Brussels at the Bourbon Restoration . David 's many students included Jean - Auguste - Dominique Ingres , who saw himself as a classicist throughout his long career , despite a mature style that has an equivocal relationship with the main current of Neoclassicism , and many later diversions into Orientalism and the Troubadour style that are hard to distinguish from those of his unabashedly Romantic contemporaries , except by the primacy his works always give to drawing . He exhibited at the Salon for over 60 years , from 1802 into the beginnings of Impressionism , but his style , once formed , changed little . Fantasy depiction of the Appian Way ; etching by Giovanni Battista Piranesi , 1756 Angelica Kauffman , Venus Induces Helen to Fall in Love with Paris , 1790 Asmus Jacob Carstens , Night and Her Children , Sleep and Death , 1794 , Black chalk on paper , 745 x 985 cm Ingres ' version of Neoclassicism , Oedipus and the Sphinx , 1808 Sculpture ( edit ) Hebe by Canova ( 1800 -- 05 ) , in the appropriately Neoclassical surroundings of the Hermitage Museum If Neoclassical painting suffered from a lack of ancient models , Neoclassical sculpture tended to suffer from an excess of them , although examples of actual Greek sculpture of the `` classical period '' beginning in about 500 BC were then very few ; the most highly regarded works were mostly Roman copies . The leading Neoclassical sculptors enjoyed huge reputations in their own day , but are now less regarded , with the exception of Jean - Antoine Houdon , whose work was mainly portraits , very often as busts , which do not sacrifice a strong impression of the sitter 's personality to idealism . His style became more classical as his long career continued , and represents a rather smooth progression from Rococo charm to classical dignity . Unlike some Neoclassical sculptors he did not insist on his sitters wearing Roman dress , or being unclothed . He portrayed most of the great figures of the Enlightenment , and travelled to America to produce a statue of George Washington , as well as busts of Thomas Jefferson , Ben Franklin and other luminaries of the new republic . Antonio Canova and the Dane Bertel Thorvaldsen were both based in Rome , and as well as portraits produced many ambitious life - size figures and groups ; both represented the strongly idealizing tendency in Neoclassical sculpture . Canova has a lightness and grace , where Thorvaldsen is more severe ; the difference is exemplified in their respective groups of the Three Graces . All these , and Flaxman , were still active in the 1820s , and Romanticism was slow to impact sculpture , where versions of Neoclassicism remained the dominant style for most of the 19th century . An early Neoclassicist in sculpture was the Swede Johan Tobias Sergel . John Flaxman was also , or mainly , a sculptor , mostly producing severely classical reliefs that are comparable in style to his prints ; he also designed and modelled Neoclassical ceramics for Josiah Wedgwood for several years . Johann Gottfried Schadow and his son Rudolph , one of the few Neoclassical sculptors to die young , were the leading German artists , with Franz Anton von Zauner in Austria . The late Baroque Austrian sculptor Franz Xaver Messerschmidt turned to Neoclassicism in mid-career , shortly before he appears to have suffered some kind of mental crisis , after which he retired to the country and devoted himself to the highly distinctive `` character heads '' of bald figures pulling extreme facial expressions . Like Piranesi 's Carceri , these enjoyed a great revival of interest during the age of psychoanalysis in the early 20th century . The Dutch Neoclassical sculptor Mathieu Kessels studied with Thorvaldsen and worked almost exclusively in Rome . Since prior to the 1830s the United States did not have a sculpture tradition of its own , save in the areas of tombstones , weathervanes and ship figureheads , the European Neoclassical manner was adopted there , and it was to hold sway for decades and is exemplified in the sculptures of Horatio Greenough , Hiram Powers , Randolph Rogers and William Henry Rinehart . Resting Faun , 1770 , Johan Tobias Sergel Voltaire by Jean - Antoine Houdon , 1778 , one of several different versions . Monument to Copernicus by Thorwaldsen , Warsaw Le triomphe de 1810 , Jean - Pierre Cortot , from the Arc de triomphe Hercules and the horses of Diomedes , Johann Gottfried Schadow , study for the Brandenberg Gate triumphal arch Diskobolos preparing to throw , Mathieu Kessels , Chatsworth House One of the `` character heads '' of Franz Xaver Messerschmidt Nydia , Randolph Rogers , 1859 Architecture and the decorative arts ( edit ) Main article : Neoclassical architecture This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Adam style , interior of Home House in London , designed by Robert Adam in 1777 Saint Louis church in La Roche - sur - Yon 1812 / 1830 Neoclassicism first gained influence in England and France , through a generation of French art students trained in Rome and influenced by the writings of Winckelmann , and it was quickly adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and Russia . At first , classicizing decor was grafted onto familiar European forms , as in the interiors for Catherine II 's lover , Count Orlov , designed by an Italian architect with a team of Italian stuccadori : only the isolated oval medallions like cameos and the bas - relief overdoors hint of Neoclassicism ; the furnishings are fully Italian Rococo . A second Neoclassic wave , more severe , more studied ( through the medium of engravings ) and more consciously archaeological , is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire . In France , the first phase of Neoclassicism was expressed in the `` Louis XVI style '' , and the second in the styles called `` Directoire '' or Empire . The Rococo style remained popular in Italy until the Napoleonic regimes brought the new archaeological classicism , which was embraced as a political statement by young , progressive , urban Italians with republican leanings . In the decorative arts , Neoclassicism is exemplified in Empire furniture made in Paris , London , New York , Berlin ; in Biedermeier furniture made in Austria ; in Karl Friedrich Schinkel 's museums in Berlin , Sir John Soane 's Bank of England in London and the newly built `` capitol '' in Washington , D.C. ; and in Wedgwood 's bas reliefs and `` black basaltes '' vases . The style was international ; Scots architect Charles Cameron created palatial Italianate interiors for the German - born Catherine II the Great , in Russian St. Petersburg . Indoors , Neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior , inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum . These had begun in the late 1740s , but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s , with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of Le Antichità di Ercolano ( The Antiquities of Herculaneum ) . The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicizing interiors of the Baroque , or the most `` Roman '' rooms of William Kent were based on basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in , hence their often bombastic appeatrance to modern eyes : pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors , fireplaces topped with temple fronts . The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary . Techniques employed in the style included flatter , lighter motifs , sculpted in low frieze - like relief or painted in monotones en camaïeu ( `` like cameos '' ) , isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs , suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon , with slender arabesques against backgrounds , perhaps , of `` Pompeiian red '' or pale tints , or stone colors . The style in France was initially a Parisian style , the Goût grec ( `` Greek style '' ) , not a court style ; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774 , Marie Antoinette , his fashion - loving Queen , brought the `` Louis XVI '' style to court . However , there was no real attempt to employ the basic forms of Roman furniture until around the turn of the century , and furniture - makers were more likely to borrow from ancient architecture , just as silversmiths were more likely to take from ancient pottery and stone - carving than metalwork : `` Designers and craftsmen ... seem to have taken an almost perverse pleasure in transferring motifs from one medium to another '' . Château de Malmaison , 1800 , room for the Empress Joséphine , on the cusp between Directoire style and Empire style From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples , seen through the medium of etchings and engravings , gave a new impetus to Neoclassicism , the Greek Revival . At the same time the Empire style was a more grandiose wave of Neoclassicism in architecture and the decorative arts . Mainly based on Imperial Roman styles , it originated in , and took its name from , the rule of Napoleon in the First French Empire , where it was intended to idealize Napoleon 's leadership and the French state . The style corresponds to the more bourgeois Biedermeier style in the German - speaking lands , Federal style in the United States , the Regency style in Britain , and the Napoleon style in Sweden . According to the art historian Hugh Honour `` so far from being , as is sometimes supposed , the culmination of the Neo-classical movement , the Empire marks its rapid decline and transformation back once more into a mere antique revival , drained of all the high - minded ideas and force of conviction that had inspired its masterpieces '' . An earlier phase of the style was called the Adam style in Great Britain and `` Louis Seize '' , or Louis XVI , in France . Neoclassicism continued to be a major force in academic art through the 19th century and beyond -- a constant antithesis to Romanticism or Gothic revivals -- , although from the late 19th century on it had often been considered anti-modern , or even reactionary , in influential critical circles . The centres of several European cities , notably St. Petersburg and Munich , came to look much like museums of Neoclassical architecture . Gothic revival architecture ( often linked with the Romantic cultural movement ) , a style originating in the 18th century which grew in popularity throughout the 19th century , contrasted Neoclassicism . Whilst Neoclassicism was characterized by Greek and Roman - influenced styles , geometric lines and order , Gothic revival architecture placed an emphasis on medieval - looking buildings , often made to have a rustic , `` romantic '' appearance . Gold egg - cup , Paris 1762 - 63 , in the goût Grec ( Greek style ) Empire style table Wedgwood vase in the style of Greek red - figure pottery , c. 1815 Empire style sauce boat , Sèvres porcelain , 1809 -- 10 Neoclassical gardens ( edit ) In England , Augustan literature had a direct parallel with the Augustan style of landscape design . The links are clearly seen in the work of Alexander Pope . The best surviving examples of Neoclassical English gardens are Chiswick House , Stowe House and Stourhead . Neoclassicism and fashion ( edit ) Revolutionary socialite Thérésa Tallien Francis Russell , 5th Duke of Bedford in a Bedford Crop In fashion , Neoclassicism influenced the much greater simplicity of women 's dresses , and the long - lasting fashion for white , from well before the French Revolution , but it was not until after it that thorough - going attempts to imitate ancient styles became fashionable in France , at least for women . Classical costumes had long been worn by fashionable ladies posing as some figure from Greek or Roman myth in a portrait ( in particular there was a rash of such portraits of the young model Emma , Lady Hamilton from the 1780s ) , but such costumes were only worn for the portrait sitting and masquerade balls until the Revolutionary period , and perhaps , like other exotic styles , as undress at home . But the styles worn in portraits by Juliette Récamier , Joséphine de Beauharnais , Thérésa Tallien and other Parisian trend - setters were for going - out in public as well . Seeing Mme Tallien at the opera , Talleyrand quipped that : `` Il n'est pas possible de s'exposer plus somptueusement ! '' ( `` One could not be more sumptuously undressed '' ) . In 1788 , just before the Revolution , the court portraitist Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun had held a Greek supper where the ladies wore plain white Grecian tunics . Shorter classical hairstyles , where possible with curls , were less controversial and very widely adopted , and hair was now uncovered even outdoors ; except for evening dress , bonnets or other coverings had typically been worn even indoors before . Thin Greek - style ribbons or fillets were used to tie or decorate the hair instead . Very light and loose dresses , usually white and often with shockingly bare arms , rose sheer from the ankle to just below the bodice , where there was a strongly emphasized thin hem or tie round the body , often in a different colour . The shape is now often known as the Empire silhouette although it predates the First French Empire of Napoleon , but his first Empress Joséphine de Beauharnais was influential in spreading it around Europe . A long rectangular shawl or wrap , very often plain red but with a decorated border in portraits , helped in colder weather , and was apparently laid around the midriff when seated -- for which sprawling semi-recumbent postures were favoured . By the start of the 19th century , such styles had spread widely across Europe . Neoclassical fashion for men was far more problematic , and never really took off other than for hair , where it played an important role in the shorter styles that finally despatched the use of wigs , and then white hair - powder , for younger men . The trouser had been the symbol of the barbarian to the Greeks and Romans , but outside the painter 's or , especially , the sculptor 's studio , few men were prepared to abandon it . Indeed , the period saw the triumph of the pure trouser , or pantaloon , over the cullottes or knee - breeches of the Ancien Régime . Even when David designed a new French `` national costume '' at the request of the government during the height of the Revolutionary enthusiasm for changing everything in 1792 , it included fairly tight leggings under a coat that stopped above the knee . A high proportion of well - to - do young men spent much of the key period in military service because of the French Revolutionary Wars , and military uniform , which began to emphasize jackets that were short at the front , giving a full view of tight - fitting trousers , was often worn when not on duty , and influenced cilivian male styles . The trouser - problem had been recognised by artists as a barrier to creating contemporary history paintings ; like other elements of contemporary dress they were seen as irredeemably ugly and unheroic by many artists and critics . Various strategems were used to avoid depicting them in modern scenes . In James Dawkins and Robert Wood Discovering the Ruins of Palmyra ( 1758 ) by Gavin Hamilton , the two gentleman antiquaries are shown in toga - like Arab robes . In Watson and the Shark ( 1778 ) by John Singleton Copley , the main figure could plausibly be shown nude , and the composition is such that of the eight other men shown , only one shows a single breeched leg prominently . However the Americans Copley and Benjamin West led the artists who successfully showed that trousers could be used in heroic scenes , with works like West 's The Death of General Wolfe ( 1770 ) and Copley 's The Death of Major Peirson , 6 January 1781 ( 1783 ) , although the trouser was still being carefully avoided in The Raft of the Medusa , completed in 1819 . Classically inspired male hair styles included the Bedford Crop , arguably the precursor of most plain modern male styles , which was invented by the radical politician Francis Russell , 5th Duke of Bedford as a protest against a tax on hair powder ; he encouraged his friends to adopt it by betting them they would not . Another influential style ( or group of styles ) was named by the French `` à la Titus '' after Titus Junius Brutus ( not in fact the Roman Emperor Titus as often assumed ) , with hair short and layered but somewhat piled up on the crown , often with restrained quiffs or locks hanging down ; variants are familiar from the hair of both Napoleon and George IV of England . The style was supposed to have been introduced by the actor François - Joseph Talma , who upstaged his wigged co-actors when appearing in productions of works such as Voltaire 's Brutus ( about Lucius Junius Brutus , who orders the execution of his son Titus ) . In 1799 a Parisian fashion magazine reported that even bald men were adopting Titus wigs , and the style was also worn by women , the Journal de Paris reporting in 1802 that `` more than half of elegant women were wearing their hair or wig à la Titus . James Dawkins and Robert Wood Discovering the Ruins of Palmyra , by Gavin Hamilton ( 1758 ) Madame Raymond de Verninac by Jacques - Louis David , with clothes and chair in Directoire style . `` Year 7 '' : that is , 1798 - 99 . Portrait of Madame Récamier , David , 1800 Elizabeth Alexeievna , Empress of Russia and no political radical , in 1802 Later `` neoclassicisms '' ( edit ) The West building ( 1941 ) of the National Gallery of Art in Washington , with the East Building ( 1978 ) and the United States Capitol visible behind and to the left Part of a series on Classicism Classical antiquity Greco - Roman world Age of Enlightenment Neoclassicism Economics Music Physics 20th - century neoclassicism Between World War I and II Ballet Economics Music Philosophy In American architecture , Neoclassicism was one expression of the American Renaissance movement , ca . 1890 -- 1917 ; its last manifestation was in Beaux - Arts architecture , and its very last , large public projects were the Lincoln Memorial ( highly criticized at the time ) , the National Gallery of Art in Washington , D.C. ( also heavily criticized by the architectural community as being backward thinking and old fashioned in its design ) , and the American Museum of Natural History 's Roosevelt Memorial . These were considered stylistic anachronisms when they were finished . In the British Raj , Sir Edwin Lutyens ' monumental city planning for New Delhi marks the glorious sunset of Neoclassicism . World War II was to shatter most longing for ( and imitation of ) mythical , heroic times . Conservative modernist architects such as Auguste Perret in France kept the rhythms and spacing of columnar architecture even in factory buildings . Where a colonnade would have been decried as `` reactionary '' , a building 's pilaster - like fluted panels under a repeating frieze looked `` progressive '' . Pablo Picasso experimented with classicizing motifs in the years immediately following World War I , and the Art Deco style that came to the fore following the 1925 Paris Exposition des Arts Décoratifs , often drew on Neoclassical motifs without expressing them overtly : severe , blocky commodes by É. - J. Ruhlmann or Süe & Mare ; crisp , extremely low - relief friezes of damsels and gazelles in every medium ; fashionable dresses that were draped or cut on the bias to recreate Grecian lines ; the art dance of Isadora Duncan ; the Streamline Moderne styling of U.S. post offices and county court buildings built as late as 1950 ; and the Roosevelt dime . There was an entire 20th - century movement in the Arts which was also called Neo-classicism . It encompassed at least music , philosophy and literature . It was between the end of World War I and the end of World War II . ( For information on the musical aspects , see 20th - century classical music and Neoclassicism in music . For information on the philosophical aspects , see Great Books . ) This literary Neoclassical movement rejected the extreme romanticism of ( for example ) Dada , in favour of restraint , religion ( specifically Christianity ) and a reactionary political program . Although the foundations for this movement in English literature were laid by T.E. Hulme , the most famous Neoclassicists were T.S. Eliot and Wyndham Lewis . In Russia , the movement crystallized as early as 1910 under the name of Acmeism , with Anna Akhmatova and Osip Mandelshtam as the leading representatives . In music ( edit ) Neoclassicism in music is a 20th - century movement ; in this case it is the Classical and Baroque musical styles of the 17th and 18th centuries , with their fondness for Greek and Roman themes , that were being revived , not the music of the ancient world itself . ( The early 20th century had not yet distinguished the Baroque period in music , on which Neoclassical composers mainly drew , from what we now call the Classical period . ) The movement was a reaction in the first part of the 20th century to the disintegrating chromaticism of late - Romanticism and Impressionism , emerging in parallel with musical Modernism , which sought to abandon key tonality altogether . It manifested a desire for cleanness and simplicity of style , which allowed for quite dissonant paraphrasing of classical procedures , but sought to blow away the cobwebs of Romanticism and the twilit glimmerings of Impressionism in favour of bold rhythms , assertive harmony and clean - cut sectional forms , coinciding with the vogue for reconstructed `` classical '' dancing and costume in ballet and physical education . The 17th - 18th century dance suite had had a minor revival before World War I but the Neoclassicists were not altogether happy with unmodified diatonicism , and tended to emphasise the bright dissonance of suspensions and ornaments , the angular qualities of 17th - century modal harmony and the energetic lines of countrapuntal part - writing . Respighi 's Ancient Airs and Dances ( 1917 ) led the way for the sort of sound the Neoclassicists aspired to . Although the practice of borrowing musical styles from the past has not been uncommon throughout musical history , art musics have gone through periods where musicians used modern techniques coupled with older forms or harmonies to create new kinds of works . Notable compositional characteristics are : referencing diatonic tonality , conventional forms ( dance suites , concerti grossi , sonata forms , etc . ) , the idea of absolute music untramelled by descriptive or emotive associations , the use of light musical textures , and a conciseness of musical expression . In classical music , this was most notably perceived between the 1920s and the 1950s . Igor Stravinsky is the best - known composer using this style ; he effectively began the musical revolution with his Bach - like Octet for Wind Instruments ( 1923 ) . A particular individual work that represents this style well is Prokofiev 's Classical Symphony No. 1 in D , which is reminiscent of the symphonic style of Haydn or Mozart . Neoclassical ballet as innovated by George Balanchine de-cluttered the Russian Imperial style in terms of costume , steps and narrative , while also introducing technical innovations . Architecture in Russia and the soviet union ( edit ) Ostankino Palace , designed by Francesco Camporesi and completed in 1798 , in Moscow , Russia In 1905 -- 1914 Russian architecture passed through a brief but influential period of Neoclassical revival ; the trend began with recreation of Empire style of alexandrine period and quickly expanded into a variety of neo-Renaissance , palladian and modernized , yet recognizably classical schools . They were led by architects born in the 1870s , who reached creative peak before World War I , like Ivan Fomin , Vladimir Shchuko and Ivan Zholtovsky . When economy recovered in the 1920s , these architects and their followers continued working in primarily modernist environment ; some ( Zholtovsky ) strictly followed the classical canon , others ( Fomin , Schuko , Ilya Golosov ) developed their own modernized styles . Arkhangelskoye estate . With the crackdown on architects ' independence and official denial of modernism ( 1932 ) , demonstrated by the international contest for the Palace of Soviets , Neoclassicism was instantly promoted as one of the choices in Stalinist architecture , although not the only one . It coexisted with moderately modernist architecture of Boris Iofan , bordering with contemporary Art Deco ( Schuko ) ; again , the purest examples of the style were produced by Zholtovsky school that remained an isolated phenomena . The political intervention was a disaster for constructivist leaders yet was sincerely welcomed by architects of the classical schools . Neoclassicism was an easy choice for the USSR since it did not rely on modern construction technologies ( steel frame or reinforced concrete ) and could be reproduced in traditional masonry . Thus the designs of Zholtovsky , Fomin and other old masters were easily replicated in remote towns under strict material rationing . Improvement of construction technology after World War II permitted Stalinist architects to venture into skyscraper construction , although stylistically these skyscrapers ( including `` exported '' architecture of Palace of Culture and Science , Warsaw and the Shanghai International Convention Centre ) share little with the classical models . Neoclassicism and neo-Renaissance persisted in less demanding residential and office projects until 1955 , when Nikita Khrushchev put an end to expensive Stalinist architecture . Architecture in the 21st century ( edit ) Main article : New Classical Architecture Schermerhorn Symphony Center , 2006 After a lull during the period of modern architectural dominance ( roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s ) , Neoclassicism has seen something of a resurgence . As of the first decade of the 21st century , contemporary Neoclassical architecture is usually classed under the umbrella term of New Classical Architecture . Sometimes it is also referred to as Neo-Historicism or Traditionalism . Also , a number of pieces of postmodern architecture draw inspiration from and include explicit references to Neoclassicism , Antigone District and the National Theatre of Catalonia in Barcelona among them . Postmodern architecture occasionally includes historical elements , like columns , capitals or the tympanum . For sincere traditional - style architecture that sticks to regional architecture , materials and craftsmanship , the term Traditional Architecture ( or vernacular ) is mostly used . The Driehaus Architecture Prize is awarded to major contributors in the field of 21st century traditional or classical architecture , and comes with a prize money twice as high as that of the modernist Pritzker Prize . In the United States , various contemporary public buildings are built in Neoclassical style , with the 2006 Schermerhorn Symphony Center in Nashville being an example . In Britain , a number of architects are active in the Neoclassical style . Examples of their work include two university libraries : Quinlan Terry 's Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College and Robert Adam Architects ' Sackler Library . See also ( edit ) Neoclassicism in France New Classical Architecture Adam style American Empire style Empire style Federal architecture Nazi architecture Neo-Grec , the late Greek - Revival style Neoclassical influenced fashions Stalinist architecture Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Etymology of the English word `` neo-classical '' `` . myetymology.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The road from Rome to Paris . The birth of a modern Neoclassicism Jump up ^ Irwin , David G. ( 1997 ) . Neoclassicism A&I ( Art and Ideas ) . Phaidon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7148 - 3369 - 9 . Jump up ^ Honour , 17 - 25 ; Novotny , 21 Jump up ^ A recurring theme in Clark : 19 - 23 , 58 - 62 , 69 , 97 - 98 ( on Ingres ) ; Honour , 187 - 190 ; Novotny , 86 - 87 Jump up ^ Lingo , Estelle Cecile ( 2007 ) . François Duquesnoy and the Greek ideal . Yale University Press ; First Edition . pp. 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12483 - 5 . Jump up ^ Talbott , Page ( 1995 ) . Classical Savannah : fine & decorative arts , 1800 - 1840 . University of Georgia Press . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 1793 - 9 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Reich , Lawrence S. , John J. ( 2009 ) . Culture and values : a survey of the humanities . Wadsworth Publishing ; 7 edition . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 56877 - 3 . Jump up ^ Honour , 57 - 62 , 61 quoted Jump up ^ Both quotes from the first pages of `` Thoughts on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture '' Jump up ^ Dyson , Stephen L. ( 2006 ) . In Pursuit of Ancient Pasts : A History of Classical Archaeology in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries . Yale University Press . pp. xii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11097 - 5 . Jump up ^ Honour , 21 Jump up ^ Honour , 11 , 23 - 25 Jump up ^ Honour , 44 - 46 ; Novotny , 21 Jump up ^ Honour , 43 - 62 Jump up ^ Clark , 20 ( quoted ) ; Honour , 14 ; image of the painting ( in fairness , other works by Mengs are more successful ) Jump up ^ Honour , 31 - 32 ( 31 quoted ) Jump up ^ Honour , 113 - 114 Jump up ^ Honour , 14 Jump up ^ Novotny , 62 Jump up ^ Novotny , 51 - 54 Jump up ^ Clark , 45 - 58 ( 47 - 48 quoted ) ; Honour , 50 - 57 Jump up ^ Honour , 34 - 37 ; Clark , 21 - 26 ; Novotny , 19 - 22 Jump up ^ Novotny , 39 - 47 ; Clark , 97 - 145 ; Honour , 187 - 190 Jump up ^ Novotny , 378 Jump up ^ Novotny , 378 -- 379 Jump up ^ Chinard , Gilbert , ed. , Houdon in America Arno PressNy , 1979 , a reprint of a book published by Johns Hopkins University , 1930 Jump up ^ Novotny , 379 - 384 Jump up ^ Novotny , 384 - 385 Jump up ^ Novotny , 388 - 389 Jump up ^ Novotny , 390 - 392 Jump up ^ Gerdts , William H. , American Neo-Classic Sculpture : The Marble Resurrection , Viking Press , New York , 1973 p. 11 ^ Jump up to : Gontar Jump up ^ Honour , 110 -- 111 , 110 quoted Jump up ^ Honour , 171 -- 184 , 171 quoted Jump up ^ Turner , Turner ( 2013 ) . British gardens : history , philosophy and design , Chapter 6 Neoclassical gardens and landscapes 1730 - 1800 . London : Routledge . p. 456 . ISBN 978 - 0415518789 . Jump up ^ Hunt , 244 Jump up ^ Hunt , 244 - 245 Jump up ^ Hunt , 243 Jump up ^ Rifelj , 35 Jump up ^ `` The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture '' . Content.cdlib.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Neo-classicist Architecture . Traditionalism . Historicism . Jump up ^ Driehaus Prize for New Classical Architecture at Notre Dame SoA -- Together , the $200,000 Driehaus Prize and the $50,000 Reed Award represent the most significant recognition for classicism in the contemporary built environment. ; retained March 7 , 2014 References ( edit ) Clark , Kenneth , The Romantic Rebellion : Romantic versus Classic Art , 1976 , Omega . ISBN 0 - 86007 - 718 - 7 . Honour , Hugh , Neo-classicism . Style and Civilisation 1968 ( reprinted 1977 ) , Penguin Gontar , Cybele , `` Neoclassicism '' , In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art , 2000 -- online Hunt , Lynn , `` Freedom of Dress in Revolutionary France '' , in From the Royal to the Republican Body : Incorporating the Political in Seventeenth - and Eighteenth - Century France , Editors : Sara E. Melzer , Kathryn Norberg , 1998 , University of California Press , 1998 , ISBN 0520208072 , 9780520208070 Fritz Novotny , Painting and Sculpture in Europe , 1780 -- 1880 , 2nd edition ( reprinted 1980 ) . Rifelj , Carol De Dobay , Coiffures : Hair in Nineteenth - Century French Literature and Culture , 2010 , University of Delaware Press , ISBN 0874130999 , 9780874130997 , google books Further reading ( edit ) See also the References at Neoclassical architecture . Brown , Kevin ( 2017 ) . Artist and Patrons : Court Art and Revolution in Brussels at the end of the Ancien Regime , Dutch Crossing , Taylor and Francis Eriksen , Svend . Early Neoclassicism in France ( 1974 ) Friedlaender , Walter ( 1952 ) . David to Delacroix ( originally published in German ; reprinted 1980 ) Gromort , Georges , with introductory essay by Richard Sammons ( 2001 ) . The Elements of Classical Architecture ( Classical America Series in Art and Architecture ) Harrison , Charles ; Paul Wood and Jason Gaiger ( eds ) ( 2000 ; repr. 2003 ) . Art in Theory 1648 -- 1815 : An Anthology of Changing Ideas Hartop , Christopher , with foreword by Tim Knox ( 2010 ) . The Classical Ideal : English Silver , 1760 -- 1840 , exh . cat . Cambridge : John Adamson ISBN 978 - 0 - 9524322 - 9 - 6 Irwin , David ( 1966 ) . English Neoclassical Art : Studies in Inspiration and Taste Rosenblum , Robert ( 1967 ) . Transformations in Late Eighteenth - Century Art External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neoclassicism . Neoclassicism in the `` History of Art '' `` Neoclassicism Style Guide '' . British Galleries . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . 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-60839278227932163 | Your Lie in April | Your Lie in April - Wikipedia Your Lie in April Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the manga and anime . For the live - action film adaptation , see Your Lie in April ( film ) . Your Lie in April Cover of the first tankōbon volume featuring Kōsei Arima and Kaori Miyazono 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso ) Genre Romance , Drama , Slice of life Manga Written by Naoshi Arakawa Published by Kodansha English publisher Kodansha Comics USA Demographic Shōnen Magazine Monthly Shōnen Magazine Original run April 6 , 2011 -- February 6 , 2015 Volumes 11 ( List of volumes ) Anime television series Directed by Kyōhei Ishiguro Written by Takao Yoshioka Music by Masaru Yokoyama Studio A-1 Pictures Licensed by Madman Entertainment Aniplex of America Anime Limited Original network Fuji TV ( Noitamina ) Original run October 9 , 2014 -- March 19 , 2015 Episodes 22 ( List of episodes ) Light novel Your Lie in April - A Six Person Etude Written by Yui Tokiumi Published by Kodansha English publisher Vertical Published November 17 , 2014 Volumes Manga Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso : Coda Written by Naoshi Arakawa Demographic Shōnen Original run February 25 , 2015 -- October 28 , 2015 Volumes Original video animation Moments Directed by Kazuya Iwata Written by Takao Yoshioka Music by Masaru Yokoyama Studio A-1 Pictures Released May 15 , 2015 Runtime 23 minutes Live - action film Your Lie in April ( film ) Anime and Manga portal Your Lie in April , known in Japan as Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso ( 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 , lit . April is Your Lie ) or just simply Kimiuso , is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Naoshi Arakawa . The series was serialized in Kodansha 's Monthly Shōnen Magazine from April 2011 to May 2015 . An anime television series adaptation by A-1 Pictures aired from October 2014 to March 2015 on Fuji TV 's Noitamina block . A live - action film adaptation of the same name was released in September 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Media 3.1 Manga 3.1. 1 Volume list 3.2 Anime 3.3 Live - action film 3.4 Stage play 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Piano prodigy Kōsei Arima dominated various music competitions and has become famous among child musicians but also controversial . After his mother , who was also his coldhearted , abusive instructor who forced him to play the piano emotionlessly , died , he had a mental breakdown while performing at a piano recital at the age of eleven . As a result , he is no longer able to hear the sound of his piano even though his hearing is perfectly fine . Two years later , Kōsei has n't touched the piano and views the world in monochrome , without any flair or colour , resigning himself to living out his life with his good friends , Tsubaki and Watari , until , one day , a girl changes everything . Kaori Miyazono , an audacious , free - spirited , fourteen - year - old violinist whose playing style reflects her manic personality , helps Kōsei return to the music world and shows that it should be free and mold - breaking unlike the structured and rigid style Kōsei was used to , and as she continues to uplift him , he quickly realizes that he loves her , though she already likes Watari . However , while performing together ( Kōsei having been dragged into it by Kaori ) , Kaori suddenly collapses after a moving performance and is hospitalised . At first Kaori says that she is anaemic and just needs some routine testing , but this is revealed to be a lie when flashes of her past reveal her collapsing and bleeding many times before . Finally Kaori is discharged and back to her happy , crazy - self , inviting Kōsei to play at a Gala with her . However , Kaori fails to show up on the day of the Gala , and as her health worsens , and she begins to give up on life . This time , Kousei is the one who inspires her after playing a duet with Nagi Aiza , the pianist sister of a fellow rival of his . After shedding tears and listening to it , Kaori opts for a risky surgery that will kill her if it fails , just so that she can play with him one more time . Much to everyone 's sadness , Kaori dies due to the surgery , but leaves a letter to Kōsei which is given to him by her parents at her funeral in which she eventually states that she was in love with Kōsei the whole time , and she lied that she had a crush on Watari to get closer to him while not hurting Tsubaki 's ( who also has a crush on Kōsei ) feelings . This was her lie : a lie she told in April . Characters ( edit ) Kōsei Arima ( 有馬 公 生 , Arima Kōsei ) Voiced by : Natsuki Hanae ( Japanese ) ; Max Mittelman ( English ) & Piano performance by : Tomoki Sakata Played by : Kento Yamazaki ( live - action film ) ; Shintarō Anzai ( stage play ) Kōsei is a former child prodigy in playing piano , dubbed the `` Human Metronome '' for his near - inhuman mechanical accuracy , a product of his mother 's overly strict methods of teaching . His ability to play the piano with unparalleled precision led him to win many competitions across Japan and even be invited to play abroad . When his mother died , the resulting psychological trauma caused him to be unable to hear the sound of his piano playing , and he gave up on it . Two years later , he takes up the piano again after being convinced by Kaori Miyazono to become her accompanist . Influenced by her emotional and unrestrained playing style , Kōsei eventually finds himself falling in love with her . He , however , does not confess his feelings due to her liking his best friend , Ryota Watari . It is later revealed in Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso : Coda , a side story from Kōsei and Tsubaki 's childhood , that his inspiration for playing so beautifully in his first competition was to cheer up Tsubaki after the passing of her grandmother . Kaori Miyazono ( 宮園 かをり , Miyazono Kawori ) Voiced by : Risa Taneda ( Japanese ) ; Erica Lindbeck ( English ) & Violin performance by : Yūna Shinohara Played by : Suzu Hirose ( live - action film ) ; Arisa Matsunaga ( stage play ) Kaori is Tsubaki 's classmate ; she is a free - spirited violinist who has drawn much criticism from judging panels due to her unwillingness to adhere strictly to the score , but is highly favored by audiences that hear her playing . Kaori first met Kōsei when she asked Tsubaki to set her up with Watari . As their friendship grew , she eventually convinced Kōsei to play the piano again , first as her accompanist and later in a piano competition . It is revealed at the end of the anime , in a letter addressed to Kōsei , that she had asked to be set up with Watari in order to meet Kōsei , knowing that Watari and Tsubaki were good friends of his . Tsubaki Sawabe ( 澤 部 椿 , Sawabe Tsubaki ) Voiced by : Ayane Sakura ( Japanese ) ; Erica Mendez ( English ) Played by : Anna Ishii ( live - action film ) ; Misato Kawauchi ( stage play ) Kōsei 's childhood friend and next - door neighbor , who treats him like a little brother . She is athletic and is part of the softball club at school . Often dismayed at Kōsei 's inability to move on from his mother 's death , she attempts to get him to play the piano again in order to make a clear decision about his future . She first denies her feelings for him but after undergoing several stages of denial , she falls in love with him , which she confesses to him later on . Ryōta Watari ( 渡 亮太 , Watari Ryōta ) Voiced by : Ryōta Ōsaka ( Japanese ) ; Kyle McCarley ( English ) Played by : Taishi Nakagawa ( live - action film ) ; Masanari Wada ( stage play ) Ryōta is Kōsei 's and Tsubaki 's childhood friend , and is the captain of the school 's soccer team . He is extremely popular with girls , and usually adopts a frivolous attitude . However , he does come up with good insights every so often . Kaori was his love interest and when they are together , they are shown to be acting lovey - dovey , which makes Kōsei jealous . Kōsei later tells him about his feelings for Kaori , and he soon accepts this and gives him advice . Takeshi Aiza ( 相 座 武士 , Aiza Takeshi ) Voiced by : Yūki Kaji ( Japanese ) ; Erik Scott Kimerer ( English ) Played by : Shōjirō Yokoi ( stage play ) Takeshi is a pianist of the same age as Kōsei . His aim was always to catch up and surpass Kōsei on the piano since watching him play at a young age . His resolve is so strong to the point that Takeshi would even abandon an invitation for a piano competition in Europe in order to compete with Kōsei . To Takeshi , Kōsei was like his ' hero ' . Emi Igawa ( 井川 絵 見 , Igawa Emi ) Voiced by : Saori Hayami ( Japanese ) ; Erika Harlacher ( English ) Played by : Haruka Yamashita ( stage play ) Emi is a pianist of the same age as Kōsei , who decided to become a pianist after listening to Kōsei play at the age of 5 . She aims to reach Kōsei through her emotional playing style . It is hinted that she has feelings for Kōsei . Nagi Aiza ( 相 座 凪 , Aiza Nagi ) Voiced by : Ai Kayano ( Japanese ) ; Stephanie Sheh ( English ) Nagi is Takeshi 's little sister who pretended to ask for tutelage from Hiroko in order to scout her brother 's rival , Kōsei . She ended up becoming Kōsei 's student . She often says `` Cliche '' ( 陳腐 , Chinpu ) to things that Kōsei tells her . After months of tutelage , she develops a crush on her teacher . Saki Arima ( 有馬 早希 , Arima Saki ) Voiced by : Mamiko Noto ( Japanese ) ; Wendee Lee ( English ) Played by : Rei Dan ( live - action film ) ; Ryōko Tanaka ( stage play ) Saki was Kōsei 's strict mother who demanded that Kōsei practice the score to absolute perfection , and often beat him for small mistakes . While she did not plan to make Kōsei a pianist at first , her realization of Kōsei 's talents and the discovery of her terminal illness made her decide to give Kōsei a strict foundation in piano in order to be able to find his own style and a living as a pianist after she dies . She died before Kōsei 's qualification to what supposedly was his first competition in Europe . She appears in front of Kōsei many times throughout the show . Hiroko Seto ( 瀬戸 紘子 , Seto Hiroko ) Voiced by : Mie Sonozaki ( Japanese ) ; Carrie Keranen ( English ) Played by : Yuka Itaya ( live - action film ) ; Kuniko Kodama ( stage play ) Hiroko is a nationally renowned pianist and Saki 's close friend from college . She was the one who discovered Kōsei 's talents in piano and suggested Saki make him into a pianist despite Saki 's initial disagreement . Blaming herself for Saki 's brutal treatment to Kōsei and his psychological trauma from Saki 's death , she distances herself from Kōsei following Saki 's death . When Kōsei returns to play the piano , she becomes his guardian and mentor . Koharu Seto ( 瀬戸 小春 , Seto Koharu ) Voiced by : Inori Minase ( Japanese ) ; Cristina Vee ( English ) A very small child who smiles very often and is the daughter of Hiroko . She enjoys Kōsei 's piano playing and always wants him to play more and is very attached to him . She usually clings by her mother 's side and is adored by both Kōsei and her mother . Saitō ( 斎藤 , Saitō ) Voiced by : Kazuyuki Okitsu ( Japanese ) ; Robbie Daymond ( English ) Saitō is Tsubaki 's baseball - playing senior and her target of admiration . He confessed to Tsubaki and dated her , but suggested they break up after realizing Tsubaki 's actual feelings for Kōsei , covering it up through saying that he found someone else he loves . Nao Kashiwagi ( 柏木 奈緒 , Kashiwagi Nao ) Voiced by : Shizuka Ishigami ( Japanese ) ; Julie Ann Taylor ( English ) Played by : Haruka Igarashi ( stage play ) Kashiwagi is a good friend of Tsubaki 's who often gives her advice . Kashiwagi succeeded in breaking Tsubaki 's stubbornness to realize and admit her feelings for Kōsei . Near the end it is established that most of the advice she gives Tsubaki comes from her being a fan of BL ( Boys ' love ) manga , not from personal dating experience . Media ( edit ) Manga ( edit ) The Your Lie in April manga series is written and illustrated by Naoshi Arakawa , and began serialization on April 6 , 2011 in Kodansha 's Monthly Shōnen Magazine . The first tankōbon was published by Kodansha on September 16 , 2011 , and the final volume was released in two editions , a regular edition and a limited edition , with the limited edition bundled with an OVA , and was released on May 15 , 2015 . The series is licensed in English in North America by Kodansha Comics USA , and the first volume was published on April 21 , 2015 . A spin - off manga titled Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso : Coda was bundled with the release of the Blu - ray release of the anime series . It was later published in tankōbon format on August 17 , 2016 . Volume list ( edit ) No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN September 16 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371301 - 5 April 21 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236171 - 4 `` Monotone '' ( モノトーン , Monotōn ) `` The Love of a Violinist '' ( ヴァイオリニスト の 愛 , Vaiorinisuto no Ai ) `` Black Cat '' ( 黒 猫 , Kuroneko ) `` Colorful '' ( カラフル , Karafuru ) January 17 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371317 - 6 June 23 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236172 - 1 `` A Dark Ocean '' ( 暗い 海 , Kurai Umi ) `` From Behind '' ( 後ろ姿 , Ushirosugata ) `` Cloudy Skies '' ( 曇天 模様 , Donten Moyō ) `` The Water 's Surface '' ( 水面 , Minamo ) May 17 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371327 - 5 August 25 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236173 - 8 `` The Cassette Recording and the Moon '' ( ラジカセ と 月 , Rajikase to Tsuki ) `` The Way Home '' ( 帰り道 , Kaerimichi ) `` The Shadow Whispers '' ( カゲ ささやく , Kage Sasayaku ) `` Mirage '' ( 蜃気楼 , Shinkirō ) September 14 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371345 - 9 October 27 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236174 - 5 `` Surge '' ( うねる , Uneru ) `` Red and Yellow '' ( 赤 と 黄色 , Aka to Kiiro ) `` Resonance '' ( 共鳴 , Kyōmei ) `` Listen , Mama ! '' ( ねえ 、 ママ きい て よ , Nē , Mama Kī Te Yo ) 5 January 17 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371359 - 6 December 29 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236175 - 2 `` Falling '' ( 墜ちる , Ochiru ) `` The Scenery When I 'm with You '' ( 君 と いた 景色 , Kimi Toita Keshiki ) `` Along the Railroad Track '' ( 線路 沿い の 道 , Senro - zoi no Michi ) `` Under the Bridge '' ( 橋 の 下 , Hashi no Shita ) 6 May 17 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371375 - 6 March 29 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236176 - 9 `` Candied Apple '' ( りんご 飴 , Ringo Ame ) `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' ( トゥインク ル リトル スタ , Tuinkuru Ritoru Sta ) `` Spurred to Action '' ( つき 動かす , Tsuki Ugokasu ) `` Rays of Light '' ( 射す 光 , Sasu Hikari ) 7 September 17 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371387 - 9 April 26 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236177 - 6 `` Connection '' ( つながる , Tsunagaru ) `` A Chain '' ( 連鎖 , Rensa ) `` Superimposed Outlines '' ( 車 なる 輪郭 , Kurumanaru Rinkaku ) `` Footprints '' ( 足跡 , Ashiato ) 8 January 17 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371405 - 0 July 5 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236178 - 3 `` Liar '' ( うそつき , Usotsuki ) `` Intruder '' ( 闖入 者 , Chinyūsha ) `` You 'll Do '' ( 君 で いい や , Kimi de ī ya ) `` Two of a Kind '' ( 似 た 者 同士 , Nitamono Dōshi ) 9 May 16 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371418 - 0 August 30 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236179 - 0 `` Twilight '' ( トワイライト , Towairaito ) `` Those Who Gaze into the Abyss '' ( 深淵 を のぞく 者 , Shin'en o Nozoku Mono ) `` Hearts Intertwining '' ( 心 重ねる , Kokoro Kasaneru ) `` Punch '' ( パンチ , Panchi ) 10 October 17 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371435 - 7 November 1 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236180 - 6 `` A Promise '' ( 約束 , Yakusoku ) `` Goodbye , Hero '' ( さよなら ヒーロー , Sayonara Hīrō ) `` Caught in the Rain '' ( 雨 やどり , Amayadori ) `` Hand in Hand '' ( 手 と 手 , Te to Te ) 11 May 15 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371467 - 8 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 358752 - 4 ( limited edition ) December 27 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236312 - 1 `` Snow '' ( 雪 , Yuki ) `` Again '' ( アゲイン , Agein ) `` Ballade '' ( バラード , Barādo ) `` Spring Breeze '' ( 春風 , Harukaze ) Anime ( edit ) See also : List of Your Lie in April episodes A-1 Pictures has aired the anime production of Your Lie in April . It premiered on October 10 , 2014 in Japan and ended on March 20 , 2015 . The first opening theme song is `` Hikaru Nara '' ( 光る なら , lit . If You Will Shine ) by Goose house and the first ending theme song is `` Kirameki '' ( キラメキ , lit . Sparkle ) by wacci . The second opening song is `` Nanairo Symphony '' ( 七色 シンフォニー , Nanairo Shinfonī , lit . `` Seven Colored Symphony '' ) by Coalamode and the second ending theme is `` Orange '' ( オレンジ , Orenji ) by 7 ! ! ( Seven Oops ) . The original soundtracks are composed by Masaru Yokoyama . In North America , Aniplex of America licensed the series within the region , who simulcasted the series on Crunchyroll , Aniplex Channel , Hulu and Viewster . In Australia and New Zealand , the series is licensed by Madman Entertainment , who streamed the series on AnimeLab . The series is licensed in the United Kingdom and Ireland by Anime Limited . The series was later made available on Netflix with the English dub , as well as English subtitles . Live - action film ( edit ) Main article : Your Lie in April ( film ) On August 24 , 2015 , the domain ' kimiuso-movie.jp ' was registered under Toho , a Japanese film production and distribution company , which made fans believe that a movie adaptation was in the works . Speculations were confirmed in September 2015 when the main cast was announced for the live - action adaptation of the series : Kento Yamazaki as Kōsei Arima , Suzu Hirose as Kaori Miyazono , E-girls ' Anna Ishii as Tsubaki Sawabe , and Taishi Nakagawa as Ryōta Watari . While the original story depicts the characters in their junior high year , it is announced that they will be in their second - year of high school in the film . The adaptation , slated to be released in Japan in September 2016 , will be written by Strawberry Night 's live - action scriptwriter Yukari Tatsui , and directed by Paradise Kiss 's live - action director Takehiko Shinjō . Stage play ( edit ) In the May issue of Monthly Shōnen Magazine , it was announced that a stage play adaptation of the manga was green - lit , and set to run on August the same year . The stage play was announced to be held at the AiiA 2.5 Theater Tokyo from August 24 , 2017 to September 3 , 2017 , and at the Umeda Arts Theater in Osaka from September 7 , 2017 to September 10 , 2017 . The stage play is directed by Naohiro Ise , and written by Kaori Miura . It was also revealed that the play would have live musical performances , with Yuta Matsumura performing the piano , and Shuko Kobayashi performing the violin . The main cast was announced , and stars : Shintarō Anzai as Kōsei Arima , Arisa Matsunaga as Kaori Miyazono , Misato Kawauchi as Tsubaki Sawabe , Masanari Wada as Ryōta Watari , Haruka Yamashita as Emi Igawa , and Shōjirō Yokoi as Takeshi Aiza . Additional cast was later announced , with : Takako Nakamura as Yuriko Ochiai , Shun Mikami as Akira Takayanagi , Haruka Igarashi as Nao Kashiwagi , Kuniko Kodama as Hiroko Seto , and Ryōko Tanaka as Saki Arima . Reception ( edit ) The manga won the award for Best Shōnen Manga at the 37th Kodansha Manga Awards . It was nominated for the 5th Manga Taishō . The anime adaptation was the winner of the Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper 's 2016 Sugoi Japan Awards . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April '' . AnimeLab . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kodansha Comics has licensed Your Lie in April ! '' . KODANSHA COMICS . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vertical to Release Your Lie in April Light Novel in July '' . Anime News Network . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shōsetsu Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso - 6 - nin no Etude '' 小説 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 6 人 の エチュード . Kodansha . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso Manga Gets Noitamina Anime '' . Anime News Network . March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live - Action Your Lie in April Film Opens in September '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 1 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 1 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 11 ) < 完 > ( Your Lie in April ( 11 ) < Final > ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : DVD 付き 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 11 ) 限定 版 < 完 > ( DVD Bundle Your Lie in April ( 11 ) Limited Edition < Final > ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 1 : A Life in Monotone '' . Kodansha Comics USA . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 Coda '' ( Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso Coda ) . Kodansha . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 1 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 2 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 2 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 2 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 3 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 3 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 3 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 4 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 4 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 4 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 5 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 5 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 5 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 6 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 6 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 6 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 7 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 7 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 7 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 8 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 8 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 8 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 9 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 9 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 9 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 10 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 10 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 10 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 11 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Goose House to Perform Opening , Cover Songs for Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso Anime '' . Anime News Network . August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coala Mode , 7 ! ! Perform Theme Songs For Your Lie in April Anime 's 2nd Half '' . Anime News Network . November 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aniplex of America Acquires Your lie in April for this Fall Season '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April '' . Aniplex Channel . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madman Entertainment Acquires Trinity Seven and Your Lie in April '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anime Limited Acquires Your Lie in April '' . Anime News Network . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beveridge , Chris ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Your Lie in April ' Anime Gets Full Bilingual Netflix Run '' . The Fandom Post . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Domain ' kimiuso-movie.jp ' Registered Under Toho 's Name '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kento Yamazaki , Suzu Hirose to Star in Live - Action Your Lie in April Film '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Naoshi Arakawa 's Your Lie in April Manga Gets Stage Play in August '' . Anime News Network . April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dennison , Kara ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the Cast of the `` Your Lie in April '' Stage Play `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dennison , Kara ( May 13 , 2017 ) . `` '' Your Lie in April '' Stage Play Reveals New Cast and Promo Images `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Animal Land , Ore Monogatari ! ! Win 37th Kodansha Manga Awards '' . Anime News Network . May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hiromu Arakawa 's Silver Spoon Wins 5th Manga Taisho Award '' . Anime News Network . March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April , One - Punch Man Top Sugoi Japan Awards 2016 Results '' . Anime News Network . 22 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` アニメ 部門 TOP5 '' . Sugoi - Japan ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) Your Lie in April at Kodansha Anime official website Your Lie in April ( manga ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Kodansha Manga Award -- Shōnen 2000s Capeta by Masahito Soda ( 2005 ) Air Gear by Oh ! great ( 2006 ) Sayonara Zetsubō Sensei by Kōji Kumeta and Dear Boys : Act 2 by Hiroki Yagami ( 2007 ) Saikyō ! Toritsu Aoizaka Kōkō Yakyūbu by Motoyuki Tanaka ( 2008 ) Q.E.D. by Motohiro Katou and Fairy Tail by Hiro Mashima ( 2009 ) 2010s Ace of Diamond by Yuji Terajima ( 2010 ) Attack on Titan by Hajime Isayama ( 2011 ) Mashiro no Oto by Marimo Ragawa ( 2012 ) Your Lie in April by Naoshi Arakawa ( 2013 ) Baby Steps by Hikaru Katsuki ( 2014 ) The Seven Deadly Sins by Nakaba Suzuki and Yowamushi Pedal by Wataru Watanabe ( 2015 ) Days by Tsuyoshi Yasuda ( 2016 ) Altair : A Record of Battles by Kotono Katō ( 2017 ) noitaminA 2005 -- 2009 Honey and Clover Paradise Kiss Ayakashi : Samurai Horror Tales Jyu - Oh - Sei Honey and Clover II Hataraki Man Nodame Cantabile Mononoke Moyasimon : Tales of Agriculture Hakaba Kitarō Library War Antique Bakery Nodame Cantabile : Paris Chapter Genji Monogatari Sennenki Eden of the East Tokyo Magnitude 8.0 Kūchū Buranko 2010 -- 2014 Nodame Cantabile : Finale House of Five Leaves The Tatami Galaxy Moyasimon : Tales of Agriculture ( live - action ) Shiki Princess Jellyfish Fractale Wandering Son ( C ) Anohana : The Flower We Saw That Day Bunny Drop No. 6 Un-Go Guilty Crown Thermae Romae Black Rock Shooter Kids on the Slope Tsuritama Moyashimon Returns Natsuyuki Rendezvous Psycho - Pass Robotics ; Notes Katanagatari Silver Spoon Galilei Donna Samurai Flamenco Silver Spoon 2 Ping Pong Nanana 's Buried Treasure Terror in Resonance Psycho - Pass 2 Your Lie in April 2015 -- present Saekano : How to Raise a Boring Girlfriend Punch Line Rampo Kitan : Game of Laplace Subete ga F ni Naru Erased Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress Battery The Great Passage Scum 's Wish Saekano : How to Raise a Boring Girlfriend Flat Dive ! ! Inuyashiki Koi wa Ameagari no You ni Otaku ni Koi wa Muzukashii Films Eden of The East Compilation : Air Communication ( 2009 ) Eden of the East : The King of Eden ( 2009 ) Eden of the East : Paradise Lost ( 2010 ) Un-Go episode : 0 Inga chapter ( 2011 ) Library War : The Wings of Revolution ( 2012 ) Anohana the Movie : The Flower We Saw That Day ( 2013 ) Psycho - Pass : The Movie ( 2015 ) Typhoon Noruda ( 2015 ) The Anthem of the Heart ( 2015 ) The Empire of Corpses ( 2015 ) Harmony ( 2015 ) Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Genocidal Organ ( 2017 ) The Night Is Short , Walk on Girl ( 2017 ) Category Works by A-1 Pictures Television series Zenmai Zamurai ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Robby & Kerobby ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Big Windup ! 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( 2013 ) Sword Art Online : Extra Edition ( 2013 ) Black Butler : Book of Murder ( 2014 ) Moments ( 2015 ) The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls ( 2016 ) Brotherhood : Final Fantasy XV ( 2016 ) Shelter ( 2016 ) Granblue Fantasy : Zankutinzeru Arc ( 2017 ) Video games Shin Megami Tensei : Persona 4 ( 2008 ) Valkyria Chronicles II ( 2010 ) Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney − Spirit of Justice ( 2016 ) Radiant Historia : Perfect Chronology ( 2017 ) Layton 's Mystery Journey ( 2017 ) Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Your_Lie_in_April&oldid=804038628 '' Categories : Manga series 2011 manga 2014 anime television series 2015 manga 2015 anime OVAs 2015 comics endings 2015 Japanese television series endings A-1 Pictures Comedy - drama anime and manga Kodansha manga Madman Entertainment anime Manga adapted into films Music - themed anime and manga NoitaminA Romance anime and manga School anime and manga Shōnen manga Slice of life anime and manga Tragedy anime and manga Works about pianos and pianists Winner of Kodansha Manga Award ( Shōnen ) Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Japanese - language text Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Suomi ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 09 : 28 . 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-8684646126127382591 | Stephen Curry | Stephen Curry - wikipedia Stephen Curry This article is about the basketball player . For other uses , see Stephen Curry ( disambiguation ) . Stephen Curry Curry in 2016 No. 30 -- Golden State Warriors Position Point guard League NBA ( 1988 - 03 - 14 ) March 14 , 1988 ( age 30 ) Akron , Ohio Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Listed weight 190 lb ( 86 kg ) Career information High school Charlotte Christian ( Charlotte , North Carolina ) College Davidson ( 2006 -- 2009 ) NBA draft 2009 / Round : 1 / Pick : 7th overall Selected by the Golden State Warriors Playing career 2009 -- present Career history 2009 -- present Golden State Warriors Career highlights and awards 3 × NBA champion ( 2015 , 2017 , 2018 ) 2 × NBA Most Valuable Player ( 2015 , 2016 ) 5 × NBA All - Star ( 2014 -- 2018 ) 2 × All - NBA First Team ( 2015 , 2016 ) 2 × All - NBA Second Team ( 2014 , 2017 ) All - NBA Third Team ( 2018 ) NBA scoring champion ( 2016 ) NBA steals leader ( 2016 ) 50 -- 40 -- 90 club ( 2016 ) NBA Three - Point Contest champion ( 2015 ) NBA Sportsmanship Award ( 2011 ) NBA All - Rookie First Team ( 2010 ) AP Athlete of the Year ( 2015 ) Consensus first - team All - American ( 2009 ) Consensus second - team All - American ( 2008 ) NCAA Division I scoring leader ( 2009 ) 2 × SoCon Player of the Year ( 2008 , 2009 ) Stats at NBA.com Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing United States FIBA World Cup 2010 Turkey National team 2014 Spain National team Wardell Stephen Curry II ( / ˈstɛfən / STEF - ən ; born March 14 , 1988 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Many players and analysts have called him the greatest shooter in NBA history . In 2014 -- 15 , Curry won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award and led the Warriors to their first championship since 1975 . The following season , he became the first player in NBA history to be elected MVP by a unanimous vote and to lead the league in scoring while shooting above 50 -- 40 -- 90 . That same year , the Warriors broke the record for the most wins in an NBA season en route to reaching the 2016 NBA Finals , which they lost to the Cleveland Cavaliers . Curry helped the Warriors return to the NBA Finals in 2017 and 2018 , where they won back - to - back titles . Curry is the son of former NBA player Dell Curry and older brother of current NBA player Seth Curry . He played college basketball for Davidson . There , he was twice named Southern Conference Player of the Year and set the all - time scoring record for both Davidson and the Southern Conference . During his sophomore year , he also set the single - season NCAA record for three - pointers made . During the 2012 -- 13 season , Curry set the NBA record for three - pointers made in a regular season with 272 . He surpassed that record in 2015 with 286 , and again in 2016 with 402 . During the 2013 -- 14 season , he and teammate Klay Thompson were nicknamed the Splash Brothers en route to setting the NBA record for combined three - pointers in a season with 484 , a record they broke the following season ( 525 ) and again in the 2015 -- 16 season ( 678 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 College career 2.1 Freshman season 2.2 Sophomore season 2.3 Junior season 2.4 College statistics 3 Professional career 3.1 Golden State Warriors ( 2009 -- present ) 3.1. 1 Early seasons ( 2009 -- 11 ) 3.1. 2 Injury - riddled year ( 2011 -- 12 ) 3.1. 3 Getting back on track ( 2012 -- 14 ) 3.1. 4 NBA Championship and MVP ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.1. 5 Unanimous MVP ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.1. 6 Second NBA Championship ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.1. 7 Third NBA Championship ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 National team career 5 Player profile 6 Personal life 6.1 Charity 6.2 Public image 6.3 Business interests 6.4 Golf 7 NBA career statistics 7.1 Regular season 7.2 Playoffs 8 Awards and honors 8.1 NBA 8.2 College 8.2. 1 NCAA records 8.2. 2 Davidson College records 8.3 Other 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Early life Stephen Curry is the son of Sonya ( Adams ) and Dell Curry . He was born in Akron , Ohio while his father was a member of the Cleveland Cavaliers . He grew up in Charlotte , North Carolina , where his father spent most of his NBA career with the Charlotte Hornets . Dell often took Curry and his younger brother Seth to his games , where they would shoot with the Hornets during warm - ups . The family briefly relocated to Toronto , where Dell finished out his career as a member of the Raptors . During this time , Curry played for the Queensway Christian College boys ' basketball team , leading them to an undefeated season . He was also a member of Toronto 5 -- 0 , a club team that plays across Ontario , pitting him against fellow future NBA players Cory Joseph and Kelly Olynyk . Curry led the team to a 33 -- 4 record , en route to winning the provincial championship . Following Dell 's retirement , the family moved back to Charlotte and Curry enrolled at Charlotte Christian School , where he was named all - conference , all - state , and led his team to three conference titles and three state playoff appearances . Because of his father 's storied career at Virginia Tech , Curry wanted to play college basketball for the Hokies , but was only offered a walk - on spot due in part to his slender 160 - pound frame . He ultimately chose to attend Davidson College , who had aggressively recruited him from the tenth grade . US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes Name Hometown High school / college Height Weight Commit date Stephen Curry PG Charlotte , North Carolina Charlotte Christian 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 163 lb ( 74 kg ) Sep 18 , 2005 Recruiting star ratings : Scout : Rivals : 247Sports : N / A Overall recruiting rankings : Scout : 36 ( PG ) Note : In many cases , Scout , Rivals , 247Sports , and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight . In these cases , the average was taken . ESPN grades are on a 100 - point scale . Sources : `` 2006 Davidson Basketball Commitment List '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . `` 2006 Davidson College Basketball Team Recruiting Prospects '' . Scout.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2013 . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . `` Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings '' . Scout.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . `` 2006 Team Ranking '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . College career Freshman season Before Curry even played in his first game for the Wildcats , head coach Bob McKillop praised him at a Davidson alumni event , `` Wait ' til you see Steph Curry . He is something special . '' In his first collegiate game , against Eastern Michigan , Curry finished with 15 points but committed 13 turnovers . In the next game , against Michigan , he scored 32 points , dished out 4 assists , and grabbed 9 rebounds . Curry finished the season leading the Southern Conference in scoring with 21.5 points per game . He was second in the nation among freshmen in scoring , behind only Kevin Durant of Texas . Curry 's scoring ability helped the Wildcats to a 29 -- 5 overall record and a Southern Conference regular season title . On March 2 , 2007 , in the Southern Conference tournament semi-finals against Furman , Curry made his 113th three - pointer of the year , breaking Keydren Clark 's NCAA freshman season record for 3 - point field goals . Curry eclipsed the school freshman scoring record with his 502nd point against Chattanooga on February 6 , 2007 . On March 15 , 2007 , Davidson marched into the NCAA tournament as a 13 seed set to play Maryland ; despite Curry 's game - high 30 points , Davidson lost 82 -- 70 . At the end of his freshman season , Curry was named Southern Conference Freshman of the Year , SoCon Tournament MVP , and selected to the SoCon All - tournament team , All - freshman team , and first team All - SoCon . He was also honorable mention in Sports Illustrated 's All - Mid-Major . After the season ended , he was selected for the USA team to appear at the 2007 FIBA U19 World Championships in which he averaged 9.4 points , 3.8 rebounds , and 2.2 assists in 19.4 minutes , helping team USA to a silver medal finish . Sophomore season Curry at the 2008 NCAA Tournament In his sophomore season in 2007 -- 08 , Curry had grown to his adult height of 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) and again led the Southern Conference in scoring , averaging 25.5 points per game while adding 4.7 rebounds per game and 2.8 assists per game . He led the Wildcats to a 26 -- 6 regular season record , and a 20 -- 0 conference record . As a result of Curry 's exceptional play , Davidson earned its third straight NCAA Tournament bid . On March 21 , 2008 , Davidson matched up with seventh - seeded Gonzaga . Gonzaga led by 11 points early in the second half but Curry went on to score 30 points in the half to push Davidson to their first NCAA Tournament win since 1969 , 82 -- 76 . Curry ended the game with 40 points while also going 8 - for - 10 from 3 - point range . On March 23 , Davidson played second seeded Georgetown in the second round of the NCAA Tournament . Georgetown , ranked eighth nationally , entered the game as a heavy favorite after an appearance in the Final Four in 2007 . Curry managed just five points in the first half of the game as Davidson trailed by as many as 17 points , but his 25 second - half points led Davidson to a 74 -- 70 comeback victory . On March 28 , 2008 , Curry led Davidson to another win , against third - seeded Wisconsin . Curry scored 33 points as Davidson won 73 -- 56 to advance to the Elite 8 . Curry joined Clyde Lovellette , Jerry Chambers , and Glenn Robinson as the only college players to score over 30 points in their first four career NCAA tournament games . Curry also tied Darrin Fitzgerald of Butler for the single - season record for most three - pointers with 158 . On March 30 , 2008 , he set the record , against the top - seeded Kansas Jayhawks , with his 159th three - pointer of the season . Curry scored 25 points in the game but Davidson lost 57 -- 59 , and the Jayhawks went on to win the championship . Curry finished the season averaging 25.9 points , 2.9 assists , and 2.1 steals per game . He was named to the Associated Press ' All - America Second Team on March 31 , 2008 . He also was named the Most Outstanding Player of the Midwest Region of the 2008 NCAA Tournament , becoming the first player from a team not making the Final Four to do so since Juwan Howard of Michigan in 1994 . Curry was nominated for an ESPY in the Breakthrough Player of the Year category . Junior season After Davidson 's loss against Kansas in the NCAA Regional Finals , Curry announced that he would return for his junior year . He stated that he wanted to develop as a point guard , his likely position in the NBA . On November 18 , 2008 , Curry scored a career - high 44 points in Davidson 's 82 -- 78 loss to Oklahoma . He extended a career - long streak by scoring at least 25 points for the seventh straight game . On November 21 , Curry registered a career - high 13 assists , to go along with 30 points , in Davidson 's 97 -- 70 win over Winthrop . On November 25 , against Loyola , Curry was held scoreless as Loyola constantly double - teamed him . It was Curry 's only scoreless collegiate game and just his second without double - digit points . He finished 0 - for - 3 from the field as Davidson won the game 78 -- 48 . In Davidson 's next game ( 11 days later ) , Curry matched his career - high of 44 in a 72 -- 67 win over North Carolina State . Curry surpassed the 2000 - point mark for his career on January 3 , 2009 , as he scored 21 points against Samford . On February 14 , 2009 , Curry rolled his ankle in the second half of a win over Furman . The injury caused Curry to miss the February 18 game against The Citadel , the first and only game he missed in his college career . On February 28 , 2009 , Curry became Davidson 's all - time leading scorer with 34 points in a 99 -- 56 win against Georgia Southern . That gave Curry 2,488 points for his career , surpassing previous school leader John Gerdy . Davidson won the 2008 -- 09 Southern Conference regular season championship for the south division , finishing 18 -- 2 in the conference . In the 2009 Southern Conference Tournament , Davidson played Appalachian State in the quarterfinals and won 84 -- 68 . Curry scored 43 points , which is the third most points in Southern Conference tournament history . In the semifinals , against the College of Charleston , Curry had 20 points but Davidson lost 52 -- 59 . Despite lobbying from Davidson head coach Bob McKillop and Charleston coach Bobby Cremins , the Wildcats failed to get an NCAA tournament bid . Instead , they received the sixth seed in the 2009 NIT . Davidson played the third seed , South Carolina , on the road in the first round . Curry scored 32 points as the Wildcats beat the Gamecocks 70 -- 63 . Davidson then fell 68 -- 80 to the Saint Mary 's Gaels in the second round . Curry registered 26 points , 9 rebounds , and 5 assists in what was his final game for the Wildcats . In his final season at Davidson , Curry averaged 28.6 points , 5.6 assists , and 2.5 steals . He was the NCAA scoring leader and was named a consensus first team All - American . Curry opted out of his senior year at Davidson , but he stated that he still planned to earn his degree . College statistics Regular Season Averages Season Team PTS REB AST STL BLK FG % 3P % FT % MIN TO 2006 -- 07 Davidson Wildcats 34 21.5 4.6 2.8 1.8 0.2 . 463 . 408 . 855 30.9 2.8 2007 -- 08 Davidson Wildcats 36 25.9 4.6 2.9 2.1 0.4 . 483 . 439 . 894 33.1 2.6 2008 -- 09 Davidson Wildcats 34 28.6 4.4 5.6 2.5 0.2 . 454 . 387 . 876 33.7 3.7 Career 104 25.3 4.5 3.7 2.1 0.3 . 467 . 412 . 876 32.6 3.0 Professional career Golden State Warriors ( 2009 -- present ) Early seasons ( 2009 -- 11 ) Curry defends against Allen Iverson in 2009 . Curry was selected with the seventh overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors . His rookie contract was worth $12.7 million over four years . In his first career game , he scored 14 points and distributed 7 assists . With final season averages of 17.5 points , 5.9 assists , and 1.9 steals per game , he finished second in NBA Rookie of the Year voting to the Sacramento Kings ' Tyreke Evans , and was named to the NBA All - Rookie First Team . At the 2011 NBA All - Star Weekend , Curry won the Skills Challenge . He finished the season with averages of 18.6 points , 5.8 assists , and 1.5 steals per game and shot a franchise - and league - best 93.4 percent from the free throw line . He was also the recipient of the NBA Sportsmanship Award . Injury - riddled year ( 2011 -- 12 ) Curry taking a jump shot in March 2011 . Holding numerous three - point shooting records and having one of the quickest releases in the NBA , Curry is often considered one of the greatest shooters of all time . In May 2011 , Curry had surgery on his right ankle to repair torn ligaments that were caused by multiple sprains from the previous season . The ankle healed in time for the start of the 2011 -- 12 campaign , but he sprained it again during the preseason and on January 4 in a game against the San Antonio Spurs . On February 22 , he strained a tendon in his right foot in a game against the Phoenix Suns . In April , he had another surgery . In total , Curry appeared in only 26 regular season games and his scoring average dipped to 14.7 points per game . Getting back on track ( 2012 -- 14 ) Prior to the start of the 2012 -- 13 season , Curry agreed to a four - year , $44 million rookie scale contract extension with the Warriors . At the time , many basketball writers considered the move risky for Golden State because of Curry 's injury history . Over the course of the year , Curry and backcourt teammate Klay Thompson gained a reputation for their perimeter scoring , earning them the nickname `` The Splash Brothers '' . On February 27 , Curry scored a career - high 54 points in a game against the New York Knicks , setting a franchise record for three - pointers made in a game with 11 and falling just one shy of tying the NBA record . In the final game of the season , he set a new league record for three - pointers made in a single season . His final averages were 22.9 points and 6.9 assists per game . The Warriors finished the year with 47 wins , earning them the sixth seed in the Western Conference and a matchup with the Denver Nuggets in the first round of the playoffs . Golden State defeated the Nuggets in six games to advance to the second round , where Curry scored 44 points in a Game 1 loss to the Spurs . The Warriors eventually lost the series in six games . In December of the 2013 -- 14 season , Curry eclipsed Jason Richardson as the franchise 's leader in career three - pointers . In February , he made his first All - Star appearance , starting for the West . Behind averages of 24 points and 8.5 assists per game , he was selected to his first All - NBA Team . Seeded sixth for the second consecutive year , the Warriors drew the Los Angeles Clippers to begin the postseason . In Game 4 , Curry scored 33 points , including a then playoff career - high seven three - pointers , in a winning effort . Golden State went on to lose the series in seven games . NBA championship and MVP ( 2014 -- 15 ) Curry about to pass while being guarded by John Wall and Nenê of the Washington Wizards . Curry averaged 7.7 assists per game during the 2014 -- 15 NBA regular season , good enough for sixth best in the league . Prior to the start of the 2014 -- 15 season , the Warriors hired former NBA player and general manager Steve Kerr as their new head coach . Kerr implemented significant changes to Golden State 's schemes , including playing at a faster pace and giving Curry more freedom to shoot , helping the team evolve into a title contender . On February 4 , Curry scored a season - high 51 points in a win over the Dallas Mavericks . He was the leading vote - getter for the All - Star Game and won the Three - Point Contest on All - Star Saturday night . On April 9 , he broke his own league record for three - pointers made in a season during a game against the Portland Trail Blazers . The Warriors finished the year with 67 wins and Curry was voted the NBA Most Valuable Player after posting averages of 23.8 points , 7.7 assists and 2 steals per game . Over the course of the season , he sat out 17 fourth quarters due to Golden State 's wide margins of victory . In Game 5 of the Conference Semifinals against the Memphis Grizzlies , Curry became the first player in league history to register six three - pointers and six steals in a game . In Game 6 , he made a playoff career - high eight three - pointers en route to a series - clinching victory . In Game 3 of the Conference Finals against the Houston Rockets , he broke the NBA record for most three - pointers made in a single postseason . The Warriors went on to defeat the Rockets to earn a Finals matchup with the Cleveland Cavaliers , where Curry struggled to start the series , converting on only 22 percent of his field goals in Game 2 . In Game 5 , he scored 37 points , and in Game 6 , Golden State closed out the series to win their first championship in 40 years . For the Finals , Curry averaged 26 points and 6.3 assists per game . Unanimous MVP ( 2015 -- 16 ) Curry against the Washington Wizards in 2016 On October 27 , 2015 , Curry scored 40 points ( including a career - high 24 points in the first quarter ) in the Warriors ' season opening win over the New Orleans Pelicans , the most points scored by a reigning MVP in an opener since 1972 when Kareem Abdul - Jabbar scored 41 for the Milwaukee Bucks . In addition , Curry started his seventh straight season opener , joining Jeff Mullins , and Chris Mullin as the only Warriors ' players since 1962 to do so . Two games later on October 31 , also against the Pelicans , Curry scored 53 points on 17 - of - 27 shooting to lead the Warriors to a 134 -- 120 win . Curry became the first player since Michael Jordan in 1989 -- 90 to score 118 points in the first three games of a season . On November 24 , he scored 24 points in a win over the Los Angeles Lakers , as the Warriors set the record for best start in NBA history at 16 -- 0 . The Warriors improved to 24 -- 0 on December 11 with a double overtime win over the Boston Celtics , before finally having their streak broken the following day against the Milwaukee Bucks . On December 28 , Curry recorded his sixth career triple - double with 23 points , a career - high 14 rebounds and 10 assists in a 122 -- 103 win over the Sacramento Kings . During the game against the Kings , Curry was guarded by his brother Seth for the first time in their NBA careers . On January 22 , he recorded his second triple - double of the season and seventh of his career with 39 points , 12 assists and 10 rebounds in a 122 -- 110 win over the Indiana Pacers . He made eight three - pointers in the game to reach 200 for the season , becoming the first player in NBA history to make 200 three - pointers in four straight seasons . On February 3 , he made 11 three - pointers ( including seven in the first quarter ) and scored 51 points ( including a career - high 36 points in the first half ) to lead the Warriors past the Washington Wizards 134 -- 121 . His 51 points tied Gilbert Arenas and Michael Jordan for the Verizon Center record . During the 2016 NBA All - Star Weekend , Curry competed in his third straight All - Star game for the West , and competed in the Three - Point Shootout , where he lost in the final round to teammate Klay Thompson . At 48 -- 4 , the Warriors entered the All - Star break with the best record through 52 games in NBA history , one win better than the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls and 1966 -- 67 Philadelphia 76ers . On February 25 , Curry made 10 three - pointers and scored 51 points to lead the Warriors past the Orlando Magic 130 -- 114 . Curry topped 50 points for the third time in 2015 -- 16 , the first player to do it that many times since LeBron James and Dwyane Wade did so in 2008 -- 09 . Curry also surpassed Kyle Korver 's mark of 127 straight games with a three - pointer . In the following game two days later , the Warriors defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder in overtime thanks to a Curry three - pointer with 0.6 seconds remaining . Curry finished with 46 points as his winning shot was his 12th three - pointer , tying the NBA single - game record ( with Kobe Bryant and Donyell Marshall ) . He also broke his own NBA record for threes in a season , leaving the new mark at 288 . On March 7 , in a win over the Orlando Magic , Curry scored 41 points and became the first player in NBA history to make 300 three - pointers in a season . On April 1 , Curry missed a three - pointer to tie the game against the Boston Celtics with 5.3 seconds left , as the Warriors suffered their first home defeat since January 27 , 2015 , losing 109 -- 106 to the Celtics to snap an NBA - record 54 - game winning streak in the regular season at Oracle Arena . On April 7 , Curry scored 27 points to help the Warriors become the second team in NBA history to win 70 games in a season with a 112 -- 101 win over the San Antonio Spurs . In the Warriors ' regular season finale on April 13 against the Memphis Grizzlies , Curry achieved another shooting milestone , becoming the first player to make 400 three - pointers in a season by knocking down 10 from long range on his way to 46 points and 402 total three - pointers . With a 125 -- 104 win over the Grizzlies , the Warriors became the first 73 - win team in NBA history , surpassing the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls ' 72 -- 10 record to finish the 2015 -- 16 season with just nine losses . With the conclusion of the regular season , Curry became the seventh player in NBA history to join the 50 -- 40 -- 90 club , representing the shooting percentages from the field (. 504 ) , beyond the arc (. 454 ) , and the free - throw line (. 908 ) . As the No. 1 seed in the Western Conference , the Warriors faced the eighth - seeded Rockets in the first round of the playoffs . In a Game 1 win , Curry scored 24 first - half points before an ankle injury ruled him out for the rest of the game . He subsequently missed Games 2 and 3 of the series , which the Warriors split for a 2 -- 1 lead . Curry returned in Game 4 , but sprained his right knee on the final play of the second quarter . He did not play in the second half , but the Warriors won 121 -- 94 . He was diagnosed with a sprained right medial collateral ligament ( MCL ) and was ruled out for two weeks . Without Curry , the Warriors defeated the Rockets in Game 5 to move on to the second round , where they faced the Portland Trail Blazers . Curry missed the first three games of the series , as the Warriors led 2 -- 1 after Game 3 . Curry returned to action in Game 4 , coming off the bench to record 40 points , 9 rebounds and 8 assists in a 132 -- 125 overtime win . Seventeen of those points came in the extra period , an NBA record for points scored by an individual in overtime . A day after returning from injury , Curry was named the league 's first ever unanimous MVP , becoming the 11th player in NBA history to win the award in consecutive seasons and the first guard to do so since Steve Nash in 2004 -- 05 and 2005 -- 06 . Curry led the Warriors to a 4 -- 1 victory over the Trail Blazers , as they moved on to the Western Conference Finals to face the Oklahoma City Thunder . After going down 3 -- 1 , he helped the Warriors rally to win the series 4 -- 3 and advance to their second straight NBA Finals . In the Finals , Curry 's play relative to his regular season performance remained inconsistent , as it had been since he returned from injury against Portland . Still , he broke Danny Green 's record of 27 three - pointers made in a Finals . However , the Warriors , despite being up 3 -- 1 in the series , were defeated by the Cleveland Cavaliers in seven games and became the first team in NBA Finals history to lose a series after leading 3 -- 1 . In the Game 7 loss , Curry scored 17 points on 6 - of - 19 shooting . Second NBA championship ( 2016 -- 17 ) Curry shooting over Marcin Gortat in February 2017 After dropping their season opener at home to the San Antonio Spurs on October 25 , the Warriors levelled their record at 1 -- 1 with a 122 -- 114 win over the New Orleans Pelicans three days later . Curry hit four three - pointers against the Pelicans to reach 1,600 for his career , becoming the 19th player to do so , as well as the fastest to reach the mark . On November 4 , 2016 , Curry 's NBA - record streak of 157 straight games with at least one made three - pointer was snapped during the Warriors ' 117 -- 97 loss to the Los Angeles Lakers after he went 0 - of - 10 from three - point range . He had hit a three - pointer in every regular - season game since November 11 , 2014 . Three days later , he hit 13 three - pointers against New Orleans , setting an NBA record for most three - pointers made in a regular - season game . Curry shot 16 - of - 26 overall against the Pelicans for his first 40 - point game of the season , finishing with 46 in a 116 -- 106 win . On December 11 , Curry hit two three - pointers against the Minnesota Timberwolves to pass Steve Nash for 17th on the NBA 's career three - pointers list . With 14 points against the Dallas Mavericks on December 30 , Curry ( 11,903 ) passed Purvis Short ( 11,894 ) for seventh place on the Warriors ' all - time scoring list . In a loss to the Memphis Grizzlies on January 6 , 2017 , Curry had his second 40 - point game of the season and reached the 12,000 - point threshold , becoming the seventh player in Warriors history to score 12,000 career points . Three days later , Curry was named Western Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday , January 2 through Sunday , January 8 . It marked his eighth career Player of the Week honor , more than any other player in franchise history . On January 19 , Curry was named a starter on the Western Conference All - Star team for the 2017 NBA All - Star Game . On January 28 , he scored 25 of his 43 points in the third quarter of the Warriors ' 144 -- 98 win over the Los Angeles Clippers . He also had nine three - pointers against the Clippers . On February 1 , he hit 11 three - pointers and scored 39 points in a 126 -- 111 win over the Charlotte Hornets . The following day , he was named Co-Western Conference Player of the Month for January alongside teammate Kevin Durant and hit his 200th three - pointer of the season in the Warriors ' 133 -- 120 win over the Clippers , making him the first player in NBA history to have 200 or more three - pointers in five consecutive seasons . On March 5 , he scored 31 points and moved into the top 10 on the NBA 's career three - point list in a 112 -- 105 win over the New York Knicks . Curry hit five three - pointers , passing Chauncey Billups for 10th place , and added eight rebounds and six assists . On April 2 , Curry hit nine three - pointers and scored 42 points in a 139 -- 115 win over the Washington Wizards . Three days later , he had another 42 - point effort in a 120 -- 111 win over the Phoenix Suns , helping the Warriors clinch the best record in the Western Conference for the third straight season . On April 24 , Curry scored 37 points in Game 4 to help the Warriors sweep their first - round playoff series against the Portland Trail Blazers and advance to the conference semifinals . On May 8 , he scored 30 points in Game 4 to help the Warriors sweep their second - round playoff series against the Utah Jazz and advance to the Western Conference Finals . In Game 1 of the Western Conference Finals against the Spurs on May 14 , Curry scored 40 points and hit a tying 3 - pointer with 1 : 48 remaining to help the Warriors rally from a 25 - point deficit to win 113 -- 111 ; the Warriors overcame their largest halftime deficit ever in the postseason at 20 points . In a 120 -- 108 Game 3 win , Curry scored 21 points and became the franchise leader in postseason points , passing Rick Barry . They went up 3 -- 0 in the series , becoming the third team in NBA history to win their first 11 playoff games . His 36 points in Game 4 led to a 129 -- 115 victory that saw the Warriors advance to the NBA Finals for a third straight year while becoming the first team in league history to start the playoffs 12 -- 0 . In Game 2 of the 2017 NBA Finals against the Cleveland Cavaliers , Curry recorded his first career postseason triple - double with 32 points , 11 assists and 10 rebounds to help the Warriors go up 2 -- 0 in the series with a 132 -- 113 win . Curry helped the Warriors clinch the series and the championship in Game 5 with 34 points , 10 assists and six rebounds , as Golden State claimed its second title in three years . Third NBA championship ( 2017 -- 18 ) On July 1 , 2017 , Curry agreed to a five - year , $201 million extension with the Warriors , becoming the first NBA player to sign a supermax contract worth over $200 million . He officially signed the contract on July 25 . On October 21 , in the Warriors ' third game of the season , Curry was ejected after throwing his mouthpiece in the direction of a referee . The Warriors lost the game 111 -- 101 to the Memphis Grizzlies , and Curry received a $50,000 fine , the maximum amount the NBA can fine players for . On November 19 , he had 39 points and a season - high 11 rebounds in a 118 -- 111 win over the Brooklyn Nets . On December 1 , he scored 23 points and passed Jason Kidd for eighth place on the career three - pointers made list in a 133 -- 112 win over the Orlando Magic . On December 4 , in a 125 -- 115 win over the New Orleans Pelicans , Curry hit five three - pointers to become the fastest NBA player to achieve the milestone of 2,000 career three - pointers , achieving that mark in just 597 games , 227 less than the previous fastest player to achieve that mark , Ray Allen . In that same game , Curry twisted his right ankle , the same ankle that had previously been surgically repaired , and was forced to exit the game early . Though x-rays of the injury turned out negative , and an MRI found no structural damage , Curry was ruled out for at least two weeks . He returned to action on December 30 after missing 11 games , scoring 38 points with a season - high 10 3 - pointers in a 141 -- 128 win over the Memphis Grizzlies . Curry shot 13 for 17 and 10 of 13 from deep in 26 minutes for his ninth 30 - point game of the season . It also marked Curry 's ninth career game with 10 or more 3s , the most by any player in NBA history . On January 6 , in a 121 -- 105 win over the Los Angeles Clippers , Curry scored 45 points without playing the fourth quarter . On January 25 , he scored 25 points in a 126 -- 113 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves . Curry became the fifth player in Warriors history to score 14,000 points , ending the game with 14,023 and joining Wilt Chamberlain ( 17,783 ) , Rick Barry ( 16,447 ) , Paul Arizin ( 16,266 ) and Chris Mullin ( 16,235 ) on the franchise list . On January 27 , he scored 49 points -- with 13 of those over the final 1 : 42 -- and hit eight 3 - pointers , lifting the Warriors past the Boston Celtics 109 -- 105 . On February 1 , he was named Western Conference Player of the Month for January . On February 22 , he had a 44 - point effort with eight 3 - pointers in a 134 -- 127 win over the Los Angeles Clippers . It was his third 40 - point game of the season . On March 2 , in a 114 -- 109 win over the Atlanta Hawks , Curry made his 200th 3 - point field goal of the season , becoming the first player in NBA history with at least 200 3 - pointers in six seasons , having reached the mark in every season since 2012 -- 13 . Four days later , in a 114 -- 101 win over the Nets , Curry became the seventh player in Warriors history to make 5,000 career field goals , joining Chamberlain , Barry , Mullin , Arizin , Jeff Mullins and Nate Thurmond . On March 23 , against the Hawks , Curry suffered a Grade 2 medial collateral ligament ( MCL ) sprain to his left knee . He subsequently missed nearly six weeks , returning to action in Game 2 of the Warriors ' second - round playoff series against the Pelicans . He came off the bench to score 28 points in a 121 -- 116 win . In Game 3 of the Western Conference Finals , Curry scored 35 points with five 3 - pointers in a 126 -- 85 win over the Houston Rockets . The 41 - point victory was the largest in franchise history during the postseason . In Game 6 , Curry scored 29 points with five 3 - pointers , as the Warriors rallied from an early 17 - point deficit to stave off elimination with a 115 -- 86 victory over the Rockets . In Game 7 , Curry recorded 27 points , 10 assists and nine rebounds , as the Warriors earned a fourth straight trip to the NBA Finals by beating the Rockets 101 -- 92 . In Game 2 of the NBA Finals , Curry hit a Finals - record nine 3 - pointers and scored 33 points in a 122 -- 103 win over the Cavaliers . In Game 4 , Curry led all scorers with 37 points in a 108 -- 85 win that helped the Warriors clinch their second straight championship with a series sweep over the Cavaliers . Many felt that he should have won Finals MVP . In response , Curry stated , `` At the end of the day , I 'm not going to let a ( Finals ) MVP trophy define my career . Three titles ... Wherever that puts us in the conversation in the history of the NBA ... I 'm a three - time champ . '' Rohan Nadkarni of Sports Illustrated argued that `` the Golden State dynasty started with Stephen Curry . He , for numerous reasons stretching from his incredible talent to his previous ankle injuries , put the Warriors in place to win their third championship in four seasons . '' National team career Curry at the 2014 USA World Basketball Festival in August 2014 Curry 's first experience with the United States national team came at the 2007 FIBA Under - 19 World Championship , where he helped Team USA capture the silver medal . In 2010 , he was selected to the senior squad , playing limited minutes at the 2010 FIBA World Championship ( known later as FIBA Basketball World Cup ) as the United States won the gold medal in an undefeated tournament . In 2014 , he took on a larger role with the team , helping them to another undefeated tournament at the 2014 World Cup and scoring 10 points in the final game . On June 6 , 2016 , Curry withdrew from consideration for the 2016 Olympics in Brazil , citing ankle and knee ailments as the major reason behind the decision . Player Profile Standing at 6 feet 3 inches tall ( 1.91 m ) and weighing 190 pounds ( 86 kg ) , Curry plays almost exclusively at the point guard position and has career averages of 23.1 points , 6.8 assists , 4.4 rebounds , and 1.8 steals per game . He has been selected to four All - NBA Teams and voted league MVP twice . Curry is considered to be an important leader within the Warriors organization ; he is known for his humility and work ethic . Curry is said to have played a significant role in the recruitment of former MVP Kevin Durant to the Warriors . Curry is known for his elite shooting ability ; he is able to score in great volume from underneath the rim all the way to near half - court . He is considered by many to the greatest shooter in NBA history . Using an unorthodox jump shot , he is able to get the ball out of his hands in under half a second by releasing it on the way up , adding extra arc to his shot and making it difficult to block . In addition to his quick release , he puts extra pressure on defenses with his long range , leading the NBA in field goals made from beyond 28 feet in 2016 . As of April 2018 , he ranks fourth in NBA history in career three - point field goal percentage and holds four of the top five seasons in terms of total three - pointers made . He is also the fastest player in league history to make 2,000 career three - pointers , doing so in 227 fewer games than the previous record - holder . In an article for FiveThirtyEight , Benjamin Morris emphasized Curry 's importance in the NBA 's increasing use of the three - point shot , writing `` Curry is perhaps the figurehead in the NBA 's Three - Point Revolution . '' Some experts have commented that Curry 's elite scoring ability creates a `` gravity '' effect , forcing opposing defenders to double - team him even when he does not have the ball , which creates mismatches that his teammates are able to exploit . Curry is also known as a clutch scorer , often shooting at his best in high - pressure moments , and taking game - winning shots . Curry is an exceptional free throw shooter , with a career free throw percentage of over 90 % through the 2017 -- 18 season , the third highest in NBA history . He is currently the Warriors ' all - time free - throw leader , and has led the NBA in free throw percentage four times . Though capable of stealing the ball , having led the league in steals for the 2015 -- 16 season , Curry is not considered to be an elite defender , and his teammates frequently take the more difficult defensive assignments . Personal life President Barack Obama with Curry during a visit to the White House in 2015 to launch the President 's initiative on malaria On July 30 , 2011 , Curry married longtime girlfriend and Toronto native Ayesha Alexander in Charlotte . Together , they have two daughters , Riley ( b . 2012 ) and Ryan ( b . 2015 ) . They currently reside in Alamo , California . Curry 's younger brother , Seth , is also a professional basketball player , and his younger sister , Sydel , played volleyball at Elon University . Curry has been outspoken about his Christian faith . Curry spoke about his faith during his MVP speech by saying , `` People should know who I represent and why I am who I am , and that 's because of my Lord and Savior . '' He also said the reason that he pounds his chest and points up is that he has a `` heart for God '' and as a reminder that he plays for God . On some of his `` Curry One '' basketball shoes , there is a lace loop scripted `` 4 : 13 '' . It is a reference to the Bible verse Philippians 4 : 13 , which reads `` I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me '' . Curry has a tattoo of First Corinthians , 13 : 8 in Hebrew on his wrist ( `` Love never fails ... '' ) . Curry is also an investor in Active Faith , a Christian sports apparel brand . During the 1992 All - Star Weekend , Curry 's father entrusted him to Biserka Petrović , mother of future Hall of Fame player Dražen Petrović , while Dell competed in the Three - Point Contest . Following the 2015 NBA Finals , Curry gave Biserka one of his Finals - worn jerseys , which will reportedly be added to the collection of the Dražen Petrović Memorial Center , a museum to the late player in the Croatian capital of Zagreb . Charity In 2012 , Curry started donating three insecticide - treated mosquito nets for every three - pointer he made to the United Nations Foundation 's Nothing But Nets campaign to combat malaria . He was first introduced to the malaria cause by Davidson teammate Bryant Barr when they were both in school . Curry visited the White House in 2015 and delivered a five - minute speech to dignitaries as part of President Barack Obama 's launch of his President 's Malaria Initiative strategy for 2015 -- 2020 . In 2015 , Curry wore sneakers that had Deah Shaddy Barakat 's name on them ( one of the victims of the 2015 Chapel Hill shooting ) . According to his sister Suzanne , Deah Barakat was known for his `` love for basketball and anything Steph Curry . '' Deah 's number for his intramural basketball team at North Carolina State University was Curry 's No. 30 and he posed for a photo that was similar to one that Curry did for GQ . Curry said that Barakat 's family `` did a great job of reaching out to me and making me aware of the details of his life and personality ( ... ) It was really kind of a cool deal to be able to use the platform yesterday to honor Deah and his family ( ... ) I 'm going to send them the shoes I wore yesterday . And hopefully they know that I 've been thinking about them . '' Also in 2015 , after winning the MVP award following his impressive season , Curry donated his prize vehicle -- a 2016 Kia Sorento -- to the East Oakland Youth Development Center , a local non-profit organization located in the backyard of Oracle Arena . Public image Curry is currently one of the most successful players in the NBA , and he has also become an international celebrity , on par with four - time MVP LeBron James . His flashy play and penchant for coming up big in the clutch have made him a fan favorite , and his smaller physique is said to have made his success seem more attainable for younger fans of the NBA . Curry 's jersey was the top seller in the NBA for the 2015 -- 16 and 2016 -- 17 NBA seasons . ESPN has ranked Curry among the most famous international athletes , while Forbes has ranked him among the world 's highest - paid celebrities for his endorsements . Business interests Curry is widely known for his partnership with Under Armour , where he is considered to be the `` face of their footwear line '' . Originally signed to Nike , Curry joined with Under Armour in the 2013 offseason . As Curry became MVP and one of the most popular athletes in the world , sales of his shoes have become a major factor for the brand , with stock prices rising and falling based on the success of the Curry shoe line . On September 20 , 2017 , it was announced that Curry had signed an exclusive autograph contract with Steiner Sports Memorabilia . The full product line will include : hand - signed official basketballs and jerseys , autographed photographs of epic moments , flashy framed signs and wall - art , game - used memorabilia , and limited - edition pieces . On April 23 , 2018 , Sony Pictures Entertainment announced a wide - ranging , multiyear multimedia deal with Curry 's newly - formed production company Unanimous Media ( named for Curry becoming the first NBA player in history to be elected Most Valuable Player by a unanimous vote ) , located on the Sony Pictures studio lot in Culver City . The film and TV deal included electronics , gaming and virtual reality and will focus on faith and family - friendly content . Golf Curry is an avid golfer ; he played golf in high school , and frequently plays golf with teammate Andre Iguodala . A 5 - handicap golfer , Curry participates in celebrity golf tournaments , and has played golf alongside Barack Obama . In August 2017 , Curry competed in the Ellie Mae Classic on an unrestricted sponsor exemption . Though he missed the first cut , he scored 4 - over-74 for both days he participated , surpassing most expectations for an amateur competing in the pro event . NBA career statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which Curry won an NBA championship * Led the league Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2009 -- 10 Golden State 80 77 36.2 . 462 . 437 . 885 4.5 5.9 1.9 . 2 17.5 2010 -- 11 Golden State 74 74 33.6 . 480 . 442 . 934 * 3.9 5.8 1.5 . 3 18.6 2011 -- 12 Golden State 26 23 28.2 . 490 . 455 . 809 3.4 5.3 1.5 . 3 14.7 2012 -- 13 Golden State 78 78 38.2 . 451 . 453 . 900 4.0 6.9 1.6 . 2 22.9 2013 -- 14 Golden State 78 78 36.5 . 471 . 424 . 885 4.3 8.5 1.6 . 2 24.0 2014 -- 15 † Golden State 80 80 32.7 . 487 . 443 . 914 * 4.3 7.7 2.0 . 2 23.8 2015 -- 16 Golden State 79 79 34.2 . 504 . 454 . 908 * 5.4 6.7 2.1 * . 2 30.1 * 2016 -- 17 † Golden State 79 79 33.4 . 468 . 411 . 898 4.5 6.6 1.8 . 2 25.3 2017 -- 18 † Golden State 51 51 32.0 . 495 . 423 . 921 * 5.1 6.1 1.6 . 2 26.4 Career 625 619 34.4 . 477 . 436 . 903 4.4 6.8 1.8 . 2 23.1 All - Star 5 5 27.6 . 410 . 339 1.000 5.4 6.6 1.6 . 0 17.0 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2013 Golden State 12 12 41.4 . 434 . 396 . 921 3.8 8.1 1.7 . 2 23.4 2014 Golden State 7 7 42.3 . 440 . 386 . 881 3.6 8.4 1.7 . 1 23.0 2015 † Golden State 21 21 39.3 . 456 . 422 . 835 5.0 6.4 1.9 . 1 28.3 2016 Golden State 18 17 34.3 . 438 . 404 . 916 5.5 5.2 1.4 . 3 25.1 2017 † Golden State 17 17 35.3 . 484 . 419 . 904 6.2 6.7 2.0 . 2 28.1 2018 † Golden State 15 14 37.0 . 451 . 395 . 957 6.1 5.4 1.7 . 7 25.5 Career 90 88 37.7 . 452 . 408 . 893 5.2 6.4 1.7 . 3 26.1 Awards and honors Curry during his first MVP season in 2014 -- 15 . Main article : List of career achievements by Stephen Curry NBA 3 × NBA champion : 2015 , 2017 , 2018 2 × NBA Most Valuable Player : 2015 , 2016 5 × NBA All - Star : 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 5 × All - NBA selection : 2 × First team : 2015 , 2016 2 × Second team : 2014 , 2017 Third team : 2018 All - Rookie First Team : 2010 NBA scoring leader : 2016 5 × NBA three - point field goals leader : 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 4 × NBA free - throw percentage leader : 2011 , 2015 , 2016 , 2018 NBA steals leader : 2016 NBA Three - Point Contest champion : 2015 NBA Skills Challenge champion : 2011 NBA Sportsmanship Award : 2011 NBA Community Assist Award : 2014 NBA regular season record for made three - pointers ( 402 ) NBA record for most three - pointers made in a single playoffs ( 98 -- tied with Klay Thompson ) NBA regular season record for most three - pointers made in a game ( 13 ) NBA Finals record for most three - pointers made in a game ( 9 ) NBA record for most consecutive regular season games with a made three - pointer ( 157 ) NBA record for most consecutive playoff games with a made three - pointer ( 90 ) NBA record for most points scored in an overtime period ( 17 ) Warriors franchise leader in three - point field goals made College 2 × SoCon Player of the Year ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Consensus first - team All - American ( 2009 ) Consensus second - team All - American ( 2008 ) 2 × First - team All - SoCon ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 2 × SoCon Conference Tournament Most Outstanding Player ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 3 × SoCon first - team All - Tournament ( 2007 -- 2009 ) SoCon Freshman of the Year ( 2007 ) SoCon All - Freshmen Team ( 2007 ) NCAA records NCAA Division I scoring leader ( 2009 ) Single - season NCAA 3 - point field goals ( 162 , 2007 -- 08 ) Single - season NCAA freshman 3 - point field goals ( 122 , 2006 -- 07 ) Davidson College records All - time leading scorer in Davidson College history ( 2,635 ) All - time Davidson College leader in 3 - point field - goals made ( 414 ) All - time Davidson College leader in 30 - point games ( 30 ) All - time Davidson College leader in 40 - point games ( 6 ) Single - season Davidson College points ( 974 , 2008 -- 09 ) Single - season Davidson College steals ( 86 , 2008 -- 09 ) Single - season Davidson College freshman points ( 730 , 2006 -- 07 ) Other Jefferson Award for Outstanding Public Service in Professional Sports ( 2011 ) ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete and Best NBA Player ( 2015 ) BET Award for Sportsman of the Year ( 2015 ) AP Male Athlete of the Year ( 2015 ) 2016 ESPY Award Nominee for Best Record - Breaking Performance See also National Basketball Association portal List of NBA season leaders in three - point field goals List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association annual free throw percentage leaders List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball season scoring leaders NBA regular season records List of second - generation National Basketball Association players Notes Jump up ^ In 2015 -- 16 , James Harden had the highest point total ( 2,376 ) but was second in scoring average ( 29.0 ) . References Jump up ^ `` Is Steph Curry The Best Shooter Ever ? Yes , Say Many of NBA 's All - Time Marksmen '' . Bleacherreport.com . June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foltin , Lindsey ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` LeBron - Curry Finals inspires unique ' Akron Born ' promotion for local business '' . FoxSports.com . Fox Sports Interactive Media , LLC . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . But not many realize that it 's also the birthplace of two - time NBA MVP Stephen Curry , who was born at Akron City Hospital in 1988 when his father , Dell Curry , was a member of the Cleveland Cavaliers . Jump up ^ Williams , Travis ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Curry rooted in storied New River Valley family tree '' . SportingNews.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dell Curry NBA Stats '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephan Curry , Golden State Warriors '' . Fellowship of Christian Athletes . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry 's Grade 8 season at tiny Toronto school remembered '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Northern Touch : Steph Curry 's Toronto connection '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Curry 's path to NBA stardom forged in Toronto '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada 's quest for elite basketball status begins in Toronto '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wong , Alex ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` When Stephen Curry was Canadian : Warriors ' MVP dominated Toronto 's 8th - grade scene '' . SportingNews.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Posnanski , Joe ( March 28 , 2008 ) . `` Kansas will have to deal with Stephen Curry to get to Final Four '' . Kansas City Star . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Forde , Pat . `` How Stephen Curry went from ignored college recruit to possible NBA MVP '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Marlen ( March 21 , 2008 ) . `` Davidson duo key to Wildcats ' chances for rare tourney win '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` And Then There Were Two : Championship Set for Saturday -- SoConSports.com -- Official Web Site of The Southern Conference '' . Soconsports.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Davidson College Basketball : February 2007 '' . Davidsonbasketball.blogspot.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ HSBC Arena , Buffalo , New York ( March 15 , 2007 ) . `` No. 4 seed Maryland survives against upstart Davidson '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : RBC Center , Raleigh , North Carolina ( March 23 , 2008 ) . `` No. 10 seed Davidson clinches Sweet 16 berth after upset of Hoyas '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ RBC Center , Raleigh , North Carolina ( March 21 , 2008 ) . `` Curry 's reliable stroke good for 40 as Davidson advances to second round '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Ford Field , Detroit , Michigan ( March 28 , 2008 ) . `` Curry 's sweet touch continues as Davidson eludes Wisconsin '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sophomore sensation Curry returning to Davidson '' . Sports.espn.go.com . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Curry shrugs off the glory in Davidson 's Elite run '' . Sports.espn.go.com . March 29 , 2008 . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ford Field , Detroit , Michigan ( March 30 , 2008 ) . `` Goliath slays Davidson , Curry as Kansas holds on '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ESPN -- For first time in six decades , no seniors on AP All - America team -- Men 's College Basketball '' . Sports.espn.go.com . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hui , Ray . `` Stephen Curry : First Most Outstanding Player From Losing Team Since Juwan Howard -- FanHouse -- AOL Sports Blog '' . Sports.aol.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Davidson College Athletics -- Stephen Curry Named Top 30 Candidate for Naismith Trophy '' . Davidsonwildcats.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lloyd Noble Center , Norman , Oklahoma ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` Curry 's career - high 44 points not enough as Griffin - led Oklahoma tops Davidson '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Belk Arena , Davidson , North Carolina ( November 21 , 2008 ) . `` Curry , Lovedale have double - doubles as No. 21 Davidson routs Winthrop '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Belk Arena , Davidson , North Carolina ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Curry held scoreless on just three shots , but Davidson still blows out Loyola '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Belk Arena , Davidson , North Carolina ( January 3 , 2009 ) . `` Davidson 76 , Samford 55 '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Citadel beats Curry-less Davidson 64 -- 46 '' . sandiegouniontribune.com . February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Curry sets mark , Davidson routs Ga Southern 99 -- 56 '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 -- 09 Davidson Wildcats Schedule and Results College Basketball at '' . Sports-reference.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Conference Standings -- College Basketball -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ CBSSports.com wire reports . `` Southern : Davidson 's Curry drops 43 on Appalachian State -- NCAA Division I Mens Basketball -- CBSSports.com News , Scores , Stats , Schedule and RPI Rankings '' . Cbssports.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Davidson sent packing by College of Charleston in Southern semis -- USATODAY.com '' . Usatoday30.usatoday.com . March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Davidson Wildcats -- South Carolina Gamecocks Box Scores , Game Results & Summary -- USATODAY.com '' . Content.usatoday.com . March 18 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Will Bryan ( Correspondent ) ( March 18 , 2009 ) . `` Davidson : An NIT Miracle '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McKeon Pavilion , Moraga , California ( March 23 , 2009 ) . `` Davidson Wildcats vs. Saint Mary 's Gaels -- Recap -- March 23 , 2009 -- ESPN '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Stats College Basketball at '' . Sports-reference.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry of Davidson entering NBA draft -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen Curry NBA Stats '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Rusty ( July 8 , 2009 ) . `` Curry signs deal '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Osler , Scott ( October 28 , 2009 ) . `` Curry 's debut is solid , but not off the charts '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Kings ' Evans takes home T - Mobile Rookie of Year award '' . NBA Official Website . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry takes the 2011 Taco Bell Skills Challenge '' . NBA.com . February 20 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Season Leaders '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Wins 2010 -- 11 NBA Sportsmanship Award '' . NBA.com . May 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Shootaround : Get Your Brooms Ready '' . Grantland.com . May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , David . ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sports ' perfect 0.4 seconds '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors ' Stephen Curry sidelined by ankle injury again -- San Jose Mercury News '' . Mercurynews.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry of Golden State Warriors to miss rest of preseason -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Oracle Arena , Oakland , California ( December 25 , 2011 ) . `` Los Angeles Clippers vs. Golden State Warriors -- Recap -- December 25 , 2011 -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Golden State Warriors vs. San Antonio Spurs -- Recap -- January 04 , 2012 -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ US Airways Center , Phoenix , Arizona ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` Golden State Warriors vs. Phoenix Suns -- Recap -- February 22 , 2012 -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Thompson , Marcus . `` Warriors , Stephen Curry Agree to 4 Year , $44 Million Extension '' . Inside the Warriors . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry lands $44 M contract extension '' . Yahoo ! Sports . October 31 , 2012 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Jason . `` Three Years Ago , Here 's What Basketball Writers Were Saying About Stephen Curry 's Ankle and His Future with the Warriors '' . The Big Lead . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spears , Marc J. `` Origin of Stephen Curry 's and Klay Thompson 's ' Splash Brothers ' nickname '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors at Knicks '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry scores 54 points , but Knicks prevail , 109 -- 105 , over Warriors '' . NJ.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry of Golden State Warriors sets new 3 - point season record -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Correspondent ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` What the Experts Are Saying About Golden State Warriors ' Postseason Chances '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manu Ginobili , Spurs rally past Warriors in 2OT despite Steph Curry 's 44 '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry sets franchise record for 3 - pointers '' . CSN Bay Area . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curry starts in first All - Star Game ; LeBron top vote - getter '' . NBA.com . January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers at Warriors '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2014 -- 15 NBA Leaders . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` Simply Golden : How the Warriors Became the Total Package '' . Grantland . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Devine , Dan . `` Warriors ' Steve Kerr caps remarkable rookie season with NBA championship '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry scores 51 , Warriors rally from 22 down to stun Mavs '' . NBA.com . February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' Curry leading vote - getter , surpassing LeBron , for 2015 All - Star Game '' . NBA.com . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry wins 3 - point crown '' . ESPN . February 15 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Antonio ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Curry breaks 3 - point record , Warriors beat Blazers 116 -- 105 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sam , Amick . `` Why Stephen Curry is the NBA 's MVP '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Lights Out in Game 5 Win vs Grizzlies ( VIDEO ) '' . SLAMonline . May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Eric ( May 16 , 2015 ) . `` Curry 's 62 - foot buzzer - beater propels Warriors over Grizzlies , into West finals '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Yahoo Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curry , Golden State rout Houston 115 -- 80 to take 3 -- 0 lead '' . NBA.com . May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry sets record for most threes in playoffs , passing Reggie Miller '' . nbcsports.com . May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry 's shot goes missing for Warriors in Game 2 loss '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 NBA Finals '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Christopher Dean . `` Golden State Warriors Bring Home Their First NBA Title In 40 Years '' . NPR . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA MVP Curry scores 40 points , Warriors win opener '' . NBA.com . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curry 's big 3rd quarter leads Warriors past Pelicans 134 -- 120 '' . NBA.com . October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors make NBA history as first team to start season 16 -- 0 '' . NBA.com . November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's over : Bucks hand Warriors 1st loss , win 108 -- 95 '' . NBA.com . December 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curry 's triple - double leads Warriors past Kings 122 -- 103 '' . NBA.com . December 28 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curry 's triple - double leads Warriors to win in Kerr 's return '' . NBA.com . January 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry lights up Wizards for Warriors ' 8th straight win '' . NBA.com . February 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry flirts with triple - double , Warriors top Suns 112 -- 104 '' . NBA.com . February 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry has 51 , hits 3 - pointer in record 128th straight game '' . NBA.com . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Ties Single - Game Record for Made 3 - Pointers '' . YouTube.com . February 27 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry hits winning 3 , sets record as Warriors beat Thunder '' . NBA.com . February 27 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry is first player to make 300 3s in a single season '' . NBA.com . March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' home winning streak ends at 54 in loss to Celtics '' . NBA.com. April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors become 2nd NBA team to win 70 , beat Spurs 112 -- 101 '' . NBA.com. April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry shoots Warriors to 73rd win , breaking Bulls ' mark '' . NBA.com. April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kurtenbach , Dieter ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen Curry just finished the greatest individual regular season in NBA history '' . FoxSports.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry leads Warriors past Rockets in playoff opener '' . NBA.com. April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harden 's late shot lifts Rockets over Warriors 97 -- 96 '' . NBA.com. April 21 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry hurts knee but Warriors beat Rockets 121 -- 94 in Game 4 '' . NBA.com. April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' Stephen Curry out at least 2 weeks with MCL sprain '' . ESPN.com. April 25 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richman , Mike ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen Curry returns to MVP form as Golden State Warriors beat Trail Blazers in Game 4 '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry returns with 40 points in 132 -- 125 OT win over Blazers '' . NBA.com . May 9 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Named Unanimous Winner of 2015 -- 16 Kia NBA Most Valuable Player Award '' . NBA.com . May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry and record - setting Warriors headed back to NBA Finals '' . NBA.com . May 30 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` For Warriors ' Stephen Curry , Staying Power Is Pushed to the Limits '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen Curry sets record for 3 - pointers in a Finals '' . NBCSports.com . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James and Cavaliers win thrilling NBA Finals Game 7 , 93 -- 89 '' . NBA.com . June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Durant helps Warriors bounce back , beat Pelicans 122 -- 114 '' . ESPN.com . October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lakers stun Warriors 117 -- 97 , end Steph 's 3 - point streak '' . ESPN.com . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sweet shot : Stephen Curry hits NBA - record 13 3 - pointers '' . ESPN.com . November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson sparks Warriors ' rally in 4th against Wolves '' . ESPN.com . December 11 , 2016 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant gets 1st triple - double with Warriors in win over Mavs '' . ESPN.com . December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen Curry Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Butler , Stephen Curry named Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry , Durant and four first - time starters highlight starting lineups for NBA All - Star 2017 '' . NBA.com . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry 's 43 , halfcourt shot help Warriors top Clippers 144 - 98 '' . ESPN.com . January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry 's 3 - point clinic leads Warriors past Hornets '' . ESPN.com . February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas , Curry and Durant named players of month for January '' . NBA.com . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors beat Clippers 133 - 120 for 9th straight win over LA '' . ESPN.com . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry ends slump with 31 , Warriors beat Knicks 112 - 105 '' . ESPN.com . March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry shines against Wizards , Warriors win 11th straight '' . ESPN.com. April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Win over Suns gives Warriors NBA 's best record for third straight season '' . ESPN.com. April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors move on with a sweep of the Trail Blazers '' . ESPN.com. April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry 's 30 lead Warriors to sweep after 121 - 95 win over Jazz '' . ESPN.com . May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors rally for 113 - 111 win after Spurs lose Leonard '' . ESPN.com . May 14 , 2017 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant powers Warriors to take 3 - 0 lead against Spurs '' . ESPN.com . May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry 's 36 points leads Warriors to sweep Spurs , 129 - 115 '' . ESPN.com . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry , Durant lead Warriors to 2 - 0 lead with 132 - 113 rout '' . ESPN.com . June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant , Stephen Curry lead Warriors to NBA title '' . ESPN.com . June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( July 1 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Curry 's supermax deal becomes richest in NBA history '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Re-Sign Curry , Durant , Iguodala , Livingston , Pachulia and West to Contracts '' . NBA.com . July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Durant , Curry ejected late in Warriors ' defeat '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NBA hands Stephen Curry $50,000 fine for mouthpiece incident '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Curry scores 39 , Warriors hold off Nets 118 - 111 '' . ESPN.com . November 19 , 2017 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thompson has 27 points , Warriors rout Magic 133 - 112 '' . ESPN.com . December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen Curry becomes fastest to reach 2,000 3 - pointers made '' . NBA.com . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Curry on ankle injury : `` I 'll be back '' `` . MercuryNews.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Injury Update '' . NBA.com . December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry makes season - best 10 3 - pointers in return from injury '' . ESPN.com . December 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry scores season - high 45 points , Warriors beat Clippers '' . ESPN.com . January 6 , 2018 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Durant has triple - double , Warriors hit 21 3s to beat Wolves '' . ESPN.com . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Curry scores 13 points over final 1 : 42 , Warriors beat Boston '' . ESPN.com . January 27 , 2018 . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Named Kia Western Conference Player of the Month '' . NBA.com . February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Curry scores 44 , Warriors hold off late rally by Clippers '' . ESPN.com . February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Curry tweaks ankle , has 28 as Warriors top Hawks '' . ESPN.com . March 2 , 2018 . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry scores 34 points , leads Warriors past Nets '' . ESPN.com . March 6 , 2018 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Injury Update - 3 / 24 / 17 '' . NBA.com . March 24 , 2018 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry returns to score 28 , Warriors beat Pelicans '' . ESPN.com . May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Curry comes alive to score 35 , Warriors rout Rockets by 41 '' . ESPN.com . May 20 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson score 35 , Warriors force Game 7 in West finals '' . ESPN.com . May 26 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors reach 4th straight NBA Finals with win over Houston '' . ESPN.com . May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Curry dazzles from deep , Warriors take 2 - 0 NBA Finals lead '' . ESPN.com . June 3 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dub Dynasty : Warriors sweep Cavaliers for second straight title '' . ESPN.com . June 8 , 2018 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ward - Henninger , Colin ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors vs. Cavs : NBA Twitter irate over Stephen Curry losing 2018 Finals MVP to Kevin Durant '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Charania , Shams ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` There 's still no Finals MVP trophy for Stephen Curry , only a growing legacy '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nadkarni , Rohan ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` For the Third Time in Three Titles , Stephen Curry 's Greatness Goes Unrecognized '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` USA Basketball : Stephen Curry '' . USA Basketball Official Website . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Team USA Profile -- 2010 FIBA World Championship '' . 2010 Turkey FIBA Official Website . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` USA Fires Its Way To FIBA World Cup Gold Medal , 129 -- 92 Win Over Serbia '' . USA Basketball Official Website . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Neuharth - Keusch , AJ ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen Curry withdraws from consideration for Team USA at 2016 Olympics '' . USAToday.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry embraces leadership role with Warriors '' . The Mercury News . 2013 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Thompson : How Stephen Curry got his groove back after NBA Finals devastation '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wire , SI . `` Report : Curry fine with not being face of Warriors '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry is extending his range to 10 feet behind the 3 - point line '' . For The Win. 2015 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Pantorno , Joe . `` Fred Hoiberg Says Stephen Curry Might Be ' Best Shooter of All Time ' '' . bleacher report . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dewey , Todd . `` NBA legends say Stephen Curry is the best shooter of all time '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Littmann , Chris . `` Kevin Durant calls Stephen Curry ' best shooter ever to play ' '' . Sporting News . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bird says he , Curry , Mullin among NBA 's greatest shooters ever '' . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , David . `` Sports ' perfect 0.4 seconds '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In 2015 -- 16 , in the regular season , shot distance between 28 and 43 feet , sorted by descending Field Goals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Career Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goal Pct '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Season Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miron , Danny . `` The Statistical Case For Steph Curry As Best Shooter of All - Time '' . Sports Quotient . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morris , Benjamin ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen Curry Is The Revolution '' . fivethirtyeight.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Strauss : How Stephen Curry wrecks defenses without the ball '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals 2017 : How Stephen Curry 's gravity puts Cavs in impossible positions '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry has become lethal in the biggest moments , and it has taken his game to another level '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Fromal , Adam . `` Stephen Curry Is NBA Clutch King and These Are His Imitators at Every Position '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Career Leaders and Records for Free Throw Pct Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Career Leaders - Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Year - by - Year Leaders and Records for Free Throw Pct - Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Guard Stephen Curry Married His College Sweetheart Ayesha Alexander '' . jocksandstilettojill.com . August 3 , 2011 . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oh Canada ! '' . ayeshacurry.com . July 22 , 2013 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fans draw for Stephen Curry 's daughter '' . ESPN . August 1 , 2012 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors ' Steph Curry 's wife announces birth of baby girl '' . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Touring the many homes of Stephen Curry -- Curbed SF Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seth Curry to transfer to Duke '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2009 . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Sydel Alicia Curry '' . Elon University . 2015 . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curry : In His Own Words '' . fca.org . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Interview Prodigal Magazine '' . Prodigalmagazine.com . February 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Borkett - Jones , Lucinda . `` NBA MVP Stephen Curry 's acceptance speech : ' I 'm God 's humble servant ' '' . Christianitytoday.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomasos , Christine . `` Stephen Curry 's New Basketball Sneaker Features Bible Verse '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schultz , E.J. `` Under Armour Has High Hopes for Stephen Curry Shoe Launch in Battle Against Nike '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry 's mother : Trip to Israel ' transformed ' my life '' . The Jerusalem Post JPost.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Athletes Wearing Active Faith '' . Jump up ^ `` Lin 's rise sparks Active Faith 's success '' . Jump up ^ Freeman , Eric ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen Curry sent Dražen Petrović 's mother one of his NBA Finals jerseys '' . Ball Do n't Lie . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leung , Diamond ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Warriors ' Stephen Curry meets President Obama '' . San Jose Mercury News . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Gayle ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Putting an End to a Preventable Scourge '' . WhiteHouse.gov . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leung , Diamond ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen Curry to honor North Carolina shooting victim '' . San Jose Mercury . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jhaveri , Hemal ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` Steph Curry plans to give special sneakers to family of Chapel Hill victim '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Rusty ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` Steph Curry Talks About Honoring A North Carolina Shooting Victim '' . The Post Game Network . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Rusty ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` Curry is All - Star everyman , and everyone wants a piece of him '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wang , Alan ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Steph Curry donates MVP prize to East Oakland children 's charity '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wire , SI . `` One tweet that shows how quickly Steph Curry became a star '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` As Warriors rise , so does Stephen Curry 's stardom '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kruse , Michael . `` Meet Steph Curry , the NBA 's Most Beloved Megastar '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Brian ( 2015 - 04 - 24 ) . `` The Rise and Rise ( and Rise ) of Stephen Curry : The Wildly Miraculous and Quietly Inevitable Success of Golden State 's Point Guard '' . Grantland . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ release , Official . `` Stephen Curry leads NBA 's most popular jersey list for second consecutive season '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Greenburg , Zack O'Malley . `` Full List : The World 's Highest - Paid Celebrities 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` How do Warriors stars rank in ESPN 's 100 most famous athletes ? '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wattles , Jackie ( 2015 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Under Armour is upping its game with Steph Curry '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` TrueHoop Presents : You wo n't believe how Nike lost Steph '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gensler , Lauren . `` Under Armour Sales Jump 30 % As Stephen Curry Shoes Prove A Slam Dunk '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Waning interest in Steph Curry shoes ? Under Armour stock slumps '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Signs Exclusive Collectibles Deal With Steiner Sports Memorabilia '' . steinersports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Star Stephen Curry Scores Film and TV Pact With Sony ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Kawakami : Round of golf therapeutic for Curry , Iguodala '' . The Mercury News . 2015 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry -- the NBA 's best golfer -- reveals his favorite golf holes '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry 's Family Thinks He Has Potential To Be A Professional Golfer '' . ThePostGame. 2015 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Staff , NBA.com . `` Stephen Curry finishes fourth at celebrity golf tournament , wins lake - jump bet with dad '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Pandian , Ananth ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` LOOK : Steph Curry spotted golfing with President Obama in Martha 's Vineyard '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry to compete in Web.com Tour golf event '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Curry shoots 74 again at Web.com , misses cut '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 -- 16 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Season Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Sports - Reference . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Season Playoff Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Sports - Reference . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Named To Dream Team of Public Service THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE GOLDEN STATE WARRIORS '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ESPYs 2015 : Full Winners List '' . Variety.com . July 15 , 2015 . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BET Award for Sportsman of the Year '' . BET.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' Stephen Curry named AP male athlete of the year '' . theglobeandmail.com . December 27 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` List of 2016 ESPYS Nominees '' . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stephen Curry . Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Stephen Curry at davidsonwildcats.com Golden State Warriors current roster 0 McCaw 1 McGee 2 Bell 3 West 4 Cook 5 Looney 6 Young 9 Iguodala 11 Thompson 15 Jones 23 Green 25 Boucher ( TW ) 27 Pachulia 30 Curry 34 Livingston 35 Durant Head coach : Kerr Assistant coaches : Adams Brown DeMarco Collins Fraser Green Links to related articles Southern Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year 1952 : Groat 1953 : Selvy 1954 : Selvy 1955 : Floyd 1956 : Floyd 1957 : Hundley 1958 : Flora 1959 : West 1960 : West 1961 : Je. 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Brooks 2015 : Cochran 2016 : Croone 2017 : Sibley 2018 : Bradford & Magee NCAA Division I men 's basketball season scoring leaders Unofficial 1936 : Luisetti 1937 : Luisetti 1938 : Jaworski 1939 : Jaworski 1940 : Modzelewski 1941 : Modzelewski 1942 : Modzelewski 1943 : Senesky 1944 : Calverley 1945 : Mikan 1946 : Mikan 1947 : Lacy Official 1948 : Wier 1949 : Lavelli 1950 : Arizin 1951 : Mlkvy 1952 : Lovellette 1953 : Selvy 1954 : Selvy 1955 : Floyd 1956 : Floyd 1957 : Wallace 1958 : Robertson 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Burgess 1962 : McGill 1963 : Werkman 1964 : Komives 1965 : Barry 1966 : Schellhase 1967 : Walker 1968 : Maravich 1969 : Maravich 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Neumann 1972 : Lamar 1973 : Averitt 1974 : Fogle 1975 : McCurdy 1976 : Rogers 1977 : F. Williams 1978 : F. Williams 1979 : Butler 1980 : Murphy 1981 : Fredrick 1982 : Kelly 1983 : Kelly 1984 : Jakubick 1985 : McDaniel 1986 : Bailey 1987 : Houston 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Gathers 1990 : Kimble 1991 : Bradshaw 1992 : Roberts 1993 : Guy 1994 : Robinson 1995 : Thomas 1996 : Granger 1997 : Jones 1998 : Jones 1999 : A. Young 2000 : Alexander 2001 : McCollum 2002 : Conley 2003 : Douglas 2004 : Clark 2005 : Clark 2006 : Morrison 2007 : R. Williams 2008 : R. Williams 2009 : Curry 2010 : Coleman 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Hamilton 2013 : Green 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Harvey 2016 : Daniel 2017 : Keene 2018 : T. Young 2008 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team D.J. Augustin Michael Beasley Chris Douglas - Roberts Tyler Hansbrough Kevin Love Second Team Stephen Curry Shan Foster Luke Harangody Roy Hibbert Chris Lofton D.J. White 2009 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team DeJuan Blair Stephen Curry Blake Griffin Tyler Hansbrough James Harden Second Team Sherron Collins Luke Harangody Ty Lawson Jodie Meeks Jeff Teague Hasheem Thabeet 2009 NBA draft First round Blake Griffin Hasheem Thabeet James Harden Tyreke Evans Ricky Rubio Jonny Flynn Stephen Curry Jordan Hill DeMar DeRozan Brandon Jennings Terrence Williams Gerald Henderson Tyler Hansbrough Earl Clark Austin Daye James Johnson Jrue Holiday Ty Lawson Jeff Teague Eric Maynor Darren Collison Víctor Claver Omri Casspi Byron Mullens Rodrigue Beaubois Taj Gibson DeMarre Carroll Wayne Ellington Toney Douglas Christian Eyenga Second round Jeff Pendergraph Jermaine Taylor Dante Cunningham Sergio Llull DaJuan Summers Sam Young DeJuan Blair Jon Brockman Jonas Jerebko Derrick Brown Jodie Meeks Patrick Beverley Marcus Thornton Chase Budinger Nick Calathes Danny Green Henk Norel Taylor Griffin Sergiy Gladyr Goran Suton Jack McClinton A.J. Price Nando de Colo Robert Vaden Patty Mills Ahmad Nivins Emir Preldžić Lester Hudson Chinemelu Elonu Robert Dozier NBA Sportsmanship Award 1996 : Dumars 1997 : Brandon 1998 : Johnson 1999 : Hawkins 2000 : Snow 2001 : Robinson 2002 : Smith 2003 : Allen 2004 : Brown 2005 : Hill 2006 : Brand 2007 : Deng 2008 : Hill 2009 : Billups 2010 : Hill 2011 : Curry 2012 : Kidd 2013 : Kidd 2014 : Conley 2015 : Korver 2016 : Conley 2017 : Walker NBA Most Valuable Player Award 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Russell 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Russell 1962 : Russell 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Russell 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Chamberlain 1968 : Chamberlain 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Abdul - Jabbar 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Abdul - Jabbar 1978 : Walton 1979 : M. Malone 1980 : Abdul - Jabbar 1981 : Erving 1982 : M. Malone 1983 : M. Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Bird 1986 : Bird 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Barkley 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Jordan 1997 : K. Malone 1998 : Jordan 1999 : K. Malone 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Duncan 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Garnett 2005 : Nash 2006 : Nash 2007 : Nowitzki 2008 : Bryant 2009 : James 2010 : James 2011 : Rose 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook Three - Point Contest winners 1986 : Bird 1987 : Bird 1988 : Bird 1989 : Ellis 1990 : Hodges 1991 : Hodges 1992 : Hodges 1993 : Price 1994 : Price 1995 : Rice 1996 : Legler 1997 : Kerr 1998 : Hornacek 2000 : Hornacek 2001 : Allen 2002 : Stojaković 2003 : Stojaković 2004 : Lenard 2005 : Richardson 2006 : Nowitzki 2007 : Kapono 2008 : Kapono 2009 : Cook 2010 : Pierce 2011 : Jones 2012 : Love 2013 : Irving 2014 : Belinelli 2015 : Curry 2016 : Thompson 2017 : Gordon 2018 : Booker Golden State Warriors 2014 -- 15 NBA champions 4 Rush 5 Speights 7 Holiday 9 Iguodala ( Finals MVP ) 10 Lee 11 Thompson 12 Bogut 19 Barbosa 20 McAdoo 23 Green 30 Curry 31 Ezeli 34 Livingston 40 Barnes Head coach Kerr Assistant coaches Adams Collins Fraser Gentry Walton Regular season Playoffs Golden State Warriors 2016 -- 17 NBA champions 0 McCaw 1 McGee 3 West 5 Looney 9 Iguodala 11 Thompson 15 Jones 20 McAdoo 21 Clark 22 Barnes 23 Green 27 Pachulia 30 Curry 34 Livingston 35 Durant ( Finals MVP ) Head coach Kerr Assistant coaches Adams Brown Collins Fraser Green Regular season Playoffs Golden State Warriors 2017 -- 18 NBA champions 0 McCaw 1 McGee 2 Bell 3 West 4 Cook 5 Looney 6 Young 9 Iguodala 11 Thompson 15 Jones 23 Green 25 Boucher 27 Pachulia 30 Curry 34 Livingston 35 Durant ( Finals MVP ) Head coach Kerr Assistant coaches Adams Brown Collins Fraser Green Regular season Playoffs NBA season steals leaders 1974 : Steele 1975 : Barry 1976 : Watts 1977 : Buse 1978 : Lee 1979 : Carr 1980 : Richardson 1981 : Johnson 1982 : Johnson 1983 : Richardson 1984 : Green 1985 : Richardson 1986 : Robertson 1987 : Robertson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Stockton 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Robertson 1992 : Stockton 1993 : Jordan 1994 : McMillan 1995 : Pippen 1996 : Payton 1997 : Blaylock 1998 : Blaylock 1999 : Gill 2000 : Jones 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : Iverson 2004 : Davis 2005 : Hughes 2006 : Wallace 2007 : Davis 2008 : Paul 2009 : Paul 2010 : Rondo 2011 : Paul 2012 : Paul 2013 : Paul 2014 : Paul 2015 : Leonard 2016 : Curry 2017 : Green 2018 : Oladipo NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden United States squad -- 2010 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Durant ( MVP ) 6 Rose 7 Westbrook 8 Gay 9 Iguodala 10 Granger 11 Curry 12 Gordon 13 Love 14 Odom 15 Chandler Coach : Krzyzewski United States squad -- 2014 FIBA World Cup -- Gold medal 4 Curry 5 Thompson 6 Rose 7 Faried 8 Gay 9 DeRozan 10 Irving ( MVP ) 11 Plumlee 12 Cousins 13 Harden 14 Davis 15 Drummond Coach : Krzyzewski Best Male Athlete ESPY Award winners 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Bonds 1995 : Young 1996 : Ripken Jr . 1997 : Johnson 1998 : Woods / Griffey Jr . 1999 : McGwire 2000 : Woods 2001 : Woods 2002 : Woods 2003 : Armstrong 2004 : Armstrong 2005 : Armstrong 2006 : Armstrong 2007 : Tomlinson 2008 : Woods 2009 : Phelps 2010 : Brees 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : James 2017 : Westbrook Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Fred Lynn 1976 : Bruce Jenner 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : John McEnroe 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Carl Lewis 1984 : Carl Lewis 1985 : Dwight Gooden 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : Ben Johnson 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Michael Jordan 1993 : Michael Jordan 1994 : George Foreman 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Michael Johnson 1997 : Tiger Woods 1998 : Mark McGwire 1999 : Tiger Woods 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Barry Bonds 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Lance Armstrong 2005 : Lance Armstrong 2006 : Tiger Woods 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : Michael Phelps 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve Hickok Belt winners 1950 : Phil Rizzuto 1951 : Allie Reynolds 1952 : Rocky Marciano 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Otto Graham 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Carmen Basilio 1958 : Bob Turley 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Jim Brown 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Joe Namath 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Brooks Robinson 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Steve Carlton 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Ken Stabler 1977 -- 2011 not awarded 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : Michael Phelps 2017 : José Altuve Jefferson Award for Public Service hide U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Outstanding Public Service By An Elected or Appointed Official Henry A. Kissinger Elliot Richardson Peter W. Rodino , Jr . Arthur F. Burns , Alan Greenspan , William E. Simon Michael Mansfield Hubert H. Humphrey Kenneth A. Gibson , William Donald Schaefer , Coleman A. Young Cyrus R. Vance Warren Christopher Howard H. Baker Paul A. Volcker William H. Webster James A. Baker , III George P. Shultz William J. Brennan C. Everett Koop Paul Nitze Colin Powell Dick Cheney Thurgood Marshall Carla Hills George J. Mitchell , Bob Michel Harry Blackmun Sam Nunn Robert Dole Robert Rubin Daniel Patrick Moynihan John Glenn Madeleine Albright Rudolph Giuliani Condoleezza Rice Sandra Day O'Connor Lee H. Hamilton , Thomas H. Kean John Lewis Richard M. Daley Joe Lieberman Edward Kennedy Michael R. Bloomberg , Cory A. Booker Ruth Bader Ginsburg David H. Petraeus Tom Coburn , Patrick Leahy Gabrielle Giffords Sonia Sotomayor Arne Duncan Deval Patrick hide S. Roger Horchow Award for Outstanding Public Service by A Private Citizen John W. Gardner Ralph Nader Katharine Graham John D. Rockefeller , III Art Buchwald Paul Mellon Howard Jarvis Norman Borlaug Walter Cronkite Bob Hope Kirk Douglas J. Peter Grace Lee Iacocca H. Ross Perot Irving Brown James W. Rouse Leo Cherne Jimmy Carter Robert C. Macauley Faye Wattleton James Burke Jim Brady , Sarah Brady Walter H. Annenberg Brian Lamb Nancy Brinker Oprah Winfrey Elizabeth Dole Elayne Bennett Ted Benna Lilly Tartikoff Anne Douglas Ken Burns Vartan Gregorian Jeffrey Sachs Edward Jagen Greg Mortenson , Pamela Hawley Paul Farmer Bill Shore Harry Connick , Jr. , Branford Marsalis Elie Wiesel Andrew Shue , Charles Best Jeff Skoll , Ivan Hageman Sean Parker Peter Diamandis , Sheila Johnson hide Outstanding Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged Cesar Chavez Thomas Szasz Leon Sullivan Theodore Hesburgh Howard Rusk Jerry Lewis Jesse Jackson Allard Lowenstein Marva Collins Claude Pepper Helen Hayes Maude E. Callen Betty Ford Eugene Lang Ginetta Sagan Bruce Ritter Kimi Gray Jaime Escalante Marian Wright Edelman Eunice Shriver Arthur Ashe Paul Newman , Joanne Woodward Barbara Bush Rosalynn Carter Oseola McCarty Thaddeus S. Lott , Sr . Millard Fuller Benjamin Carson Dorothy Height Bill Gates , Melinda Gates Mathilde Krim Fred L. Shuttlesworth Dave Pelzer I. King Jordan Geoffrey Canada Darell Hammond William E. Milliken Jim Gibbons Jerry M. Reinsdorf Richard Proudfit Dolores Huerta Pedro José Greer Adam Braun Kyle Zimmer hide Samuel S. Beard Award for Outstanding Public Service by An Individual 35 Years or Under Joseph A. Yablonski Maynard Jackson Emmett Tyrrell Vilma S. Martinez Max Cleland Bernard Powell Denis Hayes 1980 US Olympic Hockey Team David Stockman Henry Cisneros Jan Scruggs Sally Ride Trevor Ferrell Robert Hayes Steve Jobs Marlee Matlin Marc Buoniconti Anne Donahue Wendy Kopp Michael Brown , Alan Khazei Mary Taylor Wayne Meisel Stacey Bess Andrea Jaeger Michael Danziger Bobby Jindal Anthony Shriver Faith Hill Lance Armstrong Chad Pregracke Matthew Meyer Kirsten Lodal , Brian Kreiter Benjamin Shuldiner Peyton Manning Lindsay Hyde Ocean Robbins Jennifer Staple Tad Skylar Agoglia Brittany Bergquist , Robbie Bergquist Amber Lynn Coffman Dr. Neilesh Patel Jack Andraka Lauren Bush Lauren The Young American Soldier Patrisse Cullors , Alicia Garza , Opal Tometi hide Outstanding Public Service in Professional Sports Nnamdi Asomugha , Tyrus Thomas , Curtis Granderson , Stuart Holden , Dwight Howard , Dirk Nowitzki , Justin Tuck , Lauryn Williams , Venus Williams , Ryan Zimmerman Drew Brees , Tamika Catchings , Stephen Curry , Warrick Dunn , Brad Davis , Ernie Els , Ryan Hall , Paul Pierce , CC Sabathia , Brian Westbrook Jeremy Affeldt , Dereck Faulkner , Julie Foudy , Jeff Karstens , Jim Kelly , Charlie Kimball , Pat LaFontaine , Hannibal Naives , Jeff Saturday , Troy Vincent , Marty Lyons Mark Ein Mariano Rivera , James Thrash Fred Jackson Eric Decker Joe Torre hide Lifetime Achievement in Public Service Ray Chambers Marlo Thomas Craig Hatkoff , Jane Rosenthal , Robert De Niro The Robin Hood Foundation Tom Brokaw Billie Jean King Harry Belafonte hide Outstanding National or Global Service by a Young American 25 Years or Under Ellie Duke , Katherine Foronda , Ted Gonder , Dallas Jessup , Emma Lindle , Tristan Love , Jessie Mintz , Zoe Ridolfi - Starr , Joe Togani , Kelly Voigt Sicomac Elementary School Student Council , Sashin Choksh , Morgan Harley , Greg Nance , Nick Hebert , Patrick Ip , Talia Lemon , Sarah Nuss , Mordecai Scott , Jessica Singer , Tyrone Stevenson , Vanessa Strickland Lillian Pravda , Maria Keller Corinne Hindes , Katrine Krisebom , Kid President Sophia Sánchez - Maes Laurie Hernandez hide Outstanding Public Service by a Corporation Prudential , Starkey Laboratories Pfizer General Electric Weyerhaeuser Target Corporation Salesforce Warby Parker Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Curry&oldid=845746885 '' Categories : 1988 births Living people 21st - century Christians African - American basketball players American basketball players African - American Christians American Christians All - American college men 's basketball players Basketball players from North Carolina Basketball players from Ohio Charlotte Christian School alumni Davidson Wildcats men 's basketball players Golden State Warriors draft picks Golden State Warriors players Point guards Sportspeople from Akron , Ohio Sportspeople from Charlotte , North Carolina United States men 's national basketball team players People from Alamo , California Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Unfit url Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Volapük 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 21 : 04 ( UTC ) . 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4928646489464370781 | Nobel Prize | Nobel Prize - Wikipedia Nobel Prize Jump to : navigation , search For a comprehensive list of Nobel Prize recipients , see List of Nobel laureates . For the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel , see Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences . For the unrelated American civil engineering prize , see Alfred Noble Prize . The Nobel Prize Awarded for Outstanding contributions for humanity in chemistry , economics , literature , peace , physics , or physiology or medicine Country Sweden ( all prizes except the Peace Prize ) Norway ( Peace Prize only ) Presented by Swedish Academy Nobel committee of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Nobel committee of Karolinska Institutet Norwegian Nobel Committee First awarded 1901 ; 116 years ago ( 1901 ) Number of laureates 579 prizes to 911 laureates as of 2016 Website nobelprize.org The Nobel Prize ( / ˈnoʊbɛl / , Swedish pronunciation : ( nʊˈbɛl ) ; Swedish definite form , singular : Nobelpriset ; Norwegian : Nobelprisen ) is a set of annual international awards bestowed in several categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition of academic , cultural or scientific advances . The will of the Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895 . The prizes in Chemistry , Literature , Peace , Physics and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901 . Medals made before 1980 were struck in 23 carat gold , and later from 18 carat green gold plated with a 24 carat gold coating . Between 1901 and 2016 , the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 579 times to 911 people and organisations . With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once , this makes a total of 23 organisations , and 881 individuals . The prize ceremonies take place annually in Stockholm , Sweden ( with the exception of the peace prize , which is held in Oslo , Norway ) . Each recipient , or laureate , receives a gold medal , a diploma , and a sum of money that has been decided by the Nobel Foundation . ( As of 2017 , each prize was worth SEK 8,000,000 or about US $1,000,000 , € 838,000 , £ 755,000 , or CNY 6,543,000 . ) The Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the most prestigious award available in the fields of literature , medicine , physics , chemistry , peace , as is the Prize in Economic Sciences . The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Nobel Prize in Physics , the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel ; the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ; the Swedish Academy grants the Nobel Prize in Literature ; and the Nobel Peace Prize is awarded not by a Swedish organisation but by the Norwegian Nobel Committee . The prize is not awarded posthumously ; however , if a person is awarded a prize and dies before receiving it , the prize may still be presented . Though the average number of laureates per prize increased substantially during the 20th century , a prize may not be shared among more than three people , although the Nobel Peace Prize can be awarded to organizations of more than three people . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Nobel Foundation 1.2 First prizes 1.3 Second World War 1.4 Prize in Economic Sciences 2 Award process 2.1 Nominations 2.2 Selection 2.3 Posthumous nominations 2.4 Recognition time lag 3 Award ceremonies 3.1 Nobel Banquet 3.2 Nobel lecture 4 Prizes 4.1 Medals 4.2 Diplomas 4.3 Award money 5 Controversies and criticisms 5.1 Controversial recipients 5.2 Overlooked achievements 5.3 Emphasis on discoveries over inventions 5.4 Gender disparity 6 Specially distinguished laureates 6.1 Multiple laureates 6.2 Family laureates 7 Cultural impact 8 Refusals and constraints 9 Legacy 10 See also 11 Sources 12 References 12.1 Notes 12.2 Bibliography 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Alfred Nobel had the unpleasant surprise of reading his own obituary , which was titled The merchant of death is dead , in a French newspaper . Alfred Nobel ( listen ( help info ) ) was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm , Sweden , into a family of engineers . He was a chemist , engineer , and inventor . In 1894 , Nobel purchased the Bofors iron and steel mill , which he made into a major armaments manufacturer . Nobel also invented ballistite . This invention was a precursor to many smokeless military explosives , especially the British smokeless powder cordite . As a consequence of his patent claims , Nobel was eventually involved in a patent infringement lawsuit over cordite . Nobel amassed a fortune during his lifetime , with most of his wealth from his 355 inventions , of which dynamite is the most famous . In 1888 , Nobel was astonished to read his own obituary , titled The merchant of death is dead , in a French newspaper . As it was Alfred 's brother Ludvig who had died , the obituary was eight years premature . The article disconcerted Nobel and made him apprehensive about how he would be remembered . This inspired him to change his will . On 10 December 1896 , Alfred Nobel died in his villa in San Remo , Italy , from a cerebral haemorrhage . He was 63 years old . Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime . He composed the last over a year before he died , signing it at the Swedish -- Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895 . To widespread astonishment , Nobel 's last will specified that his fortune be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the `` greatest benefit on mankind '' in physics , chemistry , physiology or medicine , literature , and peace . Nobel bequeathed 94 % of his total assets , 31 million SEK ( c . US $186 million , € 150 million in 2008 ) , to establish the five Nobel Prizes . Because of scepticism surrounding the will , it was not until 26 April 1897 that it was approved by the Storting in Norway . The executors of Nobel 's will , Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist , formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel 's fortune and organise the award of prizes . Nobel 's instructions named a Norwegian Nobel Committee to award the Peace Prize , the members of whom were appointed shortly after the will was approved in April 1897 . Soon thereafter , the other prize - awarding organisations were designated or established . These were Karolinska Institutet on 7 June , the Swedish Academy on 9 June , and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on 11 June . The Nobel Foundation reached an agreement on guidelines for how the prizes should be awarded ; and , in 1900 , the Nobel Foundation 's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II . In 1905 , the personal union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved . Nobel Foundation ( edit ) Main article : Nobel Foundation Alfred Nobel 's will stated that 94 % of his total assets should be used to establish the Nobel Prizes . The Nobel Foundation was founded as a private organisation on 29 June 1900 . Its function is to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes . In accordance with Nobel 's will , the primary task of the Foundation is to manage the fortune Nobel left . Robert and Ludvig Nobel were involved in the oil business in Azerbaijan , and according to Swedish historian E. Bargengren , who accessed the Nobel family archives , it was this `` decision to allow withdrawal of Alfred 's money from Baku that became the decisive factor that enabled the Nobel Prizes to be established '' . Another important task of the Nobel Foundation is to market the prizes internationally and to oversee informal administration related to the prizes . The Foundation is not involved in the process of selecting the Nobel laureates . In many ways , the Nobel Foundation is similar to an investment company , in that it invests Nobel 's money to create a solid funding base for the prizes and the administrative activities . The Nobel Foundation is exempt from all taxes in Sweden ( since 1946 ) and from investment taxes in the United States ( since 1953 ) . Since the 1980s , the Foundation 's investments have become more profitable and as of 31 December 2007 , the assets controlled by the Nobel Foundation amounted to 3.628 billion Swedish kronor ( c . US $560 million ) . According to the statutes , the Foundation consists of a board of five Swedish or Norwegian citizens , with its seat in Stockholm . The Chairman of the Board is appointed by the Swedish King in Council , with the other four members appointed by the trustees of the prize - awarding institutions . An Executive Director is chosen from among the board members , a Deputy Director is appointed by the King in Council , and two deputies are appointed by the trustees . However , since 1995 , all the members of the board have been chosen by the trustees , and the Executive Director and the Deputy Director appointed by the board itself . As well as the board , the Nobel Foundation is made up of the prize - awarding institutions ( the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences , the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute , the Swedish Academy , and the Norwegian Nobel Committee ) , the trustees of these institutions , and auditors . First prizes ( edit ) Wilhelm Röntgen received the first Physics Prize for his discovery of X-rays . Once the Nobel Foundation and its guidelines were in place , the Nobel Committees began collecting nominations for the inaugural prizes . Subsequently , they sent a list of preliminary candidates to the prize - awarding institutions . The Nobel Committee 's Physics Prize shortlist cited Wilhelm Röntgen 's discovery of X-rays and Philipp Lenard 's work on cathode rays . The Academy of Sciences selected Röntgen for the prize . In the last decades of the 19th century , many chemists had made significant contributions . Thus , with the Chemistry Prize , the Academy `` was chiefly faced with merely deciding the order in which these scientists should be awarded the prize . '' The Academy received 20 nominations , eleven of them for Jacobus van ' t Hoff. Van ' t Hoff was awarded the prize for his contributions in chemical thermodynamics . The Swedish Academy chose the poet Sully Prudhomme for the first Nobel Prize in Literature . A group including 42 Swedish writers , artists , and literary critics protested against this decision , having expected Leo Tolstoy to be awarded . Some , including Burton Feldman , have criticised this prize because they consider Prudhomme a mediocre poet . Feldman 's explanation is that most of the Academy members preferred Victorian literature and thus selected a Victorian poet . The first Physiology or Medicine Prize went to the German physiologist and microbiologist Emil von Behring . During the 1890s , von Behring developed an antitoxin to treat diphtheria , which until then was causing thousands of deaths each year . The first Nobel Peace Prize went to the Swiss Jean Henri Dunant for his role in founding the International Red Cross Movement and initiating the Geneva Convention , and jointly given to French pacifist Frédéric Passy , founder of the Peace League and active with Dunant in the Alliance for Order and Civilization . Second World war ( edit ) In 1938 and 1939 , Adolf Hitler 's Third Reich forbade three laureates from Germany ( Richard Kuhn , Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt , and Gerhard Domagk ) from accepting their prizes . Each man was later able to receive the diploma and medal . Even though Sweden was officially neutral during the Second World War , the prizes were awarded irregularly . In 1939 , the Peace Prize was not awarded . No prize was awarded in any category from 1940 -- 42 , due to the occupation of Norway by Germany . In the subsequent year , all prizes were awarded except those for literature and peace . During the occupation of Norway , three members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee fled into exile . The remaining members escaped persecution from the Germans when the Nobel Foundation stated that the Committee building in Oslo was Swedish property . Thus it was a safe haven from the German military , which was not at war with Sweden . These members kept the work of the Committee going , but did not award any prizes . In 1944 , the Nobel Foundation , together with the three members in exile , made sure that nominations were submitted for the Peace Prize and that the prize could be awarded once again . Prize in Economic Sciences ( edit ) Main article : Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences Map of Nobel laureates by country In 1968 , Sveriges Riksbank ( Swedish National Bank ) celebrated its 300th anniversary by donating a large sum of money to the Nobel Foundation to be used to set up a prize in honour of Nobel . The following year , the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded for the first time . The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences became responsible for selecting laureates . The first laureates for the Economics Prize were Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch `` for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes . '' Although not a Nobel Prize , it is intimately identified with the other awards ; the laureates are announced with the Nobel Prize recipients , and the Prize in Economic Sciences is presented at the Swedish Nobel Prize Award Ceremony . The Board of the Nobel Foundation decided that after this addition , it would allow no further new prizes . Award process ( edit ) The award process is similar for all of the Nobel Prizes ; the main difference is in who can make nominations for each of them . Play media The announcement of the laureates in Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009 by Gunnar Öquist , permanent secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Play media 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature announcement by Peter Englund in Swedish , English , and German Nominations ( edit ) Nomination forms are sent by the Nobel Committee to about 3,000 individuals , usually in September the year before the prizes are awarded . These individuals are generally prominent academics working in a relevant area . Regarding the Peace Prize , inquiries are also sent to governments , former Peace Prize laureates , and current or former members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee . The deadline for the return of the nomination forms is 31 January of the year of the award . The Nobel Committee nominates about 300 potential laureates from these forms and additional names . The nominees are not publicly named , nor are they told that they are being considered for the prize . All nomination records for a prize are sealed for 50 years from the awarding of the prize . Selection ( edit ) The Nobel Committee then prepares a report reflecting the advice of experts in the relevant fields . This , along with the list of preliminary candidates , is submitted to the prize - awarding institutions . The institutions meet to choose the laureate or laureates in each field by a majority vote . Their decision , which can not be appealed , is announced immediately after the vote . A maximum of three laureates and two different works may be selected per award . Except for the Peace Prize , which can be awarded to institutions , the awards can only be given to individuals . Posthumous nominations ( edit ) Although posthumous nominations are not presently permitted , individuals who died in the months between their nomination and the decision of the prize committee were originally eligible to receive the prize . This has occurred twice : the 1931 Literature Prize awarded to Erik Axel Karlfeldt , and the 1961 Peace Prize awarded to UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld . Since 1974 , laureates must be thought alive at the time of the October announcement . There has been one laureate , William Vickrey , who in 1996 died after the prize ( in Economics ) was announced but before it could be presented . On 3 October 2011 , the laureates for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine were announced ; however , the committee was not aware that one of the laureates , Ralph M. Steinman , had died three days earlier . The committee was debating about Steinman 's prize , since the rule is that the prize is not awarded posthumously . The committee later decided that as the decision to award Steinman the prize `` was made in good faith '' , it would remain unchanged . Recognition time lag ( edit ) Nobel 's will provided for prizes to be awarded in recognition of discoveries made `` during the preceding year '' . Early on , the awards usually recognised recent discoveries . However , some of these early discoveries were later discredited . For example , Johannes Fibiger was awarded the 1926 Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his purported discovery of a parasite that caused cancer . To avoid repeating this embarrassment , the awards increasingly recognised scientific discoveries that had withstood the test of time . According to Ralf Pettersson , former chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee for Physiology or Medicine , `` the criterion ' the previous year ' is interpreted by the Nobel Assembly as the year when the full impact of the discovery has become evident . '' The committee room of the Norwegian Nobel Committee The interval between the award and the accomplishment it recognises varies from discipline to discipline . The Literature Prize is typically awarded to recognise a cumulative lifetime body of work rather than a single achievement . The Peace Prize can also be awarded for a lifetime body of work . For example , 2008 laureate Martti Ahtisaari was awarded for his work to resolve international conflicts . However , they can also be awarded for specific recent events . For instance , Kofi Annan was awarded the 2001 Peace Prize just four years after becoming the Secretary - General of the United Nations . Similarly Yasser Arafat , Yitzhak Rabin , and Shimon Peres received the 1994 award , about a year after they successfully concluded the Oslo Accords . Awards for physics , chemistry , and medicine are typically awarded once the achievement has been widely accepted . Sometimes , this takes decades -- for example , Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar shared the 1983 Physics Prize for his 1930s work on stellar structure and evolution . Not all scientists live long enough for their work to be recognised . Some discoveries can never be considered for a prize if their impact is realised after the discoverers have died . Award ceremonies ( edit ) Left : Barack Obama after receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo City Hall from the hands of Norwegian Nobel Committee Chairman Thorbjørn Jagland ; Right : Giovanni Jona - Lasinio presenting Yoichiro Nambu 's Nobel Lecture at Aula Magna , Stockholm in 2008 Except for the Peace Prize , the Nobel Prizes are presented in Stockholm , Sweden , at the annual Prize Award Ceremony on 10 December , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . The recipients ' lectures are normally held in the days prior to the award ceremony . The Peace Prize and its recipients ' lectures are presented at the annual Prize Award Ceremony in Oslo , Norway , usually on 10 December . The award ceremonies and the associated banquets are typically major international events . The Prizes awarded in Sweden 's ceremonies ' are held at the Stockholm Concert Hall , with the Nobel banquet following immediately at Stockholm City Hall . The Nobel Peace Prize ceremony has been held at the Norwegian Nobel Institute ( 1905 -- 1946 ) , at the auditorium of the University of Oslo ( 1947 -- 1989 ) , and at Oslo City Hall ( 1990 -- present ) . The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm occurs when each Nobel laureate steps forward to receive the prize from the hands of the King of Sweden . In Oslo , the Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the King of Norway . At first , King Oscar II did not approve of awarding grand prizes to foreigners . It is said that his mind changed once his attention had been drawn to the publicity value of the prizes for Sweden . Nobel banquet ( edit ) Main article : Nobel Banquet Table at the 2005 Nobel Banquet in Stockholm After the award ceremony in Sweden , a banquet is held in the Blue Hall at the Stockholm City Hall , which is attended by the Swedish Royal Family and around 1,300 guests . The Nobel Peace Prize banquet is held in Norway at the Oslo Grand Hotel after the award ceremony . Apart from the laureate , guests include the President of the Storting , the Prime Minister , and , since 2006 , the King and Queen of Norway . In total , about 250 guests attend . Nobel lecture ( edit ) According to the statutes of the Nobel Foundation , each laureate is required to give a public lecture on a subject related to the topic of their prize . The Nobel lecture as a rhetorical genre took decades to reach its current format . These lectures normally occur during Nobel Week ( the week leading up to the award ceremony and banquet , which begins with the laureates arriving in Stockholm and normally ends with the Nobel banquet ) , but this is not mandatory . The laureate is only obliged to give the lecture within six months of receiving the prize . Some have happened even later . For example , US President Theodore Roosevelt received the Peace Prize in 1906 but gave his lecture in 1910 , after his term in office . The lectures are organised by the same association which selected the laureates . Prizes ( edit ) Medals ( edit ) It was announced on 30 May 2012 that the Nobel Foundation had awarded the contract for the production of the five ( Swedish ) Nobel Prize medals to Svenska Medalj AB . Formerly , the Nobel Prize medals were minted by Myntverket ( the Swedish Mint ) from 1902 to 2010 . Myntverket , Sweden 's oldest company , ceased operations in 2011 after 1,017 years . In 2011 , the Mint of Norway , located in Kongsberg , made the medals . The Nobel Prize medals are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation . Each medal features an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse . The medals for physics , chemistry , physiology or medicine , and literature have identical obverses , showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death . Nobel 's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Peace Prize medal and the medal for the Economics Prize , but with a slightly different design . For instance , the laureate 's name is engraved on the rim of the Economics medal . The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to the institution awarding the prize . The reverse sides of the medals for chemistry and physics share the same design . Laureates receive a heavily decorated diploma together with a gold medal and the prize money . Here Fritz Haber 's diploma is shown , which he received for the development of a method to synthesise ammonia . All medals made before 1980 were struck in 23 carat gold . Since then , they have been struck in 18 carat green gold plated with 24 carat gold . The weight of each medal varies with the value of gold , but averages about 175 grams ( 0.386 lb ) for each medal . The diameter is 66 millimetres ( 2.6 in ) and the thickness varies between 5.2 millimetres ( 0.20 in ) and 2.4 millimetres ( 0.094 in ) . Because of the high value of their gold content and tendency to be on public display , Nobel medals are subject to medal theft . During World War II , the medals of German scientists Max von Laue and James Franck were sent to Copenhagen for safekeeping . When Germany invaded Denmark , Hungarian chemist ( and Nobel laureate himself ) George de Hevesy dissolved them in aqua regia ( nitro - hydrochloric acid ) , to prevent confiscation by Nazi Germany and to prevent legal problems for the holders . After the war , the gold was recovered from solution , and the medals re-cast . Diplomas ( edit ) Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the hands of the King of Sweden , or in the case of the peace prize , the Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee . Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize - awarding institutions for the laureates that receive them . The diploma contains a picture and text in Swedish which states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize . None of the Nobel Peace Prize laureates has ever had a citation on their diplomas . Award money ( edit ) The laureates are given a sum of money when they receive their prizes , in the form of a document confirming the amount awarded . The amount of prize money depends upon how much money the Nobel Foundation can award each year . The purse has increased since the 1980s , when the prize money was 880 000 SEK ( c. 2.6 million SEK , US $350 000 , or € 295,000 today ) per prize . In 2009 , the monetary award was 10 million SEK ( US $1.4 million , € 950,000 ) . In June 2012 , it was lowered to 8 million SEK . If there are two laureates in a particular category , the award grant is divided equally between the recipients . If there are three , the awarding committee has the option of dividing the grant equally , or awarding one - half to one recipient and one - quarter to each of the others . It is common for recipients to donate prize money to benefit scientific , cultural , or humanitarian causes . Controversies and criticisms ( edit ) Main article : Nobel Prize controversies Controversial recipients ( edit ) When it was announced that Henry Kissinger was to be awarded the Peace Prize , two of the Norwegian Nobel Committee members resigned in protest . Among other criticisms , the Nobel Committees have been accused of having a political agenda , and of omitting more deserving candidates . They have also been accused of Eurocentrism , especially for the Literature Prize . Peace Prize Among the most criticised Nobel Peace Prizes was the one awarded to Henry Kissinger and Lê Đức Thọ . This led to the resignation of two Norwegian Nobel Committee members . Lê Đức Thọ declined the prize . Kissinger and Thọ were awarded the prize for negotiating a ceasefire between North Vietnam and the United States in January 1973 . However , when the award was announced , both sides were still engaging in hostilities . Many critics were of the opinion that Kissinger was not a peace - maker but the opposite , responsible for widening the war . Yasser Arafat , Shimon Peres , and Yitzhak Rabin received the Peace Prize in 1994 for their efforts in making peace between Israel and Palestine . Immediately after the award was announced , one of the five Norwegian Nobel Committee members denounced Arafat as a terrorist and resigned . Additional misgivings about Arafat were widely expressed in various newspapers . Another controversial Peace Prize was that awarded to Barack Obama in 2009 . Nominations had closed only eleven days after Obama took office as President of the United States , but the actual evaluation occurred over the next eight months . Obama himself stated that he did not feel deserving of the award , or worthy of the company it would place him in . Past Peace Prize laureates were divided , some saying that Obama deserved the award , and others saying he had not secured the achievements to yet merit such an accolade . Obama 's award , along with the previous Peace Prizes for Jimmy Carter and Al Gore , also prompted accusations of a left - wing bias . Literature Prize The award of the 2004 Literature Prize to Elfriede Jelinek drew a protest from a member of the Swedish Academy , Knut Ahnlund . Ahnlund resigned , alleging that the selection of Jelinek had caused `` irreparable damage to all progressive forces , it has also confused the general view of literature as an art . '' He alleged that Jelinek 's works were `` a mass of text shovelled together without artistic structure . '' The 2009 Literature Prize to Herta Müller also generated criticism . According to The Washington Post , many US literary critics and professors were ignorant of her work . This made those critics feel the prizes were too Eurocentric . Science prizes In 1949 , the neurologist António Egas Moniz received the Physiology or Medicine Prize for his development of the prefrontal leucotomy . The previous year , Dr. Walter Freeman had developed a version of the procedure which was faster and easier to carry out . Due in part to the publicity surrounding the original procedure , Freeman 's procedure was prescribed without due consideration or regard for modern medical ethics . Endorsed by such influential publications as The New England Journal of Medicine , leucotomy or `` lobotomy '' became so popular that about 5,000 lobotomies were performed in the United States in the three years immediately following Moniz 's receipt of the Prize . Overlooked achievements ( edit ) The Norwegian Nobel Committee declined to award a prize in 1948 , the year of Gandhi 's death , on the grounds that `` there was no suitable living candidate . '' James Joyce , one of the controversial omissions of the Literature Prize The Norwegian Nobel Committee confirmed that Mahatma Gandhi was nominated for the Peace Prize in 1937 -- 39 , 1947 , and a few days before he was assassinated in January 1948 . Later , members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee expressed regret that he was not given the prize . Geir Lundestad , Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 , said , `` The greatest omission in our 106 year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize . Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize . Whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question '' . In 1948 , the year of Gandhi 's death , the Nobel Committee declined to award a prize on the grounds that `` there was no suitable living candidate '' that year . Later , when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989 , the chairman of the committee said that this was `` in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi . '' Other high - profile individuals with widely recognised contributions to peace have been missed out . Foreign Policy lists Eleanor Roosevelt , Václav Havel , Ken Saro - Wiwa , Sari Nusseibeh , and Corazon Aquino as people who `` never won the prize , but should have . '' In 1965 , UN Secretary General U Thant was informed by the Norwegian Permanent Representative to the UN that he would be awarded that year 's prize and asked whether or not he would accept . He consulted staff and later replied that he would . At the same time , Chairman Gunnar Jahn of the Nobel Peace prize committee , lobbied heavily against giving U Thant the prize and the prize was at the last minute awarded to UNICEF . The rest of the committee all wanted the prize to go to U Thant , for his work in defusing the Cuban Missile Crisis , ending the war in the Congo , and his ongoing work to mediate an end to the Vietnam War . The disagreement lasted three years and in 1966 and 1967 no prize was given , with Gunnar Jahn effectively vetoing an award to U Thant . The Literature Prize also has controversial omissions . Adam Kirsch has suggested that many notable writers have missed out on the award for political or extra-literary reasons . The heavy focus on European and Swedish authors has been a subject of criticism . The Eurocentric nature of the award was acknowledged by Peter Englund , the 2009 Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy , as a problem with the award and was attributed to the tendency for the academy to relate more to European authors . This tendency towards European authors still leaves some European writers on a list of notable writers that have been overlooked for the Literature Prize , including Europe 's Leo Tolstoy , Anton Chekhov , J.R.R. Tolkien , Émile Zola , Marcel Proust , Vladimir Nabokov , James Joyce , August Strindberg , Simon Vestdijk , Karel Čapek , the New World 's Jorge Luis Borges , Ezra Pound , John Updike , Arthur Miller , Mark Twain , and Africa 's Chinua Achebe . Candidates can receive multiple nominations the same year . Gaston Ramon received a total of 155 nominations in physiology or medicine from 1930 to 1953 , the last year with public nomination data for that award as of 2016 . He died in 1963 without being awarded . Pierre Paul Émile Roux received 115 nominations in physiology or medicine , and Arnold Sommerfeld received 84 in physics . These are the three most nominated scientists without awards in the data published as of 2016 . Otto Stern received 79 nominations in physics 1925 -- 43 before being awarded in 1943 . The strict rule against awarding a prize to more than three people is also controversial . When a prize is awarded to recognise an achievement by a team of more than three collaborators , one or more will miss out . For example , in 2002 , the prize was awarded to Koichi Tanaka and John Fenn for the development of mass spectrometry in protein chemistry , an award that did not recognise the achievements of Franz Hillenkamp and Michael Karas of the Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry at the University of Frankfurt . According to one of the nominees for the prize in physics , the three person limit deprived him and two other members of his team of the honour in 2013 : the team of Carl Hagen , Gerald Guralnik , and Tom Kibble published a paper in 1964 that gave answers to how the cosmos began , but did not share the 2013 Physics Prize awarded to Peter Higgs and François Englert , who had also published papers in 1964 concerning the subject . All five physicists arrived at the same conclusion , albeit from different angles . Hagen contends that an equitable solution is to either abandon the three limit restriction , or expand the time period of recognition for a given achievement to two years . Similarly , the prohibition of posthumous awards fails to recognise achievements by an individual or collaborator who dies before the prize is awarded . In 1962 , Francis Crick , James D. Watson , and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the Physiology or Medicine Prize for discovering the structure of DNA . Rosalind Franklin , a key contributor in that discovery , died of ovarian cancer four years earlier . The Economics Prize was not awarded to Fischer Black , who died in 1995 , when his co-author Myron Scholes received the honour in 1997 for their landmark work on option pricing along with Robert C. Merton , another pioneer in the development of valuation of stock options . In the announcement of the award that year , the Nobel committee prominently mentioned Black 's key role . Political subterfuge may also deny proper recognition . Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann , who co-discovered nuclear fission along with Otto Hahn , may have been denied a share of Hahn 's 1944 Nobel Chemistry Award due to having fled Germany when the Nazis came to power . The Meitner and Strassmann roles in the research was not fully recognised until years later , when they joined Hahn in receiving the 1966 Enrico Fermi Award . Emphasis on discoveries over inventions ( edit ) Alfred Nobel left his fortune to finance annual prizes to be awarded `` to those who , during the preceding year , shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind . '' He stated that the Nobel Prizes in Physics should be given `` to the person who shall have made the most important ' discovery ' or ' invention ' within the field of physics . '' Nobel did not emphasise discoveries , but they have historically been held in higher respect by the Nobel Prize Committee than inventions : 77 % of the Physics Prizes have been given to discoveries , compared with only 23 % to inventions . Christoph Bartneck and Matthias Rauterberg , in papers published in Nature and Technoetic Arts , have argued this emphasis on discoveries has moved the Nobel Prize away from its original intention of rewarding the greatest contribution to society . Gender disparity ( edit ) In terms of the most prestigious awards in STEM fields , only a small proportion have been awarded to women . Looking at the Nobel Prize , out of 199 laureates in Physics , 169 in Chemistry and 207 in Medicine , there were only two female laureates in physics , four in chemistry and 11 in medicine between 1901 and 2014 . Specially distinguished laureates ( edit ) Multiple laureates ( edit ) Marie Curie , one of four people who have received the Nobel Prize twice ( Physics and Chemistry ) Four people have received two Nobel Prizes . Marie Curie received the Physics Prize in 1903 for her work on radioactivity and the Chemistry Prize in 1911 for the isolation of pure radium , making her the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences . Linus Pauling won the 1954 Chemistry Prize for his research into the chemical bond and its application to the structure of complex substances . Pauling also won the Peace Prize in 1962 for his activism against nuclear weapons , making him the only laureate of two unshared prizes . John Bardeen received the Physics Prize twice : in 1956 for the invention of the transistor and in 1972 for the theory of superconductivity . Frederick Sanger received the prize twice in Chemistry : in 1958 for determining the structure of the insulin molecule and in 1980 for inventing a method of determining base sequences in DNA . Two organisations have received the Peace Prize multiple times . The International Committee of the Red Cross received it three times : in 1917 and 1944 for its work during the world wars ; and in 1963 during the year of its centenary . The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won the Peace Prize twice for assisting refugees : in 1954 and 1981 . Family laureates ( edit ) The Curie family has received the most prizes , with four prizes won by five individual laureates . Marie Curie received the prizes in Physics ( in 1903 ) and Chemistry ( in 1911 ) . Her husband , Pierre Curie , shared the 1903 Physics prize with her . Their daughter , Irène Joliot - Curie , received the Chemistry Prize in 1935 together with her husband Frédéric Joliot - Curie . In addition , the husband of Marie Curie 's second daughter , Henry Labouisse , was the director of UNICEF when it won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 . Although no family matches the Curie family 's record , there have been several with two laureates . The husband - and - wife team of Gerty Cori and Carl Ferdinand Cori shared the 1947 Prize in Physiology or Medicine as did the husband - and - wife team of May - Britt Moser and Edvard Moser in 2014 ( along with John O'Keefe ) . J.J. Thomson was awarded the Physics Prize in 1906 for showing that electrons are particles . His son , George Paget Thomson , received the same prize in 1937 for showing that they also have the properties of waves . William Henry Bragg and his son , William Lawrence Bragg , shared the Physics Prize in 1915 for inventing the X-ray spectrometer . Niels Bohr won the Physics prize in 1922 , as did his son , Aage Bohr , in 1975 . Manne Siegbahn , who received the Physics Prize in 1924 , was the father of Kai Siegbahn , who received the Physics Prize in 1981 . Hans von Euler - Chelpin , who received the Chemistry Prize in 1929 , was the father of Ulf von Euler , who was awarded the Physiology or Medicine Prize in 1970 . C.V. Raman won the Physics Prize in 1930 and was the uncle of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar , who won the same prize in 1983 . Arthur Kornberg received the Physiology or Medicine Prize in 1959 ; Kornberg 's son , Roger later received the Chemistry Prize in 2006 . Jan Tinbergen , who won the first Economics Prize in 1969 , was the brother of Nikolaas Tinbergen , who received the 1973 Physiology or Medicine Prize . Alva Myrdal , Peace Prize laureate in 1982 , was the wife of Gunnar Myrdal who was awarded the Economics Prize in 1974 . Economics laureates Paul Samuelson and Kenneth Arrow were brothers - in - law . Frits Zernike , winner of the 1953 Physics Prize , is the great - uncle of 1999 Physics laureate Gerard ' t Hooft . Cultural impact ( edit ) Being a symbol of scientific or literary achievement that 's recognisable worldwide , the Nobel Prize is often depicted in fiction . This includes films like The Prize and Nobel Son about fictional Nobel laureates as well as fictionalised accounts of stories surrounding real prizes such as Nobel Chor , a film based on the unsolved theft of Rabindranath Tagore 's prize . Refusals and constraints ( edit ) Richard Kuhn , who was forced to decline his Nobel Prize in Chemistry Two laureates have voluntarily declined the Nobel Prize . In 1964 , Jean - Paul Sartre was awarded the Literature Prize but refused , stating , `` A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution , even if it takes place in the most honourable form . '' Lê Đức Thọ , chosen for the 1973 Peace Prize for his role in the Paris Peace Accords , declined , stating that there was no actual peace in Vietnam . During the Third Reich , Adolf Hitler hindered Richard Kuhn , Adolf Butenandt , and Gerhard Domagk from accepting their prizes . All of them were awarded their diplomas and gold medals after World War II . In 1958 , Boris Pasternak declined his prize for literature due to fear of what the Soviet Union government might do if he travelled to Stockholm to accept his prize . In return , the Swedish Academy refused his refusal , saying `` this refusal , of course , in no way alters the validity of the award . '' The Academy announced with regret that the presentation of the Literature Prize could not take place that year , holding it until 1989 when Pasternak 's son accepted the prize on his behalf . Aung San Suu Kyi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991 , but her children accepted the prize because she had been placed under house arrest in Burma ; Suu Kyi delivered her speech two decades later , in 2012 . Liu Xiaobo was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2010 while he and his wife were under house arrest in China as political prisoners , and he was unable to accept the prize in his lifetime . Legacy ( edit ) The memorial symbol `` Planet of Alfred Nobel '' was opened in Dnipropetrovsk University of Economics and Law in 2008 . On the globe , there are 802 Nobel laureates ' reliefs made of a composite alloy obtained when disposing of military strategic missiles . See also ( edit ) List of Nobel laureates List of Nobel laureates by country List of Nobel laureates by Secondary School affiliation List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation List of female Nobel laureates List of prizes , medals and awards Nobel Conference Nobel Library Nobel Museum Nobel Peace Center Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings Sources ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a free content work . Licensed under CC - BY - SA IGO 3.0 Licence statement : A Complex Formula : Girls and Women in Science , Technology , Engineering and Mathematics in Asia , 23 , UNESCO , UNESCO . UNESCO . To learn how to add freely licensed text to Wikipedia articles , please see the terms of use . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Which country has the best brains ? '' . BBC News . 8 October 2010 . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ All Nobel Prizes . Nobel Prize . Retrieved on 10 February 2017 . 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Retrieved 21 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Police hand back Tutu 's stolen Nobel medal '' . Reuters . Reuters. 16 June 2007 . Retrieved 21 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 397 Jump up ^ Abrams , p. 18 Jump up ^ Lemmel , Birgitta ( 2009 ) . `` The Nobel Prize Diplomas '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Prize Amount and Market Value '' ( PDF ) . Nobel Foundation . 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Video -- Breaking News Videos from CNN.com '' . CNN . 11 October 2009 . Retrieved 15 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Committee lowers Nobel Prize by 2 million kronor '' . The Local . Archived from the original on 15 June 2012 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Abrams , pp. 8 -- 10 Jump up ^ Sample , Ian ( 5 October 2009 ) . `` Nobel prize for medicine shared by scientists for work on ageing and cancer '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 15 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Sample , Ian ( 7 October 2008 ) . `` Three share Nobel prize for physics '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Locke , Michelle . `` Berkeley Nobel laureates donate prize money to charity '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Pederson , T. ( 2006 ) . `` Reflections on the prize of prizes : Alfred Nobel '' . The FASEB Journal . The FASEB Journal . 20 ( 13 ) : 2186 -- 9 . PMID 17077294 . doi : 10.1096 / fj. 06 - 1102ufm . Jump up ^ Abrams , p. xiv Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 65 Jump up ^ Tuohy , William ( 20 September 1981 ) . `` Literature Award Hardest for Nobel Prize Panel '' . Sarasota Herald Tribune . p. 58 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ de Sousa , Ana Naomi ( 9 October 2009 ) . `` Top ten Nobel Prize rows '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers Limited . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Abrams , p. 219 Jump up ^ Abrams , p. 315 Jump up ^ Levinovitz , p. 183 Jump up ^ Feldman , pp. 15 -- 16 Jump up ^ Abrams , pp. 302 -- 306 Jump up ^ Erlanger , Steven ; Stolberg , Sheryl Gay ( 2009 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Surprise Nobel for Obama Stirs Praise and Doubts '' . The New York Times . Arthur Ochs Sulzberger , Jr . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Philp , Catherine ( 10 October 2009 ) . `` How the Nobel Peace Prize winner is decided '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers Limited . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Obama is surprise winner of Nobel Peace Prize '' . Reuters. 9 October 2009 . Retrieved 9 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks by the President on winning the Nobel Peace Prize '' . The White House . 9 October 2009 . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Naughton , Philippe ( 9 October 2009 ) . `` President Obama humbled : I do not deserve the Nobel Peace Prize '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers Limited . Retrieved 8 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who deserves Nobel prize ? Judges do n't agree '' . Associated Press . 11 October 2005 . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel judge steps down in protest '' . BBC News . BBC . 11 October 2005 . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Mary ( 9 October 2009 ) . `` Author 's Nobel Stirs Shock - and - ' Bah ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NOBEL PRIZE WINNER : Herta Muller '' . The Huffington Post . 8 October 2009 . Retrieved 31 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Feldman , pp. 286 -- 289 Jump up ^ Day , Elizabeth ( 12 January 2008 ) . `` He was bad , so they put an ice pick in his brain ... '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 31 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Levinovitz , pp. 181 -- 186 ^ Jump up to : Tønnesson , Øyvind ( 1 December 1999 ) . `` Mahatma Gandhi , the Missing Laureate '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 17 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Relevance of Gandhian Philosophy in the 21st century . icrs.ugm.ac.id Jump up ^ Abrams , pp. 147 -- 148 Jump up ^ Aarvik , Egil . `` The Nobel Prize in Peace 1989 -- Presentation Speech '' . The Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Kenner , David ( 7 October 2009 ) . `` Nobel Peace Prize Also - Rans '' . Foreign Policy . The Washington Post Company . pp. 1 -- 7 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2010 . Retrieved 11 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 -- 2000 '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` U Thant in New York : A Portrait of the Third Secretary - General of the United Nations '' , Rames Nassif , C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd ( 31 December 1988 ) Jump up ^ Kirsch , Adam ( 3 October 2008 ) . `` The Nobel Committee has no clue about American literature . -- By Adam Kirsch -- Slate Magazine '' . Slate . Retrieved 31 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Fristorp , Mimmi ( 8 October 2008 ) . `` Akademien väljer helst en europé '' ( in Swedish ) . Dagens Nyheter . Archived from the original on 18 February 2010 . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Judge : Nobel literature prizes ' too Eurocentric ' '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian Media Group . 6 October 2009 . Retrieved 3 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Feldman , pp. 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ `` Nomination Database : Gaston Ramon '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nomination Database : Emile P Roux '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nomination Database : Arnold Sommerfeld '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Butler , Declan ( 11 October 2016 ) . `` Close but no Nobel : the scientists who never won '' . nature.com . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2016.20781 . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nomination Database : Otto Stern '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Elisabeth ( November 2001 ) . `` Nobel population 1901 -- 50 : anatomy of a scientific elite '' . Physics World . Archived from the original on 3 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Levinovitz , p. 61 Jump up ^ Spinney , Laura ( 2002 ) . `` News Analysis : Nobel Prize Controversy '' . The Scientist . Retrieved 28 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Dawidoff , Nicholas ( 25 April 2009 ) . `` The Civil Heretic '' . The New York Times . Arthur Ochs Sulzberger , Jr . Retrieved 8 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Goodman , James . `` UR prof disappointed in Nobel Prize decision '' . democratandchronicle.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Fredholm , Lotta ( 2003 ) . `` The Discovery of the Molecular Structure of DNA -- The Double Helix '' . The Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 27 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Elisabeth , ; et al. ( 1997 ) , `` A Nobel Tale of Postwar Injustice '' , Physics Today , 50 ( 9 ) : 26 -- 32 , doi : 10.1063 / 1.881933 Jump up ^ Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel . nobelprize.org Jump up ^ Bartneck , Christoph ; Rauterberg , Matthias ( 2007 ) . `` Physics Nobels should favour inventions '' . Nature . 448 ( 7154 ) : 644 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 448 ... 644B . PMID 17687300 . doi : 10.1038 / 448644c . Jump up ^ Bartneck , Christoph ; Rauterberg , Matthias ( 2008 ) . `` The asymmetry between discoveries and inventions in the Nobel Prize in Physics '' . Technoetic Arts : a Journal of Speculative Research . 6 : 73 . doi : 10.1386 / tear. 6.1. 73_1 . Jump up ^ Nobelprize.org. 2014 . Nobel Prize Facts . https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/ ( Accessed 29 October 2014 ) Jump up ^ UNESCO ( 2015 ) . A Complex Formula : Girls and Women in Science , Technology , Engineering and Mathematics in Asia ( PDF ) . Paris , UNESCO . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 9223 - 492 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Marie Curie voted greatest female scientist '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . 2 July 2009 . Retrieved 15 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 180 Jump up ^ Shalev , p. 78 Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 222 Jump up ^ Abrams , p. 84 Jump up ^ Abrams , p. 149 Jump up ^ Abrams , pp. 199 -- 200 Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 313 Jump up ^ `` Marie Curie ( 1867 -- 1934 ) '' . BBC . Retrieved 21 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Feldman , p. 405 Jump up ^ Grinstein , Louise S. ; Biermann , Carol A. ; Rose , Rose K. ( 1997 ) . Women in the Biological Sciences : A Biobibliographic Sourcebook . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 108 -- 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29180 - 7 . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014 , retrieved 2015 - 01 - 28 Jump up ^ Gribbin , p. 91 Jump up ^ Hargittai , István ( 28 August 2003 ) . The Road to Stockholm : Nobel Prizes , Science , and Scientists : Nobel Prizes , Science , and Scientists . Oxford University Press . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860785 - 4 . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Professor Aage Bohr : Nobel prize - winning physicist '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers Limited . 11 September 2009 . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Maugh , Thomas H. , II ( 8 August 2007 ) . `` Kai Siegbahn , 89 ; Nobel - winning physicist invented electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis '' . Los Angeles Times . Eddy Hartenstein . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar '' . University of Chicago . 22 August 1995 . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 406 Jump up ^ Conger , Krista ( 4 October 2006 ) . `` Roger Kornberg wins the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry '' . Stanford Report . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gerardus ' t Hooft - Biographical '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stockholm Business Region ( 5 December 2013 ) . `` The Nobel Prize : On the film screen '' . Mynewsdesk . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Holt , Jim ( 22 September 2003 ) . `` Exit , Pursued by a Lobster '' . Slate . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved 21 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : English , Jason ( 6 October 2009 ) . `` Odd facts about Nobel Prize winners '' . CNN . Retrieved 21 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Franchetti , Mark ( 14 January 2007 ) . `` How the CIA won Zhivago a Nobel '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers Limited . Retrieved 21 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Finn , Peter ( 27 January 2007 ) . `` The Plot Thickens '' . The Washington Post . Katharine Weymouth . Retrieved 21 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Aung San Suu Kyi -- Biographical '' . The Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Monument of the Planet of Alfred Nobel . Panoramio.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Memorial symbol `` Alfred Nobel Planet '' . Nobelplanet.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Bibliography ( edit ) Abrams , Irwin ( 2001 ) . The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates . Watson Publishing International . ISBN 0 - 88135 - 388 - 4 . Crawford , Elizabeth T ( 1984 ) . The Beginnings of the Nobel Institution -- The Science Prizes , 1901 -- 1915 ( First ed . ) . Maison des Sciences de l'Homme & Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 26584 - 3 . Feldman , Burton ( 2001 ) . The Nobel prize : a history of genius , controversy , and prestige . Arcade Publishing . ISBN 1 - 55970 - 592 - 2 . Gribbin , John ( 1985 ) . In Search of Schrödinger 's Cat : Quantum Physics and Reality . Corgi . ISBN 0 - 552 - 12555 - 5 . Jones , Brenn ( 2003 ) . Learning about love from the life of Mother Teresa . PowerKids Press . ISBN 0 - 8239 - 5777 - 2 . Levinovitz , Agneta Wallin ( 2001 ) . Nils Ringertz , ed . The Nobel Prize : The First 100 Years . Imperial College Press and World Scientific Publishing . ISBN 981 - 02 - 4664 - 1 . Leroy , Francis ( 2003 ) . A century of Nobel Prizes recipients : chemistry , physics , and medicine . CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8247 - 0876 - 8 . Shalev , Baruch Aba ( 2005 ) . 100 years of Nobel prizes ( Third ed . ) . The Americas Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 935047 - 37 - 0 . Sohlman , Ragnar ( 1983 ) . The Legacy of Alfred Nobel -- The Story Behind the Nobel Prizes . The Nobel Foundation . Söderlind , Ulrica ( 2010 ) . The Nobel Banquet . World Scientific Publishing . Wilhelm , Peter ( 1983 ) . The Nobel Prize . Springwood Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86254 - 111 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Pais , Abraham ( 1983 ) . Subtle Is the Lord : The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein ( Third ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 520438 - 7 . OCLC 8195995 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel Prize . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Nobel Prize '' dated 2016 - 11 - 02 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Official website Nobel Prizes by Universities and Institutes Nobel Prize at Encyclopædia Britannica ( hide ) Nobel Prizes Prizes Chemistry Economics Literature Peace Physics Physiology or Medicine Laureates by subject Chemistry Economics Literature Peace Physics Physiology or Medicine by criterion African Arab Asian Black Female Latino and Hispanic Jewish by country Argentine Australian Belgian Chinese Danish Hungarian Indian Israeli Italian Japanese Korean Liberian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Spanish Swedish Turkish Welsh by religion Christian Jewish Muslim Non-religious by year By year by university affiliation University affiliation by occupation Head of Government and State Committees and organisations Nobel Foundation Nobel Committees Chemistry Economics Physics Physiology or Medicine Norwegian Nobel Committee Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet Related topics Controversies Other prizes Alfred Nobel Nobel Memorial Prize ( not one of the original Nobel Prizes ) . 2016 Nobel Prize laureates Chemistry Jean - Pierre Sauvage ( France ) Fraser Stoddart ( United Kingdom , United States ) Ben Feringa ( Netherlands ) Literature Bob Dylan ( United States ) Peace ( 2016 ) Juan Manuel Santos ( Colombia ) Physics David J. 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Michael Kosterlitz ( United Kingdom , United States ) Physiology or Medicine Yoshinori Ohsumi ( Japan ) Economic Sciences Oliver Hart ( United Kingdom , United States ) Bengt Holmström ( Finland ) Nobel Prize recipients 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 LCCN : sh85092136 GND : 4130217 - 5 NDL : 00568591 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&oldid=801103813 '' Categories : Nobel Prize Academic awards Alfred Nobel Awards established in 1895 International awards Scientific organizations based in Sweden Science and technology awards Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) EngvarB from November 2016 Use dmy dates from August 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing Norwegian - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Free - content attribution Free content from UNESCO Spoken articles Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Good articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Livvinkarjala Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 17 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | name the fields in which nobel prize is given | [
"\n\nThe Nobel Prize\n\n\n\n\n\nAwarded for\nOutstanding contributions for humanity in chemistry, economics, literature, peace, physics, or physiology or medicine\n\n\nCountry\n\n\n\nSweden (all prizes except the Peace Prize)\n\n\nNorway (Peace Prize only)\n\n\n\n\n\nPresented by\n\n\n\nSwedish Academy\nNobel committee of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences\nNobel committee of Karolinska Institutet\nNorwegian Nobel Committee\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst awarded\n\n\n\n1901; 116 years ago (1901)\n\n\n\n\n\nNumber of laureates\n579 prizes to 911 laureates as of 2016[update]\n\n\nWebsite\nnobelprize.org\n\n",
"\n\nThe Nobel Prize\n\n\n\n\n\nAwarded for\nOutstanding contributions for humanity in chemistry, economics, literature, peace, physics, or physiology or medicine\n\n\nCountry\n\n\n\nSweden (all prizes except the Peace Prize)\n\n\nNorway (Peace Prize only)\n\n\n\n\n\nPresented by\n\n\n\nSwedish Academy\nNobel committee of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences\nNobel committee of Karolinska Institutet\nNorwegian Nobel Committee\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst awarded\n\n\n\n1901; 116 years ago (1901)\n\n\n\n\n\nNumber of laureates\n579 prizes to 911 laureates as of 2016[update]\n\n\nWebsite\nnobelprize.org\n\n",
"\n\nThe Nobel Prize\n\n\n\n\n\nAwarded for\nOutstanding contributions for humanity in chemistry, economics, literature, peace, physics, or physiology or medicine\n\n\nCountry\n\n\n\nSweden (all prizes except the Peace Prize)\n\n\nNorway (Peace Prize only)\n\n\n\n\n\nPresented by\n\n\n\nSwedish Academy\nNobel committee of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences\nNobel committee of Karolinska Institutet\nNorwegian Nobel Committee\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst awarded\n\n\n\n1901; 116 years ago (1901)\n\n\n\n\n\nNumber of laureates\n579 prizes to 911 laureates as of 2016[update]\n\n\nWebsite\nnobelprize.org\n\n",
"\n\nThe Nobel Prize\n\n\n\n\n\nAwarded for\nOutstanding contributions for humanity in chemistry, economics, literature, peace, physics, or physiology or medicine\n\n\nCountry\n\n\n\nSweden (all prizes except the Peace Prize)\n\n\nNorway (Peace Prize only)\n\n\n\n\n\nPresented by\n\n\n\nSwedish Academy\nNobel committee of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences\nNobel committee of Karolinska Institutet\nNorwegian Nobel Committee\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst awarded\n\n\n\n1901; 116 years ago (1901)\n\n\n\n\n\nNumber of laureates\n579 prizes to 911 laureates as of 2016[update]\n\n\nWebsite\nnobelprize.org\n\n",
"\n\nThe Nobel Prize\n\n\n\n\n\nAwarded for\nOutstanding contributions for humanity in chemistry, economics, literature, peace, physics, or physiology or medicine\n\n\nCountry\n\n\n\nSweden (all prizes except the Peace Prize)\n\n\nNorway (Peace Prize only)\n\n\n\n\n\nPresented by\n\n\n\nSwedish Academy\nNobel committee of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences\nNobel committee of Karolinska Institutet\nNorwegian Nobel Committee\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst awarded\n\n\n\n1901; 116 years ago (1901)\n\n\n\n\n\nNumber of laureates\n579 prizes to 911 laureates as of 2016[update]\n\n\nWebsite\nnobelprize.org\n\n",
"\n\nThe Nobel Prize\n\n\n\n\n\nAwarded for\nOutstanding contributions for humanity in chemistry, economics, literature, peace, physics, or physiology or medicine\n\n\nCountry\n\n\n\nSweden (all prizes except the Peace Prize)\n\n\nNorway (Peace Prize only)\n\n\n\n\n\nPresented by\n\n\n\nSwedish Academy\nNobel committee of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences\nNobel committee of Karolinska Institutet\nNorwegian Nobel Committee\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst awarded\n\n\n\n1901; 116 years ago (1901)\n\n\n\n\n\nNumber of laureates\n579 prizes to 911 laureates as of 2016[update]\n\n\nWebsite\nnobelprize.org\n\n",
"\n\nThe Nobel Prize\n\n\n\n\n\nAwarded for\nOutstanding contributions for humanity in chemistry, economics, literature, peace, physics, or physiology or medicine\n\n\nCountry\n\n\n\nSweden (all prizes except the Peace Prize)\n\n\nNorway (Peace Prize only)\n\n\n\n\n\nPresented by\n\n\n\nSwedish Academy\nNobel committee of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences\nNobel committee of Karolinska Institutet\nNorwegian Nobel Committee\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst awarded\n\n\n\n1901; 116 years ago (1901)\n\n\n\n\n\nNumber of laureates\n579 prizes to 911 laureates as of 2016[update]\n\n\nWebsite\nnobelprize.org\n\n"
] | [
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"economics",
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2898850562574071316 | Turkey | Turkey - Wikipedia Turkey Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the country . For the bird , see Turkey ( bird ) . For other uses , see Turkey ( disambiguation ) . `` Türkiye '' redirects here . For the newspaper , see Türkiye ( newspaper ) . Coordinates : 39 ° N 35 ° E / 39 ° N 35 ° E / 39 ; 35 Republic of Turkey Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ( Turkish ) Flag Anthem : `` İstiklâl Marşı '' `` The Independence March '' Capital Ankara 39 ° 55 ′ N 32 ° 50 ′ E / 39.917 ° N 32.833 ° E / 39.917 ; 32.833 Largest city Istanbul 41 ° 1 ′ N 28 ° 57 ′ E / 41.017 ° N 28.950 ° E / 41.017 ; 28.950 Official languages Turkish Spoken languages Turkish Kurmanji Arabic Zaza Kabardian various others Ethnic groups Turks Kurds Arabs Laz various others Demonym Turkish Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım Speaker of the House İsmail Kahraman Legislature Grand National Assembly Formation War of Independence 19 May 1919 Treaty of Lausanne 24 July 1923 Declaration of Republic 29 October 1923 Area Total 783,356 km ( 302,455 sq mi ) ( 36th ) Water ( % ) 1.3 Population 2017 estimate 82,835,090 ( 16th ) Density 102 / km ( 264.2 / sq mi ) ( 107th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $2.249 trillion ( 13th ) Per capita $27,634 ( 45th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $905 billion ( 17th ) Per capita $11,124 ( 60th ) Gini ( 2013 ) 40.0 medium 56th HDI ( 2014 ) 0.761 high 72nd Currency Turkish lira ( ₺ ) ( TRY ) Time zone FET ( UTC + 3 ) Date format dd / mm / yyyy ( AD ) Drives on the right Calling code + 90 ISO 3166 code TR Internet TLD . tr Website www.turkiye.gov.tr Turkey ( / ˈtɜːrki / ( listen ) ; Turkish : Türkiye ( ˈtyɾcije ) ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ( help info ) ; pronounced ( ˈtyɾcije d͡ʒumˈhuɾijeti ) ) , is a transcontinental country in Eurasia , mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe . Turkey is bordered by eight countries with Greece and Bulgaria to the northwest ; Georgia to the northeast ; Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to the east ; and Iraq and Syria to the south . The country is encircled by seas on three sides with the Aegean Sea to the west , the Black Sea to the north , and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . The Bosphorus , the Sea of Marmara , and the Dardanelles , which together form the Turkish Straits , divide Thrace and Anatolia and separate Europe and Asia . Ankara is the capital while Istanbul is the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre , classified as a leading global city . Major urban areas include İzmir , Antalya , Bursa , Eskişehir , Mersin , Konya , and Adana , among others . Approximately 70 - 80 % of the country 's citizens identify themselves as ethnic Turks . Kurds are the largest minority at about 20 % of the population , and other ethnic minorities include Circassians , Albanians , Arabs , Bosniaks , and Laz . The official language is Turkish , which is the most widely spoken Turkic language in the world . Minority languages spoken today in Turkey include Kurmanji , Bosnian , Arabic , Zaza , Kabardian , and several others . The area of Turkey has been inhabited since the Paleolithic age by various ancient Anatolian civilisations , as well as Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . After Alexander the Great conquered these lands , the area was Hellenized , a process which continued under the Roman Empire and its transition into the Byzantine Empire . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolizes the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small Turkish beyliks . From the end of the 13th century the Ottomans started uniting Turkish principalities in Anatolia and then went on to create an empire that encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa . The Ottoman Empire became a world power beginning with the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent in the early modern period . It remained powerful and influential for two more centuries , until important setbacks in the 18th and 19th century forced it to cede strategic territories in Europe , which signalled the loss of its former military strength and wealth . After the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état , which effectively put the country under the control of the Three Pashas , the Ottoman Empire decided to join the Central Powers during World War I. During the war , the Ottoman government committed genocides against its Armenian , Assyrian and Pontic Greek subjects . Following the war , the conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was partitioned into several new states . The Turkish War of Independence , initiated by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues against occupying Allies , resulted in the abolition of monarchy in 1922 and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 , with Atatürk as its first president . Atatürk enacted numerous reforms , many of which incorporated various aspects of western thought , philosophy , and customs into the new form of Turkish government . Turkey is a charter member of the UN , an early member of NATO , the IMF and the World Bank , and a founding member of the OECD , OSCE , BSEC , OIC and G - 20 . After becoming one of the first members of the Council of Europe in 1949 , Turkey became an associate member of the EEC in 1963 , joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and started accession negotiations with the European Union in 2005 which have been effectively stopped by the EU in 2017 due to `` Turkey 's path toward autocratic rule '' . Turkey 's economy and diplomatic initiatives led to its recognition as a regional power while its location has given it geopolitical and strategic importance throughout history . Today Turkey has the world 's 17th largest economy by nominal GDP , as well as the 13th largest by PPP , out of 191 countries measured by IMF . As a substantial actor in several industrial sectors , it is the world 's 28th largest exporter and 21st largest importer of goods . Turkey is home to two of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , the world 's oldest religious site , and numerous other World Heritage Sites . Turkey is a secular , unitary , parliamentary republic ; slated to transition to a presidential system in 2019 , following a 2017 referendum . However , Turkey 's current administration headed by president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan of the AKP has enacted measures to increase the influence of Islam , reversed and undermined secularist policies , and has reversed earlier reforms such as Freedom of the Press . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Prehistory of Anatolia and Eastern Thrace 2.2 Antiquity 2.3 Early Christian and Byzantine period 2.4 Seljuks and the Ottoman Empire 2.5 Republic of Turkey 3 Administrative divisions 4 Politics 4.1 Human rights 4.2 Law 4.3 Foreign relations 4.4 Military 5 Geography 5.1 Biodiversity 5.2 Climate 6 Economy 6.1 History 6.2 Tourism 6.3 Infrastructure 6.4 Science and technology 7 Demographics 7.1 Languages 7.2 Religion 7.2. 1 Islam 7.2. 2 Christianity 7.2. 3 Judaism 7.2. 4 Agnosticism and atheism 7.3 Education 7.4 Healthcare 8 Culture 8.1 Visual arts 8.2 Literature and theatre 8.3 Music and dance 8.4 Architecture 8.5 Cuisine 8.6 Sports 8.7 Media and cinema 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology Main article : Name of Turkey The name of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye ) can be divided into two components : the ethnonym Türk and the abstract suffix -- iye meaning `` owner '' , `` land of '' or `` related to '' ( originally derived from the Greek and Latin suffixes -- ia in Tourkia ( Τουρκία ) and Turchia ) . The first recorded use of the term `` Türk '' or `` Türük '' as an autonym is contained in the Old Turkic inscriptions of the Göktürks ( Celestial Turks ) of Central Asia ( c . AD 735 ) . The Turkic self - designation Türk is first attested in reference to the Göktürks in the 6th century AD . A letter by Ishbara Qaghan to Emperor Wen of Sui in 585 described him as `` the Great Turk Khan . '' An early form of the same name may be reflected in the form of `` tie - le '' ( 鐵 勒 ) or `` tu - jue '' ( 突厥 ) , name given by the Chinese to the people living south of the Altay Mountains of Central Asia as early as 177 BC . The Greek name , Tourkia ( Greek : Τουρκία ) was used by the Byzantine emperor and scholar Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in his book De Administrando Imperio , though in his use , `` Turks '' always referred to Magyars . Similarly , the medieval Khazar Empire , a Turkic state on the northern shores of the Black and Caspian seas , was referred to as Tourkia ( Land of the Turks ) in Byzantine sources . However , the Byzantines later began using this name to define the Seljuk - controlled parts of Anatolia in the centuries that followed the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 . The medieval Greek and Latin terms did not designate the same geographic area now known as Turkey . Instead , they were mostly synonymous with Tartary , a term including Khazaria and the other khaganates of the Central Asian steppe , until the appearance of the Seljuks and the rise of the Ottoman Empire in the 14th century , reflecting the progress of the Turkic expansion . History Main article : History of Turkey See also : History of Anatolia and History of Thrace Prehistory of Anatolia and Eastern Thrace Main articles : Prehistory of Anatolia and Prehistory of Southeastern Europe See also : Ancient Anatolians , Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia , and Thracians Some henges at Göbekli Tepe were erected as far back as 9600 BC , predating those of Stonehenge , England , by over seven millennia . The Lion Gate in Hattusa , capital of the Hittite Empire . The city 's history dates back to the 6th millennium BC . The Anatolian peninsula , comprising most of modern Turkey , is one of the oldest permanently settled regions in the world . Various ancient Anatolian populations have lived in Anatolia , from at least the Neolithic period until the Hellenistic period . Many of these peoples spoke the Anatolian languages , a branch of the larger Indo - European language family . In fact , given the antiquity of the Indo - European Hittite and Luwian languages , some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical centre from which the Indo - European languages radiated . The European part of Turkey , called Eastern Thrace , has also been inhabited since at least forty thousand years ago , and is known to have been in the Neolithic era by about 6000 BC . Göbekli Tepe is the site of the oldest known man - made religious structure , a temple dating to circa 10,000 BC , while Çatalhöyük is a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia , which existed from approximately 7500 BC to 5700 BC . It is the largest and best - preserved Neolithic site found to date and in July 2012 was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic Age and continued into the Iron Age . The earliest recorded inhabitants of Anatolia were the Hattians and Hurrians , non-Indo - European peoples who inhabited central and eastern Anatolia , respectively , as early as ca . 2300 BC . Indo - European Hittites came to Anatolia and gradually absorbed the Hattians and Hurrians ca . 2000 -- 1700 BC . The first major empire in the area was founded by the Hittites , from the 18th through the 13th century BC . The Assyrians conquered and settled parts of southeastern Turkey as early as 1950 BC until the year 612 BC . Urartu re-emerged in Assyrian inscriptions in the 9th century BC as a powerful northern rival of Assyria . Following the collapse of the Hittite empire c. 1180 BC , the Phrygians , an Indo - European people , achieved ascendancy in Anatolia until their kingdom was destroyed by the Cimmerians in the 7th century BC . Starting from 714 BC , Urartu shared the same fate and dissolved in 590 BC , when it was conquered by the Medes . The most powerful of Phrygia 's successor states were Lydia , Caria and Lycia . The gymnasium of Sardis , capital of ancient Lydia ( c. 1200 BC -- 546 BC ) , the successor state of ancient Arzawa ( 15th -- 13th centuries BC ) . Walls of the acropolis of Troy VIIa , the site of the Trojan War ( c. 1200 BC ) that inspired Homer 's Iliad . Antiquity Main article : Classical Anatolia The Library of Celsus in Ephesus was built by the Romans in 114 -- 117 AD . The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus , built by king Croesus of Lydia in the 6th century BC , was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . Starting around 1200 BC , the coast of Anatolia was heavily settled by Aeolian and Ionian Greeks . Numerous important cities were founded by these colonists , such as Miletus , Ephesus , Smyrna ( now İzmir ) and Byzantium ( now Istanbul ) , the latter founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 657 BC . The first state that was called Armenia by neighbouring peoples was the state of the Armenian Orontid dynasty , which included parts of eastern Turkey beginning in the 6th century BC . In Northwest Turkey , the most significant tribal group in Thrace was the Odyrisians , founded by Teres I . All of modern - day Turkey was conquered by the Persian Achaemenid Empire during the 6th century BC . The Greco - Persian Wars started when the Greek city states on the coast of Anatolia rebelled against Persian rule in 499 BC . The territory of Turkey later fell to Alexander the Great in 334 BC , which led to increasing cultural homogeneity and Hellenization in the area . Following Alexander 's death in 323 BC , Anatolia was subsequently divided into a number of small Hellenistic kingdoms , all of which became part of the Roman Republic by the mid-1st century BC . The process of Hellenization that began with Alexander 's conquest accelerated under Roman rule , and by the early centuries of the Christian Era , the local Anatolian languages and cultures had become extinct , being largely replaced by ancient Greek language and culture . From the 1st century BC up to the 3rd century CE , large parts of modern - day Turkey were contested between the Romans and neighbouring Parthians through the frequent Roman - Parthian Wars . Designed by Greek architect Zeno , a native of the city , the Aspendos amphitheatre was built during the Roman period in 161 -- 169 CE . Mount Nemrut , built by Antiochus I of the Commagene Kingdom , is notable for its summit where a number of large statues are erected around what is assumed to be a royal tomb from the 1st century BC . Early Christian and Byzantine period Main articles : Byzantine Anatolia and Hellenistic period See also : Byzantine Empire , Successors of the Byzantine Empire , and States in late medieval Anatolia Originally a church , later a mosque , and now a museum , the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul was built by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I in 532 -- 537 AD . In 324 , Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman Empire , renaming it New Rome . Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent division of the Roman Empire between his two sons , the city , which would popularly come to be known as Constantinople , became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire . This empire , which would later be branded by historians as the Byzantine Empire , ruled most of the territory of present - day Turkey until the Late Middle Ages ; although the eastern regions remained in firm Sasanian hands up to the first half of the seventh century . The frequent Byzantine - Sassanid Wars , as part of the centuries long - lasting Roman - Persian Wars , fought between the neighbouring rivalling Byzantines and Sasanians , took place in various parts of present - day Turkey and decided much of the latter 's history from the fourth century up to the first half of the seventh century . Seljuks and the Ottoman Empire Main articles : Seljuk dynasty and Ottoman dynasty See also : Turkic migration , Mongol invasions of Anatolia , Seljuk Empire , Sultanate of Rum , and Ottoman Empire Mevlana Museum in Konya was built by the Seljuk Turks in 1274 . Konya was the capital of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum ( Anatolia ) . The House of Seljuk was a branch of the Kınık Oğuz Turks who resided on the periphery of the Muslim world , in the Yabgu Khaganate of the Oğuz confederacy , to the north of the Caspian and Aral Seas , in the 9th century . In the 10th century , the Seljuks started migrating from their ancestral homeland into Persia , which became the administrative core of the Great Seljuk Empire , after its foundation by Tughril . In the latter half of the 11th century , the Seljuk Turks began penetrating into medieval Armenia and the eastern regions of Anatolia . In 1071 , the Seljuks defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert , starting the Turkification process in the area ; the Turkish language and Islam were introduced to Armenia and Anatolia , gradually spreading throughout the region . The slow transition from a predominantly Christian and Greek - speaking Anatolia to a predominantly Muslim and Turkish - speaking one was underway . The Mevlevi Order of dervishes , which was established in Konya during the 13th century by Sufi poet Celaleddin Rumi , played a significant role in the Islamization of the diverse people of Anatolia who had previously been Hellenized . Thus , alongside the Turkification of the territory , the culturally Persianized Seljuks set the basis for a Turko - Persian principal culture in Anatolia , which their eventual successors , the Ottomans , would take over . In 1243 , the Seljuk armies were defeated by the Mongols at the Battle of Köse Dağ , causing the Seljuk Empire 's power to slowly disintegrate . In its wake , one of the Turkish principalities governed by Osman I would evolve over the next 200 years into the Ottoman Empire . In 1453 , the Ottomans completed their conquest of the Byzantine Empire by capturing its capital , Constantinople . Topkapı and Dolmabahçe palaces were the primary residences of the Ottoman Sultans and the administrative centre of the empire between 1465 to 1856 and 1856 to 1922 , respectively . In 1514 , Sultan Selim I ( 1512 -- 1520 ) successfully expanded the empire 's southern and eastern borders by defeating Shah Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty in the Battle of Chaldiran . In 1517 , Selim I expanded Ottoman rule into Algeria and Egypt , and created a naval presence in the Red Sea . Subsequently , a contest started between the Ottoman and Portuguese empires to become the dominant sea power in the Indian Ocean , with a number of naval battles in the Red Sea , the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf . The Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean was perceived as a threat to the Ottoman monopoly over the ancient trade routes between East Asia and Western Europe . Despite the increasingly prominent European presence , the Ottoman Empire 's trade with the east continued to flourish until the second half of the 18th century . The Ottoman Empire 's power and prestige peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries , particularly during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent , who personally instituted major legislative changes relating to society , education , taxation and criminal law . The empire was often at odds with the Holy Roman Empire in its steady advance towards Central Europe through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth . At sea , the Ottoman Navy contended with several Holy Leagues , such as those in 1538 , 1571 , 1684 and 1717 ( composed primarily of Habsburg Spain , the Republic of Genoa , the Republic of Venice , the Knights of St. John , the Papal States , the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Savoy ) , for the control of the Mediterranean Sea . In the east , the Ottomans were often at war with Safavid Persia over conflicts stemming from territorial disputes or religious differences between the 16th and 18th centuries . The Ottoman wars with Persia continued as the Zand , Afsharid , and Qajar dynasties succeeded the Safavids in Iran , until the first half of the 19th century . From the 16th to the early 20th centuries , the Ottoman Empire also fought many wars with the Russian Tsardom and Empire . These were initially about Ottoman territorial expansion and consolidation in southeastern and eastern Europe ; but starting from the latter half of the 18th century , they became more about the survival of the Ottoman Empire , which had begun to lose its strategic territories on the northern Black Sea coast to the advancing Russians . Visit of Kaiser Wilhelm II to Constantinople in Oct. 1917 with Mehmed V and Enver Pasha . The Ottomans joined World War I on the side of the Central Powers and suffered heavy losses . Overall , the total number of combatant casualties in the Ottoman forces amounts to just under half of all those mobilised to fight . Of these , more than 800,000 were killed . However , four out of every five Ottoman subjects who died were non-combatants . From the second half of the 18th century onwards , the Ottoman Empire began to decline . The Tanzimat reforms of the 19th century , which had been instituted by Mahmud II , were aimed to modernise the Ottoman state in line with the progress that had been made in Western Europe . The efforts of Midhat Pasha during the late Tanzimat era led the Ottoman constitutional movement of 1876 , which introduced the First Constitutional Era , but these efforts proved to be inadequate in most fields , and failed to stop the dissolution of the empire . As the empire gradually shrank in size , military power and wealth , especially after the Ottoman economic crisis and default in 1875 which led to uprisings in the Balkan provinces that culminated into the Russo - Turkish War of 1877 -- 78 , many Balkan Muslims migrated to the Empire 's heartland in Anatolia , along with the Circassians fleeing the Russian conquest of the Caucasus . The decline of the Ottoman Empire led to a rise in nationalist sentiment among its various subject peoples , leading to increased ethnic tensions which occasionally burst into violence , such as the Hamidian massacres of Armenians . The Young Turk Revolution in 1908 restored the Ottoman constitution and parliament 30 years after their suspension by Sultan Abdülhamid II in 1878 , which is known as the Second Constitutional Era , but the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état effectively put the country under the control of the Three Pashas , making sultans Mehmed V and Mehmed VI largely symbolic figureheads with no real political power . The Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers and was ultimately defeated . During the war , the empire 's Armenians were deported to Syria as part of the Armenian Genocide . As a result , an estimated 800,000 to 1,500,000 Armenians were killed . The Turkish government has refused to acknowledge the events as genocide and claims that Armenians were only relocated from the eastern war zone . Genocidal campaigns were also committed against the empire 's other minority groups such as the Assyrians and Greeks . Following the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918 , the victorious Allied Powers sought to partition the Ottoman state through the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres . Republic of Turkey Main article : History of the Republic of Turkey See also : Atatürk 's Reforms Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , founder and first President of the Turkish Republic , visiting Istanbul University after its reorganization in 1933 as a mixed - gender institution of higher education with multiple faculties . The occupation of Istanbul and Izmir by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I prompted the establishment of the Turkish National Movement . Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha , a military commander who had distinguished himself during the Battle of Gallipoli , the Turkish War of Independence was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres . By 18 September 1922 the Greek , Armenian and French armies were expelled , and the Ankara - based Turkish regime , which had declared itself the legitimate government of the country on 23 April 1920 , started to formalise the legal transition from the old Ottoman into the new Republican political system . On 1 November 1922 , the Turkish Parliament in Ankara formally abolished the Sultanate , thus ending 623 years of monarchical Ottoman rule . The Treaty of Lausanne of 24 July 1923 led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed `` Republic of Turkey '' as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire , and the republic was officially proclaimed on 29 October 1923 in Ankara , the country 's new capital . The Lausanne Convention stipulated a population exchange between Greece and Turkey , whereby 1.1 million Greeks left Turkey for Greece in exchange for 380,000 Muslims transferred from Greece to Turkey . Mustafa Kemal became the republic 's first President and subsequently introduced many radical reforms with the aim of transforming the old religion - based and multi-communal Ottoman state system ( constitutional monarchy ) into an essentially Turkish nation state ( parliamentary republic ) with a secular constitution . With the Surname Law of 1934 , the Turkish Parliament bestowed upon Mustafa Kemal the honorific surname `` Atatürk '' ( Father of the Turks ) . Eighteen female deputies joined the Turkish Parliament with the 1935 general elections . Turkish women gained the right to vote a decade or more before women in Western European countries like France , Italy , and Belgium , a mark of Atatürk 's far - reaching social changes . İsmet İnönü became Turkey 's second President following Atatürk 's death on 10 November 1938 . In 1939 Turkey annexed the Republic of Hatay . Turkey remained neutral during most of World War II , but entered the closing stages of the war on the side of the Allies on 23 February 1945 . On 26 June 1945 , Turkey became a charter member of the United Nations . In the same year , the single - party period in Turkey came to an end , with the first multiparty elections in 1946 . The Truman Doctrine in 1947 enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece during the Cold War , and resulted in large - scale U.S. military and economic support . In 1948 both countries were included in the Marshall Plan and the OEEC for rebuilding European economies . In 1949 Turkey became a member of the Council of Europe . The Democratic Party established by Celâl Bayar won the 1950 , 1954 and 1957 general elections and stayed in power for a decade , with Adnan Menderes as the Prime Minister and Bayar as the President . After participating with the United Nations forces in the Korean War , Turkey joined NATO in 1952 , becoming a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the Mediterranean . Turkey subsequently became a founding member of the OECD in 1961 , and an associate member of the EEC in 1963 . During the politically unstable periods of the Turkish Republic , the military exercised power directly or through figures like Cemal Gürsel ( far right ) . The country 's tumultuous transition to multiparty democracy was interrupted by military coups d'état in 1960 , 1971 , and 1980 , as well as a military memorandum in 1997 . Between 1960 and the end of the 20th century , the prominent leaders in Turkish politics who achieved multiple election victories were Süleyman Demirel , Bülent Ecevit and Turgut Özal . Following a decade of Cypriot intercommunal violence and the coup in Cyprus on 15 July 1974 staged by the EOKA B paramilitary organisation , which overthrew President Makarios and installed the pro-Enosis ( union with Greece ) Nikos Sampson as dictator , Turkey invaded Cyprus on 20 July 1974 by unilaterally exercising Article IV in the Treaty of Guarantee ( 1960 ) , but without restoring the status quo ante at the end of the military operation . In 1983 the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus , which is recognised only by Turkey , was established . As of 2017 , negotiations for solving the Cyprus dispute are still ongoing between Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot political leaders . In 1984 , the Kurdistan Workers ' Party ( PKK ) , a Kurdish separatist group ( listed as a terrorist organization by NATO , the United States and the European Union ) , began an armed insurgency campaign against Turkey . The conflict has claimed over 40,000 lives to date . Since the liberalisation of the Turkish economy in the 1980s , the country has enjoyed stronger economic growth and greater political stability . Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987 , joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and started accession negotiations with the European Union in 2005 . In 2013 , widespread protests erupted in many Turkish provinces , sparked by a plan to demolish Gezi Park but soon growing into general anti-government dissent . On 15 July 2016 , an unsuccessful coup attempt tried to oust the government . As a reaction to the failed coup d'état , the government is currently carrying out mass purges . Administrative divisions Main article : Administrative divisions of Turkey Further information : Regions of Turkey and NUTS of Turkey Turkey has a unitary structure in terms of administration and this aspect is one of the most important factors shaping the Turkish public administration . When three powers ( executive , legislative and judiciary ) are taken into account as the main functions of the state , local administrations have little power . Turkey does n't have a federal system , and the provinces are subordinate to the central government in Ankara . Local administrations were established to provide services in place and the government is represented by the province governors ( vali ) and town governors ( kaymakam ) . Other senior public officials are also appointed by the central government instead of the mayors ( belediye başkanı ) or elected by constituents . Turkish municipalities have local legislative bodies ( belediye meclisi ) for decision - making on municipal issues . Within this unitary framework , Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces ( il or vilayet ) for administrative purposes . Each province is divided into districts ( ilçe ) , for a total of 923 districts . Turkey is also subdivided into 7 regions ( bölge ) and 21 subregions for geographic , demographic and economic purposes ; this does not refer to an administrative division . The centralised structure of decision - making in Ankara is considered by some academicians as an impediment to good local governance , and occasionally causes resentment in the municipalities of urban centres that are inhabited largely by ethnic minority groups , such as the Kurds . Steps towards decentralisation since 2004 have proven to be a highly controversial topic in Turkey . The efforts to decentralise the administrative structure are also driven by the European Charter of Local Self - Government and with Chapter 22 ( `` Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments '' ) of the acquis of the European Union . A decentralisation program for Turkey has been a topic of discussion in the country 's academics , politics and the broader public . Ankara Kırklareli Edirne Tekirdağ Çanakkale Balıkesir Bursa Yalova Istanbul Kocaeli Sakarya Düzce Zonguldak Bolu Bilecik Eskişehir Kütahya Manisa İzmir Aydın Muğla Denizli Burdur Uşak Afyon Isparta Antalya Konya Mersin Karaman Aksaray Kırşehir Kırıkkale Çankırı Karabük Bartın Kastamonu Sinop Çorum Yozgat Nevşehir Niğde Adana Hatay Osmaniye K. Maraş Kayseri Sivas Tokat Amasya Samsun Ordu Giresun Erzincan Malatya Gaziantep Kilis Şanlıurfa Adıyaman Gümüşhane Trabzon Rize Bayburt Erzurum Artvin Ardahan Kars Ağrı Iğdır Tunceli Elâzığ Diyarbakır Mardin Batman Siirt Şırnak Bitlis Bingöl Muş Van Hakkâri Politics Main article : Politics of Turkey See also : Constitution of Turkey , Elections in Turkey , and Ministries of Turkey Tayyip Erdoğan President Binali Yıldırım Prime Minister Constitutionally , Turkey is a parliamentary representative democracy . Since its foundation as a republic in 1923 , Turkey has developed a strong tradition of secularism . Turkey 's constitution governs the legal framework of the country . It sets out the main principles of government and establishes Turkey as a unitary centralised state . The President of the Republic is the head of state and has a largely ceremonial role . The president is elected for a five - year term by direct elections and Tayyip Erdoğan is the first president elected by direct voting . Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers which make up the government , while the legislative power is vested in the unicameral parliament , the Grand National Assembly of Turkey . The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature , and the Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the conformity of laws and decrees with the constitution . The Council of State is the tribunal of last resort for administrative cases , and the High Court of Appeals for all others . The prime minister is elected by the parliament through a vote of confidence in the government and is most often the head of the party having the most seats in parliament . The prime minister is Binali Yıldırım , who replaced Ahmet Davutoğlu on 24 May 2016 . Universal suffrage for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1933 and before most countries , and every Turkish citizen who has turned 18 years of age has the right to vote . There are 550 members of parliament who are elected for a four - year term by a party - list proportional representation system from 85 electoral districts . The Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of political parties that it deems anti-secular or separatist , or ban their existence altogether . The electoral threshold is 10 percent of the votes . Supporters of Atatürk 's reforms are called Kemalists , as distinguished from Islamists , representing the two diverging views regarding the role of religion in legislation , education and public life . The Kemalist view supports a form of democracy with a laicist constitution and Westernised secular lifestyle , while maintaining the necessity of state intervention in the economy , education and other public services . Since the 1980s , issues such as income inequality and class distinction have given rise to Islamic populism , a movement that supports a larger role for religion in government policies , and in theory supports obligation to authority , communal solidarity and social justice ; though what that entails in practice is often contested . Turkey under Tayyip Erdoğan and the AKP has been described as becoming increasingly authoritarian . Prior to the constitutional referendum in 2017 the Council of Europe saw Turkey drifting towards an autocracy , warning of a `` dramatic regression of its democratic order '' . As of 2016 the Economist Intelligence Unit 's Democracy Index rates Turkey at 5.03 ( on a 0 -- 10 scale ) , classifying Turkey as a Hybrid Regime . In 2017 Freedom House rated Turkey at 38 ( on a 0 -- 100 scale ) as Partly Free . The constitutional referendum was held in April 2017 to change the parliamentary system to a presidential system . Many elements in this constitutional reform package have increased concerns in Europe regarding democracy and separation of powers . The referendum ended in favor of change . Human rights Main article : Human rights in Turkey See also : Racism in Turkey , Torture in Turkey , and Censorship in Turkey A view from the Gezi Park protests a view from Taksim Square , Istanbul on 4 June 2013 . Human rights in Turkey have been the subject of some controversy and international condemnation . Between 1998 and 2008 the European Court of Human Rights made more than 1,600 judgements against Turkey for human rights violations , particularly regarding the right to life , and freedom from torture . Other issues , such as Kurdish rights , women 's rights , LGBT rights , and press freedom , have also attracted controversy . Turkey 's human rights record continues to be a significant obstacle to future membership of the EU . According to the Committee to Protect Journalists , the AKP government has waged one of the world 's biggest crackdowns on media freedom . A large number of journalists have been arrested using charges of `` terrorism '' and `` anti-state activities '' such as the Ergenekon and Balyoz cases , while thousands have been investigated on charges such as `` denigrating Turkishness '' or `` insulting Islam '' in an effort to sow self - censorship . As of 2017 , the CPJ identified 81 jailed journalists in Turkey ( including the editorial staff of Cumhuriyet , Turkey 's oldest newspaper still in circulation ) , all directly held for their published work ( ranking 1st in the world , more than in Iran , Eritrea or China ) ; while Freemuse identified 9 musicians imprisoned for their work ( ranking 3rd after Russia and China ) . A former US State Department spokesman , Philip J. Crowley , said that the United States had `` broad concerns about trends involving intimidation of journalists in Turkey . '' Turkey 's media is rated as not free by Freedom House . In its resolution `` The functioning of democratic institutions in Turkey '' on 22 June 2016 , the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe warned that `` recent developments in Turkey pertaining to freedom of the media and of expression , erosion of the rule of law and the human rights violations in relation to anti-terrorism security operations in south - east Turkey have ( ... ) raised serious questions about the functioning of its democratic institutions . '' On 20 May 2016 , the Turkish parliament stripped almost a quarter of its members of immunity from prosecution , including 101 deputies from the pro-Kurdish HDP and the main opposition CHP party . In reaction to the failed coup d'état on 15 July 2016 , over 125,000 judges , teachers , police and civil servants have been suspended or dismissed , 36,000 have been formally arrested , and 130 media organisations , including 16 television broadcasters and 45 newspapers , have been closed by the government of Turkey . On 29 April 2017 , Turkish authorities blocked online access to Wikipedia in all languages across Turkey . The restrictions were imposed in the context of the 2016 -- 17 purges following the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt , a few weeks after a significant constitutional referendum , and following more selective partial blocking of Wikipedia content in previous years . Following the ban , Jimmy Wales , Wikipedia 's founder , was disinvited from the World Cities Expo in Istanbul from 15 to 18 May . Turkish law professor Yaman Akdeniz estimates that wikipedia is one of about 127,000 websites blocked by Turkish authorities . An estimated 45 percent of Turks have circumvented the Internet blocks , at one time or another , by using a virtual private network ( VPN ) . Law Main articles : Judicial system of Turkey and Law enforcement in Turkey Bas - relief of the Ottoman emperor Suleiman the Magnificent , known in Turkish as `` the Lawgiver '' , in the chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives . Turkey 's judicial system has been wholly integrated with the system of continental Europe . For instance , the Turkish Civil Code has been modified by incorporating elements mainly of the Swiss Civil Code and Code of Obligations , and the German Commercial Code . The Administrative Code bears similarities with its French counterpart , and the Penal Code with its Italian counterpart . Turkey has adopted the principle of the separation of powers . In line with this principle , judicial power is exercised by independent courts on behalf of the Turkish nation . The independence and organisation of the courts , the security of the tenure of judges and public prosecutors , the profession of judges and prosecutors , the supervision of judges and public prosecutors , the military courts and their organisation , and the powers and duties of the high courts are regulated by the Turkish Constitution . According to Article 142 of the Turkish Constitution , the organisation , duties and jurisdiction of the courts , their functions and the trial procedures are regulated by law . In line with the aforementioned article of the Turkish Constitution and related laws , the court system in Turkey can be classified under three main categories ; which are the Judicial Courts , Administrative Courts and Military Courts . Each category includes first instance courts and high courts . In addition , the Court of Jurisdictional Disputes rules on cases that can not be classified readily as falling within the purview of one court system . Law enforcement in Turkey is carried out by several departments ( such as the General Directorate of Security and Gendarmerie General Command ) and agencies , all acting under the command of the Prime Minister of Turkey or mostly the Minister of Internal Affairs . According to figures released by the Justice Ministry , there are 100,000 people in Turkish prisons as of November 2008 , a doubling since 2000 . In the years of government by the AKP and Tayyip Erdoğan , particularly since 2013 , the independence and integrity of the Turkish judiciary has increasingly been considered in doubt by institutions , parliamentarians and journalists both within and outside of Turkey ; due to political interference in the promotion of judges and prosecutors , and in their pursuit of public duty . The Turkey 2015 report of the European Commission stated that `` the independence of the judiciary and respect of the principle of separation of powers have been undermined and judges and prosecutors have been under strong political pressure . '' Foreign relations Main article : Foreign relations of Turkey Leaders of the G - 20 at the 2015 Antalya summit in Turkey . Turkey is a founding member of the United Nations ( 1945 ) , the OECD ( 1961 ) , the OIC ( 1969 ) , the OSCE ( 1973 ) , the ECO ( 1985 ) , the BSEC ( 1992 ) , the D - 8 ( 1997 ) and the G - 20 ( 1999 ) . Turkey was a member of the United Nations Security Council in 1951 -- 1952 , 1954 -- 1955 , 1961 and 2009 -- 2010 . In 2012 Turkey became a dialogue member of the SCO and in 2013 , became a member of the ACD . After becoming one of the first members of the Council of Europe in 1949 , Turkey became an associate member of the EEC in 1963 , joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and started full membership negotiations with the European Union in 2005 . In line with its traditional Western orientation , relations with Europe have always been a central part of Turkish foreign policy . Turkey became one of the first members of the Council of Europe in 1949 , applied for associate membership of the EEC ( predecessor of the European Union ) in 1959 and became an associate member in 1963 . After decades of political negotiations , Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987 , became an associate member of the Western European Union in 1992 , joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and has been in formal accession negotiations with the EU since 2005 . Today , EU membership is considered as a state policy and a strategic target by Turkey . Turkey 's support for Northern Cyprus in the Cyprus dispute complicates Turkey 's relations with the EU and remains a major stumbling block to the country 's EU accession bid . The other defining aspect of Turkey 's foreign policy is the country 's long - standing strategic alliance with the United States . The common threat posed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War led to Turkey 's membership of NATO in 1952 , ensuring close bilateral relations with Washington . Subsequently Turkey benefited from the United States ' political , economic and diplomatic support , including in key issues such as the country 's bid to join the European Union . In the post -- Cold War environment , Turkey 's geostrategic importance shifted towards its proximity to the Middle East , the Caucasus and the Balkans . The Turkish Armed Forces collectively rank as the second largest standing military force in NATO , after the US Armed Forces . Turkey joined the alliance in 1952 . The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991 , with which Turkey shares a common cultural and linguistic heritage , allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia , thus enabling the completion of a multi-billion - dollar oil and natural gas pipeline from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey . The Baku -- Tbilisi -- Ceyhan pipeline forms part of Turkey 's foreign policy strategy to become an energy conduit from the Caspian Sea basin to Europe . However , in 1993 , Turkey sealed its land border with Armenia in a gesture of support to Azerbaijan ( a Turkic state in the Caucasus region ) during the Nagorno - Karabakh War , and it remains closed . Under the AKP government , Turkey 's influence has grown in the formerly Ottoman territories of the Middle East and the Balkans , based on the `` strategic depth '' doctrine ( a terminology that was coined by Ahmet Davutoğlu for defining Turkey 's increased engagement in regional foreign policy issues ) , also called Neo-Ottomanism . Following the Arab Spring in December 2010 , the choices made by the AKP government for supporting certain political opposition groups in the affected countries have led to tensions with some Arab states , such as Turkey 's neighbour Syria since the start of the Syrian civil war , and Egypt after the ousting of President Mohamed Morsi . As of 2016 , Turkey does n't have an ambassador in either Syria or Egypt . Diplomatic relations with Israel were also severed after the Gaza flotilla raid in 2010 , but were normalised following a deal in June 2016 . These political rifts have left Turkey with few allies in the East Mediterranean , where rich natural gas fields have recently been discovered ; in sharp contrast with the original goals that were set by the former Foreign Minister ( later Prime Minister ) Ahmet Davutoğlu in his `` zero problems with neighbours '' foreign policy doctrine . In 2015 , Turkey , Saudi Arabia and Qatar formed a `` strategic alliance '' against Syrian President Bashar al - Assad . However , following the rapprochement with Russia in 2016 , Turkey revised its stance regarding the solution of the conflict in Syria . Military Main article : Turkish Armed Forces See also : Defense industry of Turkey Turkey is one of nine partner states in the F - 35 JSF program ( left ) and one of the eight participants in the Airbus A400M Atlas project ( right ) . The Turkish Armed Forces consists of the Land Forces , the Naval Forces and the Air Force . The Gendarmerie and the Coast Guard operate as parts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in peacetime , although they are subordinated to the Army and Navy Commands respectively in wartime , during which they have both internal law enforcement and military functions . The Chief of the General Staff is appointed by the President and is responsible to the Prime Minister . The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Parliament for matters of national security and the adequate preparation of the armed forces to defend the country . However , the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or to allow foreign armed forces to be stationed in Turkey rests solely with the Parliament . The MILGEM project aims to design and build locally a fleet of hi - tech stealth multipurpose corvettes and frigates . TCG Heybeliada is one of the warships built under the scope of this project . Every fit male Turkish citizen otherwise not barred is required to serve in the military for a period ranging from three weeks to a year , dependent on education and job location . Turkey does not recognise conscientious objection and does not offer a civilian alternative to military service . Turkey has the second largest standing military force in NATO , after the US Armed Forces , with an estimated strength of 495,000 deployable forces , according to a 2011 NATO estimate . Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance , together with Belgium , Germany , Italy , and the Netherlands . A total of 90 B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at the Incirlik Air Base , 40 of which are allocated for use by the Turkish Air Force in case of a nuclear conflict , but their use requires the approval of NATO . Turkey has maintained forces in international missions under the United Nations and NATO since the Korean War , including peacekeeping missions in Somalia , Yugoslavia , Horn of Africa and supported the coalition forces in the First Gulf War . Turkey maintains a controversial 36,000 troop - strong force in Northern Cyprus , contributes military personnel to the International Security Assistance Force , Kosovo Force , Eurocorps and takes part in the EU Battlegroups while assisting Iraqi Kurdistan and Somalia with security . TAF has overseas military bases in Iraq , Qatar and in Somalia . According to 2016 Global Peace Index , Turkey ranked 145th out of 163 countries in the world , mainly because of its conflict with Kurdish insurgents , its invasion of Cyprus and the military intervention in Syria . Geography Main article : Geography of Turkey Topographic map of Turkey Turkey is a transcontinental Eurasian country . Asian Turkey , which includes 97 percent of the country , is separated from European Turkey by the Bosphorus , the Sea of Marmara , and the Dardanelles . European Turkey comprises 3 percent of the country . The territory of Turkey is more than 1,600 kilometres ( 990 miles ) long and 800 kilometres ( 500 miles ) wide , with a roughly rectangular shape . It lies between latitudes 35 ° and 43 ° N , and longitudes 25 ° and 45 ° E. Turkey 's land area , including lakes , occupies 783,562 square kilometres ( 302,535 square miles ) , of which 755,688 square kilometres ( 291,773 square miles ) are in Southwest Asia and 23,764 square kilometres ( 9,175 square miles ) in Europe . Turkey is the world 's 37th - largest country in terms of area . The country is encircled by seas on three sides : the Aegean Sea to the west , the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean to the south . Turkey also contains the Sea of Marmara in the northwest . A photograph of Lake Van and the Armenian Church of Akhtamar. Van is the largest lake in the country and is located in eastern Anatolia . The European section of Turkey , East Thrace ( the easternmost region of the Balkan peninsula ) , forms the borders of Turkey with Greece and Bulgaria . The Asian part of the country is comprised mostly by the peninsula of Anatolia , which consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains , between the Köroğlu and Pontic mountain ranges to the north and the Taurus Mountains to the south . Eastern Turkey , located within the western plateau of the Armenian Highlands , has a more mountainous landscape and is home to the sources of rivers such as the Euphrates , Tigris and Aras , and contains Mount Ararat , Turkey 's highest point at 5,137 metres ( 16,854 feet ) , and Lake Van , the largest lake in the country . Southeastern Turkey is located within the northern plains of Upper Mesopotamia . Turkey is divided into seven geographical regions : Marmara , Aegean , Black Sea , Central Anatolia , Eastern Anatolia , Southeastern Anatolia and the Mediterranean . The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along the Black Sea resembles a long , narrow belt . This region comprises approximately one - sixth of Turkey 's total land area . As a general trend , the inland Anatolian plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward . Turkey 's varied landscapes are the product of complex earth movements that have shaped the region over thousands of years and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent earthquakes and occasional volcanic eruptions . The Bosphorus and the Dardanelles owe their existence to the fault lines running through Turkey that led to the creation of the Black Sea . The North Anatolian Fault Line runs across the north of the country from west to east , along which major earthquakes took place in history . The latest of those big earthquakes was the 1999 İzmit earthquake . Biodiversity Main articles : Flora and vegetation of Turkey and Wildlife of Turkey See also : Environmental issues in Turkey Sümela Monastery on the Pontic Mountains . These mountains form an ecoregion with diverse temperate rainforest types , flora and fauna . Turkey 's extraordinary ecosystem and habitat diversity has produced considerable species diversity . Anatolia is the homeland of many plants that have been cultivated for food since the advent of agriculture , and the wild ancestors of many plants that now provide staples for humankind still grow in Turkey . The diversity of Turkey 's fauna is even greater than that of its flora . The number of animal species in the whole of Europe is around 60,000 , while in Turkey there are over 80,000 ( over 100,000 counting the subspecies ) . The Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests is an ecoregion which covers most of the Pontic Mountains in northern Turkey , while the Caucasus mixed forests extend across the eastern end of the range . The region is home to Eurasian wildlife such as the Eurasian sparrowhawk , golden eagle , eastern imperial eagle , lesser spotted eagle , Caucasian black grouse , red - fronted serin , and wallcreeper . The narrow coastal strip between the Pontic Mountains and the Black Sea is home to the Euxine - Colchic deciduous forests , which contain some of the world 's few temperate rainforests . The Turkish pine is mostly found in Turkey and other east Mediterranean countries . Several wild species of tulip are native to Anatolia , and the flower was first introduced to Western Europe with species taken from the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century . There are 40 national parks , 189 nature parks , 31 nature preserve areas , 80 wildlife protection areas and 109 nature monuments in Turkey such as Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park , Mount Nemrut National Park , Ancient Troya National Park , Ölüdeniz Nature Park and Polonezköy Nature Park . Ankara , the capital of Turkey , is renowned for the Angora cat , Angora rabbit and Angora goat . Another national cat breed of Turkey is the Van cat . The national dog breeds are the Anatolian Shepherd , Kangal , Malaklı and Akbaş . The last confirmed death of an Anatolian leopard , closely related to the Persian ( Caucasian ) leopard and native to the western regions of Anatolia , took place in the Bağözü village of the Beypazarı district in Ankara Province on 17 January 1974 . The Persian ( Caucasian ) leopard is still found in very small numbers in the northeastern and southeastern regions of Turkey . The Caspian tiger is an extinct tiger subspecies ( closely related to the Siberian tiger ) which lived in the easternmost regions of Turkey until the latter half of the 20th century , with the last confirmed death in Uludere , February 1970 . The Eurasian lynx and the European wildcat are other felid species which are currently found in the forests of Turkey . Climate Main article : Climate of Turkey Köppen climate types of Turkey Climate diagram of Turkey The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas have a temperate Mediterranean climate , with hot , dry summers and mild to cool , wet winters . The coastal areas bordering the Black Sea have a temperate oceanic climate with warm , wet summers and cool to cold , wet winters . The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of precipitation and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year . The eastern part of that coast averages 2,200 millimetres ( 87 in ) annually which is the highest precipitation in the country . The coastal areas bordering the Sea of Marmara , which connects the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea , have a transitional climate between a temperate Mediterranean climate and a temperate oceanic climate with warm to hot , moderately dry summers and cool to cold , wet winters. Snow falls on the coastal areas of the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea almost every winter , but usually melts in no more than a few days . However snow is rare in the coastal areas of the Aegean Sea and very rare in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea . Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending inland , giving the central Anatolian plateau of the interior of Turkey a continental climate with sharply contrasting seasons . Winters on the eastern part of the plateau are especially severe . Temperatures of − 30 to − 40 ° C ( − 22 to − 40 ° F ) can occur in eastern Anatolia. Snow may remain at least 120 days of the year . In the west , winter temperatures average below 1 ° C ( 34 ° F ) . Summers are hot and dry , with temperatures often above 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) in the day . Annual precipitation averages about 400 millimetres ( 16 inches ) , with actual amounts determined by elevation . The driest regions are the Konya Plain and the Malatya Plain , where annual rainfall is often less than 300 millimetres ( 12 inches ) . May is generally the wettest month , whereas July and August are the driest . Economy Main article : Economy of Turkey Skyscrapers of Levent business district in Istanbul , Turkey 's largest city and leading economic centre . Turkey has the world 's 13th largest GDP by PPP and 17th largest nominal GDP . The country is among the founding members of the OECD and the G - 20 . The EU -- Turkey Customs Union in 1995 led to an extensive liberalisation of tariff rates , and forms one of the most important pillars of Turkey 's foreign trade policy . Turkey 's exports were $143.5 billion in 2011 and reached $163 billion in 2012 ( main export partners in 2012 : Germany 8.6 % , Iraq 7.1 % , Iran 6.5 % , UK 5.7 % , UAE 5.4 % ) . However , larger imports which amounted to $229 billion in 2012 threatened the balance of trade ( main import partners in 2012 : Russia 11.3 % , Germany 9 % , China 9 % , US 6 % , Italy 5.6 % ) . Turkey has a sizeable automotive industry , which produced over 1.3 million motor vehicles in 2015 , ranking as the 14th largest producer in the world . Turkish shipbuilding exports were worth US $1.2 billion in 2011 . The major export markets are Malta , Marshall Islands , Panama and the United Kingdom . Turkish shipyards have 15 floating docks of different sizes and one dry dock . Tuzla , Yalova , and İzmit have developed into dynamic shipbuilding centres . In 2011 , there were 70 active shipyards in Turkey , with another 56 being built . Turkish shipyards are highly regarded both for the production of chemical and oil tankers up to 10,000 dwt and also for their mega yachts . Beko and Vestel are among the largest producers of consumer electronics and home appliances in Europe . Turkish brands like Beko and Vestel are among the largest producers of consumer electronics and home appliances in Europe , and invest a substantial amount of funds for research and development in new technologies related to these fields . Other key sectors of the Turkish economy are banking , construction , home appliances , electronics , textiles , oil refining , petrochemical products , food , mining , iron and steel , and machine industry . In 2010 , the agricultural sector accounted for 9 percent of GDP , while the industrial sector accounted for 26 percent and the services sector for 65 percent . However , agriculture still accounted for a quarter of employment . In 2004 , it was estimated that 46 percent of total disposable income was received by the top 20 percent of income earners , while the lowest 20 percent received only 6 percent . The rate of female employment in Turkey was 30 percent in 2012 , the lowest among all OECD countries . Foreign direct investment ( FDI ) was $8.3 billion in 2012 , a figure expected to rise to $15 billion in 2013 . In 2012 , Fitch Group upgraded Turkey 's credit rating to investment grade after an 18 - year gap ; this was followed by a ratings upgrade by Moody 's in May 2013 , as the service lifted Turkey 's government bond ratings to the lowest investment grade Baa3 . In September 2016 , Moody 's cut Turkey 's sovereign debt to junk status . In the economic crisis of 2016 it emerged that the huge debts incurred for investment during the Justice and Development Party ( AKP ) government since 2002 had mostly been consumed in construction , rather than invested in sustainable economic growth . Private bank debts in Turkey were 6.6 billion TL in 2002 and had increased to 385 billion TL by the end of 2015 . History Main article : Economic history of Turkey Atatürk ( centre ) accompanied by Bayar ( to his left ) and İnönü ( to his right ) at the Sümerbank Textile Factory in Nazilli , 9 October 1937 . A view of Bankalar Caddesi ( Banks Street ) in the early years of the Turkish Republic . Completed in 1892 , the Ottoman Central Bank headquarters is seen at left . In 1995 the Istanbul Stock Exchange moved to İstinye , while numerous Turkish banks moved their headquarters to the central business districts of Levent and Maslak . In the early decades of the Turkish Republic , the government ( or banks established and owned by the government , such as Türkiye İş Bankası ( 1924 ) , Sanayi ve Maadin Bankası ( 1925 ) , Emlak ve Eytam Bankası ( 1926 ) , Central Bank of Turkey ( 1930 ) , Sümerbank ( 1933 ) , İller Bankası ( 1933 ) , Etibank ( 1935 ) , Denizbank ( 1937 ) , Halk Bankası ( 1938 ) , etc . ) had to subsidise most of the industrial projects , due to the lack of a strong private sector . However , in the period between the 1920s and 1950s , a new generation of Turkish entrepreneurs such as Nuri Demirağ , Vehbi Koç , Hacı Ömer Sabancı and Nejat Eczacıbaşı began to establish privately owned factories , some of which evolved into the largest industrial conglomerates that dominate the Turkish economy today , such as Koç Holding , Sabancı Holding and Eczacıbaşı Holding . During the first six decades of the republic , between 1923 and 1983 , Turkey generally adhered to a quasi-statist approach with strict government planning of the budget and government - imposed limitations over foreign trade , flow of foreign currency , foreign direct investment and private sector participation in certain fields ( such as broadcasting , telecommunications , energy , mining , etc . ) . However , in 1983 , Prime Minister Turgut Özal initiated a series of reforms designed to shift the economy from a statist , insulated system to a more private - sector , market - based model . The reforms , combined with unprecedented amounts of funding from foreign loans , spurred rapid economic growth ; but this growth was punctuated by sharp recessions and financial crises in 1994 , 1999 ( following the earthquake of that year ) , and 2001 ; resulting in an average of 4 percent GDP growth per annum between 1981 and 2003 . Lack of additional fiscal reforms , combined with large and growing public sector deficits and widespread corruption , resulted in high inflation , a weak banking sector and increased macroeconomic volatility . Since the economic crisis of 2001 and the reforms initiated by the finance minister of the time , Kemal Derviş , inflation has dropped to single - digit figures for the first time in decades ( 8 % in 2005 ) , investor confidence and foreign investment have soared , and unemployment has fallen ( 10 % in 2005 ) . Turkey has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms by reducing government controls on foreign trade and investment and the privatisation of publicly owned industries , and the liberalisation of many sectors to private and foreign participation has continued amid political debate . The public debt - to - GDP ratio peaked at 75.9 percent during the recession of 2001 , falling to an estimated 26.9 percent by 2013 . The real GDP growth rate from 2002 to 2007 averaged 6.8 percent annually , which made Turkey one of the fastest growing economies in the world during that period . However , growth slowed to 1 percent in 2008 , and in 2009 the Turkish economy was affected by the global financial crisis , with a recession of 5 percent . The economy was estimated to have returned to 8 percent growth in 2010 . According to Eurostat data , Turkish GDP per capita adjusted by purchasing power standard stood at 52 percent of the EU average in 2011 . In the early years of the 21st century , the chronically high inflation was brought under control ; this led to the launch of a new currency , the Turkish new lira ( Yeni Türk Lirası ) in 2005 , to cement the acquisition of the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy . In 2009 , after only four years in circulation , the Turkish new lira was renamed back to the Turkish lira with the introduction of new banknotes and coins ( and the withdrawal of the Turkish new lira banknotes and coins that were introduced in 2005 ) , but the ISO 4217 code of the Turkish new lira ( TRY ) remains in use for the current Turkish lira in the foreign exchange market . Tourism Main article : Tourism in Turkey Most of the beach resorts in Turkey are located in the Turkish Riviera . Tourism in Turkey has experienced rapid growth in the last twenty years , and constitutes an important part of the economy . The Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism currently promotes Turkish tourism under the Turkey Home name . At its height in 2014 , Turkey attracted around 42 million foreign tourists , ranking as the 6th most popular tourist destination in the world . This number however declined to around 36 million in 2015 , deteriorated to around 25 million in 2016 and still further in 2017 , due to regional uncertanities , political tension with Russia , terrorist attacks and the unfavorable Erdogan regime image abroad . In 2012 , 15 percent of the tourists were from Germany , 11 percent from Russia , 8 percent from the United Kingdom , 5 percent from Bulgaria , 4 percent each from Georgia , the Netherlands and Iran , 3 percent from France , 2 percent each from the United States and Syria , and 40 percent from other countries . Turkey has 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites , such as the `` Historic Areas of Istanbul '' , the `` Rock Sites of Cappadocia '' , the `` Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük '' , `` Hattusa : the Hittite Capital '' , the `` Archaeological Site of Troy '' , `` Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape '' , `` Hierapolis -- Pamukkale '' , and `` Mount Nemrut '' ; and 51 World Heritage Sites in tentative list , such as the archaeological sites or historic urban centres of Göbekli Tepe , Gordion , Ephesus , Aphrodisias , Perga , Lycia , Sagalassos , Aizanoi , Zeugma , Ani , Harran , Mardin , Konya and Alanya . Turkey hosts two of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World : the Mausoleum in Halicarnassus and the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus . Cappadocia is a region created by the erosion of soft volcanic stone by the wind and rain for centuries . The area is a popular tourist destination , having many sites with unique geological , historic , and cultural features . Infrastructure Main articles : Transport in Turkey , Communications in Turkey , Energy in Turkey , and Water supply and sanitation in Turkey Turkish Airlines , flag carrier of Turkey , has been selected by Skytrax as Europe 's best airline for five years in a row ( 2011 -- 2015 ) . With destinations in 126 countries worldwide , Turkish Airlines is the largest carrier in the world by number of countries served as of 2016 . In 2013 there were 98 airports in Turkey , including 22 international airports . As of 2015 , Istanbul Atatürk Airport is the 11th busiest airport in the world , serving 31,833,324 passengers between January and July 2014 , according to Airports Council International . The new ( third ) international airport of Istanbul is planned to be the largest airport in the world , with a capacity to serve 150 million passengers per annum . Turkish Airlines , flag carrier of Turkey since 1933 , was selected by Skytrax as Europe 's best airline for five consecutive years in 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 and 2015 . With 435 destinations ( 51 domestic and 384 international ) in 126 countries worldwide , Turkish Airlines is the largest carrier in the world by number of countries served as of 2016 . The Osman Gazi Bridge , located at the Gulf of İzmit , is the fourth - longest suspension bridge in the world by the length of its central span . As of 2014 , the country has a roadway network of 65,623 kilometres ( 40,776 miles ) . The total length of the rail network was 10,991 kilometres ( 6,829 miles ) in 2008 , including 2,133 kilometres ( 1,325 miles ) of electrified and 457 kilometres ( 284 miles ) of high - speed track . The Turkish State Railways started building high - speed rail lines in 2003 . The Ankara - Konya line became operational in 2011 , while the Ankara - Istanbul line entered service in 2014 . Opened in 2013 , the Marmaray tunnel under the Bosphorus connects the railway and metro lines of Istanbul 's European and Asian sides ; while the nearby Eurasia Tunnel ( 2016 ) provides an undersea road connection for motor vehicles . The Bosphorus Bridge ( 1973 ) , Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge ( 1988 ) and Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge ( 2016 ) are the three suspension bridges connecting the European and Asian shores of the Bosphorus strait . The Osman Gazi Bridge ( 2016 ) connects the northern and southern shores of the Gulf of İzmit . The planned Çanakkale Bridge will connect the European and Asian shores of the Dardanelles strait . In 2008 , 7,555 kilometres ( 4,694 mi ) of natural gas pipelines and 3,636 kilometres ( 2,259 mi ) of petroleum pipelines spanned the country 's territory . The Baku - Tbilisi - Ceyhan pipeline , the second longest oil pipeline in the world , was inaugurated on 10 May 2005 . The Blue Stream , a major trans - Black Sea gas pipeline , delivers natural gas from Russia to Turkey . A planned undersea pipeline , Turkish Stream , with an annual capacity around 63 billion cubic metres ( 2,200 billion cubic feet ) , will allow Turkey to resell Russian gas to Europe while planned Nabucco pipeline will reduce European dependence on Russian energy . Turkey 's internet , which has 42.3 million active users , holds a ' Not Free ' ranking in Freedom House 's index . Turkish government has constantly blocked websites like Facebook , Twitter , YouTube and as of May 2017 , Wikipedia is currently inaccessible . According to Twitter 's transparency report , Turkey leads in social media censorship . The Atatürk Dam is the third - largest dam in the world by volume of fill / structure . In 2013 , the energy consumption was 240 billion kilowatt hours . As Turkey imported 72 percent of its energy in 2013 , the government decided to invest in nuclear power to reduce imports . Three nuclear power stations are to be built by 2023 . Turkey 's first nuclear power plants are planned to be built in Mersin 's Akkuyu district on the Mediterranean coast ; in Sinop 's İnceburun district on the Black Sea coast ; and in Kırklareli 's İğneada district on the Black Sea coast . Turkey has the fifth highest direct utilisation and capacity of geothermal power in the world . Turkey is a partner country of the EU INOGATE energy programme , which has four key topics : enhancing energy security , convergence of member state energy markets on the basis of EU internal energy market principles , supporting sustainable energy development , and attracting investment for energy projects of common and regional interest . Water supply and sanitation in Turkey is characterised by achievements and challenges . Over the past decades access to drinking water has become almost universal and access to adequate sanitation has also increased substantially . Autonomous utilities have been created in the 16 metropolitan cities of Turkey and cost recovery has been increased , thus providing the basis for the sustainability of service provision . Intermittent supply , which was common in many cities , has become less frequent . In 2004 , 61 % of the wastewater collected through sewers was being treated . Remaining challenges include the need to further increase wastewater treatment , to reduce the high level of non-revenue water hovering around 50 % and to expand access to adequate sanitation in rural areas . The investment required to comply with EU standards in the sector , especially in wastewater treatment , is estimated to be in the order of € 2 billion per year , more than double the current level of investment . Science. and technology Main article : Science and technology in Turkey TAI ranks among the top 100 global players in the aerospace and defence sectors . TÜBİTAK is the leading agency for developing science , technology and innovation policies in Turkey . TÜBA is an autonomous scholarly society acting to promote scientific activities in Turkey . TAEK is the official nuclear energy institution of Turkey . Its objectives include academic research in nuclear energy , and the development and implementation of peaceful nuclear tools . Turkish government companies for research and development in military technologies include Turkish Aerospace Industries , Aselsan , Havelsan , Roketsan , MKE , among others . Turkish Satellite Assembly , Integration and Test Center ( UMET ) is a spacecraft production and testing facility owned by the Ministry of National Defence and operated by the Turkish Aerospace Industries ( TAI ) . The Turkish Space Launch System ( UFS ) is a project to develop the satellite launch capability of Turkey . It consists of the construction of a spaceport , the development of satellite launch vehicles as well as the establishment of remote earth stations . Türksat is the sole communications satellite operator in Turkey and has launched the Türksat series of satellites into orbit . Göktürk - 1 and Göktürk - 2 are Turkey 's earth observation satellites for reconnaissance , operated by the Ministry of National Defence . BILSAT - 1 and RASAT are the scientific earth observation satellites operated by the TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute . In 2015 , Aziz Sancar , a Turkish professor at the University of North Carolina , won the Nobel Chemistry Prize along with Tomas Lindahl and Paul Modrich , for their work on how cells repair damaged DNA . Other notable Turkish scientists include physician Hulusi Behçet who discovered Behçet 's disease , and mathematician Cahit Arf who defined the Arf invariant . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Turkey See also : Turkish people , Minorities in Turkey , and Turkification Historical populations Year Pop . ± % p.a. 1927 13,554,000 -- 1930 14,440,000 + 2.13 % 1940 17,728,000 + 2.07 % 1950 20,807,000 + 1.61 % 1960 27,506,000 + 2.83 % 1970 35,321,000 + 2.53 % 1980 44,439,000 + 2.32 % 55,120,000 + 2.18 % 2000 64,252,000 + 1.54 % 73,003,000 + 1.29 % 2017 79,815,000 + 1.28 % Source : Turkstat According to the Address - Based Population Recording System of Turkey , the country 's population was 74.7 million people in 2011 , nearly three - quarters of whom lived in towns and cities . According to the 2011 estimate , the population is increasing by 1.35 percent each year . Turkey has an average population density of 97 people per km2 . People within the 15 -- 64 age group constitute 67.4 percent of the total population ; the 0 -- 14 age group corresponds to 25.3 percent ; while senior citizens aged 65 years or older make up 7.3 percent . In 1927 , when the first official census was recorded in the Republic of Turkey , the population was 13.6 million . The largest city in Turkey , Istanbul , is also the largest city in Europe in population , and the third - largest city in Europe in terms of size . Areas in Turkey with a Kurdish - majority population . Article 66 of the Turkish Constitution defines a `` Turk '' as `` anyone who is bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship '' ; therefore , the legal use of the term `` Turkish '' as a citizen of Turkey is different from the ethnic definition . However , the majority of the Turkish population are of Turkish ethnicity . They are estimated at 70 -- 75 percent . Reliable data on the ethnic mix of the population is not available , because Turkish census figures do not include statistics on ethnicity . The three `` Non-Muslim '' minority groups recognised in the Treaty of Lausanne were Armenians , Greeks and Jews . Other ethnic groups include Albanians , Assyrians , Bosniaks , Circassians , Georgians and Lazs , Kurds , Pomaks ( Bulgarians ) , Roma . The Kurds are the largest non-Turkic ethnicity , around 18 -- 25 percent of the population . Kurds are concentrated in the east and southeast of the country , in what is also known as Turkish Kurdistan , making up a majority in the provinces of Tunceli , Bingöl , Muş , Ağrı , Iğdır , Elâzığ , Diyarbakır , Batman , Şırnak , Bitlis , Van , Mardin , Siirt and Hakkari , a near majority in Şanlıurfa province ( 47 % ) , and a large minority in Kars province ( 20 % ) . In addition , due to internal migration , Kurdish communities exist in all major cities in central and western Turkey , particularly in Istanbul , where there are an estimated 3 million Kurds , making Istanbul the city with the largest Kurdish population in the world . The minorities besides the Kurds are thought to make up an estimated 7 -- 12 percent of the population . Minority groups other than the three religious minorities recognized in the Treaty of Lausanne ( Armenians , Greeks and Jews ) do not have any official rights , and the use of minority languages is restricted . The term `` minority '' itself remains a sensitive issue in Turkey , while the Turkish government is frequently criticised for its treatment of minorities . Although minorities are not recognised , state - run Turkish Radio and Television Corporation ( TRT ) broadcasts television and radio programs in minority languages . Also , some minority language classes can be chosen in elementary schools . An estimated 2.5 percent of the population are international migrants . Turkey hosts the largest number of refugees in the world , including more than 2.8 million Syrian refugees , as of January 2017 . Largest cities or towns in Turkey TÜİK 's address - based calculation from December , 2013 . Rank Name Province Pop . Rank Name Province Pop . Istanbul Ankara Istanbul Istanbul 13,820,334 11 Kayseri Kayseri 880,255 İzmir Bursa Ankara Ankara 4,474,305 12 Eskişehir Eskişehir 670,544 İzmir İzmir 2,828,927 13 Gebze Kocaeli 582,352 Bursa Bursa 1,769,752 14 Urfa Şanlıurfa 551,511 5 Adana Adana 1,645,965 15 Denizli Denizli 540,000 6 Gaziantep Gaziantep 1,465,019 16 Samsun Samsun 523,192 7 Konya Konya 1,138,609 17 Kahramanmaraş Kahramanmaraş 458,628 8 Antalya Antalya 1,027,551 18 Adapazarı Sakarya 449,290 9 Diyarbakır Diyarbakır 906,013 19 Malatya Malatya 425,000 10 Mersin Mersin 898,813 20 Erzurum Erzurum 381,104 Languages Main article : Languages of Turkey Turkish speakers according to the official census of 1965 . The country 's official language is Turkish , which is spoken by 85.54 percent of the population a first language . 11.97 percent of the population speaks the Kurmanji dialect of Kurdish as mother tongue . Arabic and Zaza are the mother tongues of 2.39 percent of the population , and several other languages are the mother tongues of smaller parts of the population . Endangered languages in Turkey include Abaza , Abkhaz , Adyghe , Cappadocian Greek , Gagauz , Hértevin , Homshetsma , Kabard - Cherkes , Ladino ( Judesmo ) , Laz , Mlahso , Pontic Greek , Romani , Suret , Turoyo , Ubykh , and Western Armenian . Religion Main article : Religion in Turkey See also : Secularism in Turkey Religion in Turkey ( 2016 ) Sunni Islam ( 65 % ) Shia Islam ( 4 % ) Unaffiliated Muslims ( 14 % ) Christianity ( 2 % ) Irreligion ( 7 % ) Spiritual but not religious ( 6 % ) Other religions ( 2 % ) Turkey is a secular state with no official state religion ; the Turkish Constitution provides for freedom of religion and conscience . According to Ipsos , in 2016 Islam was the major religion in Turkey , adhered to by 82 % of the total population , followed by religiously unaffiliated people who comprised 13 % of the population , and Christians with 2 % . The role of religion in public life has been a controversial debate over the years since the formation of Islamist parties . For many decades , the wearing of the hijab was banned in schools and government buildings because it was viewed as a symbol of political Islam . However , the ban was lifted from universities in 2011 , from government buildings in 2013 , from schools in 2014 , and from the Armed Forces in 2017 . The government of Tayyip Erdoğan and the Justice and Development Party ( AKP ) pursue the explicit policy agenda of Islamization of education to `` raise a devout generation '' against secular resistance , in the process causing lost jobs and school for many non-religious citizens of Turkey . Islam Main article : Islam in Turkey Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul is popularly known as the Blue Mosque due to the blue İznik tiles which adorn its interior . There are no official statistics of people 's religious beliefs nor is it asked in the census . According to the government , 99.8 % of the Turkish population is Muslim ; other sources have given estimates ranging from as much as 96.4 percent to as low as 82 percent . The most popular sect is the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam . There are also some Sufi Muslims . Non-denominational Muslims have been estimated to range from 2 percent to 14 percent of the population . The highest Islamic religious authority is the Presidency of Religious Affairs ( Turkish : Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı ) ; it interprets the Hanafi school of law , and is responsible for regulating the operation of the country 's 80,000 registered mosques and employing local and provincial imams . Some have also complained ( see cite ) that under the Islamist government of the Justice and Development Party ( AKP ) and Tayyip Erdoğan , the old role of the Diyanet -- maintaining control over the religious sphere of Islam in Turkey -- has `` largely been turned on its head '' . Now greatly increased in size , the Diyanet promotes a certain type of conservative ( Hanafi Sunni ) Islam inside Turkey , issuing fetva which disapprove activities such as `` feeding dogs at home , celebrating the western New Year , lotteries , and tattoos '' ; and projecting this `` Turkish Islam '' abroad . Academics suggest the Alevi population may be from 15 to 20 million , while the Alevi - Bektaşi Federation claims that there are around 25 million and according to Aksiyon magazine , the number of Shiite Twelvers ( excluding Alevis ) is 3 million ( 4.2 percent ) . Under the Sunni Islamist government of the Justice and Development Party ( AKP ) and Tayyip Erdoğan , an increasing discrimination against and persecution of the Alevi minority has begun . According to WIN - Gallup International 's Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism project , Turkey is the country with most irreligious Muslims in the Islamic world , forming 73 % of its Muslim population . According to PEW Global research , only 15 % of Muslims in Turkey say prayers for at least one of the five prayers either at home or in a mosque . Another PEW Report suggests that , only 7 % to 13 % of all Turks think that religion should have an effect on laws directly or indirectly . Christianity Main article : Christianity in Turkey Bulgarian St. Stephen Church in Fatih , Istanbul , is famous for being made of prefabricated cast iron elements in the neo-Gothic style . Christianity has a long history in present - day Turkey , which is the birthplace of numerous Christian Apostles and Saints , such as Paul of Tarsus , Timothy , Nicholas of Myra , Polycarp of Smyrna and many others . Saint Peter founded one of the first churches in Antioch ( Antakya ) , the location of which is regarded by tradition as the spot where he first preached the Gospel , and where the followers of Jesus were called Christians for the first time in history . The house where Virgin Mary lived the final days of her life until her Assumption ( according to Catholic doctrine ) or Dormition ( according to Orthodox belief ) , and the tomb of John the Apostle who accompanied her during the voyage to Anatolia after the crucifixion of Jesus , are in Ephesus . The cave churches in Cappadocia were among the hiding places of early Christians during the Roman persecutions against them . The Eastern Orthodox Church has been headquartered in Constantinople ( Istanbul ) since the First Council of Constantinople in 381 AD . Two of the five major episcopal sees of the Pentarchy ( Constantinople and Antioch ) instituted by Justinian the Great in 531 AD were located in present - day Turkey during the Byzantine period . The percentage of Christians in Turkey fell from 17.5 % ( 19 % non-Muslim ) in a population of 16 million ( or perhaps as high as 25 % of the population of 16 million in 1914 to 2.5 % percent in 1927 , due to events which had a significant impact on the country 's demographic structure , such as the Armenian Genocide , the population exchange between Greece and Turkey , and the emigration of Christians that actually began in the late 19th century and gained pace in the first quarter of the 20th century . The Wealth Tax on non-Muslims in 1942 , the emigration of a portion of Turkish Jews to Israel after 1948 , and the ongoing Cyprus dispute which damaged the relations between Turks and Greeks ( culminating in the Istanbul pogrom of 6 -- 7 September 1955 ) were other important events that contributed to the decline of Turkey 's non-Muslim population . The discrepancy of 7.5 % between the official figure of 17 % andf 25 % is very possibly possible an undercount : 1.8 million Armenians instead of 1.25 ( Enver Pasha stated the number of Armenians was underestimated by 30 % in the census of whom 500,000 to 1.1 million were killed ) , 2.250 million Greeks instead of 1.75 ( 650,000 Thrace and Constantinople , 550,000 Pontic ( 350,000 killed ) , 980 , 00 Anatolia and Cappadocia 60,000 ( 400,000 killed ) ; even listed in the census the 375,000 Syriac / Assyrian Christians living in SE Turkey of whom 275,000 were killed ) for a total of 4.4 million Christians in a population of 17.4 million or 25.28 % or slightly less since 100,000 Greeks had left after the Balkan Wars and before WW1 . Etimates of the numbers of Greeks range from 550,000 to 900,000 . Today there are more than 120,000 people of different Christian denominations , representing less than 0.2 percent of Turkey 's population , including an estimated 80,000 Oriental Orthodox , 35,000 Roman Catholics , 18,000 Antiochian Greeks , 5,000 Greek Orthodox , and smaller numbers of Protestants . Currently there are 236 churches open for worship in Turkey . Judaism Main article : Judaism in Turkey The Grand Synagogue in Edirne . The history of Judaism in Turkey goes back to the Romaniote Jews of Anatolia who have been present since at least the 5th century BC . They built ancient places of worship such as the Sardis Synagogue in Lydia and the Priene Synagogue in Ionia . The Sephardi Jews who were expelled from the Iberian peninsula and southern Italy under the control of the Spanish Empire were welcomed into the Ottoman Empire between the late - 15th and mid-16th centuries . Despite emigration during the 20th century , modern - day Turkey continues to have a small Jewish population . At present , there are around 26,000 Jews in Turkey , the vast majority of whom are Sephardi . Agnosticism and Atheism According to a 2010 Eurobarometer poll 94 % of Turks believed in God while only 1 % did not . This indicates that 5 % of the population are agnostic with another 1 % being explicitly atheist . However , according to another poll by KONDA the percentage of atheism is 2.9 % . Atheism Association of Turkey , the first official atheist organisation in Balkans , Caucasus and Middle East , was founded in 2014 . Recent polls suggest that 4.5 million people were irreligious in 2013 . The same data also suggests that 85 % of all irreligious people are younger than 35 . Education Main article : Education in Turkey See also : List of high schools in Turkey and List of universities in Turkey Istanbul University was founded in 1453 as a Darülfünûn . On 1 August 1933 it was reorganised and became the Republic 's first university . The Ministry of National Education is responsible for pre-tertiary education . This is compulsory and lasts twelve years : four years each of primary school , middle school and high school . Less than half of 25 - to 34 - year - old Turks have completed at least high school , compared with an OECD average of over 80 percent . Basic education in Turkey is considered to lag behind other OECD countries , with significant differences between high and low performers . Turkey is ranked 32nd out of 34 in the OECD 's PISA study . Access to high - quality school heavily depends on the performance in the secondary school entrance exams , to the point that some students begin taking private tutoring classes when they are 10 years old . The overall adult literacy rate in 2011 was 94.1 percent ; 97.9 percent for males and 90.3 percent for females . As of 2017 , there are 190 universities in Turkey . Entry to higher education depends on the Student Selection and Placement System ( ÖSYS ) . In 2008 , the quota of admitted students was 600,000 , compared to 1,700,000 who took the higher education exam in 2007 . Except for the Open Education Faculties ( AÖF ) at Anadolu , Istanbul and Atatürk University ; entrance is regulated by the national ÖSYS examination , after which high school graduates are assigned to universities according to their performance . According to the 2012 -- 2013 Times Higher Education World University Rankings , the top university in Turkey is Middle East Technical University ( in the 201 -- 225 rank range ) , followed by Bilkent University and Koç University ( both in the 226 -- 250 range ) , Istanbul Technical University and Boğaziçi University ( in the 276 -- 300 bracket ) . All state and private universities are under the control of the Higher Education Board ( YÖK ) , whose head is appointed by the President of Turkey ; executive order 676 of October 2016 has created a system where in addition the President directly appoints all rectors of all state and private universities . Turkey is a member of the European Higher Education Area and actively participates in the Bologna Process . In 2016 the Skills Matter survey conducted by OECD found the levels of numeracy and literacy in the adult population of Turkey at rank 30 of the 33 OECD countries surveyed . In 2017 the theory of evolution was removed from the national curriculum in favour of teaching on the concept of jihad . Healthcare Main article : Health care in Turkey See also : List of hospitals in Turkey Imperial College of Medicine , currently the Haydarpaşa campus of Marmara University . Health care in Turkey used to be dominated by a centralised state system run by the Ministry of Health . In 2003 , the government introduced a sweeping health reform programme aimed at increasing the ratio of private to state health provision and making healthcare available to a larger share of the population . Turkish Statistical Institute announced that 76.3 billion TL was spent for healthcare in 2012 ; 79.6 percent of which was covered by the Social Security Institution and 15.4 percent of which was paid directly by the patients . In 2012 , there were 29,960 medical institutions in Turkey , and on average one doctor per 583 people and 2.65 beds per 1000 people . In 2015 , life expectancy was 72.6 years for men and 78.9 for women , with an overall average of 75.8 . Culture Main article : Culture of Turkey See also : Arts in Turkey , Turkish folklore , and Festivals in Turkey Whirling Dervishes of the Sufi Mevlevi Order , founded by the followers of the 13th - century Sufi mystic and poet Rumi in Konya , during a Sema . The ceremony is one of the 11 elements of Turkey on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists . Turkey has a very diverse culture that is a blend of various elements of the Turkic , Anatolian , Ottoman ( which was itself a continuation of both Greco - Roman and Islamic cultures ) and Western culture and traditions , which started with the Westernisation of the Ottoman Empire and still continues today . This mix originally began as a result of the encounter of Turks and their culture with those of the peoples who were in their path during their migration from Central Asia to the West . Turkish culture is a product of efforts to be a `` modern '' Western state , while maintaining traditional religious and historical values . Visual Arts Further information : Turkish painting , İznik pottery , Turkish carpet , Turkish miniature , and Turkish illumination Two Musician Girls ( left ) and The Tortoise Trainer ( right ) by Osman Hamdi Bey , at the Pera Museum . Turkish painting , in the Western sense , developed actively starting from the mid 19th century . The very first painting lessons were scheduled at what is now the Istanbul Technical University ( then the Imperial Military Engineering School ) in 1793 , mostly for technical purposes . In the late 19th century , human figure in the Western sense was being established in Turkish painting , especially with Osman Hamdi Bey . Impressionism , among the contemporary trends , appeared later on with Halil Pasha . The young Turkish artists sent to Europe in 1926 came back inspired by contemporary trends such as Fauvism , Cubism and even Expressionism , still very influential in Europe . The later `` Group D '' of artists led by Abidin Dino , Cemal Tollu , Fikret Mualla , Fahrünnisa Zeid , Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu , Adnan Çoker and Burhan Doğançay introduced some trends that had lasted in the West for more than three decades . Other important movements in Turkish painting were the `` Yeniler Grubu '' ( The Newcomers Group ) of the late 1930s ; the `` On'lar Grubu '' ( Group of Ten ) of the 1940s ; the `` Yeni Dal Grubu '' ( New Branch Group ) of the 1950s ; and the `` Siyah Kalem Grubu '' ( Black Pen Group ) of the 1960s . A 13th century Turkish carpet from the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate period , originally at the Alâeddin Mosque in Konya . Carpet weaving represents a traditional art , dating back to pre-Islamic times . During its long history , the art and craft of the woven carpet has integrated different cultural traditions . Traces of Byzantine design can be detected , Turkic peoples migrating from Central Asia , as well as Armenian people , Caucasian and Kurdic tribes either living in , or migrating to Anatolia , brought with them their traditional designs . The arrival of Islam and the development of the Islamic art also influenced Turkish carpet design . The history of its designs , motifs and ornaments thus reflects the political and ethnic history and diversity of the area of Asia minor . However , scientific attempts were unsuccessful , as yet , to attribute a particular design to a specific ethnic , regional , or even nomadic versus village tradition . Turkish miniature is an art form , which can be linked to the Persian miniature tradition , as well as strong Chinese artistic influences . The words taswir or nakish were used to define the art of miniature painting in Ottoman Turkish . The studios the artists worked in were called Nakkashanes . The miniatures were usually not signed , perhaps because of the rejection of individualism , but also because the works were not created entirely by one person ; the head painter designed the composition of the scene , and his apprentices drew the contours ( which were called tahrir ) with black or colored ink and then painted the miniature without creating an illusion of third dimension . The head painter , and much more often the scribe of the text , were indeed named and depicted in some of the manuscripts . The understanding of perspective was different from that of the nearby European Renaissance painting tradition , and the scene depicted often included different time periods and spaces in one picture . They followed closely the context of the book they were included in , resembling more illustrations rather than standalone works of art . The earliest examples of Turkish paper marbling are thought to be a copy of the Hâlnâme by the poet Arifî . The text of this manuscript was rendered in a delicate cut paper découpage calligraphy by Mehmed bin Gazanfer and completed in 1540 , and features many marbled and decorative paper borders . One early master by the name of Şebek is mentioned posthumously in the earliest Ottoman text on the art known as the Tertib - i Risâle - i Ebrî , which is dated based on internal evidence to after 1615 . Several recipes in the text are accredited to this master . Another famous 18th - century master by the name of Hatip Mehmed Efendi ( died 1773 ) is accredited with developing motifs and perhaps early floral designs , although evidence from India appears to contradict some of these claims . Despite this , marbled motifs are commonly referred to as `` Hatip '' designs in Turkey today . Literature and theatre Main articles : Turkish literature and Theatre of Turkey Tevfik Fikret is considered the founder of the modern school of Turkish poetry . Turkish literature is a mix of cultural influences . Interaction between the Ottoman Empire and the Islamic world along with Europe contributed to a blend of Turkic , Islamic and European traditions in modern - day Turkish music and literary arts . Turkish literature was heavily influenced by Persian and Arabic literature during most of the Ottoman era . The Tanzimat reforms introduced previously unknown Western genres , primarily the novel and the short story . Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several genres simultaneously : for instance , the poet Nâmık Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh ( Awakening ) , while the journalist Şinasi is noted for writing , in 1860 , the first modern Turkish play , the one - act comedy `` Şair Evlenmesi '' ( The Poet 's Marriage ) . Most of the roots of modern Turkish literature were formed between the years 1896 and 1923 . Broadly , there were three primary literary movements during this period : the Edebiyat - ı Cedîde ( New Literature ) movement ; the Fecr - i Âtî ( Dawn of the Future ) movement ; and the Millî Edebiyat ( National Literature ) movement . The first radical step of innovation in 20th century Turkish poetry was taken by Nâzım Hikmet , who introduced the free verse style . Another revolution in Turkish poetry came about in 1941 with the Garip movement led by Orhan Veli , Oktay Rıfat and Melih Cevdet . The mix of cultural influences in Turkey is dramatised , for example , in the form of the `` new symbols of the clash and interlacing of cultures '' enacted in the novels of Orhan Pamuk , recipient of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature . Characters of Karagöz and Hacivat . The origin of Turkish theatre dates back thousands of years to ancient pagan rituals . The dances , music and songs performed during the rituals of the inhabitants of Anatolia millennia ago are the elements from which the first shows originated . These rituals later became theatrical shows . In the 10th century , a blend of traditions occurred between the Seljuk Turks and those of the inhabitants of Anatolia . The interaction between the various tribal societies paved the way for new plays . After the Tanzimat ( Reformation ) period , characters in Turkish theatre were modernized and plays were performed on European - style stages with the actors wearing European costumes . Following the declaration of the second Constitutional Monarchy in 1908 , theatrical activities increased and social problems began to be reflected in the theatre as well as in historical plays . A theatrical conservatoire , Darülbedayi - i Osmani , was established in Istanbul in 1914 . During the years of chaos and war , the Darülbedayi - i Osmani continued its activities and attracted the younger generation . Turkish playwrights emerged . Some wrote on romantic subjects , others were interested in social problems and still others dealt with nationalistic themes . There were even those who wrote musicals . In time , Turkish ladies began to appear on stage and this was indeed a revolution of the time , since female roles had only been played by actresses who were members of Turkey 's ethnic minorities . Today , theatre acts are performed by numerous private theatre companies and subsidized companies such as the Turkish State Theatres . Music and dance Main articles : Turkish dance and Music of Turkey See also : Turkish classical music , Turkish folk music , and Turkish music ( style ) Bağlama , a traditional stringed musical instrument . Music of Turkey includes mainly Turkic elements as well as partial influences ranging from Central Asian folk music , Arabic music , Greek music , Ottoman music , Persian music and Balkan music , as well as references to more modern European and American popular music . The roots of traditional music in Turkey span across centuries to a time when the Seljuk Turks migrated to Anatolia and Persia in the 11th century and contains elements of both Turkic and pre-Turkic influences . Much of its modern popular music can trace its roots to the emergence in the early 1930s drive for Westernization . With the assimilation of immigrants from various regions the diversity of musical genres and musical instrumentation also expanded . Turkey has also seen documented folk music and recorded popular music produced in the ethnic styles of Greek , Armenian , Albanian , Polish and Jewish communities , among others . Barış Manço was among the founders of the genre Anatolian rock in the 1960s , which combines rock music with Anatolian folk tunes . Many Turkish cities and towns have vibrant local music scenes which , in turn , support a number of regional musical styles . Despite this however , western - style music styles like pop music and kanto lost popularity to arabesque in the late 70s and 80s . It became popular again by the beginning of the 1990s , as a result of an opening economy and society . With the support of Sezen Aksu , the resurging popularity of pop music gave rise to several international Turkish pop stars such as Tarkan and Sertab Erener . The late 1990s also saw an emergence of underground music producing alternative Turkish rock , electronica , hip - hop , rap and dance music in opposition to the mainstream corporate pop and arabesque genres , which many believe have become too commercial . Turkey has a diverse folkloric dance culture . Hora is performed in East Thrace ; Zeybek in the Aegean Region , Southern Marmara and East - Central Anatolia Region ; Teke in the Western Mediterranean Region ; Kaşık Oyunları and Karşılama in West - Central Anatolia , Western Black Sea Region , Southern Marmara Region and Eastern Mediterranean Region ; Horon in the Central and Eastern Black Sea Region ; Halay in Eastern Anatolia and the Central Anatolia Region ; and Bar and Lezginka in the Northeastern Anatolia Region . Architecture Main article : Architecture of Turkey Further information : Byzantine architecture , Seljuk architecture , and Ottoman architecture The Grand Post Office ( 1905 -- 1909 ) in Istanbul and the first Ziraat Bank headquarters ( 1925 -- 1929 ) in Ankara are among the examples of Turkish Neoclassical architecture in the early 20th century . The architecture of the Seljuk Turks combined the elements and characteristics of the Turkic architecture of Central Asia with those of Persian , Arab , Armenian and Byzantine architecture . The transition from Seljuk architecture to Ottoman architecture is most visible in Bursa , which was the capital of the Ottoman State between 1335 and 1413 . Following the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople ( Istanbul ) in 1453 , Ottoman architecture was significantly influenced by Byzantine architecture . Topkapı Palace in Istanbul is one of the most famous examples of classical Ottoman architecture and was the primary residence of the Ottoman Sultans for approximately 400 years . Mimar Sinan ( c. 1489 -- 1588 ) was the most important architect of the classical period in Ottoman architecture . He was the chief architect of at least 374 buildings which were constructed in various provinces of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century . Since the 18th century , Turkish architecture has been increasingly influenced by European styles , and this can be particularly seen in the Tanzimat era buildings of Istanbul like the Dolmabahçe , Çırağan , Feriye , Beylerbeyi , Küçüksu , Ihlamur and Yıldız palaces , which were all designed by members of the Balyan family of Ottoman court architects . The Ottoman era waterfront houses ( yalı ) on the Bosphorus also reflect the fusion between classical Ottoman and European architectural styles during the aforementioned period . The First National Architectural Movement ( Birinci Ulusal Mimarlık Akımı ) in the early 20th century sought to create a new architecture , which was based on motifs from Seljuk and Ottoman architecture . The movement was also labelled Turkish Neoclassical or the National Architectural Renaissance . The leading architects of this movement were Vedat Tek ( 1873 -- 1942 ) , Mimar Kemaleddin Bey ( 1870 -- 1927 ) , Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu ( 1888 -- 1982 ) and Giulio Mongeri ( 1873 -- 1953 ) . Notable buildings from this era are the Grand Post Office in Istanbul ( 1905 -- 1909 ) , Tayyare Apartments ( 1919 -- 1922 ) , Istanbul 4th Vakıf Han ( 1911 -- 1926 ) , State Art and Sculpture Museum ( 1927 -- 1930 ) , Ethnography Museum of Ankara ( 1925 -- 1928 ) , the first Ziraat Bank headquarters in Ankara ( 1925 -- 1929 ) , the first Türkiye İş Bankası headquarters in Ankara ( 1926 -- 1929 ) , Bebek Mosque , and Kamer Hatun Mosque . Yalı of Ahmet Afif Pasha in Yeniköy , Istanbul : one of 620 historic waterfront houses along the European and Asian shores of the Bosphorus strait . The traditional houses of Safranbolu , a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1994 , are among the renowned examples of Ottoman architecture . Cuisine Main article : Turkish cuisine Further information : Ottoman cuisine Turkish coffee with Turkish delight . Turkish coffee is a UNESCO - listed intangible cultural heritage of Turks . Turkish cuisine is regarded as one of the most prominent in the world , its popularity is largely owed to the cultural influences of the Ottoman Empire and partly because of its major tourism industry . It is largely the heritage of Ottoman cuisine , which can be described as a fusion and refinement of Central Asian , Caucasian , Middle Eastern , Mediterranean and Balkan cuisines . The country 's position between the East and the Mediterranean Sea helped the Turks gain complete control of major trade routes , and an ideal environment allowed plants and animals to flourish . Turkish cuisine was well established by the mid-1400s , the beginning of the Ottoman Empire 's six hundred - year reign . Yogurt salads , fish in olive oil , and stuffed and wrapped vegetables became Turkish staples . The empire , eventually spanning from Austria to northern Africa , used its land and water routes to import exotic ingredients from all over the world . By the end of the 16th century , the Ottoman court housed over 1,400 live - in cooks and passed laws regulating the freshness of food . Since the fall of the empire in World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) and the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923 , foreign food such as French hollandaise sauce and western fast food have made their way into the modern Turkish diet . Döner kebab being sliced . An 80 - layer dough baklava . Sports Main article : Sports in Turkey See also : Football in Turkey Turkey won the silver medal at the 2010 FIBA World Championship . The most popular sport in Turkey is association football ( soccer ) . Galatasaray won the UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup in 2000 . The Turkish national football team has won the bronze medal at the 2002 FIFA World Cup , the 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup and UEFA Euro 2008 . Other mainstream sports such as basketball and volleyball are also popular . The men 's national basketball team won the silver medal at the 2010 FIBA World Championship and at the EuroBasket 2001 , which were both hosted by Turkey . The basketballing team is one of the most successful in the Mediterranean Games . Basketball club Anadolu Efes S.K. won the 1995 -- 96 FIBA Korać Cup , won silver at the 1992 -- 93 FIBA Saporta Cup , and won bronze at the Euroleague and Suproleague in 2000 and 2001 . Basketball club Beşiktaş won the 2011 -- 12 FIBA EuroChallenge . Galatasaray won the 2015 -- 16 Eurocup , while in the same season , Fenerbahçe won the silver medal in the 2015 -- 16 Euroleague . Fenerbahçe managed to win the gold medal in the 2016 -- 17 season . The final of the 2013 -- 14 EuroLeague Women basketball championship was played between two Turkish teams , Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe , and won by Galatasaray . The women 's national basketball team won the silver medal at the EuroBasket Women 2011 and the bronze medal at the EuroBasket Women 2013 . Along with the men 's team the women 's team is one of the most successful in the Mediterranean Games . Turkey won the gold medal at the 2015 European Games . Kenan Sofuoğlu won the highest number of Supersport World Championship titles . The women 's national volleyball team won the gold medal at the 2015 European Games , the silver medal at the 2003 European Championship , the bronze medal at the 2011 European Championship , and the bronze medal at the 2012 FIVB World Grand Prix . They also won multiple medals over multiple decades at the Mediterranean Games . Women 's volleyball clubs , namely Fenerbahçe , Eczacıbaşı and Vakıfbank , have won numerous European championship titles and medals . Fenerbahçe won the 2010 FIVB Women 's Club World Championship and the 2012 CEV Women 's Champions League . Representing Europe as the winner of the 2012 -- 13 CEV Women 's Champions League , Vakıfbank also became the world champion by winning the 2013 and 2017 FIVB Volleyball Women 's Club World Championship . The traditional national sport of Turkey has been yağlı güreş ( oil wrestling ) since Ottoman times . Edirne has hosted the annual Kırkpınar oiled wrestling tournament since 1346 , making it the oldest sporting competition in the world . International wrestling styles governed by FILA such as freestyle wrestling and Greco - Roman wrestling are also popular , with many European , World and Olympic championship titles won by Turkish wrestlers both individually and as a national team . Media and cinema Main articles : Media in Turkey and Cinema of Turkey TRT World is the international news platform of the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation . Hundreds of television channels , thousands of local and national radio stations , several dozen newspapers , a productive and profitable national cinema and a rapid growth of broadband Internet use all make up a very vibrant media industry in Turkey . In 2003 a total of 257 television stations and 1,100 radio stations were licensed to operate , and others operated without licenses . Of those licensed , 16 television and 36 radio stations reached national audiences . The majority of the audiences are shared among public broadcaster TRT and the network - style channels such as Kanal D , Show TV , ATV and Star TV . The broadcast media have a very high penetration as satellite dishes and cable systems are widely available . The Radio and Television Supreme Council ( RTÜK ) is the government body overseeing the broadcast media . By circulation , the most popular newspapers are Posta , Hürriyet , Sözcü , Sabah and Habertürk . Nuri Bilge Ceylan , Turkish film director , photographer and screenwriter who won the 2014 Palme d'Or Turkish television dramas are increasingly becoming popular beyond Turkey 's borders and are among the country 's most vital exports , both in terms of profit and public relations . After sweeping the Middle East 's television market over the past decade , Turkish shows have aired in more than a dozen South and Central American countries in 2016 . Turkey is today the worlds second largest exporter of television series . Yeşilçam is the sobriquet that refers to the Turkish film art and industry . The first movie exhibited in the Ottoman Empire was the Lumiere Brothers ' 1895 film , L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat , which was shown in Istanbul in 1896 . The first Turkish - made film was a documentary entitled Ayastefanos'taki Rus Abidesinin Yıkılışı ( Demolition of the Russian Monument at San Stefano ) , directed by Fuat Uzkınay and completed in 1914 . The first narrative film , Sedat Simavi 's The Spy , was released in 1917 . Turkey 's first sound film was shown in 1931 . Turkish directors like Ferzan Özpetek , Nuri Bilge Ceylan and Yılmaz Güney won numerous international awards such as Palme d'Or and Golden Bear . Despite legal provisions , media freedom in Turkey has steadily deteriorated from 2010 onwards , with a precipitous decline following the attempted coup in July 2016 . As of 2017 , at least 81 journalists are imprisoned in Turkey . Ranking 1st in the world , all of them facing anti-state charges , in the wake of an unprecedented crackdown that has included the shuttering of more than 100 news outlets . Freedom House lists Turkey 's media as not free . The media crackdowns also extend to Internet censorship with Wikipedia getting blocked since April 2017 . See also Index of Turkey - related articles Outline of Turkey Notes Jump up ^ the government of Turkey denies that there was an act of ethnic cleansing . Jump up ^ However , these are based on the existing religion information written on every citizen 's national id card , that is automatically passed on from the parents to every newborn , and do not necessarily represent individual choice . Furthermore , anyone who was not officially registered as Christian or Jewish by the time of the foundation of the republic , was automatically recorded as Muslim , and this label has been passed down to new generations . Therefore , the official number of Muslims also include people with no religion ; converted from Islam to a different religion than Islam ; and anyone who is of a different religion than their parents , but has n't applied for a change of their individual records . References ^ Jump up to : Ethnologue : Ethnologue Languages of the World -- Turkey , Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population by Years , Age Group and Sex , Census of Population -- TÜİK ( 31 December 2016 ) '' . Turkish Statistical Institute . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey 's population grew to 82.8 million last year ( 4 January 2018 ) '' . Daily Sabah . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Population '' . TRT Haber . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annual growth rate and population density of provinces by years , 2007 -- 2015 '' . Turkish Statistical Institute . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . IMF World Economic Outlook Database , 2017 . October 2017 . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gini Coefficient by Equivalised Household Disposable Income '' . Turkstat . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . 15 December 2015 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Zdanowski , Jerzy ( 2014 ) . Middle Eastern Societies in the 20th Century . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1443869591 . The Republic of Turkey lies on two continents . Approximately 97 % of it is in Asia , in the geographical regions known as Asia Minor and the Armenian Upland . The remaining 3 % of Turkey is in Europe , on the Balkan Peninsula . Jump up ^ National Geographic Atlas of the World ( 7th ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic . 1999 . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 7528 - 4 . `` Europe '' ( pp. 68 -- 69 ) ; `` Asia '' ( pp. 90 -- 91 ) : `` A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe ... is formed by the Ural Mountains , Ural River , Caspian Sea , Caucasus Mountains , and the Black Sea with its outlets , the Bosporus and Dardanelles . '' Jump up ^ `` Istanbul is classified as Alpha - leading global city '' . Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) Research Network , Loughborough University . 13 April 2010 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Toplumsal Yapı Araştırması 2006 '' ( PDF ) . KONDA Research and Consultancy. 2006 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Turkey '' . The World Factbook , Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Jaipaul L. Roopnarine ( 26 August 2015 ) . Fathers Across Cultures : The Importance , Roles , and Diverse Practices of Dads : The Importance , Roles , and Diverse Practices of Dads . ABC - CLIO . p. 328 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4408 - 3232 - 1 . Kurds are the largest ethnic minority group ( about 20 % ) , and Armenians , Greeks , Sephardic Jews , ... Jump up ^ Richard M. Medina ; George F. Hepner ( 4 April 2013 ) . The Geography of International Terrorism : An Introduction to Spaces and Places of Violent Non-State Groups . CRC Press . p. 113 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4398 - 8688 - 5 . Turkey has numerous non-Turkish ethnic groups of which the Kurds are the largest , comprising approximately 20 % of the population . Jump up ^ `` Turkey 's ethnic make - up : A complex melting pot '' . Jump up ^ http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-ethnic-groups-of-turkey.html Jump up ^ Katzner , Kenneth ( March 2002 ) . 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The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin . 35 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 6 . doi : 10.2307 / 3258667 . ^ Jump up to : David Noel Freedman ; Allen C. Myers ; Astrid Biles Beck ( 2000 ) . Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2400 - 4 . Retrieved 24 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Gürpinar , D. ; Gürpinar , Dogan ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) . Ottoman / Turkish Visions of the Nation , 1860 - 1950 . Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 33421 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mehmet Fuat Köprülü&Gary Leiser . The origins of the Ottoman Empire . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Masters , Bruce ( 2013 - 04 - 29 ) . The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire , 1516 -- 1918 : A Social and Cultural History . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781107033634 . Jump up ^ Masters , Bruce ( 2013 - 04 - 29 ) . The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire , 1516 - 1918 : A Social and Cultural History . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781107033634 . 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Jump up ^ `` Turkey : Archeological Dig Reshaping Human History '' . newsweek.com . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tentative Lists - Turkey '' . whc.unesco.org . UNESCO . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Turkey Jailing the Most Journalists New York Times . By Hannah C. Murphey . December 18 , 2013 . Downloaded April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turkey 's Vote Makes Erdoğan Effectively a Dictator The New Yorker . By Dexter Filkins. April 17 , 2017 . Downloaded April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Who are the two drunks , ' Turkish politicians ask after PM 's remarks Hurriyet Daily News . May 29 , 2013 . Downloaded April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scharlipp , Wolfgang ( 2000 ) . An Introduction to the Old Turkish Runic Inscriptions . Verlag auf dem Ruffel. , Engelschoff . ISBN 3 - 933847 - 00 - 1 , 9783933847003 . Jump up ^ 卷 099 列傳 第 八 十 七 突厥 鐵 勒 - 新 亞 研究 所 - 典籍 資料 庫 Archived 21 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` Turk '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Romilly James Heald ( 1967 ) . De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus . Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae ( New , revised ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies . p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 88402 - 021 - 5 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus , writing in his De Administrando Imperio ( ca . 950 AD ) `` Patzinakia , the Pecheneg realm , stretches west as far as the Siret River ( or even the Eastern Carpathian Mountains ) , and is four days distant from Tourkia ( i.e. Hungary ) . '' Jump up ^ Günter Prinzing ; Maciej Salamon ( 1999 ) . Byzanz und Ostmitteleuropa 950 -- 1453 : Beiträge zu einer table - ronde des XIX . International Congress of Byzantine Studies , Copenhagen 1996 . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 447 - 04146 - 1 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Henry Hoyle Howorth ( 2008 ) . History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century : The So - called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia . Cosimo , Inc. p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60520 - 134 - 4 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Öztürk , Özhan ( 2011 ) . `` Pontus : Antik Çağ'dan Günümüze Karadeniz'in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi '' . Ankara : Genesis Yayınları . p. 364 . Archived from the original on 15 September 2012 ... Greek term Tourkoi first used for the Khazars in 568 AD . In addition in `` De Administrando Imperio '' Hungarians call Tourkoi too once known as Sabiroi ... ^ Jump up to : `` The World 's First Temple '' . Archaeology magazine . Nov -- Dec 2008 . p. 23 . Jump up ^ `` Hattusha : the Hittite Capital '' . whc.unesco.org . Retrieved 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Position of Anatolian '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 May 2013 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . 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In İnalcık , Halil ; Donald Quataert . An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1914 . 2 . Cambridge University Press . p. 507 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57456 - 0 . Jump up ^ Stanford J. Shaw ( 29 October 1976 ) . History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey . 1 . Cambridge University Press . p. 213 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 29163 - 7 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Kirk , George E. ( 2008 ) . A Short History of the Middle East . Brill Academic Publishers . p. 58 . ISBN 1 - 4437 - 2568 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Why Turkey has n't forgotten about the First World War '' . britishcouncil.org . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ottoman / Turkish Visions of the Nation , 1860 -- 1950 '' . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Niall Ferguson ( 2 January 2008 ) . `` An Ottoman warning for indebted America '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Todorova , Maria ( 18 March 2009 ) . Imagining the Balkans . Oxford University Press . p. 175 . 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Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Donald Bloxham ( 2005 ) . The Great Game of Genocide : Imperialism , Nationalism , And the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians . Oxford University Press . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 927356 - 0 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Levene , Mark ( Winter 1998 ) . `` Creating a Modern ' Zone of Genocide ' : The Impact of Nation - and State - Formation on Eastern Anatolia , 1878 -- 1923 '' . Holocaust and Genocide Studies . 12 ( 3 ) : 393 -- 433 . doi : 10.1093 / hgs / 12.3. 393 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Niall ( 2007 ) . The War of the World : Twentieth - Century Conflict and the Descent of the West . Penguin Group ( USA ) Incorporated . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311239 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Mango , Andrew ( 2000 ) . Atatürk : The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey . Overlook . p. lxxviii . ISBN 1 - 58567 - 011 - 1 . Jump up ^ Heper , Criss , Metin , Nur Bilge . Historical Dictionary of Turkey . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6281 - 4 . Jump up ^ Axiarlis , Evangelia ( 2014 ) . Political Islam and the Secular State in Turkey : Democracy , Reform and the Justice and Development Party . I.B. Tauris . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Clogg , Richard ( 20 June 2002 ) . A Concise History of Greece . Cambridge University Press . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00479 - 4 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Gerhard Bowering ; Patricia Crone ; Wadad Kadi ; Devin J. Stewart ; Muhammad Qasim Zaman ; Mahan Mirza ( 28 November 2012 ) . The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought . Princeton University Press . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 3855 - 4 . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Following the revolution , Mustafa Kemal became an important figure in the military ranks of the Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress ( CUP ) as a protégé ... Although the sultanate had already been abolished in November 1922 , the republic was founded in October 1923 ... ambitious reform programme aimed at the creation of a modern , secular state and the construction of a new identity for its citizens . Jump up ^ `` Turkey holds first election that allows women to vote '' . OUPblog . Jump up ^ `` Growth in United Nations membership ( 1945 -- 2005 ) '' . United Nations . 3 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2016 . Retrieved 30 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Huston , James A. ( 1988 ) . Outposts and Allies : U.S. Army Logistics in the Cold War , 1945 -- 1953 . Susquehanna University Press . p. 134 . ISBN 0 - 941664 - 84 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Members and partners '' . OECD . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hale , William Mathew ( 1994 ) . Turkish Politics and the Military . Routledge , UK . pp. 161 , 215 , 246 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 02455 - 2 . Jump up ^ Arsu , Sebsem ( 12 April 2012 ) . `` Turkish Military Leaders Held for Role in ' 97 Coup '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Uslu , Nasuh ( 2003 ) . The Cyprus question as an issue of Turkish foreign policy and Turkish - American relations , 1959 -- 2003 . Nova Publishers . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59033 - 847 - 6 . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Cyprus '' . BBC . 12 December 2006 . Retrieved 25 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` UN Cyprus Talks '' . United Nations . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey 's PKK peace plan delayed '' . BBC . 10 November 2009 . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nas , Tevfik F. ( 1992 ) . Economics and Politics of Turkish Liberalization . Lehigh University Press . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 934223 - 19 - X . Jump up ^ Mullen , Jethro ; Cullinane , Susannah ( 4 June 2013 ) . `` What 's driving unrest and protests in Turkey ? '' . CNN . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Erin ; Sly , Liz ; Karatas , Zeynep ( 16 July 2016 ) . `` Turkey rounds up thousands of suspected participants in coup attempt '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Turkey 's Purge '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey Purge '' . turkeypurge.com . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` General Structure of Turkish Public Administration '' ( PDF ) . justice.gov.tr/ . Ministry of Justice . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 March 2015 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey Districts '' . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ulaş BAYRAKTAR ; Élise MASSICARD ( July 2012 ) . `` Decentralisation in Turkey '' ( PDF ) . Agence française de développement . ^ Jump up to : Charlotte Joppien ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` ' Civic Participation ' or ' Customer Satisfaction ' ? Waves of Centralization , Decentralization and Recentralization from the Ottoman Empire until Today '' . ResearchTurkey . 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The outlines of the map of Kurdistan were taken from two sources : first , a map produced by the CIA in 1992 depicting areas with a Kurdish majority ( ... ) Jump up ^ Albayrak , Özlem . `` Herkes Türk müdür , Türk mü olmalıdır ? -- Is everyone Turk or should be Turk ? '' . yenisafak.com . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Extra , Guus ; Gorter , Durk ( 2001 ) . The other languages of Europe : Demographic , Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives . Multilingual Matters . ISBN 1 - 85359 - 509 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey Overview '' . minorityrights.org . Archived from the original on 9 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country -- Turkey '' . Joshua Project . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Sandra Mackey , `` The reckoning : Iraq and the legacy of Saddam '' , W.W. Norton and Company , 2002 , ISBN 9780393324280 . Excerpt from pg 350 : `` As much as 25 % of Turkey is Kurdish . '' Jump up ^ Watts , Nicole F. ( 2010 ) . 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Constantinople has been the seat of an archiepiscopal see since the fourth century ; its ruling hierarch has had the title of `` Ecumenical Patriarch '' ... Jump up ^ Erwin Fahlbusch ; Geoffrey William Bromiley ( 2001 ) . The Encyclopedia of Christianity . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 11695 - 5 . The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople is the ranking church within the communion of ... Between the 4th and 15th centuries , the activities of the patriarchate took place within the context of an empire that not only was ... Jump up ^ The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church , s.v. patriarch ( ecclesiastical ) , also calls it `` a title dating from the 6th century , for the bishops of the five great sees of Christendom '' . And Merriam - Webster 's Encyclopedia of World Religions says : `` Five patriarchates , collectively called the pentarchy , were the first to be recognized by the legislation of the emperor Justinian ( reigned 527 -- 565 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Pentarchy '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . `` The proposed government of universal Christendom by five patriarchal sees under the auspices of a single universal empire . Formulated in the legislation of the emperor Justinian I ( 527 -- 65 ) , especially in his Novella 131 , the theory received formal ecclesiastical sanction at the Council in Trullo ( 692 ) , which ranked the five sees as Rome , Constantinople , Alexandria , Antioch , and Jerusalem '' . Jump up ^ Içduygu , Ahmet ; Toktas , Şule ; Ali Soner , B. ( 1 February 2008 ) . `` The politics of population in a nation - building process : emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey '' . Ethnic and Racial Studies . 31 ( 2 ) : 358 -- 389 . doi : 10.1080 / 01419870701491937 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Chapter The refugees question in Greece ( 1821 -- 1930 ) in `` Θέματα Νεοελληνικής Ιστορίας '' , ΟΕΔΒ ( `` Topics from Modern Greek History '' ) . 8th edition ( PDF ) , Nikolaos Andriotis , 2008 Jump up ^ `` ' Editors ' Introduction : Why a Special Issue ? : Disappearing Christians of the Middle East '' ( PDF ) . Editors ' Introduction . 2001 . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Religions '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics by Country '' . catholic-hierarchy.org . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christen in der islamischen Welt -- Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte '' ( PDF ) . 2008 . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Protestants still face `` long path '' to religious freedom `` . christiancentury.org . Retrieved 3 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Life , Culture , Religion '' . Official Tourism Portal of Turkey . 15 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2009 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Jews -- Brief History '' . science.co.il . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An Overview of the History of the Jews in Turkey '' ( PDF ) . American Sephardi Federation . 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 October 2013 . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Independent '' . Turkish atheist organisation launches petition calling for babies to no longer be automatically registered as Muslim . The Independent . 9 November 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Ekin Karaca ( 3 March 2016 ) . `` Being an Atheist in Turkey '' . www.human.nl . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The first Atheist Association in Turkey is founded '' . turkishatheist.net . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atheists raising their voice in Turkey amid polarized reactions '' . Daily News . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . istanbul.edu.tr . Retrieved 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Education in Turkey '' . World Education Services . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Turkey 's Education Reform Bill Is About Playing Politics With Pedagogy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Education at a Glance : OECD Indicators 2012 '' ( PDF ) . OECD . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Improving The Quality And Equity of Basic Education in Turkey Challenges And Options '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . 30 June 2011 . p. viii . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 October 2013 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National adult literacy rates ( 15 + ) , youth literacy rates ( 15 -- 24 ) and elderly literacy rates ( 65 + ) '' . UNESCO Institute for Statistics . Jump up ^ `` Higher Education System in Turkey '' . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Oxford Business Group ( 2009 ) . The Report : Turkey 2009 . Oxford Business Group . p. 203 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 902339 - 13 - 9 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guide for Foreign Students planning Education in Turkey '' . Archived from the original on 15 October 2015 . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World University Rankings 2012 -- 2013 '' . Times Higher Education . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Mustafa Akyol ( 7 November 2016 ) . `` Turkish universities latest domino in Erdogan 's path '' . Al - Monitor . Jump up ^ `` Members : Turkey '' . 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Skills Matter FURTHER RESULTS FROM THE SURVEY OF ADULT SKILLS . OECD. 2015 . p. 46 , 49 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 64 - 25805 - 1 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey drops evolution and starts teaching jihad instead '' . The Independent . 2017 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hürriyet : `` Sağlığa 76 , 3 milyar lira harcandı '' `` . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Turkish Statistical Institute : Number of medical institutions in Turkey '' . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Statistical Institute : Number of citizens per healthcare personnel in Turkey '' . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Healt Statistics 2016 : Monitoring health for the SDGs Annex B : tables of health statistics by country , WHO region and globally '' . World Health Organization . 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists '' . unesco.org . Archived from the original on 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ibrahim Kaya ( 2004 ) . Social Theory and Later Modernities : The Turkish Experience . Liverpool University Press . pp. 57 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85323 - 898 - 0 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Royal Academy of Arts ( 2005 ) . `` Turks -- A Journey of a Thousand Years : 600 -- 1600 '' . Royal Academy of Arts . Archived from the original on 18 February 2007 . Retrieved 12 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Antoinette Harri ; Allison Ohta ( 1999 ) . 10th International Congress of Turkish Art . Fondation Max Van Berchem . ISBN 978 - 2 - 05 - 101763 - 3 . The first military training institutions were the Imperial Army Engineering School ( Mühendishane - i Berr - i Hümâyun , 1793 ) and the Imperial School of Military Sciences ( Mekteb - i Ulûm - ı Harbiye - i Şahane , 1834 ) . Both schools taught painting to enable cadets to produce topographic layouts and technical drawings to illustrate landscapes ... Jump up ^ `` '' 10'LAR ' GRUBU `` , `` YENİ DAL GRUBU '' , `` SİYAH KALEM GRUBU '' `` . turkresmi.com . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Erdmann , Kurt ( 166 ) . Siebenhundert Jahre Orientteppich ( 1st ed . ) . Herford : Bussesche Verlagshandlung . p. 149 . Jump up ^ Brueggemann , Werner ; Boehmer , Harald ( 1982 ) . Teppiche der Bauern und Nomaden in Anatolien = Carpets of the Peasants and Nomads in Anatolia ( 1st ed . ) . Munich : Verlag Kunst und Antiquitäten . pp. 34 -- 39 . ISBN 3 - 921 811 - 20 - 1 . Jump up ^ Barry , Michael . Figurative art in medieval Islam and the riddle of Bihzâd of Herât ( 1465 -- 1535 ) . p. 27 . ISBN 2080304216 . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TURKISH MINIATURES '' . www.turkishculture.org . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE TURKISH ART OF MARBLING ( EBRU ) '' . turkishculture.org . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tevfik Fikret '' , The New Encyclopædia Britannica , Volume 11 , Encyclopædia Britannica , 1994 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85229 - 591 - 5 , p. 662 . Jump up ^ `` OTTOMAN MUSIC '' . turkishculture.org . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pamuk wins Nobel Literature prize '' . BBC . 12 October 2006 . Retrieved 12 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` TRADITIONAL THEATRE '' . turkishculture.org . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Stokes , Martin ( 2000 ) . Sounds of Anatolia . Penguin Books . ISBN 1 - 85828 - 636 - 0 . , pp 396 -- 410 . Jump up ^ `` History of music in Turkey '' . Les Arts Turcs . May 1 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Istanbul Music Scene '' . Yildirim , Ali . Tarkan DeLuxe . Retrieved May 16 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` TURKISH FOLK DANCES '' . ncturkishfestival . Archived from the original on 12 March 2009 . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Simons , Marlise ( 22 August 1993 ) . `` Center of Ottoman Power '' . New York Times . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A list of the buildings designed by Mimar Sinan '' . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Godfrey ( 2003 ) . A History of Ottoman Architecture . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27429 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Search for Identity : 1st National Architecture Movement '' . ArchMuseum.org . Archived from the original on 13 September 2011 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TURKISH ARCHITECTURE IN THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD '' . archmuseum.org . Archived from the original on 18 March 2015 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tayyare Apartment Building '' . AtelyeMim.com . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` XIX . Yüzyış ve XX . Yüzyıl Başı Eminönü'nde Osmanlı Büro Hanları '' ( in Turkish ) . Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi - Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü . Retrieved 27 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ankara -- State Museum of Painting and Sculpture '' . Republic of Turkey , Ministry of Culture . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ankara : Ethnographical Museum '' . Republic of Turkey , Ministry of Culture . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Belge göster '' . Jump up ^ `` TÜRKİYE İŞ BANKASI BİNASI '' . envanter.gov.tr . Archived from the original on 18 February 2015 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bebek Mosque '' . ArchNet.org . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kemer Hatun Mosque , Beyoglu , Istanbul '' ( in Turkish ) . MimarlikMuzesi.org . Archived from the original on 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mass Housing Development by a Government Agency and the Politics of Urbanization '' ( PDF ) . 14th International Planning History Conference submission by Nilüfer Baturayoğlu Yöney and Yıldız Salman , Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Architecture , Turkey . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish coffee culture and tradition '' . UNESCO . 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Çakır Morin , Arzu ( 5 December 2013 ) . `` Türk kahvesi Unesco korumasında '' . Hürriyet ( in Turkish ) . Istanbul : Hürriyet . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Aarssen , Jeroen ; Backus , Ad ( 2000 ) . Colloquial Turkish . Routledge . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 15746 - 9 . Retrieved 15 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Food in Turkey -- Turkish Food , Turkish Cuisine '' . foodbycountry.com . Retrieved 12 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Burak Sansal ( 2006 ) . `` Sports in Turkey '' . allaboutturkey.com . Retrieved 13 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Galatasaray AŞ '' . uefa.com . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Achievements '' . tff.org . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historic achievements of the Efes Pilsen Basketball Team '' . Anadolu Efes Spor Kulübü . Archived from the original on 3 May 2008 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anadolu Efes S.K. : Our successes '' . Archived from the original on 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Year In Review : EuroChallenge '' . fibaeurope.com . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Galatasaray Lift EuroLeague Women Title '' . fibaeurope.com . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Team 's Activities '' . tvf.org.tr . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Our International Achievements '' . fenerbahce.org.tr . Archived from the original on 12 August 2014 . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Volleyball '' . eczacibasisporkulubu.org.tr . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish volleyball teams ' successes in Europe '' . hurriyet.com.tr . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Burak Sansal ( 2006 ) . `` Oiled Wrestling '' . allaboutturkey.com . Retrieved 13 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Kırkpınar Oiled Wrestling Tournament : History '' . Kirkpinar.com. 21 April 2007 . Retrieved 1 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Gegner , Christiane . `` FILA Wrestling Database '' . Iat.uni-leipzig.de . Archived from the original on 13 March 2009 . Retrieved 1 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TRT World '' . www.trtworld.com . Jump up ^ `` The Political Economy of the Media in Turkey : A Sectoral Analysis '' ( PDF ) . tesev.org.tr . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Turkey country profile . Library of Congress Federal Research Division ( January 2006 ) . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` Gazete Tirajları 02.05. 2016 -- 08.05. 2016 '' . Gazeteciler.com . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Jenna Krajeski . `` Turkey : Soap Operas and Politics '' . Pulitzer Center . Retrieved 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Dramas Sweep Latin America '' . 9 February 2016 . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey world '' s second highest TV series exporter after US -- BUSINESS `` . Hürriyet Daily News LEADING NEWS SOURCE FOR TURKEY AND THE REGION . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` TURKISH CINEMA '' . www.turkishculture.org . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CPJ testifies on Turkey 's press freedom record after failed coup attempt '' . Committee to Protect Journalists. 14 September 2016 . Retrieved 16 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Kingsley , Patrick ( 30 April 2017 ) . `` Turkey Purges 4,000 More Officials , and Blocks Wikipedia '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey blocks Wikipedia under law designed to protect national security '' . The Guardian . 29 April 2017 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Further reading Mango , Andrew ( 2004 ) . The Turks Today . Overlook . ISBN 1 - 58567 - 615 - 2 . Pope , Hugh ; Pope , Nicole ( 2004 ) . Turkey Unveiled . Overlook . ISBN 1 - 58567 - 581 - 4 . Reed , Fred A. ( 1999 ) . Anatolia Junction : a Journey into Hidden Turkey . Burnaby , B.C. : Talonbooks ( sic ) . 320 p. , ill . with b&w photos . ISBN 0 - 88922 - 426 - 9 Revolinski , Kevin ( 2006 ) . The Yogurt Man Cometh : Tales of an American Teacher in Turkey . Çitlembik . ISBN 9944 - 424 - 01 - 3 . Roxburgh , David J. ( ed . ) ( 2005 ) . Turks : A Journey of a Thousand Years , 600 -- 1600 . Royal Academy of Arts . ISBN 1 - 903973 - 56 - 2 . Turkey : A Country Study ( 1996 ) . Federal Research Division , Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0864 - 6 . Cîrlig , Carmen - Cristina ( 2013 ) . Turkey 's regional power aspirations ( PDF ) . Library of the European Parliament . External links Find more aboutTurkeyat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity General turkey.com -- Topical multilingual website about Turkey . `` Turkey '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which part of the world is turkey located | [
"Turkey (/ˈtɜːrki/ ( listen); Turkish: Türkiye [ˈtyɾcije]), officially the Republic of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info); pronounced [ˈtyɾcije d͡ʒumˈhuɾijeti]), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe.[9] Turkey is bordered by eight countries with Greece and Bulgaria to the northwest; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the south. The country is encircled by seas on three sides with the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, which together form the Turkish Straits, divide Thrace and Anatolia and separate Europe and Asia.[10] Ankara is the capital while Istanbul is the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre, classified as a leading global city.[11] Major urban areas include İzmir, Antalya, Bursa, Eskişehir, Mersin, Konya, and Adana, among others."
] | [
"is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan"
] |
8612288643339068630 | Conversion to Judaism | Conversion to Judaism - Wikipedia Conversion to Judaism Part of a series on Jewish outreach Core topics Orthodox outreach Modern Orthodox outreach Conservative outreach Reform outreach Chabad ( Noahide campaign ) Jews for Judaism Baal teshuva movement Proactive conversion Related topics Apostasy in Judaism Jewish assimilation Conversion of the Jews Jewish counter-missionaries Conversion of Jewish orphans Shavei Israel Judaization Reverse Marranos Crypto - Judaism Zera Yisrael Naomi entreating Ruth and Orpah to return to the land of Moab by William Blake , 1795 A portion of the Pentateuch in Hebrew , British Library Oriental MS . 1,497 containing Numbers 6 : 3 - 10 , dated 12th century . Lines of the Pentateuch alternate with the Targum ascribed to Onkelos ( a convert to Judaism ) Conversion to Judaism ( Hebrew : גיור , giyur ) is the religious conversion of non-Jews to become members of the Jewish religion and Jewish ethnoreligious community . The procedure and requirements for conversion depend on the sponsoring denomination . A conversion in accordance with the process of a denomination is not a guarantee of recognition by another denomination . A formal conversion is also sometimes undertaken by individuals whose Jewish ancestry is questioned , even if they were raised Jewish , but may not actually be considered Jews according to traditional Jewish law . In some cases , a person may forgo a formal conversion to Judaism and adopt some or all beliefs and practices of Judaism . However , without a formal conversion , many highly observant Jews will reject a convert 's Jewish status . There are some groups that have adopted Jewish customs and practices . For example , in Russia the Subbotniks have adopted most aspects of Judaism without formal conversion to Judaism . However , if Subbotniks , or anyone without a formal conversion , wish to marry into a traditional Jewish community or immigrate to Israel , they must have a formal conversion . Contents 1 Terminology 2 Overview 3 Requirements 4 Early debate on requirement for circumcision 5 Modern practice 6 Maturity 7 Reform Jewish views 8 Interdenominational views 9 Intra-Orthodox controversy 10 Canadian Orthodox program 11 Karaite views 12 Attempts to resolve the `` Who is a Jew ? '' issue 12.1 1950s : proposed joint beth din 12.2 1978 -- 1983 : Denver program , patrilineal descent 12.3 1980s : proposed Israeli joint beth din 12.4 1997 : Neeman Commission proposal 12.5 Conversion annulments 13 Consequences 13.1 Relations between Jews and proselytes 13.2 Halakhic considerations 14 Jews by choice 15 Bnei Anusim 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links Terminology ( edit ) Part of a series on Jews and Judaism Etymology Who is a Jew ? Jewish peoplehood Jewish identity Religion ( show ) God in Judaism ( names ) Principles of faith Mitzvot ( 613 ) Halakha Shabbat Holidays Prayer Tzedakah Land of Israel Brit Bar and Bat Mitzvah Marriage Bereavement Philosophy Ethics Kabbalah Customs Synagogue Rabbi Texts ( show ) Tanakh ( Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim ) Talmud ( Mishnah Gemara ) Rabbinic ( Midrash Tosefta ) Targum Beit Yosef Mishneh Torah Tur Shulchan Aruch Zohar Communities ( show ) Ashkenazim Sephardim Italkim Romaniotes Mizrahim Cochin Bene Israel Beta Israel Related groups Bnei Anusim Lemba Crimean Karaites Krymchaks Samaritans Crypto - Jews Mosaic Arabs Subbotniks Population ( show ) Land of Israel Old Yishuv New Yishuv Israeli Jews Europe Austria Belarus Bulgaria Czech Republic Estonia France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Italy Latvia Lithuania Moldova Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom Asia Yemen Iraq Iran Turkey Cyprus Syria Lebanon Uzbekistan Azerbaijan India China Malaysia Indonesia Vietnam Japan Philippines Africa Morocco Algeria Tunisia Libya Egypt Ethiopia South Africa Zimbabwe North America United States Canada Latin America and Caribbean Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic El Salvador Guyana Haiti Jamaica Mexico Paraguay Puerto Rico Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Oceania Australia Fiji Guam New Zealand Palau Judaism by country Lists of Jews Historical population comparisons Denominations ( show ) Orthodox Reform Conservative Karaite Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic Haymanot Culture ( show ) Minyan Music Religious Secular Wedding Clothing Niddah Pidyon haben Kashrut Shidduch Zeved habat Conversion to Judaism Hiloni Cuisine Israelite Israeli Sephardic Mizrahi Literature Israeli Yiddish American Yiddish theatre Dance Humour Languages ( show ) Hebrew ( Biblical ) Yiddish Jewish Koine Greek Yevanic Juhuri Shassi Judaeo - Iranian Ladino Ghardaïa Sign Bukharian Knaanic Zarphatic Italkian Gruzinic Judeo - Aramaic Judeo - Arabic Judeo - Berber Judeo - Malayalam History ( show ) Timeline Name `` Judea '' Leaders Twelve Tribes of Israel Ancient history Kingdom of Judah Temple in Jerusalem Babylonian captivity Assyrian captivity Yehud Medinata Second Temple Jerusalem ( in Judaism timeline ) Hasmonean dynasty Sanhedrin Schisms Pharisees Hellenistic Judaism Jewish -- Roman wars History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire Christianity and Judaism Hinduism and Judaism Islamic -- Jewish relations Diaspora Middle Ages Golden Age Sabbateans Hasidism Haskalah Emancipation Antisemitism Anti-Judaism Persecution The Holocaust Israel Land of Israel Aliyah Jewish atheism Baal teshuva Arab -- Israeli conflict Politics ( show ) Politics of Israel Zionism ( General Green Labor Neo Religious Revisionist ) Judaism and politics World Agudath Israel Bundism Feminism Jewish left Category : Jews and Judaism Portal : Judaism The word ger comes from the Hebrew verb lagur ( לגור ) meaning `` to reside '' or `` to sojourn ( with ) '' . In the Hebrew Bible ger is defined as a `` foreigner '' , or `` sojourner '' . Rabbi Marc Angel writes : The Hebrew ger ( in post-Biblical times translated as `` proselyte '' ) literally means `` resident '' and refers to a non-Israelite who lived among the Israelite community . When the Torah commands compassion and equal justice for the ger , it is referring to these `` residents '' . Rabbinic tradition interpreted the word ger as referring to proselytes ... '' Angel 's explanation of the literal meaning of `` ger '' as alien is borne out in biblical verses such as Lev 19 : 34 : The stranger that sojourneth with you shall be unto you as the home - born among you , and thou shalt love him as thyself ; for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt : I am the LORD your God . Another passage which may be relevant to a process of conversion involves non-Jewish women captured in war who could be adopted forcibly as wives ( Deuteronomy 21 : 10 -- 14 ) . Another verse which has been interpreted as referring to non-Jews converting to Judaism is Esther 8 : 17 , although no process is described . ( Esther 8 : 17 ) . The word is rendered by the Greek `` proselyte '' as used in the Septuagint to denote a `` stranger '' . A male convert to Judaism is referred to by the Hebrew word ger ( Hebrew : גר , plural gerim ) and a female convert is a giyoret . In all branches of Judaism , a ger or giyoret is considered a full Jew , the literal meaning of `` stranger , '' `` resident , '' or `` foreigner '' refers to the convert 's origin , not present status . In Karaite Judaism the term ger only refers to a non-Jew who has yet to fully convert to Judaism , and once converted to Karaitism , is no longer called ger . In the Talmud , ger is used in two senses : ger tzedek refers to a `` righteous convert '' , a proselyte to Judaism , and ger toshav , a non-Jewish inhabitant of the Land of Israel who observes the Seven Laws of Noah and has repudiated all links with idolatry . In Modern Hebrew , the unqualified term ger means ger tzedek . Overview ( edit ) According to Maimonides , ( Isurei Biah 13 : 14 ) converts were accepted since the beginning of Jewish history , and the foreign wives of Jewish leaders - such as Samson and Solomon - were converts . Yet he says ( Isurei Biah 13 : 15 ) , that in the times of Jewish political power , such as the days of Kings David and Solomon , Batei Dinim ( Jewish courts ) did not accept converts , who may have not had the right intention , and they had to wait and prove their intentions to be legally accepted . Nowadays , with the notable exception of some Syrian Jewish communities , ( primarily the Brooklyn , NY and Deal , NJ communities ) , all mainstream forms of Judaism today are open to sincere converts , with all denominations accepting converts converted by their denominations . The rules vary between denominations , as does acceptance of some denomations ' converts by other denominations . For Rabbinic Judaism , the laws governing conversion ( gerut ) are based on codes of law and texts , including discussions in the Talmud , through the Shulkhan Arukh and subsequent interpretations . ( Many of the guidelines of accepting converts are based on the Book of Ruth and the manner whereby Ruth was brought into the fold through her mother - in - law , Naomi ) . These rules are held as authoritative by Orthodox Judaism and Conservative Judaism . Within Orthodoxy it is commonly understood that Halacha somewhat discourages proselytizing , and religious gerut is somewhat discouraged . Some rabbis reject potential converts three times , and if they remained adamant in their desire to convert , they would then allow them to begin the process . These practices do not have any solid basis in the written text , and while they may have been the practice in some locations , it was not universal , and a number of rabbis have not followed these practices . In order to convert , the conversion candidate must have a circumcision ( males ) and immerse in the mikveh before a kosher beth din , comprising 3 Jewish males who are shomer Shabbat . There is also a requirement to accept the commandments ( although not necessarily a commitment to keep the mitzvot ) , although without this step there are many authorities who will accept the conversion as valid . In the past it is likely that conversions happened like this , and were decentralized , and universally accepted once performed . Today , the process has become more centralized , with the conversion candidate having to convince a rabbi and the beth din of their sincerity , and there will usually be a considerable amount of study . They will then be tested and formally accepted , the convert is issued with a Shtar geirut ( `` Certificate of Conversion '' ) . As the conversion process becomes more centralized there are only a limited number of conversion courts that are ' acceptable ' to the Chief Rabbinate of Israel . However there are a number of rabbis who are willing to conduct decentralized conversions today , and are recognized by each other . Two of the more prominent of these rabbis are Chuck Davidson and Haim Amsalem . Conservative Judaism takes a more lenient approach in application of the halakhic rules than Modern Orthodox Judaism . Its approach to the validity of conversions is based on whether the conversion procedure followed rabbinic norms , rather than the reliability of those performing it or the nature of the obligations the convert undertook . Accordingly , it may accept the validity of some Reform and Reconstructionist conversions , but only if they include immersion in a ritual bath ( mikvah ) , appearance before a rabbinical court ( beit din ) and , for men , circumcision ( brit milah ) or a symbolic circumcision for those already circumcised ( hatafat dam brit ) . The requirements of Reform Judaism for conversions are different . The denomination states that `` people considering conversion are expected to study Jewish theology , rituals , history , culture and customs , and to begin incorporating Jewish practices into their lives . The length and format of the course of study will vary from rabbi to rabbi and community to community , though most now require a course in basic Judaism and individual study with a rabbi , as well as attendance at services and participation in home practice and synagogue life . '' Although an infant conversion might be accepted in some circumstances ( such as in the case of adopted children or children whose parents convert ) , children who convert would typically be asked if they want to remain Jewish after reaching religious adulthood -- which is 12 years of age for a girl and 13 for a boy . This standard is applied by Orthodox and Conservative Judaism , which accept halakha as binding . Reconstructionist Judaism values the symbolism of the conversion ritual , and encourages those who were not born of Jewish parents and who wish to convert to undergo this rite of passage . The Reconstructionist course of study for a prospective convert , which is determined by the rabbi and congregation the individual is working with , includes history , observance and beliefs , and learning how to make educated choices . The completion of the process is marked by ritual immersion for men and women ; circumcision or hatafat dam brit ( symbolic drop of blood ) for men ( unless there exists an extraordinary physical or emotional hazard ) ; a Bet Din ( a dialogue with three knowledgeable Jews , at least one of whom is a rabbi ) , and often a public welcoming ceremony . Karaite Judaism does not accept Rabbinic Judaism and has different requirements for conversion . Traditionally non-proselytizing , Karaite Judaism 's long standing abstention from conversions was recently lifted . On 1 August 2007 , the Karaites reportedly converted their first new members in 500 years . At a ceremony in their Northern California synagogue , ten adults and four minors swore fealty to Judaism after completing a year of study . This conversion comes 15 years after the Karaite Council of Sages reversed its centuries - old ban on accepting converts . Requirements ( edit ) The Amoraim who produced the Talmud set out three requirements for a conversion to Judaism ( Keritot 8b ) , which must be witnessed and affirmed by a beth din hedyot rabbinical court composed of three Jewish males above the age of thirteen ( they do not need to be rabbis ) : Circumcision ( Brit milah or hatafat dam brit ) for men Immersion ( tevilah ) in a ritual bath ( mikveh ) for both men and women Offering a certain sacrifice ( korban ) in the Temple ( the Beit Hamikdash ) -- this requirement is deferred while the Temple does not exist until such time as it may be rebuilt . The consensus of halakhic authorities also requires a convert to understand and accept the duties of the classical Jewish law . This is not stated explicitly in the Talmud , but was inferred by subsequent commentators . After confirming that all these requirements have been met , the beth din issues a `` Certificate of Conversion '' ( Shtar Giur ) , certifying that the person is now a Jew . Early debate on requirement for circumcision ( edit ) According to the Jewish Encyclopedia article on circumcision of proselytes , in the 1st century CE , before the Mishnah was edited , the requirement for circumcision of proselytes was an open issue between the zealots and liberal parties in ancient Israel . R. Joshua argued that besides accepting Jewish beliefs and laws , a prospective convert to Judaism must undergo immersion in a mikveh . In contrast , R. Eliezer makes circumcision a condition for the conversion . A similar controversy between the Shammaites and the Hillelites is given regarding a proselyte born without a foreskin : the former demanding the spilling of a drop of blood symbolic of the Brit Milah , thereby entering into the covenant ; the latter declaring it to be unnecessary . In discussions about the necessity of circumcision for those born of a Jewish mother , lending some support to the need for circumcision of converts , the Midrash states : `` If thy sons accept My Godhead ( by undergoing circumcision ) I shall be their God and bring them into the land ; but if they do not observe My covenant in regard either to circumcision or to the Sabbath , they shall not enter the land of promise '' ( Midrash Genesis Rabbah xlvi ) . `` The Sabbath - keepers who are not circumcised are intruders , and deserve punishment , '' ( Midrash Deut . Rabbah i ) . However , the opposing view is supported in the Babylonian Talmud : `` A male convert who has been immersed but not circumcised , or circumcised but not immersed , is a convert . '' Flavius Josephus in Jewish Antiquities Book 20 Chapter 2 recorded the story of King Izates of Adiabene who decided to follow the Law of Moses at the advice of a Jewish merchant named Ananias . He was going to get circumcised , but his mother , Helen , who herself embraced the Jewish customs , advised against it on the grounds that the subjects would not stand to be ruled by someone who followed such `` strange and foreign rites '' . Ananias likewise advised against it , on the grounds that worship of God was superior to circumcision ( Robert Eisenman in James the Brother of Jesus claims that Ananias is Paul of Tarsus who held similar views , although this is a novel interpretation lacking support in mainstream scholarship ) and that God would forgive him for fear of his subjects . So Izates decided against it . However , later , `` a certain other Jew that came out of Galilee , whose name was Eleazar '' , who was well versed in the Law , convinced him that he should , on the grounds that it was one thing to read the Law and another thing to practice it , and so he did . Once Helen and Ananias found out , they were struck by great fear of the possible consequences , but as Josephus put it , God looked after Izates . As his reign was peaceful and blessed , Helen visited the Jerusalem Temple to thank God , and since there was a terrible famine at the time , she brought lots of food and aid to the people of Jerusalem . Modern practice ( edit ) The requirements for conversions vary somewhat within the different branches of Judaism , so whether or not a conversion is recognized by another denomination is often an issue fraught with religious politics . The Orthodox rejection of non-Orthodox conversions is derived less from qualms with the conversion process itself , since Conservative and even some Reform conversions are ostensibly very similar to Orthodox conversions with respect to duration and content , but rather from that the convert was presumably not properly ( i.e. according to tradition ) instructed in Jewish Law , and the procedure of conversion has a chance of not having been done properly , and that those overseeing the process were ( almost certainly ) not qualified to test the convert ( and in any case would have had different answers ) . In general , immersion in the mikveh is an important part of a traditional conversion . If the person who is converting is male , circumcision is a part of the traditional conversion process as well . If the male who is converting has already been circumcised , then a ritual removal of a single drop of blood will take place ( hatafat dam brit ) . However , more liberal branches of Judaism have a more relaxed requirement of immersion and circumcision . Maturity ( edit ) Someone who was converted to Judaism as a child has an option of rejecting this after reaching the age of maturity , which in Judaism is age twelve for girls or thirteen for boys . Reform Jewish views ( edit ) In the United States of America , Reform Judaism rejects the concept that any rules or rituals should be considered necessary for conversion to Judaism . In the late 19th century , the Central Conference of American Rabbis , the official body of American Reform rabbis , formally resolved to permit the admission of converts `` without any initiatory rite , ceremony , or observance whatsoever '' . ( CCAR Yearbook 3 ( 1893 ) , 73 -- 95 ; American Reform Responsa ( ARR ) , no . 68 , at 236 -- 237 . ) Although this resolution has often been examined critically by many Reform rabbis , the resolution still remains the official policy of American Reform Judaism ( CCAR Responsa `` Circumcision for an Eight - Year - Old Convert '' 5756.13 and Solomon Freehof , Reform Responsa for Our Time , no . 15 . ) Thus , American Reform Judaism does not require ritual immersion in a mikveh , circumcision , or acceptance of mitzvot as normative . Appearance before a Bet Din is recommended , but is not considered necessary . Converts are asked to commit to religious standards set by the local Reform community . In actual practice , the requirements for conversion of any individual are determined by the Rabbi who sponsors the convert . Typically , Reform Rabbis require prospective converts to take a course of study in Judaism , such as an `` Introduction to Judaism '' course , to participate in worship at a synagogue , and to live as a Jew ( however that is interpreted by the individual Rabbi ) for a period of time . A period of one year is common , although individual Rabbis ' requirements vary . When the sponsoring Rabbi feels that the candidate is ready , a Bet Din may be convened . Other rituals such as immersion in a mikvah , circumcision ( or Hatafat dam brit ) , and a public ceremony to celebrate the conversion , are also at the discretion of the Rabbi . Interdenominational views ( edit ) In response to the tremendous variations that exist within the Reform community , the Conservative Jewish movement attempted to set a nuanced approach . The Conservative Committee on Jewish Law and Standards has issued a legal opinion stating that Reform conversions may be accepted as valid only when they include the minimal Conservative halachic requirements of milah and t'vilah , appearance before a Conservative Bet Din , and a course of Conservative study . ( Proceedings of Committee on Jewish Law and Standards : 1980 -- 1985 , pp. 77 -- 101 . ) In general , branches of Orthodox Judaism consider non-Orthodox conversions either inadequate or of questionable halachic compliance , and such conversions are therefore not accepted by these branches of Judaism . Conversely , both Conservative and Reform Judaism accept the stringent Orthodox conversion process as being valid . Since 2008 , Haredi Orthodox religious courts in Israel have been rejecting conversions even from some other Orthodox rabbis , in addition to Reform and Conservative conversions , as not being stringent enough . Intra-orthodox controversy ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2016 ) In 2008 , a Haredi - dominated Badatz in Israel annulled thousands of conversions performed by the Military Rabbinate in Israel . The Chief Rabbinate of Israel , which is the only state - recognized authority on religious matters , backed by Rabbi Ovadia Yosef , ruled against this , making it legally invalid for purposes of Israeli law . Canadian Orthodox program ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There are two orthodox conversion programmes in Montreal . One is made up of a Bet Din ( Jewish Court ) of congregational member rabbis from the Rabbinical Council of America , Montreal region ( RCA ) . This program provides a way to convert according to the rigorous rules of Halachah while making the process more `` user friendly '' for non-Jewish individuals seeking a more `` hands - on '' or `` modern Orthodox '' approach . The second program is supervised by the Jewish Community Council of Montreal , the Vaad Hair . All conversion candidates -- who could include singles , non-Jewish couples and adoption cases -- must have a sponsoring rabbi and undergo a rigorous screening process . Conversions stemming from both programs are recognized in Israel and around the world . Karaite views ( edit ) As of 2006 , the Moetzet Hakhamim ( Council of Sages ) began to accept converts to Karaite Judaism through the Karaite Jewish University . The process requires one year of learning , circumcision ( for males ) , and the taking of the vow that Ruth took . כִּי אֶל - אֲשֶׁר תֵּלְכִי אֵלֵךְ , וּבַאֲשֶׁר תָּלִינִי אָלִין -- עַמֵּךְ עַמִּי , וֵאלֹהַיִךְ אֱלֹהָי . בַּאֲשֶׁר תָּמוּתִי אָמוּת , וְשָׁם אֶקָּבֵר ; כֹּה יַעֲשֶׂה יְהוָה לִי , וְכֹה יוֹסִיף -- כִּי הַמָּוֶת , יַפְרִיד בֵּינִי וּבֵינֵךְ. `` For whither thou goest , I will go ; and where thou lodgest , I will lodge ; thy people shall be my people , and thy God my God ; where thou diest , will I die , and there will I be buried ; the LORD do so to me , and more also , if aught but death part thee and me . '' Ruth 1 : 16 - 17 Attempts to resolve the `` who is a Jew ? '' Issue ( edit ) Main article : Who is a Jew ? 1950s : proposed joint beth din ( edit ) In the 1950s Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik and other members of the Rabbinical Council of America engaged in a series of private negotiations with the leaders of Conservative Judaism 's Rabbinical Assembly , including Saul Lieberman ; their goal was to create a joint Orthodox - Conservative national beth din for all Jews in the United States . It would create communal standards of marriage and divorce . It was to be modeled after the Israeli Chief Rabbinate , where all the judges would have been Orthodox , while it would have been accepted by the larger Conservative movement as legitimate . Conservative rabbis in the Rabbinical Assembly created a Joint Conference on Jewish Law , devoting a year to this effort . For a number of reasons , the project did not succeed . According to Orthodox Rabbi Louis Bernstein , the major reason for its failure was the Orthodox rabbis ' insistence that the Conservative Rabbinical Assembly agree to expel Conservative rabbis for actions they took prior to the formation of the new beth din , and the RA refused to do so . According to Orthodox Rabbi Emanuel Rackman , former president of the RCA , the major reason for its failure was pressure from haredi Orthodox rabbis , who held that any cooperation between Orthodoxy and Conservatism was forbidden . In 1956 , Rabbi Harry Halpern , of the Joint Conference wrote a report on the demise of this beth din . He writes that negotiations between the Orthodox and Conservative denominations were completed and agreed upon , but then a new requirement was demanded by the RCA : The RA must `` impose severe sanctions '' upon Conservative rabbis for actions they took before this new beth din was formed . Halpern writes that the RA `` could not assent to rigorously disciplining our members at the behest of an outside group '' . He goes on to write that although subsequent efforts were made to cooperate with the Orthodox , a letter from eleven Rosh Yeshivas was circulated declaring that Orthodox rabbis are forbidden to cooperate with Conservative rabbis . 1978 -- 1983 : Denver program , patrilineal descent ( edit ) In Denver , Colorado , a joint Orthodox , Traditional , Conservative and Reform Bet Din was formed to promote uniform standards for conversion to Judaism . A number of rabbis were Orthodox and had semicha from Orthodox yeshivas , but were serving in synagogues without a mechitza ; these synagogues were called traditional Judaism . Over a five - year period they performed some 750 conversions to Judaism . However , in 1983 the joint Beth Din was dissolved , due to the unilateral American Reform Jewish decision to change the definition of Jewishness . The move was precipitated by the resolution on patrilineality adopted that year by the Central Conference of American Rabbis . This decision to redefine Jewish identity , as well as the designation of Denver as a pilot community for a new Reform out reach effort to recruit converts , convinced the Traditional and Conservative rabbis that they could no longer participate in the joint board ... the national decision of the Reform rabbinate placed the Traditional and Conservative rabbis in an untenable position . They could not cooperate in a conversion program with rabbis who held so different a conception of Jewish identity . And furthermore , they could not supervise conversions that would occur with increasing frequency due to a Reform outreach effort that was inconsistent with their own understanding of how to relate to potential proselytes . -- Wertheimer , A People Divided , Specifically , in 1983 , the Central Conference of American Rabbis passed a resolution waiving the need for formal conversion for anyone with at least one Jewish parent who has made affirmative acts of Jewish identity . This departed from the traditional position requiring formal conversion to Judaism for children without a Jewish mother . The 1983 resolution of the American Reform movement has had a mixed reception in Reform Jewish communities outside of the United States . Most notably , the Israel Movement for Progressive Judaism has rejected patrilineal descent and requires formal conversion for anyone without a Jewish mother . However , in 2015 the majority of Britain 's Assembly of Reform Rabbis voted in favor of a position paper proposing `` that individuals who live a Jewish life , and who are patrilineally Jewish , can be welcomed into the Jewish community and confirmed as Jewish through an individual process '' . Britain 's Assembly of Reform Rabbis stated that rabbis `` would be able to take local decisions -- ratified by the Beit Din -- confirming Jewish status '' . The end of the joint Beth Din program was welcomed by Haredi Orthodox groups , who saw the program as illegitimate . Further , Haredi groups attempted to prevent non-Orthodox rabbis from following the traditional requirements of converts using a mikveh . In the Haredi view , it is better to have no conversion at all than a non-Orthodox conversion , as all non-Orthodox conversions are not true conversions at all according to them . 1980s : proposed Israeli joint beth din ( edit ) In the 1980s Orthodox Rabbi Norman Lamm , Rosh Yeshiva of Yeshiva University , along with other American and Israeli Orthodox rabbis , worked with Conservative and Reform rabbis to come up with solution to the `` Who is a Jew ? '' issue . In 1989 and 1990 Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir spearheaded an effort to find a way to resolve the impasse . A plan was developed by Israeli Cabinet Secretary Elyakim Rubenstein , who negotiated secretly for many months with rabbis from Conservative , Reform and Orthodox Judaism , including faculty at Yeshiva University , with Lamm as Rosh Yeshiva . They were planning to create a joint panel that interviewed people who were converting to Judaism and considering making aliyah ( moving to the State of Israel ) , and would refer them to a beth din that would convert the candidate following traditional halakha . All negotiating parties came to agreement : Conversions must be carried out according to halakha the beth din ( rabbinic court ) overseeing the conversion would be Orthodox , perhaps appointed by the Chief Rabbinate of Israel , and there would be three - way dialogue throughout the process . Many Reform rabbis took offense at the notion that the beth din must be strictly halakhic and Orthodox , but they acquiesced . However , when word about this project became public , a number of leading haredi rabbis issued a statement denouncing the project , condemning it as a `` travesty of halakha '' . Rabbi Moshe Sherer , Chairman of Agudath Israel World Organization , stated that `` Yes we played a role in putting an end to that farce , and I 'm proud we did '' . Norman Lamm condemned this interference by Sherer , stating that this was `` the most damaging thing that he ( Sherer ) ever did in his forty year career '' . Rabbi Lamm wanted this to be only the beginning of a solution to Jewish disunity . He stated that had this unified conversion plan not been destroyed , he wanted to extend this program to the area of halakhic Jewish divorces , thus ending the problem of mamzerut . 1997 : Neeman commission proposal ( edit ) In 1997 the issue of `` Who is a Jew ? '' again arose in the State of Israel , and Orthodox leaders such as Rabbi Norman Lamm publicly backed the Neeman commission , a group of Orthodox , Conservative and Reform rabbis working to develop joint programs for conversion to Judaism . In 1997 Lamm gave a speech at the World Council of Orthodox Leadership , in Glen Springs , N.Y. , urging Orthodox Jews to support this effort . Lamm told his listeners that they should value and encourage the efforts of non-Orthodox leaders to more seriously integrate traditional Jewish practices into the lives of their followers . They should welcome the creation of Reform and Conservative day schools and not see them as a threat to their own , Lamm said . In many communities , Orthodox day schools , or Orthodox - oriented community day schools , have large numbers of students from non-Orthodox families . The liberal movements should be appreciated and encouraged because they are doing something Jewish , even if it is not the way that Orthodox Jews would like them to , he said . `` What they are doing is something , and something is better than nothing , '' he said in his speech . `` I 'm very openly attacking the notion that we sometimes find in the Orthodox community that ' being a goy is better ' '' than being a non-Orthodox Jew , he said in an interview . The committee recommended the establishment of a joint institute for Jewish studies , which would be a joint effort by all three streams of Judaism . The Committee also recommended that conversion proceedings themselves be held in special conversion courts , to be recognized by all denominations in Judaism . The purpose of the proposal was to prevent a rift in the Jewish people , while at the same time bringing about a state - sponsored arrangement for conversion . On September 7 , 1998 , the government adopted the Ne'eman Commission Report . A year later , the Joint Institute for Jewish Studies was established , and since then it has been the official state operator of conversion courses in Israel , including the military conversion courses . In 2015 the institute 's name was changed to Nativ -- The National Center for Jewish Studies , Identity and Conversion . Conversion annulments ( edit ) A recent development has been the concept of annulling conversions to Judaism , sometimes many years after they have taken place , due to a reduction in religious observance or change of community by the convert . This is unknown in rabbinic literature , where conversion is considered irreversible . Chuck Davidson , a Modern Orthodox expert on this conversion crisis explains `` From the Middle Ages onwards , the greatest of the rabbis wrote explicitly that even if immediately after the conversion the convert goes off to worship idols , the person is still considered Jewish '' . The justification given for the change in approach is that the original conversion must never have been valid in the first place as it is clear from the convert 's subsequent actions they were insincere at the time of conversion . A situation of confusion and instability in Jewish identity in Israel was made worse when Haredi Rabbi Avraham Sherman of Israel 's supreme religious court called into question the validity of over 40,000 Jewish conversions when he upheld a ruling by the Ashdod Rabbinical Court to retroactively annul the conversion of a woman who came before them because in their eyes she failed to observe Jewish law ( an orthodox lifestyle ) . This crisis deepened , when Israel 's Rabbinate called into question the validity of soldiers who had undergone conversion in the army , meaning a soldier killed in action could not be buried according to Jewish law . In 2010 , the rabbinate created a further distrust in the conversion process when it began refusing to recognize orthodox converts from the United States as Jewish . Indeed , the great - niece of the renowned Zionist Nahum Sokolow was recently deemed `` not Jewish enough '' to marry in Israel , after she failed to prove the purity of Jewish blood for four generations . Following a scandal in which U.S. Rabbi Barry Freundel was arrested on charges of installing hidden cameras in a mikveh to film women converts undressing , the Israeli Chief Rabbinate said it would review the validity of all past conversions performed by Freundel , then quickly reversed its decision , clarifying that it was joining the Orthodox Rabbinical Council of America in affirming the validity of the conversions . In December 2014 an Israeli court decided that a conversion could be annulled . In his decision Justice Neal Hendel wrote : `` Just as the civil court has the inalienable authority to reverse -- in extremely rare cases -- a final judgment , so too does the special religious conversion court . For otherwise , we would allow for judgments that are flawed from their inception to exist eternally . '' Consequences ( edit ) Once undergone , a valid religious conversion to Judaism can not be overturned . However , a Beth Din may determine that the conversion is void as it was never undertaken correctly in the first place . For example , if the rite of mikveh was performed incorrectly . In recent years many Orthodox conversions have been overturned . In 2008 Israel 's highest religious court invalidated the conversion of 40,000 Jews , mostly from Russian immigrant families , even though they had been approved by an Orthodox rabbi . Debate on what constitutes a valid Beth Din for conversion and for annulling conversions has caused divisions in the Orthodox world . It is an implicit judgment on the character and uprightness of the rabbis in that religious court . For example , when Rabbi Barry Freundel was arrested on charges of voyeurism for filming women converts at the mikveh he supervised , Israel 's Chief Rabbinate initially threatened to review and possibly invalidate the conversions Freundel had been involved in approving . A crisis between American and Israeli rabbis was averted when the Chief Rabbinate agreed that all conversions completed by Freundel would be considered valid . Relations between Jews and proselytes ( edit ) Judaism is not currently an openly proselytizing religion . Judaism teaches that the righteous of all nations have a place in the afterlife . Much like in the other Abrahamic faiths , Jewish law requires the sincerity of a potential convert , but takes it to a much more serious and formal level . In view of the foregoing considerations , most authorities are very careful about it . Essentially , they want to be sure that the convert knows what he is getting into , and that he is doing it for sincerely religious reasons . However , while conversion for the sake of love for Judaism is considered the best motivation , a conversion for the sake of avoiding intermarriage is gaining acceptance also . There is a tradition that a prospective convert should be turned away three times as a test of sincerity , though most rabbis no longer follow the tradition . Neither the Rabbinical Council of America nor the Rabbinical Assembly , the leading American Orthodox and Conservative organizations suggest taking this action in their conversion policies , with the Central Conference of American Rabbis ( CCAR ) and Union for Reform Judaism ( URJ ) actively opposing its practice . Halakhic considerations ( edit ) Halakha forbids the mistreatment of a convert , including reminding a convert that he or she was once not a Jew . Hence , little to no distinction is made in Judaism between those who are born Jewish and those who are Jewish as a result of conversion . However , despite Halakha protecting the rights of converts , some Jewish communities have been accused of treating converts as second - class Jews . For example , many communities of Syrian Jews have banned conversion and refuse to recognise any Jewish conversion , including those done under Orthodox auspices ( possibly influenced by sects in Syria like the Druze which do not accept converts ) . According to Orthodox interpretations of Halakha , converts face a limited number of restrictions . A marriage between a female convert and a kohen ( members of the priestly class ) is prohibited and any children of the union do not inherit their father 's kohen status . While a Jew by birth may not marry a mamzer , a convert can . Converts can become rabbis . For instance , Rabbi Meir Baal Ha Nes is thought to be a descendant of a proselyte . Rabbi Akiva was also a very well known son of converts . The Talmud lists many of the Jewish nation 's greatest leaders who had either descended from or were themselves converts . In fact , King David is descended from Ruth , a convert to Judaism. ( Ruth 4 : 13 -- 22 ) In Orthodox and Conservative communities which maintain tribal distinctions , converts become Yisraelim ( Israelites ) , ordinary Jews with no tribal or inter-Jewish distinctions . Converts typically follow the customs of their congregations . So a convert who prays at a Sephardi synagogue would follow Sephardi customs and learn Sephardi Hebrew . A convert chooses his or her own Hebrew first name upon conversion but is traditionally known as the son or daughter of Abraham and Sarah , the first patriarch and matriarch in the Torah , often with the additional qualifier of `` Avinu '' ( our father ) and `` Imenu '' ( our mother ) . Hence , a convert named Akiva would be known , for ritual purposes in a synagogue , as `` Akiva ben Avraham Avinu '' ; in cases where the mother 's name is used , such as for the prayer for recovery from an illness , he would be known as `` Akiva ben Sarah Imenu '' . Talmudic opinions on converts are numerous ; some positive , some negative . A quote from the Talmud labels the convert `` hard on Israel as a scab '' . Many interpretations explain this quote as meaning converts can be unobservant and lead Jews to be unobservant , or converts can be so observant that born Jews feel ashamed . Jews by choice ( edit ) The term `` Jew by choice '' is often used to describe someone who , with no ancestral connection to the Jewish people , chose to convert to Judaism . It is often contrasted with such terms as `` Jew by birth '' ( or `` Jew by chance '' ) . The practice of conversion to Judaism is sometimes understood within Orthodox Judaism in terms of reincarnation . According to this school of thought in Judaism , when non-Jews are drawn to Judaism , it is because they had been Jews in a former life . Such souls may `` wander among nations '' through multiple lives , until they find their way back to Judaism , including through finding themselves born in a gentile family with a `` lost '' Jewish ancestor . Bnei Anusim ( edit ) In recent decades , there has been a renewed Jewish conversion interest with some Bnei Anusim , that is , the descendants of Jews who were forced to convert to other faiths . The Hebrew term for forced converts is `` Anusim '' ( lit . `` ( the ) forced ( converts ) '' ) , while the descendants of said converts are called `` Bnei Anusim '' ( lit . `` ( the ) children ( of the ) forced ( converts ) '' ) . In the modern era , the single most notable and numerous group of Bnei Anusim converts are the Sephardic Bnei Anusim , descendants of those Sephardic Jews who were forced to convert to Christianity during the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisition . They are found throughout Iberia ( Spain and Portugal ) and Iberoamerica ( the Hispanic countries of the Americas plus Brazil ) . There has been a continuous steady growth among them who are now prospective converts , actively seeking conversions back to Judaism . Since many Bnei Anusim ( i.e. descendants of forced converts ) lack an unbroken matrilineal Jewish line of descent or lack satisfactory documentary evidence to that effect ( even if they can prove Jewish ancestry along one or all other of their lineages besides their direct matrilineal lineage ) , conversion has been a growing option for them to return to Judaism . See also ( edit ) Abraham ben Abraham Chuck Davidson Lord George Gordon Kuzari List of converts to Judaism Machon Meir Miller Introduction to Judaism Program Outreach Judaism Proactive conversion Religious conversion References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Converting to Judaism '' . BBC . July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heilman , Uriel ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` So You Want to Convert to Judaism ? It 's Not That Easy '' . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` www.convert.org '' . www.convert.org . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Saturday ! '' . Molokane.org . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` www.jrtelegraph.com '' . www.jrtelegraph.com. 25 November 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger '' . Bible Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Marc D. Angel ( 2005 ) . `` Choosing to Be Jewish '' , K'Tav Publishing . Jump up ^ http://www.karaitejudaism.org/talks/Gerim_By_Eliezer_haKohen.pdf Jump up ^ `` Ger Toshav -- A Look at the Sources for Contemporary Application : A Proposal for Intermarried and other Allies in our Midst '' . 7for70.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Converts -- Conversion to Judaism '' . Judaism.about.com. 11 June 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Moments of Hisorerus '' . Flatbush Jewish Journal . 13 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 July 2015 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Chafets , Zev ( 14 October 2007 ) . `` The Sy Empire '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Attitudes Toward Proselytes '' . My Jewish Learning . Archived from the original on 6 October 2008 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rabbi Ben Tsion Uziel 's Compassionate but Pragmatic Approach to Halacha `` Rabbi Michael Leo Samuel '' . rabbimichaelsamuel.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Conversion and Rabbinic incompetence -- a response to Rabbi Chaim Navon '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Who is a Jew ? -- Art History Online Reference and Guide '' . Arthistoryclub.com. 29 January 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Robinson , George . Essential Judaism : A Complete Guide to Beliefs , Customs and Rituals . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 03480 - 4 , pgs 229 -- 232 . Jump up ^ `` What is Conservative Judaism ? '' . Shamash.org . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs on Reconstructionist Approaches to Jewish Ideas and Practices '' . Jump up ^ Karaites hold first conversion in 500 years Archived 11 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... 2 August 2007 , JTA Breaking News . Jump up ^ `` Conversion '' . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Circumcision '' Circumcision of Proselytes `` . Jewish Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud , Shabbat 135a and Gerim 2 : 2 , cited in The Way of the Boundary Crosser : An Introduction to Jewish Flexidoxy . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield , 2005 . 214 - 19 . Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud , Yevamot 46a and Gerim 1 : 6 , cited in The Way of the Boundary Crosser : An Introduction to Jewish Flexidoxy . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield , 2005 . 214 - 19 Jump up ^ Josephus F , Retrieved 2011 - 1 - 20 Book 20 Chapter 2 Jump up ^ `` concert.org : THE CONVERSION PROCESS '' . Convert.org . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Conversion to Judaism Resource Center '' . Convert.org . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Choosing Judaism '' . ReformJudaism.org . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Choosing Judaism '' . Reform Judaism . Jump up ^ Sanghani , Radhika ( 10 Nov 2015 ) . `` Zooey Deschanel is Jewish . These three women changed their religions for love too '' . The Telegraph . Julie Grey , Zara Gluch and Hannah Martin all converted religions after falling in love Jump up ^ `` Thousands of conversions questioned - Israel Jewish Scene , Ynetnews '' . Ynetnews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Conversions , The Chief Rabbis And The RCA '' . Ynetnews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Louis ( 1977 ) . The Emergence of the English Speaking Orthodox Rabbinate . Yeshiva University . Jump up ^ Proceedings of the CJLS of the Conservative Movement 1927 -- 1970 Vol. II , p. 850 - 852 . ^ Jump up to : Wertheimer , Jack ( 1997 ) . A People Divided : Judaism in Contemporary America . University Press of New England . Jump up ^ Reform Movement 's Resolution on Patrilineal Descent Jump up ^ `` The Establishment of Reform Judaism in Israel '' . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Jerry . `` UK Reform rabbis accept patrilineal descent - Diaspora - Jerusalem Post '' . Jpost.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Fifth Anniversary of the Mikveh of East Denver , Hillel Goldberg ^ Jump up to : Landau , David ( 1993 ) . Piety & Power . Hill & Wang . p. 320 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum Cohen , Debra ( 5 December 1997 ) . `` Orthodox leader speaks out on Jewish unity , breaking long silence '' . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Borschel - Dan , Amanda ( 18 December 2014 ) . `` Top court backs rabbis who revoked conversion over secular lifestyle : Israeli justices decide rabbis had the right to cancel Yonit Erez 's conversion two years after she became Jewish '' . Times of Israel . Jump up ^ A Tragic Annulment , Jerusalem Report , September 2008 : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Cancelled Conversion : Center for Women 's Justice , Israel . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Amar Calls on Netanyahu to Quash Military Conversion Bill '' . The Jewish Week . 1 December 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Mandel , Jonah . `` ' National religious rabbis ... JPost - Jewish World - Jewish News '' . Jpost.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Sokolow 's niece not ' Jewish ' enough to get married here '' . Ha'aretz . Jump up ^ `` Rabbi Freundel Conversions Are Valid , Israeli Chief Rabbinate Says '' . JTA. 21 October 2014 -- via Jewish Daily Forward . Jump up ^ Conversion to Judaism in Jewish law ... -- Google Books . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Strains Grow Between Israel and Many Jews in the U.S. New York Times , 6 Feb 2015 Jump up ^ Conversions Performed By Barry Freundel , Rabbi Arrested For Voyeurism , Still Legitimate : Israel Rabbinate , Huffington Post , 22 Oct 2014 Jump up ^ `` Jewish Beliefs on the Afterlife -- ReligionFacts '' . Religionfacts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Conversion to Judaism in Jewish law ... -- Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Converting to Judaism '' . 20 July 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Geirus Policies and Standards that will Govern The Network of Regional Batei Din for Conversion '' ( PDF ) . 30 April 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Rabbinical Assembly : conversion resources '' . Archived from the original on 27 May 2008 . Retrieved 25 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CCAR : Guidelines for Rabbis Working with Prospective Gerim '' . 2 February 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Union for Reform Judaism -- Converting to Judaism : Questions and Answers '' . Archived from the original on 18 October 2005 . Retrieved 25 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` RabbiHorowitz.com '' . RabbiHorowitz.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Chafets , Zev ( 14 October 2007 ) . `` The Sy Empire '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lindemann vs. Myers Archived 16 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Changing Your Name Upon Religious Conversion UK Deed Poll '' . Ukdp.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Daf Yomi Archived 16 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jewish Tales of Reincarnation ' , By Yonasson Gershom , Yonasson Gershom , Jason Aronson , Incorporated , 31 Jan 2000 Jump up ^ `` Index '' . Retrieved 18 June 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Rabbi Steven Carr Reuben and Jennifer S. Hanin ( foreword by Bob Saget ) Becoming Jewish : The Challenges , Rewards , and Paths to Conversion , Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , 2011 , 272 pp. - Jointly written by a rabbi and a convert to Judaism , this book provides a modern , comprehensive overview of the reasons , practices , and results of Jewish conversion . It addresses all denominations of Judaism and covers topics as varied as how to tell family and friends to antisemitism , to pop Kaballah . Menachem Finkelstein , Conversion : Halakhah and Practice , Bar - Ilan University Press , 2006 , 784 pp. - this is the most comprehensive and complete compilation of laws covering giyur in English . Authored by a sitting Israeli judge , this groundbreaking volume examines entire halakhic literature on the subject , from the time of Mishnah and Talmud until today . Proceedings of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement 1927 -- 1970 , Vol. II , Ed . David Golinkin , The Rabbinical Assembly , 1997 Norman Lamm , Seventy Faces : Divided we stand , but its time to try an idea that might help us stand taller , Moment Vol. II , No. 6 , June 1986 -- Sivan 5746 Moshe Lavee , The Tractae of Conversion , EAJS 4 , 2010 , pp. 169 - 213 Moshe Lavee , Converting The Missionary Image of Abraham : Rabbinic Traditions Migrating from the Land of Israel to Babylon , in : George H. Kooten , Martin Goodman and J.T.A.G.M. Ruiten , Abraham , the Nations , and the Hagarites : Jewish , Christian , and Islamic Perspectives on Kinship with Abraham , ( Leiden : Brill , 2010 ) , pp. 203 - 222 . Mayer E. Rabinowitz Comments to the Agunot Conference in Jerusalem , July 1998 , and on the Learn@JTS website . Emmanuel Rackman , letter in Jewish Week 8 May 1997 , page 28 . Joseph Soloveitchik Orthodox , Conservative and Reform Jews in the United States : Second article in a series on Responsa of Orthodox Judaism in the United States , 1954 Jack Wertheimer , Ed. , Tradition Renewed : A History of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America , Vol. II , p. 450 , 474 , JTS , NY , 1997 Rabbi Josef Lifland Converts and Conversion to Judaism . Gefen Publishing House . ISBN 965 - 229 - 235 - 4 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Conversion to Judaism Miller Introduction to Judaism Program , Los Angeles Fifth Anniversary of the Mikveh of East Denver , by Rabbi Hillel Goldberg and Yated Ne'eman Staff Lazarus , David . New ' modern Orthodox ' conversion program launched , Canadian Jewish News Conversion to Judaism homepage -- beginner 's information on conversion within all branches of Judaism in North America . Articles about conversion to Judaism published by major newspapers Should I Convert to Judaism ? on Chabad.org Zimmerman , Rav Binyamin . Virtual Beit Midrash , How to Treat a `` Ger '' Institute for Jewish Ideas and Ideals , Thou Shalt Not Oppress the Ger Heilman , Uriel . Conversion to Judaism : Denomination by denomination . 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8799598634483113135 | Flag of the United States | Flag of the United States - wikipedia Flag of the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` American Flag '' redirects here . For other uses , see American Flag ( disambiguation ) . United States of America Names The American flag , The Stars and Stripes ; Red , White and Blue ; Old Glory ; The Star - Spangled Banner Use National flag and ensign Proportion 10 : 19 Adopted June 14 , 1777 ( original 13 - star version ) July 4 , 1960 ( current 50 - star version ) Design Thirteen horizontal stripes alternating red and white ; in the canton , 50 white stars of alternating numbers of six and five per horizontal row on a blue field The flag of the United States of America , often referred to as the American flag , is the national flag of the United States . It consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red ( top and bottom ) alternating with white , with a blue rectangle in the canton ( referred to specifically as the `` union '' ) bearing fifty small , white , five - pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows , where rows of six stars ( top and bottom ) alternate with rows of five stars . The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America , and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain , and became the first states in the U.S. Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes , Old Glory , and the Star - Spangled Banner . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 First flag 1.2 The Flag Resolution of 1777 1.3 Designer of the first stars and stripes 1.4 Later flag acts 1.5 The `` Flower Flag '' arrives in Asia 1.6 Historical progression of designs 2 Future of the flag 3 Symbolism 4 Design 4.1 Creation 4.2 Specifications 4.3 Colors 4.4 The 49 - and 50 - star unions 4.5 Decoration 5 Display and use 5.1 Flag etiquette 5.2 Display on vehicles 5.3 Display on uniforms 5.4 Postage stamps 5.5 Display in museums 5.6 Places of continuous display 5.7 Particular days for display 5.8 Display at half - staff 6 Folding for storage 7 Use in funerals 8 Related flags 8.1 Gallery of related flags 9 See also 9.1 Article sections 9.2 Associated people 9.3 Bibliography 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History See also : Timeline of the flag of the United States The current design of the U.S. flag is its 27th ; the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777 . The 48 - star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49 - star version became official on July 4 , 1959 . The 50 - star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21 , 1959 , and was adopted in July 1960 . It is the longest - used version of the U.S. flag and has been in use for over 57 years . First flag Main article : Grand Union Flag The Continental Colors ( aka the `` Grand Union Flag '' ) Flag of the British East India Company , 1707 -- 1801 At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776 , the Continental Congress would not legally adopt flags with `` stars , white in a blue field '' for another year . The flag contemporaneously known as `` the Continental Colors '' has historically been referred to as the first national flag . The Continental Navy raised the Colors as the ensign of the fledgling nation in the American War for Independence -- likely with the expedient of transforming their previous British red ensigns by adding white stripes -- and would use this flag until 1777 , when it would form the basis for the subsequent de jure designs . The name `` Grand Union '' was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the U.S. flag . The flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era , and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design . Both flags could have been easily constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign , one of the three maritime flags used throughout the British Empire at the time . However , an East India Company flag could have from nine to 13 stripes , and was not allowed to be flown outside the Indian Ocean . In any case , both the stripes ( barry ) and the stars ( mullets ) have precedents in classical heraldry . Mullets were comparatively rare in early modern heraldry , but an example of mullets representing territorial divisions predating the U.S. flag are those in the coat of arms of Valais of 1618 , where seven mullets stood for seven districts . The flag resolution of 1777 On June 14 , 1777 , the Second Continental Congress passed the Flag Resolution which stated : `` Resolved , That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes , alternate red and white ; that the union be thirteen stars , white in a blue field , representing a new constellation . '' Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year . While scholars still argue about this , tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment . The first official U.S. flag flown during battle was on August 3 , 1777 , at Fort Schuyler ( Fort Stanwix ) during the Siege of Fort Stanwix . Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler . Soldiers cut up their shirts to make the white stripes ; scarlet material to form the red was secured from red flannel petticoats of officers ' wives , while material for the blue union was secured from Capt . Abraham Swartwout 's blue cloth coat . A voucher is extant that Capt . Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag . Francis Hopkinson 's flag for the U.S. Navy , featuring 13 six - pointed stars arranged in rows . 13 - star so - called `` Betsy Ross '' variant The 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign . In the late 18th century , the notion of a national flag did not yet exist , or was only nascent . The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee . On May 10 , 1779 , Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern `` it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States . '' However , the term , `` Standard , '' referred to a national standard for the Army of the United States . Each regiment was to carry the national standard in addition to its regimental standard . The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag . The Flag Resolution did not specify any particular arrangement , number of points , nor orientation for the stars and the arrangement or whether the flag had to have seven red stripes and six white ones or vice versa . The appearance was up to the maker of the flag . Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star , in a circle or in rows and some replaced a state 's star with its initial . One arrangement features 13 five - pointed stars arranged in a circle , with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle ( as opposed to up ) , the so - called Betsy Ross flag . This flag , however , is more likely a flag used for celebrations of anniversaries of the nation 's birthday . Experts have dated the earliest known example of this flag to be 1792 in a painting by John Trumbull . Despite the 1777 resolution , the early years of American independence featured many different flags . Most were individually crafted rather than mass - produced . While there are many examples of 13 - star arrangements , some of those flags included blue stripes as well as red and white . Benjamin Franklin and John Adams , in a letter dated October 3 , 1778 , to Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies , described the American flag as consisting of `` 13 stripes , alternately red , white , and blue , a small square in the upper angle , next the flag staff , is a blue field , with 13 white stars , denoting a new Constellation . '' John Paul Jones used a variety of 13 - star flags on his U.S. Navy ships including the well - documented 1779 flags of the Serapis and the Alliance . The Serapis flag had three rows of eight - pointed stars with stripes that were red , white , and blue . The flag for the Alliance , however , had five rows of eight - pointed stars with 13 red and white stripes , and the white stripes were on the outer edges . Both flags were documented by the Dutch government in October 1779 , making them two of the earliest known flags of 13 stars . Designer of the first stars and stripes Francis Hopkinson of New Jersey , a naval flag designer , and a signer of the Declaration of Independence , designed the 1777 flag while he was the Chairman of the Continental Navy Board 's Middle Department , sometime between his appointment to that position in November 1776 and the time that the flag resolution was adopted in June 1777 . The Navy Board was under the Continental Marine Committee . Not only did Hopkinson claim that he designed the U.S. flag , but he also claimed that he designed a flag for the U.S. Navy . Hopkinson was the only person to have made such a claim during his own lifetime , when he sent a letter and several bills to Congress for his work . These claims are documented in the Journals of the Continental Congress and George Hasting 's biography of Hopkinson . Hopkinson initially wrote a letter to Congress , via the Continental Board of Admiralty , on May 25 , 1780 . In this letter , he asked for a `` Quarter Cask of the Public Wine '' as payment for designing the U.S. flag , the seal for the Admiralty Board , the seal for the Treasury Board , Continental currency , the Great Seal of the United States , and other devices . However , in three subsequent bills to Congress , Hopkinson asked to be paid in cash , but he did not list his U.S. flag design . Instead , he asked to be paid for designing the `` great Naval Flag of the United States '' in the first bill ; the `` Naval Flag of the United States '' in the second bill ; and `` the Naval Flag of the States '' in the third , along with the other items . The flag references were generic terms for the naval ensign that Hopkinson had designed , that is , a flag of seven red stripes and six white ones . The predominance of red stripes made the naval flag more visible against the sky on a ship at sea . By contrast , Hopkinson 's flag for the United States had seven white stripes , and six red ones -- in reality , six red stripes laid on a white background . Hopkinson 's sketches have not been found , but we can make these conclusions because Hopkinson incorporated different stripe arrangements in the Admiralty ( naval ) Seal that he designed in the Spring of 1780 and the Great Seal of the United States that he proposed at the same time . His Admiralty Seal had seven red stripes ; whereas , his second U.S. Seal proposal had seven white ones . Hopkinson 's flag for the Navy is the one that the Nation preferred as the national flag . Remnants of Hopkinson 's U.S. flag of seven white stripes can be found in the Great Seal of the United States and the President 's seal . When Hopkinson was chairman of the Navy Board , his position was like that of today 's Secretary of the Navy . The payment was not made , however , because it was determined he had already received a salary as a member of Congress . This contradicts the legend of the Betsy Ross flag , which suggests that she sewed the first Stars and Stripes flag by request of the government in the Spring of 1776 . Furthermore , a letter from the War Board to George Washington on May 10 , 1779 , documents that there was still no design established for a national flag for the Army 's use in battle . The origin of the stars and stripes design has been muddled by a story disseminated by the descendants of Betsy Ross . The apocryphal story credits Betsy Ross for sewing the first flag from a pencil sketch handed to her by George Washington . No evidence for this exists either in the diaries of George Washington nor in the records of the Continental Congress . Indeed , nearly a century passed before Ross ' grandson , William Canby , first publicly suggested the story in 1870 . By her family 's own admission , Ross ran an upholstery business , and she had never made a flag as of the supposed visit in June 1776 . Furthermore , her grandson admitted that his own search through the Journals of Congress and other official records failed to find corroboration of his grandmother 's story . The family of Rebecca Young claimed that she sewed the first flag . Young 's daughter was Mary Pickersgill , who made the Star Spangled Banner Flag . According to rumor , the Washington family coat of arms , shown in a 15th - century window of Selby Abbey , was the origin of the stars and stripes . Later flag acts 15 - star , 15 - stripe Star Spangled Banner Flag The 48 - star flag was in use from 1912 to 1959 , the second longest - used U.S. flag . The current U.S. flag is the longest - used flag , having surpassed the 1912 version in 2007 . See also : Flag Acts ( U.S. ) In 1795 , the number of stars and stripes was increased from 13 to 15 ( to reflect the entry of Vermont and Kentucky as states of the Union ) . For a time the flag was not changed when subsequent states were admitted , probably because it was thought that this would cause too much clutter . It was the 15 - star , 15 - stripe flag that inspired Francis Scott Key to write `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , later known as `` The Star Spangled Banner '' , which is now the American national anthem . The flag is currently on display in the exhibition , `` The Star - Spangled Banner : The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem '' at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History in a two - story display chamber that protects the flag while it is on view . Oil painting depicting the 39 historical U.S. flags On April 4 , 1818 , a plan was passed by Congress at the suggestion of U.S. Naval Captain Samuel C. Reid in which the flag was changed to have 20 stars , with a new star to be added when each new state was admitted , but the number of stripes would be reduced to 13 so as to honor the original colonies . The act specified that new flag designs should become official on the first July 4 ( Independence Day ) following admission of one or more new states . The most recent change , from 49 stars to 50 , occurred in 1960 when the present design was chosen , after Hawaii gained statehood in August 1959 . Before that , the admission of Alaska in January 1959 prompted the debut of a short - lived 49 - star flag . Prior to the adoption of the 48 - star flag in 1912 , there was no official arrangement of the stars in the canton , although the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy used standardized designs . Throughout the 19th century there was an abundance of different star patterns , rectangular and circular . On July 4 , 2007 , the 50 - star flag became the version of the flag in longest use , surpassing the 48 - star flag that was used from 1912 to 1959 . The `` flower flag '' arrives in asia The U.S. flag was brought to the city of Canton ( Guǎngzhōu ) in China in 1784 by the merchant ship Empress of China , which carried a cargo of ginseng . There it gained the designation `` Flower Flag '' ( Chinese : 花旗 ; pinyin : huāqí ; Cantonese Yale : fākeì ) . According to a pseudonymous account first published in the Boston Courier and later retold by author and U.S. naval officer George H. Preble : When the thirteen stripes and stars first appeared at Canton , much curiosity was excited among the people . News was circulated that a strange ship had arrived from the further end of the world , bearing a flag `` as beautiful as a flower '' . Every body went to see the kwa kee chuen ( 花旗 船 ; Fākeìsyùhn ) , or `` flower flagship '' . This name at once established itself in the language , and America is now called the kwa kee kwoh ( 花旗 國 ; Fākeìgwok ) , the `` flower flag country '' -- and an American , kwa kee kwoh yin ( 花旗 國人 ; Fākeìgwokyàhn ) -- `` flower flag countryman '' -- a more complimentary designation than that of `` red headed barbarian '' -- the name first bestowed upon the Dutch . In the above quote , the Chinese words are written phonetically based on spoken Cantonese . The names given were common usage in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . Other Asian nations have equivalent terms for America , for example Vietnamese : Hoa Kỳ ( `` Flower Flag '' ) . Chinese now refer to the United States as simplified Chinese : 美国 ; traditional Chinese : 美國 ; pinyin : Měiguó . Měi is short for Měilìjiān ( simplified Chinese : 美利坚 ; traditional Chinese : 美利堅 , phono - semantic matching of `` American '' ) and `` guó '' means `` country '' , so this name is unrelated to the flag . However , the `` flower flag '' terminology persists in some places today : for example , American Ginseng is called simplified Chinese : 花旗 参 ; traditional Chinese : 花旗 參 ; literally : `` flower flag ginseng '' in Chinese , and Citibank , which opened a branch in China in 1902 , is known as 花旗 银行 ; `` Flower Flag Bank '' . The U.S. flag took its first trip around the world in 1787 -- 90 on board the Columbia . William Driver , who coined the phrase `` Old Glory '' , took the U.S. flag around the world in 1831 -- 32 . The flag attracted the notice of Japanese when an oversized version was carried to Yokohama by the steamer Great Republic as part of a round - the - world journey in 1871 . Historical progression of designs See also : List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union In the following table depicting the 28 various designs of the United States flag , the star patterns for the flags are merely the usual patterns , often associated with the United States Navy . Canton designs , prior to the proclamation of the 48 - star flag , had no official arrangement of the stars . Furthermore , the exact colors of the flag were not standardized until 1934 . Number of stars Number of stripes Design ( s ) States represented by new stars Dates in use Duration 0 13 Union Jack instead of stars , red and white stripes represent Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Virginia 000000001775 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 1775 -- June 14 , 1777 018 ! 1 ⁄ years 13 13 Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Virginia 000000001777 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 1777 -- May 1 , 1795 215 ! 18 years 15 15 Vermont , Kentucky 000000001795 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1795 -- July 3 , 1818 278 ! 23 years 20 13 Indiana , Louisiana , Mississippi , Ohio , Tennessee 000000001818 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1818 -- July 3 , 1819 012 ! 1 year 21 13 Illinois 000000001819 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1819 -- July 3 , 1820 012 ! 1 year 23 13 Alabama , Maine 000000001820 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1820 -- July 3 , 1822 024 ! 2 years 24 13 Missouri 000000001822 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1822 -- July 3 , 1836 1831 term `` Old Glory '' coined 168 ! 14 years 25 13 Arkansas 000000001836 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1836 -- July 3 , 1837 012 ! 1 year 26 13 Michigan 000000001837 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1837 -- July 3 , 1845 096 ! 8 years 27 13 Florida 000000001845 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1845 -- July 3 , 1846 012 ! 1 year 28 13 Texas 000000001846 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1846 -- July 3 , 1847 012 ! 1 year 29 13 Iowa 000000001847 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1847 -- July 3 , 1848 012 ! 1 year 30 13 Wisconsin 000000001848 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1848 -- July 3 , 1851 036 ! 3 years 31 13 California 000000001851 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1851 -- July 3 , 1858 084 ! 7 years 32 13 Minnesota 000000001858 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1858 -- July 3 , 1859 012 ! 1 year 33 13 Oregon 000000001859 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1859 -- July 3 , 1861 024 ! 2 years 34 13 Kansas 000000001861 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1861 -- July 3 , 1863 024 ! 2 years 35 13 West Virginia 000000001863 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1863 -- July 3 , 1865 024 ! 2 years 36 13 Nevada 000000001865 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1865 -- July 3 , 1867 024 ! 2 years 37 13 Nebraska 000000001867 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1867 -- July 3 , 1877 120 ! 10 years 38 13 Colorado 000000001877 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1877 -- July 3 , 1890 156 ! 13 years 43 13 Idaho , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Washington 000000001890 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1890 -- July 3 , 1891 012 ! 1 year 44 13 Wyoming 000000001891 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1891 -- July 3 , 1896 060 ! 5 years 45 13 Utah 000000001896 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1896 -- July 3 , 1908 144 ! 12 years 46 13 Oklahoma 000000001908 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1908 -- July 3 , 1912 048 ! 4 years 48 13 Arizona , New Mexico 000000001912 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1912 -- July 3 , 1959 564 ! 47 years 49 13 Alaska 000000001959 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1959 -- July 3 , 1960 012 ! 1 year 50 13 Hawaii 000000001960 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1960 -- present 590 ! 57 years Future of the flag See also : 51st state 51 - star flags have been designed and used as a symbol by supporters of statehood in various areas . Above is one possible design for a 51 - star flag . In the November 2012 U.S. election , Puerto Rico voted to become a U.S. state . However , the legitimacy of the result of this election was disputed . On June 11 , 2017 , another referendum was held , this time with the result that 97 % of voters in Puerto Rico voted for statehood , but it had a turnout of only 23 % . Similarly in November 2016 , a statehood referendum was held in the District of Columbia where 86 % of voters approved the proposal . If a new U.S. state were to be admitted , it would require a new design on the flag to accommodate the additional star . Symbolism The modern meaning of the flag was forged in December 1860 , when Major Robert Anderson moved the U.S. garrison from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor . Author Adam Goodheart argues this was the opening move of the American Civil War , and the flag was used throughout northern states to symbolize U.S. nationalism and rejection of secessionism . Before that day , the flag had served mostly as a military ensign or a convenient marking of American territory , flown from forts , embassies , and ships , and displayed on special occasions like American Independence day . But in the weeks after Major Anderson 's surprising stand , it became something different . Suddenly the Stars and Stripes flew -- as it does today , and especially as it did after the September 11 attacks in 2001 -- from houses , from storefronts , from churches ; above the village greens and college quads . For the first time American flags were mass - produced rather than individually stitched and even so , manufacturers could not keep up with demand . As the long winter of 1861 turned into spring , that old flag meant something new . The abstraction of the Union cause was transfigured into a physical thing : strips of cloth that millions of people would fight for , and many thousands die for . -- Adam Goodheart . American flag being burned in protest on the eve of the 2008 election . The flag of the United States is one of the nation 's most widely recognized symbols . Within the United States , flags are frequently displayed not only on public buildings but on private residences . The flag is a common motif on decals for car windows , and clothing ornaments such as badges and lapel pins . Throughout the world the flag has been used in public discourse to refer to the United States . The flag has become a powerful symbol of Americanism , and is flown on many occasions , with giant outdoor flags used by retail outlets to draw customers . Desecration of the flag is considered a public outrage , but remains protected as free speech . Scholars have noted the irony that `` ( t ) he flag is so revered because it represents the land of the free , and that freedom includes the ability to use or abuse that flag in protest '' . In worldwide comparison , Testi noted in 2010 that the United States was not unique in adoring its banner , for the flags of Scandinavian countries are also `` beloved , domesticated , commercialized and sacralized objects '' . Design Creation The man credited with designing the current 50 star American flag was Robert G. Heft . He was 17 years old at the time and created the flag design in 1958 as a high school class project while living with his grandparents in Ohio . He received a B − on the project . According to Heft , his history teacher honored their agreement to change his grade to an A after his design was selected . Specifications The basic design of the current flag is specified by 4 U.S.C. § 1 ; 4 U.S.C. § 2 outlines the addition of new stars to represent new states . The specification gives the following values : Hoist ( height ) of the flag : A = 1.0 Fly ( width ) of the flag : B = 1.9 Hoist ( height ) of the canton ( `` union '' ) : C = 0.5385 ( A × 7 / 13 , spanning seven stripes ) Fly ( width ) of the canton : D = 0.76 ( B × 2 / 5 , two - fifths of the flag width ) E = F = 0.0538 ( C / 10 , One - tenth of the height of the canton ) G = H = 0.0633 ( D / 12 , One twelfth of the width of the canton ) Diameter of star : K = 0.0616 ( L × 4 / 5 , four - fifths of the stripe width , the calculation only gives 0.0616 if L is first rounded to 0.077 ) Width of stripe : L = 0.0769 ( A / 13 , One thirteenth of the flag height ) These specifications are contained in an executive order which , strictly speaking , governs only flags made for or by the U.S. federal government . In practice , most U.S. national flags available for sale to the public have a different width - to - height ratio ; common sizes are 2 × 3 ft. or 4 × 6 ft. ( flag ratio 1.5 ) , 2.5 × 4 ft. or 5 × 8 ft. ( 1.6 ) , or 3 × 5 ft. or 6 × 10 ft. ( 1.667 ) . Even flags flown over the U.S. Capitol for sale to the public through Representatives or Senators are provided in these sizes . Flags that are made to the prescribed 1.9 ratio are often referred to as `` G - spec '' ( for `` government specification '' ) flags . Colors The exact red , white , and blue colors to be used in the flag are specified with reference to the CAUS Standard Color Reference of America , 10th edition . Specifically , the colors are `` White '' , `` Old Glory Red '' , and `` Old Glory Blue '' . The CIE coordinates for the colors of the 9th edition of the Standard Color Card were formally specified in JOSA in 1946 . These colors form the standard for cloth , and there is no perfect way to convert them to RGB for display on screen or CMYK for printing . The `` relative '' coordinates in the following table were found by scaling the luminous reflectance relative to the flag 's `` white '' . Official colors Name Absolute Relative CIELAB D Munsell CIELAB D sRGB GRACoL 2006 L * a * b * V / C L * a * b * 8 - bit hex Y White 88.7 − 0.2 5.4 2.5 Y 8.8 / 0.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.000 # FFFFFF . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 Old Glory Red 33.9 51.2 24.7 5.5 R 3.3 / 11.1 39.9 57.3 28.7 . 698 . 132 . 203 # B22234 . 196 1.000 . 757 . 118 Old Glory Blue 23.2 13.1 − 26.4 8.2 PB 2.3 / 6.1 26.9 11.5 − 30.3 . 234 . 233 . 430 # 3C3B6E . 886 . 851 . 243 . 122 A darker version of the flag using the official Pantone specifications As with the design , the official colors are only officially required for flags produced for the U.S. federal government , and other colors are often used for mass - market flags , printed reproductions , and other products intended to evoke flag colors . The practice of using more saturated colors than the official cloth is not new . As Taylor , Knoche , and Granville wrote in 1950 : `` The color of the official wool bunting ( of the blue field ) is a very dark blue , but printed reproductions of the flag , as well as merchandise supposed to match the flag , present the color as a deep blue much brighter than the official wool . '' Sometimes , Pantone Matching System ( PMS ) approximations to the flag colors are used . One set was given on the website of the U.S. embassy in London as early as 1998 ; the website of the U.S. embassy in Stockholm claimed in 2001 that those had been suggested by Pantone , and that the U.S. Government Printing Office preferred a different set . A third red was suggested by a California Military Department document in 2002 . In 2001 , the Texas legislature specified that the colors of the Texas flag should be `` ( 1 ) the same colors used in the United States flag ; and ( 2 ) defined as numbers 193 ( red ) and 281 ( dark blue ) of the Pantone Matching System . '' Pantone approximations Source PMS CIELAB D sRGB GRACoL 2006 L * a * b * 8 - bit hex Y Safe 100.0 0.0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.000 # FFFFFF . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 U.S. Emb. , London 193 C 42.1 64.4 26.7 . 756 . 076 . 238 # C1133D . 165 1.000 . 678 . 063 281 C 15.4 7.0 − 41.8 . 000 . 149 . 388 # 002663 1.000 . 906 . 388 . 231 U.S. Emb. , Stockholm 186 C 44.1 67.8 37.9 . 800 . 048 . 185 # CC0C2F . 122 1.000 . 796 . 035 288 C 18.0 7.6 − 50.3 . 000 . 172 . 466 # 002C77 1.000 . 863 . 357 . 141 CA Mil . Dept . 200 C 41.1 64.2 30.8 . 745 . 051 . 203 # BE0D34 . 169 1.000 . 749 . 074 A subdued - color flag patch , similar to style worn on the United States Army 's ACU uniform . The patch is normally worn reversed on the right upper sleeve . See explanation in `` Display on uniforms '' section below . The 49 - and 50 - star unions A U.S. flag with gold fringe and a gold eagle on top of the flag pole . When Alaska and Hawaii were being considered for statehood in the 1950s , more than 1,500 designs were submitted to President Dwight D. Eisenhower . Although some of them were 49 - star versions , the vast majority were 50 - star proposals . At least three of these designs were identical to the present design of the 50 - star flag . At the time , credit was given by the executive department to the United States Army Institute of Heraldry for the design . Of these proposals , one created by 17 - year - old Robert G. Heft in 1958 as a school project received the most publicity . His mother was a seamstress , but refused to do any of the work for him . He originally received a B -- for the project . After discussing the grade with his teacher , it was agreed ( somewhat jokingly ) that if the flag was accepted by Congress , the grade would be reconsidered . Heft 's flag design was chosen and adopted by presidential proclamation after Alaska and before Hawaii was admitted into the Union in 1959 . According to Heft , his teacher did keep to their agreement and changed his grade to an A for the project . The 49 - and 50 - star flags were each flown for the first time at Fort McHenry on Independence Day , in 1959 and 1960 respectively . Decoration Traditionally , the flag may be decorated with golden fringe surrounding the perimeter of the flag as long as it does not deface the flag proper . Ceremonial displays of the flag , such as those in parades or on indoor posts , often use fringe to enhance the appearance of the flag . The first recorded use of fringe on a flag dates from 1835 , and the Army used it officially in 1895 . No specific law governs the legality of fringe , but a 1925 opinion of the attorney general addresses the use of fringe ( and the number of stars ) `` ... is at the discretion of the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy ... '' as quoted from footnote in previous volumes of Title 4 of the United States Code law books and is a source for claims that such a flag is a military ensign not civilian . However , according to the Army Institute of Heraldry , which has official custody of the flag designs and makes any change ordered , there are no implications of symbolism in the use of fringe . Several federal courts have upheld this conclusion , most recently and forcefully in Colorado v. Drew , a Colorado Court of Appeals judgment that was released in May 2010 . Traditionally , the Army and Air Force use a fringed National Color for parade , color guard and indoor display , while the Sea Services ( Navy , Marine Corps and Coast Guard ) use a fringeless National Color for all occasions . Display and use A boy holds an American flag during the 2009 National Memorial Day Concert in Washington , D.C. The flag is customarily flown year - round at most public buildings , and it is not unusual to find private houses flying full - size ( 3 by 5 feet ( 0.91 by 1.52 m ) ) flags . Some private use is year - round , but becomes widespread on civic holidays like Memorial Day , Veterans Day , Presidents ' Day , Flag Day , and on Independence Day . On Memorial Day it is common to place small flags by war memorials and next to the graves of U.S. war veterans . Also on Memorial Day it is common to fly the flag at half staff , until noon , in remembrance of those who lost their lives fighting in U.S. wars . Flag etiquette Main article : United States Flag Code The proper stationary vertical display . The canton ( blue box of stars ) should always be in the upper - left corner . The United States Flag Code outlines certain guidelines for the use , display , and disposal of the flag . For example , the flag should never be dipped to any person or thing , unless it is the ensign responding to a salute from a ship of a foreign nation . This tradition may come from the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , where countries were asked to dip their flag to King Edward VII : the American flag bearer did not . Team captain Martin Sheridan is famously quoted as saying `` this flag dips to no earthly king '' , though the true provenance of this quotation is unclear . A tattered flag at Spokane Valley Police Headquarters , Spokane , Washington The flag should never be allowed to touch the ground and , if flown at night , must be illuminated . If the edges become tattered through wear , the flag should be repaired or replaced . When a flag is so tattered that it can no longer serve as a symbol of the United States , it should be destroyed in a dignified manner , preferably by burning . The American Legion and other organizations regularly conduct flag retirement ceremonies , often on Flag Day , June 14 . ( The Boy Scouts of America recommends that modern nylon or polyester flags be recycled instead of burned , due to hazardous gases being produced when such materials are burned . ) LDS Boy Scouts retiring an American Flag at a scout campout The Flag Code prohibits using the flag `` for any advertising purpose '' and also states that the flag `` should not be embroidered , printed , or otherwise impressed on such articles as cushions , handkerchiefs , napkins , boxes , or anything intended to be discarded after temporary use '' . Both of these codes are generally ignored , almost always without comment . Section 8 , entitled Respect For Flag states in part : `` The flag should never be used as wearing apparel , bedding , or drapery '' , and `` No part of the flag should ever be used as a costume or athletic uniform '' . Section 3 of the Flag Code defines `` the flag '' as anything `` by which the average person seeing the same without deliberation may believe the same to represent the flag of the United States of America '' . An additional part of Section 8 Respect For Flag , that is frequently violated at sporting events is part ( c ) `` The flag should never be carried flat or horizontally , but always aloft and free . '' Although the Flag Code is U.S. federal law , there is no penalty for a private citizen or group failing to comply with the Flag Code and it is not widely enforced -- indeed , punitive enforcement would conflict with the First Amendment right to freedom of speech . Passage of the proposed Flag Desecration Amendment would overrule legal precedent that has been established . Display on vehicles When the flag is affixed to the right side of a vehicle of any kind ( e.g. : cars , boats , planes , any physical object that moves ) , it should be oriented so that the canton is towards the front of the vehicle , as if the flag were streaming backwards from its hoist as the vehicle moves forward . Therefore , U.S. flag decals on the right sides of vehicles may appear to be reversed , with the union to the observer 's right instead of left as more commonly seen . The flag has been displayed on every U.S. spacecraft designed for manned flight , including Mercury , Gemini , Apollo Command / Service Module , Apollo Lunar Module , and the Space Shuttle . The flag also appeared on the S - IC first stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle used for Apollo . But since Mercury , Gemini , and Apollo were launched and landed vertically and were not capable of horizontal atmospheric flight as the Space Shuttle did on its landing approach , the `` streaming '' convention was not followed and these flags were oriented with the stripes running horizontally , perpendicular to the direction of flight . Display on uniforms The crew of Apollo 1 wore their flags on the right shoulder , unlike all other US astronaut flight crews Flag of the United States on American astronaut Neil Armstrong 's space suit Astronaut Buzz Aldrin salutes the United States flag on the surface of the moon during the Apollo 11 mission . On some U.S. military uniforms , flag patches are worn on the right shoulder , following the vehicle convention with the union toward the front . This rule dates back to the Army 's early history , when both mounted cavalry and infantry units would designate a standard bearer , who carried the Colors into battle . As he charged , his forward motion caused the flag to stream back . Since the Stars and Stripes are mounted with the canton closest to the pole , that section stayed to the right , while the stripes flew to the left . Several US military uniforms , such as flight suits worn by members of the United States Air Force and Navy , have the flag patch on the left shoulder . Other organizations that wear flag patches on their uniforms can have the flag facing in either direction . The congressional charter of the Boy Scouts of America stipulates that Boy Scout uniforms should not imitate U.S. military uniforms ; consequently , the flags are displayed on the right shoulder with the stripes facing front , the reverse of the military style . Law enforcement officers often wear a small flag patch , either on a shoulder , or above a shirt pocket . Every U.S. astronaut since the crew of Gemini 4 has worn the flag on the left shoulder of his or her space suit , with the exception of the crew of Apollo 1 , whose flags were worn on the right shoulder . In this case , the canton was on the left . Postage stamps Flags depicted on U.S. postage stamp issues The flag did not appear on U.S. postal stamp issues until the Battle of White Plains Issue was released in 1926 , depicting the flag with a circle of 13 stars . The 48 - star flag first appeared on the General Casimir Pulaski issue of 1931 , though in a small monochrome depiction . The first U.S. postage stamp to feature the flag as the sole subject was issued July 4 , 1957 , Scott catalog number 1094 . Since that time the flag has frequently appeared on U.S. stamps . Display in museums In 1907 Eben Appleton , New York stockbroker and grandson of Lieutenant Colonel George Armistead ( the commander of Fort McHenry during the 1814 bombardment ) loaned the Star Spangled Banner Flag to the Smithsonian Institution , and in 1912 he converted the loan to a gift . Appleton donated the flag with the wish that it would always be on view to the public . In 1994 , the National Museum of American History determined that the Star Spangled Banner Flag required further conservation treatment to remain on public display . In 1998 teams of museum conservators , curators , and other specialists helped move the flag from its home in the Museum 's Flag Hall into a new conservation laboratory . Following the reopening of the National Museum of American History on November 21 , 2008 , the flag is now on display in a special exhibition , `` The Star - Spangled Banner : The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem , '' where it rests at a 10 degree angle in dim light for conservation purposes . Places of continuous display By presidential proclamation , acts of Congress , and custom , U.S. flags are displayed continuously at certain locations . Replicas of the Star Spangled Banner Flag ( 15 stars , 15 stripes ) are flown at two sites in Baltimore , Maryland : Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine and Flag House Square . Marine Corps War Memorial ( Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima ) , Arlington , Virginia . The Battle Green in Lexington , Massachusetts , site of the first shots fired in the Revolution The White House , Washington , D.C. Fifty U.S. flags are displayed continuously at the Washington Monument , Washington , D.C. Marine Corps War Memorial , Arlington , Virginia At U.S. Customs and Border Protection Ports of Entry that are continuously open . A Civil War era flag ( for the year 1863 ) flies above Pennsylvania Hall ( Old Dorm ) at Gettysburg College . This building , occupied by both sides at various points of the Battle of Gettysburg , served as a lookout and battlefield hospital . Grounds of the National Memorial Arch in Valley Forge NHP , Valley Forge , Pennsylvania By custom , at the Maryland home , birthplace , and grave of Francis Scott Key ; at the Worcester , Massachusetts war memorial ; at the plaza in Taos , New Mexico ( since 1861 ) ; at the United States Capitol ( since 1918 ) ; and at Mount Moriah Cemetery in Deadwood , South Dakota . Newark Liberty International Airport 's Terminal A , Gate 17 and Boston Logan Airport 's Terminal B , Gate 32 and Terminal C , Gate 19 in memoriam of the events of September 11 , 2001 . Slover Mountain ( Colton Liberty Flag ) , in Colton , California . July 4 , 1917 , to circa 1952 & 1997 to 2012 . At the ceremonial South Pole as one of the 12 flags representing the signatory countries of the original Antarctic Treaty . On the Moon : six manned missions successfully landed at various locations and each had a flag raised at the site . Exhaust gases when the Ascent Stage launched to return the astronauts to their Command Module Columbia for return to Earth blew over the flag the Apollo 11 mission had placed . Particular days for display Flags covering the National Mall The New York Stock Exchange at Christmas time . The flag should especially be displayed at full staff on the following days : January : 1 ( New Year 's Day ) , third Monday of the month ( Martin Luther King Jr . Day ) , and 20 ( Inauguration Day , once every four years , which , by tradition , is postponed to the 21st if the 20th falls on a Sunday ) February : 12 ( Lincoln 's birthday ) and the third Monday ( legally known as Washington 's Birthday but more often called Presidents ' Day ) March -- April : Easter Sunday ( date varies ) May : Second Sunday ( Mothers Day ) , third Saturday ( Armed Forces Day ) , and last Monday ( Memorial Day ; half - staff until noon ) June : 14 ( Flag Day ) , third Sunday ( Fathers Day ) July : 4 ( Independence Day ) and 27 ( National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day ) September : First Monday ( Labor Day ) , 17 ( Constitution Day ) , and last Sunday ( Gold Star Mother 's Day ) October : Second Monday ( Columbus Day ) and 27 ( Navy Day ) November : 11 ( Veterans Day ) and fourth Thursday ( Thanksgiving Day ) December : 25 ( Christmas Day ) and such other days as may be proclaimed by the President of the United States ; the birthdays of states ( date of admission ) ; and on state holidays . Display at half - staff An American flag now flies over Gate 17 of Terminal A at Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark , New Jersey , departure gate of United Airlines Flight 93 on 9 / 11 . The flag is displayed at half - staff ( half - mast in naval usage ) as a sign of respect or mourning . Nationwide , this action is proclaimed by the president ; statewide or territory - wide , the proclamation is made by the governor . In addition , there is no prohibition against municipal governments , private businesses or citizens flying the flag at half - staff as a local sign of respect and mourning . However , many flag enthusiasts feel this type of practice has somewhat diminished the meaning of the original intent of lowering the flag to honor those who held high positions in federal or state offices . President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued the first proclamation on March 1 , 1954 , standardizing the dates and time periods for flying the flag at half - staff from all federal buildings , grounds , and naval vessels ; other congressional resolutions and presidential proclamations ensued . However , they are only guidelines to all other entities : typically followed at state and local government facilities , and encouraged of private businesses and citizens . To properly fly the flag at half - staff , one should first briefly hoist it top of the staff , then lower it to the half - staff position , halfway between the top and bottom of the staff . Similarly , when the flag is to be lowered from half - staff , it should be first briefly hoisted to the top of the staff . Federal statutes provide that the flag should be flown at half - staff on the following dates : May 15 : Peace Officers Memorial Day ( unless it is the third Saturday in May , Armed Forces Day , then full - staff ) Last Monday in May : Memorial Day ( until noon ) September 11 : Patriot Day First Sunday in October : Start of Fire Prevention Week , in honor of the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service . December 7 : National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day For 30 days : Death of a president or former president For 10 days : Death of a vice president , Supreme Court chief justice / retired chief justice , or speaker of the House of Representatives . From death until the day of interment : Supreme Court associate justice , member of the Cabinet , former vice president , president pro tempore of the Senate , or the majority and minority leaders of the Senate and House of Representatives . Also for federal facilities within a state or territory , for the governor . On the day after the death : Senators , members of Congress , territorial delegates or the resident commissioner of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day , on July 27 , was formerly a day of half - staff observance until the law expired in 2003 . In 2009 , it became a day of full - staff observance . Folding for storage Folding the U.S. flag Though not part of the official Flag Code , according to military custom , flags should be folded into a triangular shape when not in use . To properly fold the flag : Begin by holding it waist - high with another person so that its surface is parallel to the ground . Fold the lower half of the stripe section lengthwise over the field of stars , holding the bottom and top edges securely . Fold the flag again lengthwise with the blue field on the outside . Make a rectangular fold then a triangular fold by bringing the striped corner of the folded edge to meet the open top edge of the flag , starting the fold from the left side over to the right . Turn the outer end point inward , parallel to the open edge , to form a second triangle . The triangular folding is continued until the entire length of the flag is folded in this manner ( usually thirteen triangular folds , as shown at right ) . On the final fold , any remnant that does not neatly fold into a triangle ( or in the case of exactly even folds , the last triangle ) is tucked into the previous fold . When the flag is completely folded , only a triangular blue field of stars should be visible . There is also no specific meaning for each fold of the flag . However , there are scripts read by non-government organizations and also by the Air Force that are used during the flag folding ceremony . These scripts range from historical timelines of the flag to religious themes . Use in funerals A flag prepared for presentation to the next of kin Traditionally , the flag of the United States plays a role in military funerals , and occasionally in funerals of other civil servants ( such as law enforcement officers , fire fighters , and U.S. presidents ) . A burial flag is draped over the deceased 's casket as a pall during services . Just prior to the casket being lowered into the ground , the flag is ceremonially folded and presented to the deceased 's next of kin as a token of respect . Related flags This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The flag of Bikini Atoll is symbolic of the islanders ' belief that a great debt is still owed to the people of Bikini because in 1954 the United States government detonated a thermonuclear bomb on the island as part of the Castle Bravo test . The flag of Liberia bears a close resemblance , showing the ex-American - slave origin of the country . The Liberian flag has 11 similar red and white stripes , which stand for the 11 signers of the Liberian Declaration of Independence , as well as a blue square with only a single large white star for the canton . The flag of Liberia is the only flag in the world that was modeled after and resembles the American flag because Liberia was the only nation in the world that was founded , colonized , established , and controlled by freed African American and ex-caribbean slaves as settlers who came from the United States and the Caribbean islands as a homeland to live , with the help and support from the American Colonization Society on January 7 , 1822 . Despite Malaysia having no historical connections with the U.S. , the flag of Malaysia greatly resembles the U.S. flag . It is possible that the flag of the British East India Company influenced both the Malaysian and U.S. flag . The flag of El Salvador from 1865 to 1912 . A different flag was in use , based on the flag of the United States , with a field of alternating blue and white stripes and a red canton containing white stars . The flag of Brittany was inspired in part by the American flag . Gallery of related flags Flag of Bikini Atoll Flag of Liberia Flag of Malaysia Flag of El Salvador 1875 -- 1912 Flag of Brittany See also Book : Flags of the United States Ensign of the United States Great Seal of the United States Flag Desecration Flags of the Confederate States Flags of the United States of America Flags of the United States Armed Forces Flags of the U.S. states Flags of United States cities Jack of the United States Nationalism in the United States Article sections Colors , standards and guidons : United States Flag desecration : United States Associated people Francis Bellamy ( 1855 -- 1931 ) , creator of the Pledge of Allegiance William Driver ( 1803 -- 1886 ) , who owned and named `` Old Glory '' Thomas E. Franklin ( 1966 -- present ) , photographer of Ground Zero Spirit , better known as Raising the Flag at Ground Zero Christopher Gadsden ( 1724 -- 1805 ) , after whom the Gadsden flag is named Robert G. Heft ( 1941 -- 2009 ) , a designer of the current flag 's canton Francis Hopkinson ( 1737 -- 1791 ) , designer of the first stars and stripes flag Jasper Johns ( born 1930 ) , painter of Flag ( 1954 -- 55 ) , inspired by a dream of the flag John Paul Jones ( 1747 -- 1792 ) , who claimed to have first raised the Grand Union Flag aboard the Alfred in 1775 Francis Scott Key ( 1779 -- 1843 ) , writer of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Katha Pollitt ( 1949 -- present ) , author of a controversial essay on post-9 / 11 America and her refusal to fly a U.S. flag George Preble ( 1816 -- 1885 ) , author of History of the American Flag ( 1872 ) and photographer of the Fort McHenry flag Joe Rosenthal ( 1911 -- 2006 ) , photographer of Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima Bibliography Allentown Art Museum . The American Flag in the Art of Our Country . Allentown Art Museum , 1976 . Herbert Ridgeway Collins . Threads of History : Americana Recorded on Cloth 1775 to the Present . Smithsonian Institution Press , 1979 . Grace Rogers Cooper . Thirteen - star Flags : Keys to Identification . Smithsonian Institution Press , 1973 . David D. Crouthers . Flags of American History . Hammond , 1978 . Louise Lawrence Devine . The Story of Our Flag . Rand McNally , 1960 . William Rea Furlong , Byron McCandless , and Harold D. Langley . So Proudly We Hail : The History of the United States Flag . Smithsonian Institution Press , 1981 . Scot M. Guenter , The American Flag , 1777 -- 1924 : Cultural Shifts from Creation to Codification . Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . 1990 . online George E. Hastings . The Life and Works of Francis Hopkinson . University of Chicago Press , 1926 . Kevin Keim & Peter Keim . A Grand Old Flag : A History of the United States through its Flags . DK Publishing . 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 2847 - 5 . Flag : An American Biography . Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin 's Press , 2005 . David Roger Manwaring . Render Unto Caesar : The Flag - Salute Controversy . University of Chicago Press , 1962 . Boleslaw Mastai and Marie - Louise D'Otrange Mastai . The Stars and the Stripes : The American Flag as Art and as History from the Birth of the Republic to the Present . Knopf , 1973 . Henry W. Moeller , Ph. D. `` Two Early American Ensigns on the Pennsylvania State Arms . '' NAVA News , Issue 173 , Jan. -- Mar. 2002 . Milo Milton Quaife . The Flag of the United States . 1942 . Milo Milton Quaife , Melvin J. Weig , and Roy Applebaum . The History of the United States Flag , from the Revolution to the Present , Including a Guide to Its Use and Display. Harper , 1961 . Richard S. Patterson and Richardson Dougall . The Eagle and the Shield : A History of the Great Seal of the United States . U.S. Government Printing Office , 1978 . Albert M. Rosenblatt . `` Flag Desecration Statutes : History and Analysis '' , Washington University Law Quarterly 1972 : 193 -- 237 . George and Virginia Schaun . `` Historical Portrait of Mrs. Mary Young Pickersgill . '' The Greenberry Series on Maryland , Greenberry Publications . Volume 5 . Leonard A. Stevens . Salute ! The Case of The Bible vs. The Flag . Coward , McCann & Geoghegan , 1973 . Arnaldo Testi . Capture the Flag : The Stars and Stripes in American History ( New York University Press ; 2010 ) 192 pages . A European perspective on the symbolism and political , social , and cultural significance of the flag . Earl P. Williams Jr . `` '' NAVA News , Issue 216 , Oct. -- Dec. 2012 . Paul M. Zall . `` Comical Spirit of Seventy - Six : The Humor of Francis Hopkinson . '' The Huntington Library , 1976 . References Jump up ^ John Warner ( 1998 ) . `` Senate Concurrent Resolution 61 '' ( PDF ) . U.S Government Printing Office . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History of the American Flag '' . www.infoplease.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USFlag.org : A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America - `` OLD GLORY ! '' `` . www.usflag.org . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Duane Streufert . `` A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America -- The 50 Star Flag '' . USFlag.org . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leepson , Marc ( 2004 ) . Flag : An American Biography . ^ Jump up to : Ansoff , Peter ( 2006 ) . `` The Flag on Prospect Hill '' ( PDF ) . Raven : A Journal of Vexillology. 13 : 91 -- 98 . ^ Jump up to : The Striped Flag of the East India Company , and its Connexion with the American `` Stars and Stripes '' at Flags of the World Jump up ^ East India Company ( United Kingdom ) at Flags of the World Jump up ^ `` Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 , 8 : 464 '' . Jump up ^ Guenter ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Connell , R.W ; Mack , W.P ( 2004 ) . Naval Ceremonies , Customs , and Traditions . Naval Institute Press . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 330 - 5 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mastai , 60 . Jump up ^ Furlong , Rear Admiral William Rea ; McCandless , Commodore Byron ( 1981 ) . So Proudly We Hail . Washington , D.C : Smithsonian Institution Press . pp. 115 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Williams Jr. , Earl P. ( October 2012 ) . `` Did Francis Hopkinson Design Two Flags ? '' ( PDF ) . NAVA News ( 216 ) : 7 -- 9 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lane , Megan ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` Five hidden messages in the American flag '' . BBC News . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Grace Rogers ( 1973 ) . Thirteen - Star Flags . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . Jump up ^ Cooper , Grace Rogers ( 1973 ) . Thirteen - Star Flags . Washington , D.C : Smithsonian Institution Press . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Furlong , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Moeller , Henry W ( 1992 ) . Unfurling the History of the Stars and Stripes . Mattituck , NY : Amereon House . pp. 25 -- 26 , color plates 5A , 5B . Jump up ^ Hess , Debra ( 2008 ) . The American Flag . Benchmark Books . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 7614 - 3389 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hastings , George E. ( 1926 ) . The Life and Works of Francis Hopkinson . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 218 . Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 240 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Moeller , Henry W. , Ph. D. ( January 2002 ) . `` Two Early American Ensigns on the Pennsylvania State Arms '' . NAVA News ( 173 ) : 4 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Richard S. ; Dougall , Richardson ( 1978 ) . The Eagle and the Shield : A History of the Great Seal of the United States . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Zall , Paul M. ( 1976 ) . Comical Spirit of Seventy - Six : The Humor of Francis Hopkinson . San Marino , California : Huntington Library . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Journals of the Continental Congress -- Friday , October 27 , 1780 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Furlong , William Rea ; McCandless , Byron ( 1981 ) . So Proudly We Hail : The History of the United States Flag . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . pp. 98 -- 101 . ISBN 0 - 87474 - 448 - 2 . Jump up ^ Federal Citizen Information Center : The History of the Stars and Stripes . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Embassy of the United States of America ( 1 ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Furlong , William Rea ; McCandless , Byron ( 1981 ) . So Proudly We Hail : The History of the United States Flag . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . pp. 117 -- 118 . ISBN 0 - 87474 - 448 - 2 . Jump up ^ Crews , Ed . `` The Truth About Betsy Ross '' . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Canby , George ; Balderston , Lloyd ( 1917 ) . The Evolution of the American flag . Philadelphia : Ferris and Leach . pp. 48 , 103 . Jump up ^ Canby , William J. `` The History of the Flag of the United States : A Paper read before the Historical Society of Pennsylvania ( March 1870 ) '' . Independence Hall Association . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schaun , George and Virginia . `` Historical Portrait of Mrs. Mary Young Pickersgill '' . The Greenberry Series on Maryland . Annapolis , MD : Greenberry Publications . 5 : 356 . Jump up ^ Furlong , William Rea ; McCandless , Byron ( 1981 ) . So Proudly We Hail : The History of the United States Flag . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . p. 137 . ISBN 0 - 87474 - 448 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Star - Spangled Banner : Making the Flag '' . National Museum of American History . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Window '' . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Star - Spangled Banner Online Exhibition '' . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ United States Government ( 1861 ) . Our Flag ( PDF ) . Washington D.C. : United States Government Printing Office . S. Doc 105 - 013 . Jump up ^ `` United States Flag History '' . United States Embassy . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2008 . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Preble , George Henry ( 1880 ) . History of the Flag of the United States of America ( second revised ed . ) . Boston : A. Williams and Co. p. 298 . ^ Jump up to : Tappan , Eva March ( 1917 ) . The Little Book of the Flag . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 92 . Jump up ^ Kwoh , Choong ( June 15 , 1843 ) . `` Curiosa Sinica '' . Boston Courier . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Etymologies '' . Kendall 's Expositor. 3 ( 14 ) . Washington , D.C. : William Greer . June 27 , 1843 . p. 222 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : See Chinese English Dictionary Olsen , Kay Melchisedech , Chinese Immigrants : 1850 -- 1900 ( 2001 ) , p. 7 . `` Philadelphia 's Chinatown : An Overview '' , The Historical Society of Pennsylvania . Leonard , Dr. George , `` The Beginnings of Chinese Literature in America : the Angel Island Poems '' . Jump up ^ `` American Flag Raised Over Buddhist Temple in Japan on July 4 , 1872 '' Archived February 2 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( For alternate versions of the flag of the United States , see the Stars of the U.S. Flag page Archived February 22 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . at the Flags of the World website . ) Further information : Territorial evolution of the United States Jump up ^ Leepson , Marc . ( 2005 ) . Flag : An American Biography . New York : St. Martin 's Press . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico approves statehood '' . November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CEE Event '' . resultados2017.ceepur.org . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Overwhelmingly Votes On U.S. Statehood In Nonbinding Referendum '' . Npr.org . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 4 U.S. Code § 2 - Same ; additional stars '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adam Goodheart ( 2011 ) . Prologue. 1861 : The Civil War Awakening . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 59666 - 6 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 -- via adamgoodheart.com . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) This Is Why It 's Legal to Burn the American Flag Jump up ^ Arnaldo Testi , Capture the Flag : The Stars and Stripes in American History ( New York University Press , 2010 ) , p. 2 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 8322 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Star Flag A half - century ago , new 50 - star American flag debuted in Baltimore -- Baltimore Sun '' . Articles.baltimoresun.com . July 2 , 2010 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duane Streufert . `` USFlag.org : A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America -- Robert G. Heft '' . usflag.org . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sell , Jill ( June 2015 ) . `` Starring Role '' . Ohio magazine . ^ Jump up to : Rasmussen , Frederick N. ( July 3 , 2010 ) . `` A half - century ago , new 50 - star American flag debuted in Baltimore '' . The Baltimore Sun . Jump up ^ Note that the flag ratio ( B / A in the diagram ) is not absolutely fixed . Although the diagram in Executive Order 10834 gives a ratio of 1.9 , earlier in the order is a list of flag sizes authorized for executive agencies . This list permits eleven specific flag sizes ( specified by height and width ) for such agencies : 20.00 × 38.00 ; 10.00 × 19.00 ; 8.95 × 17.00 ; 7.00 × 11.00 ; 5.00 × 9.50 ; 4.33 × 5.50 ; 3.50 × 6.65 ; 3.00 × 4.00 ; 3.00 × 5.70 ; 2.37 × 4.50 ; and 1.32 × 2.50 . Eight of these sizes conform to the 1.9 ratio , within a small rounding error ( less than 0.01 ) . However , three of the authorized sizes vary significantly : 1.57 ( for 7.00 × 11.00 ) , 1.27 ( for 4.33 × 5.50 ) and 1.33 ( for 3.00 × 4.00 ) . Jump up ^ Ex . Ord . No. 10834 , August 21 , 1959 , 24 F.R. 6865 ( governing flags `` manufactured or purchased for the use of executive agencies '' , Section 22 ) . Section 32 explains that , `` As used in this order , the term ' executive agencies ' means the executive departments and independent establishments in the executive branch of the Government , including wholly owned Government corporations . '' Jump up ^ Architect of the Capitol : `` Flag Request Form '' , retrieved on July 1st , 2017 . Jump up ^ General Services Administration `` Federal Specification DDD - F - 416F : Flag , National , United States of America and Flag , Union Jack '' . March 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Genevieve Reimann , Deane B. Judd , and Harry J. Keegan ( 1946 ) . `` Spectrophotometric and Colorimetric Determination of the Colors of the TCCA Standard Color Cards '' . JOSA 36 ( 3 ) , 128 -- 159 . Jump up ^ In the 9th edition of the Standard Color Card of America , `` White '' , `` Old Glory Red '' , and `` Old Glory Blue '' were , respectively , Cable No. 70001 , Cable No. 70180 , and Cable No. 70075 . The Munsell renotation coordinates for these were taken directly from the Reimann et al. paper , the CIELAB D coordinates were found by converting the xyY values in that paper to be relative to CIE Illuminant D from Illuminant C using the CAT02 chromatic adaptation transform , and relative to a perfect diffuse reflector as white . The `` relative '' values in the table were found by taking Cable No. 70001 's luminosity to be that of the white point , and were converted to D or D also using the CAT02 transformation . The values for CMYK were found by converting from the CIELAB D values using the Adobe CMM and the GRACoL 2006 ICC profile in Adobe Photoshop . Jump up ^ Helen Taylor , Lucille Knoche , and Walter Granville , eds. ( 1950 ) , Descriptive Color Names Dictionary . Container Corporation of America . Jump up ^ In 1998 , `` U.S. Flag Facts '' at the website of the U.S. embassy in London listed the colors red PMS 193 and blue PMS 282 ( presumably PMS solid coated colors ) . By October 2002 , these had changed to red PMS 193 and blue PMS 281 . These latter PMS equivalents are listed on many websites including various other U.S. Government organizations , such as the Millennium Challenge Corporation 's website Archived May 22 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... See also `` United States of America '' Archived July 13 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Flags of the World . The website of the U.S. Embassy in Stockholm instead lists PMS 186 and PMS 288 as the colors specified by the U.S. Government Printing Office : `` Colors of the U.S. Flag '' . United States Embassy Stockholm . November 2001 . The Military Department of the State of California suggested PMS 200 for red in a 2002 document , `` Flags over California , a history and guide '' . Jump up ^ The Government Code ; Title 11 . State Symbols and Honors ; Subtitle A ; Chapter 3100 . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The values in this table were taken by converting the CIELAB D coordinates for PMS 193 C , 200 C , and 281 C given in the Pantone color palettes of Adobe Photoshop to sRGB and GRACoL using the Adobe CMM and the GRACoL 2006 and sRGB profiles in Photoshop . Since PMS 281 C ( blue ) is outside the gamut of sRGB , and both PMS 281 C and PMS 183 C ( red ) are outside the gamut of GRACoL , the RGB and CMYK values for those in the table below are necessarily less - colorful approximations to the colors of the Pantone swatches . Jump up ^ These designs are in the Eisenhower Presidential Archives in Abilene , Kansas . Only a small fraction of them have ever been published . Jump up ^ `` Robert G. Heft : Designer of America 's Current National Flag '' . USFlag.org : A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Fringe on the American Flag '' . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2006 . Retrieved June 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ See McCann v. Greenway , 952 F. Supp. 647 ( W.D. Mo . 1997 ) , which discusses various court opinions denying any significance related to trim used on a flag . Jump up ^ Rebuttal of `` martial law flag '' claims by tax protesters . Evans-legal.com . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` state.co.us : `` COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS -- ORDER AFFIRMED : Colorado v Drew '' ( Munsinger ) 13 May 2010 '' ( PDF ) . courts.state.co.us . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LA84 Foundation . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ London Olympics 1908 & 1948 . Web.archive.org . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Consider Recycling , not Burning , a Retired Flag '' . Boy Scouts of America . 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 4 U.S. Code Sec. 8 ( i ) . Jump up ^ 4 U.S. Code Chapter 1 Sec. 3 . Jump up ^ Texas v. Johnson , 491 U.S. 397 ( 1989 ) ; United States v. Eichman , 496 U.S. 310 ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ About.com . Usmilitary.about.com ( October 1 , 2005 ) . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SUBJECT : Air Force Guidance Memorandum to AFI 36 - 2903 , Dress and Personal Appearance of Air Force Personnel '' ( PDF ) . Static.e-publishing.af.mil . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Navy aviators ditch new flight suit wear rules '' . Navytimes.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Self , Peter ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Is the American flag ' backward ' on Scout uniforms ? '' . Scoutingmagazine.org . Scouting . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Imitation of United States Army , Navy or Marine Corps uniforms is prohibited , in accordance with the provisions of the organization 's Congressional Charter . Jump up ^ Scott 's Specialized Catalogue of United States Postage Stamps . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 2795 , July 2 , 1948 Code of Federal Regulations of the United States , Title 3 Compilation ( 1943 -- 1948 ) , HathiTrust , Google Books / University of Michigan scan , pages 212 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Public Law 83 - 319 , approved March 26 , 1954 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 3418 , June 12 , 1961 . Jump up ^ Public Law 89 - 335 , approved November 8 , 1965 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 4000 , September 4 , 1970 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 4064 , July 6 , 1971 , effective July 4 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 4131 , May 5 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Gettysburg College -- News Detail . Gettysburg.edu . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pub . L. 94 − 53 , 89 Stat. 259 , S.J. Res. 98 , approved July 4 , 1975 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Madrid : My visit to Gate 32 at Boston 's Logan Airport '' . patrickmadrid.blogspot.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ With the consent of Congress , Old Glory kept perpetual shine Archived July 17 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , PE Press Archive . Jump up ^ With the consent of Congress , Slover Mountain , The Sun , May 14 , 2008 Archived May 18 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ By Act of Congress . California Portland Cement Co Jump up ^ `` Calportland Media Center '' . Calportland.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Irene Klotz ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` Apollo flags on the Moon still standing '' . Discovery News . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 4 U.S. Code § 6 - Time and occasions for display '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pub. L. 111 - 41 . 123 Stat. 1962 , H.R. 2632 , approved July 27 , 2009 . Retrieved on October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 36 U.S. Code § 111 - Gold Star Mother 's Day '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MDVA : Flag Information . Mdva.state.mn.us . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ US Code , Title 4 , Chapter 1 , § 7 . Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. Sec. 136 . None . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patriot Day , 2005 . Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Public Law 107 - 51 . Ushistory.org . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation Fire Prevention Week The White House Archived October 31 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Whitehouse.gov . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day , 2007 . Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 104 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Flag - Folding Procedures The American Legion '' . Legion.org . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sequence of Events for an Army Honors Funeral At Arlington National Cemetery '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Presentation Protocol '' . Virginia Army National Guard . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bikinian Anthem & Flag '' . Bikiniatoll.com . March 1 , 1954 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` President Sirleaf Worships at Abyssinian Baptist Church ; Pleads with African Americans to Serve as Ambassadors for Liberia '' . Ministry of State Presidential Affairs , Executive Mansion , Government of Liberia . September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Further reading `` Identity and Marking Standards '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of State . June 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 14 , 2013 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of the United States . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Flag of the United States United States at Flags of the World Encyclopedia Smithsonian : Facts About the United States Flag Text of the United States Flag Code ( chap. 1 of Title 4 of the United States Code ) Executive Order No. 10798 , with specifications and regulations for the current flag July 1942 : United We Stand -- National Museum of American History online exhibition highlighting some 500 magazines featuring the American flag on their cover during World War II United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier America 's Critical Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - 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ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Category Portal Flags of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Flags of the U.S. states , federal district , and other political divisions States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying Islands Johnson Atoll Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Historic CSA Cuba Philippines ( Commonwealth ) California Republic Panama Canal Zone Texas ( Republic ) TTPI USCA Ryukyu Islands Vermont Republic West Florida ( Republic ) Book Category Portal `` Six flags over Texas '' French Texas Spanish Texas Mexican Texas Republic of Texas Confederate States United States National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_the_United_States&oldid=826919571 '' Categories : Flags of the United States National flags National symbols of the United States 1777 introductions Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from January 2017 Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles containing Vietnamese - language text Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles that may contain original research from October 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Ladino Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 18 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what color comes first on the american flag | [
"The flag of the United States of America, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. It consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton (referred to specifically as the \"union\") bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows, where rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternate with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America, and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and became the first states in the U.S.[1] Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes,[2] Old Glory,[3] and the Star-Spangled Banner."
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"red"
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7829163761502147229 | Golden Lamb Inn | Golden Lamb Inn - wikipedia Golden Lamb Inn Golden Lamb U.S. National Register of Historic Places Exterior of the Golden Lamb Show map of Ohio Show map of the US Show all Location Lebanon , Ohio Coordinates 39 ° 26 ′ 1 '' N 84 ° 12 ′ 30 '' W / 39.43361 ° N 84.20833 ° W / 39.43361 ; - 84.20833 Coordinates : 39 ° 26 ′ 1 '' N 84 ° 12 ′ 30 '' W / 39.43361 ° N 84.20833 ° W / 39.43361 ; - 84.20833 Built 1815 Architect Icabod Corwin NRHP reference # 78002204 Added to NRHP January 12 , 1978 The Golden Lamb Inn , photographed November 15 , 1936 . The Golden Lamb Inn is the oldest hotel in Ohio , having been established in the Warren County seat of Lebanon in 1803 . The present four - story structure is built around the 1815 rebuilding of the inn , maintaining its colonial architecture . It is known as the Golden Lamb because that image appeared on its signboard for the benefit of the illiterate . At various times it has been known as the Ownly Hotel , the Bradley House , the Lebanon House , and the Stubbs House . On January 12 , 1978 , it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Golden Lamb . Contents 1 Famous guests 2 Owners 3 The building 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Famous guests ( edit ) Because of Lebanon 's position on the highway between Cincinnati and Columbus , many notables have visited the inn . The Golden Lamb has been visited by twelve American Presidents : William Henry Harrison , Benjamin Harrison , John Quincy Adams , Martin Van Buren , Ulysses S. Grant , Rutherford B. Hayes , James A. Garfield , William McKinley , Warren G. Harding , William Howard Taft , Ronald Reagan , and George W. Bush . Other famous guests to visit the Golden Lamb include Charles Dickens , Mark Twain , Harriet Beecher Stowe , Daniel Webster , Bill McIntire , Thomas Corwin , Clement Vallandigham ( who infamously shot and killed himself accidentally in his hotel room at the Golden Lamb , while attempting to prove that a man , whom his client was accused of shooting , shot himself accidentally ) , Cordell Hull secretary of state for President Franklin D. Roosevelt ( who went to school in Lebanon at the National Normal University ) , Robert A. Taft , Dewitt Clinton , and Lord Stanley , who later became prime minister of the United Kingdom . Most recently on September 8 , 2008 Republican presidential and vice-presidential candidates senator John McCain and Alaska governor Sarah Palin spoke at the Golden Lamb and on October 13 , 2012 Mitt Romney spoke at and toured the hotel . Owners ( edit ) In 1926 , Robert Jones , grandfather of Senator Rob Portman and husband of Virginia Kunkle leased the Golden Lamb . In 1927 , he refurbished it and redecorated it with Shaker furniture . In 1969 , Mr. and Mrs. Jones leased the Golden Lamb to the Comisar family , who owned and operated the now defunct five - star Maisonette restaurant in Cincinnati . The Golden Lamb Restaurant & Inn continues to be owned by the Portman Family of Ohio and is currently managed by The Phoenix Restaurant Group from Cincinnati , Ohio . The building ( edit ) Four floors Lobby Restaurant with a tavern , four large public dining rooms , and five private dining rooms Gift shop Eighteen guest rooms The old stables were removed to make room for the parking lot See also ( edit ) Rob Portman National Register of Historic Places listings in Warren County , Ohio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2008 - 04 - 15 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Warren County , Ohio Place Names '' . Warren County Genealogical Society . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elisabeth , The New York Times , September 9 , 2008 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Golden Lamb Inn . The Golden Lamb website History of the Golden Lamb Ghosts of the Golden Lamb U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Lamb_Inn&oldid=832547968 '' Categories : National Register of Historic Places in Warren County , Ohio Buildings and structures in Warren County , Ohio Hotels in Ohio Restaurants in Ohio Companies based in Ohio Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio Hotel buildings completed in 1815 Hotels established in 1803 1815 establishments in Ohio Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 17 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who owns the golden lamb in lebanon ohio | [
"In 1926, Robert Jones, grandfather of Senator Rob Portman and husband of Virginia Kunkle leased the Golden Lamb. In 1927, he refurbished it and redecorated it with Shaker furniture. In 1969, Mr. and Mrs. Jones leased the Golden Lamb to the Comisar family, who owned and operated the now defunct five-star Maisonette restaurant in Cincinnati. The Golden Lamb Restaurant & Inn continues to be owned by the Portman Family of Ohio and is currently managed by The Phoenix Restaurant Group from Cincinnati, Ohio.\n"
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"Portman Family of Ohio"
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7929255508708514144 | Alvin and the Chipmunks | Alvin and the Chipmunks - wikipedia Alvin and the Chipmunks Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alvin and the Chipmunks The Chipmunks ' 1958 logo Background information Also known as The Chipmunks Origin Los Angeles , California , United States Genres Pop rock and roll children 's music Years active 1958 -- 1972 1979 -- present Labels Liberty , London , Capitol , RCA , Sony , Quality , Atlantic , Rhino , Republic , Geffen , Columbia , Chipmunk Associated acts The Chipettes Website Official website Members Alvin Seville Simon Seville Theodore Seville Alvin and the Chipmunks Alvin and The Chipmunks ( 2015 -- present ) The film series ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 1983 -- 1990 ) The Alvin Show ( 1961 -- 1962 ) character First appearance 1958 -- present Created by Ross Bagdasarian Sr . Portrayed by Ross Bagdasarian Jr . See the Film Series Voiced by Ross Bagdasarian Jr . Present Episode ( s ) ALVINNN ! ! ! and the Chipmunks Information Aliases Alvin , Simon & Theodore Species Chipmunks Gender males Occupation Singers Family Dave Seville The Chipettes Relatives Dave Seville ( adoptive father ) Nationality American Alvin and the Chipmunks , originally David Seville and the Chipmunks or simply The Chipmunks , is an American animated music group created by Ross Bagdasarian Sr. for a novelty record in 1958 . The group consists of three singing animated anthropomorphic chipmunks : Alvin , the mischievous troublemaker , who quickly became the star of the group ; Simon , the tall , bespectacled intellectual ; and Theodore , the chubby , impressionable sweetheart . The trio is managed by their human adoptive father , David ( Dave ) Seville . In reality , `` David Seville '' was Bagdasarian 's stage name , and the Chipmunks themselves are named after the executives of their original record label . The characters became a success , and the singing Chipmunks and their manager were given life in several animated cartoon productions , using redrawn , anthropomorphic chipmunks , and eventually films . The voices of the group were all performed by Bagdasarian , who sped up the playback to create high - pitched voices . This oft - used process was not entirely new to Bagdasarian , who had also used it for two previous novelty songs , including `` Witch Doctor '' , but it was so unusual and well - executed it earned the record two Grammy Awards for engineering . Bagdasarian , performing as the Chipmunks , released a long line of albums and singles , with `` The Chipmunk Song '' becoming a number - one single in the United States . After Bagdasarian 's untimely death in 1972 , the characters ' voices were performed by his son Ross Bagdasarian Jr. and the latter 's wife Janice Karman in the subsequent incarnations of the 1980s and 1990s . In the 2007 CGI / live - action film adaptation and its 2009 sequel , they were voiced in dialogue by Justin Long , Matthew Gray Gubler and Jesse McCartney . Bagdasarian Jr. and Karman continue to perform the singing voices for Alvin , Theodore and the Chipettes , but Steve Vining does Simon 's singing voice . The project has earned five Grammy awards , an American Music Award , a Golden Reel Award , and three Kids ' Choice Awards , and has been nominated for three Emmy awards . A third film installment , Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked , was released in theaters on December 16 , 2011 . Fox 2000 Pictures and Regency Enterprises announced a fourth installment , titled Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip , released on December 18 , 2015 . A CGI - animated TV series revival , titled ALVINNN ! ! ! and the Chipmunks , premiered on Nickelodeon on August 3 , 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Simon & Garfunkel 1.2 Witch Doctor 1.3 The Chipmunk Song 1.4 The Three Chipmunks ( 1959 ) 1.5 The Alvin Show ( 1961 -- 62 ) 1.6 New albums and A Chipmunk Christmas ( 1969 -- 82 ) 1.7 Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 1983 -- 90 ) 2 Main characters 2.1 The Chipmunks 2.1. 1 Alvin Seville 2.1. 2 Simon Seville 2.1. 3 Theodore Seville 2.2 The Chipettes 2.2. 1 Brittany Miller 2.2. 2 Jeanette Miller 2.2. 3 Eleanor Miller 2.3 Dave 3 Film characters 3.1 Ian Hawke 3.2 Claire Wilson 3.3 Toby Seville 3.4 Zoe 3.5 Agent James Suggs 3.6 Samantha 4 Television characters 4.1 Miss Beatrice Miller 4.2 Professor Clyde Crashcup 5 Recording technique 6 Guest appearances 7 Filmography 7.1 TV shows 7.2 Movies 7.2. 1 Theatrical 7.2. 1.1 Box office performance 7.2. 2 Direct to video 8 Discography 9 Video games 10 Concert tours 11 Awards and nominations 12 Home releases 12.1 List of VHS releases 12.2 List of DVD releases 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Simon & Garfunkel ( edit ) Originally pitched only two chipmunks , `` Simon '' and `` Funk '' that had opposite personality traits . Ultimately their idea was scrapped and instead the idea morphed into Alvin and the Chipmunks keeping `` Simon '' as one of the characters as a tribute to `` Simon & Garfunkel '' . Witch Doctor ( edit ) Main article : Witch Doctor ( song ) In 1958 , Ross Bagdasarian Sr. released a novelty song ( as David Seville ) about being unsuccessful at love until he found a witch doctor who told him how to woo his woman . The song was done by Bagdasarian in his normal voice , except for the `` magic '' words , done first in Bagdasarian 's pitched - up , pre-Chipmunk voice , then in a duet between his pitched - up voice and his normal voice . The words themselves are nonsense : `` Oo - ee , oo - ah - ah , ting - tang , walla - walla , bing - bang '' . The song was a hit , holding number one for three weeks in the Billboard Top 100 chart . Nothing makes any reference to chipmunks , but the song is sometimes included on Chipmunk compilations , as if the Chipmunks had provided the voice of the Witch Doctor . Bagdasarian did record a Chipmunks version of `` Witch Doctor '' , which appeared on the second Chipmunks album , Sing Again with the Chipmunks , in 1960 . Bagdasarian performed the song `` live '' ( with a pre-recorded track of the pitched - up voice ) on The Ed Sullivan Show . Bagdasarian ( again as Seville ) recorded a follow - up song , `` The Bird on My Head '' , singing a duet with his own sped - up voice as the bird . It also reached the Top 40 , peaking at No. 34 . While driving in Sequoia National Park , Bagdasarian saw a chipmunk dash in front of him . That moment inspired him to create his chipmunk characters . The technique was imitated by Sheb Wooley 's `` Purple People Eater '' and The Big Bopper 's `` The Purple People Eater Meets The Witch Doctor . '' The Chipmunk song ( edit ) Main article : The Chipmunk Song ( Christmas Do n't Be Late ) The Chipmunks first officially appeared on the scene in a novelty record released in late fall 1958 by Bagdasarian . The song , originally listed on the record label ( Liberty F - 55168 ) as `` The Chipmunk Song ( Christmas Do n't Be Late ) '' , featured the singing skills of the chipmunk trio . One phrase in the chorus has Alvin wishing for a hula hoop , which was that year 's hot new toy . The novelty record was highly successful , selling more than 4 million copies in seven weeks , and it launched the careers of its chipmunk stars . It spent four weeks at Number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart from December 22 , 1958 to January 12 , 1959 , succeeding `` To Know Him Is To Love Him '' at Number 1 on the same chart by another fictional animal act , The Teddy Bears . It also earned three Grammy Awards and a nomination for Record of the Year . At the height of its popularity , Bagdasarian and three chipmunk hand - puppets appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show , lip - synching the song . `` The Chipmunk Song '' appeared on the Chipmunks ' debut album , Let 's All Sing with the Chipmunks , in 1959 , and was repeated on Christmas with the Chipmunks , released in 1962 . The song also has been included on several compilation albums . Bob Rivers did a parody of this song for his 2000 Christmas album Chipmunks Roasting on an Open Fire which was titled `` The Twisted Chipmunk Song '' . In the song , the Chipmunks are referred to as Thagadore ( Theodore ) , Squeaky ( Simon ) , and Melvin ( Alvin ) . The three Chipmunks ( 1959 ) ( edit ) The Chipmunks first appeared in comic book form on Dell 's Four Color Comics series , issue # 1042 ( cover - dated Dec. 1959 ) . Alvin , Theodore and Simon were depicted as somewhat realistic , nearly identical anthropomorphic rodents with almond - shaped eyes . When Herb Klynn 's Format Films made a deal to develop the Three Chipmunks for animation , the old designs were rejected and new versions of the characters were created . Liberty Records eventually re-issued the early albums with the `` new '' Chipmunks and it was this new version of the Chipmunks that was used when Alvin 's own title was released by Dell in 1962 . The Alvin show ( 1961 -- 62 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Alvin Show The first television series to feature the characters was The Alvin Show . The cartoon gave more distinctive looks and personalities to the three chipmunks than just their voices , and an animated portrayal of Seville was a reasonable caricature of Bagdasarian himself . The series ran from 1961 to 1962 , and was one of a small number of animated series to be shown in prime time on CBS . Unfortunately , it was never an immediate success in prime time and was canceled after one season , only to find new life in syndication . In addition to Alvin cartoons , the series also featured the scientist Clyde Crashcup and his assistant Leonardo . Those characters did not feature prominently on any of the later series . Crashcup made a single cameo appearance in A Chipmunk Christmas , and in an episode of Alvin and the Chipmunks . The television series was produced by Format Films for Bagdasarian Film Corporation . Although the series was broadcast in black and white , it was produced and later re-run in color . 26 episodes each were produced for the Alvin and the Chipmunks and Clyde Crashcup segments , along with 52 musical segments . New albums and a Chipmunk Christmas ( 1969 -- 82 ) ( edit ) The final Chipmunks album in the project 's original incarnation , The Chipmunks Go to the Movies , was released in 1969 . After the death of Ross Bagdasarian in 1972 from a heart attack , the Chipmunks ' careers stalled until NBC showed interest in the original show ( the network carried Saturday morning reruns of The Alvin Show as a midseason replacement in 1979 ) and the following year , Excelsior Records released a new album of contemporary songs performed by the Chipmunks . That album , Chipmunk Punk , featured Bagdasarian 's son , Ross Bagdasarian Jr. , doing the voices of the characters . That album and the continued reruns of the series proved to be popular enough to warrant further new records as well as a new television production , and in 1981 , the Chipmunks and Seville returned to television in the Christmas special A Chipmunk Christmas , produced by Chuck Jones , which was first broadcast on NBC on December 14 of that year . Next year , two more albums were released ( Chipmunk Rock and The Chipmunks Go Hollywood ) . Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 1983 -- 90 ) ( edit ) Main article : Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 1983 TV series ) The group 's name changed from the `` Chipmunks '' to `` Alvin and the Chipmunks '' . In 1983 , a second animated television series for the group , produced by Ruby - Spears Productions , was released . Titled simply Alvin and the Chipmunks , the outline of the show closely paralleled the original Alvin Show . The series lasted eight production seasons , until 1990 . In the first season , the show introduced the Chipettes , three female versions of the Chipmunks -- Brittany , Jeanette , and Eleanor , who each paralleled the original Chipmunks in personality except for Brittany being vainer than Alvin , with Jeanette smart like Simon , and Eleanor fond of food like Theodore , with their own human guardian , the myopic Miss Beatrice Miller ( who arrived for the 1986 season ) . The success of the show led to the release of a soundtrack album in 1984 , Songs from Our TV Shows . The Chipmunks even walked a variation of NBC 's `` Let 's All Be There '' campaign for its Saturday - morning lineup in 1984 ( shows included The Smurfs , Snorks , Going Bananas , Pink Panther and Sons , Kidd Video , Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends , Mister T , etc . ) . After 1988 , the show was renamed just The Chipmunks to indicate that there were now two groups of them . Also introduced was the boys ' `` Uncle '' Harry , who may or may not have actually been a relative . The show reflected contemporaneous trends popular culture ; the Chipmunks sang recent hits , and wore contemporary clothing . One `` documentary '' episode spoofed John Lennon 's 1966 infamous comment that The Beatles had become `` more popular than Jesus '' , by recalling how the Chipmunks had fallen in popularity after Alvin boasted they were `` bigger than Mickey Mouse ! '' . In 1985 , the Chipmunks , along with the Chipettes , were featured in the live stage show , Alvin and the Chipmunks and the Amazing Computer . In 1987 , during the fifth season of the show on television , the Chipmunks had their first animated feature film , The Chipmunk Adventure , directed by Janice Karman and Ross Bagdasarian Jr. and released to theaters by The Samuel Goldwyn Company . The film featured the Chipmunks and the Chipettes in a contest traveling around the world . In the 1988 -- 89 season , the show switched production companies to DIC Entertainment , by which time the Chipmunks had truly become anthropomorphized . In 1990 , the show switched titles again to The Chipmunks Go to the Movies . Each episode in this season was a spoof of a Hollywood film , such as Back to the Future , King Kong , and others . In addition , several television specials featuring the characters were also released . At the conclusion of the eighth season , the show was canceled again . In 1990 , a documentary was produced about the show entitled Alvin and the Chipmunks / Five Decades with the Chipmunks . In that year , the Chipmunks also teamed up for the only time with other famous cartoon stars ( such as Bugs Bunny , Garfield , etc . ) for the drug abuse - prevention special Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue . Main characters ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Chipmunks ( edit ) The origin of the Chipmunks was totally rebooted in 2007 for its feature film . They are living in a tree , fending for themselves as their parents had taken off to join a hippie commune , and having problems gathering nuts for the winter . Their tree is cut down and carted off to grace the entrance lobby of a city office building , with them in it . They then hitch a ride in Dave 's luggage and wind up in his home , where they wreak havoc & uproar in his kitchen and get thrown out before showing Dave how well they can sing and becoming celebrities as a result . Despite repeatedly testing Dave 's putting up with them , they finally win his heart . Alvin Seville ( edit ) Alvin is the lead vocalist and is the oldest of the Chipmunks . He wears a red baseball cap and sweater sporting a yellow `` A '' . His eyes are blue ( amber in the live action / animated films ) and his build is thin . In personality , Alvin is enthusiastic , mischievous , wacky , hot - tempered , and funny . The term look before you leap does not usually apply to Alvin , as he is impulsive , charming and musically talented . He often makes up harebrained schemes to achieve his goals , whether it be trying to help his brothers , keeping Dave from figuring something out , or getting out of a sticky situation . Alvin seems to refer to his often illogical or crazy plans as `` challenging the ordinary '' . He is proud of his fame and often self - centered and vain , but Alvin does have a kind heart and loves his brothers very much , often proving that his heart is stronger than his voice . He 's also not ashamed to admit when he 's wrong and will help others when the time comes . There are times when Alvin displays true selflessness , such as when he gave his golden harmonica to a sick boy at Christmas and when he helped Theodore get Nathan , a bully , off his back for a while . He is shown to be infatuated with Brittany , although they often quarrel with each other , but they look out for each other when things look bad . He sometimes struggles with her to prove who is the better , such as when he and Brittany each ran for class president at their school in the animated series , but he is often kind to her and is implied to have a crush on her . He sometimes displays affection for Brittany such as hugging her , kissing her hand or cheeks , and comforting her when she is upset . In one CGI episode , Alvin heard two girls insulting Brittany and he stood up for her , displaying his gentle side once again . Like his brothers , Alvin was originally voiced by Ross Bagdasarian Sr. In the animated series and film , he was voiced by Ross Bagdasarian Jr . Justin Long voiced Alvin in the live - action / animated film series . On July 30 , 2002 , Alvin was No. 44 on TV Guide 's list of `` Top 50 Best Cartoon Characters of All Time '' . Simon Seville ( edit ) Simon is the middle brother and the tallest of the Chipmunks . In addition to having an IQ just north of Einstein , Simon possesses a dry sense of humor as well as keen wit . He wears glasses and blue attire , and has blue eyes ( a trait he shares with Alvin ) . He is kind , gentle , logical , responsible , and at times poetic . He often takes charge when Alvin goes too far with his harebrained schemes . Although Simon tends to disagree and argue with Alvin , he truly loves his brother and sticks by him despite everything . Simon tends to hold grudges , but these are often short - lived as he knows that he should be more forgiving . Simon plays the bass , bass clarinet , saxophone , bagpipes , tuba , and drums , among others . In vocal harmonies , he consistently sings the lower parts due to having a deeper voice than his brothers . He is shown playing the keyboard in the original open for the 1980s series . He was also shown playing guitar in a 1980s Hardee 's commercial . Simon is often implied to have a crush on Jeanette , as she is like him in many details ; wearing glasses and blue or purple attire and having a high IQ , possibly rivalling his own . However , he seems braver in standing up to siblings than her because Jeanette does n't often stand up for herself when Brittany pushes her around . But like Simon to Alvin , Jeanette shares a sisterly bond with Brittany . Like his brothers , Simon was originally voiced by Ross Bagdasarian Sr. In the animated series and film , he was voiced by Ross Bagdasarian Jr . Matthew Gray Gubler voiced Simon in the live - action / animated film series . Theodore Seville ( edit ) Theodore is the child of innocence and the youngest of the Chipmunks . He is shy , loving , sensitive , chubby , gullible , trusting , and naïve . In short , he is an easy target for Alvin 's manipulations . He wears green attire and has green eyes ( brown in the CGI animated series ) . Theodore often holds the swing vote between his two brothers ' choices of action . Simon appeals to Theodore 's better nature while Alvin goes straight to bribery . He has a big appetite , constantly craving snacks and in one episode , Theodore tried to eat Alvin 's hand because of his hunger . He plays the drums , the guitar , and other instruments . In vocal harmonies , his voice is typically the highest . He is fragile yet unpredictable and not very brave , but he will put on a brave face when his brothers are in trouble . At times , he is childish and Alvin 's follower , but he is also the glue that binds his brothers despite Alvin and Simon 's differences and regular disagreements . Although he is sometimes teased by Alvin , Theodore loves his big brother and knows that Alvin loves him too . He seems to have affection for Eleanor , who shares physical traits with him , but she is smarter , braver and more athletic . They each have a passion for cooking , as Theodore is seen baking Christmas cookies in some Christmas episodes . In the live action / animated films , it is revealed that Theodore is sensitive about his weight and is often hurt when he is criticized for his chubby physique . This also applies to Eleanor , but she is able to stand for herself and wishes that Theodore would do the same . Like his brothers , he was originally voiced by Ross Bagdasarian Sr. In the animated series and film , his voice was provided by Janice Karman , Ross Bagdasarian Jr. 's wife and the voice of all three Chipettes . Jesse McCartney voiced Theodore in the live - action / animated film series . The Chipettes ( edit ) Main article : The Chipettes Brittany Miller ( edit ) Brittany is the lead singer and leader of The Chipettes and is the female counterpart of Alvin . She wears pink attire and has red hair often drawn up in a ponytail and has blue eyes . Brittany is considerably beautiful , self - centered , ambitious , and vain , but she does have a kind side and is loyal to her sisters , Jeanette and Eleanor . Brittany is often trying to look pretty and desires to make herself popular or get what she wants , but she does learn her lessons and is willing to do the right thing . Brittany often displays affection for Alvin as they are alike in many ways . Although she and Alvin are often quarrelsome with each other and often compete over who is the better , she does stick by his side in tough situations and deep down , she and Alvin do love each other . Brittany pushes Jeanette around a lot and takes advantage of her kindness , but deep down , they love each other very much and care about each other , proving that Brittany does have a gentle side . Eleanor always stands up to Brittany when she tries to push Jeanette around , but they do share a strong sisterly relationship . Jeanette Miller ( edit ) Jeanette is the second eldest sister and smartest of the Chipettes , as well as the tallest . Like Simon , she wears glasses and blue attire . She has brown hair in a bun in the ' 80s show and a short ponytail in the recent films . Her eyes are green in her TV appearances and The Chipmunk Adventure but were changed to purple in the live - action / CGI films . In personality , Jeanette is intelligent , gentle , kind , compassionate , and attractive . She cares about Simon and gets along with him very well , although the two of them are very shy about their relationship . She is often pushed around by Brittany , but she loves her sister and knows that Brittany loves her too . Jeanette tries to be her best , but she is shy and often viewed as clumsy , as she does have a habit of tripping over her feet . Still , she is beloved by her sisters and finds companionship with their guardian , Miss Miller . Eleanor Miller ( edit ) Eleanor is the youngest of the Chipettes . She has a lot in common with Theodore in terms of body shape and color of attire , but she is braver , more fit and has a better memory . She is blonde with pigtails and has brown eyes in the 80 ` s show , which changed to green in the more recent appearances . Eleanor is kind , sweet , trusting , courteous , and fairly pretty . She shares Theodore 's love of food and she is also skilled in cooking , and like him , she is the drummer for the Chipettes . Eleanor often stands up to Brittany when she pushes Jeanette around , but she loves her big sister and is always willing to forgive . She seems to have affection for Theodore and they are the two most open about their relationship . Like him , Eleanor is sensitive about her weight and does n't like to be insulted for it , but she often stands up for herself and wishes to help Theodore gain self - confidence . Dave ( edit ) Further information : David Seville David `` Dave '' Seville is a quick - tempered yet kind and somewhat insecure songwriter for the musical trio and Chipmunks ' adoptive father and confidant . While Dave struggles to remain calm and objective , Alvin often irritates him , causing Dave to yell `` Alvin ! '' , to which Alvin ( sometimes ) responds with `` Okay ! '' Dave plays piano and the guitar . He has short black hair and brown eyes . In the original incarnations of the group ( including the original recordings and The Alvin Show ) he is portrayed by Alvin and the Chipmunks creator Ross Bagdasarian Sr. In the 1983 -- 1990 revival of the show , he is portrayed by Ross Bagdasarian Jr. , the son of the original creator . For the series of films produced from 2007 to 2015 , he is portrayed by Jason Lee . In the 1983 -- 1990 animated series , it is revealed that Dave first found the Chipmunks as infants abandoned on the doorstep of his old cottage . At first , he grows to like them but had trouble keeping them from misbehaving as he had important songs to write or else he 'd lose his job . On top of that , Dave 's landlord is a nasty man who even tries to kill the Chipmunks . However , Dave eventually hears their amazing singing voices and records them , making their song a hit and with the money they earn they manage to move into a large house , which Dave owns and live happily together as one big family . The mother of the Chipmunks has made a few guest appearances , to see how her children are doing , and Dave had to acquaint her with urban ways . In the 2007 film , the visuals and history established in the animated show , are totally rebooted . Dave first discovers the boys eating food in his cabinets and he panics and throws them out . He later changes his mind and allows them into his home upon them showing their singing talent . However , the Chipmunks find an old letter and mistakenly think Dave does n't want them anymore so they go to live with Ian Hawke , their conniving music producer ; he begins to miss the boys and frees them from Ian . He welcomes the Chipmunks into his home and eventually he starts to love them like his own children . However , in the 2009 sequel Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel , Dave plays a minor role in the film , mainly due to his being in the hospital in Paris . This happened due to Alvin accidentally causing a Billboard to crash into him and he is sent flying across the room and is severely injured , so he is placed in intensive care . He is rarely seen in the film . His cousin Toby acts as both a main character and the Chipmunks ' temporary guardian . Dave appears at the end of the film watching his boys and the Chipettes perform together . Dave appears for a third time in Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked , where he , the Chipmunks and Chipettes board a cruise ship heading to the International Music Awards . He gets mad at Alvin , Simon and the Chipettes for leaving their cabin room for their own reasons . Later , he teams up with his old enemy , Ian , to find the Chipmunks and Chipettes when the six get blown away while hang - gliding a kite . He finds them and leaves the island with them before its volcano erupts . He later watches his family perform at the International Music Awards ; he is last seen on an airplane with them heading for home . In the fourth film , Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip , Dave now owns a music record company , and moved to a new home with the Chipmunks and Chipettes . Upset from Alvin throwing a surprise birthday bash , to his dismay , he decides to take his lover , Samantha , to Florida for one of his client 's album release party , instead of taking the Chipmunks . Both Samantha and Dave leave , leaving Samantha 's son , Miles , to stay with the Chipmunks , being that the Chipettes have gone to judge in American Idol . Dave , for most of the movie , is at Florida , having dinners with Samantha . After being suspected of going to propose to her , Dave is unwittingly sabotaged by Miles and the Chipmunks . He also gets upset , as the Chipmunks presumed , ruining his coworker 's proposal , and for causing much trouble on their trip to stop him . Alvin , Simon , Theodore , and Miles perform for Dave as an apology , during his client 's album release , finally mending the ruined proposal of Dave 's coworker . Back to Los Angeles , Dave adopts the boys , and is last seen yelling Alvin 's name after he finds his home wrecked . Film characters ( edit ) Ian Hawke ( edit ) Ian is played by comedian David Cross , and serves as the main antagonist in the first two films . He is Dave 's friend - turned rival and former college roommate , and serves as the CEO of Jett Records in the first film . One day , the Chipmunks sneak off to his home to audition , whereupon he automatically signs them on to the label . He rockets them to the top of music business but after seeing how much they 're truly worth , he attempts to lure them away from Dave for his own profit . His plan ultimately fails , as the Chipmunks have learned of it and escaped from his grasp , thus leaving him to be ousted from his job as CEO of Jett Records . In the second film , Ian is now unemployable , in debt , and lives in the basement of Jett Records stating that he lost everything except his dignity . However , he happens upon The Chipettes , who want to be famous like the Chipmunks , and can not wait to make them famous , so he takes them in , in hopes of getting his sworn revenge on the Chipmunks . He enrolls the Chipettes into the same school as the Chipmunks , and after showing Dr. Rubin ( Wendie Malick ) their talent , she agrees to let them battle the Chipmunks for the right to represent the school for the district 's music competition . However , in the climax , Ian decides to blow off the competition to have the Chipettes to perform at a Britney Spears concert , and takes them by force , threatening to take them to a barbecue restaurant if they will not comply . Alvin saves the Chipettes from Ian , who then tries to imitate them at the Britney Spears concert , only to get thrown into a dumpster by security guards losing everything again including his dignity . Ian makes his third and final appearance in the third film . Here , Ian has mellowed and now works on the Carnival Dream cruise ship , dressed in a pelican suit because record labels are not interested in hiring him for ruining the concert of the Chipmunks , the Chipettes and for passing on Justin Bieber twice . As a well - respected mascot , he takes his job very seriously and threatens to have Dave and the Chipmunks removed from the ship if they continue to act up . However , he becomes Dave 's friend again while helping him find the Chipmunks after they were marooned on the island . In the end , he gets his wealth back by starting a career as a screenwriter , having sold a screenplay about Zoe 's story to Hollywood . Claire wilson ( edit ) Claire is Dave 's ex-girlfriend who adores the Chipmunks after she finally gets to meet them . She becomes good friends with Dave again by the end of the movie . She is played by Cameron Richardson . Toby Seville ( edit ) Dave 's immature and very careless first cousin who appeared in the second film . Toby is a slacker who loves to play video games and still lives with his grandmother and Dave 's aunt , Jackie Seville , until he figures out what he wants to do with his life . Toby 's immaturity keeps him from acting like an adult ( although he seems to take on some responsibility in the middle of the film ) , and he has a crush on the Chipmunks ' homeroom and music teacher , Julie Ortega ( Erika Casanova ) , ever since he went to the same school as the Chipmunks . He is played by Chuck star Zachary Levi . Zoe ( edit ) Zoe is a deluded castaway who was found by the Chipmunks when they end up being marooned on an island that she took refuge . She claims to be on the island for eight to nine years . At first , she was believed to be crash - landed into the island , but it turns out that she intentionally came there to look for treasure . She is played by former SNL actress Jenny Slate and is the antagonist turns allie of the third film . Agent James Suggs ( edit ) Agent James Suggs is the main antagonist of Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip . He is an air marshal who personally despises the Chipmunks for being dumped by his girlfriend and plots to hunt them down and have revenge . He first appears on an airplane where Theodore releases a monkey from a cage who releases several other animals . Suggs confronts the Chipmunks and gets attacked by the animals . He next encounters Alvin at a bar and fights him , but Alvin and the Chipmunks escape . He then chases them , but runs into a sign and gets knocked out . When he finds them at a musical parade he tries to catch them , but gets hit by a trumpet and then gets drunk . He wakes up in a room with a man and finds a tattoo on his stomach and another one of the Chipmunks on his back . He goes to a rental car station and urges a man to get him the fastest car he 's got to find the Chipmunks , but it is a yellow and sort of slow car . He initially is embarrassed , but accepts the car . He then finds the Chipmunks in a hotel and catches them in an elevator , but the Chipmunks defeat him by hitting the emergency stop button and leaving him trapped inside . During the mid-credits , he is released by a maid and is escorted to a pool . He then gets confronted by a man who tells him to move , but Suggs refuses and is subsequently carried out by two guards . He is presumably fired as air marshal for harassing the Chipmunks . He is similar to Ian Hawke . He is portrayed by Tony Hale . Samantha ( edit ) Samantha is a protagonist of Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip . She first appears at a miniature golf course with her son Miles ( who is later introduced into the movie ) . Her occupation is a doctor . She is portrayed by Kimberly Williams - Paisley . Television characters ( edit ) Miss Beatrice Miller ( edit ) The kindly , absent - minded adoptive mother of the Chipettes . She occasionally babysits the Chipmunks and has a crush on Dave , even though she 's old enough to be his mother . In her youth , she was part of an all - girl singing group called `` The Thrillers '' . She appeared in the 1983 TV series and was voiced by Dody Goodman . The character does not exist in the rebooted concept of the Chipettes . Professor Clyde Crashcup ( edit ) Main article : Clyde Crashcup Clyde Crashcup -- voiced by Shepard Menken -- is a scientist in a white coat whose experiments invariably failed . His was the only voice heard in many of the episodes , because the other character in the series was his assistant Leonardo , who only whispered into Clyde 's ear in order to communicate with him . In one episode , though , Clyde invented a wife , voiced by June Foray . Clyde had one of the four segments , and the Chipmunks starred in the other three ( two of which were musical segments ) . In the episode `` Crashcup Invents the Birthday Party '' , Foray provided the ( all too audible ) voice for the mother of Crashcup 's inaudible assistant Leonardo . Clyde Crashcup was primarily an inventor rather than a researcher , although he tended to `` invent '' things which had already been invented . However , in one episode , he built a functioning time machine . He typically would invent something by taking a pencil out of his lab coat 's pocket and drawing a picture in midair of his conception : the picture would then become the actual object . Recording technique ( edit ) The Chipmunks ' voices were recorded at half the normal tape speed onto audiotape by voice talent ( on the 60 's records , generally Ross Bagdasarian Sr. 's own voice overdubbed three times , on the post-80's records , studio singers ) talking or singing at half the normal speaking rate . When the tape was played back at normal speed , they would sound a full octave higher in pitch , at normal tempo . The technique was by no means new to the Chipmunks . For example , the high and low pitched characters in The Wizard of Oz were achieved by speeding up and slowing down vocal recordings . Also , Mel Blanc 's voice characterization for Daffy Duck was sped up to some extent . Now , the same effect is created digitally and in real time with a pitch shift . However , the extensive use of this technique with the Chipmunks , coupled with their popularity , linked this technique to them . The term `` chipmunk - voiced '' has entered the American vernacular to describe any artificially high - pitched voice . A similar effect could be obtained in playback by merely taking an LP recorded at 33 ⁄ RPM and playing it back at 45 or 78 RPM , a trick sometimes tried out by ordinary record listeners . The instrumental portions of the song are sped up as well , however , making it obvious that the music is being played at the wrong speed . Bagdasarian recorded vocals and music at different speeds to combine properly on his recording . Guitarist Les Paul said he visited Bagdasarian 's studio in 1958 and helped with the recording . The technique was used extensively in the British puppet show Pinky and Perky , which pre-dated the Chipmunks . The sound was frequently imitated in comedy records , notably `` Transistor Radio '' by Benny Hill , `` Bridget the Midget '' by Ray Stevens , `` The Laughing Gnome '' by David Bowie , and on several tracks on Joe Meek and the Blue Men 's album I Hear a New World . The technique also appears in the `` Yeah ! You ! '' line of The Coasters ' `` Charlie Brown '' . Prince used the technique on several of his songs , as well as Frank Zappa on We 're Only In It For The Money and on the instrumental album Hot Rats , among others . The early production style of hip - hop artist Kanye West involved sped - up , high - pitch vocal samples from classic soul records incorporated with his own ( additional ) instrumentation . Due in part to the acclaim of his debut album The College Dropout , such sampling techniques subsequently became much copied by a myriad of other hip - hop producers . In the early ' 90s rave scene , many breakbeat hardcore productions would utilize the same studio tricks , often taking a cappella from house records and speeding them up to fit the faster tempo . Vocals in songs that used this method would typically be referred to as `` chipmunk vocals '' . Guest appearances ( edit ) The Chipmunks make a guest appearance on the Canned Heat song `` The Chipmunk Song '' ( which is not the same song as the 1958 hit ) that appeared on their Christmas single . They also appeared on the FOX NFL Sunday intro ( which premiered on December 20 , 2009 ) with the cameo character , Digger ( the mascot for NASCAR on Fox ) . Filmography ( edit ) TV shows ( edit ) The Alvin Show ( 1961 - 1962 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 1983 - 1990 ) ALVINNN ! ! ! and the Chipmunks ( 2015 -- present ) Movies ( edit ) There have been 8 Alvin and the Chipmunks films . Theatrical ( edit ) The Chipmunk Adventure ( 1987 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 2007 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel ( 2009 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked ( 2011 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip ( 2015 ) Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Revenue Box office ranking Budget Ref . U.S. and Canada Other territories Worldwide U.S. and Canada Worldwide The Chipmunk Adventure May 22 , 1987 ( 1987 - 05 - 22 ) $6,804,312 $6,804,312 # 5,147 Alvin and the Chipmunks December 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 14 ) $217,326,974 $144,009,659 $361,336,633 # 162 # 322 $60 millon Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel December 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 23 ) $219,614,612 $223,525,393 $443,140,005 # 153 # 228 $75 million Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked December 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 16 ) $133,110,742 $209,584,693 $342,695,435 # 421 # 357 $75 million Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) $84,536,627 $142,576,432 $227,654,481 # 828 # 600 $90 million Total $661,934,689 $707,915,813 $1,381,630,866 $300 million ° Direct to video ( edit ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein ( 1999 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman ( 2000 ) Little Alvin and the Mini-Munks ( 2004 ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : Alvin and the Chipmunks discography Video games ( edit ) The Chipmunks ( 1990 ) - Platforms : Tiger Electronic Game . Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 2007 ) - Platforms : Nintendo DS , Wii , PlayStation 2 and Microsoft Windows . Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel ( 2009 ) - Platforms : Nintendo DS and Wii . Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked ( 2011 ) - Platforms : Nintendo DS , Wii and Xbox 360 . Concert tours ( edit ) 1984 : The Chipmunks and the Magic Camera ( The Chipmunks ) 2008 : Get Munk 'd Tour ( The Chipmunks ) 2015 : Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Musical ( The Chipmunks and The Chipettes ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) 1959 , won three Grammy Awards for Best Recording for Children , Best Comedy Performance and Best Engineered Record -- Non-Classical for the song `` The Chipmunk Song '' ( it was also nominated for Record of the Year , but did not win ) . 1960 , won a Grammy Award for Best Engineered Recording - Non-Classical for the song `` Alvin 's Harmonica . '' 1961 , won a Grammy Award for Best Album for Children for the album Let 's All Sing with The Chipmunks ( it was also nominated for Best Engineered Record - Non-Classical ) . The song `` Alvin for President '' was also nominated for both Best Comedy Performance -- Musical and Best Engineered Record -- Novelty , making two nominations in the latter category . 1962 , was nominated again for a Grammy Award for Best Engineered Record -- Novelty for the television tie - in album The Alvin Show . 1963 , was nominated again for Grammy Awards for both Best Album for Children and Best Engineered Record -- Novelty for the album The Chipmunk Songbook . 1966 , was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Recording for Children for the song `` Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious '' . 1985 , was nominated for an Emmy Award in the category `` Outstanding Animated Program ( Daytime ) . '' 1987 , the second television series was nominated for a Young Artist Award in the category `` Exceptional Family Animation Series or Specials . '' 1987 , was nominated for an Emmy Award in the category `` Outstanding Animated Program ( Daytime ) . '' 1988 , was nominated for an Emmy Award in the category `` Outstanding Animated Program ( Daytime ) . '' 1988 , was nominated for a Young Artist Award in the category `` Best Motion Picture -- Animation '' for the movie The Chipmunk Adventure . '' 2000 , won the Golden Reel Award in the category `` Best Sound Editing -- Direct to Video -- Sound Editorial '' for the movie Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein . '' 2008 , Jason Lee won The Kids ' Choice Awards in the category `` Favorite Movie '' for the movie Alvin and the Chipmunks . 2008 , the 2007 Alvin and the Chipmunks soundtrack won the American Music Award for `` Best Movie Soundtrack . '' 2010 , Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel won the Kids ' Choice Awards in the category `` Favorite Movie . '' 2012 , Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked won the 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards in the category `` Favorite Movie . '' There were six Grammy Awards , an American Music Award , a Golden Reel Award and three Kids Choice Awards in total . Home releases ( edit ) hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed . Find sources : `` Alvin and the Chipmunks '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article . ( Discuss ) ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) List of VHS releases ( edit ) Following the cult success of the Lorimar Home Video release of the previously successful movie The Chipmunk Adventure on VHS , select episodes of the show from 1983 to 1990 , as well as several specials from the ' 80s and ' 90s , were released on VHS . Initially , in 1989 , they were distributed by Burbank Video . From 1992 to 1996 , they were distributed by Buena Vista Home Video . From 1998 to 2000 , they were distributed by Universal Studios Home Entertainment . The VHS Chipmunk Video Library titles featured select episodes from the Ruby - Spears and Murakami - Wolf - Swenson eras , but no opening and closing credits were included ( even though the opening credits were intact on A Chipmunk Reunion ) . Instead , each tape opened with previews from the six primary Chipmunk Library titles , set to the 1988 version of the show 's theme song titled `` We 're the Chipmunks '' . Also , a synthesized version of the 1983 -- 1987 title card music was used on the Ruby - Spears episodes . However , unlike the syndicated versions for most of these episodes that were airing at the time , these episodes were presented in their original speed , just as they were on NBC , before they were sped - up for syndication . The early - mid - ' 90s Chipmunk VHS releases featured select episodes from the DiC era . The Universal Home Video releases consisted of the reissue of The Chipmunk Adventure and the two direct - to - video films . The Chipmunk Adventure ( released by Lorimar Home Video in 1987 , Celebrity 's Just for Kids Video in 1993 and Universal Studios Home Entertainment in 1999 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks in Alvin and the Chipettes ( released by Burbank Video in 1989 ) The Greatest Showoffs on Earth Sisters Tell It to the Judge Alvin and the Chipmunks in Chipmunk Classics ( released by Burbank Video in 1989 ) Snow Wrong Cinderella ? Cinderella ! Alvin and the Chipmunks in Chipmunkmania ( released by Burbank Video in 1989 ) Every Chipmunk Tells a Story Who Ghost There A Horse of Course Alvin and the Chipmunks in The Chipmunk Family Tree ( released by Burbank Video in 1989 ) The Chipmunk Story ( Parts 1 and 2 ) A Chipmunk Reunion Around the World with Alvin and the Chipmunks ( released by Burbank Video in 1989 ) Maids in Japan Alvie 's Angels The Mystery of Seville Manor Alvin and the Chipmunks in Alvin 's Wildest Schemes ( released by Burbank Video in 1989 ) Romancing Miss Stone Snow Job A Chip off the Old Tooth Alvin and the Chipmunks in A Chipmunk Christmas ( released by Burbank Video in 1989 and by Buena Vista Home Video in 1992 ) A Chipmunk Christmas Alvin and the Chipmunks : Rockin ' With the Chipmunks : Featuring Michael Jackson ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1992 ) The Chipmunks : Rockin ' Through the Decades Alvin and the Chipmunks : It 's a Wonderful Life , Dave ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1993 ) Dave 's Wonderful Life Alvin and the Chipmunks : Alvin 's Christmas Carol ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1993 ) Merry Christmas , Mr. Carroll Alvin and the Chipmunks : Love Potion # 9 ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1994 ) Theodore and Juliet Dr. Simon and Mr. Heartthrob Dear Diary Alvin and the Chipmunks Sing - Alongs : Video Audio Fun - Pack Ragtime Cowboy Joe ( 11 songs from The Alvin Show , released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1994 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Sing - Alongs : Video Audio Fun - Pack Working on the Railroad ( 11 songs from The Alvin Show , released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1994 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks : School 's Out for Summer ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1994 ) Alvin 's Summer Job ( a.k.a. Going For Broke ) Thinking Cap Trap Alvin and the Chipmunks : Hair Raising Chipmunk Tales ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1994 ) Babysitter Fright Night Theodore 's Life as a Dog Unfair Science Alvin and the Chipmunks : Nightmare on Seville Street ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1994 ) Nightmare on Seville Street No Chipmunk is an Island Psychic Alvin Alvin and the Chipmunks Go to the Movies : Back to Alvin 's Future ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1994 ) Back to Our Future Alvin and the Chipmunks Go to the Movies : Kong ! ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1994 ) Kong ! Alvin and the Chipmunks Go to the Movies : Batmunk ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1994 ) Batmunk Alvin and the Chipmunks Go to the Movies : Funny , We Shrunk the Adults ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1994 ) Funny , We Shrunk the Adults Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Easter Chipmunk ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1995 ) The Easter Chipmunk Alvin and the Chipmunks Go to the Movies : Daytona Jones ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1995 ) Daytona Jones and the Pearl of Wisdom Alvin and the Chipmunks Go to the Movies : Robomunk ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1995 ) Robomunk Alvin and the Chipmunks : Trick or Treason ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1995 ) Trick or Treason Alvin and the Chipmunks : A Chipmunk Celebration ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1995 ) A Chipmunk Celebration Alvin and the Chipmunks Go to the Movies : Bigger ! ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1996 ) Bigger ! Alvin and the Chipmunks Go to the Movies : Star Wreck : The Absolutely Final Frontier ( Released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1996 ) Star Wreck : The Absolutely Final Frontier Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein ( Released by Universal Studios Home Entertainment in 1999 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman ( Released by Universal Studios Home Entertainment in 2000 ) There were also VHS releases in the UK that included episodes that have yet to be released in the U.S. on DVD and have never been released in the U.S. on VHS . They consist of `` The Phantom '' , `` The Wall '' , `` Queen of the High School Ballroom '' , `` Alvin 's Not So Superhero '' , `` Home Sweet Home '' , `` All Worked Up '' and `` Phantom of the Rock Opera '' . There was also a VHS tape released exclusively in Germany that featured seven different segments ( albeit in German ) . On it were `` The Wall '' , `` The Amazing Chipmunks '' , `` Psychic Alvin '' , `` A Special Kind of Champion '' , `` Cookie Chomper III '' , `` Nightmare on Seville Street '' and `` Thinking Cap Trap '' . Of the seven , `` The Amazing Chipmunks '' , which originally aired alongside `` The Wall '' , is extremely hard to find in its original English language . List of DVD releases ( edit ) In 2005 , Bagdasarian Productions struck a deal with Paramount Home Video to distribute their latest direct - to - video release , Little Alvin and the Mini-Munks , on DVD . As a result , Paramount continues to distribute selected episodes of the show from 1983 to 1990 , as well as several specials from the ' 80s and ' 90s on DVD , except for Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein , Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet The Wolfman ( the home video rights to these specials are still owned by Universal Studios Home Entertainment ) and the live - action films made from 2007 to 2015 ( the home video rights to these films are owned by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ) . The DVD releases include episodes of the 80 's Alvin and the Chipmunks animated series that were previously released on VHS as well as episodes that have been previously unreleased on a home video format . Also one episode of The Alvin Show from the 1960s was released . Monster Bash Fun Pack ( Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein / Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman / Monster Mash / Archie & the Riverdale Vampires ) ( released by Universal Studios Home Entertainment in 2004 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet The Wolfman Little Alvin and the Mini-Munks ( released by Paramount Home Video in 2005 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks : A Chipmunk Christmas ( released by Paramount Home Video in 2005 and again in 2008 ) A Chipmunk Christmas Merry Christmas , Mr. Carroll Dave 's Wonderful Life The Chipmunk Adventure ( released by Paramount Home Video in 2006 and again in 2008 ( 2008 reissue includes bonus CD ) ; released on Blu - ray and DVD combo pack in 2014 ) The Brave Chipmunks ( 2014 re-release ) Alvin and the Chipmunks : Trick or Treason ( released by Paramount Home Video in 2006 and again in 2008 ) Trick or Treason Babysitter Fright Night Theodore 's Life as a Dog Nightmare on Seville Street No Chipmunk is an Island Alvin and the Chipmunks : A Chipmunk Christmas : 25th Anniversary Edition ( released by Paramount Home Video in 2006 ) Same as previous release , except with a bonus CD . Alvin and the Chipmunks : A Chipmunk Valentine ( released by Paramount Home Video in 2007 , again in 2009 and again in 2012 ) I Love the Chipmunks Valentine Special Dr. Simon and Mr. Heartthrob Dear Diary Theodore and Juliet Sploosh ( 2012 re-release ) I Wish I Could Speak French ( 2012 re-release ) Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Chipmunks Go to the Movies ( released by Paramount Home Video in 2007 ) Star Wreck : The Absolutely Final Frontier Batmunk Funny , We Shrunk the Adults Alvin and the Chipmunks : Scare - riffic Double Feature : Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein and Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman ( released by Universal Studios Home Entertainment in 2008 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 2007 film ) ( released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on April 1 , 2008 ; Special Edition released in December 2008 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Go to the Movies : Funny , We Shrunk the Adults ( released by Paramount Home Video on April 1 , 2008 ) Funny , We Shrunk the Adults Back to Our Future Bigger Alvin and the Chipmunks Go to the Movies : Daytona Jones and the Pearl of Wisdom ( released by Paramount Home Video on September 9 , 2008 ) Daytona Jones and the Pearl of Wisdom Batmunk Robomunk Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Alvinnn ! ! ! Edition ( released by Paramount Home Video on September 16 , 2008 ) The Curse of Lontiki Mr. Fabulous Unidentified Flying Chipmunk A Horse , Of Course New Improved Simon Snow Job Maids in Japan Every Chipmunk Tells a Story Romancing Miss Stone Three Alarm Alvin Alvin 's Oldest Fan A Chip Off the Old Tooth Whatever Happened to Dave Seville ? Cadet 's Regrets Alvin and the Chipmunks : Alvin 's Thanksgiving Celebration ( released by Paramount Home Video on September 23 , 2008 ) A Chipmunk Celebration Food for Thought Cookie Chomper III Dave 's Getting Married Alvin and the Chipmunks : Classic Holiday Gift Set ( released by Paramount Home Video on September 23 , 2008 ) Includes all the episodes from the DVDs `` Trick or Treason '' , `` Alvin 's Thanksgiving Celebration '' , and `` A Chipmunk Christmas '' Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Chipettes ( released by Paramount Home Video on January 13 , 2009 ) May the Best Chipmunk Win Operation : Theodore Sisters The Greatest Show - Offs on Earth My Fair Chipette Tell It to the Judge Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Mystery of the Easter Chipmunk ( released by Paramount Home Video on February 10 , 2009 ) The Easter Chipmunk Snow Wrong Luck o ' the Chipmunks A Special Kind of Champion Thinking Cap Trap Alvin and the Chipmunks Go to the Movies : Star Wreck ( released by Paramount Home Video on September 8 , 2009 ) Star Wreck : The Absolutely Final Frontier Elementary , My Dear Simon Chip Tracy Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Very First Alvin Show ( released by Paramount Home Video on September 8 , 2009 ) Episode No. 1 of The Alvin Show A Chipmunk Reunion The Chipmunks : Rockin ' Through the Decades Alvin and the Chipmunks : Alvin and the Chipettes in Cinderella , Cinderella ( released by Paramount Home Video on March 30 , 2010 ) Cinderella ? Cinderella ! Alvie 's Angels The Brunch Club Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel : Blu - ray and DVD combo pack , standard DVD , double disc DVD and standard Blu - ray disc were released on March 30 , 2010 ( by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ) . Alvin and the Chipmunks : Driving Dave Crazy ( Released by Paramount Home Video on December 6 , 2011 ) Dave 's Getting Married Every Chipmunk Tells a Story Romancing Ms. Stone Maids in Japan The Incredible Shrinking Dave Mother 's Day The Chipette Diaries ( released by Paramount Home Video on March 13 , 2012 ) Alvie 's Angels Tell it to The Judge My Fair Chipette May the Best Chipmunk Win The Greatest Show - Offs on Earth The Chipettes Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked : Blu - ray and DVD combo pack , standard DVD , double disc DVD and standard Blu - ray disc were released on March 27 , 2012 ( by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ) . Alvin and the Chipmunks : Batmunk ( released by Paramount Home Video on July 10 , 2012 ) Batmunk Treasure Island Elementary , My Dear Simon Alvin and the Chipmunks : Halloween Collection ( released by Paramount Home Video on September 4 , 2012 ) Trick or Treason Babysitter Fright Night Theodore 's Life as a Dog Nightmare on Seville Street Once Upon a Crime Alvin and the Chipmunks : Easter Collection ( released by Paramount Home Video on February 19 , 2013 ) The Easter Chipmunk A Special Kind of Champion Thinking Cap Trap The Picture of Health Snow Wrong Luck o ' the Chipmunks The Chipettes : The Glass Slipper Collection ( released by Paramount Home Video on May 14 , 2013 ) Cinderella ? Cinderella ! The Chipette Story Sisters Operation : Theodore Alvin and the Chipmunks : Driving Dave Crazier ( released by Paramount Home Video on August 20 , 2013 ) Cookie Chomper III Grounded Chipmunk Whatever Happened to Dave Seville ? A Chip Off the Old Tooth The Alvin Show ( released by ANconnect on March 10 , 2015 ) Episode 1 : Stanley the Eagle Oh , Gondanliero Clyde Crashcup Invents the Baseball I Wish I Could Speak French Episode 2 : Ostrich The Brave Chipmunks Clyde Crashcup Invents the Baby Yankee Doodle Episode 3 : Overworked Alvin Witch Doctor Clyde Crashcup Invents Flight The Chipmunk Song ( Christmas Do n't Be Late ) ALVINNN ! ! ! and the Chipmunks : Alvin 's Wild Adventures ( released by Bagdasarian Productions on November 11 , 2015 ) Principal Interest Talking Teddy Mystic Mountain A Is for Alien Clowning Around Driving Dave Crazy What a Gem ALVINNN ! ! ! and the Chipmunks Season 1 Volume 1 ( released by Bagdasarian Productions on December 4 , 2015 ) ALVINNN ! ! ! and the Chipmunks Season 1 Volume 2 ( released by Bagdasarian Productions on January 26 , 2016 ) ALVINNN ! ! ! and the Chipmunks : Alvin vs. Brittany ( released by Bagdasarian Productions on March 1 , 2016 ) Sister Act Albrittina My Sister the Weirdo Mister Manners Reality or Not Turf War Don Juan Theodoro References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Alvin and the chipmunks : road chip '' . Movie Insider . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Bird On My Head by David Seville '' . Themadmusicarchive.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Clarely , Kathey ( May 24 , 1987 ) . `` Dashing Park Rodent was the Inspiration for Chipmunks '' . The Fresno Bee . ' He could n't figure out whether to use worms or elephants or whatever , ' said Ross Bagdasarian Jr. , who took over the chipmunk business from his father . ' Suddenly , as he was driving through the sequoias ( at Sequoia National Park ) , a chipmunk dashed out on the road and dared him to pass . Dad fell out of the car laughing and the Chipmunks were born . ' access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Alvin And The Chipmunks Celebrate Holidays On Stage '' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Alvin And The Chipmunks -- The Chipmunks Go To The Movies '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide 's 50 greatest cartoon characters of all time '' . CNN . 2002 - 07 - 30 . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Guitar Buyer , September 2008 Jump up ^ Burrell , Ian ( September 22 , 2007 ) . `` Kanye West : King of Rap '' . The Independent . UK . Retrieved April 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Barthel , Mike ( 2010 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Understanding Kanye : Sweet , Sweet Robot Fantasy , Baby '' . The Awl . David Cho . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Empire , Kitty ( 2005 - 08 - 28 ) . `` West Ends the Wait '' . The Observer ( Guardian News and Media Limited ) Retrieved 2005 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Canned Heat : The Official Band Biography '' . Canned Heat . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` the Chipmunks Adventure ( 1987 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alvin and the Chipmunks The Road Chip ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alvin and the Chipmunks '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alvin and The Chimpmunks and The Magic Camera from 1984 - Video Dailymotion . Dailymotion.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 25 . Alvin and the Chipmunks : Live On Stage . alvinandthechipmunkslive.com . Retrieved on 2015 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Alvin & the Chipmunks ( VHS ) : Amazon.de : VHS . Amazon.de ( 2009 - 09 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ by an anonymous customer answers . `` The Chipmunk Adventure ( Alvin 's Diamond Edition ) ( Blu - ray + DVD ) '' . Walmart.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Chipmunks.com , Bagdasarian Productions ' official site Alvin and the Chipmunks : Live on Stage ! , archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 25 Cinema.ch Trailer `` The History of the Chipmunks '' , Animation.Archive.org Alvin and the Chipmunks '' at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . ( hide ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Characters David Seville The Chipmunks The Chipettes Clyde Crashcup Studio albums Let 's All Sing with The Chipmunks Sing Again with The Chipmunks Around the World with The Chipmunks The Alvin Show The Chipmunk Songbook Christmas with The Chipmunks Christmas with the Chipmunks Vol. 2 The Chipmunks Sing the Beatles Hits The Chipmunks Sing with Children Chipmunks à Go - Go The Chipmunks Go to the Movies The Very Best of The Chipmunks Chipmunk Punk Urban Chipmunk A Chipmunk Christmas Chipmunk Rock The Chipmunks Go Hollywood The Chipmunk Adventure ( soundtrack ) The Chipmunks and The Chipettes : Born to Rock Solid Gold Chipmunks Rockin ' Through the Decades Soundtrack The Chipmunks Rock the House Chipmunks in Low Places Greatest Hits Here 's Looking at Me ! A Very Merry Chipmunk When You Wish Upon a Chipmunk Club Chipmunk : The Dance Mixes The A-Files : Alien Songs Greatest Hits : Still Squeaky After All These Years Little Alvin and the Mini-Munks ( soundtrack ) Christmas with The Chipmunks ( 2008 reissue ) Undeniable We 're the Chipmunks ( Music from the TV Show ) Television shows The Alvin Show ( 1961 -- 1962 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 1983 -- 1990 ) episodes Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 2015 -- ) episodes Television specials A Chipmunk Christmas ( 1981 ) A Chipmunk Reunion ( 1985 ) Rockin ' Through the Decades ( 1990 ) Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ; guest appearance ) Feature films Animated films The Chipmunk Adventure ( 1987 ) Direct - to - video films Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein ( 1999 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman ( 2000 ) Little Alvin and the Mini-Munks ( 2003 ) Live - action / CGI films Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 2007 ) The Squeakquel ( 2009 ) Chipwrecked ( 2011 ) The Road Chip ( 2015 ) Video games Alvin and the Chipmunks People Ross Bagdasarian Sr . Ross Bagdasarian Jr . Janice Karman Liberty Records MusicBrainz : 14553432 - e492 - 420d - 99ed - 6e2fd6b4543f Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alvin_and_the_Chipmunks&oldid=840674709 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1958 Alvin and the Chipmunks Animated musical groups Family musical groups Fictional musical groups Parodists Liberty Records artists Capitol Records artists RCA Records artists Fictional chipmunks Fictional triplets Fictional adoptees Fictional singers Fictional dancers Fictional musicians Grammy Award winners Musical groups established in 1958 American children 's musical groups Recorded music characters Anthropomorphic rodents Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with a promotional tone from October 2015 All articles with a promotional tone Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from November 2015 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with hCards Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2018 Articles that may contain original research from March 2018 All articles that may contain original research Wikipedia articles needing style editing from March 2018 All articles needing style editing All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Articles to be split from January 2018 All articles to be split Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски ไทย 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 12 : 00 . 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9147769935650154934 | Arsenal of Democracy | Arsenal of democracy - wikipedia Arsenal of democracy Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the speech . For the video game , see Arsenal of Democracy ( video game ) . The text of the actual speech can be accessed through the References section . U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt addressing the nation . During the Second World War ( 1939 -- 45 ) , the Arsenal of Democracy was the slogan used by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt , in a radio broadcast delivered on 29 December 1940 . Roosevelt promised to help the United Kingdom fight Nazi Germany by giving them military supplies while the United States stayed out of the actual fighting . The president announced that intent a year before the Attack on Pearl Harbor ( 7 December 1941 ) , at a time when Germany had occupied much of Europe and threatened Britain . Nazi Germany was allied with Fascist Italy and the Empire of Japan ( the Axis powers ) . At the time , Germany and the Soviet Union had signed a non-aggression treaty under the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact , and had jointly effected the Invasion of Poland ( 1939 ) , a Realpolitik deal that remained effective until the Operation Barbarossa , the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union , in 1941 . Roosevelt 's address was `` a call to arm and support '' the Allies in Europe , and , to a lesser extent , arm and support the Republic of China ( 1912 -- 1949 ) , in total war against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan . `` The great arsenal of democracy '' came to specifically refer to the industry of the U.S. , as the primary supplier of matériel for the Allied war effort . The slogan `` Arsenal of democracy '' refers to the collective efforts of American industry in supporting the Allies , which efforts tended to be concentrated in the established industrial centers of the U.S. , such as Chicago , Detroit , New York , Philadelphia , and Pittsburgh , and other places . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of the phrase 2 Synopsis 3 Impact 4 United States armament manufacturers 5 Notes 6 References and further reading 7 External links Origins of the phrase ( edit ) In 1918 , Doubleday executive Herbert S. Houston analyzed World War I with an article titled `` Blocking New Wars '' . He wrote that American business was the `` Protector of Democracy '' while the American free press was `` one of the most effective weapons in the arsenal of democracy . '' The concept of America as an actual arsenal came from the American playwright Robert Emmet Sherwood , who was quoted in the May 12 , 1940 New York Times as saying `` this country is already , in effect , an arsenal for the democratic Allies . '' Although the French economist Jean Monnet had used the phrase later in 1940 , he was urged by Felix Frankfurter not to use it again so Roosevelt could make use of it in his speeches . Franklin Roosevelt has since been credited with the phrase . The phrase was suggested by top Roosevelt advisor Harry Hopkins . Yet another account has it that Roosevelt borrowed the phrase from Detroit auto executive William S. Knudsen , who was tapped by Roosevelt to lead the United States ' war materiel production efforts . Synopsis ( edit ) Much of the ending of the speech attempted to dispel complacency . Roosevelt laid out the situation , and then pointed out the flaws in United States isolationism . He mentioned that `` Some of us like to believe that even if Great Britain falls , we are still safe , because of the broad expanse of the Atlantic and of the Pacific . '' He refuted this by saying that modern technology had effectively reduced the distances across those oceans , allowing even for `` planes that could fly from the British Isles to New England and back again without refueling . '' After establishing the danger , the president then proceeded to request action from the people . He acknowledged a telegram he had received . He refuted its message , which he summarized as `` Please , Mr. President , do n't frighten us by telling us the facts . '' The central fact he felt Americans must grasp was the geopolitical Heartland theory : `` If Great Britain goes down , the Axis powers will control the continents of Europe , Asia , Africa , Australasia , and the high seas -- and they will be in a position to bring enormous military and naval resources against this hemisphere . '' He then continued to describe the situation in Europe , punctuating his remarks with warnings of how the Nazis would use the same tactics in the Western Hemisphere , and giving vivid imagery such as `` The fate of these ( occupied ) nations tells us what it means to live at the point of a Nazi gun . '' Roosevelt attacked the British prewar policy of `` appeasement , '' calling it ineffective . Listing prior examples given by European countries , he said it was futile . The only solution was to assist Britain ( `` the spearhead of resistance to world conquest '' ) while it was still possible . While not explicitly pledging to stay out of the war , he stated that `` our national policy is not directed toward war , '' and argued that helping Britain now would save Americans from having to fight . `` You can , therefore , nail -- nail any talk about sending armies to Europe as deliberate untruth . '' Europe does `` not ask us to do their fighting . They ask us for the implements of war , the planes , the tanks , the guns , the freighters which will enable them to fight for their liberty and for our security . Emphatically we must get these weapons to them , get them to them in sufficient volume and quickly enough , so that we and our children will be saved the agony and suffering of war which others have had to endure . '' He urged this to change , all the while stressing that open war would not hurt the country : `` the strength of this nation shall not be diluted by the failure of the Government to protect the economic well - being of its citizens . '' He focused on that theme of `` splendid cooperation between the Government and industry and labor '' for several paragraphs , cited how American labor would make an impact in the combat zones , and noted how important the manufacture of weapons and vehicles is to being strong , as a nation . He warned against labor disputes , saying , `` The nation expects our defense industries to continue operation without interruption by strikes or lockouts . It expects and insists that management and workers will reconcile their differences by voluntary or legal means . '' Roosevelt stressed that it was not the American government but the American people who had the power to turn the tide of the war . It was here that he used the phrase `` arsenal of democracy '' : `` We must be the great arsenal of democracy . For us this is an emergency as serious as war itself . We must apply ourselves to our task with the same resolution , the same sense of urgency , the same spirit of patriotism and sacrifice as we would show were we at war . '' Finally he reassured the American people : `` I believe that the Axis powers are not going to win this war . '' Impact ( edit ) The speech reflected the American approach to entry into World War II . It marked the decline of the isolationist and non-interventionist doctrine that had dominated interwar U.S. foreign policy since the United States ' involvement in World War I . At the time , while the United States Navy appeared strong and was widely thought to guarantee the Western Hemisphere would be safe from invasion , there were only 458,365 non-Coast Guard military personnel on active duty -- 259,028 in the Army , 160,997 in the Navy , and 28,345 in the Marine Corps . By the next year , that number had nearly quadrupled , with 1,801,101 total military personnel -- 1,462,315 in the Army , 284,437 in the Navy , and 54,359 in the Marine Corps . Previous policies such as the Neutrality Acts had already begun to be replaced by intensified assistance to the Allies , including the cash and carry policy in 1939 and Destroyers for Bases Agreement in September 1940 . The Lend - Lease program began in March 1941 , several months after the Arsenal of Democracy address . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 -- less than a year after the Arsenal of Democracy address -- the United States entered the war . United States armament manufacturers ( edit ) The spending on military production was distributed 32 % for aircraft , 14.8 % for ships , 25.6 % for ordnance ( guns , ammunition and military vehicles ) , 4.9 % for electronics , and the remaining 22.7 % for fuels , clothing , construction materials , and food . Note that production costs fell steadily -- the same item cost much less to produce in 1945 than in 1942 . The largest United States military prime contractors are listed below in order of the total value of munitions produced from June 1940 through September 1944 . These large firms produced many different items ; the aircraft companies assembled parts made by thousands of firms . 1 - General Motors , trucks , tanks , aircraft parts 2 - Curtiss - Wright , aircraft engines 3 - Ford Motor Company , trucks , aircraft 4 - Convair , aircraft 5 - Douglas Aircraft Company , aircraft 6 - United Aircraft , aircraft parts 7 - Bethlehem Steel , ships 8 - Chrysler , tanks , electronics , trucks 9 - General Electric , electrical parts , engines 10 - Lockheed Corporation , aircraft 11 - North American Aviation , aircraft 12 - Boeing , aircraft 13 - AT&T Corporation , telephones 14 - Glenn L. Martin Company , aircraft 15 - DuPont , chemicals , ammunition , atomic bomb parts 16 - U.S. Steel , steel 17 - Bendix Aviation , aircraft parts 18 - Packard , aircraft engines 19 - Sperry Corporation , electronics 20 - Kaiser Shipyards , ships 21 - Westinghouse Electric Company , parts 22 - Grumman , aircraft 23 - Newport News Shipbuilding , ships 24 - Republic Aviation , aircraft 25 - Bell Aircraft , aircraft 26 - Vigor Shipyards , ships 27 - Nash - Kelvinator , parts 28 - Studebaker , trucks 29 - Consolidated Steel Corporation , steel 30 - Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company , tires 31 - Esso , gasoline & oil 32 - Avco , aircraft parts 33 - International Harvester , trucks 34 - American Locomotive Company , tanks 35 - Western Cartridge Company , ammunition 36 - American Car and Foundry Company , tanks 37 - United States Rubber Company , rubber parts 38 - Continental Motors , Inc. , aircraft parts 39 - Sunoco , gasoline & oil 40 - Baldwin Locomotive Works , tanks 41 - Pressed Steel Car Company , tanks 42 - Permanente Metals , incendiary bombs 43 - RCA , radios 44 - Caterpillar Inc. , tanks 45 - Allis - Chalmers , parts Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hooks , Gregory and Leonard E. Bloomquist . `` The Legacy of World War II for Regional Growth and Decline : The Cumulative Effects of Wartime Investments on U.S. Manufacturing , 1947 - 1972 . '' Social Forces , Vol. 71 , No. 2 ( Dec. , 1992 ) , pp. 303 - 337 . Note : See especially the discussion surrounding the table on page 308 . Jump up ^ Houston , Herbert S. ( October 1918 ) . `` Blocking New Wars '' . The Furniture Worker : 364 . Jump up ^ Gould , Jack ( May 12 , 1940 ) . The Broadway Stage Has Its First War Play . The New York Times . Quoting Robert Emmet Sherwood , `` this country is already , in effect , an arsenal for the democratic Allies . '' Jump up ^ Robinson , Charles K. ( October 13 , 1961 ) Time Magazine . Retrieved on June 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jean Monnet , Memoirs ( London : Collins , 1978 ) , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Richard . 1983 . The Alliance : America , Europe , Japan , Makers of the Postwar World . Jump up ^ Herman , Arthur . `` The Arsenal of Democracy : How Detroit turned industrial might into military power during World War II . '' The Detroit News . 3 Jan 2013 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Series Y 904 - 916 : Military Personnel on Active Duty : 1789 to 1970 . '' Historical Statistics of the United States , Colonial Times to 1970 , Part 2 ( Bicentennial Edition ) . September 1975 . United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ Peck , Merton J. & Scherer , Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process : An Economic Analysis ( 1962 ) Harvard Business School pp. 108 - 109&619 - 620 References and further reading ( edit ) Hyde , Charles K. Arsenal of Democracy : The American Automobile Industry in World War II . Detroit : WSU P , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 81 - 433951 - 0 Jordan , Jonathan W. , American Warlords : How Roosevelt 's High Command Led America to Victory in World War II ( NAL / Caliber 2015 ) . Kennedy , David M. Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 - 1945 . 1999 . pp 468 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514403 - 1 Complete text and audio of speech Herman , Aurther . Freedom 's Forge : How American Business Produced Victory in World War II . Speech at Wikisource External links ( edit ) Look up arsenal of democracy in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` The Arsenal of Democracy '' at USHistory.org ( hide ) Franklin D. Roosevelt 32nd President of the United States ( 1933 -- 1945 ) 44th Governor of New York ( 1929 -- 1932 ) Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( 1913 -- 1920 ) New York State Senator ( 1911 -- 1913 ) Presidency Inaugurations ( 1st 2nd 3rd 4th ) New Deal overview New Deal coalition First 100 days Second New Deal Federal Emergency Relief Administration Civilian Conservation Corps Agricultural Adjustment Administration Emergency Banking Act Tennessee Valley Authority National Labor Relations Act National Industry Recovery Act Public Works Administration National Recovery Administration Works Progress Administration National Youth Administration Social Security Act Aid to Families with Dependent Children Communications Act of 1934 Federal Communications Commission Securities and Exchange Commission Monetary gold ownership Gold Reserve Act Silver seizure Record on civil rights Defense industry non-discrimination Fair Employment Practices Commission Indian Reorganization Act Executive Orders 9066 , 9102 War Relocation Authority Japanese American internment German - American internment Italian - American internment Brownlow Committee Executive Office of the President G.I. 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9197573353596504128 | I Want to Know What Love Is | I Want to Know What Love Is - wikipedia I Want to Know What Love Is Jump to : navigation , search `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' Cover art released in some European territories Single by Foreigner from the album Agent Provocateur B - side `` Street Thunder ( Marathon Theme ) '' Released November 13 , 1984 Format 7 `` , 12 '' Genre Soft rock Length 5 : 04 ( album / 7 '' single ) 6 : 23 ( 12 '' extended ) 4 : 15 ( some radio edits ) Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Mick Jones Producer ( s ) Mick Jones , Alex Sadkin Foreigner singles chronology `` Luanne '' ( 1982 ) `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' ( 1984 ) `` That Was Yesterday '' ( 1985 ) `` Luanne '' ( 1982 ) `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' ( 1984 ) `` That Was Yesterday '' ( 1985 ) Audio sample file help `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' is a power ballad by the British - American rock band Foreigner . It was released in November 1984 as the lead single from their fifth album , Agent Provocateur . The song hit number one in both the United Kingdom and the United States and is the group 's biggest hit to date . It remains one of the band 's best - known songs and most enduring radio hits , charting in the top 25 in 2000 , 2001 , and 2002 on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Recurrents chart . `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' has continued to garner critical acclaim , and is listed as one of Rolling Stone Magazine 's greatest songs of all time at # 479 . The song is also featured in a number of films . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song information 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 2.3 Certifications 2.4 Chart succession 3 New Jersey Mass Choir version 4 Tina Arena version 4.1 Track listings 4.2 Charts 4.3 Certifications 5 Wynonna Judd version 5.1 Personnel 5.2 Track listings 5.3 Charts 5.4 Release history 6 Mariah Carey version 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Performances and promotion 6.3 Music video 6.4 Formats and track listings 6.5 Chart performance 6.6 Charts 6.7 Release history 6.8 Chart succession 7 Other covers 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Song information I always worked late at night , when everybody left and the phone stopped ringing . `` I Want To Know What Love Is '' came up at three in the morning sometime in 1984 . I do n't know where it came from . I consider it a gift that was sent through me . I think there was something bigger than me behind it . I 'd say it was probably written entirely by a higher force . `` '' Mick Jones Written and composed by Mick Jones , with an uncredited portion ( somewhere between 5 % according to Jones and 40 % according to Gramm ) by Lou Gramm , and produced by Jones and Alex Sadkin , `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' was the first single released from Foreigner 's album Agent Provocateur ( 1984 ) . The song features backing vocals from the New Jersey Mass Choir affiliated with the Gospel Music Workshop of America , Dreamgirls star Jennifer Holliday , and featured keyboard work by Thompson Twins frontman Tom Bailey . The choir also appears in the song 's music video . `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' reached # 1 in the UK Singles Chart on January 15 , 1985 , displacing Band Aid 's `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' , staying there for three weeks , and knocked Madonna 's long - running `` Like a Virgin '' out of # 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on February 2 , 1985 . It was Foreigner 's first and only pop chart topper in either country , although the band had four # 1 Mainstream Rock hits and a # 1 Adult Contemporary radio hit in the US . This was the band 's third of four # 1 singles on the Mainstream Rock chart . The song spent five weeks at # 1 in Australia and also hit the top of the charts in Canada , Ireland , New Zealand , Norway , and Sweden , peaking at # 2 in Switzerland and South Africa . We did a few takes , and it was good , but it was still a bit tentative . So then they all got round in a circle , held hands and said The Lord 's Prayer . And it seemed to inspire them , because after that they did it in one take . I was in tears , because my mum and dad were in the studio too , and it was so emotional . `` '' -- Mick Jones on recording with the choir . The song has received positive retrospective reviews from critics , with Bret Adams of AllMusic writing : `` It 's not hard to see why it became Foreigner 's first # 1 single . Its dreamy , hypnotic feel is due in part to Lou Gramm 's soulful lead vocals and the New Jersey Mass Choir 's background vocals . '' The song was also issued as a 12 '' single with a longer time length of 6 : 23 . This version contains a slightly longer intro and an extended vocal chorus / fadeout ending . The single 's B - Side `` Street Thunder ( Marathon Theme ) '' is an instrumental track originally appearing on The Official Music of the XXIII Olympiad - Los Angeles 1984 and later on the band 's 2 - CD compilation Jukebox Heroes : The Foreigner Anthology ( 2000 ) . Soon after Foreigner 's single topped the charts , the New Jersey Mass Choir released its own similar - sounding version of the song on an album that it also titled I Want to Know What Love Is . The choir 's single peaked at # 37 on the Hot Black Singles chart and # 12 on the Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales chart . The Foreigner song was ranked by Billboard as the # 4 Billboard Hot 100 single of 1985 . It was the band 's third Platinum single in the U.S. and their first and only Gold single in the UK . Originally consisting of three verses , a pre-chorus and a chorus , the song was extended with a bridge written by original songwriter Mick Jones specifically for Tina Arena 's cover in 1998 . Chart performance Weekly charts Chart ( 1985 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) 7 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 9 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada ( CHUM ) France ( SNEP ) 18 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 25 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 6 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 85 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts Chart ( 1985 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 5 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 22 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 30 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 16 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 24 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 36 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 17 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 12 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 21 US Mainstream Rock Tracks ( Billboard ) 16 US Cash Box Top 100 8 Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Chart succession ( show ) Order of precedence Preceded by `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' by Band Aid UK Singles Chart number - one single January 19 , 1985 -- February 2 , 1985 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` I Know Him So Well '' by Elaine Paige and Barbara Dickson Preceded by `` The Boys of Summer '' by Don Henley Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks number - one single January 19 , 1985 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` The Old Man Down the Road '' by John Fogerty Preceded by `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' by Band Aid Sverigetopplistan number - one single January 25 , 1985 -- March 22 , 1985 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa Irish Singles Chart number - one single January 26 , 1985 -- February 2 , 1985 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` I Know Him So Well '' by Elaine Paige and Barbara Dickson Preceded by `` Like a Virgin '' by Madonna Billboard Hot 100 number - one single February 2 , 1985 -- February 9 , 1985 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Careless Whisper '' by Wham ! featuring George Michael Cash Box Top 100 number - one single February 2 , 1985 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Easy Lover '' by Philip Bailey and Phil Collins Preceded by `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' by Band Aid Kent Music Report number - one single February 11 , 1985 -- March 11 , 1985 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` One Night in Bangkok '' by Murray Head VG - lista number - one single February 1985 -- March 1985 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Woodpeckers from Space '' by VideoKids Preceded by `` Easy Lover '' by Philip Bailey and Phil Collins Canadian CHUM Chart number - one single February 16 , 1985 -- February 23 , 1985 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` California Girls '' by David Lee Roth Preceded by `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' by Band Aid `` Born in the U.S.A. '' by Bruce Springsteen New Zealand Singles Chart number one single February 17 , 1985 ( 1 week ) March 3 , 1985 -- March 10 , 1985 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Born in the U.S.A. '' by Bruce Springsteen `` Solid '' by Ashford & Simpson Preceded by `` Easy Lover '' by Philip Bailey and Phil Collins Canadian `` RPM '' Singles Chart number - one single February 23 , 1985 -- March 9 , 1985 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Neutron Dance '' by Pointer Sisters New Jersey Mass choir version In 1985 , the New Jersey Mass Choir released the Prelude Records album entitled I Want to Know What Love Is . The album 's fifth track , `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' , was released as a single in the gospel music market which garnered several awards within the industry . Tina Arena version `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' Single by Tina Arena from the album In Deep Released August 6 , 1998 ( Australia ) January 29 , 1999 ( France ) Length 6 : 21 ( Album Version ) 5 : 34 ( Australian Album Edit ) 4 : 55 ( Single Edit ) Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Mick Jones Producer ( s ) Mick Jones Tina Arena singles chronology `` Whistle Down the Wind '' ( 1998 ) `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' ( 1998 ) `` I Want to Spend My Lifetime Loving You '' ( 1998 ) `` Whistle Down the Wind '' ( 1998 ) `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' ( 1998 ) `` I Want to Spend My Lifetime Loving You '' ( 1998 ) `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' was covered by Australian singer Tina Arena and her recording was released as a single in 1998 from her album In Deep . Arena 's version of the song was produced by Foreigner band member Mick Jones , who wrote the song . This version of the song includes a previously unrecorded bridge between the second and third choruses , specifically written for Tina Arena by Mick Jones . Track listings European Maxi Single `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' ( Single Edit ) `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' ( R & B Mix ) `` I Want to Spend My Lifetime Loving You '' ( G - Vo Extended Mix ) `` Not For Sale '' Australian CD1 Maxi Single `` I Want To Know What Love Is '' ( Single Edit ) `` Now I Can Dance '' ( Spanglish Version ) `` Now I Can Dance '' ( Live ) `` If I Did n't Love You '' ( Remix ) Australian CD2 Maxi Single - The Remixes `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' ( R'n'B Mix ) `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' ( Urban Mix ) `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' ( Extended Urban Mix ) `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' ( Single Edit ) Charts The song peaked at # 13 in France and finished 60th on the end - of - year chart of 1999 . Chart ( 1998 / 99 ) Peak Position Australia ( ARIA ) 36 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 39 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 65 European Hot 100 Singles 50 France ( SNEP ) 13 Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales France ( SNEP ) Silver 194,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Wynonna Judd version `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' Single by Wynonna Judd from the album What the World Needs Now Is Love Released August 24 , 2004 Length 5 : 41 ( Album Version ) Label Asylum / Curb Records Songwriter ( s ) Mick Jones Producer ( s ) Narada Michael Walden , Wynonna Wynonna Judd singles chronology `` Flies on the Butter '' ( 2004 ) `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' ( 2004 ) `` Rescue Me '' ( 2005 ) `` Flies on the Butter '' ( 2004 ) `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' ( 2004 ) `` Rescue Me '' ( 2005 ) `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' was covered by American country singer Wynonna Judd and her recording was released in August 24 , 2004 from her album What the World Needs Now Is Love as fourth single . Wynonna 's version of the song was produced by Narada Michael Walden , known for his work with Mariah Carey , Whitney Houston , Diana Ross , Aretha Franklin and George Michael , and Wynonna . This version of the song was included in a popular Brazilian soap opera , Senhora do Destino . Personnel Tim Akers - keyboards Robert Bailey - background vocals Jeff Beck - electric guitar Bekka Bramlett - background vocals Mike Brignardello - bass guitar Tom Bukovac - electric guitar David Campbell - string arrangements , conductor Kim Fleming - background vocals Paul Franklin - steel guitar Reggie Hamilton - bass guitar Vicki Hampton - background vocals Dann Huff - electric guitar David Huff - loop programming Ronn Huff - string arrangements Wynonna Judd - lead vocals Suzie Katayama - string contractor Jerry McPherson - electric guitar Steve Nathan - keyboards Don Potter - acoustic guitar John `` J.R. '' Robinson - drums Willie Weeks - bass guitar Track listings Digital download `` I Want To Know What Love Is '' -- 5 : 41 Remixes `` I Want To Know What Love Is '' ( Piper Remix ) -- 4 : 05 `` I Want To Know What Love Is '' ( Piper Club Mix ) -- 7 : 42 Charts In the US , the song peaked at # 14 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart . On the Hot Dance Club Songs of Billboard , it debuted at # 50 and peaked at # 12 . It is also her first single to chart in Sweden , where it debuted at # 67 and peaked at # 15 . Chart ( 2004 / 2005 ) Peak position Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 14 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs 12 Release history Country Date Format Label United States August 24 , 2004 Digital download , CD single Asylum United States Remixes Curb Records Sweden February 20 , 2005 Digital download , CD single Curb Records Mariah Carey version `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' Single by Mariah Carey from the album Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel Released September 22 , 2009 Format CD single , digital download Recorded 2009 Length 3 : 27 ( album version ) 3 : 38 ( radio / video version ) Label Island Songwriter ( s ) Mick Jones Producer ( s ) Mariah Carey , C. `` Tricky '' Stewart , James `` Big Jim '' Wright , Randy Jackson ( co ) Mariah Carey singles chronology `` Obsessed '' ( 2009 ) `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' ( 2009 ) `` H.A.T.E.U. '' ( 2009 ) `` Obsessed '' ( 2009 ) `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' ( 2009 ) `` H.A.T.E.U. '' ( 2009 ) `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' was covered by American singer Mariah Carey and released as the second single from her twelfth studio album , Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel ( 2009 ) . The single , produced by Carey , C. `` Tricky '' Stewart and James `` Big Jim '' Wright , was sent to European radio stations on August 28 and first impacted U.S. radio on September 14 , 2009 . Mick Jones said of her version : `` I think she 's actually retained the integrity of the song . You know , the arrangement is very similar to the original . They have n't tampered with the song too much . She 's captured a certain emotional thing , a feeling . '' Critical reception The single was generally well received by critics ; Australian magazine Rhyme & Reason stated that `` ( While Carey stayed ) ( ... ) true to the original , this piano - led remake is less an overhaul of the classic ' 80s hit than it is a modest but impressive update . '' The UK Daily Star gave it a 5 out of 5 rating : `` ( The song is ) given the Carey treatment and ( is ) complete with choir and karaoke climax . It 's a great rework . '' Bill Lamb from About.com said that `` Mariah Carey 's new version could leave you speechless . The diversity of vocal coloring expressed in this recording is stunning . While the single Obsessed remains disappointing , this single is a reminder of just how formidable Carey 's talents are given a strong production and arrangement '' . Writing in a Los Angeles Times music blog , Todd Martens said , `` ( T ) ackling a well - known power ballad seems like a safe choice . It 's a comfortable fall - back plan after `` Obsessed '' performed well , but did far from blockbuster numbers . It will undoubtedly be a hit , but it 's giving me more reason to fear Imperfect Angel . The sort - of - real / sort - of - not feud with Eminem seemed largely a ploy to keep Carey in the headlines , and covering Foreigner seems just as calculated to steer Carey back onto familiar ground . '' Performances and promotion Carey debuted `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' at her Live At The Pearl concerts in the Pearl Arena at The Palms Casino & Resort , Las Vegas , on September 11 and 12 , 2009 . Carey performed the song live on The Oprah Winfrey Show on September 18 . A New York radio station contest featured as its prize a mini concert by Carey at the P.C. Richard Theater in TriBeCa , New York on October 5 , where she sang the song as well as `` Obsessed '' and `` H.A.T.E.U. '' , also from the album . Carey performed the single on Italy 's X factor on November 11 , and in France where she did various radio interviews . Music video Carey filmed a music video for `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' in September 2009 in New York City , directed by Hype Williams . The video premiered on Mariah 's official website on November 13 , 2009 . The video features Carey singing in Yankee Stadium , intercut with shots of audience members , often accompanied by loved ones , and some glimpses into the tough times in their past , as they grow emotional from the song 's performance . A gospel choir joins Carey at the center of the stadium at the video 's end . Carey wears the signature curly hairstyle from the initial stages of her career ca . 1990 -- 1993 , maintaining the Memoirs theme of the album . Formats and track listings Digital download `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' ( album version ) -- 3 : 26 UK digital single `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' ( album version ) -- 3 : 26 `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' ( Moto Blanco Club Edit ) -- 3 : 25 `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' ( Chew Fu Radio Fix ) -- 3 : 51 European CD single `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' -- 3 : 39 `` Obsessed '' ( Cahill club edit ) -- 6 : 21 Chart performance The song peaked on the US Billboard Adult Contemporary chart at # 10 bringing Carey 's total number of Top Ten hits on that chart to 20 , one short of Celine Dion 's record . She has since surpassed this and is now tied with Celine Dion after her single `` Oh Santa ! '' reached # 1 in 2010 . However , it peaked at # 60 on the US Hot 100 . On the UK Singles Chart , the song debuted at # 19 on the week ending November 29 , 2009 , becoming her highest debuting and peaking song since 2008 's `` Touch My Body '' , which peaked at # 5 . The song debuted at # 6 in France , selling 1,910 physical CDs in its first week and 39,720 copies in all formats as of late 2009 , becoming the best charting version of this song there . It placed 93rd on the Year - End Chart . In Brazil , the song stayed at # 1 for a record 27 weeks . One of the reasons for the song 's radio success there was its frequent inclusion in a popular new soap opera , Viver a Vida . According to Crowley Broadcast Analysis , Carey 's version has broken the record for longest Brazilian Hot 100 Airplay Chart run at 27 consecutive weeks . Charts Chart ( 2009 -- 10 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 45 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 40 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 14 Brazil ( Hot 100 Airplay ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 57 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 14 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 16 France ( SNEP ) 6 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 37 Hungary ( Mahasz ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) 41 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) Portugal ( Billboard ) 5 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 30 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 84 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 41 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 20 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 25 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 60 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 10 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 39 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 40 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 28 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 29 Release history Country Date Format Label United States September 22 , 2009 Digital download Island Records Norway October 20 , 2009 The remixes ( digital ) Universal Music Korea CD single United Kingdom November 22 , 2009 Digital download Mercury Records France November 30 , 2009 CD single Universal Music Germany December 4 , 2009 Chart succession Preceded by `` Halo '' by Beyoncé Knowles Brazilian Hot 100 Airplay number - one single ( Mariah Carey version ) December 2009 - June 2010 Succeeded by `` Tapa na Cara '' by Zezé Di Camargo e Luciano Other covers In 1986 , Laura Branigan sang the song in duet with John Farnham at Logie Awards , an Australian award show . In 1998 , Julie Ruin recorded a version of the song on their self - titled debut album with rewritten lyrics about police abuse and neglect in cases of rape and femicide such as the Green River killer case . In 2002 , the victims of the fires at a disco in Sweden and a bar in the Netherlands recorded this song as a way to cope with their injuries and memories regarding those incidents . Their single was released under the artist name Volendam meets Göteborg and reached # 39 in the Dutch charts . In April 2014 , in an episode titled `` Tested '' , Glee cast member Amber Riley covered the song . During the broadcast of the episode , Foreigner congratulated Riley on her performance of the song on their official Twitter account . In July 2016 , Foreigner released a rerecorded version of the song featuring fun . lead singer Nate Ruess . In 2017 , Hunter Plake performed a cover on The Voice . See also Book : Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1985 References Jump up ^ `` Gig review : Journey / Foreigner / Styx '' . The Scotsman . June 10 , 2011 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 21 best power ballads '' . Jump up ^ `` 479 . Foreigner , ' I Want to Know What Love Is ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The story behind Foreigner 's I Want To Know What Love Is '' . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Bret Adams . `` Agent Provocateur - Foreigner Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ I Want to Know What Love Is - Foreigner Billboard Retrieved February 13 , 2011 Jump up ^ Mick Jones ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` I Wrote That : Foreigner -- I Want to Know What Love is ' '' . m-magazine.co.uk . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foreigner 's Mick Jones Looks Back on ' I Want to Know What Love Is ' '' . Ultimateclassicrock.com . December 27 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Pop Singles '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Vol. 97 no . 52 . New York , NY , USA . 28 December 1985 . p . T - 21 . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum '' . RIAA . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` British single certifications -- Foreigner '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Enter Foreigner in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ bulion . `` Forum - ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts - CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989 '' . ARIA . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Foreigner -- I Want to Know What Love Is '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Foreigner -- I Want to Know What Love Is '' ( in Dutch ) . 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Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 7 , 1985 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Foreigner -- I Want to Know What Love Is '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Foreigner -- I Want to Know What Love Is '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Foreigner -- I Want to Know What Love Is '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 Acts F '' . The South African Rock Encyclopedia . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Foreigner -- I Want to Know What Love Is '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Foreigner -- I Want to Know What Love Is '' . Swiss Singles Chart . 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Mariah Carey bets on nostalgia , covering Foreigner . The LA Times Music Blog . August 18 , 2009 . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SOUNDS : Mariah Carey shows at Pearl give audience chance to get close to star - Neon - ReviewJournal.com '' . Lvrj.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey 's I Want to Know What Love Is '' . Oprah.com . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2012 . Retrieved September 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . Mariah Carey . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . Mariah Carey . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` News Mariah Carey Finds Love In Reunion With Hype Williams '' . Singersroom . September 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Official Website : Music , Videos , Photos , Lyrics , Tour Dates , Forums '' . Mariahcarey.com . 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Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Mariah Carey -- I Want To Know What Love Is '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Mariah Carey -- I Want To Know What Love Is '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mariah Carey -- I Want To Know What Love Is '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Brasil Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . Brazil : BPP : 79 . January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Mariah Carey . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- I Want To Know What Love Is '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey -- Chart history '' European Hot 100 for Mariah Carey . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- I Want to Know What Love Is '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Carey , Mariah Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Single ( track ) Top 10 lista '' . 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Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - I Want to Know What Love Is ( The Remixes ) by Mariah Carey '' . Itunes.apple.com . October 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 대한민국 지식 문화 대표 브랜드 교보 문고 에 오신 것을 환영 합니다 . 로그인 하시면 다양한 지식 문화 서비스 를 경험할 수 있습니다 . 회원님 의 웹 브라우저 또는 PC 환경 에 따라 팝업창 로그인 페이지 가 제대로 작동 하지 않을 수도 있습니다 . 본 웹 페이지 에서 다시 ID 와 비밀번호 를 입력 하여 주시면 정상적으로 로그인 하실 수 있습니다 . '' ( in Korean ) . Kyobobook.co.kr . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel by Mariah Carey '' . Itunes.apple.com . September 25 , 2009 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I Want To Know What Love Is : Mariah Carey , James `` Big Jim '' Wright : Amazon.fr : Musique `` . Amazon.fr . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I Want to Know What Love Is ( 2 - Track ) : Mariah Carey : Amazon.de : Musik '' . Amazon.de . July 14 , 2009 . Retrieved October 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ A.J. Duric . `` Review '' . MetroTimes.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brian Flota . `` Review '' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Dutch charts portal '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved September 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Foreigner on Twitter : `` Who else just heard @ MsAmberPRiley OWN her version of `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' on @ GLEEonFOX ? # GleeAlong `` '' . twitter.com. April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Foreigner 's `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' Duet with fun. 's Nate Ruess Available as a Digital Single `` . abcnewsradioonline.com . July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . External links Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' ( Foreigner version ) music video at MTV.com ( Windows Media Video format ) Foreigner Mick Jones Thom Gimbel Jeff Pilson Kelly Hansen Michael Bluestein Chris Frazier Dennis Elliott Lou Gramm Al Greenwood Ian McDonald Ed Gagliardi Rick Wills Jack Allen Smith Johnny Edwards Jeff Jacobs Mark Schulman Bruce Turgon Ron Wikso Brian Tichy Denny Carmassi Jason Bonham Chaz West Paul Mirkovich Jason Sutter Studio albums Foreigner Double Vision Head Games Agent Provocateur Inside Information Unusual Heat Mr. Moonlight Ca n't Slow Down Compilations Records The Very Best ... and Beyond Jukebox Heroes : The Foreigner Anthology Complete Greatest Hits Hot Blooded and Other Hits The Essentials The Definitive Collection No End in Sight : The Very Best of Foreigner Live albums Classic Hits Live / Best of Live Extended Versions Ca n't Slow Down ... When It 's Live ! Singles `` Feels Like the First Time '' `` Starrider '' `` Cold as Ice '' `` Long , Long Way from Home '' `` Hot Blooded '' `` Double Vision '' `` Blue Morning , Blue Day '' `` Dirty White Boy '' `` Head Games '' `` Love on the Telephone '' `` Women '' `` I 'll Get Even with You '' `` Urgent '' `` Juke Box Hero '' `` Waiting for a Girl Like You '' `` Night Life '' `` Break It Up '' `` Luanne '' `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' `` That Was Yesterday '' `` Tooth and Nail '' `` Reaction to Action '' `` Growing Up the Hard Way '' `` Down on Love '' `` Say You Will '' `` I Do n't Want to Live Without You '' `` Heart Turns to Stone '' `` Ca n't Wait '' `` Lowdown and Dirty '' `` I 'll Fight for You '' `` With Heaven on Our Side '' `` Soul Doctor '' `` White Lie '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` Rain '' `` Under the Gun '' `` Too Late '' `` When It Comes to Love '' `` Ca n't Slow Down '' `` In Pieces '' Related articles Discography Shadow King Black Sheep `` Revenge of the Mooninites '' Book Tina Arena singles Strong as Steel `` I Need Your Body '' `` The Machine 's Breaking Down '' `` Strong as Steel '' `` Woman 's Work '' Do n't Ask `` Chains '' `` Sorrento Moon ( I Remember ) '' `` Heaven Help My Heart '' `` Was n't It Good '' `` Show Me Heaven '' In Deep `` Burn '' `` If I Did n't Love You '' `` Now I Can Dance '' `` Whistle Down the Wind '' `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' `` I Want to Spend My Lifetime Loving You '' `` If I Was a River '' `` Aller plus haut '' `` Les trois cloches '' Just Me `` Soul Mate # 9 '' `` Dare You to Be Happy '' `` Tu es toujours là '' `` Symphony of Life '' Vous êtes toujours là `` Je te retrouve un peu '' Greatest Hits 1994 -- 2004 `` Italian Love Song '' Un autre univers `` Aimer jusqu'à l'impossible '' `` Je m'appelle Bagdad '' `` Tu aurais dû me dire ( Oser parler d'amour ) '' Songs of Love & Loss `` To Sir with Love '' 7 vies `` Entends - tu le monde ? '' Songs of Love & Loss 2 `` Oh Me , Oh My '' Reset `` You Set Fire to My Life '' Other releases `` Turn Up the Beat '' `` Ti Voglio Qui '' `` Live for the One I Love '' `` Never ( Past Tense ) '' `` Voici les clés '' `` Only Lonely '' `` The Things We Do For Love '' Template Wynonna Judd Studio albums Wynonna Tell Me Why Revelations The Other Side New Day Dawning What the World Needs Now Is Love A Classic Christmas Sing : Chapter 1 Wynonna & the Big Noise Compilation albums Collection Her Story : Scenes from a Lifetime Love Heals Notable singles `` She Is His Only Need '' `` I Saw the Light '' `` No One Else on Earth '' `` My Strongest Weakness '' `` Tell Me Why '' `` Only Love '' `` Is It Over Yet '' `` Rock Bottom '' `` Girls with Guitars '' `` To Be Loved by You '' `` Heaven Help My Heart '' `` When Love Starts Talkin ' '' `` Come Some Rainy Day '' `` Ca n't Nobody Love You ( Like I Do ) '' `` What the World Needs '' `` Heaven Help Me '' `` Sing '' Guest singles `` A Bad Goodbye '' ( with Clint Black ) Related articles Discography The Judds Ashley Judd Naomi Judd Mariah Carey songs Singles discography Songs recorded 1990s songs `` Vision of Love '' `` There 's Got to Be a Way '' `` I Do n't Wanna Cry '' `` Someday '' `` Love Takes Time '' `` Emotions '' `` Ca n't Let Go '' `` Make It Happen '' `` If It 's Over '' `` I 'll Be There '' `` Dreamlover '' `` Hero '' `` Anytime You Need a Friend '' `` Without You '' `` Never Forget You '' `` Endless Love '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' `` O Holy Night '' `` Joy to the World '' `` Fantasy '' `` Underneath the Stars '' `` One Sweet Day '' `` Open Arms '' `` Always Be My Baby '' `` Forever '' `` Honey '' `` My All '' `` Butterfly '' `` The Roof '' `` Breakdown '' `` Close My Eyes '' `` The Beautiful Ones '' `` Sweetheart '' `` When You Believe '' `` I Still Believe '' `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Thank God I Found You '' `` Ca n't Take That Away ( Mariah 's Theme ) '' `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' `` Crybaby '' 2000s songs `` Loverboy '' `` Do n't Stop ( Funkin ' 4 Jamaica ) '' `` Reflections ( Care Enough ) '' `` Last Night a DJ Saved My Life '' `` Never Too Far '' `` Never Too Far / Hero Medley '' `` Through the Rain '' `` Boy ( I Need You ) '' `` Bringin ' On the Heartbreak '' `` I Know What You Want '' `` It 's Like That '' `` We Belong Together '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Mine Again '' `` Say Somethin ' '' `` Get Your Number '' `` Fly Like a Bird '' `` Do n't Forget About Us '' `` So Lonely '' `` Migrate '' `` Touch My Body '' `` I Stay in Love '' `` Side Effects '' `` I 'm That Chick '' `` I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time '' `` Bye Bye '' `` Hero '' ( 2008 version ) `` Betcha Gon ' Know ( The Prologue ) '' `` Obsessed '' `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' `` H.A.T.E.U. '' 2010s songs `` Up Out My Face '' `` Angels Cry '' `` Oh Santa ! '' `` Christmas Time Is in the Air Again '' `` When Christmas Comes '' `` One Child '' `` Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) '' `` # Beautiful '' `` Thirsty '' `` You 're Mine ( Eternal ) '' `` You Do n't Know What to Do '' `` Meteorite '' `` The Art of Letting Go '' `` Infinity '' `` I Do n't '' Other releases `` 100 % '' `` Almost Home '' `` Everybody Hurts '' `` Every Time I Close My Eyes '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lil ' L.O.V.E. '' `` My Love '' `` Right to Dream '' `` So Lonely '' `` Things That U Do '' `` Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) '' `` U Make Me Wanna '' `` What More Can I Give '' Book Portal Template WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Want_to_Know_What_Love_Is&oldid=801355481 '' Categories : 1984 singles 1984 songs 1985 singles 1998 singles 2004 singles 2009 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles Brasil Hot 100 Airplay number - one singles Brasil Hot Pop number - one singles Foreigner ( band ) songs Mariah Carey songs Music videos directed by Hype Williams Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Sweden 1980s ballads Rock ballads RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Mick Jones ( Foreigner ) Tina Arena songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Wynonna Judd songs Atlantic Records singles Columbia Records singles Asylum Records singles Curb Records singles Song recordings produced by Narada Michael Walden Island Records singles Songs written by Lou Gramm Song recordings produced by Tricky Stewart Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages with URL errors Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Certification Table Entry usages for France Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeuropeanhot100 Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Tagalog Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 05 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang i want to go where love is | [
"\"I Want to Know What Love Is\" is a power ballad[2] by the British-American rock band Foreigner. It was released in November 1984 as the lead single from their fifth album, Agent Provocateur. The song hit number one in both the United Kingdom and the United States and is the group's biggest hit to date. It remains one of the band's best-known songs and most enduring radio hits, charting in the top 25 in 2000, 2001, and 2002 on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Recurrents chart. \"I Want to Know What Love Is\" has continued to garner critical acclaim, and is listed as one of Rolling Stone Magazine's greatest songs of all time at #479.[3] The song is also featured in a number of films."
] | [
"Foreigner"
] |
-5006985013596587551 | List of All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners | List of All - Ireland Senior hurling Championship winners - wikipedia List of All - Ireland Senior hurling Championship winners Jump to : navigation , search The All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship is an annual hurling competition established by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887 . The All - Ireland Championship is open to the top hurling teams in Ireland , with 14 teams currently participating . Originally , only the county club champions of their respective county championships were allowed to participate . However , this was changed in the 1890s when teams involving non-county championship - winning players began to emerge . Tipperary , represented by Thurles Sarsfields , won the inaugural championship , beating Galway , represented by Meelick , in the 1887 final . The prize for the All - Ireland champions is the Liam MacCarthy Cup . Kilkenny hold the record for the most victories , winning the competition thirty - six times since its inception . They have also won the competition the most times in - a-row , winning it four times from 2006 to 2009 , a record they share with Cork who won it four times from 1941 to 1944 . Kilkenny have also been runners - up the most times , losing the final twenty - five times . The province of Munster has provided the most champions , with seventy - one wins between all six counties . The current champions are Galway who beat Waterford 0 - 26 to 2 - 17 in the 2017 final at Croke Park . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners 1.1 Finals 2 Notes 3 References Winners ( edit ) Finals ( edit ) Season Province Winners Score Runners - up Province Venue Attendance Notes 1887 Munster Tipperary 1 - 1 : 0 - 1 Galway Connacht Birr Sportsfield , Birr 5,000 1888 n / a n / a 1889 Leinster Dublin 5 - 1 : 1 - 6 Clare Munster St. Patrick 's GAA Field , Dublin 1,500 1890 Munster Cork 1 - 6 : 2 - 2 Wexford Leinster Clonturk Park , Dublin 1,000 1891 Munster Kerry 2 - 3 : 1 - 5 Wexford Leinster Clonturk Park , Dublin 2,000 1892 Munster Cork 2 - 3 : 1 - 5 Dublin Leinster Clonturk Park , Dublin 5,000 1893 Munster Cork 6 - 8 : 0 - 2 Kilkenny Leinster Phoenix Park , Dublin 1,000 1894 Munster Cork 5 - 20 : 2 - 0 Dublin Leinster Clonturk Park , Dublin 2,000 1895 Munster Tipperary 6 - 8 : 1 - 10 Kilkenny Leinster Jones ' Road , Dublin 8,000 1896 Munster Tipperary 8 - 14 : 0 - 4 Dublin Leinster Jones ' Road , Dublin 3,500 1897 Munster Limerick 3 - 4 : 2 - 4 Kilkenny Leinster Tipperary GAA Field , Tipperary 5,000 1898 Munster Tipperary 7 - 13 : 3 - 10 Kilkenny Leinster Jones ' Road , Dublin 2,500 1899 Munster Tipperary 3 - 12 : 1 - 4 Wexford Leinster Jones ' Road , Dublin 3,500 1900 Munster Tipperary 2 - 5 : 0 - 6 London Britain Jones ' Road , Dublin 8,000 1901 Britain London 1 - 5 : 0 - 4 Cork Munster Jones ' Road , Dublin 1902 Munster Cork 3 - 13 : 0 - 0 London Britain Cork Athletic Grounds , Cork 8,000 1903 Munster Cork 3 - 16 : 1 - 1 London Britain Jones ' Road , Dublin 1904 Leinster Kilkenny 1 - 9 : 1 - 8 Cork Munster , Carrick - on - Suir 1905 ( R ) Leinster Kilkenny 3 - 12 : 5 - 10 7 - 7 : 2 - 9 Cork Munster Fraher Field , Dungarvan 1906 Munster Tipperary 3 - 16 : 3 - 8 Dublin Leinster Nowlan Park , Kilkenny 5,000 1907 Leinster Kilkenny 3 - 12 : 4 - 8 Cork Munster Fraher Field , Dungarvan 15,000 1908 Munster Tipperary 3 - 15 : 1 - 5 Dublin Leinster Geraldine Park , Athy 1909 Leinster Kilkenny 4 - 6 : 0 - 12 Tipperary Munster Cork Athletic Grounds , Cork 11,000 1910 Leinster Wexford 7 - 0 : 6 - 2 Limerick Munster Jones ' Road , Dublin 1911 Leinster Kilkenny 3 - 3 : 1 - 1 Tipperary Munster Fraher Field , Dungarvan 1912 Leinster Kilkenny 2 - 1 : 1 - 3 Cork Munster Jones ' Road , Dublin 18,000 1913 Leinster Kilkenny 2 - 4 : 1 - 2 Tipperary Munster Croke Park , Dublin 12,000 1914 Munster Clare 5 - 1 : 1 - 0 Laois Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 1915 Leinster Laois 6 - 2 : 4 - 1 Cork Munster Croke Park , Dublin 1916 Munster Tipperary 5 - 4 : 3 - 2 Kilkenny Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 5,000 1917 Leinster Dublin 5 - 4 : 4 - 2 Tipperary Munster Croke Park , Dublin 1918 Munster Limerick 9 - 5 : 1 - 3 Wexford Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 1919 Munster Cork 6 - 4 : 2 - 4 Dublin Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 14,300 1920 Leinster Dublin 4 - 9 : 4 - 3 Cork Munster Croke Park , Dublin 22,000 1921 Munster Limerick 8 - 5 : 3 - 2 Dublin Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 19,000 1922 Leinster Kilkenny 4 - 2 : 2 - 6 Tipperary Munster Croke Park , Dublin 26,119 1923 Connacht Galway 7 - 3 : 4 - 5 Limerick Munster Croke Park , Dublin 7,000 1924 Leinster Dublin 5 - 3 : 2 - 6 Galway Connacht Croke Park , Dublin 9,000 1925 Munster Tipperary 5 - 6 : 1 - 5 Galway Connacht Croke Park , Dublin 20,000 1926 Munster Cork 4 - 6 : 2 - 0 Kilkenny Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 26,829 1927 Leinster Dublin 4 - 8 : 1 - 3 Cork Munster Croke Park , Dublin 23,824 1928 Munster Cork 6 - 12 : 1 - 0 Galway Connacht Croke Park , Dublin 15,259 1929 Munster Cork 4 - 9 : 1 - 3 Galway Connacht Croke Park , Dublin 14,000 1930 Munster Tipperary 2 - 7 : 1 - 3 Dublin Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 21,730 1931 ( R ) ( R ) Munster Cork 1 - 6 : 1 - 6 2 - 5 : 2 - 5 5 - 8 : 3 - 4 Kilkenny Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 26,460 33,124 31,935 1932 Leinster Kilkenny 3 - 3 : 2 - 3 Clare Munster Croke Park , Dublin 34,392 1933 Leinster Kilkenny 1 - 7 : 0 - 6 Limerick Munster Croke Park , Dublin 45,176 1934 ( R ) Munster Limerick 2 - 7 : 3 - 4 3 - 4 : 2 - 6 Dublin Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 34,867 30,250 1935 Leinster Kilkenny 2 - 5 : 2 - 4 Limerick Munster Croke Park , Dublin 46,591 1936 Munster Limerick 5 - 6 : 1 - 5 Kilkenny Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 51,235 1937 Munster Tipperary 3 - 11 : 0 - 3 Kilkenny Leinster FitzGerald Stadium , Killarney 67,629 1938 Leinster Dublin 2 - 7 : 3 - 3 Waterford Munster Croke Park , Dublin 37,129 1939 Leinster Kilkenny 2 - 7 : 3 - 3 Cork Munster Croke Park , Dublin 39,302 1940 Munster Limerick 3 - 7 : 1 - 7 Kilkenny Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 49,260 1941 Munster Cork 5 - 11 : 0 - 6 Dublin Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 26,150 1942 Munster Cork 2 - 14 : 3 - 4 Dublin Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 27,313 1943 Munster Cork 5 - 16 : 0 - 4 Antrim Ulster Croke Park , Dublin 48,843 1944 Munster Cork 2 - 13 : 1 - 2 Dublin Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 26,896 1945 Munster Tipperary 5 - 6 : 3 - 6 Kilkenny Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 69,459 1946 Munster Cork 7 - 5 : 3 - 8 Kilkenny Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 64,415 1947 Leinster Kilkenny 0 - 14 : 2 - 7 Cork Munster Croke Park , Dublin 61,510 1948 Munster Waterford 6 - 7 : 4 - 2 Dublin Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 61,742 1949 Munster Tipperary 3 - 11 : 0 - 3 Laois Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 67,168 1950 Munster Tipperary 1 - 9 : 1 - 8 Kilkenny Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 67,629 1951 Munster Tipperary 7 - 7 : 3 - 9 Wexford Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 68,515 1952 Munster Cork 2 - 14 : 0 - 7 Dublin Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 71,195 1953 Munster Cork 3 - 3 : 0 - 8 Galway Connacht Croke Park , Dublin 71,195 1954 Munster Cork 1 - 9 : 1 - 6 Wexford Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 84,856 1955 Leinster Wexford 3 - 13 : 2 - 8 Galway Connacht Croke Park , Dublin 72,854 1956 Leinster Wexford 2 - 14 : 2 - 8 Cork Munster Croke Park , Dublin 83,096 1957 Leinster Kilkenny 4 - 10 : 3 - 12 Waterford Munster Croke Park , Dublin 70,594 1958 Munster Tipperary 4 - 9 : 2 - 5 Galway Connacht Croke Park , Dublin 47,276 1959 ( R ) Munster Waterford 1 - 17 : 5 - 5 3 - 12 : 1 - 10 Kilkenny Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 73,707 77,285 1960 Leinster Wexford 2 - 15 : 0 - 11 Tipperary Munster Croke Park , Dublin 77,154 1961 Munster Tipperary 0 - 16 : 1 - 12 Dublin Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 67,866 1962 Munster Tipperary 3 - 10 : 2 - 11 Wexford Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 75,039 1963 Leinster Kilkenny 4 - 17 : 6 - 8 Waterford Munster Croke Park , Dublin 73,123 1964 Munster Tipperary 5 - 13 : 2 - 8 Kilkenny Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 71,282 1965 Munster Tipperary 2 - 16 : 0 - 10 Wexford Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 67,498 1966 Munster Cork 3 - 9 : 1 - 10 Kilkenny Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 68,249 1967 Leinster Kilkenny 3 - 8 : 2 - 7 Tipperary Munster Croke Park , Dublin 64,241 1968 Leinster Wexford 5 - 8 : 3 - 12 Tipperary Munster Croke Park , Dublin 63,461 1969 Leinster Kilkenny 2 - 15 : 2 - 9 Cork Munster Croke Park , Dublin 66,844 1970 Munster Cork 6 - 21 : 5 - 10 Wexford Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 65,062 1971 Munster Tipperary 5 - 17 : 5 - 14 Kilkenny Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 61,393 1972 Leinster Kilkenny 3 - 24 : 5 - 11 Cork Munster Croke Park , Dublin 66,137 1973 Munster Limerick 1 - 21 : 1 - 14 Kilkenny Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 59,009 Leinster Kilkenny 3 - 19 : 1 - 13 Limerick Munster Croke Park , Dublin 62,071 Leinster Kilkenny 2 - 22 : 2 - 10 Galway Connacht Croke Park , Dublin 63,711 1976 Munster Cork 2 - 21 : 4 - 11 Wexford Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 62,684 1977 Munster Cork 1 - 17 : 3 - 8 Wexford Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 63,198 1978 Munster Cork 1 - 15 : 2 - 8 Kilkenny Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 64,155 1979 Leinster Kilkenny 2 - 12 : 1 - 8 Galway Connacht Croke Park , Dublin 53,535 1980 Connacht Galway 2 - 15 : 3 - 9 Limerick Munster Croke Park , Dublin 64,895 1981 Leinster Offaly 2 - 12 : 0 - 15 Galway Connacht Croke Park , Dublin 71,348 1982 Leinster Kilkenny 3 - 18 : 1 - 13 Cork Munster Croke Park , Dublin 59,550 Leinster Kilkenny 2 - 14 : 2 - 12 Cork Munster Croke Park , Dublin 58,381 1984 Munster Cork 3 - 16 : 1 - 12 Offaly Leinster Semple Stadium , Thurles 59,814 1985 Leinster Offaly 2 - 11 : 1 - 12 Galway Connacht Croke Park , Dublin 61,451 1986 Munster Cork 4 - 13 : 2 - 15 Galway Connacht Croke Park , Dublin 63,451 Connacht Galway 1 - 12 : 0 - 9 Kilkenny Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 63,596 1988 Connacht Galway 1 - 15 : 0 - 14 Tipperary Munster Croke Park , Dublin 63,545 1989 Munster Tipperary 4 - 24 : 3 - 9 Antrim Ulster Croke Park , Dublin 65,496 1990 Munster Cork 5 - 15 : 2 - 21 Galway Connacht Croke Park , Dublin 63,954 1991 Munster Tipperary 1 - 16 : 1 - 15 Kilkenny Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 64,500 1992 Leinster Kilkenny 3 - 10 : 1 - 12 Cork Munster Croke Park , Dublin 64,534 1993 Leinster Kilkenny 2 - 17 : 1 - 15 Galway Connact Croke Park , Dublin 63,460 1994 Leinster Offaly 3 - 16 : 2 - 13 Limerick Munster Croke Park , Dublin 54,458 1995 Munster Clare 1 - 13 : 2 - 8 Offaly Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 65,092 Leinster Wexford 1 - 13 : 0 - 14 Limerick Munster Croke Park , Dublin 65,849 1997 Munster Clare 0 - 20 : 2 - 13 Tipperary Munster Croke Park , Dublin 65,575 1998 Leinster Offaly 2 - 16 : 1 - 13 Kilkenny Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 65,491 1999 Munster Cork 0 - 13 : 0 - 12 Kilkenny Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 62,989 2000 Leintser Kilkenny 5 - 15 : 1 - 14 Offaly Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 61,493 2001 Munster Tipperary 2 - 18 : 2 - 15 Galway Connacht Croke Park , Dublin 68,515 2002 Leinster Kilkenny 2 - 20 : 0 - 19 Clare Munster Croke Park , Dublin 76,254 2003 Leinster Kilkenny 1 - 14 : 1 - 11 Cork Munster Croke Park , Dublin 79,383 Munster Cork 0 - 17 : 0 - 9 Kilkenny Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 78,212 2005 Munster Cork 1 - 21 : 1 - 16 Galway Connacht Croke Park , Dublin 82,275 2006 Leinster Kilkenny 1 - 16 : 1 - 13 Cork Munster Croke Park , Dublin 82,275 2007 Leinster Kilkenny 2 - 19 : 1 - 15 Limerick Munster Croke Park , Dublin 82,127 2008 Leinster Kilkenny 3 - 30 : 1 - 13 Waterford Munster Croke Park , Dublin 82,186 2009 Leinster Kilkenny 2 - 22 : 0 - 23 Tipperary Munster Croke Park , Dublin 82,106 Munster Tipperary 4 - 17 : 1 - 18 Kilkenny Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 81,765 2011 Leinster Kilkenny 2 - 17 : 1 - 16 Tipperary Munster Croke Park , Dublin 81,214 2012 ( R ) Leinster Kilkenny 0 - 19 : 2 : 13 3 - 22 : 3 - 11 Galway Connacht Croke Park , Dublin 81,932 82,274 2013 ( R ) Munster Clare 0 - 25 : 3 - 16 5 - 16 : 3 - 16 Cork Munster Croke Park , Dublin 81,651 82,276 2014 ( R ) Leinster Kilkenny 3 - 22 : 1 - 28 2 - 17 : 2 - 14 Tipperary Munster Croke Park , Dublin 82,179 81,753 2015 Leinster Kilkenny 1 - 22 : 1 - 18 Galway Connacht Croke Park , Dublin 82,300 2016 Munster Tipperary 2 - 29 : 2 - 20 Kilkenny Leinster Croke Park , Dublin 82,300 2017 Connacht Galway 0 - 26 : 2 - 17 Waterford Munster Croke Park , Dublin 82,300 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Championship was left unfinished due to many of the players travelling to the United States in an attempt to raise money for a revival of the Tailteann Games Jump up ^ The match was abandoned by the Cork team due to rough play by their opponents , with Wexford leading 2 - 2 to 1 - 6 ( at the time , one goal equalled five points , so Wexford led 12 to 11 ) . Cork were later awarded the title Jump up ^ Cork led by 2 - 3 to 1 - 5 when the Dublin side left the field in protest at a disputed goal , leaving the match unfinished . As a result , Cork were awarded the title Jump up ^ Cork won the initial game , but after an objection was raised about Cork keeper Daniel McCarthy being a reservist for the British Army , a replay was ordered , won by Kilkenny Jump up ^ Newly built FitzGerald Stadium in Killarney hosted the All - Ireland final due to a builders ' strike at Croke Park Jump up ^ The centenary - year All - Ireland final was played in Semple Stadium as a gesture to the town where the GAA was founded References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cups & trophies '' . Gaelic Athletic Association . Archived from the original on 23 February 2011 . Retrieved 8 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` As Kilkenny aim for a historic five - in - a-row , the records show how hard it is to keep winning '' . Irish Independent . 2 September 2010 . Retrieved 8 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Mike ( 2007 ) . `` The Gaelic Athletic Association 's Invasion of America , 1888 : Travel Narratives , Microhistory and the Irish American ' Other ' '' . Sport in History . 27 ( 2 ) : 190 -- 216 . ISSN 1746 - 0263 . doi : 10.1080 / 17460260701437011 . Jump up ^ `` FitzGerald Stadium History '' . East Kerry GAA . Archived from the original on 18 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Semple Stadium '' . Tipperary GAA . Archived from the original on 18 February 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . ( hide ) All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Quarter - finals Semi-finals Finals Qualification via Connacht via Leinster via Munster via Ulster via the Christy Ring Cup Championships 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Finals 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Statistics Finalists Hat - tricks Records Top scorers Winning captains Winning managers Winning players Winning teams Miscellaneous All Stars History Hurler of the Year Player of the Month Trophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_winners&oldid=799201135 '' Categories : All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 07 : 54 . About Wikipedia | when was the last time dublin won the all ireland hurling | [] | [] |
2383227932738244370 | Deliverance | Deliverance - wikipedia Deliverance Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Deliverance ( disambiguation ) . Deliverance Theatrical release poster by Bill Gold Directed by John Boorman Produced by John Boorman Screenplay by James Dickey Based on Deliverance by James Dickey Starring Jon Voight Burt Reynolds Ned Beatty Ronny Cox Music by Eric Weissberg Cinematography Vilmos Zsigmond Edited by Tom Priestley Production company Elmer Productions Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date July 30 , 1972 ( 1972 - 07 - 30 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2 million Box office $46.1 million Deliverance is a 1972 American thriller film produced and directed by John Boorman , and starring Jon Voight , Burt Reynolds , Ned Beatty and Ronny Cox , with the latter two making their feature film debuts . The film is based on the 1970 novel of the same name by American author James Dickey , who has a small role in the film as the Sheriff . The screenplay was written by Dickey and an uncredited Boorman . It was a critical success , earning three Academy Award nominations and five Golden Globe nominations . Widely acclaimed as a landmark picture , the film is noted both for the music scene near the beginning , with one of the city men playing `` Dueling Banjos '' on guitar with a banjo - playing country boy , that sets the tone for what lies ahead -- a trip into unknown and potentially dangerous wilderness -- and for its visceral and notorious male rape scene . In 2008 , Deliverance was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Stunts 3.2 Notorious line 4 Soundtrack and copyright dispute 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Awards and nominations 5.2. 1 American Film Institute lists 6 Influence of the film 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Four Atlanta men , Lewis Medlock , Ed Gentry , Bobby Trippe , and Drew Ballinger , decide to canoe down a river in the remote northern Georgia wilderness , expecting to have fun and witness the area 's unspoiled nature before the fictional Cahulawassee River valley is flooded by construction of a dam . Lewis and Ed are experienced outdoorsmen , while Bobby and Drew are novices . While traveling to their launch site , the men ( Bobby in particular ) are condescending towards the locals , who are unimpressed by the `` city boys '' . Traveling in pairs , the group 's two canoes are briefly separated , with Ed and Bobby getting stranded on the riverbank . They encounter a pair of local men with a shotgun , who force them into the woods at gunpoint . Ed is tied to a tree , while Bobby is forced to strip and raped by one of the men while being forced to `` squeal like a pig '' . As the men prepare to sexually assault Ed , Lewis sneaks up and kills the rapist with an arrow from his recurve bow while the other escapes . After a brief but heated debate between Lewis and Drew about whether to inform the authorities , the men vote to side with Lewis ' recommendation to bury the dead man 's body and continue on as if nothing had happened . The four continue downriver but encounter a dangerous stretch of rapids , during which Drew suddenly falls into the water and disappears . The other three crash their canoes into rocks , which results in Lewis breaking his leg . Encouraged by Lewis , who believes Drew was shot by the rapist 's partner and they are now being stalked , Ed climbs a nearby rock face with the bow while Bobby stays behind to look after Lewis . Ed hides out until the next morning when the stalker appears on the top of the cliff with a rifle ; Ed clumsily shoots and kills the man , while accidentally stabbing himself with one of the spare arrows . Ed and Bobby weigh down the body in the river to ensure it will never be found , and repeat the same with Drew 's body which they encounter downriver . Upon finally reaching the small town of Aintry , they take Lewis to the hospital . The men carefully concoct a cover story for the authorities about Drew 's death and disappearance being an accident , lying about their ordeal to Sheriff Bullard in order to escape a possible double murder charge . The sheriff clearly does n't believe them , but has no evidence to arrest them and simply tells the men never to come back , to which they agree . The trio vow to keep their story of death and survival a secret for the rest of their lives . Later on , Ed awakens , startled by a nightmare in which a bloated human hand rises from the lake . Cast ( edit ) Jon Voight as Ed Gentry Burt Reynolds as Lewis Medlock Ned Beatty as Bobby Trippe Ronny Cox as Drew Ballinger Ed Ramey as the Old Man Billy Redden as Lonnie , AKA the Banjo Boy Bill McKinney as Mountain Man Herbert ' Cowboy ' Coward as Toothless Man James Dickey as Sheriff Bullard Macon McCalman as Deputy Sheriff Arthur Queen Belinda Beatty as Mrs. Martha Gentry Charley Boorman as Charlie Gentry , Ed and Martha 's son Production ( edit ) Deliverance was shot primarily in Rabun County in northeastern Georgia . The canoe scenes were filmed in the Tallulah Gorge southeast of Clayton and on the Chattooga River . This river divides the northeastern corner of Georgia from the northwestern corner of South Carolina . Additional scenes were shot in Salem , South Carolina . A scene was also shot at the Mount Carmel Baptist Church cemetery . This site has since been flooded and lies 130 feet under the surface of Lake Jocassee , on the border between Oconee and Pickens counties in South Carolina . The dam shown under construction is Jocassee Dam . During the filming of the canoe scene , author James Dickey showed up inebriated and got into a bitter argument with producer - director John Boorman , who had rewritten Dickey 's script . They had a brief fistfight in which Boorman 's nose was broken and four of his teeth shattered . Dickey was thrown off the set , but no charges were filed against him . The two reconciled and became good friends , and Boorman gave Dickey a cameo role as the sheriff at the end of the film . The inspiration for the Cahulawassee River was the Coosawattee River , which was dammed in the 1970s and contained several dangerous whitewater rapids before being flooded by Carters Lake . Stunts ( edit ) The film is infamous for cutting costs by not insuring the production and having the actors do their own stunts ( most notably , Jon Voight climbed the cliff himself ) . In one scene , the stunt coordinator decided that a scene showing a canoe with a dummy of Burt Reynolds in it looked phony ; he said it looked `` like a canoe with a dummy in it '' . Reynolds requested to have the scene re-shot with himself in the canoe rather than the dummy . After shooting the scene , Reynolds , coughing up river water and nursing a broken coccyx , asked how the scene looked . The director responded , `` like a canoe with a dummy in it . '' Regarding the courage of the four main actors in the movie doing their own stunts without insurance protection , Dickey was quoted as saying all of them `` had more guts than a burglar '' . In a nod to their stunt - performing audacity , early in the movie Lewis says , `` Insurance ? I 've never been insured in my life . I do n't believe in insurance . There 's no risk . '' Notorious line ( edit ) Several people have been credited with the now - famous line including the phrase `` squeal like a pig '' . Ned Beatty said he thought of it while he and actor McKinney were improvising the scene . James Dickey 's son , Christopher Dickey , in his memoir about the film production , Summer of Deliverance , said that one of the crewmen suggested that Beatty 's character , Bobby , `` squeal like a pig , '' to add some backwoods horror to the scene and make it more shocking . According to Boorman 's running commentary on the home media releases , the studio wanted the scene shot two ways , one of which would be acceptable for TV . Boorman did not want to do this . He decided that the phrase `` squeal like a pig , '' suggested by Frank Rickman , a Clayton native , was a good replacement for the dialogue in the script . It would work for both the theatrical and TV versions . Soundtrack and copyright dispute ( edit ) The film 's soundtrack brought new attention to the musical work `` Dueling Banjos '' , which had been recorded numerous times since 1955 . Only Eric Weissberg and Steve Mandel were originally credited for the piece . The songwriter and producer Arthur `` Guitar Boogie '' Smith , who wrote the original piece , `` Feudin ' Banjos '' ( 1955 ) , and recorded it with five - string banjo player Don Reno , filed a lawsuit for songwriting credit and a percentage of royalties . He was awarded both in a landmark copyright infringement case . Smith asked Warner Bros. to include his name on the official soundtrack listing , but reportedly asked to be omitted from the movie credits because he found the film offensive . No credit was given for the film score . The film has a number of sparse , brooding passages of music scattered throughout , including several played on a synthesizer . Some prints of the movie omit much of this extra music . Boorman was given a gold record for the `` Dueling Banjos '' hit single ; this was later stolen from his house by the Dublin gangster Martin Cahill . Boorman recreated this scene in The General ( 1998 ) , his biographical film about Cahill . Reception ( edit ) Deliverance was a box office success in the United States , becoming the fifth - highest grossing film of 1972 after grossing a domestic total of over $46 million . The film 's financial success continued the following year , when it went on to earn $18 million in North American `` distributor rentals '' ( receipts ) . Critical reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2016 ) Deliverance was well received by critics and is widely regarded as one of the best films of 1972 . The film is in the top tier of films on the critical review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes , with a 93 % `` fresh '' rating , despite scoring only 50 % based on the six `` top critic '' reviews . Not all reviews were positive . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times said : Dickey , who wrote the original novel and the screenplay , lards this plot with a lot of significance -- universal , local , whatever happens to be on the market . He is clearly under the impression that he is telling us something about the nature of man , and particularly civilized man 's ability to survive primitive challenges ( ... ) But I do n't think it works that way. ( ... ) What the movie totally fails at , however , is its attempt to make some kind of significant statement about its action. ( ... ) ( W ) hat James Dickey has given us here is a fantasy about violence , not a realistic consideration of it. ( ... ) It 's possible to consider civilized men in a confrontation with the wilderness without throwing in rapes , cowboy - and - Indian stunts and pure exploitative sensationalism . The instrumental piece , `` Dueling Banjos , '' won the 1974 Grammy Award for Best Country Instrumental Performance . The film was selected by The New York Times as one of The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made , while the viewers of Channel 4 in the United Kingdom voted it # 45 in a list of The 100 Greatest Films . Reynolds later called it `` the best film I 've ever been in . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Nominated Academy Award for Best Picture Academy Award for Best Director -- John Boorman Academy Award for Best Film Editing -- Tom Priestley New York Film Critics Circle for Best Film and Best Director Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama Golden Globe Award for Best Director -- Motion Picture -- John Boorman Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama -- Jon Voight Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song -- Arthur `` Guitar Boogie '' Smith , Eric Weissberg , and Steve Mandel Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay -- James Dickey American film institute lists ( edit ) AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- # 15 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` I bet you can squeal like a pig . '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated Influence of the film ( edit ) Governor Jimmy Carter established a state film commission to encourage production companies to film in Georgia . The state has `` become one of the top five production destinations in the U.S. '' The canoes used in the film were displayed at the former Burt Reynolds Museum , located at 100 North U.S. Highway 1 , in Jupiter , Florida . One of the canoes used ( and signed by Ronny Cox ) is on display in the Tallulah Falls Railroad Museum , Dillard , Georgia . Following the film , tourism increased to Rabun County by the tens of thousands . By 2012 , tourism was the largest source of revenue in the county . Jon Voight 's stunt double for this film , Claude Terry , later purchased equipment used in the movie from Warner Brothers . He founded what is now the oldest whitewater rafting adventure company on the Chattooga River , Southeastern Expeditions . By 2012 rafting had developed as a $20 million industry in the region . People have built vacation and second homes around the area 's lakes . In June 2012 , Rabun County held a Chattooga River Festival to encourage preservation of the river and its environment . It noted the 40th anniversary of the filming of Deliverance in the area , which aroused controversy . In 2012 , producer Cory Welles and director Kevin Walker decided to make the documentary , The Deliverance of Rabun County , to explore the effects of the landmark film on people in the county . They heard a wide range of opinions , particularly resentment at how the country people were portrayed . Others are pragmatic and look at the benefits of increased tourism and related businesses . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1972 Survival film , about the film genre , with a list of related films References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Deliverance , Box Office Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Simon , Anna ( 2009 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Cable network to detail history of Lake Jocassee '' . The Greenville News . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Heldenfels , Rich ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Body double plays banjo '' . Akron Beacon Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Roper , Daniel M. `` The Story of the Coosawattee River Gorge '' . North Georgia Journal ( Summer 1995 ) . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Burger , Mark . ( 2006 , March 19 ) . `` BEATTY GIVEN MASTER OF CINEMA AWARD ; CHARACTER ACTOR IS A VETERAN OF MORE THAN 200 FILM AND TELEVISION PRODUCTIONS '' , Winston - Salem Journal , Page B1 `` Regarding his debut film , Deliverance ( 1972 ) , in which his character undergoes an unforgettably vivid sexual assault , Beatty said : ' The whole `` squeal like a pig '' thing ... came from guess who . ' As the audience laughed , he theatrically put his head in his hands and silently pointed to himself , before elaborating how director Boorman encouraged him to improvise the scene with his onscreen tormentor , Bill McKinney . '' Jump up ^ `` Country guitarist Arthur Smith dies '' . BBC News . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Terence McArdle ( 6 April 2014 ) . `` Arthur Smith , guitarist who wrote ' Guitar Boogie ' and ' Duelin ' Banjos , ' dies at 93 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Artistic reunion brings Martin Cahill to life '' . The Irish Echo . May 27 -- June 2 , 1998 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Films of 1973 '' , Variety , 9 January 1974 p 19 Jump up ^ `` Greatest Films of 1972 '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Movies of 1972 by Rank '' . Films101.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Best Films of the 1970s '' . Cinepad.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ IMDb : Year : 1972 Jump up ^ `` Deliverance '' . Retrieved Sep 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deliverance . '' Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Workaholic Burt Reynolds sets up his next task : Light comedy Siskel , Gene . Chicago Tribune ( 1963 - Current file ) ( Chicago , Ill ) 28 Nov 1976 : e2 . Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Ballot ^ Jump up to : Cory Welles , `` 40 years later , ' Deliverance ' causes mixed feelings in Georgia '' , Marketplace , 22 August 2012 , accessed 27 August 2014 Jump up ^ Southeastern Expeditions . Retrieved 8 / 19 / 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Deliverance Deliverance on IMDb Deliverance at the TCM Movie Database Deliverance at Box Office Mojo Deliverance at Rotten Tomatoes Weekend in Aintry ! James Dickey and The Making of Deliverance Pictures of some deleted scenes ( hide ) Films directed by John Boorman Catch Us If You Can ( 1965 ) Point Blank ( 1967 ) Hell in the Pacific ( 1968 ) Leo the Last ( 1970 ) Deliverance ( 1972 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Exorcist II : The Heretic ( 1977 ) Excalibur ( 1981 ) The Emerald Forest ( 1985 ) Hope and Glory ( 1987 ) Where the Heart Is ( 1990 ) I Dreamt I Woke Up ( 1991 ) Two Nudes Bathing ( 1995 ) Beyond Rangoon ( 1995 ) The General ( 1998 ) The Tailor of Panama ( 2001 ) In My Country ( 2004 ) The Tiger 's Tail ( 2006 ) Queen and Country ( 2014 ) VIAF : 214775625 GND : 4760800 - 6 SUDOC : 177403683 BNF : cb16457803n ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deliverance&oldid=800591354 '' Categories : 1972 films English - language films 1970s adventure films 1970s thriller drama films 1970s LGBT - related films American films American adventure drama films American thriller drama films American LGBT - related films Films based on American novels Films directed by John Boorman Films set in Appalachia Films set in Atlanta Films set in forests Films set in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films shot in North Carolina Films shot in South Carolina Rape and revenge films Southern Gothic films Southern United States in fiction United States National Film Registry films Warner Bros. films Whitewater films Rape in film Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles to be expanded from November 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Dansk Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 13 : 54 . 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-3125532699278459164 | Out of the Woods (song) | Out of the Woods ( song ) - wikipedia Out of the Woods ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Out of the Woods '' Single by Taylor Swift from the album 1989 Released February 5 , 2016 Format Digital download Recorded 2014 Studio MXM Studios ( Stockholm ) Genre Pop synthpop Length 3 : 55 Label Big Machine Republic Songwriter ( s ) Taylor Swift Jack Antonoff Producer ( s ) Jack Antonoff Taylor Swift Taylor Swift singles chronology `` Wildest Dreams '' ( 2015 ) `` Out of the Woods '' ( 2016 ) `` New Romantics '' ( 2016 ) `` Wildest Dreams '' ( 2015 ) `` Out of the Woods '' ( 2016 ) `` New Romantics '' ( 2016 ) Music video `` Out of the Woods '' on YouTube `` Out of the Woods '' is a song by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift . The song was written and produced by Swift and Jack Antonoff of fun ... It was the second song to be officially released from her fifth studio album 1989 , serving as the first promotional single on October 14 , 2014 . It is the fourth track on the album , after `` Style '' . `` Out of the Woods '' serves as the sixth official single with an accompanying music video that premiered on December 31 , 2015 , during Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve on ABC . It was released to radio on February 5 , 2016 . The song went number one in Israel and has reached the top 10 in Belgium , Canada , and New Zealand as well as the top 20 in Australia and the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Arrangement 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Music video 6 Live performances and covers 7 Credits and personnel 8 Charts 9 Certifications 10 Release history 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Background and release ( edit ) Swift premiered a 15 - second clip of `` Out of the Woods '' on Good Morning America on October 13 , 2014 . Swift called `` Out of the Woods '' one of her `` favorite songs on this album because it best represents 1989 . '' She explained that the song is about `` the fragility and breakable nature of some relationships . This was a relationship where I was kind of living day - to - day wondering where it was going , if it was going to go anywhere , if it was going to end the next day . '' `` Out of the Woods '' was initially released as a promotional single on October 14 , 2014 , with no plans for a music video or an official release . On December 22 , 2015 , Good Morning America officially announced the release of a music video for the song to premiere during Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve . `` Out of the Woods '' also serves as the sixth official single from 1989 , and it was released to radio stations on February 5 , 2016 . Arrangement ( edit ) `` Out of the Woods '' is a pop and synth - pop song . The track was written by Swift and Antonoff and is the first song that Swift has written to an existing track . Antonoff sent an early version of the song without the vocals or lyrics to Swift , which she then added in just 30 minutes . Speculation as to whom the song is about is rampant . The bridge section of the song references the snowmobile incident that Swift and her former boyfriend , One Direction 's Harry Styles , were reported to be involved in during their relationship . Max Martin produced Swift 's vocals for the song . It is written in the key of C Major with Swift 's vocals spanning two octaves , between G and E and runs three minutes and fifty - five seconds ( 3 : 55 ) , at 92 bpm . Featuring heavy synths and percussion , Antonoff described that the song is given an arrangement that combines both 1980s and modern elements . A Yamaha DX7 is used for the 1980s - tinged sounds apparent on most parts of the song , but they are countered with the Minimoog Voyager during the chorus sections , in which he explained , `` That sounds extremely modern to me . It 's that back - and - forth . '' Antonoff also provided backing vocals . He said , `` I just chopped this piece of my voice singing and started looping it over and over . Then I started banging on some drums I had in the room and stomping on the floor and sampling all these sounds to make this big bombastic looping beat with the sample on top of it . '' In an October 2014 interview with NPR , Swift provided a detailed explanation of the lyrics : That line is in there because it 's not only the actual , literal narration of what happened in a particular relationship I was in , it 's also a metaphor . `` Hit the brakes too soon '' could mean the literal sense of , we got in an accident and we had to deal with the aftermath . But also , the relationship ended sooner than it should 've because there was a lot of fear involved . And that song touches on a huge sense of anxiety that was , kind of , coursing through that particular relationship , because we really felt the heat of every single person in the media thinking they could draw up the narrative of what we were going through and debate and speculate . I do n't think it 's ever going to be easy for me to find love and block out all those screaming voices . Critical reception ( edit ) The song received universal acclaim . Billboard gave the song four and half stars out of five . Chris Willman Writing for Yahoo called the song `` Pretty weird , and pretty wonderful '' . Katie Hasty of HitFlix gave the song an A+ writing that the song `` is damned near perfect . '' Writing for Vulture , Lindsay Zoladz stated that `` Swift revealed something even more promising : the cavernous , Antonoff - produced `` Out of the Woods , '' which seemed to herald an exciting , unexpected , and mature new direction in Swift 's sound . '' Sam Lansky of Time praised the track stating , `` It 's the furious chant of that anthemic chorus , all breathless urgency , and the left - of - center production that help Swift perform the niftiest sleight of hand : Even with lyrics that include some of her most headline - grabbing autobiographical admissions to date , the most interesting thing here is n't who it 's about , but rather , how different it sounds '' . `` Out of the Woods '' ranked number 94 on Pitchfork 's list of The 100 Best Tracks of 2014 . Commercial performance ( edit ) On the Billboard Hot 100 chart the song debuted and peaked at number 18 . It became Swift 's 61st song to enter the Hot 100 , making her the female artist to have the second most charted songs on the Hot 100 , behind Aretha Franklin ( 73 ) . The song debuted at number one on the Hot Digital Songs chart , selling 195,000 copies and displacing Swift 's `` Shake It Off '' from the top spot . In doing so , Swift became the first lead artist to simultaneously occupy the top two positions twice since 2012 , when her songs `` Ronan '' and `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' occupied the top two positions . Swift stood at rank four as the artist with the most number - one Digital Songs and tied with Rihanna for the most number - one debuts . `` Out of the Woods '' was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for selling over 1,000,000 copies . In New Zealand , it debuted at number six , the highest debut that week . In Australia , it debuted at number twenty one on the Australian Singles Chart and peaked at number nineteen . In its first week of release , the song sold 21,000 downloads in Canada . The song entered the top 10 of the Canadian Hot 100 , debuting and peaking at number 8 on the week of November 1 , 2014 , making it the week 's highest debut . It dropped off the Hot 100 a week later . Music video ( edit ) Bethells Beach , the beach displayed at the end of the video The accompanying music video directed by Joseph Kahn premiered on Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve with Ryan Seacrest on ABC on December 31 , 2015 . It marked Swift 's and Kahn 's fourth collaboration in 1989 following `` Blank Space '' , `` Bad Blood '' and `` Wildest Dreams '' . The video was filmed on location in New Zealand in the mountains of Queenstown and on Bethells Beach . During the filming , a severe storm struck , causing trees to fall around them . After evacuating , filming resumed a week later . The video starts with the caption `` She lost him . '' Next , Swift is first seen on the beach barefoot and only wearing a blue dress . She runs through what appears to be enchanted woods that formed around her , chased by a pack of wolves who tear at her blue dress as she struggles to escape as some wooden roots constantly follow her . Then she finds herself in different locations representing the four basic elements of nature throughout the video like the snowy mountains , an ocean , a barren landscape , a muddy location , and a burning forest . At the end of the video , the `` woods '' she was crawling through disappear as she finds a beach , where another version of her is waiting by the shore as she reaches for her . The video ends with the caption `` She lost him , but she found herself , and somehow that was everything . '' , which was part of the secret messages in her song , `` Clean '' in the lyric - booklet of her 1989 record . Sharan Shetty of Slate wrote the subject of the song , anxiety , `` is literalized to an extreme degree in the song 's video '' . Peter Sblendorio of the New York Daily News deemed it `` perhaps her most stunning music video yet '' and hailed the visuals as `` eye - popping '' . People also called it `` an eye - popper of a video '' , while Billboard agreed on the stunningness of the clip . Writing for Spin , Harley Brown described the video as `` fantastically cinematic '' . The Huffington Post 's Dominique Mosbergen called the music video `` haunting ''. As of October 2017 the video has over 126 million views on YouTube . Live performances and covers ( edit ) Swift first performed the song as part of her `` 1989 Secret Sessions '' for IHeart Radio in New York City , the day 1989 was released in October 2014 . She then performed it in New York City for Good Morning America , on October 30 , 2014 , when she also performed `` Welcome to New York '' and `` Shake It Off . '' On December 3 , 2015 , Swift performed the song on a piano at Australia 's Hamilton Island , where radio channel Nova 96.9 hosted a small performance featuring the singer and a few of her fans . She also played a piano rendition of `` Out of the Woods '' at The Grammy Museum , where she did an acoustic performance to celebrate her attendance record breaking exhibit , on September 30 , 2015 . Swift also performed the song as the opening act to the 58th Annual Grammy Awards on February 15 , 2016 . The song was also a regular part of her setlist for the 1989 World Tour and was the penultimate song sung on the show each night . Ryan Adams recorded a soft rock cover of `` Out of the Woods '' for his album 1989 . Yahoo ! writer Oscar Gracey said that Adams ' cover `` makes us want to hike through a forest , find a clearing , and mourn the relationships that did n't quite work out . '' Credits and personnel ( edit ) Taylor Swift -- lead vocals , writer , producer Jack Antonoff -- writer , producer , background vocals , acoustic guitar , electric guitar , keyboards , bass , drums Max Martin -- vocal production Laura Sisk -- recording Brendan Morawski -- assistant recording Sam Holland -- recording Serban Ghenea -- mixing John Hanes -- engineered for mix Tom Coyne -- mastering Credits are adapted from liner notes of 1989 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 19 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 64 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 50 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 13 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 13 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 9 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 23 France ( SNEP ) 70 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 37 Israel ( Media Forest TV Airplay ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 43 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 48 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 22 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 136 US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 20 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 12 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United States October 14 , 2014 Digital download Big Machine Italy February 5 , 2016 Contemporary hit radio Universal See also ( edit ) Taylor Swift portal List of number - one digital songs of 2014 ( Canada ) List of number - one digital songs of 2014 ( U.S. ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Release as a promotional single . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Inocencio , Marc ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift Unveils New Song ' Out Of The Woods ' off ' 1989 ' Album : Listen '' . On Air with Ryan Seacrest . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Emilee ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's Next Single ' Out Of The Woods ' Is On Its Way : Get The Deets '' . MTV . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift -- Out of the Woods Radiodate '' . radioairplay.fm . February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lindner , Emilee ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Listen To Taylor Swift 's ' Out Of The Woods ' Clip As She Explains The ' Frantic Anxiety ' Of A Relationship '' . MTV . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's ' Out Of The Woods ' Has Arrived ... with Lyrics : Listen '' . Billboard . October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's ' Out Of The Woods ' Song Confirmed A Break Up Song : ' This song is about the fragility and breakable nature of some relationships '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Previews ' Out Of The Woods , ' New Track Out Tuesday : Listen '' . Billboard . October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Taylor Swift created ' Out of the Woods ' '' . USA Today . October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift releases Out of the Woods music video on New Year 's Eve '' . The Guardian . January 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Wears Catsuit to Perform ' Out of the Woods ' at Grammys 2016 '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listen To Taylor Swift 's ' Out Of The Woods ' Clip As She Explains The ' Frantic Anxiety ' Of A Relationship '' . MTV News . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song of the week : Taylor Swift gets frantic in ' Woods ' '' . USA TODAY . October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anna Silman ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Listen to Taylor Swift 's ' Out of the Woods ' '' . Vulture . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Unveils Synth - Heavy ' Out of the Woods ' '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Digital sheet music -- Taylor Swift -- Out of the Woods '' . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- 1989 by Taylor Swift '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Melissa Block ( 31 October 2014 ) . `` ' Anything That Connects ' : A Conversation With Taylor Swift '' ( Audio upload and transcript ) . NPR . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Sprints Forward on ' Out Of The Woods ' : Song Review '' . Billboard . October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roughly 1,989 Words About Taylor Swift 's ' 1989 ' ! A Track - by - Track Guide '' . October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift , 1989 : Track - by - track album review '' . HitFix . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Album Review : Taylor Swift 's 1989 - '' . Vulture . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listen to Taylor Swift 's Hypnotic New Song ' Out of the Woods ' '' . Time . October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goble , Corban . `` The 100 Best Tracks of 2014 '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gary Trust ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Meghan Trainor Rules Hot 100 , Ed Sheeran Hits Top 10 , Glen Campbell Returns '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : Women Overpower Men , Week 7 '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Out of the Woods '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Taylor Swift -- Out Of The Woods '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Out Of The Woods '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Journal of Musical ThingsWeekly Music Sales Report and Analysis : 22 October 2014 '' . A Journal of Musical Things . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Erin Strecker ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's Video for ' Out of the Woods ' Will Premiere on ' New Year 's Rockin ' Eve ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Allison Takeda ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift Premieres ' Out of the Woods ' Music Video on New Year 's Rockin ' Eve : Watch ! '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's new music video ' Out Of The Woods ' showcases New Zealand video '' . Stuff.co.nz . January 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brittany Spanos ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` Watch Taylor Swift Battle Nature in ' Out of the Woods ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are The Secret Messages Taylor Swift Hid On Her ' 1989 ' Album '' . MTV News . October 27 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shetty , Sharan ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Taylor Swift Takes on Wolves , Forest Fires , Mud Pits in the `` Out of the Woods '' Music Video `` . Slate . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sblendorio , Peter ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Taylor Swift debuts stunning ' Out of the Woods ' music video '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chiu , Melody ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift Debuts ' Out of the Woods ' Music Video '' . People . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Releases ' Out of the Woods ' Video '' . Billboard . December 31 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Harley ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Taylor Swift Flees Wolves in ' Out of the Woods ' Video '' . Spin . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mosbergen , Dominique ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Taylor Swift 's Haunting ' Out Of The Woods ' Music Video '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift Teases ' 1989 ' Tour During ' Good Morning America ' Concert '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Taylor Swift Perform Acoustic Versions Of 1989 Hits For 100 Super Fans '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift Performs An Acoustic Version Of ' Out Of The Woods ' At The GRAMMY Museum '' . Idolator . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Nolan ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` Taylor Swift Opened the Grammy Awards With ' Out of the Woods ' '' . Time.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gracey , Oscar ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ryan Adams ' ' 1989 ' : Track By Track '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 1989 ( Compact disc liner notes ) . Taylor Swift . Big Machine Records . 2014 . BMRBD0500A . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Taylor Swift -- Out Of The Woods '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Taylor Swift -- Out of the Woods '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Out Of The Woods '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Out Of The Woods '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` מדיה פורסט - לדעת שאתה באוויר '' . Mediaforest.biz . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Out Of The Woods '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CHART : CLUK Update 8 November 2014 ( wk44 ) '' . zobbel.de . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Out of the Woods '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` Taylor Swift -- Out Of The Woods -- The Making Of '' on YouTube ( hide ) Taylor Swift songs Discography Taylor Swift `` Tim McGraw '' `` Picture to Burn '' `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' `` Should 've Said No '' `` Our Song '' Fearless `` Fearless '' `` Fifteen '' `` Love Story '' `` White Horse '' `` You Belong with Me '' `` Breathe '' `` You 're Not Sorry '' `` Forever & Always '' `` Change '' Speak Now `` Mine '' `` Sparks Fly '' `` Back to December '' `` Speak Now '' `` Mean '' `` The Story of Us '' `` Innocent '' `` Ours '' Red `` State of Grace '' `` Red '' `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' `` All Too Well '' `` 22 '' `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' `` The Last Time '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Begin Again '' 1989 `` Welcome to New York '' `` Blank Space '' `` Style '' `` Out of the Woods '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Wildest Dreams '' `` Wonderland '' `` New Romantics '' Reputation `` ... 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978824858539641220 | History of Southeast Asia | History of Southeast Asia - wikipedia History of Southeast Asia Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on the History of Southeast Asia Prehistory of Southeast Asia Paleolithic Mesolithic Iron Age Indianised and Buddhist kingdoms Hinduism in Southeast Asia Buddhism in Southeast Asia Java and Sumatra Srivijaya Majapahit Indochina Angkor Champa Đại Việt Lan Xang Pagan Sukhothai Philippines Ma - i Tondo Rajahnate of Cebu Madja - as Rajahnate of Butuan Decline of Hindu / Buddhist influence and sea trade Silk Road Spread of Islam Islam in Southeast Asia Arrival of European traders Portuguese discoveries Spanish discoveries Dutch discoveries Spread of Christianity European colonialism Spanish Philippines Dutch Indonesia British Burma , Malaya and Borneo French Indochina Thailand Anglo - Burmese Wars First Anglo - Burmese War Second Anglo - Burmese War Third Anglo - Burmese War Philippine Revolution Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War American Philippines World War II and decolonisation Japanese conquests Empire of Japan End of World War II in Asia Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Indochina Wars Malayan Emergency Thai insurgency Second Malayan Emergency Sarawak insurgency Indonesia -- Malaysia confrontation Indonesian mass killings Philippine rebellion Contemporary Southeast Asia Revolution and fall of Communism ASEAN Southeast Asia portal Southeast Asia The term Southeast Asia has been in use since World War II . The region has been further divided into two distinct sub-regions , Mainland Southeast Asia ( or Indochina ) that comprises the modern states of Vietnam , Laos , Cambodia , Thailand , Myanmar ( Burma ) and West Malaysia and Maritime Southeast Asia ( or Insular Southeast Asia ) that comprises the modern states of Indonesia , East Malaysia , Singapore , Philippines , East Timor , Brunei , Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands , and Christmas Island . The earliest Homo sapiens presence in Mainland Southeast Asia can be traced back to 50,000 years ago and to at least 40,000 years ago in Maritime Southeast Asia . As early as 10,000 years ago , Hoabinhian settlers had developed a tradition and culture of distinct artifact and tool production . During the Neolithic , Austroasiatic peoples populated Indochina via land routes and sea - borne Austronesian immigrants preferably settled in insular Southeast Asia . The earliest agricultural societies that cultivated millet and wet - rice emerged around 1,700 BCE in the lowlands and river floodplains of Indochina . The Phung Nguyen culture ( modern northern Vietnam ) and the Ban Chiang site ( modern Thailand ) account for the earliest use of copper by around 2,000 BCE , followed by the Dong Son culture , who by around 500 BCE had developed a highly sophisticated industry of bronze production and processing . Around the same time the first Agrarian Kingdoms emerged where territory was abundant and favourable , such as Funan at the lower Mekong and Van Lang in the Red River delta . Smaller and insular principalities increasingly engaged in and contributed to the rapidly expanding sea trade . The history of Southeast Asia has been greatly influenced by its wide topographical diversity . Maritime Southeast Asia is apart from exceptions like Borneo and Sumatra a patchwork of recurring land - sea patterns on widely dispersed islands and archipelagos . A discontinuity , that admitted moderately sized thalassocratic states indifferent to territorial ambitions where growth and prosperity was associated with sea trade . Mainland Southeast Asia with a continuous , but rugged and difficult terrain provided the basis for the early Khmer and Mon civilisations . However , an extensive coastline and the south -- and south - eastbound major river systems of the Irrawaddy , Salween , Chao Phraya , Mekong , and Red River always have directed focus , local trade , socio - cultural and economic activities towards the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea . Since around 100 BCE the Southeast Asian archipelago occupied a central position at the crossroads of the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea trading routes which immensely stimulated the economy and the influx of ideas promoted societal organisation and advance . Most local trading polities selectively adopted Indian Hindu elements of statecraft , religion , culture and administration during the early centuries of the common era , which marked the beginning of recorded history and the continuation of a characteristic cultural development . Borobudur in Java Buddhism , particularly in Indochina began to affect the political structure beginning in the 8th to 9th centuries . Islam ideas arrived in insular Southeast Asia as early as the 8th century , where the first Muslim societies emerged by the 13th century . The era of European colonialism , early Modernity and the Cold War era revealed the reality of limited political significance for the various Southeast Asian polities . Post-World War II national survival and progress required a modern state and a strong national identity . Most modern Southeast Asian countries enjoy a historically unprecedented degree of political freedom and self - determination and have embraced the practical concept of intergovernmental cooperation within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Prehistory 2.1 Paleolithic 2.2 Neolithic Migrations 2.3 Early agricultural societies 2.4 Two layer hypothesis 2.5 Bronze Age Southeast Asia 2.6 Pottery Culture 3 Early historical era 3.1 Indianised kingdoms 3.2 Early relations with China 3.3 Spread of Buddhism 4 Medieval history 4.1 Spread of Islam 5 Early modern era 5.1 European colonisation 6 20th - century Southeast Asia 6.1 Japanese invasion and occupations 6.2 Post-war decolonisation 7 Contemporary Southeast Asia 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links Name ( edit ) Detail of Asia in Ptolemy 's world map . Gulf of the Ganges left , Southeast Asian peninsula in the centre written as Avrea Chersonesvs , China Sea right , with `` Sinae '' ( China ) . There are numerous ancient historic Asian designations for Southeast Asia , none are geographically consistent with each other . The 2nd century world map created by Ptolemy of Alexandria mentioned Southeast Asian peninsula as Avrea Chersonesvs ( Golden Chersonese or `` Golden Peninsula '' ) . Names referring to Southeast Asia include Suvarnabhumi or Sovannah Phoum ( Golden Land ) and Suvarnadvipa ( Golden Islands ) in Indian tradition , the Lands below the Winds in Arabia and Persia , Nanyang ( South Seas ) to the Chinese and Nanyo in Japan . The term Southeast Asia has been coined to designate the area of operation ( the South East Asia Command , SEAC ) for Anglo - American forces in the Pacific Theater of World War II from 1941 to 1945 . Prehistory ( edit ) Paleolithic ( edit ) Niah Cave entrance at sunset Anatomically modern human hunter - gatherer migration into Southeast Asia before 50,000 years ago has been confirmed by the combined fossil record of the region . These immigrants might have , to a certain extent , merged and reproduced with members of the archaic population of Homo erectus , as the fossil discoveries in the Tam Pa Ling Cave suggest . Data analysis of stone tool assemblages and fossil discoveries from Indonesia , Southern China , the Philippines , Sri Lanka and more recently Cambodia and Malaysia has established Homo erectus migration routes and episodes of presence as early as 120,000 years ago and even older isolated finds date back to 1.8 million years ago . Java Man ( Homo erectus erectus ) and Homo floresiensis attest for a sustained regional presence and isolation , long enough for notable diversification of the species ' specifics . Ocean drops of up to 120 m ( 393.70 ft ) below the present level during Pleistocene glacial periods revealed the vast lowlands known as Sundaland , enabling hunter - gatherer populations to freely access insular Southeast Asia via extensive terrestrial corridors . Modern human presence in the Niah cave on East Malaysia dates back to 40,000 years BP , although archaeological documentation of the early settlement period suggests only brief occupation phases . However , author Charles Higham argues that , despite glacial periods modern humans were able to cross the sea barrier beyond Java and Timor , who around 45,000 years ago left traces in the Ivane Valley in eastern New Guinea `` at an altitude of 2,000 m ( 6,561.68 ft ) exploiting yams and pandanus , hunting , and making stone tools between 43,000 and 49,000 years ago . '' The oldest habitation discovered in the Philippines is located at the Tabon Caves and dates back to approximately 50,000 years BP . Items there found such as burial jars , earthenware , jade ornaments and other jewelry , stone tools , animal bones , and human fossils date back to 47,000 years BP . Unearthed human remains are approximately 24,000 years old . Signs of an early tradition are discernible in the Hoabinhian , the name given to an industry and cultural continuity of stone tools and flaked cobble artifacts that appears around 10,000 BP in caves and rock shelters first described in Hòa Bình , Vietnam , later also documented in Terengganu , Malaysia , Sumatra , Thailand , Laos , Myanmar , Cambodia and Yunnan , southern China . Research emphasises considerable variations in quality and nature of the artifacts , influenced by region - specific environmental conditions and proximity and access to local resources . Remarkable is nonetheless that the Hoabinhian culture accounts for the first verified ritual burials in Southeast Asia . Neolithic migrations ( edit ) Austronesian migration routes in the 4th edition of Meyers Konversations - Lexikon ( 1885 -- 1892 ) The earliest Homo sapiens immigrants , loosely identified as Australo - Melanesians , Aboriginal , Negritos and Hill Tribes are associated with the occupation of caves , rock shelters and isolated upland regions in Vietnam , Thailand and the Philippines or on remote islands , such as the Andaman Islands and although displaced from the coasts and plains they are present in all regions for at least 30,000 years . Subsequent Neolithic immigration waves are intensely debated considered dynamic and complex , and research has resorted to linguistic terms and argumentation for group identification and classification . The Austroasiatic migration wave centred around the Mon and the Khmer , who originate in North - Eastern India arrive around 5000 BP and are identified with the settlement on the broad riverine floodplains of Burma , Indochina and Malaysia . The origin , period and settlement pattern of the Austronesian immigrants , whose elusive branches would eventually be dispersed all over the islands between Madagascar and Oceania , has been for a long time interpreted on a linguistic basis , although more recent genetic research contradicts these ideas . Certain is , these marine migrants were accomplished seafarers , who arrived on boats around 4,000 BP and soon dominated maritime Southeast Asia , populated the lowlands and coasts and pushed indigenous people of Indonesia , the Philippines or New Guinea to the interior regions . Early agricultural societies ( edit ) Hypothetical map of Văn Lang ( early 3rd century BCE ) Territorial principalities in both Insular and Mainland Southeast Asia , characterised as Agrarian kingdoms had by around 500 BCE developed an economy based on surplus crop cultivation and moderate coastal trade of domestic natural products . Several states of the Malayan - Indonesian `` thalassian '' zone shared these characteristics with Indochinese polities like the Pyu city - states in the Irrawaddy river valley , Van Lang in the Red River delta and Funan around the lower Mekong . Văn Lang , founded in the 7th century BCE endured until 258 BCE under the rule of the Hồng Bàng dynasty , as part of the Đông Sơn culture eventually sustained a dense and organised population , that produced an elaborate Bronze Age industry . Intensive wet - rice cultivation in an ideal climate enabled the farming communities to produce a regular crop surplus , that was used by the ruling elite to raise , command and pay work forces for public construction and maintenance projects such as canals and fortifications . Though millet and rice cultivation was introduced around 2000 BCE , hunting and gathering remained an important aspect of food provision , in particular in forested and mountainous inland areas . Many tribal communities of the aboriginal Australo - Melanesian settlers continued the lifestyle of mixed sustenance until the modern era . Two layer hypothesis ( edit ) Between around 1,700 and 1,000 BC people settled in the Southeast Asian lowlands as wet - rice and millet farming techniques from the Yangtze River valley were adopted . Author and archaeologist Charles Higham suggests in his work `` Hunter - Gatherers in Southeast Asia : From Prehistory to the Present '' `` the indigenous hunter - gatherers integrated with intrusive Neolithic communities and , while losing their cultural identity , contributed their genes to the present population of Southeast Asia . '' or alternatively the `` hunter - gatherers withdrew to rainforest refugia and , through selective pressures inherent in such an environment , survived as the small - bodied , dark - skinned humans found to this day in the Philippines , Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand , and the Andaman Islands . '' Unfortunately the Two layer hypothesis , based on the human occupation of mainland Southeast Asia during two distinct periods by two separate racial groups is only applicable when you know who really was involved in this integration process . Immigration from China alongside the introduction of farming occurred and DNA testing calls for revision of Neolithic migrations . Bronze Age Southeast Asia ( edit ) Dong Son drum Earliest known copper and bronze production in Southeast Asia has been found at the site of Ban Chiang in North - east Thailand and among the Phung Nguyen culture of northern Vietnam around 2000 BCE . The Dong Son culture established a tradition of bronze production and the manufacture of ever more refined bron ze and iron objects , such as plows , axes and sickles with shaft holes , socketed arrow and spearheads and small ornamented items . By about 500 BCE large and delicately decorated bronze drums of remarkable quality , that weighed more than 70 kg ( 150 lb ) were produced in the laborious lost - wax casting process . This industry of highly sophisticated metal processing has been developed locally bare of Chinese or Indian influence . Historians relate these achievements to the presence of well organised , centralised and hierarchical communities and a large population . Pottery culture ( edit ) Buni clay pottery Between 1,000 BCE and 100 CE the Sa Huỳnh culture flourished along the south - central coast of Vietnam . Ceramic jar burial sites , that included grave goods have been discovered at various sites along the entire territory . Among large , thin - walled , terracotta jars , ornamented and colorised cooking pots , glass items , jade earrings and metal objects had been deposited near the rivers and at the coast . The Buni culture is the name given to another early independent centre of refined pottery production that has been well documented on the basis of excavated burial gifts , deposited between 400 BCE and 100 CE in coastal north - western Java . The objects and artifacts of the Buni tradition are known for their originality and remarkable quality of incised and geometric decors . Its resemblance to the Sa Huỳnh culture and the fact that it represents the earliest Indian Rouletted Ware recorded in Southeast Asia are subject of ongoing research . Early Historical era ( edit ) Indianised kingdoms ( edit ) Further information : Greater India Expansion of Hinduism in Southeast Asia Since around 500 B.C. Asia 's expanding land and maritime trade had led to socio - economic interaction and cultural stimulation and diffusion of mainly Hindu beliefs into the regional cosmology of Southeast Asia . Iron Age trade expansion caused regional geostrategic remodelling . Southeast Asia was now situated in the central area of convergence of the Indian and the East Asian maritime trade routes , the basis for economic and cultural growth . The concept of the Indianised kingdoms , a term coined by George Coedès , describes Southeast Asian principalities that since the early common era as a result of prolonged interaction had incorporated central aspects of Indian institutions , religion , statecraft , administration , culture , epigraphy , writing and architecture . Shiva statue , Champa ( modern Vietnam ) The earliest Hindu kingdoms emerged in Sumatra and Java , followed by mainland polities such as Funan and Champa . Selective adoption of Indian civilisation elements and individual suitable adaption stimulated the emergence of centralised states and development of highly organised societies . Ambitious local leaders realised the benefits of Hindu worship . Rule in accord with universal moral principles represented in the concept of the devaraja was more appealing than the Chinese concept of intermediaries . The exact nature , process and extent of Indian influence upon the civilisations of the region is still fiercely debated by contemporary scholars . Debated are most claims over whether it was Indian merchants , Brahmins , nobles or Southeast Asian mariner - merchants who played a central role in bringing Indian conceptions to Southeast Asia . Debated is the depth of the influence of traditions for the people . Whereas early 20th - century scholars emphasised the thorough Indianisation of Southeast Asia , more recent authors argued that this influence was very limited and affected only a small section of the elite . Sea trade from China to India passed Champa , Funan at the Mekong Delta , proceeded along the coast to the Isthmus of Kra , portaged across the narrow and transhipped for distribution in India . This trading link boosted the development of Funan , its successor Chenla and the Malayan states of Langkasuka on the eastern and Kedah on the western coast . Numerous coastal communities in maritime Southeast Asia adopted Hindu and Buddhist cultural and religious elements from India and developed complex polities ruled by native dynasties . Early Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia are 4th century Kutai that rose in East Kalimantan , Tarumanagara in West Java and Kalingga in Central Java . Early relations with China ( edit ) Major trading routes in the pre-colonial Eastern Hemisphere Earliest attested trading contacts existed between Southeast Asia and the Chinese Shang dynasty ( around 1600 BCE to around 1046 BCE ) , when cowry shells served as currency . Various natural products , such as ivory , rhinoceros horn , tortoise shells , pearls and birds ' feathers found their way to Luoyang the capital of the Zhou dynasty , that lasted from 1050 to 771 BCE . Although knowledge about port localities and shipping lanes is very limited , it is assumed that most of this exchange took place on land routes and only a small percentage was shipped `` on coastal vessels crewed by Malay and Yue traders '' . Military conquests during the short lived Han dynasty brought a number of foreign peoples within the Chinese empire when the Imperial Chinese tributary system began to evolve under Han rule . This tributary system was based on the Chinese worldview , that had developed under the Shang dynasty , in which China is deemed the center and apogee of culture and civilization , the Middle kingdom ( Zhōngguó ) , surrounded by several layers of increasingly barbarous peoples . Contact with Southeast Asia steadily increased by the end of the Han period . Spread of Buddhism ( edit ) Main article : Buddhism in Southeast Asia Borobudur stupa , central Java ( 9th century ) Local rulers have most benefited from the introduction of Hinduism during the early common era as it greatly enhanced the legitimacy of their reign . Historians increasingly argue , that the process of Hindu religious diffusion must be attributed to the initiative of the local chieftains . Buddhist teachings , that almost simultaneously arrived in Southeast Asia developed during the subsequent centuries an exalted distinction and eventually came to be perceived as more appealing to the demands of the general population , a belief system and philosophy that addresses concrete human affairs . Emperor Ashoka initiated the tradition to send trained monks and missionaries abroad who spread Buddhism , that includes a sizeable body of literature , oral traditions , iconography , art and offers guidance as it seeks to solve central existential questions with emphasis on individual effort and conduct . Between 5th to 13th centuries Buddhism flourished in Southeast Asia . By the 8th century Srivijaya a major Buddhist trading kingdom emerged in the Southeast Asia archipelago , while the around the same period , the Shailendras of Java became the patron of Buddhist art built the Borobudur Buddhist religious monument . Khmer Empire embraced Mahayana Buddhism in the 12th century . Mahayana Buddhism was the first Buddhist school developed in the region . Around the same period , Theravada Buddhism came from Sri Lanka to mainland Southeast Asia . By the 11th century Theravada Buddhism was revived by the expansion of Pagan Empire in Burma . In the 13th century , Theravada Buddhism gained the support of the Thai king of Sukhothai , and in subsequent centuries spread into the neighboring Southeast Asian polities and became the dominant Buddhist school in the region . Medieval History ( edit ) Angkor Wat , Khmer Empire ( 12th century ) The Laguna Copperplate Inscription , Philippines ( c. 900 CE ) Around the 6th century CE , merchants began sailing to Srivijaya where goods were transhipped directly on Sumatran ports . The limits of technology and contrary winds during parts of the year made it difficult for the ships of the time to proceed directly from the Indian Ocean to the South China Sea . The third system involved direct trade between the Indian and Chinese coasts . The first dominant power to arise in the archipelago was Srivijaya in Sumatra . From the 5th century , the capital , Palembang , became a major seaport and functioned as an entrepot on the Spice Route between India and China . Srivijaya was also a notable centre of Vajrayana Buddhist learning and influence . Srivijaya 's wealth and influence faded when changes in nautical technology in the 10th century enabled Chinese and Indian merchants to ship cargo directly between their countries and also enabled the Chola state in southern India to carry out a series of destructive attacks on Srivijaya 's possessions , ending Palembang 's entrepot function . From the 7th to 15th centuries Sumatra was ruled by kaleidoscope of Buddhist kingdoms , from Kantoli , Srivijaya , Malayu , Pannai and Dharmasraya kingdom . Most of its history from the 6th to 13th centuries , Sumatra was dominated by Srivijaya empire . After the fall of Tarumanagara , West Java was ruled by Sunda Kingdom . While Central and Eastern Java was dominated by a kaleidoscope of competing agrarian kingdoms including the Sailendras , Mataram , Kediri , Singhasari , and finally Majapahit . In the 8th to 9th centuries , the Sailendra dynasty that ruled Medang i Bhumi Mataram kingdom built numbers massive monuments in Central Java , includes Sewu and Borobudur temple . In the Philippines , the Laguna Copperplate Inscription dating from 900 CE relates a granted debt from a Maginoo caste nobleman named Namwaran who lived in the historic Tondo which is now part of Manila area . This document mentions a leader of Medang in Java . In mainland Southeast Asia , after the fall of Chenla , the Khmer Empire , centred on the plain north of Tonle Sap lake , flourished in 9th until 15th century to become a regional hegemon . The Khmers built numbers of massive monuments in and around Angkor . While on central plains of today Thailand the kingdom of Dvaravati arose since 6th to 13th century . By the 10th century , Dvaravati began to come under the influence of the Khmer Empire . Later the plains of Central Thailand was dominated by Sukhothai in the 13th century and later Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 14th century . According to the Nagarakertagama , around the 13th century , Majapahit 's vassal states spread throughout much of today 's Indonesia , making it the largest empire ever to exist in Southeast Asia . The empire declined in the 15th century after the rise of Islamic states in coastal Java , Malay peninsula and Sumatra . Spread of Islam ( edit ) Main articles : Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia and Islam in Southeast Asia Minaret of the Menara Kudus Mosque , a Majapahit - style red brick tower with Mogul - style building in the background Portuguese illustration of Malays of Malacca , 1540 . Malacca sultanate played a significant role in spreading Islamic faith in the region By the eight century , less than 200 years after the establishment of Islam in Arabia , the first traders and merchants who adhered to Mohammad 's prophecies reportedly appeared in Maritime Southeast Asia . Certain is also , that Islam did not play a notable role anywhere in the archipelago or Indochina before the 13th century . As it happened , widespread and gradual replacement of Hinduism by Theravada Buddhism reflected a popular desire for a more personal , introvert spirituality acquired through individual ritual activities and effort . In addressing the issue of how Islam was introduced into Southeast Asia , most historians have elaborated various scenarios along an Arabia to India and India to Southeast Asia sequence . Opinions vary on the identity and method of the agent . Either Arabian traders and scholars , who did not live or settle in India arrived directly in island Southeast Asia , or Arab traders , that had been settling in coastal India and Sri Lanka for generations . Muslim traders from India ( Gujarat ) , converts of South Asian descend and ethnicity are variously considered as to have played a major role . A number of sources propose the South China Sea as another `` route '' of Islam introduction . Arguments for this hypothesis include : Extensive trade between Arabia and China before the 10th century is well documented and has been corroborated by archaeological evidence ( see : Belitung shipwreck ) . During the Mongol conquest and the subsequent rule of the Yuan dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) hundreds of thousands of Muslims entered China . In Yunnan Islam was propagated and commonly embraced . The Kufic Grave Stones in Champa are indices of an early and permanent Islamic community in Indochina . The founder of the Demak Sultanate was of Sino - Javanese origin . Hui mariner Zheng He proposed ancient Chinese architecture as to be the stylistic basis for the oldest Javanese mosques during his 15th century visit of Demak , Banten and the Panjunan Masjid in Cirebon . In a 2013 EU publication of the European Commission Forum an inclusive attitude is being maintained : `` Islam spread in Southeast Asia via Muslims of diverse ethnic and cultural origins , from Middle Easterners , Arabs and Persians , to Indians , and even Chinese , all of whom followed the great commercial routes of the epoch . '' Research has several answers as to what caused the distinct syncretic ( its modern expression is cultural Islam , as opposed to Middle Eastern and North African political Islam ) Islam in Southeast Asia , that allowed the continuation and inclusion of elements and ritual practices of Hinduism , Buddhism and ancient Pan-East Asian Animism . Most principalities had developed highly distinctive cultures as a result of centuries of active participation in the cultural interchange and by borrowing from the flow of ideas that criss - crossed the archipelago , coming from across the Indian Ocean in the west and the South China Sea in the east . Cultural and institutional adoption was a creative and selective process , in which foreign elements were incorporated into a local synthesis . Unlike virtually all other `` Islamised '' regions like North Africa , Iberia , the Middle East and later India , Islamic faith in Southeast Asia was not enforced in the wake of victorious territorial conquests of unstoppable Muslim armies under the command of pious and charismatic warlords . The idea of equality ( before God ) for the Ummat ( the people of God ) and a personal religious effort through regular prayer was more appealing to the average person than the perceived fatalism of the Hindu pandemonium . However , Islam also taught obedience and submission , which guaranteed that the social structure of a converted people or political entity hardly saw any fundamental changes . There are various records of lay Muslim missionaries , scholars and mystics , particularly Sufis who were most active in bringing about a peaceful proselytisation . Java , for example `` received Islam by nine very active men '' , who were referred to as `` Wali Sanga '' ( Nine Saints ) , although the historical identity of such people is almost impossible to determine . The foundation of the first Islamic kingdom in Sumatra , the Samudera Pasai Sultanate took place during the 13th century . Nagore Shahul Hamid ( 1504 -- 1570 ) , the `` Qadir Wali '' was a popular protector of sailors and seafarers . A simple ritual practice was maintained by Tamil Muslims in his shrine on the coast south of Madras . He attracted pilgrims from Malaysia , Indonesia , Sri Lanka and anyone else who sought his aid . Islam and its notion of exclusivity and finality is incompatible with all other religions and the Chinese concept of heavenly harmony and the Son of Heaven as the enforcer . The integration in the traditional East Asian tributary system with China at the centre Muslim Malays and Indonesians exacted a pragmatic approach of cultural Islam in diplomatic relations with China . The conversion of the remnants of the Buddhist Srivijaya empire , that once controlled trade in much of Southeast Asia and in particular the Strait of Malacca , marked a strategic turning point as this act turned the Strait into an Islamic water . With the fall of Srivijaya the way was open for effective and widespread proselytisation and the establishment of Muslim trading centres . Modern Malays view the Sultanate of Malacca , which existed from the 15th to the early 16th century as the first political entity of contemporary Malaysia . Early modern era ( edit ) European colonisation ( edit ) Main article : European colonisation of Southeast Asia European colonisation of Southeast Asia . Legend : France Netherlands Portugal Spain United Kingdom An early European to visit Southeast Asia was Niccolò de ' Conti , who travelled here in the early 15th century . However , Europeans did not visit en masse until the 16th century . It was the lure of trade that brought Europeans to Southeast Asia while missionaries also tagged along the ships as they hoped to spread Christianity into the region . Portugal was the first European power to establish a bridgehead on the lucrative maritime Southeast Asia trade route , with the conquest of the Sultanate of Malacca in 1511 . The Netherlands and Spain followed and soon superseded Portugal as the main European powers in the region . In 1599 , Spain began to colonise the Philippines . In 1619 , acting through the Dutch East India Company , the Dutch took the city of Sunda Kelapa , renamed it Batavia ( now Jakarta ) as a base for trading and expansion into the other parts of Java and the surrounding territory . In 1641 , the Dutch took Malacca from the Portuguese . Economic opportunities attracted Overseas Chinese to the region in great numbers . In 1775 , the Lanfang Republic , possibly the first republic in the region , was established in West Kalimantan , Indonesia , as a tributary state of the Qing Empire ; the republic lasted until 1884 , when it fell under Dutch occupation as Qing influence waned . Englishmen of the United Kingdom , in the guise of the Honourable East India Company led by Josiah Child , had little interest or impact in the region , and were effectively expelled following the Siam -- England war ( 1687 ) . Britain , in the guise of the British East India Company , turned their attention to the Bay of Bengal following the Peace with France and Spain ( 1783 ) . During the conflicts , Britain had struggled for naval superiority with the French , and the need of good harbours became evident . Penang Island had been brought to the attention of the Government of India by Francis Light . In 1786 , the settlement of George Town was founded at the northeastern tip of Penang Island by Captain Francis Light , under the administration of Sir John Macpherson ; this marked the beginning of British expansion into the Malay Peninsula . Portrait of Afonso de Albuquerque , the first European to conquer a part of Southeast Asia of Malacca . The British also temporarily possessed Dutch territories during the Napoleonic Wars ; and Spanish areas in the Seven Years ' War . In 1819 , Stamford Raffles established Singapore as a key trading post for Britain in their rivalry with the Dutch . However , their rivalry cooled in 1824 when an Anglo - Dutch treaty demarcated their respective interests in Southeast Asia . British rule in Burma began with the first Anglo - Burmese War ( 1824 -- 1826 ) . Early United States entry into what was then called the East Indies ( usually in reference to the Malay Archipelago ) was low key . In 1795 , a secret voyage for pepper set sail from Salem , Massachusetts on an 18 - month voyage that returned with a bulk cargo of pepper , the first to be so imported into the country , which sold at the extraordinary profit of seven hundred per cent . In 1831 , the merchantman Friendship of Salem returned to report the ship had been plundered , and the first officer and two crewmen murdered in Sumatra . The Anglo - Dutch Treaty of 1824 obligated the Dutch to ensure the safety of shipping and overland trade in and around Aceh , who accordingly sent the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army on the punitive expedition of 1831 . President Andrew Jackson also ordered America 's first Sumatran punitive expedition of 1832 , which was followed by a punitive expedition in 1838 . The Friendship incident thus afforded the Dutch a reason to take over Ache ; and Jackson , to dispatch diplomatist Edmund Roberts , who in 1833 secured the Roberts Treaty with Siam . In 1856 negotiations for amendment of this treaty , Townsend Harris stated the position of the United States : The United States does not hold any possessions in the East , nor does it desire any . The form of government forbids the holding of colonies . The United States therefore can not be an object of jealousy to any Eastern Power . Peaceful commercial relations , which give as well as receive benefits , is what the President wishes to establish with Siam , and such is the object of my mission . From the end of the 1850s onwards , while the attention of the United States shifted to maintaining their union , the pace of European colonisation shifted to a significantly higher gear . This phenomenon , denoted New Imperialism , saw the conquest of nearly all Southeast Asian territories by the colonial powers . The Dutch East India Company and British East India Company were dissolved by their respective governments , who took over the direct administration of the colonies . Only Thailand was spared the experience of foreign rule , though Thailand , too , was greatly affected by the power politics of the Western powers . The Monthon reforms of the late 19th Century continuing up till around 1910 , imposed a Westernised form of government on the country 's partially independent cities called Mueang , such that the country could be said to have successfully colonised itself . Western powers did , however , continue to interfere in both internal and external affairs . By 1913 , the British had occupied Burma , Malaya and the northern Borneo territories , the French controlled Indochina , the Dutch ruled the Netherlands East Indies while Portugal managed to hold on to Portuguese Timor . In the Philippines , the 1872 Cavite Mutiny was a precursor to the Philippine Revolution ( 1896 -- 1898 ) . When the Spanish -- American War began in Cuba in 1898 , Filipino revolutionaries declared Philippine independence and established the First Philippine Republic the following year . In the Treaty of Paris of 1898 that ended the war with Spain , the United States gained the Philippines and other territories ; in refusing to recognise the nascent republic , America effectively reversed her position of 1856 . This led directly to the Philippine -- American War , in which the First Republic was defeated ; wars followed with the Republic of Zamboanga , the Republic of Negros and the Republic of Katagalugan , all of which were also defeated . Colonial rule had had a profound effect on Southeast Asia . While the colonial powers profited much from the region 's vast resources and large market , colonial rule did develop the region to a varying extent . Commercial agriculture , mining and an export based economy developed rapidly during this period . The introduction Christianity bought by the colonist also have profound effect in the societal change . Increased labour demand resulted in mass immigration , especially from British India and China , which brought about massive demographic change . The institutions for a modern nation state like a state bureaucracy , courts of law , print media and to a smaller extent , modern education , sowed the seeds of the fledgling nationalist movements in the colonial territories . In the inter-war years , these nationalist movements grew and often clashed with the colonial authorities when they demanded self - determination . 20th - century Southeast Asia ( edit ) Japanese invasion and occupations ( edit ) Further information : Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , List of territories occupied by Imperial Japan , South - East Asian theatre of World War II , and Pacific War Japanese imperial army entering Manila , January 1942 . In September 1940 , following the Fall of France and pursuant to the Pacific war goals of Imperial Japan , the Japanese Imperial Army invaded Vichy French Indochina , which ended in the abortive Japanese coup de main in French Indochina of 9 March 1945 . On 5 January 1941 , Thailand launched the Franco - Thai War , ended on 9 May 1941 by a Japanese - imposed treaty signed in Tokyo . On 7 / 8 December , Japan 's entry into World War II began with the invasion of Thailand , the only invaded country to maintain nominal independence , due to her political and military alliance with the Japanese -- on 10 May 1942 , her northwestern Payap Army invaded Burma during the Burma Campaign . From 1941 until war 's end , Japanese occupied Cambodia and Malaya , which ended in independence movements . Japanese occupation of the Philippines led to the forming of the Second Philippine Republic , formally dissolved in Tokyo on 17 August 1945 . Also on 17 August , a proclamation of Indonesian Independence was read at the conclusion of Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies since March 1942 . Post-war decolonisation ( edit ) Combat operations at Ia Drang Valley , during Vietnam War , November 1965 . With the rejuvenated nationalist movements in wait , the Europeans returned to a very different Southeast Asia after World War II . Indonesia declared independence on 17 August 1945 and subsequently fought a bitter war against the returning Dutch ; the Philippines was granted independence by the United States in 1946 ; Burma secured their independence from Britain in 1948 , and the French were driven from Indochina in 1954 after a bitterly fought war ( the Indochina War ) against the Vietnamese nationalists . The United Nations provided a forum for nationalism , post-independent self - definition , nation - building and the acquisition of territorial integrity for many newly independent nations . During the Cold War , countering the threat of communism was a major theme in the decolonisation process . After suppressing the communist insurrection during the Malayan Emergency from 1948 to 1960 , Britain granted independence to Malaya and later , Singapore , Sabah and Sarawak in 1957 and 1963 respectively within the framework of the Federation of Malaysia . In one of the most bloody single incidents of violence in Cold War Southeast Asia , General Suharto seized power in Indonesia in 1965 and initiated a massacre of approximately 500,000 alleged members of the Communist Party of Indonesia ( PKI ) . Following the independence of the Indochina states with the battle of Dien Bien Phu , North Vietnamese attempts to conquer South Vietnam resulted in the Vietnam War . The conflict spread to Laos and Cambodia and heavy intervention from the United States . By the war 's end in 1975 , all these countries were controlled by communist parties . After the communist victory , two wars between communist states -- the Cambodian -- Vietnamese War of 1975 -- 89 and the Sino - Vietnamese War of 1979 -- were fought in the region . The victory of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia resulted in the Cambodian Genocide . In 1975 , Portuguese rule ended in East Timor . However , independence was short - lived as Indonesia annexed the territory soon after . However , after more than 20 years of fighting Indonesia , East Timor won its independence and was recognised by the UN in 2002 . Finally , Britain ended its protectorate of the Sultanate of Brunei in 1984 , marking the end of European rule in Southeast Asia . Contemporary Southeast Asia ( edit ) ASEAN members ' flags in Jakarta . Modern Southeast Asia has been characterised by high economic growth by most countries and closer regional integration . Indonesia , Malaysia , the Philippines , Singapore and Thailand have traditionally experienced high growth and are commonly recognised as the more developed countries of the region . As of late , Vietnam too had been experiencing an economic boom . However , Myanmar , Cambodia , Laos and the newly independent East Timor are still lagging economically . On 8 August 1967 , the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) was founded by Thailand , Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , and the Philippines . Since Cambodian admission into the union in 1999 , East Timor is the only Southeast Asian country that is not part of ASEAN , although plans are under way for eventual membership . The association aims to enhance co-operation among Southeast Asian community . ASEAN Free Trade Area has been established to encourage greater trade among ASEAN members . ASEAN has also been a front runner in greater integration of Asia - Pacific region through East Asia Summits . See also ( edit ) Buddhism in Southeast Asia Hinduism in Southeast Asia Islam in Southeast Asia Greater India Two Layer hypothesis History of Brunei History of Cambodia History of East Timor History of Indonesia History of Laos History of Malaysia History of Myanmar History of the Philippines History of Singapore History of Thailand History of Vietnam History of Asia Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For fifty or sixty years , the Portuguese enjoyed the exclusive trade to China and Japan . In 1717 , and again in 1732 , the Chinese government offered to make Macao the emporium for all foreign trade , and to receive all duties on imports ; but , by a strange infatuation , the Portuguese government refused , and its decline is dated from that period . ( Roberts , 2007 PDF image 173 p. 166 ) Jump up ^ Other experiments in republicanism in adjacent regions were the Japanese Republic of Ezo ( 1869 ) and the Republic of Taiwan ( 1895 ) . Jump up ^ Company agent John_Crawfurd used the census taken in 1824 for a statistical analysis of the relative economic prowess of the peoples there , giving special attention to the Chinese : The Chinese amount to 8595 , and are landowners , field - labourers , mechanics of almost every description , shopkeepers , and general merchants . They are all from the two provinces of Canton and Fo - kien , and three - fourths of them from the latter . About five - sixths of the whole number are unmarried men , in the prime of life : so that , in fact , the Chinese population , in point of effective labour , may be estimated as equivalent to an ordinary population of above 37,000 , and , as will afterwards be shown , to a numerical Malay population of more than 80,000 ! ( Crawfurd image 48 . p. 30 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Daigorō Chihara . `` Hindu - Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia - Daigorō Chihara '' . Google Books . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Victor T. King . `` The Sociology of Southeast Asia : Transformations in a Developing Region '' . Google Books . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Kenneth R. Hall . `` A History of Early Southeast Asia : Maritime Trade and Societal Development 100 - 1500 '' . Google Books . 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Oxford University Press . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Thongchai Winichakul . `` BUDDHISM AND SOCIETY IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN HISTORY '' ( PDF ) . University of Wisconsin - Madison . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.seasite.niu.edu/crossroads/wilson/colonialism.htm . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` S-E Asia 's identity long in existence '' . Hartford - hwp com . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SOVEREIGNTY AND THE STATE IN ASIA : THE CHALLENGES OF THE EMERGING INTERNATIONAL ORDER '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Revisiting the `` Lands Below the Winds '' `` . Library.ucla.edu . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History Of Ancient India ( portraits Of A Nation ) , 1 / e - Kapur , Kamlesh - '' . Google Books . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ OOI KEAT GIN . `` SOUTHEAST ASIA a Historical Encyclopedia , from Angkor Wat to East Timor 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Library of Congress . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest bones from modern humans in Asia discovered '' . CBSNews. 20 August 2012 . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Demeter , Fabrice ; Shackelford , Laura ; Westaway , Kira ; Duringer , Philippe ; Bacon , Anne - Marie ; Ponche , Jean - Luc ; Wu , Xiujie ; Sayavongkhamdy , Thongsa ; Zhao , Jian - Xin ; Barnes , Lani ; Boyon , Marc ; Sichanthongtip , Phonephanh ; Sénégas , Frank ; Karpoff , Anne - Marie ; Patole - Edoumba , Elise ; Coppens , Yves ; Braga , José ; Macchiarelli , Roberto ( 7 April 2015 ) . `` Early Modern Humans and Morphological Variation in Southeast Asia : Fossil Evidence from Tam Pa Ling , Laos '' . PLoS ONE . 10 ( 4 ) : e0121193 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0121193 . PMC 4388508 . PMID 25849125 . Jump up ^ `` '' Results of New Research at La ‐ ang Spean Prehistoric Site `` '' ( PDF ) . dccam org . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysian scientists find stone tools ' oldest in Southeast Asia ' '' . Agence France - Presse. 31 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Swisher 1994 ; Dennell 2010 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Dennell 2010 , p. 266 , citing Morwood 2003 . Jump up ^ Barker , Graeme ; Barton , Huw ; Bird , Michael ; Daly , Patrick ; Datan , Ipoi ; Dykes , Alan ; Farr , Lucy ; Gilbertson , David ; Harrisson , Barbara ; Hunt , Chris ; Higham , Tom ; Kealhofer , Lisa ; Krigbaum , John ; Lewis , Helen ; McLaren , Sue ; Paz , Victor ; Pike , Alistair ; Piper , Phil ; Pyatt , Brian ; Rabett , Ryan ; Reynolds , Tim ; Rose , Jim ; Rushworth , Garry ; Stephens , Mark ; Stringer , Chris ; Thompson , Jill ; Turney , Chris ( March 2007 ) . `` The ' human revolution ' in lowland tropical Southeast Asia : the antiquity and behavior of anatomically modern humans at Niah Cave ( Sarawak , Borneo ) '' . Journal of Human Evolution. 52 ( 3 ) : 243 -- 261 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2006.08. 011 . ^ Jump up to : Charles Higham . `` Hunter - Gatherers in Southeast Asia : From Prehistory to the Present '' . Digitalcommons . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Tabon Cave Complex and all of Lipuun - UNESCO World Heritage Centre '' . Whc.unesco.org . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Marwick , B. ( 2013 ) . `` Multiple Optima in Hoabinhian flaked stone artifact palaeoeconomics and palaeoecology at two archaeological sites in Northwest Thailand '' . Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 32 ( 4 ) : 553 -- 564 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jaa. 2013.08. 004 . Jump up ^ Ji , Xueping ; Kuman , Kathleen ; Clarke , R.J. ; Forestier , Hubert ; Li , Yinghua ; Ma , Juan ; Qiu , Kaiwei ; Li , Hao ; Wu , Yun ( 1 December 2015 ) . `` The oldest Hoabinhian technocomplex in Asia ( 43.5 ka ) at Xiaodong rockshelter , Yunnan Province , southwest China '' . Quaternary International . 400 : 166 -- 174 . doi : 10.1016 / j. quaint. 2015.09. 080 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Tarling , Nicholas ( 1999 ) . The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia , Volume One , Part One . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66369 - 4 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Sidwell , Paul ; Blench , Roger ( 2011 ) . `` The Austroasiatic Urheimat : the Southeastern Riverine Hypothesis '' ( PDF ) . In Enfield , N.J. Dynamics of Human Diversity . Canberra : Pacific Linguistics . pp. 317 -- 345 . ISBN 9780858836389 . Jump up ^ `` New research forces U-turn in population migration theory '' . eurekalert . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE AUSTRONESIAN SETTLEMENT OF MANILAND SOUTHEAST ASIA '' ( PDF ) . Sealang . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Lipson , Mark ; Loh , Po - Ru ; Patterson , Nick ; Moorjani , Priya ; Ko , Ying - Chin ; Stoneking , Mark ; Berger , Bonnie ; Reich , David ( 19 August 2014 ) . `` Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia '' . Nature Communications . 5 : 4689 . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms5689 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austronesian Southeast Asia : An outline of contemporary issues '' . Omnivoyage . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Origins of Ethnolinguistic Identity in Southeast Asia '' ( PDF ) . Roger Blench . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ J. Stephen Lansing . `` Perfect Order : Recognizing Complexity in Bali '' . Google Books . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : F. Tichelman . `` The Social Evolution of Indonesia : The Asiatic Mode of Production and Its Legacy '' . Google Books . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pre-Angkorian Settlement Trends in Cambodia 's Mekong Delta and the Lower Mekong '' ( PDF ) . Anthropology.hawaii.edu . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Early Mainland Southeast Asian Landscapes in the First Millennium '' ( PDF ) . Anthropology.hawaii.edu . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hunt , C.O. ; Rabett , R.J. ( November 2014 ) . `` Holocene landscape intervention and plant food production strategies in island and mainland Southeast Asia '' . Journal of Archaeological Science . 51 : 22 -- 33 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2013.12. 011 . Jump up ^ Reich , David ; Patterson , Nick ; Kircher , Martin ; Delfin , Frederick ; Nandineni , Madhusudan R. ; Pugach , Irina ; Ko , Albert Min - Shan ; Ko , Ying - Chin ; Jinam , Timothy A. ; Phipps , Maude E. ; Saitou , Naruya ; Wollstein , Andreas ; Kayser , Manfred ; Pääbo , Svante ; Stoneking , Mark ( October 2011 ) . `` Denisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania '' . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 89 ( 4 ) : 516 -- 528 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajhg. 2011.09. 005 . PMC 3188841 . PMID 21944045 . Jump up ^ Higham , Charles ; Higham , Thomas ; Ciarla , Roberto ; Douka , Katerina ; Kijngam , Amphan ; Rispoli , Fiorella ( 10 December 2011 ) . `` The Origins of the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia '' . Journal of World Prehistory. 24 ( 4 ) : 227 -- 274 . doi : 10.1007 / s10963 - 011 - 9054 - 6 . Retrieved 11 February 2017 -- via Researchgate.net . Jump up ^ http://www.newhistorian.com/how-and-when-the-bronze-age-reached-south-east-asia/4961/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` history of Southeast Asia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ John N. Miksic , Geok Yian Goh , Sue O Connor - Rethinking Cultural Resource Management in Southeast Asia 2011 Page 251 `` This site dates from the fifth to first century BCE and it is one of the earliest sites of the Sa Huỳnh culture in Thu Bồn Valley ( Reinecke et al. 2002 , 153 -- 216 ) ; 2 ) Lai Nghi is a prehistoric cemetery richly equipped with iron tools and weapons , ... '' Jump up ^ Ian Glover , Nguyễn Kim Dung . `` Excavations at Gò Cầm , Quảng Nam , 2000 -- 3 : Linyi and the Emergence of the Cham Kingdoms '' . Academia.edu . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Zahorka , Herwig ( 2007 ) . The Sunda Kingdoms of West Java , From Tarumanagara to Pakuan Pajajaran with Royal Center of Bogor , Over 1000 Years of Propsperity and Glory . Yayasan cipta Loka Caraka . Jump up ^ `` Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia : Reflections on Cross ... '' Google Books . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Manguin , Pierre - Yves and Agustijanto Indrajaya ( January 2006 ) . The Archaeology of Batujaya ( West Java , Indonesia ) : an Interim Report , in Uncovering Southeast Asia 's past . ISBN 9789971693510 . Jump up ^ Kenneth R. Hal ( 1985 ) . Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia . University of Hawaii Press . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 0843 - 3 . Jump up ^ National Library of Australia . Asia 's French Connection : George Coedes and the Coedes Collection Archived 21 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Southeast Asia : Imagining the region '' ( PDF ) . Amitav Acharya . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Societies , Networks , and Transitions , Volume I : To 1500 : A Global History '' . Google Books . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Mon - Dvaravati Tradition of Early North - Central Thailand '' . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Urban Morphology of Commercial Port Cities and Shophouses in Southeast Asia '' . Sciencedirect . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hinduism in Southeast Asia '' . oxford press . 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hinduism and Buddhism in Southeast Asia by Monica Sar on Prezi '' . prezi.com . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Helmut Lukas . `` THEORIES OF INDIANIZATION Exemplified by Selected Case Studies from Indonesia ( Insular Southeast Asia ) '' ( PDF ) . Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Short History of China and Southeast Asia. pdf -- A Short History of Asia '' ( PDF ) . Docs8.minhateca.com . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Samuel Wells Williams ( 2006 ) . The Middle Kingdom : A Survey of the Geography , Government , Literature , Social Life , Arts and History of the Chinese Empire and Its Inhabitants . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0710311672 . Jump up ^ Donald K. Swearer . `` The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia '' ( PDF ) . Suny Press . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Kitiarsa , Pattana ( 2009 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Beyond the Weberian Trails : An Essay on the Anthropology of Southeast Asian Buddhism '' . Religion Compass. 3 ( 2 ) : 200 -- 224 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 8171.2009. 00135. x . ISSN 1749 - 8171 . Jump up ^ `` EXPANSION OF BUDDHISM INTO SOUTHEAST ASIA '' ( PDF ) . Unesco . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Miksic , John ( 2013 - 02 - 22 ) . Mysteries of Borobudur Discover Indonesia . Tuttle Publishing . ISBN 9781462906994 . Jump up ^ `` The Buddhist World : Buddhism in Southeast Asia : Burma , Thailand , Cambodia , Laos , Vietnam , Indonesia '' . www.buddhanet.net . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Wahby , Ahmed EI ( April 2008 ) . `` The Architecture of the Early Mosques and Shrines of Java : Influences of the Arab Merchants in the 15th and 16th Centuries ? '' . researchgate . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Islam : Islam in Southeast Asia - Dictionary definition of Islam : Islam in Southeast Asia '' . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Islam , The Spread Of Islam To Southeast Asia '' . History-world.org . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A History of Islam in the Malay - Indonesian World : between Acculturation and Rigor '' . Academia.edu . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Southeast Asia - The Arrival of Islam in Southeast Asia '' . Asia Society . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Made in China -- National Geographic Magazine '' . archive.org . Archived from the original on 1 September 2009 . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Press Room '' . Asia.si.edu . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An Earlier Age of Commerce in Southeast Asia : 900 - 1300 C.E. '' ( PDF ) . Helsinki.fi . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gravestone - Collections - Antiquities Museum '' . Antiquities.bibalex.org . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Signatures on gravestones : two XII century Iranian tombstones '' . squarekufic . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia - Tan Ta Sen - '' . Google Books . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cheng Ho and the History of Chinese Muslims in Java '' . Academia.edu . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia - Tan Ta Sen - '' . Google Books . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International research update 62 '' ( PDF ) . Ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ghazwul fikri or Arabisation ? Indonesian Muslim responses to globalisation '' . Academia.edu . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Elder , Joseph W. ( July 1966 ) . `` Fatalism in India : A Comparison between Hindus and Muslims '' . Anthropological Quarterly . 39 ( 3 ) : 227 . doi : 10.2307 / 3316807 . JSTOR 3316807 . Jump up ^ `` Southeast Asia : A political and economic introduction -- Commons Library briefing -- UK Parliament '' . Researchbriefings.parliament.uk . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Crawfurd , John ( August 2006 ) ( First published 1830 ) . `` Chapter I -- Description of the Settlement . '' . Journal of an Embassy from the Governor -- general of India to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China . Volume 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . London : H. Colburn and R. Bentley . image 52 , p. 34 . ISBN 9788120612372 . OCLC 03452414 . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Trow , Charles Edward . `` Introduction '' . The old shipmasters of Salem . New York and London : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . pp. xx -- xxiii . OCLC 4669778 . When Captain Jonathan Carnes set sail ... Jump up ^ Roberts , Edmund ( Digitised 12 October 2007 ) ( 1837 ) ( First published in 1837 ) . `` Introduction '' . Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin - China , Siam , and Muscat : In the U.S. Sloop - of - War Peacock During the Years 1832 -- 34 . Harper & Brothers . OCLC 12212199 . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Having some years since become acquainted with the commerce of Asia and Eastern Africa , the information produced on my mind a conviction that considerable benefit would result from effecting treaties with some of the native powers bordering on the Indian ocean . Jump up ^ `` 1b . Harris Treaty of 1856 '' ( exhibition ) . Royal Gifts from Thailand . National Museum of Natural History . 14 March 2013 ( speech delivered 1856 ) . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Credits Jump up ^ Murdoch , John B. ( 1974 ) . `` The 1901 -- 1902 Holy Man 's Rebellion '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Siam Society . Siam Heritage Trust . JSS Vol. 62.1 e ( digital ) : 38 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 ... Prior to the late nineteenth century reforms of King Chulalongkorn , the territory of the Siamese Kingdom was divided into three administrative categories . First were the inner provinces which were in four classes depending on their distance from Bangkok or the importance of their local ruling houses . Second were the outer provinces , which were situated between the inner provinces and further distant tributary states . Finally there were the tributary states which were on the periphery ... Jump up ^ de Mendonha e Cunha , Helder ( 1971 ) . `` The 1820 Land Concession to the Portuguese '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Siam Society . Siam Society . JSS Vol . 059.2 g ( digital ) . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . It was in Ayudhya that Portugal had its first official contact with the Kingdom of Siam , in 1511 . Jump up ^ Oblas , Peter B. ( 1965 ) . `` A Very Small Part of World Affairs '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Siam Society . Siam Society . JSS Vol. 53.1 e ( digital ) . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Negotiations 1909 -- 1917 . On the 8th of August 1909 , Siam 's Adviser in Foreign Affairs presented a proposal to the American Minister in Bangkok . The Adviser , Jens Westengard , desired a revision of the existing extraterritorial arrangement of jurisdictional authority ... Jump up ^ Vichy versus Asia : The Franco - Siamese War of 1941 Jump up ^ Tom G. Hoogervorst . `` Some reflections on Southeast Asia and its position in academia '' ( PDF ) . Project Southeast Asia . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Frey , Rebecca Joyce ( 2009 ) . Genocide and International Justice . Jump up ^ Olson , James S. ; Roberts , Randy ( 2008 ) . Where the Domino Fell : America and Vietnam 1945 -- 1995 ( 5th ed . ) . Malden , Massachusetts : Blackwell Publishing Bibliography ( edit ) Dennell , Robin ( 2010 ) . `` ' Out of Africa I ' : Current Problems and Future Prospects '' . In Fleagle , John G. ; et al. Out of Africa I : The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia . Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series . Dordrecht : Springer . pp. 247 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 9036 - 2 . Morwood , M.J. ( 2003 ) . `` Revised age for Mojokerto 1 , an early Homo erectus cranium from East Java , Indonesia '' . Australian Archaeology. 57 : 1 -- 4 ... Swisher , C.C. ( 1994 ) . `` Age of the earliest known hominin in Java , Indonesia '' . Science . 263 ( 5150 ) : 1118 -- 21 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 8108729 . PMID 8108729 . Holt , Peter Malcolm ; Lewis , Bernard ( 1977 ) . The Cambridge History of Islam . Cambridge University Press . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29137 - 2 . pg. 123 - 125 von Glahn , Richard ( 27 December 1996 ) . Fountain of Fortune : Money and Monetary Policy in China , 1000 - 1700 . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 91745 - 3 . Reid , Anthony ( 9 May 1990 ) . Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce , 1450 - 1680 : The Lands Below the Winds . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 04750 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Cœdès , George ( 1968 ) . Walter F. Vella , ed . The Indianized States of Southeast Asia . trans. Susan Brown Cowing . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 0368 - 1 . Lokesh , Chandra , & International Academy of Indian Culture . ( 2000 ) . Society and culture of Southeast Asia : Continuities and changes . New Delhi : International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan . Daigorō Chihara ( 1996 ) . Hindu - Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia . BRILL . ISBN 90 - 04 - 10512 - 3 . Peter Church ( 3 February 2012 ) . A Short History of South - East Asia . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 35044 - 7 . George Cœdès ( 1968 ) . The Indianized States of South - East Asia . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 0368 - 1 . Charles Alfred Fisher ( 1964 ) . South - east Asia : a social , economic , and political geography . Methuen . Bernard Philippe Groslier ( 1962 ) . The art of Indochina : including Thailand , Vietnam , Laos and Cambodia . Crown Publishers . D.G.E. Hall ( 1966 ) . A History of South - East Asia . Daniel George Edward Hall ; Phút Tấn Nguyễn ( 1968 ) . Đông Nam Á sử lược . Pacific Northwest Trading Company . Kenneth R. Hall ( 28 December 2010 ) . A History of Early Southeast Asia : Maritime Trade and Societal Development , 100 -- 1500 . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 6762 - 7 . Virginia Matheson Hooker ( 2003 ) . A Short History of Malaysia : Linking East and West . Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86448 - 955 - 2 . Michael C. Howard ( 23 February 2012 ) . Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies : The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 9033 - 2 . Victor T. King ( 2008 ) . The Sociology of Southeast Asia : Transformations in a Developing Region . NIAS Press . ISBN 978 - 87 - 91114 - 60 - 1 . Paul Michel Munoz ( 2006 ) . Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula . National Book Network . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4155 - 67 - 0 . D.R. SarDesai ( 2003 ) . Southeast Asia , Past and Present . Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 4143 - 9 . Heidhues , Mary Somer . `` ' Southeast Asia : A Concise History '' ISBN 0 - 500 - 28303 - 6 Majumdar , R.C. ( 1979 ) . India and South - East Asia . I.S.P.Q.S. History and Archaeology Series Vol. 6 . ISBN 81 - 7018 - 046 - 5 . Ooi , Keat Gin , ed. ( 2004 ) . Southeast Asia : A Historical Encyclopedia , from Angkor Wat to East Timor , Volume 1 ( illustrated ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1576077705 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Guy , John ( 1986 ) . Guy , John , ed . Oriental trade ceramics in South - East Asia , ninth to sixteenth centuries : with a catalogue of Chinese , Vietnamese and Thai wares in Australian collections ( illustrated , revised ed . ) . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . David G. Marr ; Anthony Crothers Milner ( 1986 ) . Southeast Asia in the 9th to 14th Centuries . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies . ISBN 978 - 9971 - 988 - 39 - 5 . Osborne , Milton . Southeast Asia . An introductory history . ISBN 1 - 86508 - 390 - 9 Jan M. Pluvier ( 1995 ) . Historical Atlas of South - East Asia . E.J. Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 10238 - 5 . Anthony Reid ( 1 August 2000 ) . Charting the Shape of Early Modern Southeast Asia . Silkworm Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 63041 - 481 - 8 . Scott , James C. , The Art of Not Being Governed : An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia ( Yale Agrarian Studies Series ) , 464 pages , Yale University Press ( 30 September 2009 ) , ISBN 0300152280 , ISBN 978 - 0300152289 Tarling , Nicholas ( ed ) . The Cambridge history of Southeast Asia Vol I - IV . ISBN 0 - 521 - 66369 - 5 R.C. Majumdar , Study of Sanskrit in South - East Asia R.C. Majumdar , India and South - East Asia , I.S.P.Q.S. History and Archaeology Series Vol. 6 , 1979 , ISBN 81 - 7018 - 046 - 5 . Paul Michel Munoz ( 2006 ) . Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula . Editions Didier Millet . ISBN 981 - 4155 - 67 - 5 . Reid , Anthony ( 1993 ) . Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce , 1450 - 1680 : Expansion and crisis , Volume 2 . Volume 2 of Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce , 1450 - 1680 ( illustrated ed . ) . Yale University Press . ISBN 0300054122 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Reid , Anthony ; Alilunas - Rodgers , Kristine , eds. ( 1996 ) . Sojourners and Settlers : Histories of Southeast China and the Chinese . Contributor Kristine Alilunas - Rodgers ( illustrated , reprint ed . ) . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0824824466 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Edward H. Schafer ( 1963 ) . The Golden Peaches of Samarkand : A Study of Tʻang Exotics . University of California Press . GGKEY : XZ70D3XUH9A . Paz , Victor ; Solheim , II , Wilhelm G. , eds. ( 2004 ) . Southeast Asian Archaeology : Wilhelm G. Solheim II Festschrift ( illustrated ed . ) . University of the Philippines Press . ISBN 9715424511 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Yule , Paul . The Bronze Age Metalwork of India . Prähistorische Bronzefunde XX , 8 , Munich , 1985 , ISBN 3 406 30440 0 . Demeter , F. ; Shackelford , L.L. ; Bacon , A. - M. ; Duringer , P. ; Westaway , K. ; Sayavongkhamdy , T. ; Braga , J. ; Sichanthongtip , P. ; Khamdalavong , P. ; Ponche , J. - L. ; Wang , H. ; Lundstrom , C. ; Patole - Edoumba , E. ; Karpoff , A. - M. ( 20 August 2012 ) . `` Anatomically modern human in Southeast Asia ( Laos ) by 46 ka '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 109 ( 36 ) : 14375 -- 14380 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1208104109 . Marwick , Ben ( January 2008 ) . `` Stone artefacts and recent research in the archaeology of mainland Southeast Asian hunter - gatherers '' . Before Farming. 2008 ( 4 ) : 1 -- 19 . doi : 10.3828 / bfarm. 2008.4. 1 . The South East Asian Review . Institute of South East Asian Studies . 1995 . Southeast Asia . Lonely Planet . 15 September 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74220 - 377 - 5 . Tri thức Đông Nam Á . Nhà xuá̂t bản Chính trị quó̂c gia. 2008 . pp. 208 -- . Thailandia . Touring Editore. 2005 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 365 - 3327 - 5 . External links ( edit ) A Short History of China and Southeast Asia. pdf Ancient Southeast Asia Throbbing Blood Tube Wikiversity - Department of Southeast Asian History 雲南 ・ 東南アジア に関する 漢籍 史料 Citizenship and Democratization in Southeast Asia Democracy and Citizen Politics in East Asia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Southeast_Asia&oldid=828303692 '' Categories : History of Southeast Asia Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from September 2015 EngvarB from September 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français Bahasa Indonesia Русский Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 19 : 47 . 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6213062800489559515 | List of Major League Baseball no-hitters | List of Major League Baseball no - hitters - wikipedia List of Major League Baseball no - hitters Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of no - hitters in Major League Baseball history . In addition , all no - hitters that were broken up in extra innings or were in shortened games are listed , although they are not currently considered official no - hitters . ( Prior to 1991 , a performance in which no hits were surrendered through nine innings or in a shortened game was considered an official no - hit game . ) The names of those pitchers who threw a perfect game no - hitter are italicized . For combined no - hitters by two or more pitchers on the same team , each is listed with his number of innings pitched . Games which were part of a doubleheader are noted as either the first game or second game . The most recent no - hitter was pitched by Edinson Vólquez of the Miami Marlins on June 3 , 2017 . An official no - hit game occurs when a pitcher ( or pitchers ) allows no hits during the entire course of a game , which consists of at least nine innings thrown by the pitcher ( s ) . In a no - hit game , a batter may still reach base via a walk , an error , a fielder 's choice , an intentional walk , a hit by pitch , a passed ball or wild pitch on strike three , or catcher 's interference . Also , due to these methods of reaching base , it is possible for a team to score runs without getting any hits . While the vast majority of no - hitters are shutouts , no - hit teams have managed to score runs in their respective games a number of times , five times a team has been no - hit and still won the game : two notable victories occurred when the Cincinnati Reds defeated the Houston Colt . 45s ( now called the Houston Astros ) 1 -- 0 on April 23 , 1964 even though they were no - hit by Houston starter Ken Johnson , and the Detroit Tigers defeated the Baltimore Orioles 2 -- 1 on April 30 , 1967 even though they were no - hit by Baltimore starter Steve Barber and reliever Stu Miller . In another four games , the home team won despite gaining no hits through eight innings , but these are near no - hitters under the 1991 rule that nine no - hit innings must be completed in order for a no - hitter to be credited . The pitcher who holds the record for the shortest time between no - hitters is Johnny Vander Meer , the only pitcher in history to throw no - hitters in consecutive starts , while playing for the Cincinnati Reds in 1938 . Besides Vander Meer , Allie Reynolds ( in 1951 ) , Virgil Trucks ( in 1952 ) , Nolan Ryan ( in 1973 ) , and Max Scherzer ( in 2015 ) are the only other major leaguers to throw two no - hitters in the same regular season . Jim Maloney technically threw two no - hitters in the 1965 season , but his first one ended after he allowed a home run in the top of the 11th inning . According to the rules interpretation of the time , this was considered a no - hitter . Later that season , Maloney once again took a no - hitter into extra innings , but this time he managed to preserve the no - hitter after the Reds scored in the top half of the tenth , becoming the first pitcher to throw a complete game extra inning no - hitter since Fred Toney in 1917 . Roy Halladay threw two no - hitters in 2010 : a perfect game during the regular season and a no - hitter in the 2010 National League Division Series . He is the only major leaguer to have thrown no - hitters in regular season and postseason play . The first black pitcher to toss a no - hitter was Sam Jones who did it for the Chicago Cubs in 1955 . The first Latin pitcher was San Francisco Giant Juan Marichal in 1963 . Through June 3 , 2017 , there have been 296 no - hitters officially recognized by Major League Baseball , 252 of them in the modern era ( starting in 1901 , with the formation of the American League ) . Joe Borden 's no - hitter in 1875 is also noted , but is not recognized by Major League Baseball ( see note in the chart ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regulation no - hitters 2 No - hitters by team 3 Near no - hitters 3.1 Regulation no - hit losses ending in the middle of the ninth 3.1. 1 Interleague play 3.1. 2 American League 3.1. 3 Players ' League 3.2 Shortened games 3.2. 1 National League 3.2. 2 American League 3.2. 3 American Association 3.2. 4 Union Association 3.3 Nine - inning no - hitters broken up in extra innings 3.3. 1 National League 3.3. 2 American League 4 Notes 5 Bibliography 6 References 7 External links Regulation no - hitters ( edit ) Key Italics Perfect game RS Runs scored RA Runs allowed NL National League AL American League FL Federal League PL Players ' League UA Union Association AA American Association NA National Association WS World Series Inter Interleague play IP Innings pitched Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame Denotes player who is still active No - hitters # Date Pitcher Team RS Opponent RA League Catcher Notes N / A 000000001875 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 1875 Borden , Joe Joe Borden Philadelphia White Stockings Chicago White Stockings 0 NA Snyder , Pop Pop Snyder 000000001876 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 1876 Bradley , George George Bradley St. Louis Brown Stockings Hartford Dark Blues 0 NL Clapp , John John Clapp 000000001880 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 1880 Richmond , Lee Lee Richmond Worcester Worcesters Cleveland Blues 0 NL Bennett , Charlie Charlie Bennett 000000001880 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 , 1880 Ward , John Montgomery John Montgomery Ward Providence Grays 5 Buffalo Bisons 0 NL Gross , Emil Emil Gross 000000001880 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 1880 Corcoran , Larry Larry Corcoran ( 1 ) Chicago White Stockings 6 Boston Red Caps 0 NL Flint , Silver Silver Flint ( ? IP ) ( 1 ) King Kelly ( ? IP ) ( 1 ) 5 000000001880 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 1880 Galvin , Pud Pud Galvin ( 1 ) Buffalo Bisons Worcester Worcesters 0 NL Rowe , Jack Jack Rowe ( 1 ) 6 000000001882 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 1882 Mullane , Tony Tony Mullane Louisville Eclipse Cincinnati Red Stockings 0 AA Sullivan , Dan Dan Sullivan ( 1 ) 7 000000001882 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 1882 Hecker , Guy Guy Hecker Louisville Eclipse Pittsburgh Alleghenys AA Sullivan , Dan Dan Sullivan ( 2 ) 8 000000001882 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1882 Corcoran , Larry Larry Corcoran ( 2 ) Chicago White Stockings 5 Worcester Worcesters 0 NL Flint , Silver Silver Flint ( 2 ) 9 000000001883 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 1883 Radbourn , Charles Charles Radbourn Providence Grays 8 Cleveland Blues 0 NL Gilligan , Barney Barney Gilligan 10 000000001883 - 09 - 13 - 0000 September 13 , 1883 Daily , Hugh Hugh Daily Cleveland Blues Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Bushong , Doc Doc Bushong 11 000000001884 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 1884 Atkinson , Al Al Atkinson ( 1 ) Philadelphia Athletics 10 Pittsburgh Alleghenys AA Milligan , Jocko Jocko Milligan 12 000000001884 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 1884 Morris , Ed Ed Morris Columbus Buckeyes 5 Pittsburgh Alleghenys 0 AA Kemmler , Rudy Rudy Kemmler ( 1 ) 13 000000001884 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 1884 Mountain , Frank Frank Mountain Columbus Buckeyes 12 Washington Nationals 0 AA Kemmler , Rudy Rudy Kemmler ( 2 ) 14 000000001884 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 1884 Corcoran , Larry Larry Corcoran ( 3 ) Chicago White Stockings 6 Providence Grays 0 NL Kelly , King King Kelly ( 2 ) 15 000000001884 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 1884 Galvin , Pud Pud Galvin ( 2 ) Buffalo Bisons 18 Detroit Wolverines 0 NL Rowe , Jack Jack Rowe ( 2 ) 16 000000001884 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 1884 Burns , Dick Dick Burns Cincinnati Outlaw Reds Kansas City Unions UA Crotty , Joe Joe Crotty 17 000000001884 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 1884 Cushman , Ed Ed Cushman Milwaukee Brewers 5 Washington Nationals 0 UA Broughton , Cal Cal Broughton 18 000000001884 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1884 Kimber , Sam Sam Kimber Brooklyn Atlantics 0 Toledo Blue Stockings 0 AA Corcoran , Jack Jack Corcoran 19 000000001885 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 1885 Clarkson , John John Clarkson Chicago White Stockings Providence Grays 0 NL Flint , Silver Silver Flint ( 3 ) 20 000000001885 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 1885 Ferguson , Charlie Charlie Ferguson Philadelphia Phillies Providence Grays 0 NL Ganzel , Charlie Charlie Ganzel ( 1 ) 21 000000001886 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1886 Atkinson , Al Al Atkinson ( 2 ) Philadelphia Athletics New York Metropolitans AA O'Brien , Jack Jack O'Brien 22 000000001886 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 1886 Terry , Adonis Adonis Terry ( 1 ) Brooklyn Grays St. Louis Browns 0 AA Peoples , Jimmy Jimmy Peoples ( 1 ) 23 000000001886 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 1886 Kilroy , Matt Matt Kilroy Baltimore Orioles 6 Pittsburgh Alleghenys 0 AA Dolan , Tom Tom Dolan 24 000000001888 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 1888 Terry , Adonis Adonis Terry ( 2 ) Brooklyn Bridegrooms Louisville Colonels 0 AA Peoples , Jimmy Jimmy Peoples ( 2 ) 25 000000001888 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 1888 Porter , Henry Henry Porter Kansas City Cowboys Baltimore Orioles 0 AA Daniels , Law Law Daniels 26 000000001888 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 1888 Seward , Ed Ed Seward Philadelphia Athletics 12 Cincinnati Red Stockings AA Robinson , Wilbert Wilbert Robinson ( 1 ) 27 000000001888 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1888 Weyhing , Gus Gus Weyhing Philadelphia Athletics Kansas City Cowboys 0 AA Townsend , George George Townsend 28 000000001890 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 1890 Titcomb , Ledell Ledell Titcomb Rochester Broncos 7 Syracuse Stars 0 AA Grim , John John Grim 29 000000001891 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 1891 Lovett , Tom Tom Lovett Brooklyn Grooms New York Giants 0 NL Daily , Con Con Daily 30 000000001891 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1891 Rusie , Amos Amos Rusie New York Giants 6 Brooklyn Grooms 0 NL Buckley , Dick Dick Buckley 31 000000001891 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1891 Breitenstein , Ted Ted Breitenstein ( 1 ) St. Louis Browns 8 Louisville Colonels 0 AA Munyan , John John Munyan 32 000000001892 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 1892 Stivetts , Jack Jack Stivetts Boston Beaneaters 11 Brooklyn Grooms 0 NL Ganzel , Charlie Charlie Ganzel ( 2 ) 33 000000001892 - 08 - 22 - 0000 August 22 , 1892 Sanders , Ben Ben Sanders Louisville Colonels 6 Baltimore Orioles NL Merritt , Bill Bill Merritt 34 000000001892 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 1892 Jones , Bumpus Bumpus Jones Cincinnati Reds 7 Pittsburgh Pirates NL Vaughn , Farmer Farmer Vaughn 35 000000001893 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 , 1893 Hawke , Bill Bill Hawke Baltimore Orioles 5 Washington Senators 0 NL Robinson , Wilbert Wilbert Robinson ( 2 ) 36 000000001897 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1897 Young , Cy Cy Young ( 1 ) Cleveland Spiders 6 Cincinnati Reds 0 NL Zimmer , Chief Chief Zimmer ( 1 ) 37 000000001898 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1898 Breitenstein , Ted Ted Breitenstein ( 2 ) Cincinnati Reds 11 Pittsburgh Pirates 0 NL Peitz , Heinie Heinie Peitz ( 1 ) 38 000000001898 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1898 Hughes , Jay Jay Hughes Baltimore Orioles 8 Boston Beaneaters 0 NL Clarke , Boileryard Boileryard Clarke 39 000000001898 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 1898 Donahue , Red Red Donahue Philadelphia Phillies 5 Boston Beaneaters 0 NL McFarland , Ed Ed McFarland ( 1 ) 40 000000001898 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 1898 Thornton , Walter Walter Thornton Chicago Orphans Brooklyn Bridegrooms 0 NL Donahue , Tim Tim Donahue 41 000000001899 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 1899 Phillippe , Deacon Deacon Phillippe Louisville Colonels 7 New York Giants 0 NL Kittridge , Malachi Malachi Kittridge 42 000000001899 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 1899 Willis , Vic Vic Willis Boston Beaneaters 7 Washington Senators NL Bergen , Marty Marty Bergen 43 000000001900 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 1900 Hahn , Noodles Noodles Hahn Cincinnati Reds Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Peitz , Heinie Heinie Peitz ( 2 ) 44 000000001901 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 1901 Mathewson , Christy Christy Mathewson ( 1 ) New York Giants 5 St. Louis Cardinals 0 NL Warner , Jack Jack Warner 45 000000001902 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1902 Callahan , Nixey Nixey Callahan Chicago White Sox Detroit Tigers 0 AL McFarland , Ed Ed McFarland ( 2 ) 46 000000001903 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1903 Fraser , Chick Chick Fraser Philadelphia Phillies 10 Chicago Cubs 0 NL Zimmer , Chief Chief Zimmer ( 2 ) 47 000000001904 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1904 Young , Cy Cy Young ( 2 ) Boston Americans Philadelphia Athletics 0 AL Criger , Lou Lou Criger ( 1 ) 48 000000001904 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1904 Tannehill , Jesse Jesse Tannehill Boston Americans 6 Chicago White Sox 0 AL Farrell , Duke Duke Farrell 49 000000001905 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 1905 Mathewson , Christy Christy Mathewson ( 2 ) New York Giants Chicago Cubs 0 NL Bowerman , Frank Frank Bowerman 50 000000001905 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 , 1905 Henley , Weldon Weldon Henley Philadelphia Athletics 6 St. Louis Browns 0 AL Barton , Harry Harry Barton 51 000000001905 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1905 Smith , Frank Frank Smith ( 1 ) Chicago White Sox 15 Detroit Tigers 0 AL McFarland , Ed Ed McFarland ( 3 ) 52 000000001905 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 1905 Dinneen , Bill Bill Dinneen Boston Americans Chicago White Sox 0 AL Criger , Lou Lou Criger ( 2 ) 53 000000001906 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1906 Lush , Johnny Johnny Lush Philadelphia Phillies 6 Brooklyn Superbas 0 NL Dooin , Red Red Dooin 54 000000001906 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 1906 Eason , Mal Mal Eason Brooklyn Superbas St. Louis Cardinals 0 NL Ritter , Lew Lew Ritter 55 000000001907 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 1907 Pfeffer , Big Jeff Big Jeff Pfeffer Boston Doves 6 Cincinnati Reds 0 NL Brown , Sam Sam Brown 56 000000001907 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1907 Maddox , Nick Nick Maddox Pittsburgh Pirates Brooklyn Superbas NL Gibson , George George Gibson 57 000000001908 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 1908 Young , Cy Cy Young ( 3 ) Boston Red Sox 8 New York Highlanders 0 AL Criger , Lou Lou Criger ( 3 ) 58 000000001908 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1908 Wiltse , Hooks Hooks Wiltse New York Giants Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Bresnahan , Roger Roger Bresnahan 59 000000001908 - 09 - 05 - 0000 September 5 , 1908 Rucker , Nap Nap Rucker Brooklyn Superbas 6 Boston Doves 0 NL Bergen , Bill Bill Bergen 60 000000001908 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1908 Rhoads , Bob Bob Rhoads Cleveland Naps Boston Red Sox AL Bemis , Harry Harry Bemis 61 000000001908 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1908 Smith , Frank Frank Smith ( 2 ) Chicago White Sox Philadelphia Athletics 0 AL Sullivan , Billy Billy Sullivan 62 000000001908 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1908 Joss , Addie Addie Joss ( 1 ) Cleveland Naps Chicago White Sox 0 AL Clarke , Nig Nig Clarke ( 1 ) 63 000000001910 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1910 Joss , Addie Addie Joss ( 2 ) Cleveland Naps Chicago White Sox 0 AL Clarke , Nig Nig Clarke ( 2 ) 64 000000001910 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1910 Bender , Chief Chief Bender Philadelphia Athletics Cleveland Naps 0 AL Thomas , Ira Ira Thomas 65 000000001911 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 1911 Wood , Smoky Joe Smoky Joe Wood Boston Red Sox 5 St. Louis Browns 0 AL Carrigan , Bill Bill Carrigan ( 1 ) 66 000000001911 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 1911 Walsh , Ed Ed Walsh Chicago White Sox 5 Boston Red Sox 0 AL Block , Bruno Bruno Block 67 000000001912 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1912 Mullin , George George Mullin Detroit Tigers 7 St. Louis Browns 0 AL Stanage , Oscar Oscar Stanage 68 000000001912 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 1912 Hamilton , Earl Earl Hamilton St. Louis Browns 5 Detroit Tigers AL Alexander , Walt Walt Alexander 69 000000001912 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1912 Tesreau , Jeff Jeff Tesreau New York Giants Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Wilson , Art Art Wilson ( 1 ) 70 000000001914 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 1914 Benz , Joe Joe Benz Chicago White Sox 6 Cleveland Naps AL Schalk , Ray Ray Schalk ( 1 ) 71 000000001914 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1914 Davis , Iron Iron Davis Boston Braves 7 Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Gowdy , Hank Hank Gowdy 72 000000001914 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 1914 Lafitte , Ed Ed Lafitte Brooklyn Tip - Tops 6 Kansas City Packers FL Owens , Yip Yip Owens 73 000000001915 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 1915 Marquard , Rube Rube Marquard New York Giants Brooklyn Robins 0 NL Meyers , Chief Chief Meyers 74 000000001915 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1915 Allen , Frank Frank Allen Pittsburgh Rebels St. Louis Terriers 0 FL Berry , Claude Claude Berry 75 000000001915 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1915 Hendrix , Claude Claude Hendrix Chicago Chi - Feds / Whales 10 Pittsburgh Rebels 0 FL Wilson , Art Art Wilson ( 2 ) 76 000000001915 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 , 1915 Main , Alex Alex Main Kansas City Packers 5 Buffalo Buffeds / Blues 0 FL Easterly , Ted Ted Easterly 77 000000001915 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 1915 Lavender , Jimmy Jimmy Lavender Chicago Cubs New York Giants 0 NL Archer , Jimmy Jimmy Archer 78 000000001915 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 1915 Davenport , Dave Dave Davenport St. Louis Terriers Chicago Chi - Feds / Whales 0 FL Hartley , Grover Grover Hartley 79 000000001916 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 1916 Hughes , Tom L. 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Hughes Boston Braves Pittsburgh Pirates 0 NL Tragesser , Walt Walt Tragesser 80 000000001916 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 , 1916 Foster , Rube Rube Foster Boston Red Sox New York Yankees 0 AL Carrigan , Bill Bill Carrigan ( 2 ) 81 000000001916 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 1916 Bush , Bullet Joe Bullet Joe Bush Philadelphia Athletics 5 Cleveland Indians 0 AL Picinich , Val Val Picinich ( 1 ) 82 000000001916 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 1916 Leonard , Dutch Dutch Leonard ( 1 ) Boston Red Sox St. Louis Browns 0 AL Carrigan , Bill Bill Carrigan ( 3 ) 83 000000001917 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 1917 Cicotte , Eddie Eddie Cicotte Chicago White Sox 11 St. Louis Browns 0 AL Schalk , Ray Ray Schalk ( 2 ) 84 000000001917 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1917 Mogridge , George George Mogridge New York Yankees Boston Red Sox AL Nunamaker , Les Les Nunamaker 85 000000001917 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 1917 Toney , Fred Fred Toney Cincinnati Reds Chicago Cubs 0 NL Huhn , Emil Emil Huhn 86 000000001917 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1917 Koob , Ernie Ernie Koob St. Louis Browns Chicago White Sox 0 AL Severeid , Hank Hank Severeid ( 1 ) 87 000000001917 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 1917 Groom , Bob Bob Groom St. Louis Browns Chicago White Sox 0 AL Severeid , Hank Hank Severeid ( 2 ) 88 000000001917 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1917 Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth ( 0 IP ) Ernie Shore ( 9 IP ) Boston Red Sox Washington Senators 0 AL Thomas , Pinch Pinch Thomas ( 0 IP ) Sam Agnew ( 9 IP ) 89 000000001918 - 06 - 03 - 0000 June 3 , 1918 Leonard , Dutch Dutch Leonard ( 2 ) Boston Red Sox 5 Detroit Tigers 0 AL Schang , Wally Wally Schang 90 000000001919 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 1919 Eller , Hod Hod Eller Cincinnati Reds 6 St. Louis Cardinals 0 NL Rariden , Bill Bill Rariden 91 000000001919 - 09 - 10 - 0000 September 10 , 1919 Caldwell , Ray Ray Caldwell Cleveland Indians New York Yankees 0 AL O'Neill , Steve Steve O'Neill 92 000000001920 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1920 Johnson , Walter Walter Johnson Washington Senators Boston Red Sox 0 AL Picinich , Val Val Picinich ( 2 ) 93 000000001922 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1922 Robertson , Charlie Charlie Robertson Chicago White Sox Detroit Tigers 0 AL Schalk , Ray Ray Schalk ( 3 ) 94 000000001922 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 1922 Barnes , Jesse Jesse Barnes New York Giants 6 Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Smith , Earl Earl Smith 95 000000001923 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 1923 Jones , Sad Sam Sad Sam Jones New York Yankees Philadelphia Athletics 0 AL Hofmann , Fred Fred Hofmann 96 000000001923 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 1923 Ehmke , Howard Howard Ehmke Boston Red Sox Philadelphia Athletics 0 AL Picinich , Val Val Picinich ( 3 ) 97 000000001924 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 , 1924 Haines , Jesse Jesse Haines St. Louis Cardinals 5 Boston Braves 0 NL González , Mike Mike González 98 000000001925 - 09 - 13 - 0000 September 13 , 1925 Vance , Dazzy Dazzy Vance Brooklyn Robins 10 Philadelphia Phillies NL DeBerry , Hank Hank DeBerry 99 000000001926 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 1926 Lyons , Ted Ted Lyons Chicago White Sox 6 Boston Red Sox 0 AL Grabowski , Johnny Johnny Grabowski 100 000000001929 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 1929 Hubbell , Carl Carl Hubbell New York Giants 11 Pittsburgh Pirates 0 NL Bob O'Farrell 101 000000001931 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1931 Ferrell , Wes Wes Ferrell Cleveland Indians 9 St. Louis Browns 0 AL Sewell , Luke Luke Sewell ( 1 ) 102 000000001931 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 1931 Burke , Bobby Bobby Burke Washington Senators 5 Boston Red Sox 0 AL Spencer , Roy Roy Spencer 103 000000001934 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 1934 Dean , Paul Paul Dean St. Louis Cardinals Brooklyn Dodgers 0 NL DeLancey , Bill Bill DeLancey 104 000000001935 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 1935 Kennedy , Vern Vern Kennedy Chicago White Sox 5 Cleveland Indians 0 AL Sewell , Luke Luke Sewell ( 2 ) 105 000000001937 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1937 Dietrich , Bill Bill Dietrich Chicago White Sox 8 St. Louis Browns 0 AL Sewell , Luke Luke Sewell ( 3 ) 106 000000001938 - 06 - 11 - 0000 June 11 , 1938 Vander Meer , Johnny Johnny Vander Meer ( 1 ) Cincinnati Reds Boston Bees 0 NL Lombardi , Ernie Ernie Lombardi ( 1 ) 107 000000001938 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 1938 Vander Meer , Johnny Johnny Vander Meer ( 2 ) Cincinnati Reds 6 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 NL Lombardi , Ernie Ernie Lombardi ( 2 ) 108 000000001938 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 1938 Pearson , Monte Monte Pearson New York Yankees 13 Cleveland Indians 0 AL Glenn , Joe Joe Glenn 109 000000001940 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1940 Feller , Bob Bob Feller ( 1 ) Cleveland Indians Chicago White Sox 0 AL Hemsley , Rollie Rollie Hemsley 110 000000001940 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1940 Carleton , Tex Tex Carleton Brooklyn Dodgers Cincinnati Reds 0 NL Herman Franks 111 000000001941 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 1941 Warneke , Lon Lon Warneke St. Louis Cardinals Cincinnati Reds 0 NL Cooper , Walker Walker Cooper ( 1 ) 112 000000001944 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 1944 Tobin , Jim Jim Tobin Boston Braves Brooklyn Dodgers 0 NL Masi , Phil Phil Masi 113 000000001944 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1944 Shoun , Clyde Clyde Shoun Cincinnati Reds Boston Braves 0 NL Mueller , Ray Ray Mueller 114 000000001945 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1945 Fowler , Dick Dick Fowler Philadelphia Athletics St. Louis Browns 0 AL Rosar , Buddy Buddy Rosar ( 1 ) 115 000000001946 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 1946 Head , Ed Ed Head Brooklyn Dodgers 5 Boston Braves 0 NL Anderson , Ferrell Ferrell Anderson 116 000000001946 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1946 Feller , Bob Bob Feller ( 2 ) Cleveland Indians New York Yankees 0 AL Hayes , Frankie Frankie Hayes 117 000000001947 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 1947 Blackwell , Ewell Ewell Blackwell Cincinnati Reds 6 Boston Braves 0 NL Lamanno , Ray Ray Lamanno 118 000000001947 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 1947 Black , Don Don Black Cleveland Indians Philadelphia Athletics 0 AL Hegan , Jim Jim Hegan ( 1 ) 119 000000001947 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 1947 McCahan , Bill Bill McCahan Philadelphia Athletics Washington Senators 0 AL Rosar , Buddy Buddy Rosar ( 2 ) 120 000000001948 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 1948 Lemon , Bob Bob Lemon Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers 0 AL Hegan , Jim Jim Hegan ( 2 ) 121 000000001948 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1948 Barney , Rex Rex Barney Brooklyn Dodgers New York Giants 0 NL Edwards , Bruce Bruce Edwards 122 000000001950 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1950 Bickford , Vern Vern Bickford Boston Braves 7 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 NL Cooper , Walker Walker Cooper ( 2 ) 123 000000001951 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 1951 Chambers , Cliff Cliff Chambers Pittsburgh Pirates Boston Braves 0 NL Fitz Gerald , Ed Ed Fitz Gerald 124 000000001951 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1951 Feller , Bob Bob Feller ( 3 ) Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers AL Hegan , Jim Jim Hegan ( 3 ) 125 000000001951 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 1951 Reynolds , Allie Allie Reynolds ( 1 ) New York Yankees Cleveland Indians 0 AL Berra , Yogi Yogi Berra ( 1 ) 126 000000001951 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 1951 Reynolds , Allie Allie Reynolds ( 2 ) New York Yankees 8 Boston Red Sox 0 AL Berra , Yogi Yogi Berra ( 2 ) 127 000000001952 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1952 Trucks , Virgil Virgil Trucks ( 1 ) Detroit Tigers Washington Senators 0 AL Ginsberg , Joe Joe Ginsberg 128 000000001952 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 , 1952 Erskine , Carl Carl Erskine ( 1 ) Brooklyn Dodgers 5 Chicago Cubs 0 NL Campanella , Roy Roy Campanella ( 1 ) 129 000000001952 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 1952 Trucks , Virgil Virgil Trucks ( 2 ) Detroit Tigers New York Yankees 0 AL Batts , Matt Matt Batts 130 000000001953 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 1953 Holloman , Bobo Bobo Holloman St. Louis Browns 6 Philadelphia Athletics 0 AL Moss , Les Les Moss 131 000000001954 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 1954 Wilson , Jim Jim Wilson Milwaukee Braves Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Crandall , Del Del Crandall ( 1 ) 132 000000001955 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1955 Jones , Sam Sam Jones Chicago Cubs Pittsburgh Pirates 0 NL McCullough , Clyde Clyde McCullough 133 000000001956 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1956 Erskine , Carl Carl Erskine ( 2 ) Brooklyn Dodgers New York Giants 0 NL Campanella , Roy Roy Campanella ( 2 ) 134 000000001956 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 1956 Parnell , Mel Mel Parnell Boston Red Sox Chicago White Sox 0 AL White , Sammy Sammy White 135 000000001956 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 1956 Maglie , Sal Sal Maglie Brooklyn Dodgers 5 Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Campanella , Roy Roy Campanella ( 3 ) 136 000000001956 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 1956 Larsen , Don Don Larsen New York Yankees ( AL ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( NL ) 0 WS Berra , Yogi Yogi Berra ( 3 ) 137 000000001957 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 1957 Keegan , Bob Bob Keegan Chicago White Sox 6 Washington Senators 0 AL Lollar , Sherm Sherm Lollar 138 000000001958 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 1958 Bunning , Jim Jim Bunning ( 1 ) Detroit Tigers Boston Red Sox 0 AL Wilson , Red Red Wilson 139 000000001958 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1958 Wilhelm , Hoyt Hoyt Wilhelm Baltimore Orioles New York Yankees 0 AL Triandos , Gus Gus Triandos ( 1 ) 140 000000001960 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1960 Cardwell , Don Don Cardwell Chicago Cubs St. Louis Cardinals 0 NL Rice , Del Del Rice 141 000000001960 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 1960 Burdette , Lew Lew Burdette Milwaukee Braves Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Crandall , Del Del Crandall ( 2 ) 142 000000001960 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 1960 Spahn , Warren Warren Spahn ( 1 ) Milwaukee Braves Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Crandall , Del Del Crandall ( 3 ) 143 000000001961 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 1961 Spahn , Warren Warren Spahn ( 2 ) Milwaukee Braves San Francisco Giants 0 NL Lau , Charley Charley Lau 144 000000001962 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1962 Belinsky , Bo Bo Belinsky Los Angeles Angels Baltimore Orioles 0 AL Rodgers , Buck Buck Rodgers 145 000000001962 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 1962 Wilson , Earl Earl Wilson Boston Red Sox Los Angeles Angels 0 AL Tillman , Bob Bob Tillman ( 1 ) 146 000000001962 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 1962 Koufax , Sandy Sandy Koufax ( 1 ) Los Angeles Dodgers 5 New York Mets 0 NL Roseboro , Johnny Johnny Roseboro ( 1 ) 147 000000001962 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1962 Monbouquette , Bill Bill Monbouquette Boston Red Sox Chicago White Sox 0 AL Pagliaroni , Jim Jim Pagliaroni ( 1 ) 148 000000001962 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 1962 Kralick , Jack Jack Kralick Minnesota Twins Kansas City Athletics 0 AL Battey , Earl Earl Battey 149 000000001963 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 1963 Koufax , Sandy Sandy Koufax ( 2 ) Los Angeles Dodgers 8 San Francisco Giants 0 NL Roseboro , Johnny Johnny Roseboro ( 2 ) 150 000000001963 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 1963 Nottebart , Don Don Nottebart Houston Colt . 45s Philadelphia Phillies NL Bateman , John John Bateman ( 1 ) 151 000000001963 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 1963 Marichal , Juan Juan Marichal San Francisco Giants Houston Colt . 45s 0 NL Bailey , Ed Ed Bailey 152 000000001964 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 1964 Johnson , Ken Ken Johnson Houston Colt . 45s 0 Cincinnati Reds NL Grote , Jerry Jerry Grote 153 000000001964 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 1964 Koufax , Sandy Sandy Koufax ( 3 ) Los Angeles Dodgers Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Camilli , Doug Doug Camilli 154 000000001964 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 , 1964 Bunning , Jim Jim Bunning ( 2 ) Philadelphia Phillies 6 New York Mets 0 NL Triandos , Gus Gus Triandos ( 2 ) 155 000000001965 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 1965 Maloney , Jim Jim Maloney ( 1 ) Cincinnati Reds Chicago Cubs 0 NL Edwards , Johnny Johnny Edwards ( 1 ) 156 000000001965 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1965 Koufax , Sandy Sandy Koufax ( 4 ) Los Angeles Dodgers Chicago Cubs 0 NL Torborg , Jeff Jeff Torborg ( 1 ) 157 000000001965 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 1965 Morehead , Dave Dave Morehead Boston Red Sox Cleveland Indians 0 AL Tillman , Bob Bob Tillman ( 2 ) 158 000000001966 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 , 1966 Siebert , Sonny Sonny Siebert Cleveland Indians Washington Senators 0 AL Azcue , Joe Joe Azcue ( 1 ) 159 000000001967 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1967 Barber , Steve Steve Barber ( 8 ⁄ IP ) Stu Miller ( ⁄ IP ) Baltimore Orioles Detroit Tigers AL Etchebarren , Andy Andy Etchebarren ( 8 IP ) Larry Haney ( 1 IP ) 160 000000001967 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 1967 Wilson , Don Don Wilson ( 1 ) Houston Astros Atlanta Braves 0 NL Adlesh , Dave Dave Adlesh 161 000000001967 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 1967 Chance , Dean Dean Chance Minnesota Twins Cleveland Indians AL Zimmerman , Jerry Jerry Zimmerman 162 000000001967 - 09 - 10 - 0000 September 10 , 1967 Horlen , Joel Joel Horlen Chicago White Sox 6 Detroit Tigers 0 AL Martin , J.C. 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Martin 163 000000001968 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 1968 Phoebus , Tom Tom Phoebus Baltimore Orioles 6 Boston Red Sox 0 AL Blefary , Curt Curt Blefary 164 000000001968 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 1968 Hunter , Catfish Catfish Hunter Oakland Athletics Minnesota Twins 0 AL Pagliaroni , Jim Jim Pagliaroni ( 2 ) 165 000000001968 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 1968 Culver , George George Culver Cincinnati Reds 6 Philadelphia Phillies NL Pat Corrales 166 000000001968 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1968 Perry , Gaylord Gaylord Perry San Francisco Giants St. Louis Cardinals 0 NL Dick Dietz 167 000000001968 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1968 Washburn , Ray Ray Washburn St. Louis Cardinals San Francisco Giants 0 NL Edwards , Johnny Johnny Edwards ( 2 ) 168 000000001969 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1969 Stoneman , Bill Bill Stoneman ( 1 ) Montreal Expos 7 Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Bateman , John John Bateman ( 2 ) 169 000000001969 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1969 Maloney , Jim Jim Maloney ( 2 ) Cincinnati Reds 10 Houston Astros 0 NL Bench , Johnny Johnny Bench 170 000000001969 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1969 Wilson , Don Don Wilson ( 2 ) Houston Astros Cincinnati Reds 0 NL Bryant , Don Don Bryant 171 000000001969 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 , 1969 Palmer , Jim Jim Palmer Baltimore Orioles 8 Oakland Athletics 0 AL Hendricks , Ellie Ellie Hendricks 172 000000001969 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 1969 Holtzman , Ken Ken Holtzman ( 1 ) Chicago Cubs Atlanta Braves 0 NL Heath , Bill Bill Heath ( 7 ⁄ IP ) Gene Oliver ( 1 ⁄ IP ) 173 000000001969 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1969 Moose , Bob Bob Moose Pittsburgh Pirates New York Mets 0 NL Manny Sanguillén 174 000000001970 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 1970 Ellis , Dock Dock Ellis Pittsburgh Pirates San Diego Padres 0 NL Jerry May 175 000000001970 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1970 Wright , Clyde Clyde Wright California Angels Oakland Athletics 0 AL Azcue , Joe Joe Azcue ( 2 ) 176 000000001970 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 1970 Singer , Bill Bill Singer Los Angeles Dodgers 5 Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Torborg , Jeff Jeff Torborg ( 2 ) 177 000000001970 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 1970 Blue , Vida Vida Blue ( 1 ) Oakland Athletics 6 Minnesota Twins 0 AL Tenace , Gene Gene Tenace ( 1 ) 178 000000001971 - 06 - 03 - 0000 June 3 , 1971 Holtzman , Ken Ken Holtzman ( 2 ) Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds 0 NL Breeden , Danny Danny Breeden 179 000000001971 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1971 Wise , Rick Rick Wise Philadelphia Phillies Cincinnati Reds 0 NL McCarver , Tim Tim McCarver ( 1 ) 180 000000001971 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 1971 Gibson , Bob Bob Gibson St. Louis Cardinals 11 Pittsburgh Pirates 0 NL Simmons , Ted Ted Simmons ( 1 ) 181 000000001972 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1972 Hooton , Burt Burt Hooton Chicago Cubs Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Hundley , Randy Randy Hundley ( 1 ) 182 000000001972 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 , 1972 Pappas , Milt Milt Pappas Chicago Cubs 8 San Diego Padres 0 NL Hundley , Randy Randy Hundley ( 2 ) 183 000000001972 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1972 Stoneman , Bill Bill Stoneman ( 2 ) Montreal Expos 7 New York Mets 0 NL McCarver , Tim Tim McCarver ( 2 ) 184 000000001973 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 1973 Busby , Steve Steve Busby ( 1 ) Kansas City Royals Detroit Tigers 0 AL Healy , Fran Fran Healy ( 1 ) 185 000000001973 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1973 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan ( 1 ) California Angels Kansas City Royals 0 AL Torborg , Jeff Jeff Torborg ( 3 ) 186 000000001973 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 1973 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan ( 2 ) California Angels 6 Detroit Tigers 0 AL Kusnyer , Art Art Kusnyer 187 000000001973 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 , 1973 Bibby , Jim Jim Bibby Texas Rangers 6 Oakland Athletics 0 AL Billings , Dick Dick Billings 188 000000001973 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 1973 Niekro , Phil Phil Niekro Atlanta Braves 9 San Diego Padres 0 NL Paul Casanova 189 000000001974 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 , 1974 Busby , Steve Steve Busby ( 2 ) Kansas City Royals Milwaukee Brewers 0 AL Healy , Fran Fran Healy ( 2 ) 190 000000001974 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 1974 Bosman , Dick Dick Bosman Cleveland Indians Oakland Athletics 0 AL Ellis , John John Ellis 191 000000001974 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 1974 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan ( 3 ) California Angels Minnesota Twins 0 AL Egan , Tom Tom Egan 192 000000001975 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1975 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan ( 4 ) California Angels Baltimore Orioles 0 AL Rodríguez , Ellie Ellie Rodríguez 193 000000001975 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 1975 Halicki , Ed Ed Halicki San Francisco Giants 6 New York Mets 0 NL Rader , Dave Dave Rader 194 000000001975 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 1975 Blue , Vida Vida Blue ( 2 ) ( 5 IP ) Glenn Abbott ( 1 IP ) Paul Lindblad ( 1 IP ) Rollie Fingers ( 2 IP ) Oakland Athletics 5 California Angels 0 AL Tenace , Gene Gene Tenace ( 2 ) ( 6 IP ) Ray Fosse ( 1 ) ( 3 IP ) 195 000000001976 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 1976 Dierker , Larry Larry Dierker Houston Astros 6 Montreal Expos 0 NL Herrmann , Ed Ed Herrmann 196 000000001976 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 1976 Odom , Blue Moon Blue Moon Odom ( 5 IP ) Francisco Barrios ( 4 IP ) Chicago White Sox Oakland Athletics AL Essian , Jim Jim Essian 197 000000001976 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 1976 Candelaria , John John Candelaria Pittsburgh Pirates Los Angeles Dodgers 0 NL Dyer , Duffy Duffy Dyer 198 000000001976 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 1976 Montefusco , John John Montefusco San Francisco Giants 9 Atlanta Braves 0 NL Alexander , Gary Gary Alexander 199 000000001977 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1977 Colborn , Jim Jim Colborn Kansas City Royals 6 Texas Rangers 0 AL Porter , Darrell Darrell Porter ( 1 ) 200 000000001977 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 1977 Eckersley , Dennis Dennis Eckersley Cleveland Indians California Angels 0 AL Fosse , Ray Ray Fosse ( 2 ) 201 000000001977 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 1977 Blyleven , Bert Bert Blyleven Texas Rangers 6 California Angels 0 AL Sundberg , Jim Jim Sundberg 202 000000001978 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1978 Forsch , Bob Bob Forsch ( 1 ) St. Louis Cardinals 5 Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Simmons , Ted Ted Simmons ( 2 ) 203 000000001978 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 1978 Seaver , Tom Tom Seaver Cincinnati Reds St. Louis Cardinals 0 NL Werner , Don Don Werner 204 000000001979 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 1979 Forsch , Ken Ken Forsch Houston Astros 6 Atlanta Braves 0 NL Ashby , Alan Alan Ashby ( 1 ) 205 000000001980 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 1980 Reuss , Jerry Jerry Reuss Los Angeles Dodgers 8 San Francisco Giants 0 NL Yeager , Steve Steve Yeager 206 000000001981 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 1981 Lea , Charlie Charlie Lea Montreal Expos San Francisco Giants 0 NL Carter , Gary Gary Carter 207 000000001981 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1981 Barker , Len Len Barker Cleveland Indians Toronto Blue Jays 0 AL Hassey , Ron Ron Hassey ( 1 ) 208 000000001981 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1981 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan ( 5 ) Houston Astros 5 Los Angeles Dodgers 0 NL Ashby , Alan Alan Ashby ( 2 ) 209 000000001983 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1983 Righetti , Dave Dave Righetti New York Yankees Boston Red Sox 0 AL Wynegar , Butch Butch Wynegar 210 000000001983 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1983 Forsch , Bob Bob Forsch ( 2 ) St. Louis Cardinals Montreal Expos 0 NL Porter , Darrell Darrell Porter ( 2 ) 211 000000001983 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 1983 Warren , Mike Mike Warren Oakland Athletics Chicago White Sox 0 AL Heath , Mike Mike Heath 212 000000001984 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 1984 Morris , Jack Jack Morris Detroit Tigers Chicago White Sox 0 AL Parrish , Lance Lance Parrish ( 1 ) 213 000000001984 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 1984 Witt , Mike Mike Witt ( 1 ) California Angels Texas Rangers 0 AL Boone , Bob Bob Boone 214 000000001986 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 1986 Cowley , Joe Joe Cowley Chicago White Sox 7 California Angels AL Karkovice , Ron Ron Karkovice ( 1 ) 215 000000001986 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 1986 Scott , Mike Mike Scott Houston Astros San Francisco Giants 0 NL Ashby , Alan Alan Ashby ( 3 ) 216 000000001987 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 1987 Nieves , Juan Juan Nieves Milwaukee Brewers 7 Baltimore Orioles 0 AL Schroeder , Bill Bill Schroeder 217 000000001988 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 1988 Browning , Tom Tom Browning Cincinnati Reds Los Angeles Dodgers 0 NL Reed , Jeff Jeff Reed 218 000000001990 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1990 Langston , Mark Mark Langston ( 7 IP ) Mike Witt ( 2 ) ( 2 IP ) California Angels Seattle Mariners 0 AL Parrish , Lance Lance Parrish ( 2 ) 219 000000001990 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 , 1990 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson ( 1 ) Seattle Mariners Detroit Tigers 0 AL Bradley , Scott Scott Bradley 220 000000001990 - 06 - 11 - 0000 June 11 , 1990 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan ( 6 ) Texas Rangers 5 Oakland Athletics 0 AL Russell , John John Russell 221 000000001990 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1990 Stewart , Dave Dave Stewart Oakland Athletics 5 Toronto Blue Jays 0 AL Steinbach , Terry Terry Steinbach ( 1 ) 222 000000001990 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1990 Valenzuela , Fernando Fernando Valenzuela Los Angeles Dodgers 6 St. Louis Cardinals 0 NL Scioscia , Mike Mike Scioscia ( 1 ) 223 000000001990 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1990 Mulholland , Terry Terry Mulholland Philadelphia Phillies 6 San Francisco Giants 0 NL Daulton , Darren Darren Daulton 224 000000001990 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 , 1990 Stieb , Dave Dave Stieb Toronto Blue Jays Cleveland Indians 0 AL Borders , Pat Pat Borders 225 000000001991 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1991 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan ( 7 ) Texas Rangers Toronto Blue Jays 0 AL Stanley , Mike Mike Stanley 226 000000001991 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 1991 Greene , Tommy Tommy Greene Philadelphia Phillies Montreal Expos 0 NL Fletcher , Darrin Darrin Fletcher 227 000000001991 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 1991 Milacki , Bob Bob Milacki ( 6 IP ) Mike Flanagan ( 1 IP ) Mark Williamson ( 1 IP ) Gregg Olson ( 1 IP ) Baltimore Orioles Oakland Athletics 0 AL Hoiles , Chris Chris Hoiles 228 000000001991 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 1991 Martínez , Dennis Dennis Martínez Montreal Expos Los Angeles Dodgers 0 NL Hassey , Ron Ron Hassey ( 2 ) 229 000000001991 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1991 Álvarez , Wilson Wilson Álvarez Chicago White Sox 7 Baltimore Orioles 0 AL Karkovice , Ron Ron Karkovice ( 2 ) 230 000000001991 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 1991 Saberhagen , Bret Bret Saberhagen Kansas City Royals 7 Chicago White Sox 0 AL Mayne , Brent Brent Mayne 231 000000001991 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 1991 Mercker , Kent Kent Mercker ( 1 ) ( 6 IP ) Mark Wohlers ( 2 IP ) Alejandro Peña ( 1 IP ) Atlanta Braves San Diego Padres 0 NL Olson , Greg Greg Olson 232 000000001992 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1992 Gross , Kevin Kevin Gross Los Angeles Dodgers San Francisco Giants 0 NL Scioscia , Mike Mike Scioscia ( 2 ) 233 000000001993 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1993 Bosio , Chris Chris Bosio Seattle Mariners Boston Red Sox 0 AL Valle , Dave Dave Valle 234 000000001993 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 1993 Abbott , Jim Jim Abbott New York Yankees Cleveland Indians 0 AL Nokes , Matt Matt Nokes 235 000000001993 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 1993 Kile , Darryl Darryl Kile Houston Astros 7 New York Mets NL Servais , Scott Scott Servais ( 1 ) 236 000000001994 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 1994 Mercker , Kent Kent Mercker ( 2 ) Atlanta Braves 6 Los Angeles Dodgers 0 NL Lopez , Javy Javy Lopez 237 000000001994 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 1994 Erickson , Scott Scott Erickson Minnesota Twins 6 Milwaukee Brewers 0 AL Walbeck , Matt Matt Walbeck 238 000000001994 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 1994 Rogers , Kenny Kenny Rogers Texas Rangers California Angels 0 AL Rodríguez , Iván Iván Rodríguez ( 1 ) 239 000000001995 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 1995 Martínez , Ramón Ramón Martínez Los Angeles Dodgers 7 Florida Marlins 0 NL Piazza , Mike Mike Piazza ( 1 ) 240 000000001996 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 1996 Leiter , Al Al Leiter Florida Marlins 11 Colorado Rockies 0 NL Johnson , Charles Charles Johnson ( 1 ) 241 000000001996 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1996 Gooden , Dwight Dwight Gooden New York Yankees Seattle Mariners 0 AL Girardi , Joe Joe Girardi ( 1 ) 242 000000001996 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1996 Nomo , Hideo Hideo Nomo ( 1 ) Los Angeles Dodgers 9 Colorado Rockies 0 NL Piazza , Mike Mike Piazza ( 2 ) 243 000000001997 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 , 1997 Brown , Kevin Kevin Brown Florida Marlins 9 San Francisco Giants 0 NL Johnson , Charles Charles Johnson ( 2 ) 244 000000001997 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 1997 Córdova , Francisco Francisco Córdova ( 9 IP ) Ricardo Rincón ( 1 IP ) Pittsburgh Pirates Houston Astros 0 NL Jason Kendall 245 000000001998 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 1998 Wells , David David Wells New York Yankees Minnesota Twins 0 AL Posada , Jorge Jorge Posada 246 000000001999 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 1999 Jiménez , José José Jiménez St. Louis Cardinals Arizona Diamondbacks 0 NL Castillo , Alberto Alberto Castillo 247 000000001999 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 1999 Cone , David David Cone New York Yankees ( AL ) 6 Montreal Expos ( NL ) 0 Inter Girardi , Joe Joe Girardi ( 2 ) 248 000000001999 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 1999 Milton , Eric Eric Milton Minnesota Twins 7 Anaheim Angels 0 AL Steinbach , Terry Terry Steinbach ( 2 ) 249 000000002001 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2001 Nomo , Hideo Hideo Nomo ( 2 ) Boston Red Sox Baltimore Orioles 0 AL Varitek , Jason Jason Varitek ( 1 ) 250 000000002001 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 2001 Burnett , A.J. A.J. Burnett Florida Marlins San Diego Padres 0 NL Johnson , Charles Charles Johnson ( 3 ) 251 000000002001 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2001 Smith , Bud Bud Smith St. Louis Cardinals San Diego Padres 0 NL Marrero , Eli Eli Marrero 252 000000002002 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2002 Lowe , Derek Derek Lowe Boston Red Sox 10 Tampa Bay Devil Rays 0 AL Varitek , Jason Jason Varitek ( 2 ) 253 000000002003 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2003 Millwood , Kevin Kevin Millwood ( 1 ) Philadelphia Phillies San Francisco Giants 0 NL Lieberthal , Mike Mike Lieberthal 254 000000002003 - 06 - 11 - 0000 June 11 , 2003 Oswalt , Roy Roy Oswalt ( 1 IP ) Pete Munro ( 2 ⁄ IP ) Kirk Saarloos ( 1 ⁄ IP ) Brad Lidge ( 2 IP ) Octavio Dotel ( 1 IP ) Billy Wagner ( 1 IP ) Houston Astros ( NL ) 8 New York Yankees ( AL ) 0 Inter Ausmus , Brad Brad Ausmus 255 000000002004 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2004 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson ( 2 ) Arizona Diamondbacks Atlanta Braves 0 NL Hammock , Robby Robby Hammock 256 000000002006 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2006 Sánchez , Aníbal Aníbal Sánchez Florida Marlins Arizona Diamondbacks 0 NL Olivo , Miguel Miguel Olivo ( 1 ) 257 000000002007 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 2007 Buehrle , Mark Mark Buehrle ( 1 ) Chicago White Sox 6 Texas Rangers 0 AL Pierzynski , A.J. A.J. Pierzynski ( 1 ) 258 000000002007 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 2007 Verlander , Justin Justin Verlander ( 1 ) Detroit Tigers ( AL ) Milwaukee Brewers ( NL ) 0 Inter Rodríguez , Iván Iván Rodríguez ( 2 ) 259 000000002007 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 2007 Buchholz , Clay Clay Buchholz Boston Red Sox 10 Baltimore Orioles 0 AL Varitek , Jason Jason Varitek ( 3 ) 260 000000002008 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2008 Lester , Jon Jon Lester Boston Red Sox 7 Kansas City Royals 0 AL Varitek , Jason Jason Varitek ( 4 ) 261 000000002008 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2008 Zambrano , Carlos Carlos Zambrano Chicago Cubs 5 Houston Astros 0 NL Soto , Geovany Geovany Soto 262 000000002009 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 2009 Sánchez , Jonathan Jonathan Sánchez San Francisco Giants 8 San Diego Padres 0 NL Whiteside , Eli Eli Whiteside 263 000000002009 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 2009 Buehrle , Mark Mark Buehrle ( 2 ) Chicago White Sox 5 Tampa Bay Rays 0 AL Castro , Ramón Ramón Castro 264 000000002010 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2010 Jiménez , Ubaldo Ubaldo Jiménez Colorado Rockies Atlanta Braves 0 NL Olivo , Miguel Miguel Olivo ( 2 ) 265 000000002010 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2010 Braden , Dallas Dallas Braden Oakland Athletics Tampa Bay Rays 0 AL Powell , Landon Landon Powell 266 000000002010 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 2010 Halladay , Roy Roy Halladay ( 1 ) Philadelphia Phillies Florida Marlins 0 NL Ruiz , Carlos Carlos Ruiz ( 1 ) 267 000000002010 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2010 Jackson , Edwin Edwin Jackson Arizona Diamondbacks ( NL ) Tampa Bay Rays ( AL ) 0 Inter Montero , Miguel Miguel Montero ( 1 ) 268 000000002010 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2010 Garza , Matt Matt Garza Tampa Bay Rays 5 Detroit Tigers 0 AL Shoppach , Kelly Kelly Shoppach 269 000000002010 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 2010 Halladay , Roy Roy Halladay ( 2 ) Philadelphia Phillies Cincinnati Reds 0 NL Ruiz , Carlos Carlos Ruiz ( 2 ) 270 000000002011 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2011 Liriano , Francisco Francisco Liriano Minnesota Twins Chicago White Sox 0 AL Butera , Drew Drew Butera ( 1 ) 271 000000002011 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 2011 Verlander , Justin Justin Verlander ( 2 ) Detroit Tigers 9 Toronto Blue Jays 0 AL Avila , Alex Alex Avila 272 000000002011 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2011 Santana , Ervin Ervin Santana Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Cleveland Indians AL Wilson , Bobby Bobby Wilson 273 000000002012 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2012 Humber , Philip Philip Humber Chicago White Sox Seattle Mariners 0 AL Pierzynski , A.J. A.J. Pierzynski ( 2 ) 274 000000002012 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2012 Weaver , Jered Jered Weaver Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 9 Minnesota Twins 0 AL Iannetta , Chris Chris Iannetta 275 000000002012 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 2012 Santana , Johan Johan Santana New York Mets 8 St. Louis Cardinals 0 NL Thole , Josh Josh Thole 276 000000002012 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 2012 Millwood , Kevin Kevin Millwood ( 2 ) ( 6 IP ) Charlie Furbush ( ⁄ IP ) Stephen Pryor ( ⁄ IP ) Lucas Luetge ( ⁄ IP ) Brandon League ( ⁄ IP ) Tom Wilhelmsen ( 1 IP ) Seattle Mariners ( AL ) Los Angeles Dodgers ( NL ) 0 Inter Montero , Jesús Jesús Montero 277 000000002012 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2012 Cain , Matt Matt Cain San Francisco Giants 10 Houston Astros 0 NL Posey , Buster Buster Posey ( 1 ) 278 000000002012 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2012 Hernández , Félix Félix Hernández Seattle Mariners Tampa Bay Rays 0 AL Jaso , John John Jaso 279 000000002012 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2012 Bailey , Homer Homer Bailey ( 1 ) Cincinnati Reds Pittsburgh Pirates 0 NL Hanigan , Ryan Ryan Hanigan ( 1 ) 280 000000002013 - 07 - 02 - 0000 July 2 , 2013 Bailey , Homer Homer Bailey ( 2 ) Cincinnati Reds San Francisco Giants 0 NL Hanigan , Ryan Ryan Hanigan ( 2 ) 281 000000002013 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2013 Lincecum , Tim Tim Lincecum ( 1 ) San Francisco Giants 9 San Diego Padres 0 NL Posey , Buster Buster Posey ( 2 ) 282 000000002013 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2013 Álvarez , Henderson Henderson Álvarez Miami Marlins ( NL ) Detroit Tigers ( AL ) 0 Inter Hill , Koyie Koyie Hill 283 000000002014 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2014 Beckett , Josh Josh Beckett Los Angeles Dodgers 6 Philadelphia Phillies 0 NL Butera , Drew Drew Butera ( 2 ) 284 000000002014 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 2014 Kershaw , Clayton Clayton Kershaw Los Angeles Dodgers 8 Colorado Rockies 0 NL Ellis , A.J. A.J. Ellis 285 000000002014 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2014 Lincecum , Tim Tim Lincecum ( 2 ) San Francisco Giants San Diego Padres 0 NL Sánchez , Héctor Héctor Sánchez 286 000000002014 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 2014 Hamels , Cole Cole Hamels ( 1 ) ( 6 IP ) Jake Diekman ( 1 IP ) Ken Giles ( 1 IP ) Jonathan Papelbon ( 1 IP ) Philadelphia Phillies 7 Atlanta Braves 0 NL Ruiz , Carlos Carlos Ruiz ( 3 ) 287 000000002014 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2014 Zimmermann , Jordan Jordan Zimmermann Washington Nationals Miami Marlins 0 NL Ramos , Wilson Wilson Ramos ( 1 ) 288 000000002015 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2015 Heston , Chris Chris Heston San Francisco Giants 5 New York Mets 0 NL Posey , Buster Buster Posey ( 3 ) 289 000000002015 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 2015 Scherzer , Max Max Scherzer ( 1 ) Washington Nationals 6 Pittsburgh Pirates 0 NL Ramos , Wilson Wilson Ramos ( 2 ) 290 000000002015 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2015 Hamels , Cole Cole Hamels ( 2 ) Philadelphia Phillies 5 Chicago Cubs 0 NL Ruiz , Carlos Carlos Ruiz ( 4 ) 291 000000002015 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 2015 Iwakuma , Hisashi Hisashi Iwakuma Seattle Mariners Baltimore Orioles 0 AL Sucre , Jesús Jesús Sucre 292 000000002015 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 2015 Fiers , Mike Mike Fiers Houston Astros ( AL ) Los Angeles Dodgers ( NL ) 0 Inter Castro , Jason Jason Castro 293 000000002015 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2015 Arrieta , Jake Jake Arrieta ( 1 ) Chicago Cubs Los Angeles Dodgers 0 NL Montero , Miguel Miguel Montero ( 2 ) 294 000000002015 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 2015 Scherzer , Max Max Scherzer ( 2 ) Washington Nationals New York Mets 0 NL Ramos , Wilson Wilson Ramos ( 3 ) 295 000000002016 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2016 Arrieta , Jake Jake Arrieta ( 2 ) Chicago Cubs 16 Cincinnati Reds 0 NL Ross , David David Ross 296 000000002017 - 06 - 03 - 0000 June 3 , 2017 Vólquez , Edinson Edinson Vólquez Miami Marlins Arizona Diamondbacks 0 NL Realmuto , J.T. J.T. Realmuto No - hitters by team ( edit ) No - Hitters Team 25 Los Angeles Dodgers 18 Boston Red Sox 18 Chicago White Sox 17 San Francisco Giants 16 Cincinnati Reds 15 Chicago Cubs 14 Atlanta Braves 14 Cleveland Indians 13 Philadelphia Phillies 11 Houston Astros 11 New York Yankees 11 Oakland Athletics 10 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 9 St. Louis Cardinals 7 Detroit Tigers 7 Washington Nationals 6 Pittsburgh Pirates 6 Miami Marlins 5 Baltimore Orioles ( modern ) 5 Minnesota Twins 5 Seattle Mariners 5 Texas Rangers Kansas City Royals Louisville Colonels Philadelphia Athletics Baltimore Orioles ( old ) Arizona Diamondbacks Buffalo Bisons Columbus Buckeyes Providence Grays Brooklyn Tip - Tops Chicago Chi - Feds / Whales Cincinnati Outlaw Reds Cleveland Blues Cleveland Spiders Colorado Rockies Kansas City Cowboys Kansas City Packers Milwaukee Brewers ( old ) Milwaukee Brewers ( modern ) New York Mets Pittsburgh Rebels Rochester Broncos Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Italics indicate defunct team . The San Diego Padres are the only modern team who have never had a no - hitter . Near no - hitters ( edit ) Regulation games in which a pitcher or staff pitches less than nine full innings , or in which a hit is allowed in extra innings , do not qualify as no - hitters . However , before the rules were tightened in 1991 , such games did count as official no - hitters . Regulation no - hit losses ending in the middle of the ninth ( edit ) Due to the fact that the home team does not bat in the bottom of the ninth inning if they are leading after the top , a visiting pitcher ( or pitchers ) may complete a full game without allowing a hit but not be credited with an official no - hitter . If the visiting team allows a sufficient amount of runs for the home team to win after the top of the ninth , whether by walks , errors , or anything else not involving hits , the pitcher ( s ) will not be credited with an official no - hitter because they pitched only 8 innings ( though such no - hitters were counted before 1991 ) . This has happened only four times in major - league history . Interleague play ( edit ) June 28 , 2008 -- Jered Weaver ( 6 inn . ) and José Arredondo ( 2 inn . ) , Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 0 , Los Angeles Dodgers 1 American League ( edit ) July 1 , 1990 -- Andy Hawkins , New York Yankees 0 Chicago White Sox 4 April 12 , 1992 -- Matt Young , Boston Red Sox 1 Cleveland Indians 2 Players ' League ( edit ) June 21 , 1890 -- Silver King , Chicago Pirates 0 Brooklyn Ward 's Wonders 1 Shortened games ( edit ) Under certain circumstances , if a game can not continue because of the weather , darkness , or any other reason , but if at least 5 innings have been completed , the game can count as an officially completed game . No - hitters pitched under such circumstances were counted before 1991 , but no longer count as official no - hitters because 9 innings were not completed . Pitchers listed in bold signify the pitcher was pitching a perfect game until the game was shortened . These games do not count as official perfect games . National League ( edit ) October 1 , 1884 ( 6 innings ) -- Charlie Getzein , Detroit Wolverines 1 Philadelphia Phillies 0 October 7 , 1885 ( first game ; 5 innings ) -- Dupee Shaw , Providence Grays 4 Buffalo Bisons 0 June 21 , 1888 ( 6 innings ) -- George Van Haltren , Chicago White Stockings 1 Pittsburgh Alleghenys 0 September 27 , 1888 ( 7 innings ) -- Ed Crane , New York Giants 3 Washington Nationals 0 October 15 , 1892 ( second game ; 5 innings ) -- Jack Stivetts , Boston Braves 4 Washington Senators 0 September 23 , 1893 ( second game ; 7 innings ) -- Elton Chamberlain , Cincinnati Reds 6 Boston Beaneaters 0 June 2 , 1894 ( 6 innings ) -- Ed Stein , Brooklyn Grooms 1 Chicago White Stockings 0 September 14 , 1903 ( second game ; 5 innings ) -- Red Ames ( first major league game ) , New York Giants 5 St. Louis Cardinals 0 August 24 , 1906 ( second game ; 7 innings ) -- Jake Weimer , Cincinnati Reds 1 Brooklyn Superbas 0 September 24 , 1906 ( second game ; 7 innings ) -- Stoney McGlynn , St. Louis Cardinals 1 Brooklyn Superbas 1 September 26 , 1906 ( second game ; 6 innings ) -- Lefty Leifield , Pittsburgh Pirates 8 Philadelphia Phillies 0 August 11 , 1907 ( second game ; 7 innings ) -- Ed Karger , St. Louis Cardinals 4 Boston Doves 0 August 23 , 1907 ( second game ; 5 innings ) -- Howie Camnitz , Pittsburgh Pirates 1 New York Giants 0 August 6 , 1908 ( 6 innings ) -- Johnny Lush , St. Louis Cardinals 2 Brooklyn Superbas 0 July 31 , 1910 ( second game ; 7 innings ) -- King Cole , Chicago Cubs 4 St. Louis Cardinals 0 August 27 , 1937 ( 8 innings ) -- Fred Frankhouse , Brooklyn Dodgers 5 Cincinnati Reds 0 June 22 , 1944 ( second game ; 5 innings ) -- Jim Tobin , Boston Braves 7 Philadelphia Phillies 0 June 12 , 1959 ( 5 innings ) -- Mike McCormick , San Francisco Giants 3 Philadelphia Phillies 0 ( McCormick allowed a single in the sixth inning , but as rain ended the game before the inning was completed , the game officially ended after five innings . ) September 26 , 1959 ( 7 innings ) -- Sam Jones , San Francisco Giants 4 St. Louis Cardinals 0 April 21 , 1984 ( second game ; 5 innings ) -- David Palmer , Montreal Expos 4 St. Louis Cardinals 0 September 24 , 1988 ( 5 innings ) -- Pascual Pérez , Montreal Expos 1 Philadelphia Phillies 0 American League ( edit ) August 15 , 1905 ( 5 innings ) -- Rube Waddell , Philadelphia Athletics 2 St. Louis Browns 0 May 26 , 1907 ( 5 innings ) -- Ed Walsh , Chicago White Sox 8 New York Highlanders 1 October 5 , 1907 ( second game ; 5 innings ) -- Rube Vickers , Philadelphia Athletics 4 Washington Senators 0 August 20 , 1912 ( second game ; 6 innings ) -- Carl Cashion , Washington Senators 2 Cleveland Naps 0 August 25 , 1924 ( 7 innings ) -- Walter Johnson , Washington Senators 2 St. Louis Browns 0 August 5 , 1940 ( second game ; 6 innings ) -- John Whitehead , St. Louis Browns 4 Detroit Tigers 0 August 6 , 1967 ( 5 innings ) -- Dean Chance , Minnesota Twins 2 Boston Red Sox 0 July 12 , 1990 ( 6 innings ) -- Mélido Pérez , Chicago White Sox 8 New York Yankees 0 October 1 , 2006 ( 5 innings ) -- Devern Hansack , Boston Red Sox 9 Baltimore Orioles 0 American Association ( edit ) May 6 , 1884 ( 6 innings ) -- Larry McKeon , Indianapolis Hoosiers 0 Cincinnati Red Stockings 0 July 29 , 1889 ( second game ; 7 innings ) -- Matt Kilroy , Baltimore Orioles 0 St. Louis Browns 0 September 23 , 1890 ( 7 innings ) -- George Nicol , St. Louis Browns 21 Philadelphia Athletics 2 October 12 , 1890 ( 8 innings ) -- Hank Gastright , Columbus Solons 6 Toledo Maumees 0 Union Association ( edit ) August 21 , 1884 ( 8 innings ) -- Charlie Geggus , Washington Nationals 12 Wilmington Quicksteps 1 September 28 , 1884 -- Ed Cushman , Milwaukee Brewers 5 , Washington Nationals 0 October 5 , 1884 ( 5 innings ) -- Charlie Sweeney ( 2 inn . ) and Henry Boyle ( 3 inn . ) , St. Louis Maroons 0 St. Paul Saints 1 Nine - inning no - hitters broken up in extra innings ( edit ) No - hitters were formerly counted even if hits were allowed in extra innings , but not after the rules were tightened in 1991 . Pitchers listed in bold signify the pitcher was pitching a perfect game through nine innings . National League ( edit ) June 11 , 1904 ( 12 innings ) -- Bob Wicker , Chicago Cubs 1 New York Giants 0 ( surrendered single with one out in 10th ; only hit allowed ) August 1 , 1906 ( 13 innings ) -- Harry McIntire , Brooklyn Superbas 0 Pittsburgh Pirates 1 ( surrendered single with two out in 11th ; allowed three more hits ) April 15 , 1909 ( 13 innings ; Opening Day ) -- Red Ames , New York Giants 0 Brooklyn Superbas 3 ( surrendered single with one out in 10th ; allowed six more hits ) May 2 , 1917 ( 10 innings ) -- Hippo Vaughn , Chicago Cubs 0 Cincinnati Reds 1 ( surrendered single with one out in 10th ; allowed one more hit ; known as `` Double No - Hitter '' prior to MLB rule change since opposing pitcher threw 10 - inning no - hitter -- see entry above for Fred Toney ) May 26 , 1956 ( 11 innings ) -- Johnny Klippstein ( 7 inn . ) , Hersh Freeman ( 1 inn . ) and Joe Black ( 3 inn . ) , Cincinnati Reds 1 Milwaukee Braves 2 ( Black surrendered double with two out in 10th ; allowed two more hits ) May 26 , 1959 ( 13 innings ) -- Harvey Haddix , Pittsburgh Pirates 0 Milwaukee Braves 1 ( Haddix pitched 12 perfect innings ; first baserunner was leadoff hitter in 13th , who reached on an error ; followed by sacrifice bunt , intentional walk , and game - ending hit which was ruled a 1 - run double rather than a 3 - run home run due to a baserunning mistake ) June 14 , 1965 ( 11 innings ) -- Jim Maloney , Cincinnati Reds 0 New York Mets 1 ( surrendered leadoff home run in 11th ; allowed one more hit ) July 26 , 1991 ( 10 innings ) -- Mark Gardner ( 9 inn . ) and Jeff Fassero ( 0 inn . ) , Montreal Expos 0 Los Angeles Dodgers 1 ( Gardner surrendered leadoff single in 10th and allowed one more hit before being replaced ; Fassero allowed one hit ; Gardner charged with loss ) June 3 , 1995 ( 10 innings ) -- Pedro Martínez ( 9 inn . ) and Mel Rojas ( 1 inn . ) , Montreal Expos 1 San Diego Padres 0 ( Martinez pitched 9 perfect innings ; first San Diego baserunner was from leadoff double surrendered by Martínez in 10th ; Rojas relieved him and retired next three batters ) August 23 , 2017 ( 10 innings ) -- Rich Hill , Los Angeles Dodgers 0 Pittsburgh Pirates 1 ( Hill threw 9 no - hit innings and was perfect into the 9th before first baserunner reached on error ; surrendered walk - off home run leading off the 10th inning ) American League ( edit ) May 9 , 1901 ( 10 innings ) -- Earl Moore , Cleveland Blues 2 Chicago White Sox 4 ( surrendered leadoff single in 10th ; allowed one more hit ) August 30 , 1910 ( second game ; 11 innings ) -- Tom Hughes , New York Highlanders 0 Cleveland Naps 5 ( surrendered single with one out in 10th ; allowed six more hits ) May 14 , 1914 ( 10 innings ) -- Jim Scott , Chicago White Sox 0 Washington Senators 1 ( surrendered leadoff single in 10th ; allowed one more hit ) September 18 , 1934 ( 10 innings ) -- Bobo Newsom , St. Louis Browns 1 Boston Red Sox 2 ( surrendered single with two out in 10th ; only hit allowed ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Major League Baseball seasons since 1901 without a no - hitter pitched are 1909 , 1913 , 1921 , 1927 -- 1928 , 1932 -- 1933 , 1936 , 1939 , 1942 -- 1943 , 1949 , 1959 , 1982 , 1985 , 1989 , 2000 and 2005 . Jump up ^ National Association not recognized as a `` major '' league by Major League Baseball Jump up ^ 10 innings Jump up ^ First career start . First game of a doubleheader on the final day of the season . Jump up ^ First career game . Jump up ^ First no - hitter at modern pitching distance of 60'6 `` . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ First of two no - hitters on the same day . Jump up ^ Second of two no - hitters on the same day . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Only baserunners came on errors by Bill Dahlen and Billy Gilbert . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ The Phillies would not have another no - hitter until Jim Bunning 's perfect game in 1964 . Jump up ^ Eason was the losing pitcher in the previous no - hitter , a feat not duplicated until 2013 . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader. 10 innings , only baserunner was on a Hit by pitch with 2 outs in the ninth . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ To date , Joss is one of only two pitchers in modern history to no - hit the same team twice . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ 10 innings ; See Double No - Hitter Jump up ^ The same teams , in the same park , on the next day as the previous no - hitter , but the second game of a doubleheader . The White Sox went on to win the 1917 World Series -- to date , the only time a team won a World Series after being no - hit twice in the same season . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Ruth and Thomas were ejected for arguing balls and strikes after walking the first batter , who was then caught stealing . Shore retired the next 26 in a row for a no - hitter completely in relief . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Only baserunner came on Bucky Harris ' error leading off the 7th . Jump up ^ Jones did not strike out a batter the entire game . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Also hit a home run Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . In the first game , Paul 's brother Dizzy had a no - hitter for 8 innings but finished with a 3 - hit shutout . First no - hitter in 1140 days , the longest gap between no - hitters in the modern era as measured by days . Jump up ^ First no - hitter ever thrown at Comiskey Park . Jump up ^ First of two no - hitters in back - to - back starts . Jump up ^ Second of two no - hitters in back - to - back starts . First - ever night game at Ebbets Field Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Opening Day Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Against the Brooklyn Dodgers four days later , Blackwell nearly duplicated Vander Meer 's double no - hit feat but had this bid broken up in the ninth . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Only baserunner came on Ferris Fain 's error with one out in the 2nd . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . The win gave the Yankees a share of the 1951 pennant , which they clinched outright in the second game . Jump up ^ Trucks pitched two no - hitters in 1952 but went 5 - 19 . Jump up ^ First major league start ; Holloman would win only two more Major League games . Jump up ^ First no - hitter by black pitcher . Jump up ^ Game 5 of the 1956 World Series ; the first of two postseason no - hitters . First perfect game in the majors since 1922 . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Wilhelm had pitched primarily in relief prior to this season ; this was only his ninth career start . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . First start after being traded by Phillies to Cubs . Jump up ^ Burdette scored the game 's only run . Jump up ^ First of ten no - hitters at Dodger Stadium as of the start of the 2011 season . Belinsky 's gem was also the first in Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim history , and the first since major league baseball came to California with the Giants and Dodgers in 1958 . Jump up ^ Wilson also hit a home run . Jump up ^ First no hitter by a Dodgers pitcher at Dodger Stadium ( see Bo Belinsky 's entry above ) and the first in team history since the move from Brooklyn in 1958 . Jump up ^ Only baserunner was a walk in the 9th . Jump up ^ Marichal was the losing pitcher in Koufax 's no - hitter earlier in the season Jump up ^ 9 - inning home loss Jump up ^ Koufax faced the minimum 27 batters ( the only baserunner was caught stealing ) . Jump up ^ Father 's Day . First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ 10 innings Jump up ^ Dodgers only managed 2 baserunners and one hit , setting records for fewest baserunners and hits in a game by both teams combined . The last no - hitter thrown against the Cubs until July 25 , 2015 . As of 2011 , first of only two perfect games at Dodger Stadium -- the other was pitched by Dennis Martínez in 1991 . Jump up ^ On the same day , the Red Sox fired Pinky Higgins as their general manager . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader. 9 - inning home loss . Jump up ^ First no - hitter on artificial turf and in a domed stadium . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Hunter also batted in three of Oakland 's four runs . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ The next day in the same park , the Cardinals no - hit the Giants . Jump up ^ The previous day in the same park , the Giants no - hit the Cardinals . Jump up ^ Stoneman 's fifth career start ; ninth game in Expos franchise history . Sets a record for the earliest no - hitter recorded in a franchise 's history . Jump up ^ First game of a two - game series , in which both were no - hitters . Jump up ^ Second game of a two - game series , in which both were no - hitters . Jump up ^ Palmer came off the disabled list four days earlier . Home plate umpire Lou DiMuro 's son Mike was umpire for Roy Halladay 's 2010 perfect game . Jump up ^ Holtzman did not strike out a batter the entire game . Jump up ^ The Mets would go on to win the 1969 World Series . Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Ellis later claimed to have been under the influence of LSD . Jump up ^ In a pre-game ceremony , Wright had been inducted into the NAIA Hall of Fame . Jump up ^ All four no - hitters of 1970 had been pitched in California . Jump up ^ Holtzman scored the game 's only run . Jump up ^ Also hit 2 home runs . Jump up ^ First no - hitter in Pittsburgh in 64 years . Jump up ^ Walk with 2 outs in 9th inning only baserunner for Padres Jump up ^ First game of a doubleheader . Second no - hitter pitched in a regular - season game in Canada . Stoneman also pitched the first one in Montreal on April 17 , 1969 . Jump up ^ First no - hitter by a pitcher who did not come to bat the entire game , under the American League 's new designated hitter rule . Jump up ^ Pitched seven innings of no - hit ball in next start . Closest to tying Vander Meer 's back - to - back no - hitters since Ewell Blackwell in 1947 . Ryan 's 17 strikeouts set a record for a no - hitter , tied in 2015 by Max Scherzer . He also became the fourth pitcher to throw two no - hitters in the same season . Jump up ^ Bosman 's own fielding error with 2 outs in the 4th allowed Oakland 's only baserunner ( Sal Bando ) . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Jump up ^ Final day of the regular season . Jump up ^ First no hitter thrown against the Expos , and the third the Expos had participated in ( the other 2 were by Bill Stoneman in April 1969 and October 1972 ) . Jump up ^ Game was televised on ABC . Jump up ^ First no - hitter at Busch Memorial Stadium . Jump up ^ Seaver had two previous bids broken up in the ninth , including a perfect game bid in 1969 while pitching for the Mets . Jump up ^ Bob and Ken Forsch are the only set of brothers to have thrown no - hitters . Jump up ^ Only baserunner came on Bill Russell 's error with 2 outs in the 1st inning Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Third no - hitter in Expos history . Only no hitter thrown by an Expos pitcher at Olympic Stadium . Previous 2 were one in Philadelphia and one also in Montreal , but at Jarry Park ( Bill Stoneman in 1969 and 1972 ) . Jump up ^ First no hitter thrown against the Blue Jays -- the first no - hitter by a Toronto pitcher would also be played in Cleveland , see the entry for Dave Stieb 's 1990 no hitter . Jump up ^ Broke Sandy Koufax 's old record of no - hitters . The Dodgers would go on to win the 1981 World Series . Jump up ^ First no - hitter for the Yankees since Don Larsen 's perfect game . Jump up ^ Game was televised on NBC . Fourth game of Tigers 1984 season . Detroit would start 9 - 0 and were 35 - 5 after 40 games . Went on to win 1984 World Series over San Diego Padres . Jump up ^ Final day of the regular season . Jump up ^ Last win of his career . Jump up ^ Houston clinched the NL West title in this game . Jump up ^ The start of the game was delayed two and a half hours by rain . Browning 's teammate Ron Robinson lost a perfect game with two outs in the ninth inning earlier in the season . The Dodgers would go on to win the 1988 World Series . Jump up ^ First of two no - hitters thrown on the same day . First no - hitter against the Blue Jays in Toronto Jump up ^ Second of two no - hitters thrown on the same day . Jump up ^ Only baserunner came on third baseman Charlie Hayes 's error leading off the 7th . Hayes would later make a spectacular catch to end the game . Mulholland faced the minimum 27 batters . Jump up ^ Stieb lost three potential no - hitters in the ninth inning over the previous 2 years , including one that would have been a perfect game . Jump up ^ Ryan 's 7th and last no - hitter . At 44 , Ryan is the oldest pitcher to throw a no - hitter . Jump up ^ Second no - hitter thrown at Olympic Stadium in Montreal and the fifth one all time in Canada Jump up ^ Hassey becomes the first catcher of two Major League perfect games . Fourth and final no hitter in Montreal Expos history and the only perfect game . Also the only no hitter in Expos history thrown outside Montreal . Jump up ^ Second career start ; second career game ; first game with White Sox Jump up ^ Bosio walked the first two batters of the game , then retired 27 in a row . Jump up ^ Abbott was born without a right hand . Jump up ^ The Mets scored a run in the fourth inning on a walk , a wild pitch , and an error . Jump up ^ Preserved by a diving catch in the ninth inning by rookie center fielder Rusty Greer . Jump up ^ Only baserunner came on a walk with two outs in the eighth inning . Jump up ^ First no - hitter in Marlins history . Jump up ^ Gooden became the first right - handed pitcher to throw a no - hitter at Yankee Stadium since Don Larsen 40 years earlier . Jump up ^ First no - hitter thrown at Coors Field . First Japanese pitcher to record no - hitter . Jump up ^ Only baserunner was a hit by pitch with two outs in the 8th . Jump up ^ 10 innings . Pinch - hitter Mark Smith hit a walk - off 3 - run home run with two outs in the bottom of the tenth inning to secure the no - hitter . Jump up ^ Wells claims to have been hung over . Jump up ^ Ten days later , Jiménez again shut out the Diamondbacks 1 - 0 , allowing only two hits . Randy Johnson was the losing pitcher in both games . First no hitter at Chase Field , then Bank One Ballpark . Jump up ^ First no - hitter / perfect game in regular - season interleague play . Pitched on Yogi Berra Day at Yankee Stadium , with Berra and Don Larsen in attendance . Jump up ^ Nomo 's first start with Red Sox . Second game of the season . Earliest ( on calendar ) no - hitter . First no - hitter at Camden Yards . Jump up ^ 7 strikeouts and 9 walks , most ever in a no - hitter . Jump up ^ On Phillie Phanatic 's birthday and their last season at Veterans Stadium . Occurred during the 2003 NFL Draft . ESPN broke away from covering the draft to air the ninth inning . Jump up ^ Oswalt left with an injury in the second inning . Originally held the record for most pitchers used in a combined no - hitter , which was tied on June 8 , 2012 when the Mariners no - hit the Dodgers . First interleague no - hitter thrown by away team . First no - hitter thrown by an NL team against an AL team . First official no - hitter against the Yankees in 44 years , a then - Major League record . Jump up ^ Previous no - hitter almost fourteen years earlier . Jump up ^ Diamondbacks are most recent team to perform a no - hitter then suffer the following one . First MLB no - hitter in 6,364 games , the longest gap between no - hitters in history as measured by games played . Randy Johnson , most recent pitcher to throw a no - hitter at the time , took a no - hitter into the seventh inning the same day . Jump up ^ Buehrle faced the minimum 27 batters . The only baserunner was picked off of first base . Jump up ^ First no - hitter at Comerica Park . Jump up ^ Second career game for Buchholz Jump up ^ First time since the 1974 California Angels that one team had last two no hitters in the majors . Varitek sets the record for most no - hitters caught . Jump up ^ Played at Miller Park in Milwaukee because of Hurricane Ike , making it the first no - hitter at a neutral site . Jump up ^ Only baserunner came on Juan Uribe 's error with one out in the 8th . Sánchez was 2 - 8 on the season with a 5.30 ERA at the time and had recently been demoted to the bullpen . Jump up ^ Umpire Eric Cooper called both of Buehrle 's no - hitters . In the ninth , new center fielder DeWayne Wise leapt over the wall to take a potential home run away from Gabe Kapler . Buehrle retired first 17 batters in his next start to set the record for consecutive batters retired at 45 , spanning three starts . Jump up ^ First no - hitter in Rockies franchise history . Jump up ^ Second perfect game in 12 months . This game was also held on Mother 's Day . It was the second perfect game in Oakland Athletics history . Jump up ^ Shortest span between perfect games ( 20 days ) . Home plate umpire Mike DiMuro 's father , Lou , was umpire for Jim Palmer 's 1969 no - hitter . Jump up ^ Jackson walked eight and hit a batter on 149 pitches , the most ever for a no - hitter in MLB history . The Rays became the first team since the 2001 Padres to be no - hit twice in a season , and the first team in history to be no - hit three times within a one - year span . Jump up ^ Garza faced the minimum 27 batters ( only baserunner allowed was retired on a double play ) . Opposing starter Max Scherzer threw 5 ⁄ no - hit innings . The Rays are the first team since 1991 to pitch a no - hitter and be no - hit in the same season , and the first since 1956 to be involved in three no - hitters in one season . Game televised nationally on ESPN . Jump up ^ Game 1 of the 2010 NLDS . Second no - hitter in postseason history , after Don Larsen 's perfect game in the 1956 World Series . Halladay became the fifth pitcher to pitch two no - hitters in the same year , and the first one to do it with a perfect game . One batter reached base . Jump up ^ First complete game of Liriano 's career , in 95 starts . His ERA prior to the game was 9.13 . Jump up ^ Verlander faced the minimum 27 batters . Jump up ^ Perfect game and Humber 's first career complete game Jump up ^ First no - hitter in Mets history and the first no - hitter thrown at Citi Field . A ball hit by St. Louis ' Carlos Beltrán was controversially ruled foul by the third base umpire , preserving the no - hitter in the 6th inning . Jump up ^ Millwood left with an injury after the sixth inning . Tied record for most pitchers used in a combined no - hitter . For Pryor , it was his first career victory . Jump up ^ First perfect game in Giants history Jump up ^ First perfect game in Mariners history Jump up ^ Bailey is the first pitcher since Nolan Ryan in 1974 - 75 to have thrown the Major Leagues ' last two no - hitters . Jump up ^ First no - hitter ever thrown in San Diego 's Petco Park . Lincecum was the losing pitcher in Bailey 's no - hitter 11 days earlier . Jump up ^ 5th no - hitter in Marlins history , and the first ever thrown at Marlins Park . The Marlins scored the winning run in the bottom of the ninth on a wild pitch , with Álvarez standing in the on - deck circle . It was the first no - hitter to end in walk - off fashion since Cordova / Rincon in 1997 . It was also the first no hitter thrown on the last day of the regular season since Mike Witt 's perfect game on September 30 , 1984 . Jump up ^ Twenty - fourth no - hitter in Dodgers franchise history and the second thrown at Citizens Bank Park . Beckett fanned six and walked three on his one hundred twenty eight pitch outing . In the ninth inning , he struck out Chase Utley to secure the victory . Jump up ^ Rockies ' only baserunner came on a throwing error in the seventh . Kershaw became the first MLB pitcher ever with 15 strikeouts without allowing a single hit or walk . It was also the 3rd no - hitter by a reigning Cy Young Award winner , following Sandy Koufax ( 1963 CY , 1964 NH ) and Bob Gibson ( 1970 CY , 1971 NH ) . Jump up ^ Lincecum 's second no - hitter in less than a year . Lincecum became the second pitcher all - time , after Addie Joss , to no - hit the same team twice . Jump up ^ Hamels threw 108 pitches in 6 innings . Jump up ^ First no - hitter for the Washington Nationals since the team moved to Washington , and the first by any Washington pitcher since Bobby Burke in 1931 . This was the final game for both teams for the 2014 season , and it was the second year in a row in which a no - hitter had been thrown on the final day of the regular season . Henderson Álvarez , who had thrown Miami 's no - hitter on the final day of the 2013 season , was the losing pitcher in this game . Jump up ^ Seventeenth no - hitter in Giants franchise history , and the second no - hitter thrown at Citi Field . Heston was the 22nd rookie pitcher to throw a no - hitter . He did not walk a batter , but he hit three of them , joining Wiltse in 1908 and Brown in 1997 as no - hitter pitchers whose only baserunners came on hit batsmen . Heston 's is the first such game to feature more than one hit by pitch . Jump up ^ Scherzer was perfect through 8 2 / 3 innings when he hit pinch - hitter José Tábata to allow the Pirates ' only baserunner of the game . Fourth no - hitter pitcher after Wiltse , Brown , and Heston to only allow their baserunners on hit batsmen , and the second after Wiltse to lose a perfect game with two outs in the ninth inning on a hit batsman . Scherzer threw a one - hitter , having been perfect for 6 innings , in his previous start , and was perfect through 5 in his next start after this no - hitter . Jump up ^ Fifth pitcher , after Blue , Witt , Mercker , and Millwood , to pitch a complete game no - hitter as well as contribute to a combined no - hitter . Kris Bryant flew out to Odubel Herrera , who tripped after losing the ball in the sun , on a full count for the final out . This was also the first time that the Cubs were no - hit since Sandy Koufax 's perfect game in 1965 , and the first no - hitter thrown at Wrigley Field since 1972 . Jump up ^ Second Japanese pitcher to throw a Major League no - hitter , after Hideo Nomo . First no - hitter in an American League game since teammate Félix Hernández 's perfect game almost exactly three years prior , breaking a string of 12 consecutive NL no - hitters . Jump up ^ Eleventh no - hitter in Astros history , and the first no - hitter for the Astros as an American League team . This was also the first complete - game no - hitter by an Astros pitcher in 22 years . Jump up ^ Dodgers no - hit for the second time in 9 days ; this is the shortest interval since the 1923 Philadelphia Athletics and the first time a team were no - hit twice in one calendar month since the 1971 Cincinnati Reds . Jump up ^ Second game of a doubleheader . Scherzer 's second no - hitter of the season ; both of which also featured no walks . Scherzer was perfect through 5 innings before an error by 3B Yunel Escobar . Scherzer 's 17 strikeouts tied Nolan Ryan 's record for most in a no - hitter and included 9 straight . Second highest game score ever for a nine - inning game , with 104 , following Kerry Wood 's 1998 one - hit complete - game shutout . Scherzer becomes the fifth pitcher to throw two no - hitters in the same season . Jump up ^ Fifteenth no - hitter in Cubs history . Most run support in a no - hitter since 1884 . First regular season no - hitter against the Reds since 1971 . Fourth no - hitter thrown by a reigning Cy Young Award winner . Jump up ^ Sixth no - hitter in Marlins history . Vólquez faced the minimum 27 batters . Thrown on the birthday of Vólquez 's friend and teammate Yordano Ventura , who had died in a car crash the previous January . Bibliography ( edit ) Wilbert , Warren ; William Hageman ( 1997 ) . Chicago Cubs : Seasons at the Summit , the 50 Greatest Individual Seasons . Sports Publishing LLC . ISBN 1571671102 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Official Site of Major League Baseball : Official info : Rules , Regulations and Statistics Jump up ^ http://sabr.org/bioproj/person/de00e781 ^ Jump up to : `` Catchers Who Caught No Hitters '' . bb_catchers.tripod.com . Encyclopedia of Baseball Catchers . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bradley 's No - Hitter '' . St. Louis Globe - Democrat . July 16 , 1876 . Jump up ^ `` Lee Richmond Perfect Game Box Score '' . baseball-almanac.com . Hosting 4 Less . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` John Ward Perfect Game Box Score '' . baseball-almanac.com . Hosting 4 Less . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The National Game '' . The Sun ( New York ) . October 5 , 1884 . Jump up ^ Wilbert , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Pulling Up To Chicago '' . The Sun ( New York ) . August 30 , 1885 . Jump up ^ `` Won In The Last Inning '' . The Sun ( New York ) . May 2 , 1886 . Jump up ^ `` In The Base Ball Field '' . The Sun ( New York ) . July 25 , 1886 . Jump up ^ `` A Big Day For Terry '' . The Sun ( New York ) . May 28 , 1888 . Jump up ^ `` The Game of His Life '' . St. Paul Daily Globe . July 27 , 1888 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic 4 ; Kansas City 0 '' . The Sun ( New York ) . August 1 , 1888 . Jump up ^ `` Rochester 7 ; Syracuse 0 '' . The Sun ( New York ) . September 16 , 1890 . Jump up ^ `` Not Even A Base Hit '' . The Sun ( New York ) . June 23 , 1891 . Jump up ^ `` Not A Single Hit Off Rusie '' . The Sun ( New York ) . August 1 , 1891 . Jump up ^ `` Only A Few More Games '' . The Sun ( New York ) . October 5 , 1891 . Jump up ^ `` Boston 11 ; Brooklyn 0 '' . The Sun ( New York ) . August 7 , 1892 . Jump up ^ `` Louisville 6 ; Baltimore 2 '' . The Sun ( New York ) . August 23 , 1892 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati 7 ; Pittsburgh 1 '' . The Sun ( New York ) . October 16 , 1892 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore 5 ; Washington 0 '' . The Sun ( New York ) . August 17 , 1893 . Jump up ^ `` The National League '' . The Houston daily post . September 19 , 1897 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Two Remarkable Games '' . St. Paul Globe . April 23 , 1898 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National League '' . St. Paul Globe . July 9 , 1898 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National League '' . St. Paul Globe . August 22 , 1898 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National League '' . St. Paul Globe . May 26 , 1899 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National League '' . St. Paul Globe . August 8 , 1899 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hahn Was Effective '' . St. Paul Globe . July 13 , 1900 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Could n't Hit Matty '' . St. Paul Globe . July 16 , 1901 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American League '' . St. Paul Globe . September 21 , 1902 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` No Hit Game For Fraser '' . St. Paul Globe . September 19 , 1903 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cy Young Perfect Game Box Score '' . baseball-almanac.com . Hosting 4 Less . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tannehill Makes Record '' . St. Paul Globe . August 18 , 1904 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` M'Graw Put Matty In To Beat The Cubs '' . The Evening World . July 13 , 1905 . Jump up ^ `` Howell Beat `` Rube '' `` . The St. Louis Republic . July 23 , 1905 . Jump up ^ `` Notes of the Game '' . The St. Louis Republic . September 7 , 1905 . Jump up ^ `` National League '' . The Minneapolis Journal . May 2 , 1906 . Jump up ^ `` National League '' . The Minneapolis Journal . July 21 , 1906 . Jump up ^ `` National League '' . The Salt Lake Herald . May 9 , 1907 . Jump up ^ `` No Hits Made Off Maddox '' . Washington Herald . September 21 , 1907 . Jump up ^ `` Highlanders Shut Out '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . July 1 , 1908 . Jump up ^ `` National League '' . San Francisco Call . July 5 , 1908 . Jump up ^ `` National League '' . San Francisco Call . September 6 , 1908 . Jump up ^ `` Cellar Champs Beat Leaders '' . Los Angeles Herald . September 19 , 1908 . Jump up ^ `` Close Shave For Detroits '' . The Sun ( New York ) . September 21 , 1908 . Jump up ^ `` Addie Joss Perfect Game Box Score '' . baseball-almanac.com . Hosting 4 Less . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Joss Blanks Sox '' . The Salt Lake Herald - Republican . April 21 , 1910 . Jump up ^ `` Naps Fail To Hit Big Chief Bender '' . San Francisco Call . May 13 , 1910 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Breaks Even '' . San Francisco Call . July 30 , 1911 . Jump up ^ `` Walsh Tosses No Hit No Run Game '' . San Francisco Call . August 28 , 1911 . Jump up ^ `` Wood 's String of Victories Broken '' . San Francisco Call . July 5 , 1912 . Jump up ^ `` Senators Yank One From Yanks '' . San Francisco Call . August 31 , 1912 . Jump up ^ `` Tesreau Enters Hall Of Fame '' . San Francisco Call . September 7 , 1912 . Jump up ^ `` Benz Pitches No Hit Game '' . The Sun ( New York ) . June 1 , 1914 . Jump up ^ `` Braves Advance Step More '' . Omaha Bee . September 10 , 1914 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Wins Two '' . Washington Herald . September 20 , 1914 . Jump up ^ `` Marquard Stars In No Hit Performance '' . Washington Times . April 16 , 1915 . Jump up ^ `` Pitches No Hit Games '' . Washington Herald . April 25 , 1915 . Jump up ^ `` At Pittsburgh '' . The Sun ( New York ) . May 16 , 1915 . Jump up ^ `` Not A Run Or Hit Off Main '' . The Sun ( New York ) . August 17 , 1915 . Jump up ^ `` Nary A Hit Can Giants Get Off Jim Lavender '' . The Sun ( New York ) . September 1 , 1915 . Jump up ^ `` Federal League '' . The Sun ( New York ) . September 8 , 1915 . Jump up ^ `` George Foster throws first no - hitter at Fenway Park '' . Globe ( Boston ) . June 22 , 1916 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Leonard throws Fenway 's 2d no - hitter of the year '' . Globe ( Boston ) . August 31 , 1916 . Jump up ^ Caple , Jim . `` Classic Box Score : June 23 , 1917 '' . espn.go.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` No Mas Presents : Dock Ellis & The LSD No - No by James Blagden '' . YouTube . 2009 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Mark Feinsand ( March 1 , 2003 ) . `` Book ' em , David : Wells explains '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals 4 , Padres 0 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Diamondbacks vs. Tampa Bay Rays -- Recap -- June 25 , 2010 '' . Scores.espn.go.com. 2010 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ American League No Hitters by Baseball Almanac . Jump up ^ The Chronology -- 1890 BaseballLibrary.com Archived 2008 - 05 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` No Hitters Chronologically '' . Retrosheet.org . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Teams MiLB.com History '' . Milb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Baseball portal List at ESPN.com ( omits Federal League no - hitters ) List at MLB.com ( omits all defunct leagues ) List at Retrosheet ( includes 1875 National Association no - hitter ) Most strikeouts in a no - hitter since 1957 List of Major League Baseball no - hitters by franchise American League East Division Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Division Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Division Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Division Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Division Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Division Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Stolen bases Runs Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_no-hitters&oldid=799805728 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Lists of Major League Baseball no - hitters by franchise Major League Baseball statistics Baseball pitching Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 23 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who threw the first no hitter in mlb history | [
"October 1, 1884 (6 innings) – Charlie Getzein, Detroit Wolverines 1 Philadelphia Phillies 0"
] | [
"Charlie Getzein"
] |
-555333201463676383 | Dance Plus (season 3) | Dance plus ( season 3 ) - Wikipedia Dance plus ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dance Plus 3 Also known as Dance + 3 Genre Dance Created by NA Presented by Raghav Juyal Country of origin India Production Producer ( s ) Wilma Botha Varun Trikha Running time 1 hour Production company ( s ) Varun Trikha Productions Urban Brew Studios Release Original network STAR Plus Picture format 480p HDTV 720p Original release 1 July ( 2017 - 07 - 01 ) -- 24 September 2017 Season 3 of Dance Plus started on 1 July 2017 on STAR Plus and produced by Urban Brew Studios . Winner was Bir Radha Sherpa , from team Punit . Other three contestants from Top four were from Dharmesh 's team , a new record for the finalists . Amardeep Singh Natt became the first runner up , Aryan Patra became the second runner up and Shivani and Tarun were the third runner up . All the finalists won the hearts of public with their entertaining and excellent performances . Overall , Team Dharmesh has two winners from season one and two , Team Punit has one and Shakti Mohan has none . Show is acclaimed and very popular due to creative format and uniqueness . Contents ( hide ) 1 Super judge 2 Captains 3 Scoring 4 Top twelve artists 5 International squad challenge 6 Top eight artists 7 Top four artists 8 Special guests 9 See also 10 References Super judge ( edit ) Remo D'Souza is the super judge for this season also . He is a well known and reputed choreographer and film director . He directed movies like F.A.L.T.U. , Any Body Can Dance ( ABCD and ABCD 2 ) and A Flying Jatt . He was also judge on Jhalak Dikhla Ja and Dance India Dance ( seasons 1 , 2 and 3 ) . Captains ( edit ) There are three captains on the show . Dharmesh Yelande Shakti Mohan Punit Pathak Each mentor has their own team consisting of contestants selected in auditions . There will be one final winner at the end of the show . Urban Brew Studios produces the first , second and third seasons of Dance+ on STAR Plus . Scoring ( edit ) Each captain will give a challenge to one artist each from the other two teams . The challenges are : Theme round Prop round Best foot forward The captain who gave the challenge can score out of five and the super judge can score out of ten . the super judge can also give five additional points . The fourth round is the international squad challenge in which one member of each team has to match the level of dancing of the international dancer . This round is also scored out of ten by the super judge and he can give an additional five points . Based on the scores of these rounds , two teams go to the final showdown . The fourth artist from each team performs and the super judge chooses the winner . The winning team 's captain nominates two artists from his or her team to go forward and the super judge chooses the artist who will go to top eight . Top twelve artists ( edit ) Team Dharmesh Sr . Artists Type Style Home town Tarun and Shivani Duo Contemporary Tarun Nihalani from Nasik Shivani Patel from Ahmedabad Amardeep Singh Natt Solo Robotics Mumbai The Tuttix Crew Group Tutting Mumbai Aryan Patra Solo Krumping Ranchi Team Shakti Sr . Artists Type Style Home town Nostalgia Trio ( Gavin , Nicky , Leo ) Rhythmic beat kill Mangalore Sri Rama Nataka Niketan Group Bharatanatyam Hyderabad Chow En Lai Phukan Solo Contemporary Guwahati Jeet Das Solo Bollywood Kolkata Team Punit Sr . Artists Type Style Home town Bir Radha Sherpa Solo B - boying and contemporary Silchar , Assam House of Suraj Group Waacking Los Angeles AVP Crew Trio Hip - hop Pune Ayush & Mukesh Duo Contemporary Kolkata International squad challenge ( edit ) In Dance plus season 3 , D'Souza added a new challenge for dancers . Here he will invite an international dance artist every week . Remo 's international squad Sr . Artist ( s ) Type Style Home town Known for Episode Du - Shaunt ' `` Fik - Shun '' Stegall Solo Hip - hop Las Vegas , United States Winner of So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 10 ) July 23 -- 24 Paul Karmiryan & Brittany Cherry Duo Latin dance Los Angeles , United States So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 10 ) July 29 -- 30 Dytto Solo Tutting , animation , slow motion , robotic dance Los Angeles , United States World of Dance August 5 -- 6 Pandit Birju Maharaj 's Group Cultural Kathak Lucknow , India Kalidas Samman August 12 -- 13 5 Philippine All Stars Group Hip - hop Manila , Philippines Champions of World Hip Hop Dance Championship ( 2006 , 2008 & 2009 seasons ) August 19 -- 20 Top eight artists ( edit ) Top 8 Sr . Artists Type Style Team Episode Aryan Patra Solo Krumping Dharmesh July 24 Ayush & Mukesh Duo Contemporary Punit July 30 AVP Crew Trio Hip - hop Punit August 6 Sri Rama Nataka Niketan Group Bharatanatyam Shakti August 13 5 Amardeep Singh Natt Solo Robotics Dharmesh August 20 6 Bir Radha Sherpa Solo Bir Style ( B - Boying & Contemporary ) Punit August 27 7 Tarun and Shivani Duo Contemporary Dharmesh August 27 8 House of Suraj Group Waacking Punit August 27 Top four artists ( edit ) Top 4 Sr . Artists Type Style Team Episode Bir Radha Sherpa Solo Bir Style ( B - Boying & Contemporary ) Punit September 9 Tarun and Shivani Duo Contemporary Dharmesh September 9 Amardeep Singh Natt Solo Robotics Dharmesh September 16 Aryan Patra Solo Krumping Dharmesh September 16 Special guests ( edit ) Special guest appearances Sr . Guest ( s ) Reason Episode Shah Rukh Khan and Imtiaz Ali Promoting Jab Harry Met Sejal July 29 -- 30 Akshay Kumar and Bhumi Pednekar Promoting Toilet : Ek Prem Katha August 12 Ayushmann Khurrana , Kriti Sanon and Rajkummar Rao Promoting Bareilly Ki Barfi August 19 -- 20 Sidharth Malhotra and Jacqueline Fernandez Promoting A Gentleman August 26 5 Mithali Raj and Harmanpreet Kaur Indian women cricketers August 27 6 Govinda Indian 1990s dance icon September 2 7 Sunny Deol , Bobby Deol and Shreyas Talpade Promoting Poster Boys September 9 8 Shraddha Kapoor , Siddhanth Kapoor and Ankur Bhatia Promoting Haseena Parkar September 10 9 Kangana Ranaut Promoting Simran September 16 10 Farah Khan Promoting the show Lip Sing Battle September 16 11 Tiger Shroff September 17 12 Terence Lewis September 17 13 Varun Dhawan , Taapsee and Jacqueline Fenandez Promoting Judwaa 2 September 23 14 Prabhu Deva September 24 See also ( edit ) List of dance style categories Dance Plus Dance Plus ( season 2 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dance plus Season 3 premiere '' . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ek level up '' . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dance plus Season 3 Top 8 artists '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dance plus Season 3 Top 4 artists '' . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dance_Plus_(season_3)&oldid=809364246 '' Categories : Hindi - language television programs Indian reality television series 2017 Indian television seasons Star Plus television series Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from July 2017 All articles lacking sources Use dmy dates from October 2016 Use Indian English from October 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using infobox television with alias parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 17 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | second runner up of dance plus season 3 | [
"Season 3 of Dance Plus started on 1 July 2017[1] on STAR Plus and produced by Urban Brew Studios. Winner was Bir Radha Sherpa, from team Punit. Other three contestants from Top four were from Dharmesh's team, a new record for the finalists. Amardeep Singh Natt became the first runner up, Aryan Patra became the second runner up and Shivani and Tarun were the third runner up. All the finalists won the hearts of public with their entertaining and excellent performances. Overall, Team Dharmesh has two winners from season one and two, Team Punit has one and Shakti Mohan has none. Show is acclaimed and very popular due to creative format and uniqueness."
] | [
"Aryan Patra"
] |
2225244181423606991 | To the nines | To the nines - wikipedia To the nines Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see To the nines ( disambiguation ) . `` To the nines '' is an English idiom meaning `` to perfection '' or `` to the highest degree '' or to dress `` buoyantly and high class '' . In modern English usage , the phrase most commonly appears as `` dressed to the nines '' or `` dressed up to the nines '' . Origin ( edit ) The phrase is said to be Scots in origin . The earliest written example of the phrase is from the 1719 Epistle to Ramsay by the Scottish poet William Hamilton : The bonny Lines therein thou sent me , How to the nines they did content me . Robert Burns ' `` Poem on Pastoral Poetry '' , published posthumously in 1800 , also uses the phrase : Thou paints auld nature to the nines , In thy sweet Caledonian lines . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Evans , Bergen ; Corneli Evans ( 1957 ) . A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage . Random House . p. 145 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Dressed to the nines ' comes from old Scottish phrase '' . Deseret News . April 13 , 1997 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_the_nines&oldid=725440888 '' Categories : English phrases Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 June 2016 , at 17 : 39 . About Wikipedia | where does the saying dressed to the nines come from | [
"The phrase is said to be Scots in origin.[2] The earliest written example of the phrase is from the 1719 Epistle to Ramsay by the Scottish poet William Hamilton:"
] | [
"Scots in origin"
] |
-5988663555292014935 | Division of Korea | Division of Korea - wikipedia Division of Korea Jump to : navigation , search The Korean Peninsula first divided along the 38th parallel , later along the demarcation line Detail of the DMZ Part of a series on the History of Korea Prehistory Jeulmun Mumun Ancient Gojoseon ? -- 108 BC Jin state Proto -- Three Kingdoms Buyeo Goguryeo Okjeo Dongye Samhan Ma Byeon Jin Four Commanderies of Han Three Kingdoms Goguryeo 37 BC -- 668 AD Baekje 18 BC -- 660 AD Silla 57 BC -- 935 AD Gaya confederacy 42 AD -- 562 AD North -- South States Later Silla ( Unified Silla ) 668 -- 935 Balhae 698 -- 926 Later Three Kingdoms Later Baekje 892 -- 936 Taebong ( Later Goguryeo ) 901 -- 918 Later Silla 668 -- 935 Unitary dynastic period Goryeo 918 -- 1392 Joseon 1392 -- 1897 Korean Empire 1897 -- 1910 Colonial period Japanese rule 1910 -- 1945 Provisional Government 1919 -- 1948 Division of Korea Military Governments 1945 -- 1948 North Korea 1948 -- present South Korea 1948 -- present By topic Art Language Military ( Goguryeo ) Monarchs Naval Science and technology Timeline Korea portal The division of Korea between North and South Korea occurred after World War II , ending the Empire of Japan 's 35 - year rule over Korea in 1945 . The United States and the Soviet Union each occupied a portion of the country , with the boundary between their zones of control along the 38th parallel . With the onset of the Cold War , negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union failed to lead to an independent , unified Korea . In 1948 , UN-supervised elections were held in the US - occupied south only . The anti-communist Syngman Rhee won the election while Kim Il - sung was appointed as the leader of North Korea by Joseph Stalin . This led to the establishment of the Republic of Korea in South Korea , which was promptly followed by the establishment of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea in North Korea . The United States supported the South , the Soviet Union supported the North , and each government claimed sovereignty over the whole Korean peninsula . The subsequent Korean War , which lasted from 1950 to 1953 , ended with a stalemate and has left the two Koreas separated by the Korean Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) up to the present day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 1.1 Korea under Japanese rule ( 1910 -- 1945 ) 1.2 End of World War II 2 Post -- World War II 2.1 US occupation of South Korea 2.2 Soviet occupation of North Korea 2.3 UN intervention and the formation of separate governments 3 Korean War 4 Geneva Conference and NNSC 5 Post-armistice relations 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Historical background ( edit ) Korea under Japanese rule ( 1910 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Main article : Korea under Japanese rule When the Russo - Japanese War ended in 1905 Korea became a nominal protectorate of Japan , and was annexed by Japan in 1910 . The Korean Emperor Gojong was removed . In the following decades , nationalist and radical groups emerged , mostly in exile , to struggle for independence . Divergent in their outlooks and approaches , these groups failed to unite in one national movement . The Korean Provisional Government in China failed to obtain widespread recognition . End of World War II ( edit ) Main article : World War II In November 1943 , Franklin Roosevelt , Winston Churchill and Chiang Kai - shek met at the Cairo Conference to discuss what should happen to Japan 's colonies , and agreed that Japan should lose all the territories it had conquered by force . In the declaration after this conference , Korea was mentioned for the first time . The three powers declared that they were , `` mindful of the enslavement of the people of Korea , ... determined that in due course Korea shall become free and independent . '' Roosevelt floated the idea of a trusteeship over Korea , but did not obtain agreement from the other powers . Roosevelt raised the idea with Joseph Stalin at the Tehran Conference in November 1943 and the Yalta Conference in February 1945 . Stalin did not disagree , but advocated that the period of trusteeship be short . At the Tehran Conference and the Yalta Conference , the Soviet Union promised to join its allies in the Pacific War in two to three months after victory in Europe . On August 8 , 1945 , three months to the day after the end of hostilities in Europe , and two days after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima , the Soviet Union declared war on Japan . Soviet troops advanced rapidly , and the US government became anxious that they would occupy the whole of Korea . On August 10 , 1945 two young officers -- Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel -- were assigned to define an American occupation zone . Working on extremely short notice and completely unprepared , they used a National Geographic map to decide on the 38th parallel . They chose it because it divided the country approximately in half but would place the capital Seoul under American control . No experts on Korea were consulted . The two men were unaware that forty years before , Japan and pre-revolutionary Russia had discussed sharing Korea along the same parallel . Rusk later said that had he known , he `` almost surely '' would have chosen a different line . The division placed sixteen million Koreans in the American zone and nine million in the Soviet zone . To the surprise of the Americans , the Soviet Union immediately accepted the division . The agreement was incorporated into General Order No. 1 ( approved on 17 August 1945 ) for the surrender of Japan . Soviet forces began amphibious landings in Korea by August 14 and rapidly took over the north - east of the country , and on August 16 they landed at Wonsan . On August 24 , the Red Army reached Pyongyang . General Abe Nobuyuki , the last Japanese Governor - General of Korea , had established contact with a number of influential Koreans since the beginning of August 1945 to prepare the hand - over of power . Throughout August , Koreans organized people 's committee branches for the `` Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence '' ( CPKI , 조선 건국 준비 위원회 ) , headed by Lyuh Woon - hyung , a left - wing politician . On September 6 , 1945 , a congress of representatives was convened in Seoul and founded the short - lived People 's Republic of Korea . Post -- World War II ( edit ) South Korean citizens protest Allied trusteeship in December 1945 In December 1945 , at the Moscow Conference , the Allies agreed that the Soviet Union , the US , the Republic of China , and Britain would take part in a trusteeship over Korea for up to five years in the lead - up to independence . Many Koreans demanded independence immediately ; however , the Korean Communist Party , which was closely aligned with the Soviet Communist party , supported the trusteeship . A Soviet - US Joint Commission met in 1946 and 1947 to work towards a unified administration , but failed to make progress due to increasing Cold War antagonism and to Korean opposition to the trusteeship . Meanwhile , the division between the two zones deepened . The difference in policy between the occupying powers led to a polarization of politics , and a transfer of population between North and South . In May 1946 it was made illegal to cross the 38th parallel without a permit . At the final meeting of the Joint Commission in September 1947 , Soviet delegate Terentii Shtykov proposed that both Soviet and US troops withdraw and give the Korean people the opportunity to form their own government . This was rejected by the US . US occupation of South Korea ( edit ) Main article : United States Army Military Government in Korea Lyuh Woon - hyung giving a speech in the Committee for Preparation of Korean Independence in Seoul on August 16 , 1945 With the American government fearing Soviet expansion , and the Japanese authorities in Korea warning of a power vacuum , the embarkation date of the US occupation force was brought forward three times . On September 7 , 1945 , General Douglas MacArthur announced that Lieutenant General John R. Hodge was to administer Korean affairs , and Hodge landed in Incheon with his troops the next day . The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea , which had operated from China , sent a delegation with three interpreters to Hodge , but he refused to meet with them . Likewise , Hodge refused to recognize the newly formed People 's Republic of Korea and its People 's Committees , and outlawed it on 12 December . In September 1946 , thousands of laborers and peasants rose up against the military government . This uprising was quickly defeated , and failed to prevent scheduled October elections for the South Korean Interim Legislative Assembly . The ardent anti-communist Syngman Rhee , who had been the first president of the Provisional Government and later worked as a pro-Korean lobbyist in the US , became the most prominent politician in the South . Rhee pressured the American government to abandon negotiations for a trusteeship and create an independent Republic of Korea in the south . On July 19 , 1947 , Lyuh Woon - hyung , the last senior politician committed to left - right dialogue , was assassinated by a right - winger . The occupation government conducted a number of military campaigns against left - wing insurgents . Over the course of the next few years , between 30,000 and 100,000 people were killed . Soviet occupation of North Korea ( edit ) Further information : Soviet Civil Administration and Provisional People 's Committee for North Korea Welcome celebration for the Red Army in Pyongyang on 14 October 1945 When Soviet troops entered Pyongyang , they found a local branch of the Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence operating under the leadership of veteran nationalist Cho Man - sik . The Soviet Army allowed these `` People 's Committees '' ( which were friendly to the Soviet Union ) to function . Colonel - General Terentii Shtykov set up the Soviet Civil Administration , taking control of the committees and placing communists in key positions . In February 1946 a provisional government called the Provisional People 's Committee was formed under Kim Il - sung , who had spent the last years of the war training with Soviet troops in Manchuria . Conflicts and power struggles ensued at the top levels of government in Pyongyang as different aspirants maneuvered to gain positions of power in the new government . In March 1946 the provisional government instituted a sweeping land - reform program : land belonging to Japanese and collaborator landowners was divided and redistributed to poor farmers . Organizing the many poor civilians and agricultural laborers under the people 's committees , a nationwide mass campaign broke the control of the old landed classes . Landlords were allowed to keep only the same amount of land as poor civilians who had once rented their land , thereby making for a far more equal distribution of land . The North Korean land reform was achieved in a less violent way than in China or in Vietnam . Official American sources stated : `` From all accounts , the former village leaders were eliminated as a political force without resort to bloodshed , but extreme care was taken to preclude their return to power . '' The farmers responded positively ; many collaborators and former landowners fled to the south , where some of them obtained positions in the new South Korean government . According to the U.S. military government , 400,000 northern Koreans went south as refugees . Key industries were nationalized . The economic situation was nearly as difficult in the north as it was in the south , as the Japanese had concentrated agriculture in the south and heavy industry in the north . Soviet forces departed in 1948 . UN intervention and the formation of separate governments ( edit ) South Korean demonstration in support of the U.S. - Soviet Joint Commission in 1946 South Korean general election on May 10 , 1948 With the failure of the Joint Commission to make progress , the US brought the problem before the United Nations in September 1947 . The Soviet Union opposed UN involvement . At that time , the US had more influence over the UN than the USSR . The UN passed a resolution on November 14 , 1947 , declaring that free elections should be held , foreign troops should be withdrawn , and a UN commission for Korea , the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea ( UNTCOK ) , should be created . The Soviet Union boycotted the voting and did not consider the resolution to be binding , arguing that the UN could not guarantee fair elections . In the absence of Soviet co-operation , it was decided to hold UN-supervised elections in the south only . This was in defiance of the report of the chairman of the Commission , K.P.S. Menon , who had argued against a separate election . Some UNTCOK delegates felt that the conditions in the south gave unfair advantage to right - wing candidates , but they were overruled . The decision to proceed with separate elections was unpopular among many Koreans , who rightly saw it as a prelude to a permanent division of the country . General strikes in protest against the decision began in February 1948 . In April , Jeju islanders rose up against the looming division of the country . South Korean troops were sent to repress the rebellion . Tens of thousands of islanders were killed and by one estimate , 70 % of the villages were burned by the South Korean troops . The uprising flared up again with the outbreak of the Korean War . In April 1948 , a conference of organizations from the north and the south met in Pyongyang . The southern politicians Kim Koo and Kim Kyu - sik attended the conference and boycotted the elections in the south , as did other politicians and parties . The conference called for a united government and the withdrawal of foreign troops . Syngman Rhee and General Hodge denounced the conference . Kim Koo was assassinated the following year . On May 10 , 1948 the south held a general election . It took place amid widespread violence and intimidation , as well as a boycott by opponents of Syngman Rhee . On August 15 , the `` Republic of Korea '' formally took over power from the U.S. military , with Syngman Rhee as the first president . In the North , the `` Democratic People 's Republic of Korea '' was declared on September 9 , with Kim Il - sung as prime minister . On December 12 , 1948 , the United Nations General Assembly accepted the report of UNTCOK and declared the Republic of Korea to be the `` only lawful government in Korea '' . However , none of the members of UNTCOK considered that the election had established a legitimate national parliament . The Australian government , which had a representative on the commission declared that it was `` far from satisfied '' with the election . Unrest continued in the South . In October 1948 , the Yeosu -- Suncheon Rebellion took place , in which some regiments rejected the suppression of the Jeju uprising and rebelled against the government . In 1949 , the Syngman Rhee government established the Bodo League in order to keep an eye on its political opponents . The majority of the Bodo League 's members were innocent farmers and civilians who were forced into membership . The registered members or their families were executed at the beginning of the Korean War . On December 24 , 1949 , South Korean Army massacred Mungyeong citizens who were suspected communist sympathizers or their family and affixed blame to communists . Korean War ( edit ) Main article : Korean War This division of Korea , after more than a millennium of being unified , was seen as controversial and temporary by both regimes . From 1948 until the start of the civil war on June 25 , 1950 , the armed forces of each side engaged in a series of bloody conflicts along the border . In 1950 , these conflicts escalated dramatically when North Korean forces invaded South Korea , triggering the Korean War . The United Nations intervened to protect the South , sending a US - led force . As it occupied the south , the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea attempted to unify Korea under its regime , initiating the nationalisation of industry , land reform , and the restoration of the People 's Committees . While UN intervention was conceived as restoring the border at the 38th parallel , Syngman Rhee argued that the attack of the North had obliterated the boundary . Similarly UN Commander in Chief , General Douglas MacArthur stated that he intended to unify Korea , not just drive the North Korean forces back behind the border . However , the North overran 90 % of the south until a counter-attack by US - led forces . As the North Korean forces were driven from the south , South Korean forces crossed the 38th parallel on 1 October , and American and other UN forces followed a week later . This was despite warnings from the People 's Republic of China that it would intervene if American troops crossed the parallel . As it occupied the North , the Republic of Korea , in turn , attempted to unify the country under its regime , with the Korean National Police enforcing political indoctrination . As US - led forces pushed into the north , China unleashed a counter-attack which drove them back into the south . In 1951 , the front line stabilized near the 38th parallel , and both sides began to consider an armistice . Rhee , however , demanded the war continue until Korea was unified under his leadership . The Communist side supported an armistice line being based on the 38th parallel , but the United Nations supported a line based on the territory held by each side , which was defensible , and this position prevailed . The Korean Armistice Agreement was signed after three years of war . The two sides agreed to create a four - kilometer - wide buffer zone between the states , known as the Korean Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) . This new border , reflecting the territory held by each side at the end of the war , crossed the 38th parallel diagonally . Rhee refused to accept the armistice and continued to urge the reunification of the country by force . Despite attempts by both sides to reunify the country , the war perpetuated the division of Korea and led to a permanent alliance between South Korea and the U.S. , and a permanent U.S. garrison in the South . Geneva Conference and NNSC ( edit ) As dictated by the terms of the Korean Armistice , a Geneva Conference was held in 1954 on the Korean question . Despite efforts by many of the nations involved , the conference ended without a declaration for a unified Korea . The Armistice established a Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission ( NNSC ) which was tasked to monitor the Armistice . Since 1953 , members of the Swiss and Swedish Armed Forces have been members of the NNSC stationed near the DMZ . Post-armistice relations ( edit ) Main articles : Korean conflict and North Korea -- South Korea relations Since the war , Korea has remained divided along the DMZ . North and South have remained in a state of conflict , with the opposing regimes both claiming to be the legitimate government of the whole country . Sporadic negotiations have failed to produce lasting progress towards reunification . See also ( edit ) Korea portal List of border incidents involving North Korea Korean conflict Korean reunification North Korea -- South Korea relations History of North Korea History of South Korea Partition of Vietnam Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Buzo , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Making of Modern Korea . London : Routledge . pp. 31 -- 37 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23749 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cumings , Bruce ( 2005 ) . Korea 's Place in the Sun : A Modern History . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 156 -- 160 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32702 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Cumings , Bruce ( 2005 ) . Korea 's Place in the Sun : A Modern History . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 159 -- 160 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32702 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Cairo Communique , December 1 , 1943 '' . Japan National Diet Library . December 1 , 1943 . Jump up ^ Savada , Andrea Matles ; Shaw , William , eds. ( 1990 ) , `` World War II and Korea '' , South Korea : A Country Study , GPO , Washington , DC : Library of Congress Jump up ^ Cumings , Bruce ( 2005 ) . Korea 's Place in the Sun : A Modern History . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 187 -- 188 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32702 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stueck , William W. ( 2002 ) , Rethinking the Korean War : A New Diplomatic and Strategic History , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , p. 20 , ISBN 0 - 691 - 11847 - 7 Jump up ^ Walker , J Samuel ( 1997 ) . Prompt and Utter Destruction : Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs Against Japan . Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press . p. 82 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2361 - 9 . Jump up ^ Oberdorfer , Don ; Carlin , Robert ( 2014 ) . The Two Koreas : A Contemporary History . Basic Books . p. 5 . ISBN 9780465031238 . Jump up ^ Seth , Michael J. ( 2010 ) . A History of Korea : From Antiquity to the Present . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 306 . ISBN 9780742567177 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Buzo , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Making of Modern Korea . London : Routledge . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23749 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Hyung Gu Lynn ( 2007 ) . Bipolar Orders : The Two Koreas since 1989 . Zed Books . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Seth , Michael J. ( 2010 ) . A Concise History of Modern Korea : From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present . Hawaìi studies on Korea . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 86 . ISBN 9780742567139 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Buzo , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Making of Modern Korea . London : Routledge . pp. 53 -- 57 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23749 - 1 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Michael E ( 2007 ) . Korea 's Twentieth - Century Odyssey . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . pp. 105 -- 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 3174 - 5 . Jump up ^ Buzo , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Making of Modern Korea . London : Routledge . p. 59 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23749 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bluth , Christoph ( 2008 ) . Korea . Cambridge : Polity Press . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 07456 - 3357 - 2 . Jump up ^ Buzo , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Making of Modern Korea . London : Routledge . pp. 59 -- 60 , 65 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23749 - 1 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Michael E ( 2007 ) . Korea 's Twentieth - Century Odyssey . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . pp. 108 -- 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 3174 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Hyung Gu Lynn ( 2007 ) . Bipolar Orders : The Two Koreas since 1989 . Zed Books . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Pembroke , Michael ( 2018 ) . Korea : Where the American Century Began . Melbourne : Hardie Grant . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74379 - 393 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hart - Landsberg , Martin ( 1998 ) . Korea : Division , Reunification , & U.S. Foreign Policy . Monthly Review Press . pp. 71 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Buzo , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Making of Modern Korea . London : Routledge . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23749 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stueck , William W. ( 2002 ) . Rethinking the Korean War : A New Diplomatic and Strategic History . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . pp. 49 , 55 -- 57 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11847 - 7 . Jump up ^ Buzo , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Making of Modern Korea . London : Routledge . p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23749 - 1 . Jump up ^ Arthur Millet , The War for Korea , 1945 -- 1950 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Jon Halliday and Bruce Cumings , Korea : The Unknown War , Viking Press , 1988 , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81903 - 4 . Jump up ^ Buzo , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Making of Modern Korea . London : Routledge . pp. 54 -- 55 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23749 - 1 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Michael E ( 2007 ) . Korea 's Twentieth - Century Odyssey . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 3174 - 5 . Jump up ^ Cumings , Bruce . The Origins of the Korean War : Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes , 1945 -- 1947 . Princeton University Press , 1981 , 607 pages , ISBN 0 - 691 - 09383 - 0 . Jump up ^ Allan R. Millet , The War for Korea : 1945 -- 1950 ( 2005 ) p. 59 . Jump up ^ Gbosoe , Gbingba T. ( 2006 ) . Modernization of Japan . iUniverse . p. 212 . ISBN 9780595411900 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 06 . Although Soviet occupation forces were withdrawn on December 10 , 1948 , ( ... ) the Soviets had maintained ties with the Democratic Peoples ' Republic of Korea ( ... ) Jump up ^ Lone , Stewart ; McCormack , Gavan ( 1993 ) . Korea since 1850 . Melbourne : Longman Cheshire . pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Buzo , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Making of Modern Korea . London : Routledge . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23749 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jager , Sheila Miyoshi ( 2013 ) . Brothers at War -- The Unending Conflict in Korea . London : Profile Books . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84668 - 067 - 0 . Jump up ^ Pembroke , Michael ( 2018 ) . Korea : Where the American Century Began . Melbourne : Hardie Grant . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74379 - 393 - 0 . Jump up ^ Cumings , Bruce ( 2005 ) . Korea 's Place in the Sun : A Modern History . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 211 -- 212 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32702 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Ghosts of Cheju '' . Newsweek. 2000 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Michael E ( 2007 ) . Korea 's Twentieth - Century Odyssey . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 3174 - 5 . Jump up ^ Cumings , Bruce ( 2005 ) . Korea 's Place in the Sun : A Modern History . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 211 , 507 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32702 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jager , Sheila Miyoshi ( 2013 ) . Brothers at War -- The Unending Conflict in Korea . London : Profile Books . pp. 47 -- 48 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84668 - 067 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Pembroke , Michael ( 2018 ) . Korea : Where the American Century Began . Melbourne : Hardie Grant . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74379 - 393 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jager , Sheila Miyoshi ( 2013 ) . Brothers at War -- The Unending Conflict in Korea . London : Profile Books . pp. 48 , 496 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84668 - 067 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Pembroke , Michael ( 2018 ) . Korea : Where the American Century Began . Melbourne : Hardie Grant . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74379 - 393 - 0 . Jump up ^ Buzo , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Making of Modern Korea . London : Routledge . p. 67 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23749 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` 439 civilians confirmed dead in Yeosu - Suncheon Uprising of 1948 New report by the Truth Commission places blame on Syngman Rhee and the Defense Ministry , advises government apology '' . The Hankyoreh. 8 January 2009 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gov 't Killed 3,400 Civilians During War '' . The Korea Times . 2 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2012 . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ 두 민간인 학살 사건 , 상반된 판결 왜 나왔나 ? ' 울산 보도 연맹 ' -- ' 문경 학살 사건 ' 판결문 비교 분석해 봤더니 ... OhmyNews ( in Korean ) . 2009 - 02 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Lone , Stewart ; McCormack , Gavan ( 1993 ) . Korea since 1850 . Melbourne : Longman Cheshire . p. 112 . Jump up ^ Stueck , William W. ( 2002 ) . Rethinking the Korean War : A New Diplomatic and Strategic History . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . pp. 87 -- 88 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11847 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stueck , William W. ( 2002 ) . Rethinking the Korean War : A New Diplomatic and Strategic History . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 89 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11847 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cumings , Bruce ( 2005 ) . Korea 's Place in the Sun : A Modern History . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 281 -- 282 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32702 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stueck , William W. ( 2002 ) . Rethinking the Korean War : A New Diplomatic and Strategic History . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 141 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11847 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stueck , William W. ( 2002 ) . Rethinking the Korean War : A New Diplomatic and Strategic History . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . pp. 139,180 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11847 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stueck , William W. ( 2002 ) . Rethinking the Korean War : A New Diplomatic and Strategic History . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . pp. 189 -- 193 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11847 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stueck , William W. ( 2002 ) . Rethinking the Korean War : A New Diplomatic and Strategic History . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . pp. 188 -- 189 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11847 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` NNSC in Korea '' ( PDF ) . Swiss Army . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Korea '' . Swedish Armed Forces . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Feffer , John ( June 9 , 2005 ) . `` Korea 's slow - motion reunification '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 13 . References ( edit ) Oberdorfer , Don . The Two Koreas : A Contemporary History . Addison - Wesley , 1997 , 472 pages , ISBN 0 - 201 - 40927 - 5 Cumings , Bruce . The Origins of the Korean War : Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes , 1945 - 1947 . Princeton University Press , 1981 , 607 pages , ISBN 0 - 691 - 09383 - 0 Hoare , James ; Daniels , Gordon ( February 2004 ) . `` The Korean Armistice North and South : The Low - Key Victory ( Hoare ) ; The British Press and the Korean Armistice : Antecedents , Opinions and Prognostications ( Daniels ) '' . The Korean Armistice of 1953 and its Consequences : Part I ( PDF ) ( Discussion Paper No . IS / 04 / 467 ed . ) . London : The Suntory Centre ( London School of Economics ) . 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-1943134908605134198 | Super Bowl curse | Super Bowl curse - wikipedia Super Bowl curse Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Super Bowl curse or Super Bowl hangover is a phrase that refers to one of three phenomena that may occur in the National Football League ( NFL ) . First , that host teams rarely qualify for the Super Bowl during the year their city will host . Second , that teams rarely win consecutive Super Bowls . Third , that a participating team will follow their Super Bowl appearance with sub-par seasons . These interpretations of the Super Bowl curse are not mutually exclusive . The term has been used since at least 1992 , when The Washington Post used the term in print . Former NFL General Manager Charley Casserly attributed the curse to such factors as `` a shorter offseason , contract problems , ( and ) more demand for your players ' time '' . Casserly also noted that `` once the season starts , you become the biggest game on everybody 's schedule , '' suggesting that pressure from fans and spectators may also have an impact on a team 's performance . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Home Field Advantage Curse 2 The Non-Repeat Curse 3 The Losers ' Curse 4 Further reading 5 References 6 External links The home field advantage curse ( edit ) The home field curse affects the host team of the Super Bowl . So far no team has yet managed to reach the Super Bowl in their home stadium . Four teams with Super Bowls in their home venue have qualified for the divisional playoffs : the 1994 Miami Dolphins , the 1998 Miami Dolphins , the 2016 Houston Texans , and the 2017 Minnesota Vikings , the Vikings being the first to qualify for their conference 's title game . From 1966 -- 2011 ( excluding the six Super Bowl games held in a stadium without a professional team ) , the Super Bowl host team has had 11 winning seasons , four split seasons , and 25 losing seasons . Mathematically , the probability of that many losing seasons or more occurring by chance ( assuming a 50 percent chance of having a losing season ( disregarding . 500 seasons ) ) is 7.69 percent . It should be noted , however , that the Super Bowl host stadium is selected several years before the game is played , without regard to the teams that qualify . Only two NFL teams have reached the Super Bowl hosted in their home region : the San Francisco 49ers , who played Super Bowl XIX in Stanford Stadium , rather than Candlestick Park , and the Los Angeles Rams , who played Super Bowl XIV in the Rose Bowl , rather than the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . Besides Stanford Stadium and the Rose Bowl , the only other Super Bowl venue that was not the home stadium to an NFL team at the time was Rice Stadium in Houston : the Houston Oilers had played there previously , but moved to the Astrodome several years prior to Super Bowl VIII . The Miami Orange Bowl was the only AFL stadium to host a Super Bowl and the only stadium to host consecutive Super Bowls , hosting Super Bowl II and III . MetLife Stadium in New Jersey , which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII , is the home stadium of two NFL teams : the New York Giants and the New York Jets . This list of examples is not exhaustive ; no team has every qualified for the Super Bowl played in their home stadium . Team Host Field Season Season Record Houston Oilers Rice Stadium , Houston , TX 1973 ( Super Bowl VIII ) 1 -- 13 Atlanta Falcons Georgia Dome , Atlanta , GA 1999 ( Super Bowl XXXIV ) 5 -- 11 Indianapolis Colts Lucas Oil Stadium , Indianapolis , IN 2011 ( Super Bowl XLVI ) 2 -- 14 New Orleans Saints Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans , LA 2012 ( Super Bowl XLVII ) 7 -- 9 New York Jets MetLife Stadium , East Rutherford , NJ 2013 ( Super Bowl XLVIII ) 8 -- 8 New York Giants MetLife Stadium , East Rutherford , NJ 2013 ( Super Bowl XLVIII ) 7 -- 9 San Francisco 49ers Levi 's Stadium , Santa Clara , CA 2015 ( Super Bowl 50 ) 5 -- 11 Minnesota Vikings US Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , MN 2017 ( Super Bowl LII ) 13 -- 3 The non-repeat curse ( edit ) Since 1993 , few winning teams have followed up their Super Bowl appearances with a second Super Bowl appearance , or even advanced to a conference title game in the subsequent season ( the 1994 Dallas Cowboys qualified for their conference title but did not qualify for the Super Bowl ) . Only seven teams have won back - to - back Super Bowl championships , and only one of these seven have made more than two consecutive winning appearances in the Super Bowl . The only franchise to reach more than three straight title games was the Buffalo Bills who lost four Super Bowls in a row from 1990 -- 93 . Since 2005 , no incumbent holder has managed to successfully defend their title . Between 2006 and 2013 , every defending Super Bowl champion would conclude the following season either losing their opening playoff game or failing to qualify for the playoffs . This list of examples includes every team that has ever had back - to - back appearances at the Super Bowl . Team First Super Bowl Appearance Score Second Super Bowl Appearance Score Third Super Bowl Appearance Score Fourth Super Bowl Appearance Score Dallas Cowboys 1970 ( Super Bowl V ) 13 -- 16 1971 ( Super Bowl VI ) 24 -- 3 - - - - Miami Dolphins 1971 ( Super Bowl VI ) 3 -- 24 1972 ( Super Bowl VII ) 14 -- 7 1973 ( Super Bowl VIII ) - - Pittsburgh Steelers 1974 ( Super Bowl IX ) 16 - 6 1975 ( Super Bowl X ) 17 -- 21 - - - - Pittsburgh Steelers 1978 ( Super Bowl XIII ) 35 -- 31 1979 ( Super Bowl XIV ) 19 -- 31 - - - - San Francisco 49ers 1989 ( Super Bowl XXIII ) 20 -- 16 1990 ( Super Bowl XXIV ) 55 -- 10 - - - - Buffalo Bills 1990 ( Super Bowl XXV ) 19 -- 20 1991 ( Super Bowl XXVI ) 24 -- 37 1992 ( Super Bowl XXVII ) 17 -- 52 1993 ( Super Bowl XXVIII ) 13 -- 30 Dallas Cowboys 1992 ( Super Bowl XXVII ) 52 -- 17 1993 ( Super Bowl XXVIII ) 30 -- 13 - - - - Green Bay Packers 1996 ( Super Bowl XXXI ) 35 -- 21 1997 ( Super Bowl XXXII ) 24 -- 31 - - - - Denver Broncos 1997 ( Super Bowl XXXII ) 31 -- 24 1998 ( Super Bowl XXXIII ) 34 -- 19 - - - - New England Patriots 2003 ( Super Bowl XXXVIII ) 32 -- 29 2004 ( Super Bowl XXXIX ) 24 -- 21 - - - - Seattle Seahawks 2013 ( Super Bowl XLVIII ) 31 -- 34 2014 ( Super Bowl XLIX ) 43 -- 8 - - - - New England Patriots 2016 ( Super Bowl LI ) 34 -- 28 2017 ( Super Bowl LII ) 33 -- 41 - - - - The losers ' curse ( edit ) Although many teams experience this phenomenon , it is certainly not the rule . There are many speculations made about potential causal factors for this trend , including the team having a shorter offseason due to their extended postseason play , difficulty settling contracts , more pressure on the players , and an increase in visibility , which could contribute to nervous playing . One piece of the Super Bowl curse asserts the team that loses the Super Bowl will go into losing seasons overall . The trend was especially evident during the early 2000s . This list of examples is not exhaustive . Team Super Bowl Season Season Record Super Bowl Score Season Record Cincinnati Bengals 1988 ( Super Bowl XXIII ) 12 -- 4 16 -- 20 1989 8 -- 8 Denver Broncos 1989 ( Super Bowl XXIV ) 11 -- 5 10 -- 55 1990 5 -- 11 Buffalo Bills 1993 ( Super Bowl XXVIII ) 12 -- 4 13 -- 30 7 -- 9 Atlanta Falcons 1998 ( Super Bowl XXXIII ) 14 -- 2 19 -- 34 1999 5 -- 11 New York Giants 2000 ( Super Bowl XXXV ) 12 -- 4 7 -- 34 2001 7 -- 9 St. Louis Rams 2001 ( Super Bowl XXXVI ) 14 -- 2 17 -- 20 2002 7 -- 9 Oakland Raiders 2002 ( Super Bowl XXXVII ) 11 -- 5 21 -- 48 2003 4 -- 12 Carolina Panthers 2003 ( Super Bowl XXXVIII ) 11 -- 5 29 -- 32 7 -- 9 Philadelphia Eagles 2004 ( Super Bowl XXXIX ) 13 -- 3 21 -- 24 2005 6 -- 10 Chicago Bears 2006 ( Super Bowl XLI ) 13 -- 3 17 -- 29 2007 7 -- 9 Carolina Panthers 2015 ( Super Bowl 50 ) 15 -- 1 10 -- 24 2016 6 -- 10 Further reading ( edit ) `` Credit Belichick for beating Super Bowl curse '' . The Sacramento Bee . October 25 , 2006 . pp. C3 . Freeman , Mike ( December 12 , 1991 ) . `` Fans cry : Off with Giants ' Head ( Coach ) ! '' . The Washington Post . Green Jr. , Ron ( November 5 , 2004 ) . `` Lost - the - Super-Bowl blues afflict Panthers , Raiders '' . The Charlotte Observer . pp. 2C . `` Less and more than rumored Miami and the Super Bowl curse '' . Sarasota Herald Tribune . January 30 , 1999 . Penner , Mike ( August 27 , 2006 ) . `` Curses are reality to fantasy leaguers '' . Los Angeles Times . pp. D. 2 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( September 21 , 1992 ) . `` A Curse but not yet a sin '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gruber , Jack ( February 6 , 2007 ) . `` Champions , for now -- Super Bowl curse could vex Colts , Bears '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gruber , Jack ( February 6 , 2007 ) . `` Champions , for now -- Super Bowl curse could vex Colts , Bears '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Matt ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` Seattle out to break Super Bowl curse '' . East Valley Tribune . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Maske , Mark ( June 15 , 2006 ) . `` Seahawks hope to buck Super Bowl curse '' . Washington Post . 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-209133005015481762 | Battle of Long Island | Battle of Long Island - wikipedia Battle of Long Island Jump to : navigation , search `` Battle of Brooklyn '' redirects here . For the college basketball rivalry , see Battle of Brooklyn ( college rivalry ) . Battle of Long Island Part of the American Revolutionary War The Delaware Regiment at the Battle of Long Island Date August 27 , 1776 Location Kings County , Long Island , New York 40 ° 39 ′ 58 '' N 73 ° 57 ′ 58 '' W / 40.666 ° N 73.966 ° W / 40.666 ; - 73.966 Coordinates : 40 ° 39 ′ 58 '' N 73 ° 57 ′ 58 '' W / 40.666 ° N 73.966 ° W / 40.666 ; - 73.966 Result British victory Belligerents United States Great Britain Hesse - Kassel Commanders and leaders George Washington Israel Putnam William Alexander Thomas Mifflin Henry Knox John Sullivan ( POW ) William Howe Charles Cornwallis Henry Clinton William Erskine James Grant Charles Mawhood Strength 10,000 20,000 Casualties and losses Total : 2,000 300 killed 800 wounded 1,079 captured Total : 388 64 killed 293 wounded 31 missing Revolutionary War campaigns in New York and New Jersey 1776 -- 1777 Long Island The Turtle Staten Island Peace Conference Kip 's Bay Harlem Heights Pell 's Point White Plains Fort Washington Fort Lee Geary Ambush Iron Works Hill Delaware crossing Trenton Assunpink Creek Princeton Forage War Millstone The Battle of Long Island is also known as the Battle of Brooklyn and the Battle of Brooklyn Heights . It was fought on August 27 , 1776 and was the first major battle of the American Revolutionary War to take place after the United States declared its independence on July 4 , 1776 . It was a victory for the British Army and the beginning of a successful campaign that gave them control of the strategically important city of New York . In terms of troop deployment and fighting , it was the largest battle of the entire war . After defeating the British in the Siege of Boston on March 17 , 1776 , commander - in - chief General George Washington brought the Continental Army to defend the port city of New York , then limited to the southern end of Manhattan Island . Washington understood that the city 's harbor would provide an excellent base for the British navy during the campaign , so he established defenses there and waited for the British to attack . In July , the British under the command of General William Howe landed a few miles across the harbor from Manhattan on the sparsely - populated Staten Island , where they were slowly reinforced by ships in Lower New York Bay during the next month and a half , bringing their total force to 32,000 troops . Washington knew the difficulty in holding the city with the British fleet in control of the entrance to the harbor at the Narrows , and he moved the bulk of his forces to Manhattan , believing that it would be the first target . On August 22 , the British landed on the shores of Gravesend Bay in southwest Kings County , across the Narrows from Staten Island and more than a dozen miles south from the established East River crossings to Manhattan . After five days of waiting , the British attacked American defenses on the Guan Heights . Unknown to the Americans , however , Howe had brought his main army around their rear and attacked their flank soon after . The Americans panicked , resulting in twenty percent losses through casualties and captures , although a stand by 400 Maryland troops prevented a larger portion of the army from being lost . The remainder of the army retreated to the main defenses on Brooklyn Heights . The British dug in for a siege but , on the night of August 29 -- 30 , Washington evacuated the entire army to Manhattan without the loss of supplies or a single life . Washington and the Continental Army were driven out of New York entirely after several more defeats and forced to retreat through New Jersey and into Pennsylvania . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Boston to New York 1.2 Strategy 1.3 Opposing forces 1.4 British arrival 1.5 Invasion of Long Island 2 Battle 2.1 Night march 2.2 Grant 's diversionary attack 2.3 Battle Pass 2.4 Vechte - Cortelyou House 2.4. 1 Maryland 400 2.5 Disengagement 3 Aftermath 3.1 Retreat to Manhattan 3.2 Conclusion of the campaign 3.3 Casualties 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Boston to New York ( edit ) In the first stage of the war , the British Army was trapped in the peninsular city of Boston and they abandoned it on March 17 , sailing to Halifax , Nova Scotia to await reinforcements . Washington then began to transfer regiments to New York City which he believed the British would next attack because of its strategic importance . Washington left Boston on April 4 , arrived at New York on April 13 , and established headquarters at the former home of Archibald Kennedy on Broadway facing Bowling Green . Washington had sent his second in command Charles Lee ahead to New York the previous February to establish the city 's defenses . Lee remained in New York City until March , when the Continental Congress sent him to South Carolina ; the defenses ' construction was left to General William Alexander ( Lord Stirling ) . Troops were in limited supply , so Washington found the defenses incomplete , but Lee had concluded that it would be impossible to hold the city with the British commanding the sea . He reasoned that the defenses should be located with the ability to inflict heavy casualties upon the British if any move was made to take and hold ground . Barricades and redoubts were established in and around the city , and the bastion of Fort Stirling across the East River in Brooklyn Heights , facing the city . Lee also saw that the immediate area was cleared of Loyalists . Strategy ( edit ) American strategy called for the first line of defense to be based on the Heights of Guan , a series of hills which stretched northeast across King 's County . The main defensive works were a series of forts and entrenchments located in the northwest of the county , in and around Brookland . The `` Road to Narrows '' is the Gowanus Road . No. 5 is the `` Old Stone House '' . Map by Bernard Ratzer based on his 1766 - 1767 survey . Washington began moving troops to Brooklyn in early May , and there were several thousand of them there in a short time . Three more forts were under construction on the eastern side of the East River to support Fort Stirling , which stood to the west of the hamlet of Brooklyn Heights . These new fortifications were Fort Putnam ( named for Rufus Putnam and not to be confused with the later Fort Putnam at West Point ) , Fort Greene ( named for Nathanael Greene ) , and Fort Box ( named for Major Daniel Box ) . They lay from north to south , with Fort Putnam farthest to the north , Greene slightly to the southwest , and Box slightly farther southwest . Each of these defensive structures was surrounded by a large ditch , all connected by a line of entrenchments and a total of 36 cannons ( mostly 18 - pounders ) . Fort Defiance was also being constructed at this time , located farther southwest , past Fort Box , near present - day Red Hook . In addition to these new forts , a mounted battery was established on Governors Island , cannons were placed at Fort George facing Bowling Green , and more cannons placed at the Whitehall Dock , which sat on the East River . Hulks were sunk at strategic locations to deter the British from entering the East River and other waterways . Washington had been authorized by Congress to recruit an army of up to 28,501 troops , but he had only 19,000 when he reached New York . Military discipline was inadequate ; routine orders were not carried out , muskets were fired in camp , flints were ruined , bayonets were used as knives to cut food , and firearm readiness was lax . Petty internal conflict was common under the strain of a large number of people from different environments and temperaments in relative closeness . Commander of the artillery Henry Knox persuaded Washington to transfer 400 to 500 soldiers , who lacked muskets or guns , to crew the artillery . In early June , Knox and Greene inspected the land at the north end of Manhattan and decided to establish Fort Washington . Fort Constitution , later renamed Fort Lee , was planned opposite Fort Washington on the Hudson River . The forts were hoped to discourage the British ships from sailing up the Hudson River . Opposing forces ( edit ) Opposing commanders Gen . William Howe Gen . George Washington Further information : Order of battle of the Battle of Long Island British arrival ( edit ) The British fleet in the lower bay ( Harpers Magazine , 1876 ) depicts the British fleet amassing off the shores of Staten Island in the summer of 1776 On June 28 , Washington learned that the British fleet had set sail from Halifax on June 9 and were heading toward New York . On June 29 , signals were sent from men stationed on Staten Island , indicating that the British fleet had appeared . Within a few hours , 45 British ships dropped anchor in Lower New York Bay . Less than a week later , there were 130 ships off Staten Island under the command of Richard Howe , the brother of the general . The population of New York went into panic at the sight of the British ships ; alarms went off and troops immediately rushed to their posts . On July 2 , British troops began to land on Staten Island . The continental regulars on the island took a few shots at them before fleeing , and the citizens ' militia switched over to the British side . On July 6 , news reached New York that Congress had voted for independence four days earlier . On Tuesday , July 9 , at 18 : 00 , Washington had several brigades march onto the commons of the city to hear the Declaration of Independence read . After the end of the reading , a mob ran down to Bowling Green with ropes and bars , where they tore down the gilded lead equestrian statue of George III of Great Britain . In their fury , the crowd cut off the statue 's head , severed the nose , and mounted what remained of the head on a spike outside a tavern , and the rest of the statue was dragged to Connecticut and melted down into musket balls . On July 12 , the British ships Phoenix and Rose sailed up the harbor toward the mouth of the Hudson . The American batteries opened fire at Fort George , Red Hook , and Governors Island , and the British returned fire into the city . The ships sailed along the New Jersey shore and continued up the Hudson , sailing past Fort Washington and arriving by nightfall at Tarrytown , the widest part of the Hudson . The goals of the British ships were to cut off American supplies and to encourage Loyalist support . The only casualties of the day were six Americans who were killed when their own cannon blew up . British troops in the type of flat - bottomed boat used for the invasion of Long Island . Hessians in their blue uniforms are in the two boats that are only partly visible . The next day , July 13 , Howe attempted to open negotiations with the Americans . He sent a letter to Washington delivered by Lieutenant Philip Brown , who arrived under a flag of truce . The letter was addressed `` George Washington , Esq . '' Brown was met by Joseph Reed , who had hurried to the waterfront on Washington 's orders , accompanied by Henry Knox and Samuel Webb . Washington asked his officers whether it should be received or not , as it did not recognize his rank as general , and they unanimously said no . Reed told Brown that there was no one in the army with that address . On July 16 , Howe tried again , this time with the address `` George Washington , Esq. , etc. , etc . '' , but it was again declined . The next day , Howe sent Captain Nisbet Balfour to ask if Washington would meet with Howe 's adjutant face to face , and a meeting was scheduled for July 20 . Howe 's adjutant was Colonel James Patterson . Patterson told Washington that Howe had come with powers to grant pardons , but Washington said , `` Those who have committed no fault want no pardon . '' Patterson departed soon after . Washington 's performance during the meeting was praised in parts of the colonies . Meanwhile , British ships continued to arrive . On August 1 , 45 ships arrived with generals Henry Clinton and Charles Cornwallis , along with 3,000 troops . By August 12 , 3,000 more British troops and another 8,000 Hessians had arrived . At this point , the British fleet numbered over 400 ships , including 73 war ships , and 32,000 troops were camped on Staten Island . Faced with this large force , Washington was unsure as to where the British would attack . Both Greene and Reed thought that the British would attack Long Island , but Washington felt that a British attack on Long Island might be a diversion for the main attack on Manhattan . He broke his army in half , stationing half of it on Manhattan , and the other half on Long Island ; the army on Long Island was commanded by Greene . On August 20 , Greene became ill and was forced to move to a house in Manhattan where he rested to recover . John Sullivan was placed in command until Greene was well enough to resume command . Denyse 's Ferry , the first place at which the Hessians and British landed on Long Island August 22 , 1776 by A. Brown . This high point overlooking the Narrows was an American artillery position and was bombarded by the British before the invasion , but the actual landing took place farther east at Gravesend Bay ( around to the left from the perspective of this illustration ) where the conditions were more favorable for the small British boats carrying the troops . Invasion of Long Island ( edit ) At 05 : 10 on August 22 , an advance guard of 4,000 British troops left Staten Island under the command of Clinton and Cornwallis to land on Long Island . At 08 : 00 , all 4,000 troops landed unopposed on the shore of Gravesend Bay . Colonel Edward Hand 's Pennsylvanian riflemen had been stationed on the shore , but they did not oppose the landings and fell back , killing cattle and burning farmhouses on the way . By noon , 15,000 troops had landed on shore along with 40 pieces of artillery , as hundreds of Loyalists came to greet the British troops . Cornwallis pushed on with the advance guard , advancing six miles onto the island and establishing a camp at the village of Flatbush . He was given orders to advance no further . Washington received word of the landings the same day , but was informed that the number was 8,000 to 9,000 troops . This convinced him that it was the feint which he had predicted and therefore he only sent 1,500 more troops to Brooklyn , bringing the total number of troops on Long Island to 6,000 . On August 24 , Washington replaced Sullivan with Israel Putnam who commanded the troops on Long Island . Putnam arrived on Long Island the next day along with six battalions . Also that day , the British troops on Long Island received 5,000 Hessian reinforcements , bringing their total to 20,000 . There was little fighting on the days immediately after the landing , although some small skirmishes did take place with American marksmen armed with rifles picking off British troops from time to time . British military map from 1776 showing the marching routes and battle sites during the Battle of Long Island The American plan was that Putnam would direct the defenses from Brooklyn Heights , while Sullivan and Stirling and their troops would be stationed on the Guan Heights . The Guan ( hills ) were up to 150 feet high and blocked the most direct route to Brooklyn Heights . Washington believed that , by stationing men on the heights , heavy casualties could be inflicted on the British before the troops fell back to the main defenses at Brooklyn Heights . There were three main passes through the heights ; the Gowanus Road farthest to the west , the Flatbush Road slightly farther to the east , in the center of the American line where it was expected that the British would attack , and the Bedford Road farthest to the east . Stirling was responsible for defending the Gowanus Road with 500 men , and Sullivan was to defend the Flatbush and Bedford roads where there were 1,000 and 800 men respectively . Six - thousand troops were to remain behind at Brooklyn Heights . There was one lesser - known pass through the heights farther to the east called the Jamaica Pass , which was defended by just five militia officers on horses . On the British side , General Clinton learned of the almost undefended Jamaica Pass from local Loyalists . He drew up a plan and gave it to William Erskine to propose to Howe . Clinton 's plan had the main army making a night march and going through the Jamaica Pass to turn the American flank , while other troops would keep the Americans busy in front . On August 26 , Clinton received word from Howe that the plan would be used , and that Clinton was to command the advance guard of the main army of 10,000 men on the march through the Jamaica Pass . While they made the night march , General James Grant 's British troops along with some Hessians , a total of 4,000 men , were to attack the Americans in front to distract them from the main army coming on their flank . Howe told Clinton to be ready to move out that night , August 26 . Battle ( edit ) Night March ( edit ) At 21 : 00 , the British moved out . No one except the commanders knew of the plan . Clinton led a crack brigade of light infantry with fixed bayonets in front , followed by Cornwallis who had eight battalions and 14 artillery pieces . Cornwallis was followed by Howe and Hugh Percy with six battalions , more artillery , and baggage . The column consisted of 10,000 men who stretched out over two miles . Three Loyalist farmers led the column toward the Jamaica Pass . The British had left their campfires burning to deceive the Americans into thinking that nothing was happening . The column headed northeast until it reached what later became the village of New Lots , when it headed directly north toward the heights . The column had yet to run into any American troops when they reached Howard 's Tavern ( also known as Howard 's Half - Way House ) , just a few hundred yards from the Jamaica Pass . Tavern keeper William Howard and his son William Jr. were forced to act as guides to show the British the way to the Rockaway Foot Path , an old Indian trail that skirted the Jamaica Pass to the west ( located today in the Cemetery of the Evergreens ) . Five minutes after leaving the tavern , the five American militia officers stationed at the pass were captured without a shot fired , as they thought that the British were Americans . Clinton interrogated the men and they informed him that they were the only troops guarding the pass . By dawn , the British were through the pass and stopped so that the troops could rest . At 09 : 00 , they fired two heavy cannons to signal the Hessian troops below Battle Pass to begin their frontal assault against Sullivan 's men deployed on the two hills flanking the pass , while Clinton 's troops simultaneously flanked the American positions from the east . Sir William Howe Howard 's Tavern as it appeared in 1776 ; it was demolished in 1880 . The tavern was located near the present - day intersection of Fulton Street and Jamaica Avenue . William Howard Jr. describes meeting Howe : It was about two in the morning of August 27 that I was awakened by seeing a soldier at the side of my bed . I got up and dressed and went down to the barroom , where I saw my father standing in one corner with three British soldiers before him with muskets and bayonets fixed . The army was then lying in the field in front of the house ... General Howe and another officer were in the barroom . General Howe wore a camlet cloak over his regimentals . After asking for a glass of liquor from the bar , which was given him , he entered into familiar conversation with my father , and among other things said , `` I must have some one of you to show me over the Rockaway Path around the pass . '' My father replied , `` We belong to the other side , General , and ca n't serve you against our duty . '' General Howe replied , `` That is alright ; stick to your country , or stick to your principles , but Howard , you are my prisoner and must guide my men over the hill . '' My father made some further objection , but was silenced by the general , who said , `` You have no alternative . If you refuse I shall shoot you through the head . A view from Battle Hill - the highest point in King 's County - looking west toward Upper New York Harbor and New Jersey beyond ... Here on Lord Stirling 's left flank about 300 Americans under Colonel Atlee and General Parsons repulsed successive attacks by the British after taking the hill , and inflicted the highest casualties against the British during the Battle of Long Island . Grant 's diversionary attack ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) At about 23 : 00 on August 26 , the first shots were fired in the Battle of Long Island , near the Red Lion Inn ( near present - day 39th Street and 4th Avenue ) . American pickets from Samuel John Atlee 's Pennsylvania regiment fired upon two British soldiers who were foraging in a watermelon patch near the inn . Around 01 : 00 on August 27 , the British approached the vicinity of the Red Lion with 200 -- 300 troops . The American troops fired upon the British ; after approximately two fusillades , they fled up the Gowanus Road toward the Vechte - Cortelyou House . Major Edward Burd had been in command , but he was captured along with a lieutenant and 15 privates . This first engagement was fought in the vicinity of 38th and 39th streets between 2nd and 3rd avenues near a swamp located adjacent to the Gowanus Road . Brigadier General Samuel Holden Parsons and Colonel Atlee were stationed farther north on the Gowanus Road . Parsons was a lawyer from Connecticut who had recently secured a commission in the Continental Army ; Atlee was a veteran of the French and Indian War in command of the First Regiment of Pennsylvania Musketry . Putnam had been awakened by a guard at 03 : 00 and told that the British were attacking through the Gowanus Pass . He lit signals to Washington , who was on Manhattan , and then rode south to warn Stirling of the attack . Stirling led two units of Colonel John Haslet 's 1st Delaware Regiment under the immediate command of Major Thomas Macdonough , and Colonel William Smallwood 's 1st Maryland Infantry under the immediate command of Major Mordecai Gist ; both Haslet and Smallwood were on courts - martial duty in Manhattan . Following close behind was Parson 's Connecticut regiment with 251 men . Stirling led this combined force to reinforce Parsons and Atlee and stop the British advance . Stirling had a total of 1,600 troops at his command . Stirling placed Atlee 's men in an apple orchard owned by Wynant Bennett on the south side of the Gowanus Road near present - day 3rd Avenue and 18th Street . Upon the approach of the British , the Americans : took possession of a hill about two miles from camp , and detached Colonel Atlee to meet them further on the road ; in about sixty rods he drew up and received the enemy 's fire and gave them a well - directed fire from his regiment , which did great execution , and then retreated to the hill . - General Parsons Stirling took up positions with the Delaware and Maryland regiments just to the north of Atlee 's men on the slopes of a rise of land between 18th and 20th streets . Some of the Maryland troops were positioned on a small hill near 23rd Street , which the local Dutch called `` Blokje Berg '' ( Dutch for cube or block hill ) . At the base of this hill , the Gowanus Road crossed a small bridge over a ditch which drained a marshy area . When the British advanced up the Gowanus Road , the American troops fired upon them from positions on the north side of the ditch . To the left was Colonel Peter Kachline 's Pennsylvania regiment . Just to the southeast of Blokje Berg were a few hills ; amongst them was a hill which is the highest point in King 's County at 220 feet which came to be known as `` Battle Hill , '' in what is today Greenwood Cemetery by the cemetery 's boundary of 23rd Street and 7th Avenue . The British attempted to outflank the American positions by taking this hill . The Americans tried to prevent the British move , sending troops under Parsons and Atlee to take the hill . The British got there first but the Americans were able to dislodge them in fierce fighting . Battle Hill was the site of especially brutal fighting , with the Americans inflicting the highest number of casualties against the British troops during the entire Battle of Long Island . Among those killed was British Colonel James Grant , which led the Americans to believe that they had killed General James Grant . He was alleged to have been shot by a Pennsylvanian rifleman who had been sniping at the British from up in a tree . Among the American dead was Pennsylvania Colonel Caleb Parry , who was killed while rallying his troops . The Americans were still unaware that this was not the main British attack , in part due to the ferocity of the fighting and the number of British troops engaged . Battle Pass ( edit ) Battle Pass - also known as `` Flatbush Pass '' - is located in modern - day Prospect Park . Here General Sullivan and his troops were outflanked by the British who attacked from the rear while the Hessians attacked up Battle Pass . ( Lithograph c. 1866 The Hessians , in the center under the command of General von Heister , began to bombard the American lines stationed at Battle Pass under the command of General John Sullivan . The Hessian brigades did not attack , as they were waiting for the pre-arranged signal from the British , who were in the process of outflanking the American lines at that time . The Americans were still under the assumption that Grant 's attack up the Gowanus Road was the main thrust , and Sullivan sent four - hundred of his men to reinforce Stirling . Howe fired his signal guns at 09 : 00 and the Hessians began to attack up Battle Pass , while the main army came at Sullivan from the rear . Sullivan left his advance guard to hold off the Hessians while he turned the rest of his force around to fight the British . Heavy casualties mounted between the Americans and the British , and men on both sides fled out of fear . Sullivan attempted to calm his men and tried to lead a retreat . By this point , the Hessians had overrun the advance guard on the heights and the American left had completely collapsed . Hand - to - hand fighting followed , with the Americans swinging their muskets and rifles like clubs to save their own lives . Many of the Americans who surrendered were bayoneted by the Hessians . Sullivan , despite the chaos , managed to evacuate most of his men to Brooklyn Heights though he himself was captured . Vechte - Cortelyou House ( edit ) The front of the original Vechte - Cortelyou House , where the Maryland troops commanded by Lord Stirling and Mordecai Gist made two attacks against over two thousand British troops in a rear - guard action that allowed a majority of Stirling 's 1,600 - strong command to escape . Gunpowder smoke from cannons and muskets mark where Stirling and the Maryland troops attack the British , while the rest of the American troops in the foreground escape across Brouwer 's mill pond . The building pictured is the mill . ( Battle of Long Island , 1858 Alonzo Chappel ) At 09 : 00 , Washington arrived from Manhattan . He realized that he had been wrong about a feint on Long Island and he ordered more troops to Brooklyn from Manhattan . His location on the battlefield is not known because accounts differ , but most likely he was at Brooklyn Heights where he could view the battle . Stirling still held the line against Grant on the American right , to the west . He held on for four hours , still unaware of the British flanking maneuver , and some of his own troops thought that they were winning the day because the British had been unable to take their position . However , Grant was reinforced by 2,000 marines , and he hit Stirling 's center by 11 : 00 , and Stirling was attacked on his left by the Hessians . Stirling pulled back , but British troops were coming at him from the rear , south down the Gowanus Road . The only escape route left was across a Brouwer 's millpond on the Gowanus Creek which was 80 yards wide , on the other side of Brooklyn Heights . Maryland 400 ( edit ) Stirling ordered all of his troops to cross the creek , except a contingent of Maryland troops under the command of Gist . This group became known to history as the `` Maryland 400 '' , although they numbered about 260 -- 270 men . Stirling and Gist led the troops in a rear - guard action against the overwhelming numbers of British troops , which surpassed 2,000 supported by two cannons . Stirling and Gist led the Marylanders in two attacks against the British , who were in fixed positions in and in front of the Vechte - Cortelyou House ( known today as the Old Stone House ) . After the last assault , the remaining troops retreated across the Gowanus Creek . Some of the men who tried to cross the marsh were bogged down in the mud and under musket fire , and others who could not swim were captured . Stirling was surrounded and , unwilling to surrender , broke through the British lines to von Heister 's Hessians and surrendered to them . Two hundred fifty six Maryland troops were killed in the assaults in front of the Old Stone House , and fewer than a dozen made it back to the American lines . Washington watched from a redoubt on nearby Cobble Hill ( intersection of today 's Court Street and Atlantic Avenue ) and reportedly said , `` Good God , what brave fellows I must this day lose . '' Disengagement ( edit ) The American troops who were not killed or captured escaped behind the fortified American positions centered on Brooklyn Heights . Howe then ordered all of his troops to halt the attack , in a move considered controversial to this day , despite the protests of many officers in his command who believed that they should push on to Brooklyn Heights . Howe had decided against a direct frontal assault against the entrenched American positions , choosing instead to begin a siege and setting up lines of circumvallation around the American positions . He believed the Americans to be essentially trapped , with his troops blocking escape by land and the Royal Navy in control of the East River , which they would have to cross to reach Manhattan Island . Howe 's failure to press the attack and the reasons for it have been disputed . He may have wished to avoid the casualties that his army suffered when attacking the continentals under similar circumstances at the Battle of Bunker Hill . He may also have been giving Washington an opportunity to conclude that his position was hopeless and surrender , in the European gentleman - officer tradition . Howe told Parliament in 1779 that his essential duty was to avoid excessive British casualties for insufficient purpose , and capturing Brooklyn Heights would likely not have meant capturing the entire American army . `` The loss of 1,000 , or perhaps 1,500 British troops , in carrying those lines , would have been but ill repaid by double that number of the enemy , could it have been supposed they would have suffered in that proportion . '' Aftermath ( edit ) U.S. Army - Artillery Retreat from Long Island 1776 ( 1899 ) Retreat to Manhattan ( edit ) The Foot of Wall Street And Ferry House - 1746 . The Manhattan side of the East River crossing , known then as the Brooklyn Ferry , as it looked in the mid-1700s . Washington and the army were surrounded on Brooklyn Heights with the East River to their backs . As the day went on , the British began to dig trenches , slowly coming closer to the American defenses . By doing this , the British would not have to cross over open ground to assault the American defenses as they did in Boston the year before . Despite this perilous situation , Washington ordered 1,200 more men from Manhattan to Brooklyn on August 28 . The men that came over were two Pennsylvania regiments and Colonel John Glover 's regiment from Marblehead , Massachusetts . In command of the Pennsylvanian troops was Thomas Mifflin who , after arriving , volunteered to inspect the outer defenses and report back to Washington . In these outer defenses , small skirmishes were still taking place . On the afternoon of August 28 , it began to rain and Washington had his cannons bombard the British well into the night . As the rain continued , George Washington sent a letter instructing General William Heath , who was at Kings Bridge between Manhattan and what is now the Bronx , to send every flat - bottomed boat and sloop without delay , in case battalions of infantry from New Jersey came to reinforce their position . At 16 : 00 , on August 29 , Washington held a meeting with his generals . Mifflin advised Washington to retreat to Manhattan while Mifflin and his Pennsylvania regiments made up the rear guard , holding the line until the rest of the army had withdrawn . The generals agreed unanimously with Mifflin that retreat was the best option and Washington had orders go out by the evening . The troops were told that they were to gather up all their ammunition and baggage and prepare for a night attack . By 21 : 00 , the sick and wounded began to move to the Brooklyn Ferry in preparation for evacuation . At 23 : 00 , Glover and his Massachusetts men , who were sailors and fishermen , began to evacuate the troops . Washington evacuating Army 175th Anniversary Issue of 1951 . Accurate depiction of Fulton Ferry House at right . Flat - bottomed ferry boats in the East River are depicted in the background . As more troops were evacuated , more were ordered to withdraw from the lines and march to the ferry landing . Wagon wheels were muffled , and men were forbidden to talk . Mifflin 's rear guard was tending campfires to deceive the British and convince them that nothing was going on . At 04 : 00 , on August 30 , Mifflin was informed that it was his unit 's turn to evacuate . Mifflin told the man who had been sent to order him to leave , Major Alexander Scammell , that he must be mistaken , but Scammell insisted that he was not and Mifflin ordered his troops to move out . When Mifflin 's troops were within a half mile of the ferry landing , Washington rode up and demanded to know why they were not at their defenses . Edward Hand , who was leading the troops , tried to explain what had happened , but Mifflin arrived shortly . Washington exclaimed `` Good God . General Mifflin , I am afraid you have ruined us . '' Mifflin explained that he had been told that it was his turn to evacuate by Scammell ; Washington told him it had been a mistake . Mifflin then led his troops back to the outer defenses . Artillery , supplies , and troops were all being evacuated across the river at this time but it was not going as fast as Washington had anticipated and daybreak soon came . A fog settled in and concealed the evacuation from the British . British patrols noticed that there did not seem to be any American pickets and thus began to search the area . While they were doing this , Washington , the last man left , stepped onto the last boat . At 07 : 00 , the last American troops landed in Manhattan . All 9,000 troops had been evacuated with no loss of life . Conclusion of the campaign ( edit ) The British fleet in New York Harbor just after the battle The British were stunned to find that Washington and the army had escaped . Later in the day , August 30 , the British troops occupied the American fortifications . When news of the battle reached London , it caused many festivities to take place . Bells were rung across the city , candles were lit in windows and King George III gave Howe the Order of the Bath . Washington 's defeat revealed his deficiencies as a strategist who split his forces , his inexperienced generals who misunderstood the situation , and his raw troops that fled in disorder at the first shots . However , his daring nighttime retreat has been seen by some historians as one of his greatest military feats . Other historians concentrate on the failure of British naval forces to prevent the withdrawal . Howe remained inactive for the next half month , not attacking until September 15 when he landed a force at Kip 's Bay . The British quickly occupied the city . On September 21 , a fire of uncertain origin destroyed a quarter of New York City . In the immediate aftermath of the fire Nathan Hale was executed for spying . Although American troops delivered an unexpected check to the British at Harlem Heights in mid-September , Howe defeated Washington in battle again at White Plains and then again at Fort Washington . Because of these defeats , Washington and the army retreated across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania . Casualties ( edit ) The Middle Dutch Church is where some of the enlisted men captured at the Battle of Long Island were imprisoned . The Sugar House also became a prison as the British captured more of Washington 's soldiers during the retreat from New York . The site today is the location of the Chase Manhattan Bank . At the time , it was by far the largest battle ever fought in North America . If the Royal Navy is included , over 40,000 men took part in the battle . Howe reported his losses as 59 killed , 268 wounded and 31 missing . The Hessian casualties were 5 killed and 26 wounded . The Americans suffered much heavier losses . About 300 had been killed and over 1,000 captured . As few as half of the prisoners survived . Kept on prison ships , then transferred to locations such as the Middle Dutch Church , they were starved and denied medical attention . In their weakened condition , many succumbed to smallpox . Historians believe that as many as 256 soldiers of the First Maryland Regiment under Colonel William Smallwood fell in the battle , about two - thirds of the regiment . It is known that they were buried in a mass - grave , but the grave 's exact location has been a mystery for 240 years . In 2012 Brooklyn historian and president of the Brooklyn Preservation Council , Robert Furman , stated that he had a strong suspicion of the location of the gravesite , believing it to be in an empty lot in the Gowanus section of Brooklyn . In 2017 , in advance of the construction of a school on the Gowanus empty lot where Furman believes the mass grave is located , Furman and American Legion Michael A. Rawley Post 1636 urged archeologist to dig up the lot in search of the mass grave . Legacy ( edit ) Dongan Oak memorial in Prospect Park The most significant legacy of the Battle of Long Island was that it showed there would be no easy victory , and that the war would be long and bloody . Commemorations of the battle include : The Altar to Liberty : Minerva monument : The battle is commemorated with a monument , which includes a bronze statue of Minerva near the top of Battle Hill , the highest point of Brooklyn , in Green - Wood Cemetery . The statue was sculpted by Frederick Ruckstull and unveiled in 1920 . The statue stands in the northwest corner of the cemetery and gazes directly at the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor . In 2006 , the Minerva statue was invoked in a successful defense to prevent a building from blocking the line of sight from the cemetery to the Statue of Liberty in the harbor . The annual Battle of Long Island commemoration begins inside the main Gothic arch entrance to Green - Wood Cemetery and marches up Battle Hill to ceremonies at the monument . The Prison Ship Martyrs ' Monument : A freestanding Doric column in Fort Greene memorializing all those who died while kept prisoner on the British ships just off the shore of Brooklyn , in Wallabout Bay . Soldiers ' Monument - Milford , Connecticut . Memorializes the 200 seriously ill prisoners of the Battle of Long Island who were dumped on the beach at Milford the night of January 3 , 1777 . The Old Stone House : A re-constructed farmhouse ( c. 1699 ) that was at the center of the Marylanders ' delaying actions serves as a museum of the battle . It is located in J.J. Byrne Park , at Third Street and Fifth Avenue , Brooklyn , and features models and maps . Prospect Park , Brooklyn , Battle Pass : along the eastern side of Center Drive in Prospect Park , Brooklyn , is a large granite boulder with a brass plaque affixed , and another marker lies near the road for the Dongan Oak , a very large and old tree felled to block the pass from the British advance . In addition , in the park resides the Line of Defense marker erected by the Sons of the American Revolution and , near the eastern edge of Long Meadow , the Maryland Monument& Maryland Memorial corinthian column . There are only thirty currently existing units in the U.S. Army with lineages that go back to the colonial and revolutionary eras . Five Army National Guard units ( 101st Eng Bn , 125th MP Co , 175th Inf , 181st Inf and 198th Sig Bn ) and one Regular Army Field Artillery battalion ( 1 - 5th FA ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Long Island . See also ( edit ) Book : New York and New Jersey campaign American Revolutionary War portal List of American Revolutionary War battles Dr. John Hart , Regimental Surgeon of Col Prescott 's Regiment who was stationed at Governor 's Island Long Island order of battle New York and New Jersey campaign References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The 256 dead troops of the Maryland 400 were buried by the British in a mass grave on a hillock on farmer Adrian Van Brunt 's land on the outskirts of the marsh . It was from this battle that Maryland gained its nickname the `` Old Line State '' . This mass grave is believed to be around the southwest corner of what is today Third Avenue , between Seventh and Eighth streets . Citations Jump up ^ David Syrett ( June 15 , 2005 ) . Admiral Lord Howe . Naval Institute Press . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 006 - 1 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 140 - Figure indicates how many troops were on Long Island total . Only 3,000 troops were on the Guana Heights , where the British attacked . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 139 ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 180 ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 179 Jump up ^ according to Lord Howe report 31 ( 1 officer and 30 Grenadiers of the Marines ) were captured Diary of the Revolution . p. 304 Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel 2005 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Field 1869 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Putnam '' . Jump up ^ `` Fort Greene '' . Jump up ^ `` Box Fort - The New York State Military Museum '' . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Field 1869 , p. 144 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 133 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 134 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel 2005 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 139 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Johnston 1878 , p. 97 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 148 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 156 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Johnston 1878 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Johnston 1878 , p. 152 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 162 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel 2005 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ `` The Campaign of 1776 Around New York and Brooklyn '' . Long island historical society . January 1 , 1878 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Stiles , Henry ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` A History of the City of Brooklyn '' . Applewood Books -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ John J. Gallagher : Battle Of Brooklyn 1776 p. 33 Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 172 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough , p. 173 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel 2005 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Henry P. Johnston : Campaign of 1776 Around New York and Brooklyn ( 1878 ) Long Island Historical Society - Reprint Di Capo Press ( 1971 ) LCCN 74 -- 15782 ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 178 ^ Jump up to : Fischer 2006 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ `` The narrative of Lieutenant General William Howe '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . p 5 . Jump up ^ `` Foot Of Wall Street And Ferry - House , 1746 '' . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel 2005 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 184 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 189 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 190 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Charles Francis Adams , `` The Battle of Long Island , '' American Historical Review Vol. 1 , No. 4 ( Jul. 1896 ) , pp. 650 - 670 in JSTOR Jump up ^ David McCullough , 1776 ( 2005 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 2671 - 4 Jump up ^ William L. Calderhead , `` British Naval Failure at Long Island : A Lost Opportunity in the American Revolution , '' New York History , July 1976 , Vol. 57 Issue 3 , pp 321 - 338 Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 244 Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Charles H. ( 2009 ) . Cut Off : Colonel Jedediah Huntington 's 17th Continental ( Conn . ) Regiment at the Battle of Long Island August 27 , 1776 . Westminster , MD : Heritage Books . p. 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7884 - 4924 - 6 . Jump up ^ Burke , Justin ( 25 August 2012 ) . `` Seeking Brooklyn 's Lost Mass Grave '' . New York Times . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vacant Brooklyn lot could be site of mass grave for Revolutionary War soldiers , historian says '' . New York 's PIX11 / WPIX - TV . 2017 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Hays ( May 7 , 2008 ) . `` Developer says plan respects Minerva statue 's point of view '' . New York : NY Daily News . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2009 . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fort Greene Park Conservancy . `` Prison Ship Martyrs ' Monument '' . Fort Greene Park Conservancy . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2008 . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NYC Department of Parks and Recreation . `` Old Stone House '' . NYC Department of Parks and Recreation . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Find A Grave : Maryland Monument '' . Jump up ^ NYC Department of Parks and Recreation . `` Prospect Park '' . NYC Department of Parks and Recreation . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2009 . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 101st Engineer Battalion Jump up ^ `` Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 125th Quartermaster Company '' . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 175th Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1982 , pp. 343 -- 345 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 181st Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 354 -- 355 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 198th Signal Battalion . Jump up ^ `` 1st Battalion , 5th Field Artillery Regiment '' . Bibliography Adams , Charles Francis . `` The Battle of Long Island , '' American Historical Review Vol. 1 , No. 4 ( Jul. 1896 ) , pp. 650 -- 670 in JSTOR Calderhead , William L. `` British Naval Failure at Long Island : A Lost Opportunity in the American Revolution , '' New York History , July 1976 , Vol. 57 Issue 3 , pp 321 -- 338 Field , Thomas Warren ( 1869 ) , The Battle of Long Island , Brooklyn : The Long Island Historical Society , p. 600 Fischer , David Hackett ( 2006 ) , Washington 's Crossing , New York : Oxford University Press US , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518159 - 3 Gallagher , John J. ; Gallagher , John J ( 1995 ) , The Battle of Brooklyn 1776 , Brooklyn : Castle Books , p. 226 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7858 - 1663 - 8 Johnston , Henry Phelps ( 1878 ) , The Campaign of 1776 Around New York and Brooklyn , Long Island Historical Society , p. 556 , ISBN 0 - 548 - 34227 - X Lengel , Edward ( 2005 ) , General George Washington , New York : Random House Paperbacks , p. 522 , ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6950 - 2 McCullough , David ( 2006 ) , 1776 , New York : Simon and Schuster Paperback , p. 12 , ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2672 - 0 Sawicki , James A. ( 1981 ) , Infantry Regiments of the US Army , Virginia : Wyvern Publications , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9602404 - 3 - 2 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Long Island . Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Battle of Long Island . Whittimore , Henry `` The Heroes of the American Revolution and their Descendants ; The Battle of Long Island '' 1897 The Battle of Long Island The Wild Geese Today Honoring Those who saved Washington 's Army Website on Battle of Long Island `` The Old Stone House '' museum Animated History Map of the Battle of Long Island Howe 's defense of his actions to Parliament in spring 1779 New York Guard 1 / 9th Battalion New York in the American Revolution 1765 Sons of Liberty First Liberty Poles erected Stamp Act Congress 1770 Battle of Golden Hill 1775 Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Invasion of Canada 1776 New York and New Jersey campaign Battle of Long Island New York Prison Ships Begin Submarine attack in New York Harbor Staten Island Peace Conference Landing at Kip 's Bay Battle of Harlem Heights Great Fire of New York Execution of Nathan Hale Battle of Valcour Island Battle of Pell 's Point Battle of White Plains Battle of Fort Washington 1777 Meigs Raid Saratoga campaign Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Battle of Fort Anne Siege of Fort Stanwix Battle of Oriskany Battle of Bennington Battle of Setauket Battle of Staten Island Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( 1st Saratoga ) Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery Battle of Bemis Heights ( 2nd Saratoga ) 1778 Setauket Spy Ring Launched Battle of Cobleskill West Point established Attack on German Flatts Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga Carleton 's Raid Cherry Valley massacre 1779 Battle of Stony Point Battle of Minisink Sullivan Expedition Battle of Newtown Boyd and Parker ambush 1780 Battle of Young 's House First Purple Heart Arnold -- André conspiracy exposed Battle of Klock 's Field Battle of Fort St. George 1781 HMS Culloden Runs Aground at Montauk Washington Calls Off Invasion of New York Battle of Fort Slongo Battle of Johnstown 1782 Washington 's Headquarters at Newburgh Newburgh letter 1783 Newburgh Conspiracy British Evacuate New York Washington 's Farewell to His Officers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Long_Island&oldid=831966460 '' Categories : 1776 in the United States Conflicts in 1776 Battles of the New York Campaign Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States Battles involving Hesse - Kassel Military history of New York City New York ( state ) in the American Revolution History of Brooklyn 1776 in New York ( state ) South Brooklyn Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2013 Use mdy dates from March 2014 Good articles Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 01 : 41 . 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-4850551424394359011 | David Janssen | David Janssen - wikipedia David Janssen Jump to : navigation , search David Janssen Janssen in The Fugitive ( 1963 ) David Harold Meyer ( 1931 - 03 - 27 ) March 27 , 1931 Naponee , Nebraska , U.S. February 13 , 1980 ( 1980 - 02 - 13 ) ( aged 48 ) Malibu , California , U.S. Cause of death Heart attack Resting place Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery Occupation Actor Years active 1945 -- 1980 Spouse ( s ) Ellie Graham ( m . 1958 ; div. 1968 ) Dani Crayne ( m . 1975 -- 1980 ) David Janssen ( born David Harold Meyer , March 27 , 1931 -- February 13 , 1980 ) was an American film and television actor who is best known for his starring role as Richard Kimble in the television series The Fugitive ( 1963 -- 1967 ) . Janssen also had the title roles in three other series : Richard Diamond , Private Detective ; Harry O ; and O'Hara , U.S. Treasury . In 1996 TV Guide ranked him number 36 on its 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Acting career 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Selected filmography 5.1 Television movies 5.2 Television 6 Bibliography 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Janssen was born in 1931 in Naponee , a village in Franklin County in southern Nebraska , to Harold Edward Meyer , a banker ( May 12 , 1906 -- November 4 , 1990 ) and Berniece Graf ( May 11 , 1910 -- November 26 , 1995 ) . Janssen was of Irish and Jewish descent . Following his parents ' divorce in 1935 , his mother moved with five - year - old David to Los Angeles , California , and later married Eugene Janssen ( February 18 , 1918 -- March 30 , 1996 ) in 1940 in Los Angeles . Young David used his stepfather 's name after he entered show business as a child . He attended Fairfax High School in Los Angeles , where he excelled on the basketball court , setting a school - scoring record that lasted over 20 years . His first film part was at the age of thirteen , and by the age of twenty - five he had appeared in twenty films and served two years as an enlisted man in the United States Army . During his Army days , Janssen became friends with fellow enlistees Martin Milner and Clint Eastwood while posted at Fort Ord , California . Acting career ( edit ) in TV series The Fugitive , 1963 -- 1967 ( final episode ) Janssen appeared in many television series before he landed programs of his own . In 1956 , he and Peter Breck appeared in John Bromfield 's syndicated series Sheriff of Cochise in the episode `` The Turkey Farmers '' . Later , he guest - starred on NBC 's medical drama The Eleventh Hour in the role of Hal Kincaid in the 1962 episode `` Make Me a Place '' , with series co-stars Wendell Corey and Jack Ging . He joined friend Martin Milner in a 1962 episode of Route 66 as the character Kamo in the episode `` One Tiger to a Hill . '' Janssen starred in four television series of his own : Richard Diamond , Private Detective ( 1957 -- 1960 ) , a CBS / Four Star hit series that also introduced Mary Tyler Moore , showing only her legs , and Barbara Bain as Diamond 's girlfriend . The Fugitive ( 1963 -- 67 ) , the hit Quinn Martin - produced series , about a Midwest doctor falsely convicted of murdering his wife ; O'Hara , U.S. Treasury ( 1971 -- 1972 ) , one of Jack Webb 's Mark VII Limited productions for both NBC - TV and Universal Studios , as a government agent investigating counterfeiters and other federal crimes ; Harry O ( 1974 -- 1976 ) , as a San Diego - based private eye . At the time , the final episode of The Fugitive held the record for the greatest number of American homes with television sets to watch a series finale , at 72 percent in August 1967 . His films include To Hell and Back , the biography of Audie Murphy , who was the most decorated American soldier of World War II ; John Wayne 's Vietnam war film The Green Berets ; opposite Gregory Peck in the space story Marooned , in which Janssen played an astronaut sent to rescue three stranded men in space , and The Shoes of the Fisherman , as a television journalist in Rome reporting on the election of a new Pope ( Anthony Quinn ) . He starred as a Los Angeles police detective trying to clear himself in the killing of an apparently innocent doctor in the 1967 film Warning Shot . The film was shot during a break in the spring and summer of 1966 between the third and fourth seasons of The Fugitive . Janssen played an alcoholic in the 1977 TV movie A Sensitive , Passionate Man , which co-starred Angie Dickinson , and an engineer who devises an unbeatable system for blackjack in the 1978 made - for - TV movie Nowhere to Run , co-starring Stefanie Powers and Linda Evans . Janssen 's impressively husky voice was used to good effect as the narrator for the TV mini-series Centennial ( 1978 -- 79 ) ; he also appeared in the final episode . He starred in the made for tv mini series `` S.O.S. Titanic '' as John Jacob Astor , playing opposite Beverly Ross as his wife , Madeleine , in 1979 . Though Janssen 's scenes were cut from the final release , he also appeared as a journalist in the film Inchon , which he accepted to work with Laurence Olivier who played General Douglas MacArthur . At the time of his death , Janssen had just begun filming a television movie playing the part of Father Damien , the priest who dedicated himself to the leper colony on the island of Molokai , Hawaii . The part was eventually reassigned to actor Ken Howard of the CBS series The White Shadow . In 1996 TV Guide ranked him number 36 on its 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time list . Personal life ( edit ) In 1974 Janssen was married twice . His first marriage was to model and interior decorator Ellie Graham , whom he married in Las Vegas on August 25 , 1958 . They divorced in 1968 . In 1975 , he married actress and model Dani Crayne Greco . They remained married until Janssen 's death . Death ( edit ) A heavy drinker and a four - pack - a-day smoker , Janssen died of a heart attack in the early morning of February 13 , 1980 , at his home in Malibu , California at age 48 . At the time of his death , Janssen was filming the television movie Father Damien . Janssen was buried at the Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery in Culver City , California . A non-denominational funeral was held at the Jewish chapel of the cemetery on February 17 . Suzanne Pleshette delivered the eulogy at the request of Janssen 's widow . Milton Berle , Johnny Carson , Tommy Gallagher , Richard Harris , Stan Herman , Rod Stewart and Gregory Peck were among Janssen 's pallbearers . Honorary pallbearers included Jack Lemmon , George Peppard , James Stewart and Danny Thomas . For his contribution to the television industry , David Janssen has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located on the 7700 block of Hollywood Boulevard . Selected filmography ( edit ) It 's a Pleasure ( 1945 ) as Davey / boy referee ( uncredited ) Swamp Fire ( 1946 ) as Emile 's Eldest Son ( uncredited ) No Room for the Groom ( 1952 ) as Soldier ( scenes deleted ) Francis Goes to West Point ( 1952 ) as Cpl . Thomas Untamed Frontier ( 1952 ) as Lottie 's Dance Partner ( uncredited ) Bonzo Goes to College ( 1952 ) as Jack ( uncredited ) Yankee Buccaneer ( 1952 ) as Beckett Back at the Front ( 1952 ) as Soldier ( uncredited ) Leave It to Harry ( 1954 ) as Quiz Show Host Chief Crazy Horse ( 1955 ) as Lt. Colin Cartwright Cult of the Cobra ( 1955 ) as Rico Nardi Francis in the Navy ( 1955 ) as Lt. Anders The Private War of Major Benson ( 1955 ) as Young Lieutenant To Hell and Back ( 1955 ) as Lieutenant Lee All That Heaven Allows ( 1955 ) as Freddie Norton ( uncredited ) The Square Jungle ( 1955 ) as Jack Lindsay Never Say Goodbye ( 1956 ) as Dave Heller The Toy Tiger ( 1956 ) as Larry Tripps Francis in the Haunted House ( 1956 ) as Police Lieutenant Hopkins Away All Boats ( 1956 ) as Talker ( uncredited ) Mr. Black Magic ( 1956 ) as Master of Ceremonies Showdown at Abilene ( 1956 ) as Verne Ward The Girl He Left Behind ( 1956 ) as Capt . Genaro Lafayette Escadrille ( 1958 ) as Duke Sinclair Hell to Eternity ( 1960 ) as Sgt . Bill Hazen Dondi ( 1961 ) as Dealey King of the Roaring 20 's - The Story of Arnold Rothstein ( 1961 ) as Arnold Rothstein Ring of Fire ( 1961 ) as Sergeant Steve Walsh Twenty Plus Two ( 1961 ) as Tom Alder Man - Trap ( 1961 ) as Vince Biskay My Six Loves ( 1963 ) as Marty Bliss Warning Shot ( 1967 ) as Sgt . Tom Valens The Green Berets ( 1968 ) as George Beckworth The Shoes of the Fisherman ( 1968 ) as George Faber Where It 's At ( 1969 ) as A.C. Marooned ( 1969 ) as Ted Dougherty Generation ( 1969 ) as Jim Bolton Macho Callahan ( 1970 ) as Diego Callahan Once Is Not Enough ( 1975 ) as Tom Colt The Swiss Conspiracy ( 1976 ) as David Christopher Two - Minute Warning ( 1976 ) as Steve Warhead ( 1977 ) as Tony Stevens Golden Rendezvous ( 1977 ) as Charles Conway Covert Action ( 1978 ) as Lester Horton Inchon ( 1981 , Scenes cut from released print ) as David Feld ( final film role ) Television movies ( edit ) Belle Sommers ( 1962 ) as Danny Castle Night Chase ( 1970 ) as Adrian Vico The Longest Night ( 1972 ) as Alan Chambers Moon of the Wolf ( 1972 ) as Sheriff Aaron Whitaker Birds of Prey ( 1973 ) as Harry Walker Hijack ( 1973 ) as Jake Wilkenson Harry O -- Such Dust As Dreams Are Made On ( 1973 ) as Harry Orwell Pioneer Woman ( 1973 ) as Robert Douglas Harry O -- Smile Jenny , You 're Dead ( 1974 ) as Harry Orwell Do n't Call the Police ( 1974 ) as Harry Orwell Fer - de-Lance ( 1974 ) as Russ Bogan Stalk the Wild Child ( 1976 ) as Dr. James Hazard Mayday at 40,000 Feet ! ( 1976 ) as Captain Pete Douglass A Sensitive , Passionate Man ( 1977 ) as Michael Delaney Superdome ( 1978 ) as Mike Shelley Nowhere to Run ( 1978 ) as Harry Adams S.O.S. Titanic ( 1979 ) as John Jacob Astor The Golden Gate Murders ( 1979 ) as Det . Sgt . Paul Silver High Ice ( 1980 ) as Glencoe MacDonald City in Fear ( 1980 ) as Vince Perrino Father Damien : The Leper Priest -- 1980 ( Incomplete -- Replaced by Ken Howard ) Television ( edit ) Boston Blackie ( 1 episode , 1951 ) as Armored Car Driver ( uncredited ) Lux Video Theatre ( 3 episodes , 1955 -- 1956 ) as Johnny Reynolds Jr . / Joe Davies / Ralph Matinee Theatre ( 1 episode , 1956 ) as Paul Merrick Sheriff of Cochise ( 1 episode , 1956 ) as Arnie Hix Conflict ( 1 episode , 1957 ) as Sid Lukes You Are There ( 1 episode , 1957 ) as Great Dalton U.S. Marshal ( 1 episode , ? ? ? ? ) Alcoa Theatre ( 2 episodes , 1957 -- 1958 ) as Jim McCandless / Mike Harper The Millionaire ( 2 episodes , 1957 -- 1958 ) as David Barrett / Peter Miller Zane Grey Theater ( 4 episodes , 1957 -- 1959 ) as Dix Porter / Seth Larker / Tod Owen / Danny Ensign Richard Diamond , Private Detective ( 77 episodes , 1957 -- 1960 ) as Richard Diamond / Chuck Garrett Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse ( 1 episode , 1959 ) as Ross Ingraham Death Valley Days ( 1 episode , 1961 ) as Dr. Bill Breckenridge Adventures in Paradise ( 1 episode , 1961 ) as Scotty Bell Thriller ( 1 episode , 1962 ) Target : The Corruptors ( 1x19 The Middle Man , 1962 ) as Robbie Wilson General Electric Theater ( 1 episode , 1962 ) as Pat Howard Follow the Sun ( 2 episodes , 1962 ) as Johnny Sadowsky Checkmate ( 1 episode , 1962 ) as Len Kobalsky Cain 's Hundred ( 1 episode , 1962 ) as Dan Mullin Kraft Mystery Theatre ( 1 episode , 1962 ) Route 66 ( 1 episode , 1962 ) as Karno Starling The Eleventh Hour ( 1 episode , 1962 ) as Hal Kincaid The Dick Powell Show ( 1 episode , 1963 ) as Kenneth ' Ken ' Morgan Naked City ( 2 episodes , 1961 -- 1963 ) as Carl Ashland / Blair Cameron The Fugitive ( 120 episodes , 1963 -- 1967 ) as Dr. Richard Kimble / James Lincoln The Hollywood Palace ( 1 episode , 1965 ) O'Hara , U.S. Treasury ( 22 episodes , 1971 -- 1972 ) as Jim O'Hara / James O'Hara Cannon ( 1 episode , 1973 ) as Ian Kirk Harry O ( 45 episodes , 1973 -- 1976 ) as Harry Orwell Police Story ( 1 episode , 1977 ) as Sgt . Joe Wilson The Word ( 1978 ) as Steve Randall Centennial ( 1 episode , 1979 , and narrator for all 12 episodes , 1978 -- 79 ) as Paul Garrett / Narrator Biography ( 1979 ) as Host Bibliography ( edit ) Janssen , Ellie ; Phelps , J.D. Michael ( 1994 ) . David Janssen -- My Fugitive . Hollywood , Fla. : Lifetime Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8119 - 0797 - 2 . OCLC 31134272 . References ( edit ) Biography portal Los Angeles portal Film portal Television portal Jump up ^ `` TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time ( 1996 ) '' . Am I annoying . Jump up ^ Eder , Shirley ( February 20 , 1980 ) . `` ' Angels ' Will Be Back -- Without Shelly Hack '' . The Evening Independent . p. 12 - B . Jump up ^ TV Guide Guide to TV . Barnes and Noble. 2004 . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 5634 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Private Eye Caught '' . The Miami News . August 25 , 1958 . p. 3A . ^ Jump up to : Arar , Yardena ( February 14 , 1980 ) . `` Actor David Janssen Dies of Heart Attack at Age 38 '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . p. 3 - A . Jump up ^ Gliatto , Tom ( September 13 , 1993 ) . `` The First Fugitive '' . people.com . Jump up ^ http://people.com/archive/the-first-fugitive-vol-40-no-11/ Jump up ^ David Janssen at Find a Grave Jump up ^ `` Friends turn out to bid farewell to David Janssen '' . The Montreal Gazette . February 19 , 1980 . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Janssen ' Scandal Saga ' in Works , Sarasota Herald - Tribune , 28 April 1986 Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Star Walk : David Janssen '' . Los Angeles Times . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to David Janssen . David Janssen on IMDb The David Janssen Archive VIAF : 14965668 LCCN : n85376638 ISNI : 0000 0001 0872 6090 GND : 119402912 SUDOC : 135422639 BNF : cb139678697 ( data ) BNE : XX1316971 SNAC : w6qh31kp Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Janssen&oldid=827261664 '' Categories : 1931 births 1980 deaths 20th - century American male actors American male film actors American male television actors American people of Irish descent American people of Jewish descent Burials at Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery Fairfax High School ( Los Angeles ) alumni Male actors from Nebraska People from Franklin County , Nebraska United States Army soldiers Hidden categories : Find a Grave template with ID not in Wikidata Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles with hCards Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 18 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the fugitive in the tv series | [
"David Janssen (born David Harold Meyer, March 27, 1931 – February 13, 1980) was an American film and television actor who is best known for his starring role as Richard Kimble in the television series The Fugitive (1963–1967). Janssen also had the title roles in three other series: Richard Diamond, Private Detective; Harry O; and O'Hara, U.S. Treasury."
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"David Janssen"
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-1454374246621703434 | Lionel Messi | Lionel Messi - Wikipedia Lionel Messi Argentine footballer `` Messi '' redirects here . For other uses , see Messi ( disambiguation ) . This name uses Spanish naming customs : the first or paternal family name is Messi and the second or maternal family name is Cuccittini . Lionel Messi Messi with Argentina at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Full name Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini Date of birth ( 1987 - 06 - 24 ) 24 June 1987 ( age 31 ) Place of birth Rosario , Argentina Height 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Barcelona Number 10 Youth career 1994 -- 2000 Newell 's Old Boys 2001 -- 2004 Barcelona Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 2003 -- 2004 Barcelona C 10 ( 5 ) 2004 -- 2005 Barcelona B 22 ( 6 ) 2005 -- Barcelona 418 ( 383 ) National team 2004 -- 2005 Argentina U20 18 ( 14 ) 2008 Argentina U23 5 ( 2 ) 2005 -- Argentina 128 ( 65 ) Honours ( show ) Men 's football Representing Argentina FIFA World Cup Runner - up 2014 Brazil Copa América Runner - up 2007 Venezuela Runner - up 2015 Chile Runner - up 2016 United States Olympic Games 2008 Beijing Team FIFA U-20 World Cup Winner 2005 Netherlands South American U-20 Championship 2005 Colombia * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 29 May 2018 ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 30 June 2018 This article is part of a series about Lionel Messi Argentine professional footballer International goals Career achievements Comparisons to Cristiano Ronaldo Films Messi ( 2014 ) Messi ( 2017 ) Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini ( Spanish pronunciation : ( ljoˈnel anˈdɾez ˈmesi ) ( listen ) ; born 24 June 1987 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club Barcelona and the Argentine national team . Often considered the best player in the world and regarded by many as one of the greatest players of all time . Messi has a record - tying five Ballon d'Or awards , four of which he won consecutively , and a record five European Golden Shoes . He has spent his entire professional career with Barcelona , where he has won 32 trophies , including nine La Liga titles , four UEFA Champions League titles , and six Copas del Rey . Both a prolific goalscorer and a creative playmaker , Messi holds the records for most official goals scored in La Liga ( 383 ) , a La Liga season ( 50 ) , a club football season in Europe ( 73 ) , a calendar year ( 91 ) , El Clásico ( 26 ) , as well as those for most assists in La Liga ( 149 ) and the Copa América ( 11 ) . He has scored over 600 senior career goals for club and country . Born and raised in central Argentina , Messi was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency as a child . At age 13 , he relocated to Spain to join Barcelona , who agreed to pay for his medical treatment . After a fast progression through Barcelona 's youth academy , Messi made his competitive debut aged 17 in October 2004 . Despite being injury - prone during his early career , he established himself as an integral player for the club within the next three years , finishing 2007 as a finalist for both the Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year award , a feat he repeated the following year . His first uninterrupted campaign came in the 2008 -- 09 season , during which he helped Barcelona achieve the first treble in Spanish football . At 22 years old , Messi won the Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year award by record voting margins . Three successful seasons followed , with Messi winning three consecutive FIFA Ballons d'Or , including an unprecedented fourth . His best campaign statistically to date was the 2011 -- 12 season , in which he set the La Liga and European records for most goals scored in a single season , while establishing himself as Barcelona 's all - time top scorer in official competitions in March 2012 . The following two seasons , Messi finished twice second for the Ballon d'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo , his perceived career rival . Messi regained his best form during the 2014 -- 15 campaign , breaking the all - time goalscoring records in both La Liga and the Champions League in November 2014 , and led Barcelona to a historic second treble . An Argentine international , Messi is his country 's all - time leading goalscorer . At youth level , he won the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship , finishing the tournament with both the Golden Ball and Golden Shoe , and an Olympic gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics . His style of play as a diminutive , left - footed dribbler drew comparisons with compatriot Diego Maradona , who declared the teenager his successor . After making his senior debut in August 2005 , Messi became the youngest Argentine to play and score in a FIFA World Cup during the 2006 edition , and reached the final of the 2007 Copa América , where he was named young player of the tournament . As the squad 's captain from August 2011 , he led Argentina to three consecutive finals : the 2014 World Cup , for which he won the Golden Ball , and the 2015 and 2016 Copas América . After announcing his international retirement in 2016 , he reversed his decision and led his country to qualification for the 2018 World Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Club career 2.1 Barcelona 2.1. 1 2003 -- 05 : Rise to the first team 2.1. 2 2005 -- 08 : Making the starting eleven 2.1. 3 2009 -- 11 : Sustained success 2.1. 4 2012 : A record - breaking year 2.1. 5 2013 -- 14 : Messidependencia 2.1. 6 2014 -- 15 : A historic treble 2.1. 7 2015 -- 16 : Domestic success 2.1. 8 2016 -- 17 : Fourth Golden Boot 2.1. 9 2017 -- 18 : Domestic double and a record fifth Golden Boot 3 International career 3.1 2004 -- 05 : Success at youth level 3.2 2005 -- 06 : Senior and World Cup debuts 3.3 2007 -- 08 : Copa América final and Olympic gold 3.4 2008 -- 11 : Collective decline 3.5 2011 -- 13 : Assuming the captaincy 3.6 2014 -- 15 : World Cup and Copa América finals 3.7 2016 : Copa América Centenario , retirement , and return 3.7. 1 `` Do n't go , Leo '' 3.7. 2 Return 3.8 2018 : World Cup 4 Player profile 4.1 Style of play 4.2 Reception 4.3 Comparisons to Cristiano Ronaldo 5 In popular culture 6 Personal life 6.1 Family and relationships 6.2 Philanthropy 6.3 Controversies 7 Career statistics 7.1 Club 7.2 International 8 Honours and achievements 8.1 Club 8.2 International 8.3 Individual 8.3. 1 Awards 8.3. 2 Performances 8.4 Records 8.4. 1 World 8.4. 2 Continental 8.4. 3 Spain 8.4. 4 Argentina 8.4. 5 Barcelona 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Early life 5 - year - old Lionel Messi with Club Abanderado Grandoli of Rosario , where he started to play football Lionel Andrés Messi was born on 24 June 1987 in Rosario , the third of four children of Jorge Messi , a steel factory manager , and his wife Celia Cuccittini , who worked in a magnet manufacturing workshop . On his father 's side , he is of Italian and Spanish descent , the great - grandson of immigrants from the northcentral Adriatic Marche region of Italy and Catalonia , and on his mother 's side , he has primarily Italian ancestry . Growing up in a tight - knit , football - loving family , `` Leo '' developed a passion for the sport from an early age , playing constantly with his older brothers , Rodrigo and Matías , and his cousins , Maximiliano and Emanuel Biancucchi , both of whom became professional footballers . At the age of four he joined local club Grandoli , where he was coached by his father , though his earliest influence as a player came from his maternal grandmother , Celia , who accompanied him to training and matches . He was greatly affected by her death , shortly before his eleventh birthday ; since then , as a devout Catholic , he has celebrated his goals by looking up and pointing to the sky in tribute of his grandmother . `` When you saw him you would think : this kid ca n't play ball . He 's a dwarf , he 's too fragile , too small . But immediately you 'd realise that he was born different , that he was a phenomenon and that he was going to be something impressive . '' -- Newell 's Old Boys youth coach Adrián Coria shares his first impression of the 12 - year - old Messi . A lifelong supporter of Newell 's Old Boys , Messi joined the Rosario club when he was six years old . During the six years he played for Newell 's , he scored almost 500 goals as a member of `` The Machine of ' 87 '' , the near - unbeatable youth side named for the year of their birth , and regularly entertained crowds by performing ball tricks during half - time of the first team 's home games . However , his future as a professional player was threatened when , at age 10 , he was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency . As his father 's health insurance covered only two years of growth hormone treatment , which cost at least $ 1,000 per month , Newell 's agreed to contribute , but later reneged on their promise . He was scouted by Buenos Aires club River Plate , whose playmaker , Pablo Aimar , he idolised , but they were also unable to pay for his treatment due to the country 's economic collapse . Messi enrolled at Barcelona 's youth academy , La Masia , at age 13 As the Messi family had relatives in Catalonia , they sought to arrange a trial with Barcelona in September 2000 . First team director Charly Rexach immediately wanted to sign him , but the board of directors hesitated ; at the time it was highly unusual for European clubs to sign foreign players of such a young age . On 14 December , an ultimatum was issued for Barcelona to prove their commitment , and Rexach , with no other paper at hand , offered a contract on a paper napkin . In February 2001 , the family relocated to Barcelona , where they moved into an apartment near the club 's stadium , Camp Nou . During his first year in Spain , Messi rarely played with the Infantiles due to a transfer conflict with Newell 's ; as a foreigner , he could only be fielded in friendlies and the Catalan league . Without football , he struggled to integrate into the team ; already reserved by nature , he was so quiet that his teammates initially believed he was mute . At home , he suffered from homesickness after his mother moved back to Rosario with his brothers and little sister , María Sol , while he stayed in Barcelona with his father . After a year at Barcelona 's youth academy , La Masia , Messi was finally enrolled in the Royal Spanish Football Federation ( RFEF ) in February 2002 . Now playing in all competitions , he befriended his teammates , among whom were Cesc Fàbregas and Gerard Piqué . After completing his growth hormone treatment aged 14 , Messi became an integral part of the `` Baby Dream Team '' , Barcelona 's greatest - ever youth side . During his first full season ( 2002 -- 03 ) , he was top scorer with 36 goals in 30 games for the Cadetes A , who won an unprecedented treble of the league and both the Spanish and Catalan cups . The Copa Catalunya final , a 4 -- 1 victory over Espanyol , became known in club lore as the partido de la máscara , the final of the mask . A week after suffering a broken cheekbone during a league match , Messi was allowed to start the game on the condition that he wear a plastic protector ; soon hindered by the mask , he took it off and scored two goals in 10 minutes before his substitution . At the close of the season , he received an offer to join Arsenal , his first from a foreign club , but while Fàbregas and Piqué soon left for England , he chose to remain in Barcelona . Club career Barcelona 2003 -- 05 : rise to the first team `` It seemed as if he had been playing with us all his life . '' -- Barcelona 's then assistant coach Henk Ten Cate on Messi 's first - team debut . During the 2003 -- 04 season , his fourth with Barcelona , Messi rapidly progressed through the club 's ranks , debuting for a record five teams in a single campaign . After being named player of the tournament in four international pre-season competitions with the Juveniles B , he played only one official match with the team before being promoted to the Juveniles A , where he scored 18 goals in 11 league games . Messi was then one of several youth players called up to strengthen a depleted first team during the international break . French Winger Ludovic Giuly explained how a teenage Leo caught the eye in a training session with Frank Rijkaard 's first team : `` He destroyed us all ... They were kicking him all over the place to avoid being ridiculed by this kid , he just got up and kept on playing . He would dribble past four players and score a goal . Even the team 's starting centre - backs were nervous . He was an alien . '' At 16 years , four months , and 23 days old , he made his first team debut when he came on in the 75th minute during a friendly against José Mourinho 's Porto on 16 November 2003 . His performance , creating two chances and a shot on goal , impressed the technical staff , and he subsequently began training daily with the club 's reserve side , Barcelona B , as well as weekly with the first team . After his first training session with the senior squad , Barça 's new star player , Ronaldinho , told his teammates that he believed the 16 - year - old would become an even better player than himself . Ronaldinho soon befriended Messi , whom he called `` little brother '' , which greatly eased his transition into the first team . Messi , at age 18 , playing against Málaga in 2005 To gain further match experience , Messi joined Barcelona C in addition to the Juveniles A , playing his first game for the third team on 29 November . He helped save them from the relegation zone of the Tercera División , scoring five goals in ten games , including a hat - trick in eight minutes during a Copa del Rey match while man - marked by Sevilla 's Sergio Ramos . His progress was reflected in his first professional contract , signed on 4 February 2004 , which lasted until 2012 and contained an initial buyout clause of € 30 million . A month later , on 6 March , he made his debut for Barcelona B in the Segunda División B , and his buyout clause automatically increased to € 80 million . He played five games with the B team that season but did not score . Physically he was weaker than his opponents , who were often much older and taller , and in training he worked on increasing his muscle mass and overall strength in order to be able to shake off defenders . Towards the end of the season , he returned to both youth teams , helping the Juveniles B win the league . He finished the campaign having scored for four of his five teams with a total of 36 goals in all official competitions . During the 2004 -- 05 season , Messi was a guaranteed starter for the B team , playing 17 games throughout the campaign and scoring on six occasions . Since his debut the previous November , he had not been called up to the first team again , but in October 2004 , the senior players asked manager Frank Rijkaard to promote him . Since Ronaldinho already played on the left wing , Rijkaard moved Messi from his usual position onto the right flank ( though initially against the player 's wishes ) , allowing him to cut into the centre of the pitch and shoot with his dominant left foot . Messi made his league debut during the next match on 16 October , against Espanyol , coming on in the 82nd minute . At 17 years , three months , and 22 days old , he was at the time the youngest player to represent Barcelona in an official competition . As a substitute player , he played only 77 minutes in nine matches for the first team that season , including his debut in the UEFA Champions League against Shakhtar Donetsk . He scored his first senior goal on 1 May 2005 , against Albacete , from an assist by Ronaldinho , becoming -- at that time -- the youngest - ever scorer for the club . Barcelona , in their second season under Rijkaard , won the league for the first time in six years . 2005 -- 08 : making the starting Eleven `` In my entire life I have never seen a player of such quality and personality at such a young age , particularly wearing the ' heavy ' shirt of one of the world 's great clubs . '' -- Fabio Capello praises the 18 - year - old Messi following the Joan Gamper trophy in August 2005 . On 24 June 2005 , his 18th birthday , Messi signed his first contract as a senior team player . It made him a Barcelona player until 2010 , two years less than his previous contract , but his buyout clause increased to € 150 million . His breakthrough came two months later , on 24 August , during the Joan Gamper Trophy , Barcelona 's pre-season competition . A starter for the first time , he gave a well - received performance against Fabio Capello 's Juventus , receiving an ovation from the Camp Nou . While Capello requested to loan Messi , a bid to buy him came from Inter Milan , who were willing to pay his € 150 million buyout clause and triple his wages . According to then - president Joan Laporta , it was the only time the club faced a real risk of losing Messi , but he ultimately decided to stay . On 16 September , his contract was updated for the second time in three months and extended to 2014 . Messi during a training session with Barça in August 2006 Due to issues regarding his legal status in the Royal Spanish Football Federation , Messi missed the start of La Liga , but on 26 September , he acquired Spanish citizenship and became eligible to play . Wearing the number 19 shirt , he gradually established himself as the first - choice right winger , forming an attacking trio with Ronaldinho and striker Samuel Eto'o . He was in the starting line - up in major matches like his first Clásico against rivals Real Madrid on 19 November , as well as Barcelona 's away victory over Chelsea in the last 16 round of the Champions League , where he played his best match to that point . After he had scored 8 goals in 25 games , including his first in the Champions League , his season ended prematurely during the return leg against Chelsea on 7 March 2006 , when he suffered a torn hamstring . Messi worked to regain fitness in time for the Champions League final , but on 17 May , the day of the final , he was eventually ruled out . He was so disappointed that he did not celebrate his team 's victory over Arsenal in Paris , something he later came to regret . While Barcelona began a gradual decline , the 19 - year - old Messi established himself as one of the best players in the world during the 2006 -- 07 campaign . Already an idol to the culés , the club 's supporters , he scored 17 goals in 36 games across all competitions . However , he continued to be plagued by major injuries ; a metatarsal fracture sustained on 12 November 2006 kept him out of action for three months . He recovered in time for the last 16 round of the Champions League against Liverpool , but was effectively marked out of the game ; Barcelona , the reigning champions , were out of the competition . In the league , his goal contribution increased towards the end of the season ; 11 of his 14 goals came from the last 13 games . On 10 March 2007 , he scored his first hat - trick in a Clásico , the first player to do so in 12 years , equalising after each goal by Real Madrid to end the match in a 3 -- 3 draw in extra time . His growing importance to the club was reflected in a new contract , signed that month , which greatly increased his wages . Messi makes his Maradona-esque run against Getafe in April 2007 . Already frequently compared to compatriot Diego Maradona , Messi proved their similarity when he nearly replicated Maradona 's two most famous goals in the span of three weeks . During a Copa del Rey semi-final against Getafe on 18 April , he scored a goal remarkably similar to Maradona 's goal in the quarter - finals of the 1986 FIFA World Cup , known as the Goal of the Century . Messi collected the ball on the right side near the halfway line , ran 60 metres ( 66 yd ) , and beat five defenders before scoring with an angled finish , just as Maradona had done . A league match against Espanyol on 9 June saw him score by launching himself at the ball and guiding it past the goalkeeper with his hand in similar fashion to Maradona 's Hand of God goal in the same World Cup match . As Messi continued his individual rise , Barcelona faltered ; the team failed to reach the Copa del Rey final after Messi was rested during the second leg against Getafe and lost the league to Real Madrid on head - to - head results . After Ronaldinho lost form , Messi became Barça 's new star player at only 20 years old , receiving the nickname `` Messiah '' from the Spanish media . His efforts in 2007 also earned him award recognition ; journalists voted him the third - best player of the year for the 2007 Ballon d'Or , behind Kaká and runner - up Cristiano Ronaldo , while international managers and national team captains voted him second for the FIFA World Player of the Year award , again behind Kaká . Although he managed to score 16 goals during the 2007 -- 08 campaign , the second half of his season was again marred by injuries after he suffered a torn hamstring on 15 December . He returned to score twice in their away victory against Celtic in the last 16 round of the Champions League , becoming the competition 's top scorer at that point with six goals , but reinjured himself during the return leg on 4 March 2008 . Rijkaard had fielded him despite warning from the medical staff , leading captain Carles Puyol to criticise the Spanish media for pressuring Messi to play every match . Barcelona finished the season without trophies , eliminated in the Champions League semi-finals by the eventual champions , Manchester United , and placed third in the league . After two unsuccessful seasons , Barcelona were in need of an overhaul , leading to the departure of Rijkaard and Ronaldinho . Upon the latter 's departure , Messi was given the number 10 shirt . He signed a new contract in July 2008 on an annual salary of € 7.8 million , becoming the club 's highest - paid player . Ahead of the new season , a major concern remained his frequent muscular injuries , which had left him side - lined for a total of eight months between 2006 and 2008 . To combat the problem , the club implemented new training , nutrition , and lifestyle regimens , and assigned him a personal physiotherapist , who would travel with him during call - ups for the Argentina national team . As a result , Messi remained virtually injury - free during the next four years , allowing him to reach his full potential . Despite his injuries early in the year , his performances in 2008 saw him again voted runner - up for the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , both times behind Cristiano Ronaldo . 2009 -- 11 : sustained success In his first uninterrupted campaign , the 2008 -- 09 season , he scored 38 goals in 51 games , contributing alongside Eto'o and winger Thierry Henry to a total of 100 goals in all competitions , a record at the time for the club . Messi in the Champions League final against Manchester United in May 2009 During his first season under Barcelona 's new manager , former captain Pep Guardiola , Messi played mainly on the right wing , like he had under Rijkaard , though this time as a false winger with the freedom to cut inside and roam the centre . During the Clásico on 2 May 2009 , however , he played for the first time as a false nine , positioned as a centre - forward but dropping deep into midfield to link up with Xavi and Andrés Iniesta . He assisted with a chip his side 's first goal and scored twice to end the match in an emphatic 6 -- 2 victory , the team 's greatest - ever score at Real Madrid 's Santiago Bernabéu Stadium . Returning to the wing , he played his first final since breaking into the first team on 13 May , scoring once and assisting a second goal as Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao 4 -- 1 to win the Copa del Rey . With 23 league goals from Messi that season , Barcelona became La Liga champions three days later and achieved its fifth double . As the season 's Champions League top scorer with nine goals , the youngest in the tournament 's history , Messi scored two goals and assisted two more to ensure a 4 -- 0 quarter - final victory over Bayern Munich . He returned as a false nine during the final on 27 May in Rome against Manchester United . Barcelona were crowned champions of Europe by winning the match 2 -- 0 , the second goal coming from a Messi header over goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar . Barcelona thus achieved the first treble in the history of Spanish football . This success was reflected in a new contract , signed on 18 September , which committed Messi to the club through 2016 with a new buyout clause of € 250 million , while his salary increased to € 12 million . His team 's prosperity continued into the second half of 2009 , as Barcelona became the first club to achieve the sextuple , winning six top - tier trophies in a single year . After victories in the Supercopa de España and UEFA Super Cup in August , Barcelona won the FIFA Club World Cup against Estudiantes de La Plata on 19 December , with Messi scoring the winning 2 -- 1 goal with his chest . At 22 years old , Messi won the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , both times by the greatest voting margin in each trophy 's history . `` Messi is the best player in the world by some distance . He 's like a PlayStation . He can take advantage of every mistake we make . '' -- Arsène Wenger commends Messi for his four -- goal display against Arsenal in April 2010 . Unsatisfied with his position on the right wing , Messi resumed playing as a false nine in early 2010 , beginning with a Champions League last 16 - round match against VfB Stuttgart . After a first - leg draw , Barcelona won the second leg 4 -- 0 with two goals and an assist from Messi . At that point , he effectively became the tactical focal point of Guardiola 's team , and his goalscoring rate increased . Messi scored a total of 47 goals in all competitions that season , equaling Ronaldo 's club record from the 1996 -- 97 campaign . He notably scored all of his side 's four goals in the Champions League quarter - final against Arsène Wenger 's Arsenal on 6 April while becoming Barcelona 's all - time top scorer in the competition . Although Barcelona were eliminated in the Champions League semi-finals by the eventual champions , Inter Milan , Messi finished the season as top scorer ( with 8 goals ) for the second consecutive year . As the league 's top scorer with 34 goals ( again tying Ronaldo 's record ) , he helped Barcelona win a second consecutive La Liga trophy with only a single defeat . Messi ( centre ) and his teammates celebrate winning the FIFA Club World Cup in December 2011 . Messi secured Barcelona 's first trophy of the 2010 -- 11 campaign , the Supercopa de España , by scoring a hat - trick in his side 's second - leg 4 -- 0 victory over Sevilla , after a first - leg defeat . Assuming a playmaking role , he was again instrumental in a Clásico on 29 November 2010 , the first with José Mourinho in charge of Real Madrid , as Barcelona defeated their rivals 5 -- 0 . Messi helped the team achieve 16 consecutive league victories , a record in Spanish football , concluding with another hat - trick against Atlético Madrid on 5 February 2011 . His club performances in 2010 earned him the inaugural FIFA Ballon d'Or , an amalgamation of the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , though his win was met with some criticism due to his lack of success with Argentina at the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Under the award 's old format , he would have placed just outside the top three , owing his win to the votes from the international coaches and captains . Towards the end of the season , Barcelona played four Clásicos in the span of 18 days . A league match on 16 April ended in a draw after a penalty from Messi . After Barcelona lost the Copa del Rey final four days later , Messi scored both goals in his side 's 2 -- 0 win in the first leg of the Champions League semi-finals in Madrid , the second of which -- a slaloming dribble past three Real players -- was acclaimed as one of the best ever in the competition . Although he did not score , he was again important in the second - leg draw that sent Barcelona through to the Champions League final , where they faced Manchester United in a repeat of the final two years earlier . As the competition 's top scorer for the third consecutive year , with 12 goals , Messi gave a man - of - the - match performance at Wembley on 28 May , scoring the match - winning goal of Barça 's 3 -- 1 victory . Barcelona won a third consecutive La Liga title . In addition to his 31 goals , Messi was also the league 's top assist provider with 18 . He finished the season with 53 goals and 24 assists in all competitions , becoming Barcelona 's all - time single - season top scorer and the first player in Spanish football to reach the 50 - goal benchmark . As Messi developed into a combination of a number 8 ( a creator ) , a 9 ( scorer ) , and a 10 ( assistant ) , he scored an unprecedented 73 goals and provided 29 assists in all club competitions during the 2011 -- 12 season , producing a hat - trick or more on 10 occasions . He began the campaign by helping Barcelona win both the Spanish and European Super Cups ; in the Supercopa de España , he scored three times to achieve a 5 -- 4 aggregate victory over Real Madrid , overtaking Raúl as the competition 's all - time top scorer with eight goals . At the close of the year , on 18 December , he scored twice in the FIFA Club World Cup final , a 4 -- 0 victory over Santos , earning the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament , as he had done two years previously . For his efforts in 2011 , he again received the FIFA Ballon d'Or , becoming only the fourth player in history to win the Ballon d'Or three times , after Johan Cruyff , Michel Platini , and Marco van Basten . Additionally , he won the inaugural UEFA Best Player in Europe Award , a revival of the old - style Ballon d'Or . By then , Messi was already widely considered one of the best footballers in history , alongside players like Diego Maradona and Pelé . 2012 : a record - breaking year `` I feel sorry for those who want to compete for Messi 's throne -- it 's impossible , this kid is unique . '' -- Pep Guardiola after Messi became Barcelona 's all - time top scorer at age 24 in March 2012 As Messi maintained his goalscoring form into the second half of the season , the year 2012 saw him break several longstanding records . On 7 March , two weeks after scoring four goals in a league fixture against Valencia , he scored five times in a Champions League last 16 - round match against Bayer Leverkusen , an unprecedented achievement in the history of the competition . In addition to being the joint top assist provider with five assists , this feat made him top scorer with 14 goals , tying José Altafini 's record from the 1962 -- 63 season , as well as becoming only the second player after Gerd Müller to be top scorer in four campaigns . Two weeks later , on 20 March , Messi became the top goalscorer in Barcelona 's history at 24 years old , overtaking the 57 - year record of César Rodríguez 's 232 goals with a hat - trick against Granada . Messi points to the sky during his five - goal display against Bayer Leverkusen in March 2012 . Despite Messi 's individual form , Barcelona 's four - year cycle of success under Guardiola -- one of the greatest eras in the club 's history -- drew to an end . Although Barcelona won the Copa del Rey against Athletic Bilbao on 25 May , its 14th title of that period , the team had lost the league to Real Madrid and was eliminated in the Champions League semi-finals by the eventual champions , Chelsea , with Messi sending a crucial second - leg penalty kick against the crossbar . In Barça 's last home league match on 5 May , against Espanyol , Messi scored all four goals before approaching the bench to embrace Guardiola , who had announced his resignation as manager . He finished the season as league top scorer in Spain and Europe for a second time , with 50 goals , an all - time La Liga record , while his 73 goals in all competitions surpassed Gerd Müller 's 67 goals in the 1972 -- 73 Bundesliga season , making him the single - season top scorer in the history of European club football . Under manager Tito Vilanova , who had first coached him aged 14 at La Masia , Messi helped the club achieve its best - ever start to a La Liga season during the second half of 2012 , amassing 55 points by the competition 's midway point , a record in Spanish football . A double scored on 9 December against Real Betis saw Messi break two longstanding records : he surpassed César Rodríguez 's record of 190 league goals , becoming Barcelona 's all - time top scorer in La Liga , and Gerd Müller 's record of most goals scored in a calendar year , overtaking his 85 goals scored in 1972 for Bayern Munich and Germany . Messi sent Müller a number 10 Barcelona shirt , signed `` with respect and admiration '' , after breaking his 40 - year record . At the close of the year , Messi had scored a record 91 goals in all competitions for Barcelona and Argentina . Although FIFA did not acknowledge the achievement , citing verifiability issues , he received the Guinness World Records title for most goals scored in a calendar year . As the odds - on favourite , Messi again won the FIFA Ballon d'Or , becoming the only player in history to win the Ballon d'Or four times . 2013 -- 14 : Messidependencia Barcelona had virtually secured their La Liga title by the start of 2013 , eventually equalling Real Madrid 's 100 - point record of the previous season . However , their performances deteriorated in the second half of the 2012 -- 13 campaign , concurrently with Vilanova 's absence due to ill health . After losing successive Clásicos , including the Copa del Rey semi-finals , they were nearly eliminated in the first knockout round of the Champions League by Milan , but a revival of form in the second leg led to a 4 -- 0 comeback , with two goals and an assist from Messi . Now in his ninth senior season with Barcelona , Messi signed a new contract on 7 February , committing himself to the club through 2018 , while his fixed wage rose to € 13 million . He wore the captain 's armband for the first time a month later , on 17 March , in a league match against Rayo Vallecano ; by then , he had become the team 's tactical focal point to a degree that was arguably rivalled only by former Barcelona players Josep Samitier , László Kubala and Johan Cruyff . Since his evolution into a false nine three years earlier , his input into the team 's attack had increased exponentially ; from 24 % in their treble - winning campaign , his goal contribution rose to more than 40 % that season . `` In Leo we are talking about the best player in the world and when things are not going well you have to use him . Even if he is half lame , his presence on the pitch is enough to lift us and our play in general . '' -- Defender Gerard Piqué explains Barcelona 's reliance on an unfit Messi against Paris Saint - Germain in April 2013 . After four largely injury - free seasons , the muscular injuries that had previously plagued Messi reoccurred . After he suffered a hamstring strain on 2 April , during the first quarter - final against Paris Saint - Germain , his appearances became sporadic . In the second leg against PSG , with an underperforming Barcelona down a goal , Messi came off the bench in the second half and within nine minutes helped create their game - tying goal , which allowed them to progress to the semi-finals . Still unfit , he proved ineffective during the first leg against Bayern Munich and was unable to play at all during the second , as Barcelona were defeated 7 -- 0 on aggregate by the eventual champions . These matches gave credence to the notion of Messidependencia , Barcelona 's perceived tactical and psychological dependence on their star player . Messi 's Golden Shoe award for the 2012 -- 13 season Messi continued to struggle with injury throughout 2013 , eventually parting ways with his long - time personal physiotherapist . Further damage to his hamstring sustained on 12 May ended his goalscoring streak of 21 consecutive league games , a worldwide record ; he had netted 33 goals during his run , including a four - goal display against Osasuna , while becoming the first player to score consecutively against all 19 opposition teams in La Liga . With 60 goals in all competitions , including 46 goals in La Liga , he finished the campaign as league top scorer in Spain and Europe for the second consecutive year , becoming the first player in history to win the European Golden Shoe three times . Following an irregular start to the new season under manager Gerardo Martino , formerly of his boyhood club Newell 's Old Boys , Messi suffered his fifth injury of 2013 when he tore his hamstring on 10 November , leaving him sidelined for two months . Despite his injuries , he was voted runner - up for the FIFA Ballon d'Or , relinquishing the award after a four - year monopoly to Cristiano Ronaldo . Messi celebrates his second goal against Granada in September 2014 . During the second half of the 2013 -- 14 season , doubts persisted over Messi 's form , leading to a perception among the culés that he was reserving himself for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Statistically , his contribution of goals , shots , and passes had dropped significantly compared to previous seasons . He still managed to break two longstanding records in a span of seven days : a hat - trick on 16 March against Osasuna saw him overtake Paulino Alcántara 's 369 goals to become Barcelona 's top goalscorer in all competitions including friendlies , while another hat - trick against Real Madrid on 23 March made him the all - time top scorer in El Clásico , ahead of the 18 goals scored by former Real Madrid player Alfredo Di Stéfano . Messi finished the campaign with his worst output in five seasons , though he still managed to score 41 goals in all competitions . For the first time in five years , Barcelona ended the season without a major trophy ; they were defeated in the Copa del Rey final by Real Madrid and lost the league in the last game to Atlético Madrid , causing Messi to be booed by sections of fans at the Camp Nou . After prolonged speculation over his future with the club , Messi signed a new contract on 19 May 2014 , only a year after his last contractual update ; his salary increased to € 20 million , or € 36 million before taxes , the highest wage ever in the sport . 2014 -- 15 : a historic treble `` Messi is an alien that dedicates himself to playing with humans . '' -- Juventus captain Gianluigi Buffon ahead of their meeting in the Champions League final in June 2015 Under new manager and former captain Luis Enrique , Messi experienced a largely injury - free start to the 2014 -- 15 season , allowing him to break three more longstanding records towards the end of the year . A hat - trick scored against Sevilla on 22 November made him the all - time top scorer in La Liga , as he surpassed the 59 - year record of 251 league goals held by Telmo Zarra . Three days later , he scored another hat - trick against APOEL , overtaking Raúl 's 71 goals to become top scorer in the history of the Champions League . A third hat - trick , scored against city rivals Espanyol on 7 December , allowed him to surpass César Rodríguez as the all - time top scorer in the Derbi barceloní with 12 goals . Messi again placed second in the FIFA Ballon d'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo , largely owing to his second - place achievement with Argentina at the World Cup . At the start of 2015 , Barcelona were perceived to be headed for another disappointing end to the season , with renewed speculation in the media that Messi was leaving the club . A turning point came on 11 January during a 3 -- 1 victory over Atlético Madrid , the first time Barça 's attacking trident of Messi , Luis Suárez and Neymar , dubbed `` MSN '' , each scored in a match , marking the beginning of a highly successful run . After five years of playing in the centre of the pitch , Messi had returned to his old position on the right wing late the previous year , by his own suggestion according to Suárez , their striker . From there , he regained his best -- arguably his best - ever -- form , while Suárez and Neymar ended the team 's attacking dependency on their star player . With 58 goals from Messi , the trio scored a total of 122 goals in all competitions that season , a record in Spanish football . Messi battles Juventus defender Patrice Evra for the ball during the Champions League final in June 2015 . Towards the end of the campaign , Messi scored in a 1 -- 0 away win over Atlético Madrid on 17 May , securing the La Liga title . Among his 43 league goals that season was a hat - trick scored in 11 minutes against Rayo Vallecano on 8 March , the fastest of his senior career ; it was his 32nd hat - trick overall for Barcelona , allowing him to overtake Telmo Zarra as the player with the most hat - tricks ever in Spanish football . Additionally , as the season 's top assist provider with 18 assists , he surpassed Luís Figo as the player with the most assists in La Liga ; he made his record 106th assist in a fixture against Levante on 15 February , in which he also scored a hat - trick . Messi then scored twice as Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao 3 -- 1 in the Copa del Rey final on 30 May , achieving the sixth double in their history . His opening goal was hailed as one of the greatest in his career ; he collected the ball near the halfway line and beat four opposing players , before feinting the goalkeeper to score in a tight space by the near post . The goal was later named one of the three final nominees for the 2015 FIFA Puskás Award . In the Champions League , Messi scored twice and assisted on another in their 3 -- 0 semi-final victory over Bayern Munich , now under the stewardship of Guardiola . His second goal , which came only three minutes after his first , saw him chip the ball over goalkeeper Manuel Neuer after his dribble past Jérôme Boateng had made the defender drop to the ground ; it went viral , becoming the year 's most tweeted about sporting moment , and was named the best goal of the season by UEFA . Despite a second - leg loss , Barcelona progressed to the final on 6 June in Berlin , where they defeated Juventus 3 -- 1 to win their second treble , becoming the first team in history to do so . Although Messi did not score , he participated in each of his side 's goals , particularly the second as he forced a parried save from goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon from which Suárez scored the match - winning goal on the rebound . In addition to being the top assist provider with six assists , Messi finished the competition as the joint top scorer with ten goals , which earned him the distinction of being the first player ever to achieve the top scoring mark in five Champions League seasons . For his efforts during the season , he received the UEFA Best Player in Europe award for a second time . 2015 -- 16 : domestic success Messi dribbling past Sevilla 's Éver Banega in the 2015 UEFA Super Cup Messi opened the 2015 -- 16 season by scoring twice from free kicks in Barcelona 's 5 -- 4 victory ( after extra time ) over Sevilla in the UEFA Super Cup . A subsequent 5 -- 1 aggregate defeat against Athletic Bilbao in the Supercopa de España ended their expressed hopes of a second sextuple , with Messi scoring his side 's only goal . On 16 September , he became the youngest player to make 100 appearances in the UEFA Champions League in a 1 -- 1 away draw to Roma . On 26 September , Messi sustained an injury in Barcelona 's match against Las Palmas ; tests later confirmed that he suffered a tear in the medial collateral ligament of his left knee , ruling him out for six to eight weeks . He finally returned to the pitch on 21 November , making a substitute appearance in Barcelona 's 4 -- 0 away win over rivals Real Madrid in El Clásico . Messi capped off the year by winning the 2015 FIFA Club World Cup Final on 20 December , collecting his fifth club trophy of 2015 as Barcelona went on to defeat River Plate 3 -- 0 in Yokohama . Messi also won the tournament 's Silver Ball , despite missing the semi-final . On 30 December , Messi scored on his 500th appearance for Barcelona , in a 4 -- 0 home win over Real Betis . On 6 January 2016 , recording Barcelona 's first goal of the new year , Messi scored two goals and assisted the other two in a 4 -- 1 derby win over Espanyol at the Camp Nou , in the first leg of the round of 16 of the 2015 -- 16 Copa del Rey . Five days later , Messi won the FIFA Ballon d'Or for a record fifth time in his career . On 3 February , he scored a hat - trick in Barcelona 's 7 -- 0 win against Valenciain the first leg of the Copa del Rey semi-final at the Camp Nou , also scoring his 500th career goal in the process , including youth competitions . With teammate Luis Suárez scoring the other four goals in the same match , this was the first time that two players had scored at least three goals each at Camp Nou , and the first time since Luis Suárez Miramontes and Justo Tejada in 1956 . The feat had only occurred three times before in the club 's history , all at Camp de Les Corts . The next league match at Camp Nou , a 6 -- 1 win against Celta de Vigo , Messi assisted Suárez from a penalty kick . Some people saw it as `` a touch of genius '' , while others criticised it as being disrespectful to the opponent . The Celta players , however , never complained and their coach defended the penalty , stating , `` Barca 's forwards are very respectful . '' The penalty routine has been compared to that of Barça icon Johan Cruyff in 1982 , who was battling lung cancer , leading many fans to indicate that the penalty was a tribute to him . Cruyff himself was `` very happy '' with the play , insisting `` it was legal and entertaining '' . On 17 February , Messi reached his 300th league goal in a 1 -- 3 away win against Sporting de Gijón . A few days later , he scored both goals in Barcelona 's 0 -- 2 win against Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium , in the first leg of the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League round of 16 , with the second goal being Barcelona 's 10,000 th in official competitions . On 17 April , Messi ended a five - match scoring drought with his 500th senior career goal for club and country in Barcelona 's 2 -- 1 home loss to Valencia . Messi finished the 2015 -- 16 season by setting up both goals in Barcelona 's 2 -- 0 extra time win over Sevilla in the 2016 Copa del Rey Final , at the Vicente Calderón Stadium , on 22 May 2016 , as the club celebrated winning the domestic double for the second consecutive season . In total , Messi scored 41 goals and provided 23 assists , as Barcelona 's attacking trio managed a Spanish record of 131 goals throughout the season , breaking the record they had set the previous season . 2016 -- 17 : fourth Golden Boot `` ( Messi ) is indispensable , but the rest of us are dispensable . -- No , the club is bigger than any manager , than any player ... except Leo . That 's the reality , and you have to accept it . '' -- In an interview with Barcelona 's official magazine , Messi 's compatriot Javier Mascherano points out that Barcelona has continued to enjoy success despite the departures of its key figures . Messi opened the 2016 -- 17 season by lifting the 2016 Supercopa de España as Barcelona 's captain in the absence of the injured Andrés Iniesta ; he set - up Munir 's goal in a 2 -- 0 away win over Sevilla in the first leg on 14 August , and subsequently scored and assisted in a 3 -- 0 win in the return leg on 17 August . Three days later , he scored two goals and provided an assist to lead Barcelona to a 6 -- 2 victory against Real Betis in the opening game of the 2016 -- 17 La Liga season . On 13 September 2016 , Messi scored his first hat - trick of the season in the opening game of the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League campaign against Celtic in a 7 -- 0 victory ; this was also Messi 's sixth hat - trick in the Champions League , the most by any player . A week later , Messi sustained a groin injury in a 1 -- 1 draw against Atlético Madrid and was ruled out with injury for three weeks . He marked his return with a goal , scoring three minutes after coming off the bench in a 4 -- 0 home win over Deportivo de La Coruña , on 16 October . Three days after this , he netted his thirty - seventh club hat - trick as Barcelona defeated Manchester City 4 -- 0 . On 1 November , Messi scored his 54th Champions League group stage goal in Barcelona 's 3 -- 1 away return fixture loss to Manchester City , surpassing the previous record of 53 goals held by Raúl . On 12 November , Messi placed second in the 2016 Ballon d'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo , who claimed the award for the fourth time . He finished the year with 51 goals , making him Europe 's top scorer , one ahead of Zlatan Ibrahimović . After placing second in the 2016 Ballon d'Or , on 9 January 2017 Messi also finished in second place -- behind Cristiano Ronaldo once again -- in the 2016 Best FIFA Men 's Player Award . On 11 January , Messi scored from a free - kick in Barcelona 's 3 -- 1 victory against Athletic Bilbao in the second leg of the round of 16 of the Copa del Rey , which enabled Barcelona to advance to the quarter - finals of the competition ; with his 26th goal from a free - kick for Barcelona in all competitions , he equalled the club 's all - time record , which had previously been set by Ronald Koeman . In his next league match , on 14 January , Messi scored in a 5 -- 0 win against Las Palmas ; with this goal , he equalled Raúl 's record for the most number of teams scored against in La Liga ( 35 ) . On 4 February , Messi scored his 27th free - kick for Barcelona in a 3 -- 0 home win over Athletic Bilbao in the league , overtaking Koeman as the club 's all - time top - scorer from free - kicks . On 23 April , Messi scored twice in a 3 -- 2 away win over Real Madrid . His game - winning goal in stoppage time was his 500th for Barcelona . On 27 May , Messi scored a goal and set up another for Paco Alcácer in the 2017 Copa del Rey Final , helping Barcelona to a 3 -- 1 victory over Alavés , and was named Man of the Match . In total , Messi finished the 2016 -- 17 season with 54 goals and 16 assists , while his 37 goals in La Liga saw him claim both the Pichichi and European Golden Boot Awards for the fourth time in his career . 2017 -- 18 : domestic double and a record fifth Golden Boot Messi opened the 2017 -- 18 season by converting a penalty in Barcelona 's 1 -- 3 first leg home defeat to Real Madrid in Supercopa de España . Thereby , Messi also extended his El Clásico goalscoring record with the goal being his 24th official and 25th overall . On 27 August , Messi scored his first two goals of the 2017 -- 18 La Liga season in a 2 -- 0 away win over Alavés . Messi 's first goal marked his 350th in the fixture , becoming the first player ever to achieve this milestone . On 9 September , Messi scored his first hat - trick of the 2017 -- 18 league campaign , against Espanyol in derbi barceloní , thus helping to secure a 5 -- 0 home victory for Blaugrana over local rivals . Messi netted twice against Gianluigi Buffon , on 12 September , as Barça defeated the last season 's Italian champions Juventus 3 -- 0 at home in the UEFA Champions League . On 19 September , Messi found the net four times in a 6 -- 1 trashing of Eibar at the Camp Nou in La Liga . Three weeks later , on 1 October , Messi surpassed his former teammate Carles Puyol to become the third highest appearance maker in the club 's history , as he helped Barça defeat Las Palmas 3 -- 0 by assisting Sergio Busquets ' opener and later adding two himself in his 594th official game for the club ; the league game was played behind closed doors at the Camp Nou due to violence in Catalonia relating to an ongoing independence referendum . On 18 October , in his 122nd European club appearance , Messi scored his 97th UEFA Champions League goal , and his 100th in all UEFA club competitions , in a 3 -- 1 home victory over Olympiakos . Messi became only the second player after Cristiano Ronaldo to reach this century milestone , but accomplished it in 21 fewer appearances than the Portuguese counterpart . On 23 October , Messi finished as the runner - up behind Cristiano Ronaldo in 2017 Best FIFA Men 's Player award for the second consecutive year . On 4 November , he made his 600th appearance for Barcelona in a 2 -- 1 home win over Sevilla in La Liga . Following the reception of his fourth Golden Boot , Messi signed a new deal with Barcelona on 25 November , keeping him with the club through the 2020 -- 21 season . His buyout clause was set at € 700 million . On 7 January 2018 , Messi made his 400th La Liga appearance with Barcelona in a 3 -- 0 home win over Levante , marking the occasion with his 144th league assist and 365th league goal for the club , the latter of which saw him equal Gerd Müller 's record for the most league goals scored for the same club in one of Europe 's top five divisions . A week later , he broke the record , scoring his 366th La Liga goal from a free kick in a 4 -- 2 away win against Real Sociedad . On 4 March , he scored his 600th senior career goal from a free kick in a 1 -- 0 home win over Atlético Madrid , in La Liga . On 14 March , Messi scored his 99th and 100th Champions League goals in a 3 -- 0 home win over Chelsea , becoming only the second player after Cristiano Ronaldo to reach this landmark , and achieving it at a younger age , in fewer appearances , having played fewer minutes , and having taken fewer shots than his Portuguese counterpart ; his opening goal , which came after only two minutes and eight seconds , was also the fastest of his career . During the same match , he also set up Ousmane Dembélé for his first Barcelona goal ; the result saw Barcelona advance to the quarter - finals of the competition for the eleventh consecutive season . On 7 April , he scored a hat - trick in a 3 -- 1 win over Leganés including his sixth goal scored from a free - kick for the season , matching the record set by former teammate Ronaldinho . On 9 May , Messi scored as Barcelona defeated Villarreal 5 -- 1 to set the longest unbeaten streak ( 43 games ) in La Liga history . International career 2004 -- 05 : success at youth level As a dual Argentine - Spanish national , Messi was eligible to play for the national team of both countries . Selectors for Spain 's Under - 17 squad began pursuing him in 2003 after Barcelona 's director of football , Carles Rexach , alerted the Royal Spanish Football Federation to their young player . Messi declined the offer , having aspired to represent La Albiceleste since childhood . To further prevent Spain from taking him , the Argentine Football Association organised two under - 20 friendlies in June 2004 , against Paraguay and Uruguay , with the purpose of finalising his status as an Argentina player in FIFA . Five days after his 17th birthday , on 29 June , he made his debut for his country against Paraguay , scoring once and providing two assists in their 8 -- 0 victory . He was subsequently included in the squad for the South American Youth Championship , held in Colombia in February 2005 . As he lacked the stamina of his teammates , the result of his former growth hormone deficiency , he was used as a substitute in six of the nine games , proving more effective when coming on in the second half . After being named man of the match against Venezuela , he scored the winning 2 -- 1 goal in the crucial last match against Brazil , thereby securing their third - place qualification for the FIFA World Youth Championship . Aware of his physical limitations , Messi employed a personal trainer to increase his muscle mass , returning to the squad in an improved condition in time for the World Youth Championship , hosted by the Netherlands in June 2005 . After he was left out of the starting line - up in their first match against the United States , a 1 -- 0 defeat , the squad 's senior players asked manager Francisco Ferraro to let Messi start , as they considered him their best player . After helping the team defeat Egypt and Germany to progress past the group stage , Messi proved decisive in the knockout phase as he scored their equaliser against Colombia , provided a goal and an assist against title favourites Spain , and scored their opening goal against reigning champions Brazil . Ahead of the final , he was awarded the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament . He scored two penalties in their 2 -- 1 victory over Nigeria , clinching Argentina 's fifth championship and finishing the tournament as top scorer with 6 goals . His performances drew comparisons with compatriot Diego Maradona , who had led Argentina to the title in 1979 . 2005 -- 06 : senior and World Cup debuts In recognition of his achievements with the under - 20 side , senior manager José Pékerman gave Messi his first call - up for a friendly against Hungary on 17 August 2005 . Aged 18 , Messi made his senior debut for Argentina in the Ferenc Puskás Stadium when he came on in the 63rd minute , only to be sent off after two minutes for a perceived foul against Vilmos Vanczák , who had grabbed his shirt ; Messi had struck the defender with his arm while trying to shake him off , which the referee interpreted as an intentional elbowing , a contentious decision . Messi was reportedly found weeping in the dressing room after his sending - off . He returned to the team on 3 September in their World Cup qualifier defeat to Paraguay , which he had declared his `` re-debut '' ahead of the match . Messi started his first game in the next qualifying match against Peru , in which he was able to win a crucial penalty that secured their victory . After the match , Pékerman described him as `` a jewel '' . He subsequently made regular appearances for the team ahead of Argentina 's participation in the 2006 FIFA World Cup , scoring his first goal in a friendly against Croatia on 1 March 2006 . A hamstring injury sustained a week later jeopardised his presence in the World Cup , but he was nevertheless selected for Pékerman 's squad and regained fitness in time for the start of the tournament . During the World Cup in Germany , Messi witnessed their opening match victory against the Ivory Coast from the substitutes ' bench . In the next match , against Serbia and Montenegro , he became the youngest player to represent Argentina at a FIFA World Cup when he came on as a substitute in the 74th minute . He assisted their fourth strike within minutes and scored the final goal in their 6 -- 0 victory , making him the youngest scorer in the tournament and the sixth - youngest goalscorer in the history of the World Cup . As their progression to the knockout phase was secured , several starters were rested during the last group match . Messi consequently started the game against the Netherlands , a 0 -- 0 draw , as they won their group on goal differential . In the round of 16 match against Mexico , played on his 19th birthday , Messi came on in the 84th minute , with the score tied at 1 -- 1 . He appeared to score a goal , but it was contentiously ruled offside , with the team needing a late goal in extra time to proceed . He did not play in the quarter - final against Germany , during which Argentina were eliminated 4 -- 2 in a penalty shootout . Back home , Pékerman 's decision to leave him on the bench against Germany led to widespread criticism from those who believed Messi could have changed the outcome of the match in Argentina 's favour . 2007 -- 08 : Copa América final and Olympic gold Messi evades Brazil 's Marcelo in the semi-final of the 2008 Summer Olympics . As Messi evolved into one of the best players in the world , he secured a place in Alfio Basile 's starting line - up , as part of a team considered favourites to win the 2007 Copa América , held in Venezuela . He set up the game - winning goal of their 4 -- 1 victory over the United States in the opening match , before winning a penalty that led to the game - tying first strike of their 4 -- 2 win in the next match against Colombia . As they had secured their place in the knockout phase , Messi started the next game on the bench , coming on in the last 25 minutes with the score at 0 -- 0 to help his team defeat Paraguay by assisting their only goal . At the quarter - final stage , where the group winners faced Peru , he scored the second goal of a 4 -- 0 victory that saw them through to the semi-final , during which he chipped the ball over Mexico 's goalkeeper to ensure another 3 -- 0 win . In a surprise defeat , Argentina lost the final 3 -- 0 to a Brazil squad that lacked several of the nation 's best players . Their unexpected loss was followed by much criticism in Argentina , though Messi was mostly exempt due to his young age and secondary status to star player Juan Román Riquelme . He was named the best young player of the tournament by CONMEBOL . Ahead of the 2008 Summer Olympics , Barcelona legally barred Messi from representing Argentina at the tournament as it coincided with their Champions League qualifying matches . After interference from newly appointed Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola , who had won the tournament in 1992 , Messi was permitted to join Sergio Batista 's under - 23 squad in Beijing . During the first match , he scored the opening goal and assisted another in their 2 -- 1 victory over the Ivory Coast . Following a 1 -- 0 win in the next group match against Australia , ensuring their quarter - final qualification , Messi was rested during the game against Serbia , while his side won the match to finish first in their group . Against the Netherlands , he again scored the first goal and assisted a second strike to help his team to a 2 -- 1 win in extra time . After a 3 -- 0 semi-final victory over Brazil , Messi assisted the only goal in the final as Argentina defeated Nigeria to claim Olympic gold medals . Along with Riquelme , Messi was singled out by FIFA as the stand - out player from the tournament 's best team . 2008 -- 11 : collective decline From late 2008 , the national team experienced a three - year period marked by poor performances . Under manager Diego Maradona , who had led Argentina to World Cup victory as a player , the team struggled to qualify for the 2010 World Cup , securing their place in the tournament only after defeating Uruguay 1 -- 0 in their last qualifying match . Maradona was criticised for his strategic decisions as he played Messi out of position , positioned too deep for him to be able to contribute to the attack to his full ability . In eight qualifying matches under Maradona 's stewardship , Messi scored only one goal , netting the opening goal in the first such match , a 4 -- 0 victory over Venezuela . During that game , played on 28 March 2009 , he wore Argentina 's number 10 shirt for the first time , following the international retirement of Riquelme . Overall , Messi scored four goals in 18 appearances during the qualifying process . Ahead of the tournament , Maradona visited Messi in Barcelona to request his tactical input ; Messi then outlined a 4 -- 3 -- 1 -- 2 formation with himself playing behind the two strikers , a playmaking position known as the enganche in Argentine football , which had been his preferred position since childhood . Messi in action during the opening match against Bolivia in the 2011 Copa América Despite their poor qualifying campaign , Argentina were considered title contenders at the World Cup in South Africa . At the start of the tournament , the new formation proved effective ; Messi managed at least four attempts on goal during their opening match but was repeatedly denied by Nigeria 's goalkeeper , resulting in a 1 -- 0 win . During the next match , against South Korea , he excelled in his playmaking role , participating in all four goals of his side 's 4 -- 1 victory . As their place in the knockout phase was guaranteed , most of the starters were rested during the last group match , but Messi reportedly refused to be benched . He wore the captain 's armband for the first time in their 2 -- 0 win against Greece ; as the focal point of their play , he helped create their second goal to see Argentina finish as group winners . In the round of 16 , they defeated Mexico 3 -- 1 , with Messi assisting their first goal , a controversial strike that stood despite being offside . Argentina 's unstructured defence had proved a liability throughout the World Cup and finally led to their elimination in the quarter - final against Germany , at the same stage of the tournament and by the same opponent as four years earlier . Their 4 -- 0 loss was their worst margin of defeat since 1974 . FIFA subsequently identified Messi as one of the tournament 's 10 best players , citing his `` outstanding '' pace and creativity and `` spectacular and efficient '' dribbling , shooting and passing . Back home , however , Messi was the subject of far harsher judgement . As the perceived best player in the world , he had been expected to lead an average team to the title , as Maradona arguably did in 1986 , but he had failed to replicate his performances at Barcelona with the national team , leading to the accusation that he cared less about his country than his club . Maradona was replaced by Sergio Batista , who had orchestrated Argentina 's Olympic victory . Batista publicly stated that he intended to build the team around Messi , employing him as a false nine within a 4 -- 3 -- 3 system , as used to much success by Barcelona . Although Messi scored a record 53 goals during the 2010 -- 11 club season , he had not scored for Argentina in an official match since March 2009 . Despite the tactical change , his goal drought continued during the 2011 Copa América , hosted by Argentina . Their first two matches , against Bolivia and Colombia , ended in draws , with Messi underperforming by his standards . Media and fans noted that he did not combine well with striker Carlos Tevez , who enjoyed far greater popularity among the Argentine public ; Messi was consequently booed by his own team 's supporters for the first time in his career . During the crucial next match , with Tevez on the bench , he gave a well - received performance , assisting two goals in their 3 -- 0 victory over Costa Rica . After the quarter - final against Uruguay ended in a 1 -- 1 draw following extra time , with Messi having assisted their equaliser , Argentina were eliminated 4 -- 5 in the penalty shootout by the eventual champions . 2011 -- 13 : assuming the captaincy Messi scored his first international hat - trick against Switzerland in February 2012 . After Argentina 's unsuccessful performance in the Copa América , Batista was replaced by Alejandro Sabella . Upon his appointment in August 2011 , Sabella awarded the 24 - year - old Messi the captaincy of the squad , in accord with then - captain Javier Mascherano . Reserved by nature , Messi went on to lead his squad by example as their best player , while Mascherano continued to fulfil the role of the team 's on - field leader and motivator . In a further redesign of the team , Sabella dismissed Tevez and brought in players with whom Messi had won the World Youth Championship and Olympic Games . Now playing in a free role in an improving team , Messi finally ended his goal drought by scoring during their first World Cup qualifying match against Chile on 7 October , his first official goal for Argentina in two - and - a-half years . Under Sabella , Messi 's goalscoring rate drastically increased ; where he had scored only 17 goals in 61 matches under his previous managers , he scored 25 times in 32 appearances during the following three years . He netted a total of 12 goals in 9 games for Argentina in 2012 , equalling the record held by Gabriel Batistuta , Argentina 's all - time top scorer , for the most goals scored in a calendar year for their country . His first hat - trick with the Albicelestes came in a friendly against Switzerland on 29 February 2012 , followed by two more hat - tricks over the next year - and - a-half in friendlies against Brazil and Guatemala . Messi then helped the team secure their place in the 2014 World Cup with a 5 -- 2 victory over Paraguay on 10 September 2013 ; in addition to providing an assist , he scored twice from a penalty kick , taking his international tally to 37 goals to become Argentina 's second - highest goalscorer behind only Batistuta . Overall , he had scored a total of 10 goals in 14 matches during the qualifying campaign . Concurrently with his bettered performances , his relationship with his compatriots improved , as he gradually began to be perceived more favourably in Argentina . 2014 -- 15 : World Cup and Copa América finals Messi watches his 25 yard curling strike hit the net against Iran to win the game for Argentina in their second group game at the 2014 FIFA World Cup Ahead of the World Cup in Brazil , doubts persisted over Messi 's form , as he finished an unsuccessful and injury - plagued season with Barcelona . At the start of the tournament , however , he gave strong performances , being elected man of the match in their first four matches . In his first World Cup match as captain , he led them to a 2 -- 1 victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina ; he helped create their early opening goal and scored their second strike after a dribble past three players , his first World Cup goal since his debut in the tournament eight years earlier . During the second match against Iran , he scored an injury - time goal from 25 yards out to end the game in a 1 -- 0 win , securing their qualification for the knockout phase . He scored twice in the last group match , a 3 -- 2 victory over Nigeria , his second goal from a free kick , as they finished first in their group . Messi assisted a late goal in extra time to ensure a 1 -- 0 win against Switzerland in the round of 16 , before starting the play that led to their match - winning 1 -- 0 goal in the quarter - final against Belgium , helping Argentina progress to the semi-final of the World Cup for the first time since 1990 . Following a 0 -- 0 draw in extra time , they eliminated the Netherlands 4 -- 2 in a penalty shootout to reach the final , with Messi scoring his team 's first penalty . Messi battles Germany 's Mats Hummels for the ball during the final of the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Billed as Messi versus Germany , the world 's best player against the best team , the final was a repeat of the 1990 final featuring Diego Maradona . Within the first half - hour , Messi had started the play that led to a goal , but it was ruled offside . He missed several opportunities to open the scoring throughout the match , in particular at the start of the second half when his breakaway effort went wide of the far post . Substitute Mario Götze finally scored in the 113th minute , followed in the last minute of extra time by a free kick that Messi sent over the net , as Germany won the match 1 -- 0 to claim the World Cup . At the conclusion of the final , Messi was awarded the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament . In addition to being the joint third - highest goalscorer , with four goals and an assist , he created the most chances , completed the most dribbling runs , made the most deliveries into the penalty area and produced the most throughballs in the competition . However , his selection drew criticism due to his lack of goals in the knockout round ; FIFA President Sepp Blatter expressed his surprise , while Maradona suggested that Messi had undeservedly been chosen for marketing purposes . Another final appearance , the third of Messi 's senior international career , followed in the 2015 Copa América , held in Chile . Under the stewardship of former Barcelona manager Gerardo Martino , Argentina entered the tournament as title contenders due to their second - place achievement at the World Cup . During the opening match against Paraguay , they were ahead two goals by half - time but lost their lead to end the match in a 2 -- 2 draw ; Messi had scored from a penalty kick , netting his only goal in the tournament . Following a 1 -- 0 win against defending champions Uruguay , Messi earned his 100th cap for his country in the final group match , a 1 -- 0 win over Jamaica , becoming only the fifth Argentine to achieve this milestone . In his 100 appearances , he had scored a total of 46 goals for Argentina , 22 of which came in official competitive matches . As Messi evolved from the team 's symbolic captain into a genuine leader , he led Argentina to the knockout stage as group winners . In the quarter - final , they created numerous chances , including a rebound header by Messi , but were repeatedly denied by Colombia 's goalkeeper , and ultimately ended the match scoreless , leading to a 5 -- 4 penalty shootout in their favour , with Messi netting his team 's first spot kick . At the semi-final stage , Messi excelled as playmaker as he provided three assists and helped create three more goals in his side 's 6 -- 1 victory over Paraguay , receiving applause from the initially hostile crowd . Argentina started the final as the odds - on title favourites , but were defeated by Chile 4 -- 1 in a penalty shootout after an 0 -- 0 extra-time draw . Faced with aggression from opposing players , including taking a boot to the midriff , Messi played below his standards , though he was the only Argentine to successfully convert his penalty . At the close of the tournament , he was reportedly selected to receive the Most Valuable Player award but rejected the honour . As Argentina continued a trophy drought that began in 1993 , the World Cup and Copa América defeats again brought intense criticism for Messi from Argentine media and fans . 2016 : Copa América Centenario. , retirement , and return Messi 's place in Argentina 's Copa América Centenario squad was initially put in jeopardy when he sustained a back injury in a 1 -- 0 friendly win over Honduras in a pre-Copa América warm - up match on 27 May 2016 . It was later reported that he had suffered a deep bruise in his lumbar region , but that he would remain in Martino 's squad for the tournament , although he was later left on the bench in Argentina 's 2 -- 1 opening win over defending champions Chile on 6 June due to concerns regarding his fitness . Although Messi was declared match - fit for his nation 's second group match against Panama on 10 June , Martino left him on the bench once again ; he replaced Augusto Fernández in the 61st minute and subsequently scored a hat - trick in 19 minutes , also starting the play which led to Sergio Agüero 's goal , as the match ended in a 5 -- 0 victory , sealing Argentina 's place in the quarter - finals of the competition ; he was elected man of the match for his performance . On 18 June 2016 , in the quarter - final of the Copa América against Venezuela , Messi produced another man of the match performance , assisting two goals and scoring another in a 4 -- 1 victory , which enabled him to equal Gabriel Batistuta 's national record of 54 goals in official international matches . This record was broken three days later when Messi scored in a 4 -- 0 win in the semi-final of the Copa América against hosts the United States ; he also assisted two goals during the match as Argentina sealed a place in the final of the competition for a second consecutive year , and was named man of the match once again . `` I tried my hardest . It has been four finals , I want more than anyone to win a title with the national team , but unfortunately , it did not happen ... I think this is best for everyone , firstly for me and for a lot of people that wish this . The team has ended for me , a decision made . '' -- Messi announcing his retirement on 27 June 2016 During a repeat of the previous year 's final on 26 June , Argentina once again lost to Chile on penalties after a 0 -- 0 deadlock , resulting in Messi 's third consecutive defeat in a major tournament final with Argentina , and his fourth overall . After the match , Messi , who had missed his penalty in the shootout , announced his retirement from international football . Sources reported that other Argentine players -- Sergio Agüero , Javier Mascherano , Gonzalo Higuaín , Lucas Biglia , Éver Banega , Ezequiel Lavezzi and Ángel Di María -- could follow their captain in retiring from international football . Chile coach Juan Antonio Pizzi said after the match , `` My generation ca n't compare him to Maradona that 's for my generation , because of what Maradona did for Argentine football . But I think the best player ever played today here in the United States . '' Messi finished the tournament as the second highest scorer , behind Eduardo Vargas , with five goals , and was the highest assist provider with four assists , also winning more Man of the Match awards than any other player in the tournament ( 3 ) ; he was named to the team of the tournament for his performances , but missed out on the Golden Ball Award for best player , which went to Alexis Sánchez . `` Do n't go , Leo '' Following his announcement , a campaign began in Argentina for Messi to change his mind about retiring . He was greeted by fans with signs like `` Do n't go , Leo '' when the team landed in Buenos Aires . President of Argentina Mauricio Macri urged Messi not to quit , stating , `` We are lucky , it is one of life 's pleasures , it is a gift from God to have the best player in the world in a footballing country like ours ... Lionel Messi is the greatest thing we have in Argentina and we must take care of him . '' Mayor of Buenos Aires Horacio Rodríguez Larreta unveiled a statue of Messi in the capital to convince him to reconsider retirement . On social networks , NoTeVayasLeo became a global trending topic , and even a playlist on Spotify . The campaign also continued in the streets and avenues of the Argentine capital , with about 50,000 supporters going to the Obelisco de Buenos Aires on 2 July , using the same slogan . Return `` A lot of things went through my mind on the night of the final and I gave serious thought to quitting , but my love for my country and this shirt is too great . '' -- Messi reversing his decision from retiring on 12 August 2016 Just a week after Messi announced his international retirement , Argentine newspaper La Nación reported that he was reconsidering playing for Argentina at the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers in September . On 12 August , it was confirmed that Messi had reversed his decision to retire from international football , and he was included in the squad for the national team 's upcoming 2018 World Cup qualifiers . On 1 September 2016 , in his first game back , he scored in a 1 -- 0 home win over Uruguay in a 2018 World Cup qualifier . Messi celebrating scoring a hat - trick against Ecuador on 10 October 2017 . His goals sent Argentina through to the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia . On 28 March 2017 , Messi was suspended for four international games for insulting an assistant referee in a game against Chile on 23 March 2017 . He was also fined CHF 10,000 . On 5 May 2017 , Messi 's four match ban as well as his 10,000 CHF fine was lifted by FIFA after Argentina Football Association appealed against his suspension , which meant he could now play Argentina 's remaining World Cup Qualifiers . Argentina 's place in the 2018 World Cup was in jeopardy going into their final qualifying match as they were sixth in their group , outside the five possible CONMEBOL World Cup qualifying spots , meaning they risked failing to qualify for the World Cup for the first time since 1970 . On 10 October 2017 , Messi led his country to World Cup qualification in scoring a hat - trick as Argentina came from behind to defeat Ecuador 3 -- 1 away ; Argentina had not defeated Ecuador in Quito since 2001 . Messi 's three goals saw him become the joint all - time leading scorer in CONMEBOL World Cup qualifiers with 21 goals , alongside Uruguay 's Luis Suárez , overtaking the previous record which was held by compatriot Hernán Crespo . 2018 : World Cup `` The squad is the worst in their history . Even having the best player in the world was not capable of creating a competitive team . All the decline of recent times was hidden by this unrivalled genius ( Messi ) '' -- Former Argentine player Ossie Ardiles on the decline in quality in the Argentina team being masked by Messi . Following on from their poor qualification campaign , salvaged by Messi , expectations were not high going into the 2018 World Cup , with the team , without an injured Messi , losing 6 -- 1 to Spain in March 2018 . Pre tournament Messi admitted , `` Right now we 're not among the contenders to win the World Cup . '' Prior to Argentina 's opener , there was speculation in the media over whether this would be Messi 's final World Cup . In the team 's opening group match against Iceland on 16 June , Messi missed a potential match - winning penalty in an eventual 1 -- 1 draw . In Argentina 's second game of the 2018 World Cup on 21 June , the team lost 3 -- 0 to Croatia . Post match the Argentina coach Jorge Sampaoli spoke of the lack of quality in the team surrounding Messi , `` the reality of the Argentina squad clouds his ( Messi 's ) brilliance '' . Messi had just 49 touches of the ball and only two inside the Croatia penalty area , with the coach being asked , `` Why ca n't you get your players to pass the ball to Lionel Messi ? '' Sampaoli responded by touching on the lack of supply to Messi , `` we quite simply could n't pass to him to help him generate the situations he is used to . We worked to give him the ball but the opponent also worked hard to prevent him from getting the ball . We lost that battle . '' Croatia midfielder Luka Modrić also stated post match , `` Messi is an incredible player but he ca n't do everything alone . '' Messi celebrating a goal against Nigeria at the 2018 FIFA World Cup In Argentina 's final group match against Nigeria at the Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg on 26 June , Messi scored the opening goal in an eventual 2 -- 1 victory which saw Argentina progress to the second round as group runners - up behind Croatia . Receiving Ever Banega 's long pass upfield over the defence Messi controlled the ball on the run with two touches before striking it across goal into the net with his right foot . With this goal , Messi became only the third Argentine after Diego Maradona and Gabriel Batistuta to score in three World Cups ; he also became the first player to score in the World Cup in his teens , twenties , and his thirties . In the round of 16 match against France on 30 June , Messi set up Gabriel Mercado 's and Sergio Agüero 's goals in a 4 -- 3 defeat , which saw Argentina eliminated from the World Cup . With his two assists in his team 's second round fixture , Messi became the first player to provide an assist in the last four World Cups , and also became the first player to provide two assists in a match for Argentina since Diego Maradona had managed the same feat against South Korea in 1986 . Player Profile Style of play `` I have fun like a child in the street . When the day comes when I 'm not enjoying it , I will leave football . '' -- Messi explains his approach to the game in May 2011 . Due to his short stature , Messi has a lower centre of gravity than taller players , which gives him greater agility , allowing him to change direction more quickly and evade opposing tackles ; this has led the Spanish media to dub him La Pulga Atómica ( `` The Atomic Flea '' ) . Despite being physically unimposing , he possesses significant upper - body strength , which , combined with his low centre of gravity and resulting balance , aids him in withstanding physical challenges from opponents ; he has consequently been noted for his lack of diving in a sport rife with playacting . His short , strong legs allow him to excel in short bursts of acceleration while his quick feet enable him to retain control of the ball when dribbling at speed . His former Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola once stated , `` Messi is the only player that runs faster with the ball than he does without it . '' Although he has improved his ability with his weaker foot since his mid-20s , Messi is predominantly a left - footed player ; with the outside of his left foot , he usually begins dribbling runs , while he uses the inside of his foot to finish and provide passes and assists . Messi prepares to shoot with his dominant left foot during the final of the 2014 FIFA World Cup . A prolific goalscorer , Messi is known for his finishing , positioning , quick reactions , and ability to make attacking runs to beat the defensive line . He also functions in a playmaking role , courtesy of his vision and precise passing , and is an accurate free kick and penalty kick taker , though his ability on penalties has somewhat deteriorated in recent seasons . His pace and technical ability enable him to undertake individual dribbling runs towards goal , in particular during counterattacks , usually starting from the halfway line or the right side of the pitch . Widely considered to be the best dribbler in the world , and one of the greatest of all time , with regard to this ability , his former Argentina manager Diego Maradona has said of him , `` The ball stays glued to his foot ; I 've seen great players in my career , but I 've never seen anyone with Messi 's ball control . '' Beyond his individual qualities , he is also a well - rounded , hard - working team player , known for his creative combinations , in particular with Barcelona midfielders Xavi and Andrés Iniesta . Messi frequently celebrates a goal by pointing a finger on each hand towards the skies in dedication to his late grandmother . It was she who encouraged a young Messi to play , and also took him to games . Tactically , Messi plays in a free attacking role ; a versatile player , he is capable of attacking on either wing or through the centre of the pitch . His favoured position in childhood was the playmaker behind two strikers , known as the enganche in Argentine football , but he began his career in Spain as a left - winger or left - sided forward . Upon his first - team debut , he was moved onto the right wing by manager Frank Rijkaard ; from this position , he could more easily cut through the defence into the middle of the pitch and curl shots on goal with his left foot , rather than predominantly cross balls for teammates . Under Guardiola and subsequent managers , he most often played in a false nine role ; positioned as a centre - forward or lone striker , he would roam the centre , often moving deep into midfield and drawing defenders with him , in order to create and exploit spaces for passes , dribbling runs or combinations with Xavi and Iniesta . Under the stewardship of Luis Enrique , Messi initially returned to playing in the right - sided position that characterised much of his early career in the manager 's 4 -- 3 -- 3 formation , while he was increasingly deployed in a deeper , free playmaking role in later seasons . Under Valverde , Messi played in a variety of roles , including in a more offensive , central role in a 4 -- 2 -- 3 -- 1 , or as a second striker in a 4 -- 4 -- 2 formation , where he was once again given the licence to drop deep , link - up with midfielders , orchestrate his teams attacking plays , and create chances for his attacking partner Suárez . With the Argentina national team , Messi has similarly played anywhere along the frontline ; under various managers , he has been employed on the right wing , as a false nine , as an out - and - out striker , alongside another forward , or in a deeper , free creative role as a classic number 10 playmaker or attacking midfielder behind the strikers . Reception A prodigious talent as a teenager , Messi established himself among the world 's best players before age 20 . Diego Maradona considered the 18 - year - old Messi the best player in the world alongside Ronaldinho , while the Brazilian himself , shortly after winning the Ballon d'Or , commented , `` I 'm not even the best at Barça , '' in reference to his protégé . Four years later , after Messi had won his first Ballon d'Or by a record margin , the public debate regarding his qualities as a player moved beyond his status in contemporary football to the possibility that he was the greatest player in history . An early proponent was his then - manager Pep Guardiola , who , as early as August 2009 , declared Messi to be the best player he had ever seen . In the following years , this opinion gained greater acceptance among pundits , managers , former and current players , and by the end of Barça 's second treble - winning season , Messi 's superiority , ahead of Maradona and Pelé , had become the predominant view among insiders in continental Europe . A frequent dismissal , however , has centred on the fact that Messi has not won the FIFA World Cup with Argentina , leading some in the sport to instead cite him as the best club player in history . `` I 've seen the player who will inherit my place in Argentinian football and his name is Messi . '' -- Diego Maradona hails the 18 - year - old Messi as his successor in February 2006 . Throughout his career , Messi has been compared with his compatriot Diego Maradona , due to their similar playing styles as diminutive , left - footed dribblers . Initially , he was merely one of many young Argentine players , including his boyhood idol Pablo Aimar , to receive the `` New Maradona '' moniker , but as his career progressed , Messi proved his similarity beyond all previous contenders , establishing himself as the greatest player Argentina had produced since Maradona . Jorge Valdano , who won the 1986 World Cup alongside Maradona , said in October 2013 , `` Messi is Maradona every day . For the last five years , Messi has been the Maradona of the World Cup in Mexico . '' César Menotti , who as manager orchestrated their 1978 World Cup victory , echoed this sentiment when he opined that Messi plays `` at the level of the best Maradona '' . Other notable Argentines in the sport , such as Osvaldo Ardiles , Javier Zanetti , and Diego Simeone , have expressed their belief that Messi has overtaken Maradona as the best player in history . Argentina fans with Messi and Maradona banners at the 2018 World Cup in Russia In Argentine society , Messi is generally held in lesser esteem than Maradona , a consequence of not only his uneven performances with the national team , but also of differences in class , personality , and background . Messi is in some ways the antithesis of his predecessor : where Maradona was an extroverted , controversial character who rose to greatness from the slums , Messi is reserved and unassuming , an unremarkable man outside of football . An enduring mark against him is the fact that , although through no fault of his own , he never proved himself in the Argentine Primera División as an upcoming player , achieving stardom overseas from a young age , while his lack of outward passion for the Albiceleste shirt -- he does not sing the national anthem and is disinclined to emotional displays -- have in the past led to the false perception that he felt Catalan rather than truly Argentine . Despite having lived in Spain since age 13 , Messi has said : `` Argentina is my country , my family , my way of expressing myself . I would change all my records to make the people in my country happy . '' In November 2016 , with the Argentine Football Association being run by a FIFA committee for emergency due to an economic crisis , it was reported that three of the national team 's security staff told Messi that they have n't been given their salaries for six months . He stepped in and paid the salaries of the three members . Comparisons to Cristiano Ronaldo Main article : Messi -- Ronaldo rivalry Messi has been compared to Cristiano Ronaldo ( left ) throughout much of their careers . Among his contemporary peers , Messi is most often compared and contrasted with Portuguese forward Cristiano Ronaldo , as part of an ongoing rivalry that has been compared to past sports rivalries like the Muhammad Ali -- Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing , the Björn Borg -- John McEnroe rivalry in tennis , and the Ayrton Senna -- Alain Prost rivalry from Formula One . Although Messi has at times denied any rivalry , they are widely believed to push one another in their aim to be the best player in the world : since 2008 , both players have won five Ballons d'Or and four European Golden Shoes . Pundits and fans regularly argue the individual merits of both players ; beyond their playing styles , the debate also revolves around their differing physiques -- Ronaldo is 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) with a muscular build -- and contrasting public personalities , with Ronaldo 's self - confidence and theatrics a foil to Messi 's humility . Messi faced Ronaldo at least twice every season in El Clásico , which ranks among the world 's most viewed annual sports events . Off the pitch , Ronaldo is his direct competitor in terms of salary , sponsorships , and social media fanbase . In popular culture `` That is me and Messi . We 're right up there . Absolutely . '' -- US president Barack Obama when given an honorary number 10 jersey at the White House . According to France Football , Messi was the world 's highest - paid footballer for five years out of six between 2009 and 2014 ; he was the first player to exceed the € 40 million benchmark , with earnings of € 41 million in 2013 , and the € 50 -- € 60 million points , with income of € 65 million in 2014 . Messi was second on Forbes list of the world 's highest - paid athletes ( after Cristiano Ronaldo ) with income of $81.4 million from his salary and endorsements in 2015 -- 16 . In 2018 he was the first player to exceed the € 100m benchmark for a calendar year , with earnings of € 126m ( $154 m ) in combined income from salaries , bonuses and endorsements deals . Since 2008 , he has been Barcelona 's highest - paid player , receiving a salary that increased incrementally from € 7.8 million to € 13 million over the next five years . Signing a new Barcelona contract in 2017 , he earns $667,000 per week in wages , and Barcelona also paid him $59.6 million as a signing on bonus . His new buyout clause is set at $835 million ( € 700 million ) . In addition to his salary and multimillion - euro bonuses , much of his income derives from endorsements ; SportsPro has consequently cited him as one of the world 's most marketable athletes every year since their research began in 2010 . His main sponsor since 2006 is the sportswear company Adidas . As Barça 's leading youth prospect , he had been signed with Nike since age 14 , but transferred to Adidas after they successfully challenged their rival 's claim to his image rights in court . Over time , Messi established himself as their leading brand endorser ; from 2008 , he had a long - running signature collection of Adidas F50 boots , and in 2015 , he became the first footballer to receive his own sub-brand of Adidas boots , the Adidas Messi . A mural of Messi 's likeness in the San Siro district of Milan , photographed in 2013 As a commercial entity , Messi 's marketing brand has been based exclusively on his talents and achievements as a player , in contrast to arguably more glamorous players like Cristiano Ronaldo and David Beckham . At the start of his career , he thus mainly held sponsorship contracts with companies that employ sports - oriented marketing , such as Adidas , Pepsi , and Konami . From 2010 onwards , concurrently with his increased achievements as a player , his marketing appeal widened , leading to long - term endorsement deals with luxury brands Dolce & Gabbana and Audemars Piguet . Messi is also a global brand ambassador for Gillette , Turkish Airlines , Ooredoo , and Tata Motors , among other companies . Additionally , Messi was the face of Konami 's video game series Pro Evolution Soccer , appearing on the covers of PES 2009 , PES 2010 and PES 2011 . He subsequently signed with rival company EA Sports to become the face of their series FIFA and has since appeared on four consecutive covers from FIFA 13 to FIFA 16 . Fans of Messi in India decorated this vehicle . Messi 's global popularity and influence are well documented . He was among the Time 100 , an annual list of the world 's most influential people as published by Time , in 2011 and 2012 . His fanbase on the social media website Facebook is among the largest of all public figures : within seven hours of its launch in April 2011 , his Facebook page had nearly seven million followers , and by November 2013 , he had become only the second sportsperson , after Cristiano Ronaldo , to amass over 50 million followers . He has over 96 million Instagram followers , the third highest for a sportsperson , after Cristiano Ronaldo and Neymar . According to a 2014 survey by sports research firm Repucom in 15 international markets , Messi was familiar to 87 % of respondents around the world , of whom 78 % perceived him favourably , making him the second-most recognised player globally , behind Ronaldo , and the most likable of all contemporary players . Other events have illustrated Messi 's presence in popular culture . A solid gold replica of his left foot , weighing 25 kg ( 55 lb ) and valued at $5.25 million , went on sale in Japan in March 2013 to raise funds for victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . A 2013 Turkish Airlines advertisement starring Messi , in which he engages in a selfie competition with then - Los Angeles Lakers star Kobe Bryant , was the most - watched ad on YouTube in the year of its release , receiving 137 million views , and was subsequently voted the best advertisement of the 2005 -- 15 decade to commemorate YouTube 's founding . World Press Photo selected `` The Final Game '' , a photograph of Messi facing the World Cup trophy after Argentina 's final defeat to Germany , as the best sports image of 2014 . Messi , a documentary about his life by filmmaker Álex de la Iglesia , premiered at the Venice Film Festival in August 2014 . Born in a zoo at Saransk , Mordovia , Russia in late 2015 , Messi , a pet cougar who became popular on social media , was named after the player . Personal life Family and relationships Since 2008 , when he was 20 , Messi has been in a relationship with Antonella Roccuzzo , a fellow native of Rosario . He has known Roccuzzo since he was five years old , as she is the cousin of his best friend since childhood , Lucas Scaglia , who is also a football player . After keeping their relationship private for a year , Messi first confirmed their romance in an interview in January 2009 , before going public a month later during a carnival in Sitges after the Barcelona -- Espanyol derby . `` Leo is not shy . He 's introverted . He 's reserved . '' -- Endocrinologist Dr. Diego Schwarzstein addressed Messi 's growth hormone deficiency from 1997 to 2001 . According to Bleacher Report 's Richard Fitzpatrick , `` Schwarzstein and Messi built up a close relationship during more than four years of treatment . '' Messi and Roccuzzo have three sons : Thiago ( born 2012 ) , Mateo ( born 2015 ) and Ciro ( born 2018 ) . To celebrate his partner 's first pregnancy , Messi placed the ball under his shirt after scoring in Argentina 's 4 -- 0 win against Ecuador on 2 June 2012 , before confirming the pregnancy in an interview two weeks later . Thiago was born in Barcelona on 2 November 2012 , with Messi attending the birth after being given permission by Barcelona to miss training . He announced his son 's arrival on his Facebook page , writing , `` Today I am the happiest man in the world , my son was born and thanks to God for this gift ! '' Thiago 's name and handprints are tattooed on his left calf . In April 2015 , Messi confirmed on Facebook that they were expecting another child . He missed training ahead of a match against Atlético Madrid to attend the birth of his second son , Mateo , on 11 September 2015 in Barcelona . On 30 June 2017 , he married Roccuzzo at a luxury hotel named Hotel City Center in Rosario with about 260 guests attending his wedding . On 15 October 2017 , his wife announced they were expecting their third child in an Instagram post , with the words `` Family of 5 '' . On 10 March 2018 , Messi skipped the match against Málaga after Ciro was born . Messi enjoys a close relationship with his immediate family members , particularly his mother , Celia , whose face he has tattooed on his left shoulder . His professional affairs are largely run as a family business : his father , Jorge , has been his agent since he was 14 , and his oldest brother , Rodrigo , handles his daily schedule and publicity . His mother and other brother , Matías , manage his charitable organisation , the Leo Messi Foundation , and take care of personal and professional matters in Rosario . Since leaving for Spain at age 13 , Messi has maintained close ties to his hometown of Rosario , even preserving his distinct Rosarino accent . He has kept ownership of his family 's old house , although it has long stood empty ; he maintains a penthouse apartment in an exclusive residential building for his mother , as well as a family compound just outside the city . Once when he was in training with the national team in Buenos Aires , he made a three - hour trip by car to Rosario immediately after practice to have dinner with his family , spent the night with them , and returned to Buenos Aires the next day in time for practice . Messi keeps in daily contact via phone and text with a small group of confidants in Rosario , most of whom were fellow members of `` The Machine of ' 87 '' at Newell 's Old Boys . Although considered a one - club man , he has long planned to return to Rosario to end his playing career at Newell 's . He was on bad terms with the club after his transfer to Barcelona , but by 2012 their public feud had ended , with Newell 's embracing their ties with Messi , even issuing a club membership card to his newborn son . Philanthropy Throughout his career , Messi has been involved in charitable efforts aimed at vulnerable children , a commitment that stems in part from the medical difficulties he faced in his own childhood . Since 2004 , he has contributed his time and finances to the United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) , an organisation with which Barcelona also have a strong association . Messi has served as a UNICEF goodwill ambassador since his appointment in March 2010 , completing his first field mission for the organisation four months later as he travelled to Haiti to bring public awareness to the plight of the country 's children in the wake of the recent earthquake . He has since participated in UNICEF campaigns targeting HIV prevention , education , and the social inclusion of disabled children . To celebrate his son 's first birthday , in November 2013 , Messi and Thiago were part of a publicity campaign to raise awareness of mortality rates among disadvantaged children . Messi pictured in July 2014 In addition to his work with UNICEF , Messi founded his own charitable organisation , the Leo Messi Foundation , which supports access to health care , education , and sport for children . It was established in 2007 following a visit Messi paid to a hospital for terminally ill children in Boston , an experience that resonated with him to the point that he decided to reinvest part of his earnings into society . Through his foundation , Messi has awarded research grants , financed medical training , and invested in the development of medical centres and projects in Argentina , Spain , and elsewhere in the world . In addition to his own fundraising activities , such as his global `` Messi and Friends '' football matches , his foundation receives financial support from various companies to which he has assigned his name in endorsement agreements , with Adidas as their main sponsor . Messi has also invested in youth football in Argentina : he financially supports Sarmiento , a football club based in the Rosario neighbourhood where he was born , committing in 2013 to the refurbishment of their facilities and the installation of all - weather pitches , and funds the management of several youth players at Newell 's Old Boys and rival club Rosario Central , as well as at River Plate and Boca Juniors in Buenos Aires . At Newell 's Old Boys , his boyhood club , he funded the 2012 construction of a new gymnasium and a dormitory inside the club 's stadium for their youth academy . His former youth coach at Newell 's , Ernesto Vecchio , is employed by the Leo Messi Foundation as a talent scout for young players . On 7 June 2016 , Messi won a libel case against La Razón newspaper and was awarded € 65,000 in damages , which he donated to the charity Doctors without Borders . Controversies Messi 's financial affairs came under investigation in 2013 for suspected tax evasion . Offshore companies in tax havens Uruguay and Belize were allegedly used to evade € 4.1 million in taxes related to sponsorship earnings between 2007 and 2009 . An unrelated shell company in Panama , set up in 2012 , was subsequently identified as belonging to the Messis in the Panama Papers data leak . Messi , who pleaded ignorance of the alleged scheme , voluntarily paid arrears of € 5.1 million in August 2013 . He stood trial alongside his father on three counts of tax evasion in May 2016 . On 6 July 2016 , Messi and his father were both found guilty of tax fraud and were handed suspended 21 - month prison sentences and respectively ordered to pay € 1.7 million and € 1.4 million in fines . While the District Attorney did not consider there to be motives to accuse Messi , the state lawyer 's office became the only party that requested a punishment for him , despite his declarations that he was not aware of any of the deals that were taking place with his money . Facing the judge , he said , `` I just played football . '' Career statistics Club As of 20 May 2018 Appearances and goals by club , season and competition Club Season League Copa del Rey Champions League Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Barcelona C 2003 -- 04 Tercera División 10 5 -- -- -- 10 5 Barcelona B 2003 -- 04 Segunda División B 5 0 -- -- -- 5 0 2004 -- 05 Segunda División B 17 6 -- -- -- 17 6 Total 22 6 -- -- -- 22 6 Barcelona 2004 -- 05 La Liga 7 0 0 -- 9 2005 -- 06 La Liga 17 6 6 0 0 25 8 2006 -- 07 La Liga 26 14 5 0 36 17 2007 -- 08 La Liga 28 10 0 9 6 -- 40 16 2008 -- 09 La Liga 31 23 8 6 12 9 -- 51 38 2009 -- 10 La Liga 35 34 11 8 53 47 2010 -- 11 La Liga 33 31 7 7 13 12 55 53 2011 -- 12 La Liga 37 50 7 11 14 5 6 60 73 2012 -- 13 La Liga 32 46 5 11 8 50 60 2013 -- 14 La Liga 31 28 6 5 7 8 0 46 41 2014 -- 15 La Liga 38 43 6 5 13 10 -- 57 58 2015 -- 16 La Liga 33 26 5 5 7 6 49 41 2016 -- 17 La Liga 34 37 7 5 9 11 52 54 2017 -- 18 La Liga 36 34 6 10 6 54 45 Total 418 383 68 48 125 100 26 21 637 552 Career total 450 394 68 48 125 100 26 21 669 563 Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Super Cup , two appearances in Supercopa de España Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Super Cup , one appearance and two goals in Supercopa de España , two appearances and two goals in FIFA Club World Cup ^ Jump up to : Appearances in Supercopa de España Jump up ^ One appearance and one goal in UEFA Super Cup , two appearances and three goals in Supercopa de España , two appearances and two goals in FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ One appearance and two goals in UEFA Super Cup , two appearances and one goal in Supercopa de España , one appearance and one goal in FIFA Club World Cup International See also : List of international goals scored by Lionel Messi As of 30 June 2018 Appearances and goals by national team , year and competition Team Year Competitive Friendly Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Argentina U20 -- 2005 16 11 -- 16 11 Total 16 11 18 14 Argentina U23 2008 5 -- 5 Total 5 -- 5 Argentina 2005 0 0 5 0 2006 7 2007 10 14 6 2008 6 8 2009 8 10 5 0 5 10 2011 8 5 13 2012 5 5 7 9 12 2013 5 7 6 2014 7 7 14 8 2015 6 8 2016 10 8 0 11 8 2017 5 0 7 2018 5 Total 85 35 43 30 128 65 Career total 106 48 45 33 151 81 Jump up ^ Nine appearances and five goals in the 2005 South American U-20 Championship , seven appearances and six goals in the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship Jump up ^ Appearances in Summer Olympics ^ Jump up to : Appearances in FIFA World Cup qualification ^ Jump up to : Appearances in FIFA World Cup Jump up ^ Six appearances and two goals in Copa América , four appearances and two goals in FIFA World Cup qualification Jump up ^ Four appearances in Copa América , four appearances and two goals in FIFA World Cup qualification Jump up ^ Appearances in Copa América Jump up ^ Five appearances and three goals in FIFA World Cup qualification , five appearances and five goals in Copa América Centenario Honours and achievements For a comprehensive listing of Messi 's achievements , see List of career achievements by Lionel Messi . Messi accepting the Golden Ball award , alongside his future teammate Neymar after the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup Final Club Barcelona La Liga : 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Copa del Rey : 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 Supercopa de España : 2005 , 2006 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 UEFA Champions League : 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2014 -- 15 UEFA Super Cup : 2009 , 2011 , 2015 FIFA Club World Cup : 2009 , 2011 , 2015 International Argentina FIFA U-20 World Cup : 2005 Olympic Gold Medal : 2008 FIFA World Cup runner - up : 2014 Copa América runner - up : 2007 , 2015 , 2016 Individual Awards FIFA Ballon d'Or / Ballon d'Or : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 European Golden Shoe : 2010 , 2012 , 2013 , 2017 , 2018 FIFA World Player of the Year : 2009 FIFA World Cup Golden Ball : 2014 Copa América Golden Ball : 2015 UEFA Men 's Player of the Year Award : 2011 , 2015 UEFA Club Footballer of the Year : 2009 UEFA Club Forward of the Year : 2009 Globe Soccer Awards Best Player of the Year : 2015 La Liga Best Player : 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 La Liga Best Forward : 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball : 2009 , 2011 FIFA Club World Cup Silver Ball : 2015 FIFA Club World Cup Final Most Valuable Player : 2009 , 2011 FIFA World Youth Championship Golden Ball : 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship Golden Shoe : 2005 Olimpia de Plata ( Argentine Footballer of the Year ) : 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Copa América Best Young Player : 2007 FIFPro Young World Player of the Year : 2006 , 2007 , 2008 Golden Boy ( Young European Footballer of the Year ) : 2005 IFFHS World 's Best Playmaker : 2015 , 2016 , 2017 La Liga Player of the Month : January 2016 , April 2017 , April 2018 FIFA FIFPro World XI : 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 UEFA Team of the Year : 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 UEFA Ultimate Team of the Year La Liga Team of the Season : 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 UEFA La Liga Team of The Season : 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 FIFA World Cup Dream Team : 2014 Copa América Dream Team : 2007 , 2011 , 2015 , 2016 AFA Team of All Time ( published 2015 ) UEFA Goal of the Season : 2006 -- 07 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 Performances La Liga top goalscorer : 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 La Liga top assist provider : 2010 -- 11 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Copa del Rey top goalscorer : 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 Copa del Rey top assist provider : 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League top goalscorer : 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 UEFA Champions League top assist provider : 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 FIFA Club World Cup top goalscorer : 2011 FIFA World Youth Championship top goalscorer : 2005 Copa América top assist provider : 2011 , 2015 , 2016 FIFA World Cup joint top assist provider : 2018 Records As of May 2018 World Most ( FIFA ) Ballons d'Or : 5 ( 2009 -- 12 , 2015 ) ( shared with Cristiano Ronaldo ) Guinness World Record as top goalscorer for club and country in a calendar year : 91 goals in 2012 Top goalscorer in all club competitions in a calendar year : 79 goals in 2012 Top goalscorer in a club season : 73 goals in 2011 -- 12 Longest goalscoring run in a domestic league : 21 matches , 33 goals in 2012 -- 13 Only player to have won more than one FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball Most appearances in the FIFPro World XI : 11 times ( 2007 -- 2017 ) ( shared with Cristiano Ronaldo ) Continental Most European Golden Shoes : 5 Most goals scored in a European Cup / Champions League game : 5 goals ( shared with 13 other players ) Most goals scored in the UEFA Champions League group stages : 60 ( shared with Cristiano Ronaldo ) Most hat - tricks scored in the UEFA Champions League : 7 ( shared with Cristiano Ronaldo ) Youngest player to make 100 appearances in the UEFA Champions League : 28 years , 84 days in 2015 Top goalscorer in the UEFA Super Cup : 3 goals ( shared with Arie Haan , Oleg Blokhin , Gerd Müller , Rob Rensenbrink , François Van der Elst , Terry McDermott , and Radamel Falcao ) Top assist provider in Copa América : 11 assists Most goals scored in CONMEBOL World Cup Qualifiers : 21 goals ( shared with Luis Suárez ) Spain Most Best Player in La Liga awards : 6 ( 2009 -- 13 , 2015 ) Most Best Forward in La Liga awards : 7 ( 2009 -- 13 , 2015 , 2016 ) Top goalscorer in La Liga : 383 goals Top assist provider in La Liga : 149 assists Top goalscorer in the Supercopa de España : 13 goals Top goalscorer in a La Liga season : 50 goals in 2011 -- 12 Most hat - tricks scored in a La Liga season : 8 in 2011 -- 12 ( shared with Cristiano Ronaldo ) First player to reach 300 La Liga goals ; only player to reach 350 La Liga goals . Most opposition teams scored against in La Liga history : 36 Argentina Argentina all - time top goalscorer : 61 goals Top goalscorer for Argentina in a calendar year : 12 goals in 2012 ( shared with Gabriel Batistuta ) Only Argentine player to score against every CONMEBOL nation Youngest player to play for Argentina in a FIFA World Cup : 18 years , 357 days in 2006 Youngest player to score for Argentina in a FIFA World Cup : 18 years , 357 days in 2006 Youngest player to reach 100 caps for a country under CONMEBOL 's jurisdiction : 27 years , 361 days in 2015 Most Argentine Footballer of the Year awards : 11 ( 2005 , 2007 -- 13 , 2015 -- 17 ) Barcelona Top goalscorer in the Derbi barceloní : 21 goals Top goalscorer in El Clásico : 26 goals Top goalscorer in the Athletic -- Barcelona clásico : 24 goals Top goalscorer in official competitions : 552 goals Top goalscorer including friendlies : 586 goals Top goalscorer in the UEFA Champions League : 100 goals Top goalscorer in European competitions : 103 goals Top goalscorer in international competitions : 108 goals Most hat - tricks scored in La Liga : 30 Most hat - tricks scored in all competitions : 41 Most official trophies won with the team : 32 ( shared with Andrés Iniesta ) See also Biography portal Association football portal Argentina portal List of one - club men Football records in Spain UEFA club competition records and statistics FIFA World Cup awards L'Équipe Champion of Champions Notes Jump up ^ In isolation , Andrés is pronounced ( anˈdɾes ) . References Jump up ^ See : Notes Jump up ^ According to his club 's official website , FCBarcelona.com , and his authorised biography , Messi by Guillem Balagué , his surname is the single `` Messi '' , in accordance with Argentine customs . Other sources , including a 2014 document by FIFA , give his surname as the double `` Messi Cuccittini '' . After winning a libel case in 2017 , Messi 's own management company stated : `` The football player Lionel Andres Messi Cuccittini has donated a total of € 72,783.20 to the organisation Doctors Without Borders . '' Jump up ^ In addition to four FIFA Ballons d'Or , Messi received France Football 's Ballon d'Or and FIFA 's World Player of the Year award prior to their fusion ; both organisations credit him with five ( FIFA ) Ballons d'Or . Jump up ^ Since surpassed by Cristiano Ronaldo , Messi is the second - highest goalscorer in the European Cup / Champions League as of April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Assist statistics began in 1990 . Jump up ^ Does not include a goal scored in the 2017 International Champions Cup . Citations ^ Jump up to : Marsden , Sam ( 2 November 2017 ) . `` Messi donates to charity after libel case win '' . ESPN . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia : List of players : Argentina '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 10 June 2018 . p. 1 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Profile : Lionel Andrés Messi '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 32 -- 37 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil : List of Players '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 10 June 2014 . p. 2 . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pelé has been voted the greatest footballer of all time '' . The Independent . 27 May 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FourFourTwo 's 100 Greatest Footballers EVER '' . FourFourTwo. 24 July 2017 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Best Soccer Players of All Time '' . Thought Co. 27 March 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` Ronaldo Adds Fifa World Player of the Year to List of Accolades '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2008 -- 09 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Roden , Lee ( 20 April 2015 ) . `` Are Messi , Suarez and Neymar Barcelona 's Best - Ever Front Three ? '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 453 -- 459 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid v Barcelona : Six of the Best ' El Clásicos ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . 9 December 2011 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona Defeat Athletic Bilbao to Win Copa del Rey '' . The Daily Telegraph . 14 May 2009 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Title Celebrations Marred by Violence '' . The Daily Telegraph . 17 May 2009 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Sweeps up Goalscoring Honours '' . UEFA. 28 May 2009 . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Barcelona 2 -- 0 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Seery , Phil ( 31 May 2009 ) . `` Barcelona Eclipse Dream Team with Historic Treble '' . Agence France - Presse . Archived from the original on 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tom ( 21 May 2010 ) . `` The Treble Club '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona Beat Estudiantes to Win the Club World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 19 December 2009 . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( 7 April 2010 ) . `` Is the Real Lionel Messi Better than the Virtual One ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Balagué 2013 , pp. 476 -- 478 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2009 -- 10 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Sid ( 17 May 2010 ) . `` La Liga Title the Least Barcelona Deserve as Madrid Again Finish Empty Handed '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi the Sixth Player to Score Four Times in Champions League Tie '' . The Daily Telegraph . 7 April 2010 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 7 April 2010 ) . `` ' Mythical , Universal , the Lord 's Anointed One ' -- Spain Hails Leo Messi '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Haslam , Andrew ( 22 May 2010 ) . `` Messi Takes Scoring Plaudits '' . UEFA . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Joseph ( 30 September 2010 ) . `` Messi Receives Golden Boot for Top European Scorer '' . U-T San Diego . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Messi Wins Supercopa for Barça '' . ESPN FC. 21 August 2010 . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 29 November 2010 ) . `` David Villa Strikes Twice as Slick Barcelona Thrash Real Madrid '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Stars as Barcelona Seal Record League Win '' . BBC Sport. 6 February 2011 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Consecutive Wins in the Top Division of Spanish football ( Soccer ) '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Sid ( 11 January 2011 ) . `` Lionel Messi Is the World 's Best Player but Xavi Deserved FIFA 's Award '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo 's overhead kick and five other classic UCL goals '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 5 May 2011 ) . `` The Good , the Bad and the Ugly in the Aftermatch of the Clásico Series '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Balagué 2013 , pp. 494 -- 499 . Jump up ^ `` Top Scorer Messi Matches Van Nistelrooy Mark '' . UEFA. 28 May 2011 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 28 May 2011 ) . `` Barcelona 3 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2010 -- 11 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Assists 2010 -- 11 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cascarino , Tony ; Barclay , Patrick ( 27 May 2011 ) . `` Is Sublime Lionel Messi the Greatest Footballer Ever ? '' . The Times ( subscription required ) . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Pitt - Brooke , Jack ( 14 April 2011 ) . `` 48 Not Out : Messi Proves Himself King of the Goals '' . The Independent . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Scores Spanish Record 50th Goal '' . BBC Sport. 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Professional Soccer Training Drills -- Lionel Messi a Combination '' . Project Sports Mastery. 11 January 2018 . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Balagué 2013 , p. 512 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2011 -- 12 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Mohamed , Majid ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` Lionel Messi : The Best Goalscorer Ever but Is the Barcelona Player the Greatest - Ever Footballer ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tempers Flare into Brawl as Barcelona Beats Real Madrid '' . USA Today . 17 August 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 26 August 2011 ) . `` Barcelona 2 Porto 0 : Match Report '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona Win FIFA Club World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 18 December 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Crowned World 's Best '' . ESPN FC. 9 January 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Wins UEFA Best Player in Europe Award '' . UEFA. 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 7 January 2013 ) . `` FIFA Ballon d'Or 2012 : Lionel Messi Rewarded for Displays No Rival Could Ever Match '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Messi as Dominant as Michael Jordan , Claims Barcelona 's Pep Guardiola , After He Breaks Goal Record '' . The Daily Telegraph . 21 March 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Scores Four as Barcelona Rout Valencia '' . CNN . 20 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Rostance , Tom ( 7 March 2012 ) . `` Lionel Messi Scores Five in Barcelona Champions League Win '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2011 -- 12 : Statistics '' . UEFA . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Record - Breaking Messi Takes Top Scorer Honour '' . UEFA. 19 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Brassell , Andy ( 27 April 2012 ) . `` Pep Guardiola Leaves Lasting Legacy at Barcelona '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pep Guardiola 's Final Game : Barcelona Win Copa del Rey '' . BBC Sport. 26 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Dawkes , Phil ( 24 April 2012 ) . `` Barcelona 2 -- 2 Chelsea ( agg 2 -- 3 ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Four - Goal Lionel Messi Gives Pep Guardiola Perfect Barcelona Send - Off '' . The Guardian . 5 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Receives Golden Boot Award as Europe 's Top Scorer '' . Sports Illustrated . 29 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Smashes Müller 's 40 - Year Record '' . ESPN FC. 9 December 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 29 April 2014 ) . `` To See Coach 's Legacy at Barcelona , Just Look on Field '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ten - Man Barcelona Shocked by Sociedad '' . CNN . 19 January 2013 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Iain ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` Fatherhood Has n't Slowed Record - Breaking Messi '' . Reuters . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mueller Gets Messi 's No. 10 Barcelona Shirt '' . Sports Illustrated . 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mohamed , Majid ( 8 January 2013 ) . `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi Becomes Most Decorated Player in History after Winning Unprecedented Fourth Straight Ballon d'Or '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Refuses to Back Lionel Messi or Godfrey Chitalu for Goal Record '' . BBC Sport. 14 December 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barcelona Star Lionel Messi Sets New Goal - Scoring Record '' . Guinness World Records . 10 December 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 9 January 2013 ) . `` Ballon d'Or Contenders Messi , Ronaldo and Iniesta in Profile '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 13 May 2013 ) . `` A Sense of Anticlimax but Barcelona Still Deserve Their La Liga Title '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 9 March 2013 ) . `` Barcelona Face up to Uncomfortable Truths after Alarming Slump in Form '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Monaghan , Matt ( 12 March 2013 ) . `` Barcelona 4 -- 0 AC Milan ( agg 4 -- 2 ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , p. 556 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Signs New Barcelona Deal '' . CNN . 7 February 2015 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Iain ( 11 May 2013 ) . `` Captain Messi Inspires Another Barça League Triumph '' . Reuters . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Caioli 2015 , ch. 38 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Iain ( 11 April 2013 ) . `` Andrés Iniesta Admission That Barcelona Suffer from ' Messi - Dependence ' Proved against PSG '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Set to Miss Rest of Barcelona Season with Hamstring Injury '' . The Daily Telegraph . 14 May 2013 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Sid ( 11 April 2013 ) . `` Messidependencia Brought into Focus as Barcelona Show Vulnerability '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ De Menezes , Jack ( 14 November 2013 ) . `` Rumours of Lionel Messi Rift with Barcelona Rubbished Be Representatives of the Argentina International '' . The Independent . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Messi Worry Mars Barca 's Title Joy '' . CNN . 13 May 2013 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Messi ' Breaks Record ' by Scoring in 17th Consecutive La Liga Game '' . BBC Sport. 10 March 2013 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Rooke , Sam ( 27 January 2013 ) . `` Barcelona 5 Osasuna 1 : Messi Hits Four in Rout '' . The Sunday Times ( subscription required ) . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Messi Awarded Golden Shoe for Third Time after 46 La Liga Goals for Barcelona '' . The Independent . 20 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2012 -- 13 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Balagué 2013 , pp. 587 -- 592 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Returns from Injury in Barcelona Victory '' . CNN . 8 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Wins FIFA Ballon D'or after Stellar Year at Real Madrid '' . The Guardian . 13 January 2014 . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : West , Andy ( 22 March 2014 ) . `` Real Madrid v Barcelona : Has Ronaldo Overtaken Messi ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Sid ( 12 March 2014 ) . `` One Flick of Lionel Messi 's Left Foot Ends Talk of Crisis at Barcelona '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Sid ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Lionel Messi and Argentina in Tune at Last despite Tough Start to World Cup '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Jenson , Pete ( 24 March 2014 ) . `` Real Madrid 3 Barcelona 4 Match Report : Lionel Messi Hat - Trick Out - Guns Cristiano Ronaldo in Seven - Goal El Clásico Thriller '' . The Independent . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2013 -- 14 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi : I Had a Lot of Problems during 2013 -- 14 Season '' . ESPN FC. 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona Name Luis Enrique as New Coach , Lionel Messi Signs New Contract with La Liga Club '' . ABC News . 21 May 2014 . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Signs New Barcelona Deal '' . ESPN FC. 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Notarianni , Roberto ( 25 March 2015 ) . `` Messi , la ( Très ) Bonne Paie '' ( Messi , the ( Very ) Good Payroll ) . France Football . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Is ' an Alien That Dedicates Himself to Playing with Humans ' Says Gianluigi Buffon '' . The Guardian . 2 June 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot . `` Gerardo Martino : Lionel Messi Feeling Mental , Physical Strain of Years at Top '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi : Barcelona Forward Will Leave ' Unreachable ' Record '' . BBC Sport. 23 November 2015 . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apoel Nic 0 -- 4 Barcelona '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Besa , Ramon ( 7 December 2014 ) . `` El Derbi Es un Monólogo de Messi '' ( The Derby Is a Monologue of Messi ) . El País ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Wins Ballon D'or for Second Straight Year '' . ESPN FC. 12 January 2015 . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Roden , Lee ( 8 January 2015 ) . `` Barcelona , Messi and Enrique : What 's Gone Wrong ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Sid ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` Barcelona Transform Their Season from Trouble to a Possible Treble '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : West , Andy ( 19 March 2015 ) . `` Motivated Lionel Messi Transforms Barcelona 's Hopes for Trophy Treble '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 8 May 2015 ) . `` Messi 's Best - Ever Form ? '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Tomas , Francesc ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` Barcelona Increasingly Gaining Messi Independence ( and It 's a Good Thing ) '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Sid ( 6 June 2015 ) . `` Barcelona 's Luis Suárez , Leo Messi and Neymar Too Good for Juventus '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2014 -- 15 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 17 May 2015 ) . `` Barcelona Win La Liga : Lionel Messi Strike Sees Barca Clinch 23rd Title at Home of Reigning Champions Atletico Madrid '' . The Independent . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Supporters , Superstars and Goals Galore '' . FIFA. 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Assists 2014 -- 15 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Messi También Es Leyenda en el Ranking Histórico de Asistencias '' ( Messi Is Also a Legend in the Historical Assist Ranking ) ( in Spanish ) . La Liga BBVA. 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Corrigan , Dermot ( 15 February 2015 ) . `` Messi Notches Assist Record '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 30 May 2015 ) . `` Treble Comes into Focus as Messi Marches Barcelona to Copa Title '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Puskás Award '' . FIFA . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Newman , Blair ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` If Lionel Messi Makes Pep Guardiola Feel Helpless , What Chance Do the Rest Have ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 7 December 2015 ) . `` Lionel Messi , Manchester United and Arsenal : The 10 Most Tweeted Sporting Moments of 2015 '' . The Independent . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Chavez , Christopher ( 27 August 2015 ) . `` Messi 's Goal vs. Bayern Voted Europe 's Best in 2014 -- 15 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Jurejko , Jonathan ( 12 May 2015 ) . `` Bayern Mun 3 -- 2 Barcelona '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Borden , Sam ( 6 June 2015 ) . `` Barcelona Overwhelms Juventus to Win Fifth Champions League Title '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2014 -- 15 : Statistics '' . UEFA . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hannah , Ralph ( 5 June 2015 ) . `` The Ultimate Record - Breaking Preview to the UEFA Champions League Final '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez , Roger ( 27 August 2015 ) . `` Messi Beats Ronaldo for 2014 -- 15 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Says Free Kick Goals in UEFA Super Cup Were ' Lucky ' '' . ESPN FC. 11 August 2015 . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 17 August 2015 ) . `` Barcelona Disappoint as Athletic Bilbao Deservedly Win the Spanish Super Cup '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ John Molinaro ( 16 September 2015 ) . `` Florenzi 's goal vs. Barca one for the ages '' . Sports Net . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi out for seven to eight weeks '' . FC Barcelona. 26 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary Rose ( 21 November 2015 ) . `` Real Madrid 0 -- Barcelona 4 '' . BBC Sport.com . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Dermot Corrigan ( 20 December 2015 ) . `` Lionel Messi : Club World Cup triumph proves Barcelona are ' best in the world ' '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Toll ( 30 December 2015 ) . `` FC Barcelona claim 4 -- 0 victory over Betis and top spot to end 2015 '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi inspires Barcelona to win over Espanyol on Arda Turan 's debut '' . The Guardian . 6 January 2016 . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Corrigon , Dermot ( 12 January 2016 ) . `` Lionel Messi wins 2015 Ballon d'Or ahead of Cristiano Ronaldo , Neymar '' . Jump up ^ Des Bieler ( 3 February 2016 ) . `` Lionel Messi 's 500th goal shows off scintillating skill '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Suárez and Lionel Messi make history at Camp Nou '' . FC Barcelona. 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona penalty : Was it disrespectful or a touch of genius ? '' . BBC Sport. 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi , Suarez team up for audacious penalty kick '' . Fox News Channel . 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi and Luis Suarez penalty makes Johan Cruyff ' very happy ' '' . ESPN FC. 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi breaks the 300 goal barrier in the league '' . FC Barcelona. 18 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barça reach 10,000 goals in official competition '' . FC Barcelona. 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi scores 500th goal : Barcelona star nets milestone '' . Sports Illustrated . 17 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi sirve el doblete '' ( Messi hands out double ) . Marca ( in Spanish ) . Spain . 22 May 2016 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Adriana Garcia ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` Barca 's double double hailed in Spanish media '' . Reuters . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Robert Güell ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` Messi , Suárez and Neymar Jr end season with 131 goals '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Marsden , Samuel ( 17 February 2017 ) . `` Lionel Messi is bigger than Barcelona and indispensable -- Javier Mascherano '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramon Besa ( 18 August 2016 ) . `` Messi levanta la Supercopa '' ( Messi lifts the Supercup ) . El País ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Arch bell ( 15 August 2016 ) . `` Barça tame Sevilla in Super Cup '' . Marca . Spain . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barca seal Supercopa de Espana '' . Football España. 17 August 2016 . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Suarez plunders hat - trick , Lionel Messi scores twice as Barca smash six past Betis '' . 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi out for three weeks FC Barcelona '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Scores in His Return as Barcelona Roll Past Deportivo La Coruña '' . beIN SPorts. 15 October 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Jack Wilkinson ( 20 October 2016 ) . `` Lionel Messi scored a hat - trick as 10 - man Manchester City lost 4 -- 0 on Pep Guardiola 's return to Barcelona in the Champions League '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Alex Dowd ( 1 November 2016 ) . `` Watch Lionel Messi score to pass Raul for most goals in the UCL group stage '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 2 November 2016 ) . `` Manchester City stun Barcelona in breathless Champions League victory '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo beats Messi for fourth Ballon d'Or '' . ESPN . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Roger Gonzalez ( 31 December 2016 ) . `` Top goal scorers in 2016 : Messi claims crown , Ibrahimovic and Ronaldo follow '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Best FIFA Men 's Player 2016 award '' . CNN . 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi equals Ronald Koeman 's Barcelona free - kick record '' . ESPN FC. 11 January 2017 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Caitlin Murray ( 14 January 2017 ) . `` Watch Lionel Messi match record for the most La Liga teams scored against '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul Green ( 4 February 2017 ) . `` Lionel Messi embarrasses Gorka Iraizoz with free - kick for Barcelona '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 23 April 2017 ) . `` Lionel Messi scores 500th goal for Barcelona against Real Madrid '' . ESPNFC . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi inspires Barcelona to Copa del Rey final triumph against Alavés '' . The Guardian . 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Messi receives fourth Golden Shoe Award : Each day I enjoy it more '' . Marca . Spain . 24 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo goal , red card in Real Madrid win against Barcelona '' . ESPN FC. 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi and Luis Suárez call for optimism '' . FC Barcelona. 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Messi becomes the first player to score 350 La Liga goals '' . SBNation. 25 August 2017 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi 's hat trick guides Barcelona 's win over local rivals Espanyol '' . ESPN FC. 9 September 2017 . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Marsden , Samuel ( 12 September 2017 ) . `` Lionel Messi scores twice as Barcelona get revenge on Juventus in UCL '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Marsden , Samuel ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` Lionel Messi creates something from nothing for Barcelona -- Valverde '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 3 -- 0 Las Palmas : Lionel Messi nets brace in front of empty Nou Camp -- 5 talking points '' . The Mirror. 1 October 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 3 -- 1 Olympiakos '' . BBC Sport. 18 October 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Messi emulates Ronaldo with 100th European goal '' . UEFA. 18 October 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Best FIFA Men 's Player '' . FIFA . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Sam Marsden ( 4 November 2017 ) . `` Lionel Messi marks 600th Barcelona appearance in win over Sevilla '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi signs new deal through 2020 / 21 season '' . FC Barcelona. 25 November 2017 . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi in La Liga : 400 games and 365 goals '' . FC Barcelona. 7 January 2018 . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Messi breaks Muller goal record '' . beinsports.com. 14 January 2018 . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Messi breaks Muller record as Barca beats Sociedad '' . beinsports.com. 14 January 2018 . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ West , Andy ( 4 March 2018 ) . `` Barcelona 1 - 0 Atlético Madrid '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi scores 100th Champions League goal in Barcelona 's 3 - 0 victory over Chelsea '' . Los Angeles Times . 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Faster and younger than rival Ronaldo - Magical Messi 's 100 Champions League goals in Opta numbers '' . FourFourTwo. 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Mark Ogden ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Chelsea go down fighting but ca n't stop Lionel Messi , Barcelona '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Gimeno , Francesc J. ( 7 April 2018 ) . `` Lionel Messi equals the record of Ronaldinho '' . Sport . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona 5 - 1 Villarreal CF : Record breakers FC Barcelona '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Himmelman , Jeff ( 5 June 2014 ) . `` The Burden of Being Messi '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 209 -- 219 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 220 -- 240 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magic Messi Sparks High Drama in the Lowlands '' . FIFA . July 2005 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Vickery , Tim ( 22 August 2005 ) . `` Messi Handles ' New Maradona ' Tag '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi 's Debut Dream Turns Sour '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Tries Again as Argentina Face Paraguay '' . ESPN FC. 2 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Is a Jewel Says Argentina Coach '' . ESPN FC. 10 October 2005 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mamrud , Roberto . `` Lionel Andrés Messi -- Century of International Appearances '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Vickery , Tim ( 5 June 2006 ) . `` Messi Comes of Age '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Argentina 6 -- 0 Serbia & Montenegro '' . BBC Sport. 16 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Holland 0 -- 0 Argentina '' . BBC Sport. 21 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Lisi 2011 , pp. 470 -- 471 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina 2 -- 1 Mexico ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport. 24 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Lisi 2011 , pp. 485 -- 486 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 1 -- 1 Argentina '' . BBC Sport. 30 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Lisi 2011 , pp. 492 -- 493 . Jump up ^ Balagué 2013 , pp. 382 -- 383 . Jump up ^ `` Argentines Wonder Why Messi Sat Out '' . The New York Times . 2 July 2006 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 384 -- 387 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina into Last Eight of Copa '' . BBC Sport. 3 July 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tevez Nets in Argentina Victory '' . BBC Sport. 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Missing Some Stars , Brazil Wins Copa América '' . The New York Times . 16 July 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Caioli 2012 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Homewood , Brian ( 6 August 2008 ) . `` Court Blocks Messi from Olympics Soccer '' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hunter 2012 , pp. 63 -- 64 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 436 -- 437 . Jump up ^ `` Report and Statistics : Men 's and Women 's Olympic Football Tournaments Beijing 2008 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . p. 21 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lisi 2011 , pp. 533 -- 539 . Jump up ^ Chadband , Ian ( 28 April 2009 ) . `` Lionel Messi Can Achieve More at Barcelona than Diego Maradona '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 155 -- 156 , 405 -- 406 . Jump up ^ Smith , Rory ( 22 June 2010 ) . `` Greece 0 Argentina 2 : Match Report '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Gowar , Rex ( 22 June 2010 ) . `` Messi Captains Argentina for First Time '' . Reuters . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lisi 2011 , pp. 564 -- 567 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas Golden Ball Nominees Announced '' . FIFA. 9 July 2010 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 414 -- 420 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué , Guillem ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Holland vs Argentina : How Coach Alejandro Sabella Persuaded Lionel Messi Not to Quit the National Team '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Michael ( 13 November 2014 ) . `` Lionel Messi Showing Some Promising Signs in a New Argentina Role '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 595 -- 602 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 10 July 2014 ) . `` If Messi Is Argentina 's Star , Then Mascherano Is the Glue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Adamson , Mike ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` Lionel Messi 's Incredible Record - Breaking Year in Numbers '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Paul ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` Record - Breaking Messi Sees the Bigger Picture '' . UEFA . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Qualifying : Paraguay 2 Argentina 5 '' . FourFourTwo. 11 September 2013 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil Technical Report and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . pp. 170 -- 171 . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Sanghera , Mandeep ( 15 June 2014 ) . `` Argentina 2 -- 1 Bos - Herce '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Smyth , Rob ( 21 June 2014 ) . `` Argentina v Iran , World Cup 2014 : Live '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 25 June 2014 ) . `` Nigeria 2 -- 3 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Jurejko , Jonathan ( 1 July 2014 ) . `` Argentina 1 -- 0 Switzerland '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferris , Ken ( 5 July 2014 ) . `` Argentina Beat Belgium to Reach First Semi since 1990 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Netherlands 0 -- 0 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Matthew ( 11 July 2014 ) . `` The World Cup Final : The Best Team vs. the Best Player '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Mueller Is the World Cup Superstar Messi Only Dreams of Being '' . Eurosport. 12 July 2014 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` World Cup Final 2014 : Germany v Argentina -- as It Happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Bate , Adam ( 16 July 2014 ) . `` World Cup Final : Was Lionel Messi Really a Disappointment in Brazil or Have We Just Become Numb to His Genius ? '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : Lionel Messi Golden Ball Surprised Sepp Blatter '' . BBC Sport. 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gerardo ' Tata ' Martino Appointed Argentina Coach '' . CNN . 13 August 2014 . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Gowar , Rex ; Torres , Santiago ; Palmer , Justin ( 29 June 2015 ) . `` Messi Bemoans Scoring Difficulties at Copa América '' . Reuters . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina 2 -- 2 Paraguay '' . BBC Sport. 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Agüero Header Gives Argentina Copa América Win over Uruguay '' . The Guardian . 17 June 2015 . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Long , Gideon ; Jimenez , Tony ( 21 June 2015 ) . `` Messi Wins 100th Argentina Cap '' . Reuters . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Jonathan ( 1 July 2015 ) . `` Even Hostile Chile Fans Forced to Acknowledge Lionel Messi 's Greatness '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jonathan ( 20 June 2015 ) . `` Argentina Win Group B after Hard - Fought Victory over Jamaica '' . FOX Soccer . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina Beat Colombia on Penalties to Reach Copa America Semifinal '' . ESPN FC. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jonathan ( 5 July 2015 ) . `` Hosts Chile Stun Argentina to Claim First Copa América Title on Penalties '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Rosalba ( 1 July 2015 ) . `` Argentina Odds - On Favorites to Lift Copa America '' . Reuters . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Adriana ( 7 July 2015 ) . `` Argentina 's Lionel Messi Grateful for Support after Copa América Defeat '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 5 July 2015 ) . `` Copa America 2015 : ' Destroyed ' Lionel Messi Hit by Argentina Trophy Drought '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferris , Ken ( 5 August 2015 ) . `` Coach : I 'd Have Stopped Playing for Argentina if I Was Messi '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi leaves Argentina 's friendly win vs. Honduras with back injury '' . ESPN FC. 27 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi exits Argentina friendly win vs. Honduras with back injury '' . ESPN FC. 27 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi trains alone ahead of Argentina 's Copa America opener '' . FourFourTwo. 4 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina top Chile in rematch of last year 's Copa América final '' . The Guardian . 7 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi scores brilliant hat - trick as Argentina surge into quarter - finals '' . The Guardian . 11 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Match 16 : Argentina vs Panama '' . Copa América Centenario. 10 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Match 27 : Argentina vs Venezuela '' . Copa América Centenario. 18 June 2016 . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Copa America : Lionel Messi equals Gabriel Batistuta 's Argentina record '' . BBC Sport. 19 June 2016 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi equals Argentina 's all - time goal - scoring record '' . ESPN FC. 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Match 29 : United States vs Argentina '' . Copa América Centenario. 21 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2016 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Devastated Messi announces likely retirement from Argentina '' . CNN . 27 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Messi retires from Argentina after Copa America final loss to Chile '' . ESPN FC. 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi says his Argentina career is over after Copa América final defeat '' . The Guardian . 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CONMEBOL -- stats '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Copa América 2016 : Awards '' . Copa America Organisation. 27 June 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina do n't want Messi to retire '' . Sky Sports . 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi ' God 's gift ' to Argentina -- president '' . AS . 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La Ciudad homenajeó a Lionel Messi con una estatua en el Paseo de la Gloria '' . La Nacion ( Argentine ) . 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inauguran en Buenos Aires una estatua en homenaje a Messi '' . El Mundo Deportivo ( Spanish ) . 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Desde Mauro Icardi y Puyol a Jorge Rial , los mensajes de aliento para Lionel Messi '' . La Nacion ( Argentine ) . 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fans , President , Maradona Want Messi to Reconsider '' . The New York Times . 27 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # NoTeVayasLio , la campaña que inunda Argentina para pedir la continuidad de Messi '' . Informativos Telecinco ( Spanish ) . 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Macri , Maradona and the Argentine people rally together to prompt Messi U-turn '' . Sport. 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi : Argentina striker reverses decision to retire from national team '' . 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Roger ( 3 July 2016 ) . `` La Nacion claims to know that Lionel Messi will return to Argentina national team '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi to make Argentina return after brief international retirement '' . ESPN FC. 12 August 2016 . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi strikes back as Argentina sink Uruguay '' . beIN SPORTS. 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi suspended for four matches '' . FIFA. 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi : Barcelona and Argentina forward banned for ' insulting ' assistant ref '' . BBC Sport. 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 5 May 2017 ) . `` FIFA Appeal Committee passes decision on Lionel Messi '' . FIFA . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Messi hat - trick secures Argentina 's passage to World Cup '' . The Guardian . 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Messi lifts Argentina into World Cup with Uruguay , Colombia but Chile out '' . ESPN FC. 10 October 2017 . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Messi , Suarez share record for goals in CONMEBOL World Cup qualifiers '' . ESPN FC. 10 October 2017 . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina : World Cup squad is the ' worst in their history ' says Ossie Ardiles '' . BBC . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 6 - 1 Argentina '' . BBC Sport. 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Messi : ' Now or Never ' for His Argentina Generation to Win World Cup '' . Sports Illustrated . 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Jeff Carlisle ( 15 June 2018 ) . `` Lionel Messi : Argentina 's results will decide if this is my last World Cup '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Chris Bevan ( 16 June 2018 ) . `` Argentina 1 - 1 Iceland '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2018 : Argentina ' cloud Lionel Messi 's brilliance ' , says coach Jorge Sampaoli '' . BBC . 22 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luka Modric defends Messi : ' He ca n't do everything by himself ' '' . Tribuna. 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria 1 -- 2 Argentina '' . BBC . 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The boy is back in town ' - stunning Messi goal gives Argentina lead '' . BBC . 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Andrew Das ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` Relief for Argentina and Lionel Messi After World Cup Thriller '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Emlyn Begley ( 30 June 2018 ) . `` France 4 - 3 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Messi , Ronaldo bow out in dramatic knockout openers '' . FIFA.com. 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Kevin Skiver ( 1 July 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo vs. Lionel Messi at the 2018 World Cup : Argentina and Portugal eliminated '' . www.cbssports.com . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schnibben , Cordt ( 6 June 2012 ) . `` The Golden Yell : Ronaldo and Messi Battle to Define a Football Era '' . Der Spiegel . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ritter , Karl ( 12 July 2014 ) . `` Five Reasons Why Messi Stands out in Soccer World '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi , goals for 2010 '' . Mundo Deportivo ( Spanish ) . 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi becomes the ' Atomic Flea ' '' . Goal ( Spanish ) . 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Messi , The Atomic Flea who became the best in the world '' . AS ( Spanish ) . 28 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Garside , Kevin ( 29 March 2010 ) . `` Arsenal v Barcelona : Lionel Messi Making Case for World 's Greatest Ever Player '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lucas ( 30 September 2005 ) . `` Lionel Messi -- the New Maradona ? '' . UEFA . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Balagué 2013 , p. 553 . ^ Jump up to : Monti , Fabio ( 8 April 2010 ) . `` Controllo , Corsa , Tocco di Palla : Perché nel Calcio Piccolo è Bello '' ( Control , Stroke and Touch on the Ball : Because in Football Small Is Beautiful ) . Corriere della Sera ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tomas , Francesc ( 25 June 2015 ) . `` Six Reasons Why Lionel Messi Is the World 's Best '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Juan Jiménez ( 12 March 2016 ) . `` The one record Messi 's ashamed of : 7 missed penalties '' . as.com . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Richard ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` Why Leo Messi Is so Good at Free Kicks but so Average at Penalties '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ McTear , Euan ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` Why does n't Messi 's genius translate to the penalty spot ? '' . Tifo Football . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott Davis ( 6 June 2015 ) . `` Here 's what makes Lionel Messi so impossible to defend '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Barney Ronay ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` Lionel Messi : the genius who operates to a different set of physical rules '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Matchett , Karl ( 25 April 2017 ) . `` The Story Behind Lionel Messi 's 5 Most Iconic Barcelona Celebrations '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Alistair Tweedale ( 21 May 2016 ) . `` How Luis Suarez moved Lionel Messi onto Barcelona 's wing and became the best centre - forward on the planet '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Richard Martin ( 19 April 2015 ) . `` In focus : Messi 's changing role '' . UEFA . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Guillem Balague ; Nick Wright ; Adam Smith ( 30 October 2017 ) . `` Barcelona 's improvement under Ernesto Valverde examined '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Michael J. Chandler ( 6 January 2018 ) . `` 3 ways Barcelona could line up with Coutinho '' . The Score . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Tom Clarke ( 19 February 2018 ) . `` Dissected : How the new Barcelona play -- and why there 's hope for Chelsea '' . The Times . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin Mazur ( 18 June 2016 ) . `` Argentina 's great tactical dilemma : where should Lionel Messi play ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maradona Hails Messi as Successor '' . BBC Sport. 24 February 2006 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Ball , Phil ( 23 February 2006 ) . `` Britain v Spain ( Sort Of ) '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Minshull , Phil ( 30 March 2010 ) . `` Is Messi the Greatest Ever ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Es el Mejor Jugador que Veré Jamás '' ( ' Messi Is the Best Player I Have Ever Seen ' ) . El Mundo ( in Spanish ) . 29 August 2009 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi : Is the Barcelona and Argentina Star the Greatest Player Ever ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . 29 May 2011 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Magical Messi Grabs Hat - trick in Copa America as Argentina Romp into Quarters '' . The Daily Telegraph . Agence France - Presse. 11 June 2016 . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Widely regarded as the best footballer of all time , Lionel Messi ... has sublime balance and is able to dribble past defenders with almost inhuman ease . Jump up ^ Jenson , Pete ( 30 May 2015 ) . `` Lionel Messi : Is the Barcelona Forward the Greatest of Them All ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Cairns , Dan ( 8 January 2013 ) . `` How Does Lionel Messi Stack up against Football Legends ? '' . BBC Newsbeat . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Valdano : ' Messi Es Maradona Todos Los Días ' '' ( Valdano : ' Messi Is Maradona Every Day ' ) ( in Spanish ) . FIFA. 7 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Menotti : ' Messi Está al Nivel del Mejor Maradona Que Vi ' '' ( Menotti : ' Messi Is at the Level of the Best Maradona That I Saw ' ) . AS ( in Spanish ) . 10 January 2014 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hunter 2012 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Dan ( 12 August 2013 ) . `` Face to Face : Javier Zanetti '' . World Soccer . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sin Dudas , Messi Es Mejor que Maradona '' ( ' Without Doubt , Messi Is Better than Maradona ' ) . Clarín ( in Spanish ) . 31 December 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 12 July 2014 ) . `` Adept ? Yes . Adored ? Not Yet '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Mora y Araujo , Marcela ( 23 December 2009 ) . `` Lionel Messi Is Not the New Maradona -- He Can Be Better than That '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Vomits Because of Nerves , Says Argentina 's Alejandro Sabella '' . The Guardian . 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina federation to have affairs managed by emergency FIFA panel '' . ESPN FC. 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi paid the salaries of Argentina 's security team '' . Marca . Spain . 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi 's kind gesture to security staff with Argentina '' . Sport. 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Graham ( 28 November 2010 ) . `` The Game 's Best Rivalry '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi v Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . 17 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi Blames Media for Inventing Rivalry with Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Daily Telegraph . 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Snowball , Ben ( 11 June 2015 ) . `` Lionel Messi : Cristiano Ronaldo Is Not My Rival '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ballons d'Or winners list '' . The Telegraph . 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Arotaritei , Sorin ; Di Maggio , Roberto ; Stokkermans , Karel . `` Golden Boot ( Soulier d'Or ) Awards '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendes , Chris ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` World Cup 2014 : Cristiano Ronaldo 's Personal Duel with Lionel Messi Is Affecting His Performances for Portugal '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Ronaldo May Look Like the Best , but There Is Someone Better '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Pinto , Pedro ; Montague , James ( 29 May 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : I 'm Better than Messi '' . CNN . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Tim ( 24 November 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : He 's Got a God - Given Talent -- and He Knows It '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Badenhausen , Kurt ( 16 May 2014 ) . `` Lionel Messi Reaches $50 Million - A-Year Deal With Barcelona '' . Forbes . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` President Obama honors the Rapids '' . Colorado Rapids ( Owned by Stan Kroenke ) . 27 June 2011 . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . THE PRESIDENT : Absolutely . That is me and Messi . We 're right up there . Absolutely . ( Laughter . ) Jump up ^ Rainbow , Jamie ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` Stat of the Day : Top 20 Best Paid Players and Coaches '' . World Soccer . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Reynolds ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo first footballer to top Forbes rich list of highest - earning athletes '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi devance largement Cristiano Ronaldo au classement des joueurs les mieux payés au monde '' . France Football . Retrieved 4 June 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Messi Signs New Barcelona Contract , Set To Become World 's Highest - Paid Footballer '' . Forbes . Retrieved 17 December 2017 Jump up ^ Long , Michael ( 20 May 2015 ) . `` The World 's 50 Most Marketable 2015 '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Caioli 2012 , pp. 94 -- 97 . Jump up ^ `` Retrospect : Adidas F50 Messi Collection '' . Soccer Bible . 18 March 2015 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Backed by Messi '' . Adidas ( press release ) . 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The World 's Fourth Most Marketable Athlete -- Lionel Messi '' . SportsPro. 27 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 10 January 2011 ) . `` Lionel Messi Voted Soccer 's Best , But Sponsors Stay Away '' . Forbes . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi and Dolce & Gabbana : An Assist in Style '' ( PDF ) . Dolce & Gabbana ( press release ) . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Millerchip , Oliver ( 3 February 2014 ) . `` Messi to Front New Gillette Campaign '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentine Soccer Star Leo Messi Named Global Brand Ambassador for Turkish Airlines '' . Reuters ( press release ) . 6 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Ian ( 28 February 2013 ) . `` Messi Cashes in with Qatari Contract '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Is Global Brand Ambassador for Tata Motors '' . Firstpost. 3 November 2015 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2015 . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2014 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi to Star on Cover of EA Sports FIFA for Fourth Straight Year '' . Sports Illustrated . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Henry , Thierry ( 21 April 2011 ) . `` The 2011 Time 100 : Lionel Messi , God of the Field '' . Time . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hamm , Mia ( 18 April 2012 ) . `` The World 's 100 Most Influential People 2012 : Lionel Messi '' . Time . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Joins Facebook , Nets 7m Followers '' . ESPN FC. 6 April 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Giuliano , Karissa ( 9 June 2015 ) . `` The 10 Most Popular Celebrities on Facebook '' . CNBC . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Instagram Users by Followers - Socialblade Instagram Stats - Instagram Statistics '' . Socialblade . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Borg , Chris ( 2 December 2014 ) . `` Ballon D'Or : Lionel Messi vs. Cristiano Ronaldo -- Battle of the Brands '' . CNN . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Most Marketable Footballers in the World '' ( PDF ) . Repucom ( press release ) . 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi 's Left Foot -- Yours for $5.25 Million '' . CNN . 6 March 2013 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Krasselt , Kaitlyn ( 21 June 2014 ) . `` Cannes to Cannes : YouTube 's Most Viewed Ads '' . USA Today . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Lorenzetti , Laura ( 3 June 2015 ) . `` YouTube Users Say This Is the ' Ad of the Decade ' '' . Time . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Sports Photo of the Year Goes To ... Lionel Messi and ' the Final Game ' '' . Eurosport. 12 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2015 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( 27 August 2014 ) . `` Venice Film Review : ' Messi ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Ganguly , Sudipto ( 22 June 2018 ) . `` Russia 's Messi , a puma - star in his own right '' . WDEZ . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi 's wife explains her absence at World Cup opener that left him broken hearted '' . USAHint. 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina hosts Lionel Messi 's ' wedding of the century ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Richard ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` The Machine of ' 87 : Messi 's Boyhood Teammates Recall Early Signs of Greatness '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Shares Baby Joy '' . beIN Sports . 17 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Junior Named Thiago '' . ESPN FC. 2 November 2012 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi 's Wife Expecting Second Child , Barcelona Star Says '' . ESPN FC. 30 April 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi 's Brother Confirms Birth of Barcelona Star 's Second Child '' . FourFourTwo. 11 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi marries stunning childhood sweetheart Antonella Roccuzzo in Argentine home town '' . The Independent Ireland . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi and wife Antonella Roccuzzo expecting their third child '' . ESPN FC. 15 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alex ( 15 October 2017 ) . `` Lionel Messi and wife Antonella Roccuzzo have big news '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona news : Lionel Messi announces arrival of third child after withdrawing from squad to face Malaga Goal.com '' . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Balagué 2013 , pp. 31 , 143 , 570 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 576 -- 577 . Jump up ^ Wright , Chris ( 5 November 2012 ) . `` After Just 72 Hours on the Planet , Thiago Messi Signs for Newell 's Old Boys '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi : Goodwill Ambassador '' . UNICEF. 25 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Iain ; Palmer , Justin . `` Barcelona Extend UNICEF Shirt Deal to 2016 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi Activity Highlights '' . UNICEF. 14 May 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi 's Son Turns One and Celebrates with UNICEF '' . UNICEF ( press release ) . 28 October 2013 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Fast Facts '' . CNN . 25 June 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ooredoo , Messi Foundation Continue Expansion : Three New Mobile Health Clinics Launched in Algeria '' . Arab Times . 3 August 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lionel Messi and Friends ' Soccer Tour Is One of Many Causes Argentine Superstar Supports '' . New England Sports Network . 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Partners '' . Leo Messi Foundation . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina 's Lionel Messi wins libel case , donates damages to charity '' . ESPN FC. 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi wins a case against ' La Razon ' newspaper '' . Sport. 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Much , Mauritius ; Obermayer , Bastian ( 5 April 2016 ) . `` The Small Kaiser '' . Süddeutsche Zeitung . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi , father guilty of tax fraud , given suspended 21 - month sentences '' . Sports Illustrated . 6 July 2016 . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi in tax court : I played football and trusted my father '' . ESPN FC. 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Caioli 2012 , pp. 69 -- 71 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2015 -- 16 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2016 -- 17 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2017 -- 18 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi : Player Profile '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi achievements '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Andrés Iniesta and Leo Messi win 30th trophy with Barcelona '' . Sport EN. 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iniesta and Messi , 30 trophies as Barça players FC Barcelona '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` After Zlatan Ibrahimovic 's 32nd trophy win , who are the most decorated players in football ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Sport ( 18 August 2016 ) . `` He 's won 29 trophies ... but this was also Lionel Messi 's first '' . sport . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` European Footballer of the Year ( '' Ballon d'Or `` ) '' . The Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Ballon d'Or : History '' . FIFA . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Messi Wins Fifth Golden Shoe After Winning Pichichi Trophy '' . Goal. 20 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Messi , Neuer Heralded as Brazil 2014 's Best '' . FIFA. 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BeIN Sports : Messi habría rechazado el MVP del torneo '' ( BeIN Sports : Messi reportedly rejects MVP award for tournament ) ( in Spanish ) . AS.com. 5 July 2015 . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi allegedly refuses best player award at Copa America as trophy removed from ceremony '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi rechazó recoger el premio a MVP de la Copa América '' . Marca ( in Spanish ) . Spain . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi rechazó el MVP del Argentina - Paraguay de la Copa América '' . Sport . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Profile : Lionel Messi '' . UEFA . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Globe Soccer Awards '' . globesoccer.com . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Otero , Paul M. ( 12 November 2013 ) . `` Palmarés de un Genio : El Coleccionista de Trofeos '' ( Honours of a Genius : The Collector of Trophies ) . Marca ( in Spanish ) . Spain . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Messi , Mejor Delantero y Mejor Jugador '' ( Messi , Best Forward and Best Player ) ( in Spanish ) . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 2 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Messi , 2014 -- 15 Liga BBVA Best Player '' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 30 November 2015 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi named Best Striker in La Liga Santander 2015 -- 16 '' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 24 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Club World Cup : Awards '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona Trio Sweep Awards '' . FIFA. 20 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Youth Championship Netherlands 2005 '' . FIFA . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Premios Olimpia 2015 : La Judoca Paula Pareto se Llevó el Oro y los de Plata Fueron Para Messi , Marco Ruben , Andrés Nocioni y Adolfo Cambiaso '' ( Olympia Awards 2015 : The Judoca Paula Pareto Took the Gold and Silver Was for Messi , Marco Ruben , Andrés Nocioni and Adolfo Cambiaso ) ( in Spanish ) . LRA Radio Nacional. 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Los Ganadores de Olimpia de Plata en Cada Deporte , con los Medallistas Dorados de Río entre los Destacados '' ( The Winners of the Silver Olimpia in Each Sport , with the Gold Medalists of Río among the Highlights ) . La Nacion ( in Spanish ) . 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Delfina Pignatiello se quedó con el Olimpia de Oro '' . TN ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires. 20 December 2017 . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Caioli 2012 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Best Playmaker 2015 '' . International Federation of Football History and Statistics . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Robert Ley ( 29 December 2016 ) . `` The World 's Best Playmaker 2016 : Lionel Messi '' . IFFHS.de . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Best Playmaker 2017 : One More For Lionel Messi '' . iffhs.de. 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi named Liga BBVA Player of the Month for January '' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi named LaLiga Santander Player of the Month for April '' . La Liga. 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi named LaLiga Santander Player of the Month for April '' . La Liga. 17 May 2018 . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFPro and FIFA Present the 2015 World XI '' . FIFPro. 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Best named at FIFA Football Awards '' . FIFA. 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA FIFPro World11 '' . FIFA. 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team of the Year 2015 : Lionel Messi '' . UEFA. 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Facts and figures : UEFA.com Team of the Year 2017 '' . UEFA.com : The official website for European football . UEFA. 11 January 2018 . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Team of the Year : the all - time XI '' . UEFA. 12 January 2018 . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2014 -- 15 Liga BBVA Ideal XI '' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Atletico dominate UEFA 's La Liga team of the season '' . Marca . Spain . 16 May 2016 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Once ideal de LaLiga para UEFA : 4 del Madrid , 3 del Barça ... '' ( UEFA 's LaLiga All - Star XI : 4 from Madrid , 3 from Barça ... ) . Diario AS ( in Spanish ) . 22 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dream Team Winners Earn Sony Prizes '' . FIFA. 23 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El Once Ideal de la Copa América '' ( The Ideal Eleven of the Copa América ) . La República ( in Spanish ) . 16 July 2007 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Copa América 2011 Dream Team '' . Copa America Organisation. 8 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Copa América 2015 : Team of the Tournament '' . Copa America Organisation. 5 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` La Selección de Todos los Tiempos '' ( The Team of All Time ) ( in Spanish ) . Argentine Football Association . 4 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi wins UEFA goal of the season award '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Scorers 2009 -- 10 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Scorers 2011 -- 12 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Scorers 2012 -- 13 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Scorers 2016 -- 17 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Scorers 2017 -- 18 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Assists 2010 -- 11 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Assists 2014 -- 15 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Assists 2015 -- 16 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Assists 2017 -- 18 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Copa del Rey Top Scorer : 2008 -- 09 '' . World Football . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` Copa del Rey Top Scorer : 2010 -- 11 '' . World Football . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` Copa del Rey Top Scorer : 2013 -- 14 '' . World Football . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` Copa del Rey Top Scorer : 2015 -- 16 '' . World Football . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . `` Copa del Rey Top Scorer : 2016 -- 17 '' . World Football . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Copa del Rey Statistics '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . `` Spanish Copa del Rey Statistics '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Statistics : Top Scorers 2008 -- 09 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` UEFA Champions League Statistics : Top Scorers 2009 -- 10 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` UEFA Champions League Statistics : Top Scorers 2010 -- 11 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` UEFA Champions League Statistics : Top Scorers 2011 -- 12 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` UEFA Champions League Statistics : Top Scorers 2014 -- 15 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2011 -- 12 Statistics : Assists '' . UEFA . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` UEFA Champions League 2014 -- 15 Statistics : Assists '' . UEFA . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2011 : Statistics '' . FIFA . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Copa América 2015 Stats Centre : Player Stats Attack '' . Copa America Organisation . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Copa America 2016 : Six players who have starred in the United States '' . Sky Sports . 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Wins Ballon d'Or over Ronaldo and Neymar '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi : The Goal That Started the Barcelona Legend '' . BBC Sport. 1 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 12 La Liga scoring records held by Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Five incredible records shared by Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Sportskeeda. 3 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top scorers in a single European game '' . UEFA . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Five - goal Messi leaves Leverkusen spellbound '' . UEFA . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ UEFA.com . `` What records does Lionel Messi hold ? '' . UEFA . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ UEFA.com . `` Records Ronaldo and Messi have not broken ( yet ) '' . UEFA . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Christopher ( 16 September 2015 ) . `` Lionel Messi Becomes Youngest to 100 Champions League Appearances '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Saffer , Paul ( 11 August 2015 ) . `` Messi , Alves among Super Cup Record - Breakers '' . UEFA . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Sets Copa América Assists Record , Thrills Gillette Stadium '' . NESN. 18 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Messi Tiene Presente a Suárez '' . El País ( in Spanish ) . 1 December 2015 . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Hannah , Ralph ( 25 November 2014 ) . `` Double for Lionel Messi as Barcelona Star Takes Both La Liga and Champions League All - Time Goals Records in a Week '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi enjoys record - breaking day for Barca '' . ESPN . 24 February 2018 . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona 1 -- 3 Real Madrid : To be continued ... '' FC Barcelona . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Most Goals Scored in a Season in the Top Division of Spanish Football '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi is the first player to score 300 goals in La Liga '' . ESPN FC. 17 February 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi , the only player to have scored against 36 different First Division clubs '' . FC Barcelona. 24 February 2018 . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Sets LaLiga Record With First Half Brace '' . beIN SPORTS USA . 24 February 2018 . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi breaks Argentina 's all - time goal - scoring record '' . ESPN FC. 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi , máximo artillero histórico de la selección argentina '' . FIFA ( Spanish ) . 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi , único dueño del gol '' . Argentine Football Association ( Spanish ) . 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ EN , Sport ( 5 September 2015 ) . `` Messi 's now scored vs. EVERY South American country ... except Argentina '' . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Lionel Messi 's 28th Birthday , Here Are 10 of His Stunning Career Stats ... '' Eurosport. 24 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Di Maria beats Messi to Argentine Player of the Year award '' . The Independent . 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Sport ( 22 December 2015 ) . `` Leo Messi , nominado al Premio Olimpia 2015 '' . sport ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Premios Olimpia 2016 . Se elige al mejor deportista del año : estas son todas las ternas '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Los ganadores de los Premios Olimpia '' . ESPN.com.ar . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Insatiable Messi grabs a 38th career hat - trick against Espanyol '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi 's record - breaking el clásico in numbers '' . The Independent . 23 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Matches of Messi : Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini vs Athletic Club '' . BDfutbol . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` FC Barcelona Individual Records '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` L. Messi '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ; Bull , J.J. ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` Chelsea 1 Barcelona 1 : Lionel Messi punishes single mistake to take crucial away goal to Nou Camp '' . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Bibliography Balagué , Guillem ( 2013 ) . Messi . Orion Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4091 - 4659 - 9 . Caioli , Luca ( 2012 ) . Messi : The Inside Story of the Boy Who Became a Legend . Corinthian Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 90685 - 040 - 1 . Caioli , Luca ( 2015 ) . Messi : More than a Superstar . Icon Books . ISBN 978 - 190685 - 091 - 3 . Guinness World Records 2015 . Guinness World Records . 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 908843 - 65 - 4 . Hunter , Graham ( 2012 ) . Barça : The Making of the Greatest Team in the World . BackPage Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9564971 - 8 - 5 . Lisi , Clemente Angelo ( 2011 ) . A History of the World Cup : 1930 -- 2010 . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7754 - 2 . Tomkins , Paul ( 2007 ) . Above Us Only Sky : Liverpool FC 's Global Revolution . Anchor Print Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9556367 - 0 - 7 . External links Find more aboutLionel Messiat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website ( in Catalan ) ( in Spanish ) Profile for FC Barcelona Profile at La Liga Lionel Messi at ESPN FC Lionel Messi at BDFutbol Lionel Messi at Soccerway Lionel Messi at Soccerbase Lionel Messi at National-Football-Teams.com Lionel Messi -- FIFA competition record Lionel Messi -- UEFA competition record Lionel Messi on Facebook FC Barcelona -- current squad 1 Ter Stegen 2 Semedo 3 Piqué 4 Rakitić 5 Busquets 6 D. Suárez 9 L. Suárez 10 Messi ( c ) 11 Dembélé 13 Cillessen 14 Coutinho 16 Arnaiz 17 Alcácer 18 Alba 19 Digne 20 Roberto 21 Gomes 22 Vidal 23 Umtiti 24 Mina 25 Vermaelen -- Aleñá -- Arthur -- Douglas -- Lenglet -- Marlon -- Munir -- Ortolá -- Rafinha -- Samper Coach : Valverde Argentina squads Argentina squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Abbondanzieri 2 Ayala 3 Sorín ( c ) 4 Coloccini 5 Cambiasso 6 Heinze 7 Saviola 8 Mascherano 9 Crespo 10 Riquelme 11 Tevez 12 Franco 13 Scaloni 14 Palacio 15 Milito 16 Aimar 17 Cufré 18 Rodríguez 19 Messi 20 Cruz 21 Burdisso 22 González 23 Ustari Coach : Pékerman Argentina squad -- 2007 Copa América runners - up 1 Abbondanzieri 2 Ayala ( c ) 3 Díaz 4 Ibarra 5 Gago 6 Heinze 7 Palacio 8 Zanetti 9 Crespo 10 Riquelme 11 Tevez 12 Carrizo 13 González 14 Mascherano 15 G. Milito 16 Aimar 17 Burdisso 18 Messi 19 Cambiasso 20 Verón 21 D. Milito 22 Orión Coach : Basile Argentina men 's football squad -- 2008 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 1 Ustari 2 Garay 3 Monzón 4 Zabaleta 5 Gago 6 Fazio 7 Sosa 8 Banega 9 Lavezzi 10 Riquelme ( c ) 11 Di María 12 Pareja 13 Acosta 14 Mascherano 15 Messi 16 Agüero 17 Buonanotte 18 Romero 22 Navarro Coach : Batista Argentina squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Pozo 2 Demichelis 3 C. Rodríguez 4 Burdisso 5 Bolatti 6 Heinze 7 Di María 8 Verón 9 Higuaín 10 Messi 11 Tevez 12 Garcé 13 Samuel 14 Mascherano ( c ) 15 Otamendi 16 Agüero 17 Gutiérrez 18 Palermo 19 Milito 20 M. Rodríguez 21 Andújar 22 Romero 23 Pastore Coach : Maradona Argentina squad -- 2011 Copa América 1 Carrizo 2 Garay 3 Zabaleta 4 Burdisso 5 Cambiasso 6 G. Milito 7 Di María 8 Zanetti 9 Higuaín 10 Messi 11 Tevez 12 Andújar 13 Pareja 14 Mascherano ( c ) 15 Biglia 16 Agüero 17 Rojo 18 Pastore 19 Banega 20 Gago 21 Lavezzi 22 D. Milito 23 Romero Coach : Batista Argentina squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Romero 2 Garay 3 Campagnaro 4 Zabaleta 5 Gago 6 Biglia 7 Di María 8 Pérez 9 Higuaín 10 Messi ( c ) 11 M. Rodríguez 12 Orión 13 A. Fernández 14 Mascherano 15 Demichelis 16 Rojo 17 F. Fernández 18 Palacio 19 Álvarez 20 Agüero 21 Andújar 22 Lavezzi 23 Basanta Coach : Sabella Argentina squad -- 2015 Copa América runners - up 1 Romero 2 Garay 3 Roncaglia 4 Zabaleta 5 Gago 6 Biglia 7 Di María 8 Pereyra 9 Higuaín 10 Messi ( c ) 11 Agüero 12 Guzmán 13 Casco 14 Mascherano 15 Demichelis 16 Rojo 17 Otamendi 18 Tevez 19 Banega 20 Lamela 21 Pastore 22 Lavezzi 23 Andújar ( Marchesín ) Coach : Martino Argentina squad -- 2016 Copa América Centenario runners - up 1 Romero 2 Maidana 3 Roncaglia 4 Mercado 5 Kranevitter 6 Biglia 7 Di María 8 Fernández 9 Higuaín 10 Messi ( c ) 11 Agüero 12 Guzmán 13 Funes Mori 14 Mascherano 15 Cuesta 16 Rojo 17 Otamendi 18 Lamela 19 Banega 20 Gaitán 21 Pastore 22 Lavezzi 23 Andújar Coach : Martino Argentina squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup 1 Guzmán 2 Mercado 3 Tagliafico 4 Ansaldi 5 Biglia 6 Fazio 7 Banega 8 Acuña 9 Higuaín 10 Messi ( c ) 11 Di María 12 Armani 13 Meza 14 Mascherano 15 Pérez 16 Rojo 17 Otamendi 18 Salvio 19 Agüero 20 Lo Celso 21 Dybala 22 Pavón 23 Caballero Coach : Sampaoli Awards Awards and achievements Preceded by Luciana Aymar Olimpia de Oro 2011 Succeeded by Sergio Martínez Preceded by Rafael Nadal L'Équipe Champion of Champions 2011 Succeeded by Serena Williams ( female ) Usain Bolt ( male ) Preceded by José Mourinho Gazzetta dello Sport Sportsman of the Year 2011 Succeeded by Usain Bolt FIFA Player of the Year FIFA World Player of the Year 1991 : Matthäus 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Romário 1995 : Weah 1996 : Ronaldo 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Zidane 2001 : Figo 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Zidane 2004 : Ronaldinho 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi FIFA Ballon d'Or 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi The Best FIFA Men 's Player 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : C. Ronaldo See also : Ballon d'Or Ballon d'Or France Football magazine award Ballon d'Or ( 1956 -- 2009 ) 1956 : Matthews 1957 : Di Stéfano 1958 : Kopa 1959 : Di Stéfano 1960 : Suárez 1961 : Sívori 1962 : Masopust 1963 : Yashin 1964 : Law 1965 : Eusébio 1966 : Charlton 1967 : Albert 1968 : Best 1969 : Rivera 1970 : Müller 1971 : Cruyff 1972 : Beckenbauer 1973 : Cruyff 1974 : Cruyff 1975 : Blokhin 1976 : Beckenbauer 1977 : Simonsen 1978 : Keegan 1979 : Keegan 1980 : Rummenigge 1981 : Rummenigge 1982 : Rossi 1983 : Platini 1984 : Platini 1985 : Platini 1986 : Belanov 1987 : Gullit 1988 : Van Basten 1989 : Van Basten 1990 : Matthäus 1991 : Papin 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Stoichkov 1995 : Weah 1996 : Sammer 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Figo 2001 : Owen 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Nedvěd 2004 : Shevchenko 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi Ballon d'Or ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : C. Ronaldo FIFA World Player of the Year ( 1991 -- 2009 ) FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) The Best FIFA Men 's Player ( 2016 -- present ) World Soccer Player of the Year 1982 : Rossi 1983 : Zico 1984 : Platini 1985 : Platini 1986 : Maradona 1987 : Gullit 1988 : Van Basten 1989 : Gullit 1990 : Matthäus 1991 : Papin 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Maldini 1995 : Vialli 1996 : Ronaldo 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Figo 2001 : Owen 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Nedvěd 2004 : Ronaldinho 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi 2010 : Xavi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : C. Ronaldo La Liga Foreign Player of the Year - Don Balón Award 1976 : Neeskens 1977 : Cruyff 1978 : Cruyff 1979 : Stielike 1980 : Stielike 1981 : Stielike 1982 : Stielike 1983 : Barbas 1984 : Barbas 1985 : Schuster 1986 : Valdano 1987 : Sánchez 1988 : Alemão 1989 : Ruggeri 1990 : Sánchez 1991 : Schuster 1992 : Laudrup 1993 : Đukić 1994 : Stoichkov 1995 : Zamorano 1996 : Mijatović 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Rivaldo 1999 : Figo 2000 : Figo 2001 : Figo 2002 : Zidane 2003 : Nihat 2004 : Ronaldinho 2005 : Riquelme 2006 : Ronaldinho 2007 : Messi 2008 : Agüero 2009 : Messi 2010 : Messi La Liga Forward of the Year - LFP Awards 2009 : Messi 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : Messi La Liga Best Player of the Year - LFP Awards 2009 : Messi 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : Griezmann EFE Trophy 1990 -- 91 : Fernández 1991 -- 92 : Zalazar 1992 -- 93 : Zamorano 1993 -- 94 : Romário 1994 -- 95 : Zamorano 1995 -- 96 : Simeone 1996 -- 97 : Ronaldo 1997 -- 98 : Roberto Carlos 1998 -- 99 : Rivaldo 1999 -- 2000 : Herrera 2000 -- 01 : Acuña 2001 -- 02 : Saviola 2002 -- 03 : Ronaldo 2003 -- 04 : Ronaldinho 2004 -- 05 : Forlán 2005 -- 06 : Aimar 2006 -- 07 : Messi 2007 -- 08 : Agüero 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Messi 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 : Diego Costa 2014 -- 15 : Suárez 2015 -- 16 : Navas FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball 2000 : Edílson 2005 : Rogério Ceni 2006 : Deco 2007 : Kaká 2008 : Rooney 2009 : Messi 2010 : Eto'o 2011 : Messi 2012 : Cássio 2013 : Ribéry 2014 : Ramos 2015 : Suárez 2016 : Ronaldo 2017 : Modrić FIFA U-20 World Cup awards Golden Ball 1977 : Bessonov 1979 : Maradona 1981 : Gabor 1983 : Geovani 1985 : Silas 1987 : Prosinečki 1989 : Bismarck 1991 : Peixe 1993 : Adriano 1995 : Caio 1997 : Olivera 1999 : Keita 2001 : Saviola 2003 : Matar 2005 : Messi 2007 : Agüero 2009 : Adiyiah 2011 : Henrique 2013 : Pogba 2015 : Traoré 2017 : Solanke Golden Boot 1977 : Guina 1979 : Díaz 1981 : Koussas 1983 : Geovani 1985 : Losada 1987 : Witeczek 1989 : Salenko 1991 : Scherbakov 1993 : Zambrano 1995 : Etxeberria 1997 : Adaílton 1999 : Couñago 2001 : Saviola 2003 : Johnson 2005 : Messi 2007 : Agüero 2009 : Adiyiah 2011 : Henrique 2013 : Assifuah 2015 : Kovalenko 2017 : Orsolini Golden Gloves 2009 : Alvarado 2011 : Mika 2013 : De Amores 2015 : Rajković 2017 : Woodman Footballer of the Year of Argentina 1970 : Yazalde 1971 : Pastoriza 1972 : Bargas 1973 : Brindisi 1974 : Raimondo 1975 : Scotta 1976 : Passarella 1977 : Fillol 1978 : Kempes 1979 : Maradona 1980 : Maradona 1981 : Maradona 1982 : Gatti 1983 : Bochini 1984 : Márcico 1985 : Francescoli 1986 : Maradona 1987 : Fabbri 1988 : Paz 1989 : Alfaro Moreno 1990 : Goycochea 1991 : Ruggeri 1992 : Islas 1993 : Medina Bello 1994 : Navarro Montoya 1995 : Francescoli 1996 : Chilavert 1997 : Salas 1998 : Batistuta 1999 : Saviola 2000 : Riquelme 2001 : Riquelme 2002 : Milito 2003 : Tevez 2004 : Tevez 2005 : Messi 2006 : Verón 2007 : Messi 2008 : Messi & Riquelme 2009 : Messi & Verón 2010 : Messi & Martínez 2011 : Messi & Riquelme 2012 : Messi & L. López 2013 : Messi & M. Rodríguez 2014 : Di María & Pratto 2015 : Messi & Ruben 2016 : Messi & Belluschi 2017 : Messi & Benedetto UEFA Club Footballer of the Year 1998 : Ronaldo 1999 : Beckham 2000 : Redondo 2001 : Effenberg 2002 : Zidane 2003 : Buffon 2004 : Deco 2005 : Gerrard 2006 : Ronaldinho 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi 2010 : Milito UEFA Club Football Awards Best Goalkeeper 1997 -- 98 : Schmeichel 1998 -- 99 : Kahn 1999 -- 2000 : Kahn 2000 -- 01 : Kahn 2001 -- 02 : Kahn 2002 -- 03 : Buffon 2003 -- 04 : Baía 2004 -- 05 : Čech 2005 -- 06 : Lehmann 2006 -- 07 : Čech 2007 -- 08 : Čech 2008 -- 09 : Van der Sar 2009 -- 10 : Júlio César 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Buffon Best Defender 1997 -- 98 : Hierro 1998 -- 99 : Stam 1999 -- 2000 : Stam 2000 -- 01 : Ayala 2001 -- 02 : Roberto Carlos 2002 -- 03 : Roberto Carlos 2003 -- 04 : Carvalho 2004 -- 05 : Terry 2005 -- 06 : Puyol 2006 -- 07 : Maldini 2007 -- 08 : Terry 2008 -- 09 : Terry 2009 -- 10 : Maicon 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Ramos Best Midfielder 1997 -- 98 : Zidane 1998 -- 99 : Beckham 1999 -- 2000 : Mendieta 2000 -- 01 : Mendieta 2001 -- 02 : Ballack 2002 -- 03 : Nedvěd 2003 -- 04 : Deco 2004 -- 05 : Kaká 2005 -- 06 : Deco 2006 -- 07 : Seedorf 2007 -- 08 : Lampard 2008 -- 09 : Xavi 2009 -- 10 : Sneijder 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Modrić Best Forward 1997 -- 98 : Ronaldo 1998 -- 99 : Shevchenko 1999 -- 2000 : Raúl 2000 -- 01 : Raúl 2001 -- 02 : Raúl 2002 -- 03 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 -- 04 : Morientes 2004 -- 05 : Ronaldinho 2005 -- 06 : Eto'o 2006 -- 07 : Kaká 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Milito 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : C. Ronaldo UEFA Men 's Player of the Year Award UEFA Best Player in Europe 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Iniesta 2012 -- 13 : Ribéry 2013 -- 14 : Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Messi 2015 -- 16 : Ronaldo UEFA Men 's Player of the Year 2016 -- 17 : Ronaldo Trofeo Alfredo Di Stéfano 2007 -- 08 : Raúl 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : C. Ronaldo 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 : C. Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Messi 2015 -- 16 : C. Ronaldo 2016 -- 17 : Messi FIFPro Player of the Year awards World Player of the Year 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Ronaldinho 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo Young Player of the Year 2005 : Rooney 2006 : Messi 2007 : Messi 2008 : Messi Bravo Award 1978 : Case 1979 : Birtles 1980 : H. Müller 1981 : Wark 1982 : Shaw 1983 : Bonini 1984 : Righetti 1985 : Butragueño 1986 : Butragueño 1987 : van Basten 1988 : Ohana 1989 : Maldini 1990 : Baggio 1991 : Prosinečki 1992 : Guardiola 1993 : Giggs 1994 : Panucci 1995 : Kluivert 1996 : Del Piero 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Ronaldo 1999 : Buffon 2000 : Casillas 2001 : Hargreaves 2002 : Metzelder 2003 : Rooney 2004 : C. Ronaldo 2005 : Robben 2006 : Fàbregas 2007 : Messi 2008 : Benzema 2009 : Busquets 2010 : T. Müller 2011 : Hazard 2012 : Verratti 2013 : Isco 2014 : Pogba 2015 : Berardi Golden Boy award winners 2003 : Van der Vaart 2004 : Rooney 2005 : Messi 2006 : Fàbregas 2007 : Agüero 2008 : Anderson 2009 : Pato 2010 : Balotelli 2011 : Götze 2012 : Isco 2013 : Pogba 2014 : Sterling 2015 : Martial 2016 : Sanches 2017 : Mbappé La Liga top scorers 1929 : Bienzobas 1930 : Gorostiza 1931 : Bata 1932 : Bata 1933 : Olivares 1934 : Lángara 1935 : Lángara 1936 : Lángara 1940 : Unamuno 1941 : Pruden 1942 : E. Suárez 1943 : Martín 1944 : E. Suárez 1945 : Zarra 1946 : Zarra 1947 : Zarra 1948 : Pahiño 1949 : César 1950 : Zarra 1951 : Zarra 1952 : Pahiño 1953 : Zarra 1954 : Di Stéfano 1955 : Arza 1956 : Di Stéfano 1957 : Di Stéfano 1958 : Badenes , Di Stéfano & Ricardo 1959 : Di Stéfano 1960 : Puskás 1961 : Puskás 1962 : Seminario 1963 : Puskás 1964 : Puskás 1965 : Ré 1966 : Aragonés 1967 : Waldo 1968 : Uriarte 1969 : Amancio & Gárate 1970 : Amancio , Aragonés & Gárate 1971 : Gárate & Rexach 1972 : Porta 1973 : Marianín 1974 : Quini 1975 : Carlos 1976 : Quini 1977 : Kempes 1978 : Kempes 1979 : Krankl 1980 : Quini 1981 : Quini 1982 : Quini 1983 : Rincón 1984 : Da Silva & Juanito 1985 : Sánchez 1986 : Sánchez 1987 : Sánchez 1988 : Sánchez 1989 : Baltazar 1990 : Sánchez 1991 : Butragueño 1992 : Manolo 1993 : Bebeto 1994 : Romário 1995 : Zamorano 1996 : Pizzi 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Vieri 1999 : Raúl 2000 : Salva 2001 : Raúl 2002 : Tristán 2003 : Makaay 2004 : Ronaldo 2005 : Forlán & Eto'o 2006 : Eto'o 2007 : Van Nistelrooy 2008 : Güiza 2009 : Forlán 2010 : Messi 2011 : C. Ronaldo 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : C. Ronaldo 2016 : L. Suárez 2017 : Messi 2018 : Messi Copa del Rey top scorers 1993 : Urban 1994 : Coca & Gudelj 1995 : Penev 1996 : Pantić 1997 : Klimowicz 1998 : Rivaldo 1999 : C. López 2000 : Arenaza , Barata , Cembranos , Gâlcă , Hasselbaink , Míchel & Yordi 2001 : Salva 2002 : Guti & Raúl 2003 : Portillo 2004 : Raúl 2005 : Huegún , Alejandro & Muñoz 2006 : Ewerthon 2007 : Saviola 2008 : Migue 2009 : Messi & Luis Fabiano 2010 : Maxi 2011 : Messi & C. Ronaldo 2012 : Infante 2013 : Costa 2014 : Messi 2015 : Aspas & Neymar 2016 : Guidetti , Messi , Munir , Negredo & Suárez 2017 : Ben Yedder & Messi 2018 : Curto European Golden Shoe L'Équipe award 1967 -- 68 : Eusébio 1968 -- 69 : Zhekov 1969 -- 70 : Müller 1970 -- 71 : Skoblar 1971 -- 72 : Müller 1972 -- 73 : Eusébio 1973 -- 74 : Yazalde 1974 -- 75 : Georgescu 1975 -- 76 : Kaiafas 1976 -- 77 : Georgescu 1977 -- 78 : Krankl 1978 -- 79 : Kist 1979 -- 80 : Vandenbergh 1980 -- 81 : Slavkov 1981 -- 82 : Kieft 1982 -- 83 : Gomes 1983 -- 84 : Rush 1984 -- 85 : Gomes 1985 -- 86 : Van Basten 1986 -- 87 : Cămătaru / Polster 1987 -- 88 : Çolak 1988 -- 89 : Mateuţ 1989 -- 90 : Sánchez & Stoichkov 1990 -- 91 : Pančev Unofficial 1991 -- 92 : McCoist 1992 -- 93 : McCoist 1993 -- 94 : Taylor 1994 -- 95 : Avetisyan 1995 -- 96 : Endeladze ESM award 1996 -- 97 : Ronaldo 1997 -- 98 : Machlas 1998 -- 99 : Jardel 1999 -- 2000 : Phillips 2000 -- 01 : Larsson 2001 -- 02 : Jardel 2002 -- 03 : Makaay 2003 -- 04 : Henry 2004 -- 05 : Henry & Forlán 2005 -- 06 : Toni 2006 -- 07 : Totti 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Forlán 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : C. Ronaldo 2011 -- 12 : Messi 2012 -- 13 : Messi 2013 -- 14 : C. Ronaldo & Suárez 2014 -- 15 : C. Ronaldo 2015 -- 16 : Suárez 2016 -- 17 : Messi 2017 -- 18 : Messi European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers European Cup 1955 -- 56 : Milutinović 1956 -- 57 : Viollet 1957 -- 58 : Di Stéfano 1958 -- 59 : Fontaine 1959 -- 60 : Puskás 1960 -- 61 : J. Águas 1961 -- 62 : Di Stéfano , Løfqvist , Puskás , Strehl & Tejada 1962 -- 63 : Altafini 1963 -- 64 : Kovačević , Mazzola & Puskás 1964 -- 65 : Eusébio & Torres 1965 -- 66 : Albert & Eusébio 1966 -- 67 : Piepenburg & Van Himst 1967 -- 68 : Eusébio 1968 -- 69 : Law 1969 -- 70 : Jones 1970 -- 71 : Antoniadis 1971 -- 72 : Dunai , Macari & Takač 1972 -- 73 : Müller 1973 -- 74 : Müller 1974 -- 75 : Müller & Markarov 1975 -- 76 : Heynckes 1976 -- 77 : Cucinotta & Müller 1977 -- 78 : Simonsen 1978 -- 79 : Sulser 1979 -- 80 : Lerby 1980 -- 81 : McDermott , Rummenigge & Souness 1981 -- 82 : Hoeneß 1982 -- 83 : Rossi 1983 -- 84 : Sokol 1984 -- 85 : Nilsson & Platini 1985 -- 86 : Nilsson 1986 -- 87 : Cvetković 1987 -- 88 : R. Águas , Ferreri , Hagi , Madjer , McCoist , Míchel & Novák 1988 -- 89 : Van Basten 1989 -- 90 : Papin & Romário 1990 -- 91 : Pacult & Papin 1991 -- 92 : Papin & Yuran UEFA Champions League 1992 -- 93 : Romário 1993 -- 94 : Koeman & Rufer 1994 -- 95 : Weah 1995 -- 96 : Litmanen 1996 -- 97 : Pantić 1997 -- 98 : Del Piero 1998 -- 99 : Shevchenko & Yorke 1999 -- 2000 : Jardel , Raúl & Rivaldo 2000 -- 01 : Raúl 2001 -- 02 : Van Nistelrooy 2002 -- 03 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 -- 04 : Morientes 2004 -- 05 : Van Nistelrooy 2005 -- 06 : Shevchenko 2006 -- 07 : Kaká 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Messi 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 : C. Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Neymar , C. Ronaldo & Messi 2015 -- 16 : C. Ronaldo 2016 -- 17 : C. Ronaldo 2017 -- 18 : C. Ronaldo FIFA World Cup Golden Ball Best Player 1930 : Nasazzi 1934 : Meazza 1938 : Leônidas 1950 : Zizinho 1954 : Puskás 1958 : Didi 1962 : Garrincha 1966 : Charlton 1970 : Pelé 1974 : Cruijff 1978 : Kempes Golden Ball 1982 : Rossi 1986 : Maradona 1990 : Schillaci 1994 : Romário 1998 : Ronaldo 2002 : Kahn 2006 : Zidane 2010 : Forlán 2014 : Messi 2018 : Modrić Golden Ball was first awarded in 1982 . 2014 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament Goalkeeper Manuel Neuer Defenders David Luiz Mats Hummels Thiago Silva Marcelo Midfielders Ángel Di María James Rodríguez Toni Kroos Forwards Lionel Messi Thomas Müller Neymar Coach Joachim Löw CONMEBOL Copa América Player of the Tournament South American Nations Championship Player of the tournament 1916 : Gradín 1917 : Scarone 1919 : Friedenreich 1920 : Piendibene 1921 : Tesoriere 1922 : Fortes 1923 : Nasazzi 1924 : Petrone 1925 : Seoane 1926 : Andrade 1927 : Seoane 1929 : Ferreira 1935 : Nasazzi 1937 : Mata 1939 : Fernández 1941 : Livingstone 1942 : Varela 1945 : da Guia 1946 : Pedernera 1947 : Moreno 1949 : Ademir 1953 : Herrera 1955 : Hormazábal 1956 : Míguez 1957 : Sívori 1959 -- 1 : Pelé 1959 -- 2 : Silveira 1963 : Blacut 1967 : Rocha Copa América Player of the tournament 1975 : Cubillas 1979 : Caszely 1983 : Francescoli 1987 : Valderrama 1989 : Sosa 1991 : Rodríguez 1993 : Goycochea 1995 : Francescoli 1997 : Ronaldo 1999 : Rivaldo 2001 : Guevara 2004 : Adriano 2007 : Robinho 2011 : Suárez 2015 : Messi 2016 : Sánchez 2015 Copa América Team of the Tournament Goalkeeper Claudio Bravo Defenders Jeison Murillo Gary Medel Nicolás Otamendi Midfielders Christian Cueva Marcelo Díaz Javier Mascherano Arturo Vidal Forwards Eduardo Vargas Paolo Guerrero Lionel Messi Coach Jorge Sampaoli Copa América Centenario Team of the Tournament Goalkeeper Claudio Bravo Defenders Mauricio Isla Nicolás Otamendi Gary Medel Jean Beausejour Midfielders Javier Mascherano Arturo Vidal Charles Aránguiz Forwards Eduardo Vargas Alexis Sánchez Lionel Messi 2014 -- 15 La Liga Team of the Year GK : Bravo RB : Dani Alves CB : Piqué CB : Otamendi LB : Alba MF : J. Rodríguez MF : Krychowiak MF : Rakitić FW : Messi FW : Ronaldo FW : Griezmann Manager : Luis Enrique 2015 -- 16 La Liga Team of the Year GK : Oblak RB : Ramos CB : Piqué CB : Godín LB : Marcelo MF : Iniesta MF : Busquets MF : Modrić FW : Messi FW : Ronaldo FW : Suárez 2008 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Iker Casillas RB : Sergio Ramos CB : John Terry CB : Carles Puyol LB : Philipp Lahm MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Xavi MF : Cesc Fàbregas MF : Franck Ribéry FW : Lionel Messi FW : Fernando Torres Coach : Alex Ferguson 2009 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Iker Casillas RB : Dani Alves CB : John Terry CB : Carles Puyol LB : Patrice Evra MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Xavi MF : Kaká MF : Andrés Iniesta FW : Lionel Messi FW : Zlatan Ibrahimović Coach : Pep Guardiola 2010 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Iker Casillas RB : Maicon CB : Gerard Piqué CB : Carles Puyol LB : Ashley Cole MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Xavi MF : Wesley Sneijder MF : Andrés Iniesta FW : Lionel Messi FW : David Villa Coach : José Mourinho 2011 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Iker Casillas RB : Dani Alves CB : Gerard Piqué CB : Thiago Silva LB : Marcelo MF : Arjen Robben MF : Xavi MF : Andrés Iniesta MF : Gareth Bale FW : Lionel Messi FW : Cristiano Ronaldo 2012 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Iker Casillas RB : Sergio Ramos CB : Gerard Piqué CB : Thiago Silva LB : Philipp Lahm MF : Andrés Iniesta MF : Xavi MF : Andrea Pirlo MF : Mesut Özil FW : Lionel Messi FW : Cristiano Ronaldo 2014 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Manuel Neuer RB : Philipp Lahm CB : Sergio Ramos CB : Diego Godín LB : David Alaba MF : Arjen Robben MF : Toni Kroos MF : Ángel Di María FW : Lionel Messi FW : Zlatan Ibrahimović FW : Cristiano Ronaldo 2015 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Manuel Neuer RB : Dani Alves CB : Sergio Ramos CB : Gerard Piqué LB : David Alaba MF : Paul Pogba MF : Andrés Iniesta MF : James Rodríguez FW : Cristiano Ronaldo FW : Lionel Messi FW : Neymar 2016 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Gianluigi Buffon RB : Jérôme Boateng CB : Gerard Piqué CB : Sergio Ramos LB : Leonardo Bonucci MF : Luka Modrić MF : Toni Kroos MF : Andrés Iniesta FW : Lionel Messi FW : Antoine Griezmann FW : Cristiano Ronaldo 2017 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Gianluigi Buffon RB : Dani Alves CB : Sergio Ramos CB : Giorgio Chiellini LB : Marcelo MF : Luka Modrić MF : Toni Kroos MF : Kevin De Bruyne MF : Eden Hazard FW : Lionel Messi FW : Cristiano Ronaldo IFFHS World 's Best Playmaker 2006 : Zidane 2007 : Kaká 2008 : Xavi 2009 : Xavi 2010 : Xavi 2011 : Xavi 2012 : Iniesta 2013 : Iniesta 2014 : Kroos 2015 : Messi 2016 : Messi 2017 : Messi IFFHS World 's Best Top Goal Scorer 1991 : Papin 1992 : Bergkamp 1993 : Al - Owairan 1994 : Stoichkov 1995 : Klinsmann 1996 : Daei 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Al - Huwaidi 1999 : Raúl 2000 : Rivaldo 2001 : Al - Dhabit 2002 : van Nistelrooy 2003 : Henry 2004 : Daei 2005 : Adriano 2006 : Suazo 2007 : Mputu 2008 : Rico 2009 : Okazaki 2010 : Al - Mutawa 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : Ronaldo 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Lewandowski 2016 : Ronaldo 2017 : Ronaldo Best International Athlete ESPY Award winners 2005 : Pujols 2006 : Pujols 2007 : Federer 2008 : Ochoa 2009 : Bolt 2010 -- 2011 : Award not given 2012 : Messi 2013 : Bolt 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : Ronaldo 2017 : Bolt Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Messi&oldid=850577005 '' Categories : 1987 births Living people 2006 FIFA World Cup players 2007 Copa América players 2010 FIFA World Cup players 2011 Copa América players 2014 FIFA World Cup players 2015 Copa América players Copa América Centenario players 2018 FIFA World Cup players Argentina international footballers Argentina youth international footballers Argentine expatriate footballers Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain Argentine footballers Argentine fraudsters Argentine people of Catalan descent Argentine people of Italian descent Argentine people of Spanish descent Argentine Roman Catholics Argentina under - 20 international footballers Association football forwards Ballon d'Or winners Expatriate footballers in Spain FC Barcelona B players FC Barcelona C players FC Barcelona players FIFA Century Club FIFA World Player of the Year winners Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics La Liga players Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics Naturalised citizens of Spain Olympic footballers of Argentina Olympic gold medalists for Argentina Olympic medalists in football People convicted of fraud People convicted of tax crimes People named in the Panama Papers Argentine people of Marchesan descent Pichichi Trophy winners Segunda División B players Sportspeople from Rosario , Santa Fe Tercera División players UNICEF people UEFA Champions League winning players Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Use dmy dates from June 2018 Good articles Use British English from May 2018 Articles using Template : Medal with Runner - 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Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 डोटेली 123 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 18 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many goals has messi got in his career | [
"Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini[note 1] (Spanish pronunciation: [ljoˈnel anˈdɾez ˈmesi] ( listen);[A] born 24 June 1987) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club Barcelona and the Argentine national team. Often considered the best player in the world and regarded by many as one of the greatest players of all time.[6][7][8][9][10] Messi has a record-tying five Ballon d'Or awards,[note 2] four of which he won consecutively, and a record five European Golden Shoes. He has spent his entire professional career with Barcelona, where he has won 32 trophies, including nine La Liga titles, four UEFA Champions League titles, and six Copas del Rey. Both a prolific goalscorer and a creative playmaker, Messi holds the records for most official goals scored in La Liga (383), a La Liga season (50), a club football season in Europe (73), a calendar year (91), El Clásico (26), as well as those for most assists in La Liga (149) and the Copa América (11). He has scored over 600 senior career goals for club and country. \n"
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-957562021997015414 | Attorney–client privilege | Attorney -- client privilege - wikipedia Attorney -- client privilege This article is about the law in the United States . For an overview , see Legal professional privilege . For the law in England and Wales , see Legal professional privilege in England and Wales . For the law in Australia , see Legal professional privilege in Australia . Evidence Part of the common law series Types of evidence Testimony Documentary Real ( physical ) Digital Exculpatory Inculpatory Demonstrative Eyewitness identification Genetic ( DNA ) Lies Relevance Burden of proof Laying a foundation Materiality Public policy exclusions Spoliation Character Habit Similar fact Authentication Chain of custody Judicial notice Best evidence rule Self - authenticating document Ancient document Hague Evidence Convention Witnesses Competence Privilege Direct examination Cross-examination Redirect Impeachment Recorded recollection Expert witness Dead Man 's Statute Hearsay and exceptions in English law in United States law Confessions Business records Excited utterance Dying declaration Party admission Ancient document Declaration against interest Present sense impression Res gestae Learned treatise Implied assertion Other common law areas Contract Tort Property Wills , trusts and estates Criminal law In the law of the United States , attorney -- client privilege or lawyer -- client privilege is a `` client 's right privilege to refuse to disclose and to prevent any other person from disclosing confidential communications between the client and the attorney . '' The attorney -- client privilege is one of the oldest recognized privileges for confidential communications . The United States Supreme Court has stated that by assuring confidentiality , the privilege encourages clients to make `` full and frank '' disclosures to their attorneys , who are then better able to provide candid advice and effective representation . Contents ( hide ) 1 General requirements under United States law 2 When the privilege may not apply 2.1 Disclosure in case of a crime , tort , or fraud 2.2 Disclosure ostensibly to support lawyer 's own interests 2.3 Disclosure for the purpose of probate 3 Tax practice 4 In the federal courts 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links General requirements under United States law ( edit ) Although there are minor variations , the elements necessary to establish the attorney client privilege generally are : The asserted holder of the privilege is ( or sought to become ) a client ; and The person to whom the communication was made : is a member of the bar of a court , or a subordinate of such a member , and in connection with this communication , is acting as an attorney ; and The communication was for the purpose of securing legal advice . There are a number of exceptions to the privilege in most jurisdictions , chief among them : the communication was made in the presence of individuals who were neither attorney nor client , or was disclosed to such individuals , the communication was made for the purpose of committing a crime or tort , the client has waived the privilege ( for example by publicly disclosing the communication ) . A corollary to the attorney -- client privilege is the joint defense privilege , which is also called the common interest rule . The common interest rule `` serves to protect the confidentiality of communications passing from one party to another party where a joint defense or strategy has been decided upon and undertaken by the parties and their respective counsel . '' An attorney speaking publicly in regard to a client 's personal business and private affairs can be reprimanded by the bar and / or disbarred , regardless of the fact that he or she may be no longer representing the client . Discussing a client 's or past client 's criminal history , or otherwise , is viewed as a breach of fiduciary responsibilities . The attorney -- client privilege is separate from and should not be confused with the work - product doctrine . When the privilege may not apply ( edit ) When an attorney is not acting primarily as an attorney but , for instance , as a business advisor , member of the Board of Directors , or in another non-legal role , then the privilege generally does not apply . The privilege protects the confidential communication , and not the underlying information . For instance , if a client has previously disclosed confidential information to a third party who is not an attorney , and then gives the same information to an attorney , the attorney -- client privilege will still protect the communication to the attorney , but will not protect the communication with the third party . The privilege may be waived if the confidential communications are disclosed to third parties . Other limits to the privilege may apply depending on the situation being adjudicated . Disclosure in case of a crime , tort , or fraud ( edit ) The crime - fraud exception can render the privilege moot when communications between an attorney and client are themselves used to further a crime , tort , or fraud . In Clark v. United States , the US Supreme Court stated that `` A client who consults an attorney for advice that will serve him in the commission of a fraud will have no help from the law . He must let the truth be told . '' The crime - fraud exception also does require that the crime or fraud discussed between client and attorney be carried out to be triggered . US Courts have not yet conclusively ruled how little knowledge an attorney can have of the underlying crime or fraud before the privilege detaches and the attorney 's communications or requisite testimony become admissible . Disclosure ostensibly to support lawyer 's own interests ( edit ) Lawyers may disclose confidential information relating to the retainer where they are reasonably seeking to collect payment for services rendered . This is justified on policy grounds . If lawyers were unable to disclose such information , many would undertake legal work only where payment is made in advance . This would arguably adversely affect the public 's access to justice . Lawyers may also breach the duty where they are defending themselves against disciplinary or legal proceedings . A client who initiates proceedings against a lawyer effectively waives rights to confidentiality . This is justified on grounds of procedural fairness -- a lawyer unable to reveal information relating to the retainer would be unable to defend themselves against such action . Disclosure for the purpose of probate ( edit ) See also : Probate court and Surrogate 's court Another case is for the probate of a last will and testament . Previously confidential communications between the lawyer and testator may be disclosed in order to prove that a will represented the intent of the now deceased decedent . In many instances , the will , codicil , or other parts of the estate plan require explanation or interpretation through other proof ( extrinsic evidence ) , such as the attorney 's file notes or correspondence from the client . In certain cases , the client may desire or consent to revelation of personal or family secrets only after his or her death ; for example , the will may leave a legacy to a paramour or a natural child . Courts have occasionally revoked the privilege after the death of the client if it is deemed that doing so serves the client 's intent , such as in the case of resolving testamentary disputes among heirs . Tax practice ( edit ) In the United States , communications between accountants and their clients are usually not privileged . A person who is worried about accusations of questionable accounting , such as tax evasion , may decide to work only with an attorney or only with an accountant who is also an attorney ; some or all of the resulting communications may be privileged provided that all the requirements for the attorney -- client privilege are met . The mere fact that the practitioner is an attorney will not create a valid attorney -- client privilege with respect to a communication , for example , that involves business or accounting advice rather than legal advice . Under Federal tax law in the United States , for communications on or after July 22 , 1998 , there is a limited Federally authorized accountant -- client privilege that may apply to certain communications with non -- attorneys . In the federal courts ( edit ) If a case arises in the federal court system , the federal court will apply Rule 501 of the Federal Rules of Evidence to determine whether to apply the privilege law of the relevant state or federal common law . If the case is brought to the federal court under diversity jurisdiction , the law of the relevant state will be used to apply the privilege . If the case involves a federal question , the federal court will apply the federal common law of attorney -- client privilege ; however , Rule 501 grants flexibility to the federal courts , allowing them to construe the privilege `` in light of experience and reason '' . See also ( edit ) Accountant -- client privilege Admissible evidence Buried Bodies Case Confidentiality Contract attorney Legal professional privilege : common law general concept and history Legal professional privilege ( England & Wales ) Physician -- patient privilege Priest -- penitent privilege Privilege ( evidence ) Public Interest Immunity Reporter 's privilege Joint defense privilege Shield laws Spousal privilege State Secrets Privilege Subpoena ad testificandum Subpoena duces tecum Swidler & Berlin v. United States Upjohn v. United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Attorney -- client privilege '' , Black 's Law Dictionary , p. 1391 col. 2 ( Bryan A. Garner 10th ed. 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Swidler & Berlin v. United States , 524 U.S. 399 , 403 ( 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Upjohn Co. v. United States , 449 U.S. 383 , 389 ( 1981 ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Colton v. United States , 306 F. 2d 633 , 637 ( 2d Cir. 1962 ) , cert . denied , 371 U.S. 951 , 83 S. Ct. 505 ( 1963 ) , citing United States v. United Shoe Mach . Corp. , 89 F. Supp. 357 , 358 -- 59 ( D. Mass . 1950 ) . Jump up ^ LaForest v. Honeywell International Inc. , 2004 WL 1498916 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Id . Jump up ^ North Pacifica , LLC v. City of Pacifica , 274 F. Supp. 2d 1118 , 1127 ( N.D. Cal 2003 ) ; Handguards , Inc. v. Johnson & Johnson , 69 F.R.D. 451 , 453 ( N.D. Cal 1975 ) . Jump up ^ Clark v. United States , 289 U.S. 1 , 15 ( 1933 ) Jump up ^ In re Grand Jury Subpoena of Francis D. Carter , 1998 U.S. Dist . LEXIS 19597 ( citing In re Sealed Case , 107 F. 3d 46 , 49 , 51 ( D.C. Cir. 1997 ) Jump up ^ See , e.g. United States v. Bauer 132 F. 3d 504 ( 9th Cir. 1997 ) vs. In re Grand Jury Proceedings ( 1996 ) ( 9th Cir. 1996 ) . External links ( edit ) Federal Rule of Evidence 502 Resource Page Provides background and key links on the 2008 amendment `` to address the waiver of the attorney -- client privilege and the work product doctrine . '' Office of the General Counsel : The Attorney -- Client Privilege from Stanford University Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attorney -- client_privilege&oldid = 842507077 '' Categories : Legal professional privilege Privacy Confidentiality Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 22 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has the legal power to assert the attorney-client privilege are there any exceptions | [] | [] |
3393944555350921787 | Hanukkah | Hanukkah - wikipedia Hanukkah Jump to : navigation , search For the village Hanaka , in Iran , see Honeg - e Pain . For other uses , see Hanukkah ( disambiguation ) . Hanukkah A hanukkiah , a menorah with nine branches Official name Hebrew : חֲנֻכָּה or חנוכה English translation : `` Establishing '' or `` Dedication '' ( of the Temple in Jerusalem ) Observed by Jews Type Jewish Significance The Maccabees successfully rebelled against Antiochus IV Epiphanes . According to the Talmud , a late text , the Temple was purified and the wicks of the menorah miraculously burned for eight days , even though there was only enough sacred oil for one day 's lighting . Celebrations Lighting candles each night . Singing special songs , such as Ma'oz Tzur . Reciting the Hallel prayer . Eating foods fried in oil , such as latkes and sufganiyot , and dairy foods . Playing the dreidel game , and giving Hanukkah gelt Begins 25 Kislev Ends 2 Tevet or 3 Tevet Date 25 Kislev 2017 date Sunset , 12 December to nightfall , 20 December 2018 date Sunset , 2 December to nightfall , 10 December 2019 date Sunset , 22 December to nightfall , 30 December Related to Purim , as a rabbinically decreed holiday . Hanukkah table Hanukkah ( / ˈhɑːnəkə / HAH - nə - kə ; Hebrew : חֲנֻכָּה khanuká , Tiberian : khanuká , usually spelled חנוכה , pronounced ( χanuˈka ) in Modern Hebrew , ( ˈχanukə ) or ( ˈχanikə ) in Yiddish ; a transliteration also romanized as Chanukah or Ḥanukah ) is a Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the Holy Temple ( the Second Temple ) in Jerusalem at the time of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire . Hanukkah is observed for eight nights and days , starting on the 25th day of Kislev according to the Hebrew calendar , which may occur at any time from late November to late December in the Gregorian calendar . It is also known as the Festival of Lights and the Feast of Dedication . The festival is observed by lighting the candles of a candelabrum with nine branches , called a Hanukkah menorah ( or hanukkiah ) . One branch is typically placed above or below the others and its candle is used to light the other eight candles . This unique candle is called the shamash ( Hebrew : שמש , `` attendant '' ) . Each night , one additional candle is lit by the shamash until all eight candles are lit together on the final night of the holiday . Other Hanukkah festivities include playing dreidel and eating oil - based foods such as doughnuts and latkes . Since the 1970s , the worldwide Chabad Hasidic movement has initiated public menorah lightings in open public places in many countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Alternative spellings 2 Historical sources 2.1 Maccabees , Mishna , and Talmud 2.2 Narrative of Josephus 2.3 Other ancient sources 3 Story 3.1 Background 3.2 Traditional view 3.3 Academic sources 3.4 Timeline 3.5 Battles of the Maccabean Revolt 3.6 Characters and heroes 4 Rituals 4.1 Kindling the Hanukkah lights 4.2 Candle - lighting time 4.3 Blessings over the candles 4.3. 1 Blessing for lighting the candles 4.3. 2 Blessing for the miracles of Hanukkah 4.3. 3 Hanerot Halalu 4.4 Maoz Tzur 4.5 Other customs 4.6 Special additions to daily prayers 4.7 Zot Hanukkah 4.8 Other related laws and customs 5 Customs 5.1 Music 5.2 Foods 5.3 Dreidel 5.4 Hanukkah gelt 5.5 Hanukkah in the White House 6 Dates 7 Symbolic importance 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology The name `` Hanukkah '' derives from the Hebrew verb `` חנך '' , meaning `` to dedicate '' . On Hanukkah , the Maccabean Jews regained control of Jerusalem and rededicated the Temple . Many homiletical explanations have been given for the name : The name can be broken down into חנו כ `` ה , `` ( they ) rested ( on the ) twenty - fifth '' , referring to the fact that the Jews ceased fighting on the 25th day of Kislev , the day on which the holiday begins . חנוכה ( Hanukkah ) is also the Hebrew acronym for ח נרות והלכה כבית הלל -- `` Eight candles , and the halakha is like the House of Hillel '' . This is a reference to the disagreement between two rabbinical schools of thought -- the House of Hillel and the House of Shammai -- on the proper order in which to light the Hanukkah flames . Shammai opined that eight candles should be lit on the first night , seven on the second night , and so on down to one on the last night ( because the miracle was greatest on the first day ) . Hillel argued in favor of starting with one candle and lighting an additional one every night , up to eight on the eighth night ( because the miracle grew in greatness each day ) . Jewish law adopted the position of Hillel . Alternative spellings Spelling variations due to transliteration of Hebrew Chet Nun Vav Kaf Hey In Hebrew , the word Hanukkah is written חֲנֻכָּה or חנוכה ( Ḥănukkāh ) . It is most commonly transliterated to English as Chanukah or Hanukkah , the latter because the sound represented by `` CH '' ( ( χ ) , similar to the Scottish pronunciation of `` loch '' ) is not native to the English language . Furthermore , the letter `` ḥet '' ( ח ) , which is the first letter in the Hebrew spelling , is pronounced differently in modern Hebrew ( voiceless uvular fricative ) from in classical Hebrew ( voiceless pharyngeal fricative ( ħ ) ) , and neither of those sounds is unambiguously representable in English spelling . Moreover , the ' kaf ' consonant is geminate in classical ( but not modern ) Hebrew . Adapting the classical Hebrew pronunciation with the geminate and pharyngeal Ḥeth can lead to the spelling `` Hanukkah '' ; while adapting the modern Hebrew pronunciation with no gemination and uvular Ḥeth leads to the spelling `` Chanukah '' . Historical sources Maccabees , Mishna , and Talmud See also : Mishnah § Omissions The story of Hanukkah is preserved in the books of the First and Second Maccabees , which describe in detail the re-dedication of the Temple in Jerusalem and the lighting of the menorah . These books are not part of the Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible ) which came from the Palestinian canon ; however , they were part of the Alexandrian canon which is also called the Septuagint ( sometimes abbreviated LXX ) . Both books are included in the Old Testament used by the Catholic and Orthodox Churches , since those churches consider the books deuterocanonical . They are not included in the Old Testament books in most Protestant Bibles since most Protestants consider the books apocryphal . Multiple references to Hanukkah are also made in the Mishna ( Bikkurim 1 : 6 , Rosh HaShanah 1 : 3 , Taanit 2 : 10 , Megillah 3 : 4 and 3 : 6 , Moed Katan 3 : 9 , and Bava Kama 6 : 6 ) , though specific laws are not described . The miracle of the one - day supply of oil miraculously lasting eight days is first described in the Talmud , committed to writing about 600 years after the events described in the books of Maccabees . Rav Nissim Gaon postulates in his Hakdamah Le'mafteach Hatalmud that information on the holiday was so commonplace that the Mishna felt no need to explain it . A modern - day scholar Reuvein Margolies suggests that as the Mishnah was redacted after the Bar Kochba revolt , its editors were reluctant to include explicit discussion of a holiday celebrating another relatively recent revolt against a foreign ruler , for fear of antagonizing the Romans . Hanukkah lamp unearthed near Jerusalem about 1900 The Gemara ( Talmud ) , in tractate Shabbat , page 21b , focuses on Shabbat candles and moves to Hanukkah candles and says that after the forces of Antiochus IV had been driven from the Temple , the Maccabees discovered that almost all of the ritual olive oil had been profaned . They found only a single container that was still sealed by the High Priest , with enough oil to keep the menorah in the Temple lit for a single day . They used this , yet it burned for eight days ( the time it took to have new oil pressed and made ready ) . The Talmud presents three options : The law requires only one light each night per household , A better practice is to light one light each night for each member of the household The most preferred practice is to vary the number of lights each night . Except in times of danger , the lights were to be placed outside one 's door , on the opposite side of the mezuza , or in the window closest to the street . Rashi , in a note to Shabbat 21b , says their purpose is to publicize the miracle . The blessings for Hanukkah lights are discussed in tractate Succah , p. 46a . Narrative of Josephus The Jewish historian Titus Flavius Josephus narrates in his book , Jewish Antiquities XII , how the victorious Judas Maccabeus ordered lavish yearly eight - day festivities after rededicating the Temple in Jerusalem that had been profaned by Antiochus IV Epiphanes . Josephus does not say the festival was called Hanukkah but rather the `` Festival of Lights '' : `` Now Judas celebrated the festival of the restoration of the sacrifices of the temple for eight days , and omitted no sort of pleasures thereon ; but he feasted them upon very rich and splendid sacrifices ; and he honored God , and delighted them by hymns and psalms . Nay , they were so very glad at the revival of their customs , when , after a long time of intermission , they unexpectedly had regained the freedom of their worship , that they made it a law for their posterity , that they should keep a festival , on account of the restoration of their temple worship , for eight days . And from that time to this we celebrate this festival , and call it Lights . I suppose the reason was because this liberty beyond our hopes appeared to us ; and that thence was the name given to that festival . Judas also rebuilt the walls round about the city , and reared towers of great height against the incursions of enemies , and set guards therein . He also fortified the city Bethsura , that it might serve as a citadel against any distresses that might come from our enemies . '' Other Ancient sources The story of Hanukkah is alluded to in the book of 1 Maccabees and 2 Maccabees . The eight - day rededication of the temple is described in 1 Maccabees 4 : 36 -- 4 : 59 , though the name of the festival and the miracle of the lights do not appear here . A story similar in character , and obviously older in date , is the one alluded to in 2 Maccabees 1 : 18 -- 1 : 36 according to which the relighting of the altar fire by Nehemiah was due to a miracle which occurred on the 25th of Kislev , and which appears to be given as the reason for the selection of the same date for the rededication of the altar by Judah Maccabee . The above account in 1 Maccabees 4 , as well as 2 Maccabees 1 : 9 portrays the feast as a delayed observation of the eight - day Feast of Booths ( Sukkot ) `` ; similarly 2 Maccabees 10 : 6 explains the length of the feast as `` in the manner of the Feast of Booths '' . Another source is the Megillat Antiochus . This work ( also known as `` Megillat Benei Ḥashmonai '' , `` Megillat Hanukkah '' , or `` Megillat Yevanit '' ) is extant in both the Aramaic and Hebrew languages ; the Hebrew version is a literal translation from the Aramaic original . Recent scholarship dates it to somewhere between the 2nd and 5th Centuries , probably in the 2nd century , with the Hebrew dating to the 7th century . It was published for the first time in Mantua in 1557 . Saadia Gaon , who translated it into Arabic in the 9th century , ascribed it to the elders of the School of Shammai and the School of Hillel . The Hebrew text with an English translation can be found in the Siddur of Philip Birnbaum . The Scroll of Antiochus concludes with the following words : ... After this , the sons of Israel went up to the Temple and rebuilt its gates and purified the Temple from the dead bodies and from the defilement . And they sought after pure olive oil to light the lamps therewith , but could not find any , except one bowl that was sealed with the signet ring of the High Priest from the days of Samuel the prophet and they knew that it was pure . There was in it ( enough oil ) to light ( the lamps therewith ) for one day , but the God of heaven whose name dwells there put therein his blessing and they were able to light from it eight days . Therefore , the sons of Ḥashmonai made this covenant and took upon themselves a solemn vow , they and the sons of Israel , all of them , to publish amongst the sons of Israel , ( to the end ) that they might observe these eight days of joy and honour , as the days of the feasts written in ( the book of ) the Law ; ( even ) to light in them so as to make known to those who come after them that their God wrought for them salvation from heaven . In them , it is not permitted to mourn , neither to decree a fast ( on those days ) , and anyone who has a vow to perform , let him perform it . Section from the Aramaic Scroll of Antiochus in Babylonian supralinear punctuation , with an Arabic translation Original language ( Aramaic ) : בָּתַר דְּנָּא עָלוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לְבֵית מַקְדְּשָׁא וּבְנוֹ תַּרְעַיָּא וְדַכִּיאוּ בֵּית מַקְדְּשָׁא מִן קְטִילַיָּא וּמִן סְאוֹבֲתָא . וּבעוֹ מִשְׁחָא דְּזֵיתָא דָּכְיָא לְאַדְלָקָא בּוֹצִנַיָּא וְלָא אַשְׁכַּחוּ אֵלָא צְלוֹחִית חֲדָא דַּהֲוָת חֲתִימָא בְּעִזְקָת כָּהֲנָא רַבָּא מִיּוֹמֵי שְׁמוּאֵל נְבִיָּא וִיַדְעוּ דְּהִיא דָּכְיָא . בְּאַדְלָקוּת יוֹמָא חֲדָא הֲוָה בַּהּ וַאֲלָה שְׁמַיָּא דִּי שַׁכֵין שְׁמֵיהּ תַּמָּן יְהַב בַּהּ בִּרְכְּתָא וְאַדְלִיקוּ מִנַּהּ תְּמָנְיָא יוֹמִין . עַל כֵּן קַיִּימוּ בְּנֵי חַשְׁמוּנַּאי הָדֵין קְיָימָא וַאֲסַרוּ הָדֵין אֲסָּרָא אִנּוּן וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל כּוּלְּהוֹן . לְהוֹדָעָא לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמֶעֲבַד הָדֵין תְּמָנְיָא יוֹמִין חַדְוָא וִיקָר כְּיּוֹמֵי מוֹעֲדַיָּא דִּכְתִיבִין בְּאוֹרָיְתָא לְאַדְלָקָא בְּהוֹן לְהוֹדָעָא לְמַן דְּיֵּיתֵי מִבַּתְרֵיהוֹן אֲרֵי עֲבַד לְהוֹן אֱלָהֲהוֹן פּוּרְקָנָא מִן שְׁמַיָּא . בְּהוֹן לָא לְמִסְפַּד וְלָא לְמִגְזַר צוֹמָא וְכָל דִּיהֵי עֲלוֹהִי נִדְרָא יְשַׁלְּמִנֵּיהּ In the Christian Greek Scriptures , John 10 : 22 -- 23 says Jesus walked in Solomon 's Porch at the Jerusalem Temple during `` the Feast of Dedication and it was winter . '' The Greek term that is used is `` the renewals '' ( Greek ta enkainia τὰ ἐγκαίνια ) . The Hebrew word for `` dedication '' is Hanukkah . The Aramaic New Testament uses the Aramaic word Khawdata ( a close synonym ) , which literally means `` renewal '' or `` to make new . '' Josephus refers to the festival as `` lights . '' Story Background Further information : Coele - Syria A model of Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period Judea was part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt until 200 BCE when King Antiochus III the Great of Syria defeated King Ptolemy V Epiphanes of Egypt at the Battle of Panium . Judea then became part of the Seleucid Empire of Syria . King Antiochus III the Great wanting to conciliate his new Jewish subjects guaranteed their right to `` live according to their ancestral customs '' and to continue to practice their religion in the Temple of Jerusalem . However , in 175 BCE , Antiochus IV Epiphanes , the son of Antiochus III , invaded Judea , at the request of the sons of Tobias . The Tobiads , who led the Hellenizing Jewish faction in Jerusalem , were expelled to Syria around 170 BCE when the high priest Onias and his pro-Egyptian faction wrested control from them . The exiled Tobiads lobbied Antiochus IV Epiphanes to recapture Jerusalem . As Flavius Josephus relates : The king being thereto disposed beforehand , complied with them , and came upon the Jews with a great army , and took their city by force , and slew a great multitude of those that favored Ptolemy , and sent out his soldiers to plunder them without mercy . He also spoiled the temple , and put a stop to the constant practice of offering a daily sacrifice of expiation for three years and six months . -- The Jewish War Traditional view High Priest pouring oil over the menorah , Jewish new year card When the Second Temple in Jerusalem was looted and services stopped , Judaism was outlawed . In 167 BCE , Antiochus ordered an altar to Zeus erected in the Temple . He banned brit milah ( circumcision ) and ordered pigs to be sacrificed at the altar of the temple . Antiochus 's actions provoked a large - scale revolt . Mattathias ( Mattityahu ) , a Jewish priest , and his five sons Jochanan , Simeon , Eleazar , Jonathan , and Judah led a rebellion against Antiochus . It started with Mattathias killing first , a Jew who wanted to comply with Antiochus 's order to sacrifice to Zeus , and then a Greek official who was to enforce the government 's behest ( 1 Mac . 2 , 24 -- 25 ) . Judah became known as Yehuda HaMakabi ( `` Judah the Hammer '' ) . By 166 BCE Mattathias had died , and Judah took his place as leader . By 165 BCE the Jewish revolt against the Seleucid monarchy was successful . The Temple was liberated and rededicated . The festival of Hanukkah was instituted to celebrate this event . Judah ordered the Temple to be cleansed , a new altar to be built in place of the polluted one and new holy vessels to be made . According to the Talmud , unadulterated and undefiled pure olive oil with the seal of the kohen gadol ( high priest ) was needed for the menorah in the Temple , which was required to burn throughout the night every night . The story goes that one flask was found with only enough oil to burn for one day , yet it burned for eight days , the time needed to prepare a fresh supply of kosher oil for the menorah . An eight - day festival was declared by the Jewish sages to commemorate this miracle . The version of the story in 1 Maccabees states that an eight - day celebration of songs and sacrifices was proclaimed upon re-dedication of the altar , and makes no specific mention of the miracle of the oil . Academic sources US Navy personnel light candles on Hanukkah Some modern scholars argue that the king was intervening in an internal civil war between the Maccabean Jews and the Hellenized Jews in Jerusalem . These competed violently over who would be the High Priest , with traditionalists with Hebrew / Aramaic names like Onias contesting with Hellenizing High Priests with Greek names like Jason and Menelaus . In particular , Jason 's Hellenistic reforms would prove to be a decisive factor leading to eventual conflict within the ranks of Judaism . Other authors point to possible socioeconomic reasons in addition to the religious reasons behind the civil war . What began in many respects as a civil war escalated when the Hellenistic kingdom of Syria sided with the Hellenizing Jews in their conflict with the traditionalists . As the conflict escalated , Antiochus took the side of the Hellenizers by prohibiting the religious practices the traditionalists had rallied around . This may explain why the king , in a total departure from Seleucid practice in all other places and times , banned a traditional religion . The miracle of the oil is widely regarded as a legend and its authenticity has been questioned since the Middle Ages . However , given the famous question Rabbi Yosef Karo posed concerning why Hanukkah is celebrated for eight days when the miracle was only for seven days ( since there was enough oil for one day ) , it was clear that he believed it was a historical event . This belief has been adopted by most of Orthodox Judaism , in as much as Rabbi Karo 's Shulchan Aruch is a main Code of Jewish Law . Timeline Further information : Second Temple period Hasmonean Kingdom , 143 BCE Tombs of the Maccabees , Modi'in , Israel 198 BCE : Armies of the Seleucid King Antiochus III ( Antiochus the Great ) oust Ptolemy V from Judea and Samaria . 175 BCE : Antiochus IV ( Epiphanes ) ascends the Seleucid throne . 168 BCE : Under the reign of Antiochus IV , the second Temple is looted , Jews are massacred , and Judaism is outlawed . 167 BCE : Antiochus orders an altar to Zeus erected in the Temple . Mattathias and his five sons John , Simon , Eleazar , Jonathan , and Judah lead a rebellion against Antiochus . Judah becomes known as Judah Maccabee ( `` Judah the Hammer '' ) . 166 BCE : Mattathias dies , and Judah takes his place as leader . The Hasmonean Jewish Kingdom begins ; It lasts until 63 BCE . 165 BCE : The Jewish revolt against the Seleucid monarchy is successful in recapturing the Temple , which is liberated and rededicated ( Hanukkah ) . 142 BCE : Re-establishment of the Second Jewish Commonwealth . The Seleucids recognize Jewish autonomy . The Seleucid kings have a formal overlordship , which the Hasmoneans acknowledged . This inaugurates a period of population growth and religious , cultural and social development . This included the conquest of the areas now covered by Transjordan , Samaria , Galilee , and Idumea ( also known as Edom ) , and the forced conversion of Idumeans to the Jewish religion , including circumcision . 139 BCE : The Roman Senate recognizes Jewish autonomy . 134 BCE : Antiochus VII Sidetes besieges Jerusalem . The Jews under John Hyrcanus become Seleucid vassals but retain religious autonomy . 129 BCE : Antiochus VII dies . The Hasmonean Jewish Kingdom throws off Syrian rule completely 96 BCE : Beginning of an eight - year civil war between Sadducee king Alexander Yanai and the Pharisees . 85 -- 82 BCE : Consolidation of the Kingdom in territory east of the Jordan River . 63 BCE : The Hasmonean Jewish Kingdom comes to an end because of a rivalry between the brothers Aristobulus II and Hyrcanus II , both of whom appeal to the Roman Republic to intervene and settle the power struggle on their behalf . The Roman general Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ( Pompey the Great ) is dispatched to the area . 12 thousand Jews are massacred in the Roman Siege of Jerusalem . The Priests of the Temple are struck down at the Altar . Rome annexes Judea . Battles of the Maccabean revolt Main article : Maccabean Revolt Maccabees on the Knesset Menorah Selected battles between the Maccabees and the Seleucid Syrian - Greeks : Battle of Adasa ( Judas Maccabeus leads the Jews to victory against the forces of Nicanor . ) Battle of Beth Horon ( Judas Maccabeus defeats the forces of Seron . ) Battle of Beth - zechariah ( Elazar the Maccabee is killed in battle . Lysias has success in battle against the Maccabees , but allows them temporary freedom of worship . ) Battle of Beth Zur ( Judas Maccabeus defeats the army of Lysias , recapturing Jerusalem . ) Dathema ( A Jewish fortress saved by Judas Maccabeus . ) Battle of Elasa ( Judas Maccabeus dies in battle against the army of King Demetrius and Bacchides . He is succeeded by Jonathan Maccabaeus and Simon Maccabaeus who continue to lead the Jews in battle . ) Battle of Emmaus ( Judas Maccabeus fights the forces of Lysias and Georgias ) . Battle of Wadi Haramia Characters and heroes Main article : Maccabees The Triumph of Judas Maccabeus , Rubens Matityahu the High Priest , also referred to as Mattathias and Mattathias ben Johanan . Matityahu was a Jewish High Priest who , together with his five sons , played a central role in the story of Hanukkah . Judah the Maccabee , also referred to as Judas Maccabeus and Y'hudhah HaMakabi . Judah was the eldest son of Matityahu and is acclaimed as one of the greatest warriors in Jewish history alongside Joshua , Gideon , and David . Eleazar the Maccabee , also referred to as Eleazar Avaran , Eleazar Maccabeus and Eleazar Hachorani / Choran . Simon the Maccabee , also referred to as Simon Maccabeus and Simon Thassi . Johanan the Maccabee , also referred to as Johanan Maccabeus and John Gaddi . Jonathan the Maccabee , also referred to as Jonathan Apphus . Antiochus IV Epiphanes . Seleucid emperor controlling the region during this period . Judith . Acclaimed for her heroism in the assassination of Holofernes . Hannah and her seven sons . Arrested , tortured and killed one by one , by Antiochus IV Epiphanes for refusing to bow to an idol . Rituals Chanukah Menorah opposite Nazi building in Berlin , December 1932 . Public Hanukkah menorah in Nicosia , Cyprus Hanukkah celebrated in the Polish Sejm , Warsaw Hanukkah is celebrated with a series of rituals that are performed every day throughout the 8 - day holiday , some are family - based and others communal . There are special additions to the daily prayer service , and a section is added to the blessing after meals . Hanukkah is not a `` Sabbath - like '' holiday , and there is no obligation to refrain from activities that are forbidden on the Sabbath , as specified in the Shulkhan Arukh . Adherents go to work as usual but may leave early in order to be home to kindle the lights at nightfall . There is no religious reason for schools to be closed , although in Israel schools close from the second day for the whole week of Hanukkah . Many families exchange gifts each night , such as books or games , and `` Hanukkah Gelt '' is often given to children . Fried foods ( such as latkes ( potato pancakes ) , jelly doughnuts ( sufganiyot ) , and Sephardic bimuelos ) are eaten to commemorate the importance of oil during the celebration of Hanukkah . Some also have a custom of eating dairy products to remember Judith and how she overcame Holofernes by feeding him cheese , which made him thirsty , and giving him wine to drink . When Holofernes became very drunk , Judith cut off his head . Kindling the Hanukkah lights Further information : Menorah ( Hanukkah ) and Miracle of the cruse of oil Boy in front of a menorah Hanukkah lights in the dark Each night throughout the 8 day holiday , a candle or oil - based light is lit . As a universally practiced `` beautification '' ( hiddur mitzvah ) of the mitzvah , the number of lights lit is increased by one each night . An extra light called a shamash , meaning `` attendant '' or `` sexton , '' is also lit each night , and is given a distinct location , usually higher , lower , or to the side of the others . Among Ashkenazim the tendency is for every male member of the household ( and in many families , girls as well ) to light a full set of lights each night , while among Sephardim the prevalent custom is to have one set of lights for the entire household . The purpose of the shamash is to adhere to the prohibition , specified in the Talmud ( Tractate Shabbat 21b -- 23a ) , against using the Hanukkah lights for anything other than publicizing and meditating on the Hanukkah miracle . This differs from Sabbath candles which are meant to be used for illumination and lighting . Hence , if one were to need extra illumination on Hanukkah , the shamash candle would be available , and one would avoid using the prohibited lights . Some , especially Ashkenazim , light the shamash candle first and then use it to light the others . So altogether , including the shamash , two lights are lit on the first night , three on the second and so on , ending with nine on the last night , for a total of 44 ( 36 , excluding the shamash ) . It is Sephardic custom not to light the shamash first and use it to light the rest . Instead , the shamash candle is the last to be lit , and a different candle or a match is used to light all the candles . Some Hasidic Jews follow this Sephardic custom as well . The lights can be candles or oil lamps . Electric lights are sometimes used and are acceptable in places where open flame is not permitted , such as a hospital room , or for the very elderly and infirm ; however , those who permit reciting a blessing over electric lamps only allow it if it is incandescent and battery operated ( an incandescent flashlight would be acceptable for this purpose ) , while a blessing may not be recited over a plug - in menorah or lamp . Most Jewish homes have a special candelabrum referred to as either a Chanukiah ( the modern Israeli term ) or a menorah ( the traditional name , simply Hebrew for ' lamp ' ) . Many families use an oil lamp ( traditionally filled with olive oil ) for Hanukkah . Like the candle Chanukiah , it has eight wicks to light plus the additional shamash light . In the United States , Hanukkah became a more visible festival in the public sphere from the 1970s when Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson called for public awareness and observance of the festival and encouraged the lighting of public menorahs . Diane Ashton attributed the increased visibility and reinvention of Hanukkah by some of the American Jewish community as a way to adapt to American life , re-inventing the festival in `` the language of individualism and personal conscience derived from both Protestantism and the Enlightenment '' . The reason for the Hanukkah lights is not for the `` lighting of the house within '' , but rather for the `` illumination of the house without , '' so that passersby should see it and be reminded of the holiday 's miracle ( i.e. that the sole cruse of pure oil found which held enough oil to burn for one night actually burned for eight nights ) . Accordingly , lamps are set up at a prominent window or near the door leading to the street . It is customary amongst some Ashkenazi Jews to have a separate menorah for each family member ( customs vary ) , whereas most Sephardi Jews light one for the whole household . Only when there was danger of antisemitic persecution were lamps supposed to be hidden from public view , as was the case in Persia under the rule of the Zoroastrians , or in parts of Europe before and during World War II . However , most Hasidic groups light lamps near an inside doorway , not necessarily in public view . According to this tradition , the lamps are placed on the opposite side from the mezuzah , so that when one passes through the door s / he is surrounded by the holiness of mitzvot ( the commandments ) . Generally , women are exempt in Jewish law from time - bound positive commandments , although the Talmud requires that women engage in the mitzvah of lighting Hanukkah candles `` for they too were involved in the miracle . '' Candle - lighting time Biala Rebbe lights the menorah Hanukkah lights should usually burn for at least half an hour after it gets dark . The custom of many is to light at sundown , although most Hasidim light later . Many Hasidic Rebbes light much later to fulfill the obligation of publicizing the miracle by the presence of their Hasidim when they kindle the lights . Inexpensive small wax candles sold for Hanukkah burn for approximately half an hour so should be lit no earlier than nightfall . Friday night presents a problem , however . Since candles may not be lit on Shabbat itself , the candles must be lit before sunset . However , they must remain lit through the lighting of the Shabbat candles . Therefore , the Hanukkah menorah is lit first with larger candles than usual , followed by the Shabbat candles . At the end of the Shabbat , there are those who light the Hanukkah lights before Havdalah and those who make Havdalah before the lighting Hanukkah lights . If for whatever reason one did n't light at sunset or nightfall , the lights should be kindled later , as long as there are people in the streets . Later than that , the lights should still be kindled , but the blessings should be recited only if there is at least somebody else awake in the house and present at the lighting of the Hannukah lights . Blessings over the candles See also : List of Jewish prayers and blessings § Hanukkah Typically two blessings ( brachot ; singular : brachah ) are recited during this eight - day festival when lighting the candles . On the first night , the shehecheyanu blessing is added , making a total of three blessings . The blessings are said before or after the candles are lit depending on tradition . On the first night of Hanukkah one light ( candle or oil ) is lit on the right side of the menorah , on the following night a second light is placed to the left of the first but it is lit first , and so on , proceeding from placing candles right to left but lighting them from left to right over the eight nights . Blessing for lighting the candles בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' , אֱ - לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם , אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשָׁנוּ בְּמִצְוֹתָיו , וְצִוָּנוּ לְהַדְלִיק נֵר חֲנֻכָּה. Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , melekh ha'olam , asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu l'hadlik ner shel Hanukkah . Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to kindle the Hanukkah light ( s ) . '' Blessing for the miracles of Hanukkah בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' אֱ - לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם , שֶׁעָשָׂה נִסִּים לַאֲבוֹתֵֽינוּ בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה. Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , melekh ha'olam , she'asa nisim la'avoteinu ba'yamim ha'heim ba'z'man ha'ze . Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who performed miracles for our ancestors in those days at this time ... '' Hanerot halalu After the lights are kindled the hymn Hanerot Halalu is recited . There are several different versions ; the version presented here is recited in many Ashkenazic communities : Ashkenazi version : Hebrew Transliteration English הנרות הללו אנו מדליקין על הנסים ועל הנפלאות ועל התשועות ועל המלחמות שעשית לאבותינו בימים ההם , בזמן הזה על ידי כהניך הקדושים . וכל שמונת ימי חנוכה הנרות הללו קודש הם , ואין לנו רשות להשתמש בהם אלא להאיר אותם בלבד כדי להודות ולהלל לשמך הגדול על נסיך ועל נפלאותיך ועל ישועותיך . Hanneirot hallalu anu madlikin ' al hannissim ve'al hanniflaot ' al hatteshu'ot ve'al hammilchamot she'asita laavoteinu bayyamim haheim , ( u ) bazzeman hazeh ' al yedei kohanekha hakkedoshim . Vekhol - shemonat yemei Hanukkah hanneirot hallalu kodesh heim , ve - ein lanu reshut lehishtammesh baheim ella lir'otam bilvad kedei lehodot ul'halleil leshimcha haggadol ' al nissekha ve'al nifleotekha ve'al yeshu'otekha . We kindle these lights for the miracles and the wonders , for the redemption and the battles that you made for our forefathers , in those days at this season , through your holy priests . During all eight days of Hanukkah these lights are sacred , and we are not permitted to make ordinary use of them except for to look at them in order to express thanks and praise to Your great Name for Your miracles , Your wonders and Your salvations . Maoz Tzur Main article : Ma'oz Tzur In the Ashkenazi tradition , each night after the lighting of the candles , the hymn Ma'oz Tzur is sung . The song contains six stanzas . The first and last deal with general themes of divine salvation , and the middle four deal with events of persecution in Jewish history , and praises God for survival despite these tragedies ( the exodus from Egypt , the Babylonian captivity , the miracle of the holiday of Purim , the Hasmonean victory ) , and a longing for the days when Judea will finally triumph over Rome . The song was composed in the thirteenth century by a poet only known through the acrostic found in the first letters of the original five stanzas of the song : Mordechai . The familiar tune is most probably a derivation of a German Protestant church hymn or a popular folk song . Other customs After lighting the candles and Ma'oz Tzur , singing other Hanukkah songs is customary in many Jewish homes . Some Hasidic and Sephardi Jews recite Psalms , such as Psalms 30 , Psalms 67 , and Psalms 91 . In North America and in Israel it is common to exchange presents or give children presents at this time . In addition , many families encourage their children to give tzedakah ( charity ) in lieu of presents for themselves . Special additions to daily prayers `` We thank You also for the miraculous deeds and for the redemption and for the mighty deeds and the saving acts wrought by You , as well as for the wars which You waged for our ancestors in ancient days at this season . In the days of the Hasmonean Mattathias , son of Johanan the high priest , and his sons , when the iniquitous Greco - Syrian kingdom rose up against Your people Israel , to make them forget Your Torah and to turn them away from the ordinances of Your will , then You in your abundant mercy rose up for them in the time of their trouble , pled their cause , executed judgment , avenged their wrong , and delivered the strong into the hands of the weak , the many into the hands of few , the impure into the hands of the pure , the wicked into the hands of the righteous , and insolent ones into the hands of those occupied with Your Torah . Both unto Yourself did you make a great and holy name in Thy world , and unto Your people did You achieve a great deliverance and redemption . Whereupon your children entered the sanctuary of Your house , cleansed Your temple , purified Your sanctuary , kindled lights in Your holy courts , and appointed these eight days of Hanukkah in order to give thanks and praises unto Your holy name . '' Translation of Al ha - Nissim An addition is made to the `` hoda'ah '' ( thanksgiving ) benediction in the Amidah ( thrice - daily prayers ) , called Al ha - Nissim ( `` On / about the Miracles '' ) . This addition refers to the victory achieved over the Syrians by the Hasmonean Mattathias and his sons . The same prayer is added to the grace after meals . In addition , the Hallel ( praise ) ( Psalms 113 -- Psalms 118 ) are sung during each morning service and the Tachanun penitential prayers are omitted . The Torah is read every day in the shacharit morning services in synagogue , on the first day beginning from Numbers 6 : 22 ( according to some customs , Numbers 7 : 1 ) , and the last day ending with Numbers 8 : 4 . Since Hanukkah lasts eight days it includes at least one , and sometimes two , Jewish Sabbaths ( Saturdays ) . The weekly Torah portion for the first Sabbath is almost always Miketz , telling of Joseph 's dream and his enslavement in Egypt . The Haftarah reading for the first Sabbath Hanukkah is Zechariah 2 : 14 -- Zechariah 4 : 7 . When there is a second Sabbath on Hanukkah , the Haftarah reading is from 1Kings 7 : 40 -- 1Kings 7 : 50 . The Hanukkah menorah is also kindled daily in the synagogue , at night with the blessings and in the morning without the blessings . The menorah is not lit during Shabbat , but rather prior to the beginning of Shabbat as described above and not at all during the day . During the Middle Ages `` Megillat Antiochus '' was read in the Italian synagogues on Hanukkah just as the Book of Esther is read on Purim . It still forms part of the liturgy of the Yemenite Jews . Zot Hanukkah The last day of Hanukkah is known by some as Zot Hanukkah and by others as Chanukat HaMizbeach , from the verse read on this day in the synagogue Numbers 7 : 84 , Zot Hanukkat Hamizbe'ach : `` This was the dedication of the altar '' . According to the teachings of Kabbalah and Hasidism , this day is the final `` seal '' of the High Holiday season of Yom Kippur and is considered a time to repent out of love for God . In this spirit , many Hasidic Jews wish each other Gmar chatimah tovah ( `` may you be sealed totally for good '' ) , a traditional greeting for the Yom Kippur season . It is taught in Hasidic and Kabbalistic literature that this day is particularly auspicious for the fulfillment of prayers . Other related Laws and customs It is customary for women not to work for at least the first half - hour of the candles ' burning , and some have the custom not to work for the entire time of burning . It is also forbidden to fast or to eulogize during Hanukkah . Customs Music Main article : Hanukkah music Radomsk Hasidic Ma'oz Tzur sheet music . A large number of songs have been written on Hanukkah themes , perhaps more so than for any other Jewish holiday . Some of the best known are `` Ma'oz Tzur '' ( Rock of Ages ) , `` Latke'le Latke'le '' ( Yiddish song about cooking Latkes ) , `` Hanukkiah Li Yesh '' ( `` I Have a Hanukkah Menorah '' ) , `` Ocho Kandelikas '' ( `` Eight Little Candles '' ) , `` Kad Katan '' ( `` A Small Jug '' ) , `` S'vivon Sov Sov Sov '' ( `` Dreidel , Spin and Spin '' ) , `` Haneirot Halolu '' ( `` These Candles which we light '' ) , `` Mi Yimalel '' ( `` Who can Retell '' ) and `` Ner Li , Ner Li '' ( `` I have a Candle '' ) . Among the most well known songs in English - speaking countries are `` Dreidel , Dreidel , Dreidel '' and `` Oh Chanukah '' . Among the Rebbes of the Nadvorna Hasidic dynasty , it is customary for the Rebbes to play violin after the menorah is lit . Penina Moise 's Hannukah Hymn published in the 1842 Hymns Written for the Use of Hebrew Congregations was instrumental in the beginning of Americanization of Hanukkah . Foods Potato latke frying in hot olive oil . There is a custom of eating foods fried or baked in oil ( preferably olive oil ) to commemorate the miracle of a small flask of oil keeping the Second Temple 's Menorah alight for eight days . Traditional foods include potato pancakes , known as latkes in Yiddish , especially among Ashkenazi families . Sephardi , Polish , and Israeli families eat jam - filled doughnuts ( Yiddish : פאנטשקעס pontshkes ) , bimuelos ( fritters ) and sufganiyot which are deep - fried in oil . Hungarian Jews eat cheese pancakes known as `` cheese latkes '' . Sufganiyot / doughnuts filled with strawberry jelly Latkes are not popular in Israel , having been largely replaced by sufganiyot due to local economic factors , convenience and the influence of trade unions . Bakeries in Israel have popularized many new types of fillings for sufganiyot besides the traditional strawberry jelly filling , including chocolate cream , vanilla cream , caramel , cappuccino and others . In recent years , downsized , `` mini '' sufganiyot containing half the calories of the regular , 400 - to - 600 - calorie version , have become popular . Rabbinic literature also records a tradition of eating cheese and other dairy products during Hanukkah . This custom , as mentioned above , commemorates the heroism of Judith during the Babylonian captivity of the Jews and reminds us that women also played an important role in the events of Hanukkah . The deuterocanonical book of Judith ( Yehudit or Yehudis in Hebrew ) , which is not part of the Tanakh , records that Holofernes , an Assyrian general , had surrounded the village of Bethulia as part of his campaign to conquer Judea . After intense fighting , the water supply of the Jews was cut off and the situation became desperate . Judith , a pious widow , told the city leaders that she had a plan to save the city . Judith went to the Assyrian camps and pretended to surrender . She met Holofernes , who was smitten by her beauty . She went back to his tent with him , where she plied him with cheese and wine . When he fell into a drunken sleep , Judith beheaded him and escaped from the camp , taking the severed head with her ( the beheading of Holofernes by Judith has historically been a popular theme in art ) . When Holofernes ' soldiers found his corpse , they were overcome with fear ; the Jews , on the other hand , were emboldened and launched a successful counterattack . The town was saved , and the Assyrians defeated . Roast goose has historically been a traditional Hanukkah food among Eastern European and American Jews , although the custom has declined in recent decades . Dreidel Main article : Dreidel Dreidels / Spinning tops in a Jerusalem market After lighting the candles , it is customary to play ( or spin ) the dreidel . The dreidel , or sevivon in Hebrew , is a four - sided spinning top that children play with during Hanukkah . Each side is imprinted with a Hebrew letter which is an abbreviation for the Hebrew words נס גדול היה שם ( Nes Gadol Haya Sham , `` A great miracle happened there '' ) , referring to the miracle of the oil that took place in the Beit Hamikdash . On dreidels sold in Israel , the fourth side is inscribed with the letter פ ( Pe ) , rendering the acronym נס גדול היה פה ( Nes Gadol Haya Po , `` A great miracle happened here '' ) , referring to the fact that the miracle occurred in the land of Israel , although this is a relatively recent innovation . Stores in Haredi neighborhoods sell the traditional Shin dreidels as well , because they understand `` there '' to refer to the Temple and not the entire Land of Israel , and because the Hasidic Masters ascribe significance to the traditional letters . Hanukkah gelt Main article : Hanukkah gelt Chocolate gelt Chanukkah gelt ( Yiddish for `` Chanukkah money '' ) known in Israel by the Hebrew translation dmei Hanukkah , is often distributed to children during the festival of Hanukkah . The giving of Hanukkah gelt also adds to the holiday excitement . The amount is usually in small coins , although grandparents or relatives may give larger sums . The tradition of giving Chanukah gelt dates back to a long - standing East European custom of children presenting their teachers with a small sum of money at this time of year as a token of gratitude . One minhag favors the fifth night of Hanukkah for giving Hanukkah gelt . Unlike the other nights of Hanukkah , the fifth does not ever fall on the Shabbat , hence never conflicting with the Halachic injunction against handling money on the Shabbat . Hanukkah in the White House Main article : White House Hanukkah Party President Harry S. Truman ( left , back turned to camera ) in the Oval Office , receiving a Hanukkah Menorah as a gift from the Prime Minister of Israel , David Ben - Gurion ( center ) . To the right is Abba Eban , the Ambassador of Israel to the United States . The United States has a history of recognizing and celebrating Hanukkah in a number of ways . The earliest Hanukkah link with the White House occurred in 1951 when Israeli Prime Minister David Ben - Gurion presented United States President Harry Truman with a Hanukkah Menorah . In 1979 president Jimmy Carter took part in the first public Hanukkah candle - lighting ceremony of the National Menorah held across the White House lawn . In 1989 , President George H.W. Bush displayed a menorah in the White House . In 1993 , President Bill Clinton invited a group of schoolchildren to the Oval Office for a small ceremony . The United States Postal Service has released several Hanukkah - themed postage stamps . In 1996 the United States Postal Service ( USPS ) issued a 32 cent Hanukkah stamp as a joint issue with Israel . In 2004 after 8 years of reissuing the menorah design , the USPS issued a dreidel design for the Hanukkah stamp . The dreidel design was used through 2008 . In 2009 a Hanukkah stamp was issued with a design featured a photograph of a menorah with nine lit candles . In 2001 , President George W. Bush held an official Hanukkah reception in the White House in conjunction with the candle - lighting ceremony , and since then this ceremony has become an annual tradition attended by Jewish leaders from around the country . In 2008 , George Bush linked the occasion to the 1951 gift by using that menorah for the ceremony , with a grandson of Ben - Gurion and a grandson of Truman lighting the candles . In December 2014 , two Hanukkah celebrations were held at the White House . The White House commissioned a menorah made by students at the Max Rayne school in Israel and invited two of its students to join U.S. President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama as they welcomed over 500 guests to the celebration . The students ' school in Israel had been subjected to arson by extremists . President Obama said these `` students teach us an important lesson for this time in our history . The light of hope must outlast the fires of hate . That 's what the Hanukkah story teaches us . It 's what our young people can teach us -- that one act of faith can make a miracle , that love is stronger than hate , that peace can triumph over conflict . '' Rabbi Angela Warnick Buchdahl , in leading prayers at the ceremony commented on the how special the scene was , asking the President if he believed America 's founding fathers could possibly have pictured that a female Asian - American rabbi would one day be at the White House leading Jewish prayers in front of the African - American president . Dates Further information : Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000 -- 2050 The dates of Hanukkah are determined by the Hebrew calendar . Hanukkah begins at the 25th day of Kislev and concludes on the 2nd or 3rd day of Tevet ( Kislev can have 29 or 30 days ) . The Jewish day begins at sunset . Hanukkah begins at sunset of the date listed . 27 November 2013 16 December 2014 6 December 2015 24 December 2016 12 December 2017 2 December 2018 22 December 2019 10 December 2020 In 2013 , on 28 November , the American holiday of Thanksgiving fell during Hanukkah for only the third time since Thanksgiving was declared a national holiday by President Abraham Lincoln . The last time was 1899 ; and due to the Gregorian and Jewish calendars being slightly out of sync with each other , it will not happen again in the foreseeable future . This convergence prompted the creation of the portmanteau neologism Thanksgivukkah . Symbolic importance Second night of Hannukah at Jerusalem 's Western Wall Major Jewish holidays are those when all forms of work are forbidden , and that feature traditional holiday meals , kiddush , holiday candle - lighting , etc . Only biblical holidays fit these criteria , and Chanukah was instituted some two centuries after the Hebrew Bible was completed . Nevertheless , though Chanukah is of rabbinic origin , it is traditionally celebrated in a major and very public fashion . The requirement to position the menorah , or Chanukiah , at the door or window , symbolizes the desire to give the Chanukah miracle a high - profile . Some Jewish historians suggest a different explanation for the rabbinic reluctance to laud the militarism . First , the rabbis wrote after Hasmonean leaders had led Judea into Rome 's grip and so may not have wanted to offer the family much praise . Second , they clearly wanted to promote a sense of dependence on God , urging Jews to look toward the divine for protection . They likely feared inciting Jews to another revolt that might end in disaster , like the CE 135 experience . With the advent of Zionism and the state of Israel , however , these themes were reconsidered . In modern Israel , the national and military aspects of Hanukkah became , once again , more dominant . US President Jimmy Carter attends Menorah Lighting , Lafayette Park , Washington , D.C. , 1979 In North America especially , Hanukkah gained increased importance with many Jewish families in the latter part of the 20th century , including among large numbers of secular Jews , who wanted a Jewish alternative to the Christmas celebrations that often overlap with Hanukkah . Though it was traditional among Ashkenazi Jews to give `` gelt '' or money to children during Hanukkah , in many families this has been supplemented with other gifts so that Jewish children can enjoy gifts just as their Christmas - celebrating peers do . While Hanukkah is a relatively minor Jewish holiday , as indicated by the lack of religious restrictions on work other than a few minutes after lighting the candles , in North America , Hanukkah in the 21st century has taken a place equal to Passover as a symbol of Jewish identity . Both the Israeli and North American versions of Hanukkah emphasize resistance , focusing on some combination of national liberation and religious freedom as the defining meaning of the holiday . Some Jews in North America and Israel have taken up environmental concerns in relation to Hanukkah 's `` miracle of the oil '' , emphasizing reflection on energy conservation and energy independence . An example of this is the Coalition on the Environment and Jewish Life 's renewable energy campaign . Gallery An entire room of Paris 's Museum of Jewish Art and History is dedicated to Hanukkah , through an exceptional collection of Hanukkiyot , in a variety of shapes and designs , origins and periods . This panorama stands as a metaphor for the great diversity of Jewish customs throughout the world . France , 14th century France , 16th century Germany , 17th century Italy , 18th century Poland , 18th century France , 19th century Europe , 19th century Yemen , 20th century Tunisia , 20th century Israel , 20th century See also Judaism portal Hasmonean kingdom Jewish greetings Miracle of the cruse of oil References Jump up ^ `` How to Light the Menorah '' . chabad.org . Archived from the original on 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JTA NEWS '' . Joi.org . Archived from the original on 6 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Schools - Religion - Judaism '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Being Jewish : The Spiritual and Cultural Practice of Judaism Today , Ari L. Goldman , Simon and Schuster , pg141 Jump up ^ Scherman , Nosson . `` Origin of the Name Chanukah '' . Torah.org . Archived from the original on 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ran Shabbat 9b ( `` Hebrew text ''. ) Jump up ^ Orthodox Union , The Lights of Chanukah -- Laws and Customs . 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Carson , D.A. ( 2005 ) . Hermeneutics , Authority , and Canon . Wipf and Stock Publishers . p. 307 . ISBN 9781597521185 . E. AN ALEXANDRIAN CANON ? Some assert that the Greek translation of the Old Testament ( called the Septuagint or LXX ) offers evidence that the canon of diaspora Judaism Jump up ^ `` The Old Testament '' . Orthodoxchristian.info . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Dolanksy , Shawna ( 23 December 2011 ) . `` The Truth ( s ) About Hanukkah '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Yesod Hamishna Va'arichatah pp. 25 -- 28 ( `` Hebrew text ''. ) Jump up ^ `` Jewishvirtuallibrary.org '' . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Adsole , Atenebris . `` Babylonian Talmud : Shabbath 21 '' . Come-and-hear.com . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sukkah 46a : 8 '' . www.sefaria.org . Jump up ^ Josephus . `` Jewish Antiquities '' . doi : 10.4159 / DLCL. josephus - jewish_antiquities. 1930 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . -- via digital Loeb Classical Library ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Perseus.tufts.edu , Jewish Antiquities xii. 7 , § 7 , # 323 Jump up ^ Zvieli , Benjamin . `` The Scroll of Antiochus '' . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Scroll Of The Hasmoneans '' . Archived from the original on 28 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Saadia Gaon , Introduction to Sefer Ha - Iggaron ( ed . Abraham Firkovich ) , Odessa 1868 ( Hebrew ) ; See also The Scroll of Antiochus and The Unknown Chanukah Megillah Jump up ^ Hubarah , Yosef . `` Sefer Ha - Tiklāl ( Tiklal Qadmonim ) '' . Jerusalem 1964 , pp. 75b -- 79b , s.v. מגלת בני חשמונאי ( Hebrew ) . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ This is the first reference to the Feast of Dedication by this name ( ta egkainia , ta enkainia ( a typical `` festive plural '' ) ) in Jewish literature ( Hengel 1999 : 317 ) . `` Jump up ^ Andrew Gabriel Roth , Aramaic English New Testament , 3rd Ed. , Netzari Press LLV , 2008 , p. 266 Jump up ^ Mercer Dictionary of the Bible ed . Watson E. Mills , Roger Aubrey Bullard -- 1990 - `` Hence Hanukkah also is called the Feast of Lights , an alternate title Josephus confirms with this rationale : `` And from that time to this we celebrate this festival , and call it ' Lights . ' I suppose the reason was , because this liberty beyond our hopes appeared to us ; and that thence was the name given to that festival . '' ( per The works of Flavius Josephus translated by William Whiston ) ^ Jump up to : Sacchi , Paolo ( 13 October 2004 ) . `` The History of the Second Temple Period '' . Bloomsbury Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Livy '' . 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Simon & Schuster . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 87303 - 2 . Jump up ^ Schultz , Joseph P. ( 1981 ) . Judaism and the Gentile Faiths : Comparative Studies in Religion . Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . p. 155 . ISBN 0 - 8386 - 1707 - 7 . Modern scholarship on the other hand considers the Maccabean revolt less as an uprising against foreign oppression than as a civil war between the orthodox and reformist parties in the Jewish camp Jump up ^ Gundry , Robert H. ( 2003 ) . A Survey of the New Testament . Zondervan . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 310 - 23825 - 0 . Jump up ^ Grabbe , Lester L. ( 2000 ) . Judaic Religion in the Second Temple Period : Belief and Practice from the Exile to Yavneh . Routledge . p. 59 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21250 - 2 . Jump up ^ Freedman , David Noel ; Allen C. Myers ; Astrid B. Beck ( 2000 ) . Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 837 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2400 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wood , Leon James ( 1986 ) . A Survey of Israel 's History . Zondervan . p. 357 . ISBN 0 - 310 - 34770 - X . Jump up ^ Tcherikover , Victor ( 1999 ) ( 1959 ) . Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews . Baker Academic . ISBN 0 - 8010 - 4785 - 4 . Jump up ^ Skolnik , Berenbaum , Fred , Michael ( 2007 ) . Encyclopaedia Judaica , Volume 9 . Granite Hill Publishers , pg 332 . Jump up ^ https://chicagotorah.org/why-eight-days/ Jump up ^ M. Zambelli , `` L'ascesa al trono di Antioco IV Epifane di Siria , '' Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica 38 ( 1960 ) 363 -- 389 Jump up ^ Newsom , Carol Ann ; Breed , Brennan ( 2014 ) . Daniel : A Commentary . Presbyterian Publish Corp. p. 26 Jump up ^ Josephus , Ant . xiii , 9 : 1. , via Jump up ^ 1 Maccabees 8 : 17 - 20 Jump up ^ Smith , Mahlon H. `` Antiochus VII Sidetes '' . Jump up ^ Ginzburg , Louis ( 1901 ) . `` Antiochus VII. , Sidetes '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Ginzberg , Louis . `` ALEXANDER JANNÆUS ( Jonathan ) '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13 . Jewish Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Ginzberg , Louis . `` ALEXANDER JANNÆUS ( Jonathan ) '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13 . His three years ' war east of the Jordan ( about 85 - 82 ) was successful ; and he conquered Pella , Dium , Gerasa , Gaulana , Seleucia , and the strong fortress Gamala . Jewish Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Josephus , Antiquities of the Jews 14 : 70 - 71 Jump up ^ Dr. Chuck Missler . `` Happy Hanukkah '' . Mattathias and his five sons became the nucleus of a growing band of rebels against Antiochus . Jump up ^ Saundra L. Washington . God 's Intertestamental Silence : Then Came Jesus Christ . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` On Hanukkah , Women As Role Models '' . Also in the Apocrypha is the Book of Judith , which tells how this heroine stopped the siege of Jerusalem by decapitating Holofernes , a major military leader for the enemy . Jump up ^ `` December : Judith and the Hanukkah Story '' . For several centuries there was another hero associated with Hanukkah : Judith . Jump up ^ Elizabeth A. Dice . Christmas and Hanukkah . p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Chanukah with Torah Tidbits - Jewish Holidays '' . Ou.org. 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 670 : 1 Jump up ^ `` The Laws of Chanukah by Rabbi Mordechai Becher '' . Ohr.edu . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Skop , Yarden ( 24 March 2014 ) . `` Education Ministry Changes Start of School Year - Again '' . Haaretz.com . Retrieved 12 December 2017 -- via Haaretz . Jump up ^ `` לוח החופשות והימים המיוחדים לשנת תשע '' ח `` . Edu.gov.il . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chanukah - Its Customs '' . Kashrut.com . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 671 : 2 Jump up ^ `` How to Light the Menorah - Light Up Your Environment ! '' . Chabad.org . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Laws of Chanukah by Rabbi Mordechai Becher '' . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Halacha L'Maaseh on Chanuka '' . Orthodox Union . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Do n't Women Work While the Chanukah Candles Are Burning ? '' . Chabad - Lubavitch Media Center . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hakirah.org '' ( PDF ) . Hakirah.org . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 673 : 1 Jump up ^ `` The following is a response from Hakham Ya '' . Midrash.org . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OU 's Chanukah Guide - Everyday Jewish Living - Synagogue Resources '' . Jump up ^ Joshua Eli Plaut , A Kosher Christmas : ' Tis the Season to be Jewish . Rutgers University Press , 2012 . Page 167 . Jump up ^ Jonathan D. Sarna , How Hanukkah Came To The White House . Forward , 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Joseph Telushkin , Rebbe : The Life and Teachings of Menachem M. Schneerson , the Most Influential Rabbi in Modern History . HarperCollins , 2014 . Page 269 . Jump up ^ Menachem Posner , 40 Years Later : How the Chanukah Menorah Made Its Way to the Public sphere . 1 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ashton , Dianne ( 2013 ) . Hanukkah in America : A History . NYU Press . p. 42 -- 46 . ISBN 9781479858958 . Throughout the nineteenth century some Jews tried various ways to adapt Judaism to American life . As they began looking for images to help understand and explain what a proper response to American Challenges might be , Hanukkah became ripe for reinvention . In Charleston , South Carolina , one group of Jews made Hanukkah into a time for serious religious reflexion that responded to their evangelical Protestant milieu ... ( Moise 's ) poem gave Hanukkah a place in the emerging religious style of American culture that was dominated by the language of individualism and personal conscience derived from both Protestantism and the Enlightenment . However , neither the Talmud nor the Shulchan Aruch identifies Hanukkah as a special occasion to ask for the forgiveness of sins . Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud : Shabbat 23a Jump up ^ Yosef , Rabbeinu Ovadia . `` The Obligation of Women Regarding Chanukah Candles : Daily Halacha Based on the Rulings of Maran Rabbeinu Ovadia Yosef zt '' l `` . Halachayomit.co.il . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chanukah Guide '' . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . the menorah must contain enough fuel at the time of the lighting to burn until 30 minutes after nightfall Jump up ^ http://rabbikaganoff.com/some-light-chanukah-questions/ see statement about lighting when people are around Jump up ^ `` CTI Laws and Customs of Chanukah '' . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What to do on Chanukah '' . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 676 : 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ `` The Lights of Chanukah : Laws and Customs - Jewish Holidays '' . 9 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Celebrate ! : The Complete Jewish Holidays Handbook . Jason Aronson , Incorporated. 2000 . ISBN 9781461627722 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 676 : 4 Jump up ^ `` Maoz Tzur : Translation & Explanation - Jewish Holidays '' . 29 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Maoz Tzur : Rock of Ages '' . My Jewish Learning . Jump up ^ `` Hanukkah ushers in ' tzedakah , ' a religious obligation to do what is right and just '' . 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fifth Night Project : Teaching Giving During Hanukkah '' . 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Singer , Isidore ( 1905 ) . `` Chanukkah , or the Feast of Dedication '' . New Era Illustrated Magazine . 5 : 621 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 682 : 1 ^ Jump up to : `` Chanukah with Torah Tidbits - Jewish Holidays '' . 29 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Al Hanisim : Concerning the Miracles - My Jewish Learning '' . Jump up ^ `` 133 . Days on Which Tachanun is Omitted - OU Torah '' . Jump up ^ `` Chanuka - Lighting in Shul - Torah Musings '' . www.torahmusings.com . Jump up ^ `` Hanukkah 's Last Light '' . Jump up ^ `` The Laws of Chanukah '' . Ohr Somayach . Jump up ^ `` Chanukah - Dreidel , Dreidel , Dreidel '' . As one of the most famous Chanukah songs ... Jump up ^ `` Oh Chanukah ( Jewish Traditional ) sheet music for Trombone '' . Oh Chanukah ( or Oj Chanukah ) is a very popular modern English Chanukah song . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Shlomo ; Haredim , Behadrey ( 15 December 2012 ) . `` Belz resumed practice of playing violin at candle lighting '' . bhol.co.il . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Ashton , Dianne . `` Quick to the Party : The Americanization of Hanukkah and Southern Jewry '' . Southern Jewish History . 12 : 1 -- 38 . Jump up ^ `` The Philadelphia Jewish Voice '' . Pjvoice.com. 7 January 2006 . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hanukkah Q&A '' . The New York Times . 12 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Jeffay , Nathan ( 17 December 2009 ) . `` Why Israel is a latke - free zone '' . thejc.com . Jump up ^ Gur , Jana , The Book of New Israeli Food : A Culinary Journey , pp. 238 -- 243 , Schocken ( 2008 ) ISBN 0 - 8052 - 1224 - 8 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Benyamina Soloveitchik , Why All the Oil and Cheese ? . Jump up ^ `` The Story of Yehudit - The Woman Who Saved the Day '' . Chabad.org . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mishna Berurah 670 : 2 : 10 Jump up ^ John Cooper , Eat and be Satisfied : A Social History of Jewish Food ( Jason Aronson , 1993 ) , p. 192 . Florence Fabricant , Hanukkah 's a-Coming : Geese Are Getting Fat , New York Times ( 23 November 1994 ) . Jeffrey Yoskowitz , Goose : A Hanukkah Tradition , New York Times ( 24 December 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Surprising Origin of the Dreidel - My Jewish Learning '' . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Anat ( 14 December 2014 ) . `` Gyration Nation : The Weird Ancient History of the Dreidel '' -- via Haaretz . Jump up ^ Golinkin , David . `` Why Do We Give Hanukkah Gelt and Hanukkah Presents ? '' , Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies , 19 December 2014 . Accessed 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Lebowitz , Aryeh . `` Chanukah Gelt and Gifts '' , Dvarim Hayotzim Min Halev , 11 December 2005 , Volume XVII -- Issue 6 . Accessed 28 December 2016 . `` In fact , the Orchos Rabeinu in cheilek ג teaches that the Steipler Gaon maintained the minhag of giving out Chanukah gelt davka on the fifth night of Chanukah . Why specifically the fifth night ? Answers the Orchos Rabeinu , since the fifth night is the only night that can not coincide with Shabbos . '' Jump up ^ `` How Hanukkah Came to the White House '' . The Jewish Daily Forward. 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Israeli - American Hanukkah Stamp '' . Mfa.gov.il. 22 October 1996 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Service , United States Postal . `` Stamp Announcement 09 - 47 : Hanukkah '' . about.usps.com . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Thoughts On The Furor Over The White House 's Hanukkah Party '' . Thefederalist.com. 11 December 2017 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From the Archives : Hanukkah at the White House '' . Obamawhitehouse.archives.gov. 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arab - Jewish school 's menorah lights up White House Hanukkah party '' . Timesofisrael.com . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Most Inspiring Hanukkah at the White House '' . Blogs.forward.com . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Joel ( 24 November 2013 ) . `` Why Hanukkah and Thanksgiving Will Never Again Coincide '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Amy Spiro ( 17 November 2013 ) . `` Thanksgivukka : Please pass the turkey - stuffed doughnuts '' . Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Christine Byrne ( 2 October 2013 ) . `` How To Celebrate Thanksgivukkah , The Best Holiday Of All Time '' . Buzzfeed . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Stu Bykofsky ( 22 October 2012 ) . `` Thanks for Thanukkah ! '' . Philly.com . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chanukah FAQs '' . Chabad.org . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Dianne Ashton , Hanukkah in America : A History , New York : New York University Press , 2013 ; p. 29 . Jump up ^ Bonna Haberman ( 1 October 2014 ) . Rereading Israel : The Spirit of the Matter . Urim Publications . pp. 152 -- . ISBN 978 - 965 - 524 - 202 - 7 . Jump up ^ Michael Berkowitz ( 2004 ) . Nationalism , Zionism and ethnic mobilization of the Jews in 1900 and beyond ( electronic resource ) . BRILL . pp. 244 -- . ISBN 90 - 04 - 13184 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Hanukkah Gifts - My Jewish Learning '' . Myjewishlearning.com . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Institute , Shalom Hartman . `` Reinventing Hanukkah : The Israeli Politics of the Maccabean Holiday '' . hartman.org.il . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shalom Center on Hannukah and the environment '' . Theshalomcenter.org. 16 November 2007 . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Gil ( 4 December 2007 ) . `` Jerusalem Post : Green Hanukkia ' campaign sparks ire '' . Fr.jpost.com . Archived from the original on 4 December 2007 . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Dobb , Rabbi Fred Scherlinder ( 6 July 2011 ) . `` CFL Hannukah Installation ceremony '' . Coalition on Environment and Jewish Life ( COEJL ) . Archived from the original on 28 November 2013 . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Kaufmann , Kohler ( 1901 -- 1906 ) . `` ḤANUKKAH '' . In Singer , Isidore ; et al. Jewish Encyclopedia . New York : Funk & Wagnalls Company . Further reading Ashton , Dianne ( 2013 ) . Hanukkah in America : A History . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 0739 - 5 . 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-791552404397994301 | Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees | Convention relating to the Status of refugees - wikipedia Convention relating to the Status of refugees Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees Parties to only the 1951 Convention Parties to only the 1967 Protocol Parties to both Non-members Signed 28 July 1951 Location Geneva , Switzerland Effective 22 April 1954 Signatories 144 Parties Convention : 145 Protocol : 146 Depositary Secretary - General of the United Nations Languages English and French ( Chinese , Russian and Spanish ) 1951 Refugee Convention at Wikisource The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees , also known as the 1951 Refugee Convention , is a United Nations multilateral treaty that defines who is a refugee , and sets out the rights of individuals who are granted asylum and the responsibilities of nations that grant asylum . The Convention also sets out which people do not qualify as refugees , such as war criminals . The Convention also provides for some visa - free travel for holders of travel documents issued under the convention . Although the Refugee Convention was agreed in Geneva , it is considered incorrect to refer to it as `` the Geneva Convention '' because that term is more widely understood as referring to any of four treaties regulating armed conflict . The Refugee Convention builds on Article 14 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights , which recognizes the right of persons to seek asylum from persecution in other countries . A refugee may enjoy rights and benefits in a state in addition to those provided for in the Convention . Contents 1 History 2 Definition of refugee 3 Rights and responsibilities of parties to the Refugee Convention 3.1 Refugees shall 3.2 The contracting states shall 3.3 The contracting states shall not 3.4 Refugees shall be treated at least like nationals in relation to 3.5 Refugees shall be treated at least like other non-nationals in relation to 4 Noncompliance 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The Convention was approved at a special United Nations conference on 28 July 1951 . Denmark was the first state to ratify the treaty on 4 December 1952 , which entered into force on 22 April 1954 . It was initially limited to protecting European refugees from before 1 January 1951 ( after World War II ) , though states could make a declaration that the provisions would apply to refugees from other places . The 1967 Protocol removed the time limits and applied to refugees `` without any geographic limitation '' , but declarations previously made by parties to the Convention on geographic scope were grandfathered . As at 1 July 2013 , there were 145 parties to the Convention , and 146 to the Protocol . Most recently , the President of Nauru , Marcus Stephen , signed both the Convention and the Protocol on 17 June 2011 and acceded on 28 June 2011 . Madagascar and Saint Kitts and Nevis are parties only to the Convention , while Cape Verde , the United States of America and Venezuela are parties only to the Protocol . Since the US ratified the Protocol in 1968 , it undertook a majority of the obligations spelled out in the original 1951 document ( Articles 2 - 34 ) , and Article 1 as amended in the Protocol , as `` supreme Law of the Land '' . The rights promulgated by the Convention generally still stand today . Some have argued that the complex nature of 21st century refugee relationships calls for a new treaty that recognizes the evolving nature of the nation - state , population displacement , environmental migrants , and modern warfare . Nevertheless , ideas like the principle of non-refoulement ( Article 33 ) are still applied today , with the 1951 Convention being the hallmark of such rights . Definition of Refugee ( edit ) Article 1 of the Convention , as amended by the 1967 Protocol , defines a refugee as this : A person who owing to a well - founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race , religion , nationality , membership of a particular social group or political opinion , is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or , owing to such fear , is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country ; or who , not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events , is unable or , owing to such fear , is unwilling to return to it . Several groups have built upon the 1951 Convention to create a more objective definition . While their terms differ from those of the 1951 Convention , the Convention has significantly shaped the new , more objective definitions . They include the 1969 Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa by the Organisation of African Unity ( since 2002 African Union ) and the 1984 Cartagena Declaration , while nonbinding , also sets out regional standards for refugees in Central America , Mexico and Panama . Rights and responsibilities of parties to the Refugee Convention ( edit ) In the general principle of international law , treaties in force are binding upon the parties to it and must be performed in good faith . Countries that have ratified the Refugee Convention are obliged to protect refugees that are on their territory , in accordance with its terms . There are a number of provisions that States parties to the Refugee Convention must adhere to . Refugees shall ( edit ) abide by the national laws of the contracting states ( Article 2 ) The contracting States shall ( edit ) exempt refugees from reciprocity ( Article 7 ) : That means that the granting of a right to a refugee should not be subject to the granting of similar treatment by the refugee 's country of nationality , because refugees do not enjoy the protection of their home state . be able to take provisional measures against a refugee if needed in the interest of essential national security ( Article 9 ) respect a refugee 's personal status and the rights that come with it , particularly rights related to marriage ( Article 12 ) provide free access to courts for refugees ( Article 16 ) provide administrative assistance for refugees ( Article 25 ) provide identity papers for refugees ( Article 27 ) provide travel documents for refugees ( Article 28 ) allow refugees to transfer their assets ( Article 30 ) provide the possibility of assimilation and naturalization to refugees ( Article 34 ) cooperate with the UNHCR ( Article 35 ) in the exercise of its functions and to help UNHCR supervise the implementation of the provisions in the Convention . provide information on any national legislation they may adopt to ensure the application of the Convention ( Article 36 ) . settle disputes they may have with other contracting states at the International Court of Justice if not otherwise possible ( Article 38 ) The contracting States shall not ( edit ) discriminate against refugees ( Article 3 ) take exceptional measures against a refugee solely on account of his or her nationality ( Article 8 ) expect refugees to pay taxes and fiscal charges that are different to those of nationals ( Article 29 ) impose penalties on refugees who entered illegally in search of asylum if they present themselves without delay ( Article 31 ) , which is commonly interpreted to mean that their unlawful entry and presence ought not to be prosecuted at all expel refugees ( Article 32 ) forcibly return or `` refoul '' refugees to the country they 've fled from ( Article 33 ) . It is widely accepted that the prohibition of forcible return is part of customary international law . This means that even States that are not party to the 1951 Refugee Convention must respect the principle of non-refoulement . Therefore , States are obligated under the Convention and under customary international law to respect the principle of non-refoulement . If and when this principle is threatened , UNHCR can respond by intervening with relevant authorities , and if it deems necessary , will inform the public . Refugees shall be treated at least like nationals in relation to ( edit ) freedom to practice their religion ( Article 4 ) the respect and protection of artistic rights and industrial property ( Article 14 ) rationing ( Article 20 ) elementary education ( Article 22 ) public relief and assistance ( Article 23 ) labour legislation and social security ( Article 24 ) Refugees shall be treated at least like other non-nationals in relation to ( edit ) movable and immovable property ( Article 13 ) the right of association in unions or other associations ( Article 15 ) wage - earning employment ( Article 17 ) self - employment ( Article 18 ) practice of the liberal professions ( Article 19 ) housing ( Article 21 ) education higher than elementary ( Article 22 ) the right to free movement and free choice of residence within the country ( Article 26 ) Noncompliance ( edit ) Although the Convention is `` legally binding '' there is no body that monitors compliance . The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) has supervisory responsibilities , but can not enforce the Convention , and there is no formal mechanism for individuals to file complaints . The Convention specifies that complaints should be referred to the International Court of Justice . It appears that no nation has ever done this . An individual may lodge a complaint with the UN Human Rights Committee under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , or with the UN Committee on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights under the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights , but no one has ever done so in regard to violations of the Convention . Nations may levy international sanctions against violators , but no nation has ever done this . At present , the only real consequences of violation are 1 ) public shaming in the press , and 2 ) verbal condemnation of the violator by the UN and by other nations . To date these have not proven to be significant deterrents . See also ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : 1951 Refugee Convention Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons Impediment to expulsion Environmental migrant Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights ( UNHCHR ) Refugee Law Refugee travel document Right of Asylum Statelessness Travel Document Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( Article 14 ) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) United Nations Commission on Human Rights World Refugee Day XXB Refugee , as per the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Chapter V -- Refugees and Stateless Persons '' . United Nations Treaty Series . 22 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 November 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Convention relating to the Status of Refugees , Article 5 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty Series - Treaties and international agreements registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat of the United Nations '' ( PDF ) . 606 ( 8791 ) . United Nations . 1970 : 268 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter V -- Refugees and Stateless Persons '' . United Nations Treaty Series . 22 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ UNHCR : States Parties to the Convention and Protocol , retrieved 15 July 2010 Jump up ^ `` Nauru signs UN refugee convention '' . Radio New Zealand International . 17 June 2011 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nauru 's UN move on refugee convention adds to pressure on Labor '' , The Australian , 17 June 2011 Jump up ^ Joan Fitzpatrick , `` The International Dimension of U.S. Refugee Law '' , 15 Berkeley J. Int'l . Law 1 , Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository , 1997 Jump up ^ http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2768162 Jump up ^ http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2617336 Jump up ^ United Nations High Commission for Refugees. ( 2012 ) . Text of Convention . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Archived 7 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ What is a Refugee ? What is a Refugee ? ^ Jump up to : UNHCR : Refugee protection : A Guide to International Refugee Law , 2001 , ISBN 92 - 9142 - 101 - 4 , retrieved 19 August 2015 Jump up ^ Yewa Holiday ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Problem with the Prosecution of Refugees '' . University of Oxford , Faculty of Law . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Convention relating to the Status of Refugees , Article 38 . Jump up ^ Rose Moloney , `` Does Australia 's refugee policy breach UN rules ? '' Crikey Clarifier , Nov 29 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Full text of the Convention ( UNHCR ) Introductory note by Guy S. Goodwin - Gill , procedural history note and audiovisual material on the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law Lectures by Guy S. 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-2941537816707798238 | Skinwalkers (2002 film) | Skinwalkers ( 2002 film ) - Wikipedia Skinwalkers ( 2002 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Skinwalkers Wes Studi and Adam Beach Directed by Chris Eyre Produced by Craig McNeil Written by James Redford Based on Skinwalkers by Tony Hillerman Starring Adam Beach Wes Studi Michael Greyeyes Alex Rice Misty Upham Music by BC Smith Cinematography Roy H. Wagner Edited by Cindy Mollo Distributed by PBS Release date November 24 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 24 ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Navajo Skinwalkers is a 2002 mystery television film based on the novel of the same name by Tony Hillerman , one of his series of mysteries set against contemporary Navajo life in the Southwest . It features an all - Native American cast , with Adam Beach and Wes Studi playing officers Jim Chee and Joe Leaphorn . It was produced as part of the PBS Mystery ! series , filmed on the Navajo reservation and directed by Chris Eyre . The film was the highest rated program of 2002 on PBS . It is the first of three television films based on the same series of books , the other two being adaptations of A Thief of Time and Coyote Waits . It was repackaged in 2016 with the two following films as Skinwalkers : The Navajo Mysteries on Netflix . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Ratings 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Joe Leaphorn ( Wes Studi ) , a seasoned cop accustomed to the city ways of Phoenix , Santa Fe , and Albuquerque , has returned to the Navajo reservation . His wife Emma ( Sheila Tousey ) is recovering from cancer and feels rejuvenated by the landscape and people of her homeland . Leaphorn is less sure about their return . Well schooled in urban policing , he is soon confronted with a particular Navajo case : a mysterious killer who has a special antipathy for medicine men . Leaphorn works with a partner Jim Chee ( Adam Beach ) , an FBI Academy grad who is also training to be a traditional Navajo healer . Roman George 's body is found miles from his abandoned truck and surrounded by ancient symbols etched in blood . A local archeologist holds the key to the symbols he left behind , so Chee and Leaphorn pay him a visit at a nearby Anasazi ruins . There , these partners find further clues indicating that the murderer may be a `` skinwalker , '' a Navajo witch with the power to shape shift , or change from human to animal , move with lightning speed , and to kill with curses . Fearing that his mentor , Wilson Sam ( Saginaw Grant ) , will be next , Chee convinces the medicine man to hide in a nearby motel . As Chee juggles the day - to - day police work on the reservation , Leaphorn tracks down clues to the identity of the evasive criminal . More ancient symbols are found at an abandoned paint factory , where a local gang has been congregating . What do the signs mean ? Who is sending these messages in blood ? Could the murders be linked to the old Dinetah Paints scandal and lead poisoning in the region ? Chee does not have much time to mull these questions over , before finding himself in the killer 's crosshairs . Production ( edit ) Executive producer was Robert Redford with his son James adapting the screenplay from Tony Hillerman 's novel of the same name . It was directed by Chris Eyre and filmed at the Navajo Reservation . ( Eyre also appears in the film as a Tribal Judge . ) The film is a co-production involving Redford 's Wildwood Enterprises , PBS , and the British television company Carlton Television . Ratings ( edit ) The film had a television rating of 4.2 on its November 24 , 2002 premiere , the highest rated show on PBS in 2002 with an audience of approximately 12 million viewers . See also ( edit ) A Thief of Time Coyote Waits References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MYSTERY ! Online Presents Tony Hillerman 's Skinwalkers '' . URL Wire . Jump up ^ Meghan O'Keefe ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` What Is ' Skinwalkers : The Navajo Mysteries ' ? Exploring The Trending Netflix Show '' . Decider . Jump up ^ `` Mystery ! American Mystery ! Specials . Skinwalkers . Story Synopsis '' . PBS . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hal Boedeker ( July 29 , 2002 ) . `` Redford Picks Pbs Path For Hillerman 's ` Skinwalkers ' '' . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ `` Redford 's Wildwood Enterprises and PBS Bring `` Skinwalkers '' to the Small Screen `` . PBS . February 21 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` First All - American Mystery ! Is An All - Around Success For PBS '' . PBS . November 27 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Two New Hillerman Adaptations for PBS 's MYSTERY ! '' . PR Newswire. April 30 , 2003 . External links ( edit ) Skinwalkers , PBS Skinwalkers at AllMovie Skinwalkers on IMDb ( hide ) Works by Tony Hillerman Joe Leaphorn / Jim Chee Navajo Tribal Police novels The Blessing Way Dance Hall of the Dead Listening Woman People of Darkness The Dark Wind The Ghostway Skinwalkers A Thief of Time Talking God Coyote Waits Sacred Clowns The Fallen Man The First Eagle Hunting Badger The Wailing Wind The Sinister Pig Skeleton Man The Shape Shifter Other novels The Fly on the Wall ( 1971 ) Finding Moon The Boy Who Made Dragonfly ( for children ) ( 1972 ) Buster Mesquite 's Cowboy Band ( for children ) ( 1973 ) Nonfiction Seldom Disappointed The Great Taos Bank Robbery The Spell of New Mexico Indian Country Talking Mysteries ( with Ernie Bulow ) The Tony Hillerman Companion : A Comprehensive Guide to His Life and Work Canyon De Chelly Kilroy Was There : A Gi 's War in Photographs Hillerman Country Indian Country : America 's Sacred Land with Bela Kalman Rio Grande with Robert Reynolds New Mexico with David Muench Anthologies The best of the West : an anthology of classic writing from the American West ( 1991 ) The Oxford book of American Detective Stories ( 1996 ) Best American Mysteries of the Century ( 2000 ) New Omnibus of Crime ( 2005 ) The Mysterious West Films adapted from novels The Dark Wind Skinwalkers Coyote Waits ( 2003 ) A Thief of Time ( 2004 ) Related articles Joe Leaphorn Jim Chee Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skinwalkers_(2002_film)&oldid=822209689 '' Categories : 2000s mystery films 2002 television films American television films British television films British films English - language films Films about Native Americans Films based on American novels Films based on thriller novels Films directed by Chris Eyre Films set on the Navajo Nation Navajo - language films Police detective films American mystery films American films Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 01 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many seasons of skinwalkers the navajo mysteries | [] | [] |
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