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can you vote if you have a criminal record in the us
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Felony disenfranchisement - wikipedia Felony disenfranchisement Felony disenfranchisement is the exclusion from voting of people otherwise eligible to vote ( known as disfranchisement ) due to conviction of a criminal offense , usually restricted to the more serious class of crimes : felonies ( crimes of incarceration for a duration of more than a year ) . Jurisdictions vary as to whether they make such disfranchisement permanent , or restore suffrage after a person has served a sentence , or completed parole or probation . Felony disenfranchisement is one among the collateral consequences of criminal conviction and the loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense . Proponents have argued that persons who commit felonies have ' broken ' the social contract , and have thereby given up their right to participate in a civil society . Some argue that felons have shown poor judgment , and that they should therefore not have a voice in the political decision - making process . Opponents have argued that such disfranchisement restricts and conflicts with principles of universal suffrage . It can affect civic and communal participation in general . Opponents argue that felony disenfranchisement can create dangerous political incentives to skew criminal law in favor of disproportionately targeting groups who are political opponents of those who hold power . Contents 1 History 2 In the United States 2.1 Background 2.2 Current practices 2.3 Reform efforts 2.4 State reforms 2.5 Constitutionality 2.6 Classifications 2.6. 1 Unrestricted 2.6. 2 Ends after release 2.6. 3 Ends after parole 2.6. 4 Ends after probation 2.6. 5 Circumstantial 2.6. 6 Individual petitions required 3 In Europe 3.1 United Kingdom 3.2 Ireland 3.3 Italy 3.4 Other European countries 4 In Australia 5 In other countries 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) In Western countries , felony disenfranchisement can be traced back to ancient Greek and Roman traditions : disenfranchisement was commonly imposed as part of the punishment on those convicted of `` infamous '' crimes , as part of their `` civil death '' , whereby these persons would lose all rights and claim to property . Most medieval common law jurisdictions developed punishments that provided for some form of exclusion from the community for felons , ranging from execution on sight to exclusion from community processes . In the United states ( edit ) Unrestricted Ends after release Ends after parole Ends after probation Circumstantial Individual petitions required Background ( edit ) The United States is among the most punitive nations in the world when it comes to denying the vote to those who have been convicted of a felony offense . In the U.S. , the Constitution implicitly permits the states to adopt rules about disenfranchisement `` for participation in rebellion , or other crime '' , by the Fourteenth Amendment , section 2 . It is up to the states to decide which crimes could be grounds for disenfranchisement , and they are not formally bound to restrict this to felonies ; however , in most cases , they do . Felons are allowed to vote in most U.S. states . Between 1996 and 2008 twenty - eight states changed their laws on felon voting rights , mostly to restore rights or to simplify the process of restoration . Since 2008 state laws have continued to shift , both curtailing and restoring voter rights , sometimes over short periods of time within the same state . Current practices ( edit ) As of 2008 over 5.3 million people in the United States were denied the right to vote due to felony disenfranchisement . In the national elections in 2012 , the various state felony disenfranchisement laws together blocked an estimated 5.85 million felons from voting , up from 1.2 million in 1976 . This comprised 2.5 % of the potential voters in general . The state with the highest number of disenfranchised voters was Florida , with 1.5 million disenfranchised . Reform efforts ( edit ) Felony disenfranchisement was a topic of debate during the 2012 Republican presidential primary . Primary candidate Rick Santorum from Pennsylvania argued for the restoration of voting rights for convicted felons who had completed sentences and parole / probation . Santorum 's position was attacked and distorted by Mitt Romney , who alleged that Santorum supported voting rights for felons while incarcerated . Former President Barack Obama supports voting rights for ex-offenders . In the years 1997 to 2008 , there was a trend to lift the disenfranchisement restrictions , or simplify the procedures for applying for the restoration of civil rights for persons who had fulfilled their punishments for felonies . As a result , in 2008 more than a half million people had the right to vote who would have been disenfranchised under the older rules . Since then , more severe disenfranchisement rules have been passed in several states . State reforms ( edit ) In 2007 , Florida 's Republican Governor Charlie Crist pushed to make it easier for most convicted felons to regain their voting rights reasonably quickly after serving their sentences and probation terms . In March 2011 , however , Republican Governor Rick Scott reversed the 2007 reforms . Felons may not apply to the court for restoration of voting rights until seven years after completion of sentence , probation and parole . In Iowa in July 2005 , Democratic Governor Tom Vilsack issued an executive order restoring the right to vote for all persons who had completed supervision . On October 31 , 2005 , Iowa 's Supreme Court upheld mass re-enfranchisement of convicted felons . But , on his inauguration day , January 14 , 2011 , Republican Governor Terry Branstad reversed Vilsack 's executive order , disenfranchising thousands of people . The Virginia legislature in 2017 debated relaxation of the state 's policy that restoration of voting rights requires an individual act by the governor . Nine other states disenfranchise felons for various lengths of time following their conviction . Except for Maine and Vermont every state prohibits felons from voting while in prison . Constitutionality ( edit ) Unlike most laws that burden the right of citizens to vote based on some form of social status , felony disenfranchisement laws have been held to be constitutional . In Richardson v. Ramirez ( 1974 ) , the United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of felon disenfranchisement statutes , finding that the practice did not deny equal protection to disenfranchised voters . The Court looked to Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which proclaims that States which deny the vote to male citizens , except by `` participation in rebellion , or other crime , '' will suffer a reduction in representation . Based on this language , the Court found that this amounted to an `` affirmative sanction '' of the practice of felon disenfranchisement , and the 14th Amendment could not prohibit in one section that which is expressly authorized in another . But , critics of the practice argue that Section 2 of the 14th Amendment allows , but does not represent an endorsement of , felony disenfranchisement statutes as constitutional in light of the equal protection clause and is limited only to the issue of reduced representation . The Court ruled in Hunter v. Underwood 471 U.S. 222 , 232 ( 1985 ) that a state 's crime disenfranchisement provision will violate Equal Protection if it can be demonstrated that the provision , as enacted , had `` both ( an ) impermissible racial motivation and racially discriminatory impact . '' ( The law in question also disenfranchised people convicted of vagrancy , adultery , and any misdemeanor `` involving moral turpitude '' ; the test case involved two individuals who faced disenfranchisement for presenting invalid checks , which the state authorities had found to be morally turpid behavior . ) A felony disenfranchisement law , which on its face is indiscriminate in nature , can not be invalidated by the Supreme Court unless its enforcement is proven to racially discriminate and to have been enacted with racially discriminatory animus . Classifications ( edit ) Restoration of voting rights for people who are ex-offenders varies across the United States . Primary classification of voting rights include : Unrestricted ( edit ) Maine and Vermont are the only states with unrestricted voting rights for people who are felons . Both states allow the person to vote during incarceration , via absentee ballot and after terms of conviction end . Ends after release ( edit ) In fourteen states and the District of Columbia , disenfranchisement ends after incarceration is complete : District of Columbia , Hawaii , Illinois , Indiana , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , Montana , New Hampshire , North Dakota , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , and Utah . In February 2016 the Maryland General Assembly restored the right to vote for more than 40,000 released felons , overriding a veto by Governor Larry Hogan . Maryland 's Senate approved the bill on a narrow 29 - 18 vote , while the state House of Delegates voted 85 - 56 in favor of it on January 20 . Convicted felons under parole or probation had their right to vote restored . The law went into effect in late March , one month before the state 's April 26 primaries . Ends after parole ( edit ) In four states , disenfranchisement ends after incarceration and parole ( if any ) is complete : California , Colorado , Connecticut , and New York . Ends after probation ( edit ) Nineteen states require not only that incarceration / parole if any be complete but also that any probation sentence ( which is often an alternative to incarceration ) is complete : Alaska , Arkansas , Georgia , Idaho , Kansas , Louisiana , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska ( Completion of probation + 2 years ; treason convicts permanently lose the right to vote ) , New Jersey , New Mexico , North Carolina , Oklahoma , South Carolina , South Dakota , Texas , Washington , West Virginia ( the prosecutor can request the court to revoke voting rights if financial obligations are unmet ) , and Wisconsin . Circumstantial ( edit ) Seven states have laws that relate disenfranchisement to the detail of the crime . These laws restore voting rights to some offenders on the completion of incarceration , parole , and probation . Other offenders must make an individual petition that could be denied . Alabama -- A person convicted of a felony loses the ability to vote if the felony involves moral turpitude . Prior to 2017 , the state Attorney General and courts have decided this for individual crimes ; however , in 2017 , moral turpitude was defined by House Bill 282 of 2017 , signed into law by Kay Ivey on May 24 , to constitute 47 specific offenses . If a convicted person loses the ability to vote based on having committed a defined act of moral turpitude , he can petition to have it restored by a pardon or by a certificate of eligibility ; if the loss of elective franchise was based on a crime not under moral turpitude , eligibility to vote is automatically restored once all sentence conditions have been satisifed . Prior to 2017 , a certificate of eligibility could be issued to a person convicted of a number of crimes having to do with sexual assault or abuse , including sodomy ; today , only impeachment and treason remain ineligible for a certificate of eligibility . Arizona -- Rights are restored to first - time felony offenders . Others must petition . Delaware -- The following crimes require a pardon : murder or manslaughter ( except vehicular homicide ) , an offense against public administration involving bribery or improper influence or abuse of office anywhere in the USA , or a felony sexual offense ( anywhere in the USA ) . All other convicted felons regain the right to vote after completion of the full sentence . Mississippi -- A convicted person loses suffrage for numerous crimes identified in the state constitution , Section 241 ( see note ) . The list is given below . Suffrage can be restored to an individual by a two - thirds vote of both houses of the legislature . The crimes that disqualify a person from voting are given in Section 241 of the state constitution as : murder , rape , bribery , theft , arson , obtaining money or goods under false pretense , perjury , forgery , embezzlement or bigamy . Nevada -- First time and non-violent offenders all others may , `` petition a court of competent jurisdiction for an order granting the restoration of his or her civil rights '' . Tennessee -- A person who is convicted of certain felonies may not regain voting rights except through pardon . These include : murder , rape , treason , and voting fraud . For a person convicted of a lesser felony , disenfranchisement ends after terms of incarceration , completion of parole , and completion of probation . In addition , the person must pay `` Any court order restitution paid ; current in the payment of any child support obligations ; and / or Any court ordered court costs paid '' . The ex-offender must either obtain a court order restoring their right to vote or complete the certificate of restoration of voting rights . Wyoming -- A person convicted of a felony can , after serving the full sentence including any probation and parole , apply to the state governor to have suffrage restored . Since July 1 , 2003 , first - time , non-violent offenders have to wait 5 years before applying to the state parole board for restoration of suffrage . The parole board has the discretion to decide whether to reinstate rights on an individual basis . Individual petitions required ( edit ) Four states require individual petition to the court for restoration of voting after all offenses . Florida -- Voting rights are restored by the Florida Board of Executive Clemency . Less serious crimes do not require a hearing with the clemency board . In those cases , disenfranchisement ends after it has been 5 years after completion of terms of incarceration , completion of parole and completion of probation . An application must be submitted to the court . For those with serious crimes , after 7 years , the Florida Executive Clemency Board will decide whether or not to restore voting rights after receiving an application from the ex-offender . The effect of Florida 's law is such that in 2014 `` ( m ) ore than one in ten Floridians -- and nearly one in four African - American Floridians -- are shut out of the polls because of felony convictions . '' Iowa Kentucky -- Only the governor can reinstate Civil Rights . The ex-offender must complete `` Application for Restoration of Civil Rights '' . The governor has discretion to restore voting rights . Every year since 2007 , the Kentucky House of Representatives has passed a bill that would amend the state constitution to restore voting rights to some non-violent offenders , but as of 2016 , the bill has not passed the state Senate . Virginia -- Only the governor can reinstate civil rights . Governor Terry McAuliffe restored rights to `` individuals who have been convicted of a felony and are no longer incarcerated or under active supervision ... In addition to confirming completion of incarceration and supervised release , the Secretary of the Commonwealth of Virginia considers factors such as active warrants , pre-trial hold , and other concerns that may be flagged by law enforcement ... The Governor will review SOC 's analysis of each individual 's record and will make the final decision on proposed candidates for restoration of rights . '' <Th_colspan="2"> Voting rights in the United States Constitutional provisions Article I Voter Qualifications Clause Elections Clause 1st Amendment 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause 15th Amendment 17th Amendment 19th Amendment 23rd Amendment 24th Amendment 26th Amendment Federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965 Amendments List of covered jurisdictions Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act National Voter Registration Act of 1993 Help America Vote Act of 2002 State laws Voter access Absentee ballot Early voting Postal voting Provisional ballot Voter registration in the U.S. Initiatives and referendums Recall election Vote denial Electoral fraud Grandfather clause Literacy test Poll tax Voter caging Voter ID laws Vote dilution Gerrymandering Plurality - at - large voting One man , one vote By group Women Youth Felons Foreigners Transgender people District of Columbia residents Puerto Rico residents Guam residents History Timeline Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Selma to Montgomery marches Timeline of women 's suffrage Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Silent Sentinels U.S. suffragists publications History of direct democracy Related Ballot access Campaign finance Citizenship Native Americans Disfranchisement Election Election law Elections Electoral reform Electoral College Redistricting Secret ballot Suffrage Voting Voting system Voter registration National Voting Rights Museum In Europe ( edit ) In general , during the recent centuries , the European countries have increasingly made suffrage more accessible . This has included retaining disenfranchisement in fewer and fewer cases , including for criminal offenses . Moreover , most European states , including most of those outside the European Union , have ratified the European Convention on Human Rights , and thereby agreed to respect the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights . In the case Hirst v United Kingdom ( No 2 ) the Court in 2005 found that general rules for automatic disenfranchisements resulting from convictions to be against human rights . This ruling applied equally for prisoners and for ex-convicts . The ruling did not exclude the possibility of disenfranchisement as a consequence of deliberation in individual cases ( such as that of Mohammed Bouyeri ) . The United Kingdom has not respected this Court opinion , although it is a signatory to the Convention ( see below ) . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , prohibitions from voting are codified in section 3 and 3A of the Representation of the People Act 1983 . Excluded are incarcerated criminals ( including those sentenced by courts - martial , those unlawfully at large from such sentences , and those committed to psychiatric institutions as a result of a criminal court sentencing process ) . Civil prisoners sentenced ( for non-payment of fines , or contempt of court , for example ) , and those on remand unsentenced retain the right to vote . The UK is subject to Europe - wide rules due to various treaties and agreements associated with its membership of the European Community . The Act does not apply to elections to the European Parliament . Following Hirst v United Kingdom ( No 2 ) ( 2005 ) , in which the European Court of Human Rights ( ECHR ) ruled such a ban to be disproportionate , the policy was reviewed by the UK government . In 2005 the Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs , Lord Falconer of Thoroton , stated that the review may result in the UK allowing some prisoners to vote . In 2010 the UK was still reviewing the policy , following an `` unprecedented warning '' from the Council of Europe . The UK government position was then that It remains the government 's view that the right to vote goes to the essence of the offender 's relationship with democratic society , and the removal of the right to vote in the case of some convicted prisoners can be a proportionate and proper response following conviction and imprisonment . The issue of voting rights for prisoners is one that the government takes very seriously and that remains under careful consideration . Parliament voted in favor of maintaining disenfranchisement of prisoners in 2011 in response to Government plans to introduce legislation . Since then the Government has repeatedly stated that prisoners will not be given the right to vote in spite of the ECHR ruling . In response to the ECHR ruling , Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice Chris Grayling produced a draft Voting Eligibility ( Prisoners ) Bill for discussion by a Joint Committee , incorporating two clear options for reform and one which would retain the blanket ban . Ireland ( edit ) For elections in the Republic of Ireland , there is no disenfranchisement based on criminal conviction , and prisoners remain on the electoral register at their pre-imprisonment address . Prior to 2006 , the grounds for postal voting did not include imprisonment , and hence those in prison on election day were in practice unable to vote , although those on temporary release could do so . In 2000 the High Court ruled that this breached the Constitution , and the government drafted a bill extending postal voting to prisoners on remand or serving sentences of less than six months . However , in 2001 , the Supreme Court overturned the High Court ruling and the bill was withdrawn . After the 2005 ECHR ruling in the Hirst case , the Electoral ( Amendment ) Act 2006 was passed to allow postal voting by all prisoners . Italy ( edit ) In Italy , the most serious offenses involve the loss of voting rights , while for less serious offenses disqualification the judge can choose if there will be some disenfranchisement . Recently , however , the ' decree Severino ' added a loss of only the right to stand for an election , against some offenders above a certain threshold of imprisonment : it operates administratively , with fixed duration and without intervention of the court . Many court actions have been presented , but the electoral disputes follows antiquated rules and the danger of causes seamless in terms of eligibility and incompatibility is very high , also at local level . Other European countries ( edit ) Several European countries permit disenfranchisement by special court order , including France , Germany ( reinstated after 2 -- 5 years ) and the Netherlands ( such as in the case of Muhammad Bouyeri ) . In several others , no disenfranchisements due to criminal convictions exist . Moreover , many European countries encourage people to vote , such as by making pre-voting in other places than the respective election locales easily accessible . This often includes possibilities for prisoners to pre-vote from the prison itself . This is the case for example in Finland . In Germany the law calls on prisons to encourage prisoners to vote . Only those convicted of electoral fraud and crimes undermining the `` democratic order '' , such as treason , are barred from voting while in prison . In Sweden parliamentary parties have held campaign meetings in prisons . In Australia ( edit ) At Federation in Australia the Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902 denied the franchise to vote to anyone ' attainted of treason , or who had been convicted and is under sentence or subject to be sentenced for any offence ... punishable by imprisonment for one year or longer ' . In 1983 this disqualification was relaxed and prisoners serving a sentence for a crime punishable under the law for less than a maximum five years were allowed to vote . A further softening occurred in 1995 when the disenfranchisement was limited to those serving a sentence of five years or longer , although earlier that year the Keating Government had been planning legislation to extend voting rights to all prisoners . Disenfranchisement does not continue after release from jail / prison . The Howard Government legislated in 2006 to ban all prisoners from voting . In 2007 , the High Court of Australia in Roach v Electoral Commissioner found that the Australian constitution enshrined a limited right to vote , which meant that citizens serving relatively short prison sentences ( generally less than three years ) can not be barred from voting . The threshold of three years or more sentence will only result in removal of a prisoner 's right to vote in federal elections . Depending on the threshold of exclusion which is distinct in each state , a prisoner may be able to vote in either state elections or federal elections . For example , prisoners in New South Wales serving a sentence of longer than one year are not entitled to vote in state elections . In other countries ( edit ) Most democracies give convicted criminals the same voting rights as other citizens . In both China and Taiwan , the abrogation of political rights is a form of punishment used in sentencing , available only for some crimes or along with a sentence of death or imprisonment for life . Rights that are suspended in such a sentence include the right to vote and to take public office , as well as the rights to political expression , assembly , association , and protest . In New Zealand , people who are in prison are not entitled to enroll while they are in prison . Many countries allow inmates to vote , including Canada , Croatia , Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Israel , Kenya , Netherlands , Norway , Peru , Poland , Romania , Serbia , Sweden , and Zimbabwe . On 8 December 2008 , Leung Kwok Hung ( Long Hair ) , member of Hong Kong 's popularly elected Legislative Council ( LegCo ) , and two prison inmates , successfully challenged disenfranchisement provisions in the LegCo electoral laws . The court found blanket disenfranchisement of prisoners to be in violation of Article 26 of the Basic Law and Article 21 of the Bill of Rights and the denial to persons in custody of access to polling stations as against the law . The government introduced a bill to repeal the provisions of the law disenfranchising persons convicted of crimes ( even those against the electoral system ) as well as similar ones found in other electoral laws , and it made arrangements for polling stations to be set up at detention centers and prisons . LegCo passed the bill , and it took effect from 31 October 2009 , even though no major elections were held until the middle of 2011 . See also ( edit ) Disfranchisement Hirst v. the United Kingdom ( No. 2 ) Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States Universal suffrage References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bowers , Melanie M ; Preuhs , Robert R ( September 2009 ) . `` Collateral Consequences of a Collateral Penalty : The Negative Effect of Felon Disenfranchisement Laws on the Political Participation of Nonfelons '' . Social Science Quarterly . 90 ( 3 ) : 722 -- 743 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6237.2009. 00640. x . Jump up ^ Siegel , Jonah A. ( January 1 , 2011 ) . `` Felon Disenfranchisement and the Fight for Universal Suffrage '' . Social Work . 56 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 91 . doi : 10.1093 / sw / 56.1. 89 . Jump up ^ Eli L. Levine , `` Does the Social Contract Justify Felony Disenfranchisement ? '' , 1 Wash . U. Jur. Rev. 193 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` LOSING THE VOTE : The Impact of Felony Disenfranchisement Laws in the United States '' ( PDF ) . 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Jump up ^ `` RCW 29A. 08.520 : Felony conviction -- Provisional and permanent restoration of voting rights '' . Apps.leg.wa.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Legislature : 304.078 ( 3 ) '' . Docs.legis.wisconsin.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Text : AL HB282 , 2017 , Regular Session , Engrossed '' . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Section 17 - 3 - 31 '' . Alisondb.legislature.state.al.us . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Pardons Unit '' . Pardons.state.al.us . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` State narrative : Alabama '' ( PDF ) . NACDL Jurisdiction Profiles . NACDL . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama ex-felon voting brochure 2010 '' ( PDF ) . ACLU of Alabama . 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pardons Unit '' . Pardons.state.al.us . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Format Document '' . Azleg.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 13 - 912 - Restoration of civil rights for first offenders ; exception '' . Azleg.state.az.us . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Delaware Constitution '' . Delcode.delaware.gov. 2010 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` State narrative : Delaware '' ( PDF ) . NACDL . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Note : The following crimes require a pardon : Murder or manslaughter ( except vehicular homicide ) An offense against public administration involving bribery or improper influence or abuse of office , or any like offense under the laws of another US jurisdiction Any felony constituting a sexual offense , or any like offense under the laws of another US jurisdiction Jump up ^ `` Constitution Of The State Of Mississippi '' . Sos.state.ms.us . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` NRS : CHAPTER 213 - PARDONS AND PAROLES ; REMISSIONS OF FINES AND COMMUTATIONS OF PUNISHMENTS '' . Leg.state.nv.us . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` State of Tennessee Felony Conviction After May 18 , 1981 '' ( PDF ) . Tn.gov . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Statutes '' . Legisweb.state.wy.us . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` State narrative : Wyoming '' ( PDF ) . NACDL . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statutes & Constitution : View Statutes : Online Sunshine '' . Leg.state.fl.us . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Office of Executive Clemency '' ( PDF ) . Fpc.state.fl.us . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Brent Staples , `` Florida Leads the Pack -- in Felon Disenfranchisement '' , New York Times , 7 November 2014 , accessed 23 March 2016 Jump up ^ `` Executive Order Number Seventy '' ( PDF ) . Governor.iowa.gov . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Governor : Streamlined Application for Restoration of Citizenship Rights '' ( PDF ) . Governor.iowa.gov . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Section_145 '' . Lrc.state.ky.us. 1955 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Division of Probate and Parole : Application for Restoration of Civil Rights '' ( PDF ) . Corrections.ky.gov . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky : Senate and House disagree on path to restore voting rights '' . The Sentencing Project . April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Brad ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` House , Senate disagree on felon voting rights '' . The State Journal ( Kentucky ) . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://commonwealth.virginia.gov/media/6733/restoration-of-rights-policy-memo-82216.pdf Jump up ^ In the neutral field in Strasbourg is still wide open the play on rule of law in electoral matters : Buonomo , Giampiero ( 2015 ) . `` Decreto Severino : c'è un giudice a Strasburgo '' . Mondoperaio edizione online . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Representation of the People Act 1983 ( c. 2 ) -- Statute Law Database '' . www.statutelaw.gov.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ although not specifically felons ; the distinction between felony and misdemeanor was abolished by the Criminal Law Act 1967 Jump up ^ 42 EHHR 41 Jump up ^ `` Convicts ' will not all get vote ' '' . BBC News . October 6 , 2005 . Retrieved December 9 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Travis , Alan ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` Prisoners must be allowed to vote , Council of Europe warns Britain '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ BBC News ( 5 ) , 24 October 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Prisoners ' Rights '' . Ireland : Citizens Information Board . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dáil Eireann - 05 / Oct / 2006 Electoral ( Amendment ) Bill 2006 : Second Stage '' . Debates.oireachtas.ie. 2006 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Ben ; Conor Sweeney ( 7 October 2005 ) . `` Europe court rules prisoners should be let vote in elections '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brady , Tom ( 15 December 2005 ) . `` Go - ahead for prisoners to cast vote at next election '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 26 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Breathnach - v - Ireland & anor ; ( 2001 ) IESC 59 : Judgments of Keane C.J. and Denham J . Jump up ^ `` Electoral ( Amendment ) Act 2006 '' . Irishstatutebook.ie . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ ( in Italian ) Severino : c'è un giudice a Strasburgo Mondoperaio , 21 ottobre 2015 Jump up ^ ( in Italian ) Giampiero Buonomo , Il condannato ? Siede in Parlamento . Storia di un corto circuito normativo Diritto e giustizia , 22 aprile 2006 ; ( in Italian ) Giampiero Buonomo , La Consulta striglia la Regione Abruzzo . Giurisdizione domestica nel mirino condannato ? Diritto e giustizia , 25 marzo 2006 . Jump up ^ ( in Italian ) Giampiero Buonomo , Candidature , norme ormai anacronistiche . L'incompatibilità è uno status da rivedere Diritto e giustizia , 16 aprile 2005 . Jump up ^ ( in Italian ) Giampiero Buonomo , Enti locali : le incompatibilità di Sicilia . Comune o Regione , così scatta l'aut aut Diritto e giustizia , 28 gennaio 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Election Act 714 / 1998 '' ( pdf ) . Finlex . Translations of Finnish acts and decrees . Ministry of Justice , Finland . 1998 . pp. 1 , 24 . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Losing the Vote , '' p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Lisa ( November 2009 ) , Prisoner voting rights , Australian Review of Public Affairs , archived from the original on 18 March 2013 ^ Jump up to : Davidson , Jerome ( 24 May 2004 ) , Inside outcasts : prisoners and the right to vote in Australia , Parliament of Australia , archived from the original on 1 March 2014 Jump up ^ Keating , Paul ( 10 July 1995 ) . `` For Media : Prisoner voting '' ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on 24 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Prisoners '' . Australian Electoral Commission . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Pearlman , Jonathan ( 31 August 2007 ) . `` Court gives vote back to some inmates '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on 24 August 2008 . Jump up ^ The right to vote is not enjoyed equally by all Australians : 4 . Recent changes to the Electoral Laws in Australia , Australian Human Rights Commission , archived from the original on 14 August 2014 Jump up ^ Vicki Lee Roach v Electoral Commissioner and Commonwealth of Australia , 30 August 2007 , High Court of Australia . Jump up ^ Parliamentary Electorates and Elections Act 1912 ( NSW ) s 25 ( b ) Jump up ^ Sauvé v. Canada ( Chief Electoral Officer ) , ( 2002 ) 3 SCR 519 , 2002 SCC 68 . Jump up ^ Canada Elections Act , SC 2000 , c 9 , s 245 . Bowers M , Preuhs R. Collateral Consequences of a Collateral Penalty : The Negative Effect of Felon Disenfranchisement Laws on the Political Participation of Nonfelons . Social Science Quarterly ( Blackwell Publishing Limited ) ( serial online ) . September 2009 ; 90 ( 3 ) : 722 -- 743 . Goldman , D.S. ( 2004 ) . The Modern - Day Literacy Test ? : Felon Disenfranchisement and Race Discrimination . Stanford Law Review , ( 2 ) , 611 . Hinchcliff , A.M. ( 2011 ) . The `` Other '' Side of Richardson v. Ramirez : A Textual Challenge to Felon Disenfranchisement . Yale Law Journal , 121 ( 1 ) , 194 -- 236 . Manza , J. , Brooks , C. , & Uggen , C. ( 2004 ) . Public Attitudes toward Felon Disenfranchisement in the United States . The Public Opinion Quarterly , ( 2 ) , 275 . Miles , T.J. ( 2004 ) . Felon Disenfranchisement and Voter Turnout . The Journal of Legal Studies , ( 1 ) , 85 . Miller , B. , & Spillane , J. ( n.d ) . Civil death : An examination of ex-felon disenfranchisement and reintegration . Punishment & Society - International Journal of Penology , 14 ( 4 ) , 402 -- 428 . Siegel , J.A. ( 2011 ) . Felon Disenfranchisement and the Fight for Universal Suffrage . Social Work , 56 ( 1 ) , 89 -- 91 . External links ( edit ) State - by - state overview for the United States by the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers Felony Disenfranchisement page from The Sentencing Project Gabriel J. Chin , Reconstruction , Felon Disenfranchisement and the Right to Vote : Did the Fifteenth Amendment Repeal Section 2 of the Fourteenth ? , 92 Georgetown Law Journal 259 ( 2004 ) Wood , Erika ( 2008 ) . `` Restoring the Right to Vote '' ( PDF ) . The Brennan Center for Justice at NYU . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 09 - 10 . Historical Timeline US History of Felon Voting / Disenfranchisement at ProCon.org Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felony_disenfranchisement&oldid=854267214 '' Categories : Democratic rights Electoral restrictions History of voting rights in the United States Suffrage Punishments Right of prisoners to vote Parole Probation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with Italian - language external links Articles containing Italian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Français Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 03 : 07 ( UTC ) . 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1. Felony disenfranchisement
2. Voting rights for convicted felons
3. Collateral consequences of criminal conviction
4. State reforms on felony disenfranchisement
5. Constitutionality of felony disenfranchisement laws
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when was the last time wigan won the fa cup
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2013 FA Cup final - wikipedia 2013 FA Cup final Jump to : navigation , search 2013 FA Cup Final Event 2012 -- 13 FA Cup <Td_colspan="2"> Manchester City Wigan Athletic 0 Date 11 May 2013 Venue Wembley Stadium , London Man of the Match Callum McManaman ( Wigan Athletic ) Referee Andre Marriner ( West Midlands ) Attendance 86,254 Weather Rain 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2012 2014 → The 2013 FA Cup Final was the 132nd final of the FA Cup , the world 's oldest football cup competition . The match , contested by Manchester City and Wigan Athletic , took place on 11 May 2013 at Wembley Stadium in London , and kicked off at 5 : 15 p.m. It was Wigan 's first FA Cup final and Manchester City 's 10th . Wigan pulled off a shock victory against favourites City , winning in circumstances reminiscent of the 1988 FA Cup Final when Wimbledon overcame Liverpool . Ben Watson 's stoppage - time headed goal produced the `` greatest FA Cup Final upset for a quarter of a century '' . In the United Kingdom , the match was televised by ITV and ESPN . The competition winners were awarded a place in the group stage of the 2013 -- 14 Europa League competition . Because Manchester City and their semi-final opponent Chelsea had already qualified for the following season 's Champions League by virtue of the clubs ' league positions , Wigan gained a Europa League place by winning their semi-final match . Wigan owner Dave Whelan led out the Wigan team before kick off along with manager Roberto Martínez . The only goal of the game came a few minutes after City 's Pablo Zabaleta had been sent off for a second yellow card , becoming the third player to be sent off in an FA Cup final . The cup was jointly lifted by playing captain Emmerson Boyce and club captain Gary Caldwell . On 20 May , Wigan had an open - top bus tour of the town to celebrate the FA Cup victory . Manchester City sacked manager Roberto Mancini two days later , confirming rumours of the manager 's fate before the match . Wigan failed to avoid relegation from the Premier League , becoming the first team to win the Cup and succumb to relegation in the same season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route to the final 1.1 Manchester City 1.2 Wigan Athletic 2 Pre-match 3 Match 3.1 Details 3.2 Statistics 4 Post-match 5 References 6 External links Route to the final ( edit ) See also : 2012 -- 13 FA Cup Manchester City ( edit ) Round Opposition Score 3rd Watford ( H ) 3 -- 0 4th Stoke City ( A ) 0 -- 1 5th Leeds United ( H ) 4 -- 0 6th Barnsley ( H ) 5 -- 0 SF Chelsea ( N ) 1 -- 2 <Td_colspan="3"> Key : ( H ) = Home venue ; ( A ) = Away venue ; ( N ) = Neutral venue . Entering the FA Cup in the third round by virtue of Premier League status , Manchester City 's first game was at home against Watford . In City 's side , a notable absentee was Joe Hart who was replaced by substitute goalkeeper Costel Pantilimon . Hart had been designated the club 's domestic cup goalkeeper but had conceded four goals in his previous game . The City team took control after a mixed first 20 minutes . Carlos Tevez and Gareth Barry scored in the first half . In the second half , substitute academy player Marcos Lopes scored within seconds of taking the field in the 90th minute to become the club 's youngest ever goalscorer at the age of 17 years and eight days . City progressed to a fourth round match at the Britannia Stadium to play Stoke City . In a match dominated by City it took until the 86th minute for City to score a goal from a powerful drive from Pablo Zabaleta . The fifth - round game took place on 17 February against Leeds United , a strong 4 -- 0 win boosted club spirits after progress in the league had stagnated . Although Leeds had knocked out Tottenham Hotspur in the previous round , they conceded two goals including a penalty by Sergio Agüero in the first 15 minutes , and rarely looked capable of reducing the deficit . Further goals by Tevez and Agüero sealed the tie , and City 's progression to the sixth round , where they were drawn at home to Championship club Barnsley . Barnsley , having played second - and third - tier teams in their previous cup fixtures , had their backs to the wall against City , and the disparity showed as they took an hour to record their first shot on target , by which point they had conceded four . Tevez scored a hat - trick and set up two more for David Silva and Aleksandar Kolarov as City swept their opponents aside . In the semi-finals , City took on defending champions Chelsea at Wembley for the fourth time in the FA Cup , and the first time since 1971 , in the semi-final on 14 April . In a fast - paced match , City took control largely pinning Chelsea back for long periods and took the lead in the 35th minute , when Samir Nasri 's poorly - timed cross was deflected back into his own path for him to sweep the ball over Petr Čech . Chelsea , the less energetic of the teams picked themselves up but failed to take control of the game , and were punished two minutes into the second half when a quick Gareth Barry free - kick put the ball on the head of Agüero , who sent a high looping header into the far corner beyond Čech 's reach . City continued to press and had more opportunities to score but when Fernando Torres came onto the field from the substitute 's bench , Chelsea fashioned a chance for Demba Ba , whose reflex kick gave Chelsea a goal . Resurgent , Chelsea dominated the last 25 minutes , the ball barely leaving City 's half but for a handful of wasted counter-attacks , while a series of defensive substitutions confirmed City 's intent to play the game out rather than seeking a third . Despite the pressure they exerted , Chelsea were unable to score , and defeat meant they had failed to reach the FA Cup final and would not be able to defend their trophy . Chelsea 's goal meant that City were within 29 minutes of being the first team since 1966 to reach an FA Cup final without conceding a goal . Wigan Athletic ( edit ) Round Opposition Score 3rd Replay A.F.C. Bournemouth ( H ) A.F.C. Bournemouth ( A ) 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 4th Macclesfield Town ( A ) 0 -- 1 5th Huddersfield Town ( A ) 1 -- 4 6th Everton ( A ) 0 -- 3 SF Millwall ( N ) 0 -- 2 <Td_colspan="3"> Key : ( H ) = Home venue ; ( A ) = Away venue ; ( N ) = Neutral venue . Premier League Wigan 's FA Cup campaign began in the third round against League One AFC Bournemouth . Roberto Martínez fielded a number of fringe players , and made nine changes to the team that played a Premier League match four days earlier . Despite having home advantage , the club was unable to progress to the next round in one game , drawing 1 -- 1 . Towards the end of the first half , Eunan O'Kane struck a sweet shot from outside the penalty area into the top right corner , while Jordi Gómez levelled the tie midway through the second half on the rebound from the penalty spot after two of his teammates had struck the bar . By the time of the replay , AFC Bournemouth were on an impressive 18 - match unbeaten run , but conceded the tie and unbeaten run through poor defensive work as Mauro Boselli picked up a weak pass from the Bournemouth midfield to their own defence , thumping the ball home from some way out when no defender closed him down . Bournemouth struck the bar twice , but while both teams came close to scoring , Boselli 's goal put Wigan through to the next round . Wigan were drawn against non-league Macclesfield Town in the fourth round . Snow had to be cleared from the pitch on the morning of the game to avoid it being postponed . Gómez scored the only goal from a penalty awarded after Callum McManaman was brought down in the box in the sixth minute of play . The early goal did not dent the spirits of Macclesfield , the lowest ranked team remaining in the competition , who came back strongly coming close to equalising , but Wigan progressed with a 1 -- 0 win . Victory gave Wigan their second appearance in the FA Cup Fifth round since the founding of the club in 1932 . Wigan were drawn away again -- their first game against Bournemouth was their only home game of the campaign -- to Huddersfield Town . The team quickly took control , McManaman scored his first FA Cup goal of the season on 31 minutes after running into the box and jinking around the nearside defender to blast the ball over the goalkeeper . Less than ten minutes later , Gómez ' shot was deflected onto the foot of Arouna Koné , who was close enough to the goal that his outstretched leg almost crossed the goal line , though he was questionably . Goals from James McArthur and Koné 's second sealed the tie , although Lee Novak 's header , leaving goalkeeper Joel Robles on the goal line , gave Huddersfield a consolation . A quarter - final draw against Everton at Goodison Park seemed to spell the end of Wigan 's cup run when the club drew Premier League opposition for the first time . Everton were just pulling out of a bad run of form , having taken 12 points from 27 . Though Everton had the larger share of possession , Wigan proved more clinical and efficient destroying Everton 's hopes with three goals in four minutes . Although Everton continued to fight , Wigan had a third clean sheet and the first FA Cup semi-final appearance in the club 's history . For Wigan 's fifth appearance at Wembley Stadium , they drew Championship side Millwall , while Manchester City and Chelsea had the `` power match '' of the penultimate round on the following day . Though the match was scrappy in the beginning , Wigan scored in the 25th minute when Koné hit a perfect cross onto the foot of Shaun Maloney , who found himself in space in front of the six - yard box and hit his shot under Millwall goalkeeper David Forde . While the possession statistics suggested a fairly even match , Millwall 's failure to register a shot on target told as Wigan instead went close several times before Gómez play a well - timed through ball past the Millwall defence to McManaman , who picked it up and took it round Forde before slotting home Wigan 's second in the 78th minute , sealing the win for Wigan . Pre-match ( edit ) Manchester City appeared in an FA Cup Final for the tenth time since the club was founded in 1880 . The club had won the cup five times ( in 1904 , 1934 , 1956 , 1969 and 2011 ) and were runners - up four times ( 1926 , 1933 , 1955 and 1981 ) . Wigan Athletic made their first appearance in an FA Cup Final since the club was founded in 1932 . Wigan Athletic wore the club 's black away kit for the final and used the away team dressing room and were allocated the East End of the stadium . Manchester City fans occupied the West End and the team played in their home kit after winning the coin toss to decide who would wear which kit . Ticket prices for the final started at £ 45 and were available at £ 65 , £ 85 and £ 115 , with a £ 10 discount for concessions . Manchester City received an initial allocation of 25,000 tickets , later increased to 31,779 , while Wigan requested 21,000 tickets , later increased to a 25,000 allocation . The traditional pre-match anthem , `` Abide with Me '' , was performed by musical quartet Amore alongside the Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra . The national anthem was also performed by Amore with the Band of the Grenadier Guards . Match ( edit ) Details ( edit ) 11 May 2013 17 : 15 BST Manchester City 0 -- 1 Wigan Athletic Report Watson 90 + 1 ' Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 86,254 Referee : Andre Marriner ( West Midlands ) Manchester City Wigan Athletic GK Joe Hart RB 5 Pablo Zabaleta 60 ' , 84 ' CB Vincent Kompany ( c ) CB 33 Matija Nastasić 75 ' LB 22 Gaël Clichy RM 21 David Silva CM 42 Yaya Touré CM 18 Gareth Barry 87 ' 90 + 2 ' LM 8 Samir Nasri 54 ' CF 16 Sergio Agüero CF 32 Carlos Tevez 69 ' <Td_colspan="4"> Substitutes : GK 30 Costel Pantilimon DF 6 Joleon Lescott DF 13 Aleksandar Kolarov MF 7 James Milner 54 ' MF 14 Javi García MF 17 Jack Rodwell 69 ' FW 10 Edin Džeko 90 + 2 ' <Td_colspan="4"> Manager : <Td_colspan="4"> Roberto Mancini GK Joel Robles 90 + 3 ' RB 17 Emmerson Boyce ( c ) CB 33 Paul Scharner CB Antolín Alcaraz LB 18 Roger Espinoza RM James McCarthy CM 16 James McArthur LM 14 Jordi Gómez 81 ' RF 15 Callum McManaman CF Arouna Koné LF 10 Shaun Maloney <Td_colspan="4"> Substitutes : GK 26 Ali Al - Habsi DF 5 Gary Caldwell DF 25 Román Golobart MF 8 Ben Watson 81 ' MF 20 Fraser Fyvie FW 9 Franco Di Santo FW 11 Ángelo Henríquez <Td_colspan="4"> Manager : <Td_colspan="4"> Roberto Martínez Man of the match Callum McManaman ( Wigan Athletic ) Match officials Assistant referees : Stephen Child ( London ) Simon Long ( Cornwall ) Fourth official : Anthony Taylor ( Cheshire ) Reserve official : Gary Beswick ( Durham ) Match rules 90 minutes . 30 minutes of extra-time if necessary . Penalty shoot - out if scores still level . Seven named substitutes . Maximum of three substitutions . Statistics ( edit ) Manchester City Wigan Athletic Total shots 15 15 Shots on target 12 7 Ball possession 52 % 48 % Corner kicks 5 Fouls committed 11 5 Offsides Yellow cards Red cards 0 Source : BBC Sport Post-match ( edit ) As FA Cup winners , Wigan Athletic received £ 1.8 million from the FA Cup Prize Fund , while Manchester City earned £ 900,000 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Veevers , Nicholas ( 11 May 2013 ) . `` Cup wonder for Wigan '' . TheFA.com . The Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marriner takes charge of final '' . TheFA.com . The Football Association . 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Ben ( 11 May 2013 ) . `` FA Cup final -- Manchester City v Wigan Athletic : live '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/EGLL/2013/5/11/DailyHistory.html?req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA Jump up ^ `` FA turn back on traditional 3pm kick - off and confirm late start for FA Cup final '' . Mail Online . Associated Newspapers. 16 April 2013 . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 11 May 2013 ) . `` Ben Watson heads Wigan to FA Cup final glory against Manchester City '' . The Observer . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ The Sunday Times , Sport , page 1 Jump up ^ `` FA Cup final to see Wigan write new chapter '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 15 April 2013 . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Rostance , Tom ( 11 May 2013 ) . `` 2013 FA Cup Final : As it happened '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Draper , Rob ( 11 May 2013 ) . `` Manchester City 0 Wigan 1 : Wat an upset ! Mancini heading for the sack after Watson sinks City with last - minute header to win FA Cup for Martinez 's underdogs '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Ben ( 11 May 2013 ) . `` FA Cup final -- Manchester City v Wigan Athletic : live '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland defender Gary Caldwell laughs as he leads Wigan up to lift trophy ... without having played a minute '' . Daily Record . 12 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Drayton , John ( 20 March 2013 ) . `` Championship - bound Wigan refuse to let relegation ruin FA Cup glory as Martinez 's men tour their town in open - top bus '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Mancini sacked as Manchester City manager '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 13 May 2013 . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The inside story of Wigan 's win over Manchester City in the 2013 final '' . BBC Sport. 18 February 2018 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 3 -- 0 Watford '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 5 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Clayton , David ( 7 January 2013 ) . `` Marcos makes his mark ! '' . mcfc.co.uk . Manchester City FC . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Magowan , Alistair ( 5 January 2013 ) . `` Stoke 0 -- 1 Man City '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 17 February 2013 ) . `` Man City 4 -- 0 Leeds United '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 9 March 2013 ) . `` Man City 5 -- 0 Barnsley '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Bagchi , Rob ( 12 April 2013 ) . `` Chelsea and Manchester City bring rarity value to FA Cup semi-final '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 14 April 2013 ) . `` Chelsea 1 -- 2 Man City '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Owen ; Bevan , Chris ( 12 April 2013 ) . `` FA Cup : Chelsea v Man City : Who will win at Wembley ? '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Si ( 5 January 2013 ) . `` Wigan Athletic 1 Bournemouth 1 : match report '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wigan 1 -- 1 Bournemouth '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 5 January 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Hassan , Nabil ( 15 January 2013 ) . `` Bournemouth 0 -- 1 Wigan '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bevan , Chris ( 26 January 2013 ) . `` Macclesfield 0 -- 1 Wigan '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Magowan , Alistair ( 17 February 2013 ) . `` Huddersfield 1 -- 4 Wigan '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 9 March 2013 ) . `` Everton 0 -- 3 Wigan '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup semi-final draw : City await winners of Chelsea and United replay in last four '' . Mail Online . Associated Newspapers. 10 March 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 13 April 2013 ) . `` Millwall 0 -- 2 Wigan '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cup Final Results '' . TheFA.com . The Football Association . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Latics in black for final '' . wiganlatics.co.uk ( Wigan Athletic FC ) . 16 April 2013 . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 FA Cup Final Ticket Prices '' . TheFA.com ( The Football Association ) . 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup Final -- Updated ticket information '' . mcfc.co.uk ( Manchester City FC ) . 3 May 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup Final Ticket Details '' . wiganlatics.co.uk ( Wigan Athletic FC ) . 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 FA Cup Final day schedule '' . TheFA.com ( The Football Association ) . 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 May 2013 ) . `` Man City 0 -- 1 Wigan '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 FA Cup Final '' . wembleystadium.com ( Wembley Stadium ) . 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . 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will there be a season 7 of ripper street
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Ripper Street - Wikipedia Ripper Street Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Ripper Street <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Drama Mystery Created by Richard Warlow Written by Richard Warlow Starring Matthew Macfadyen Jerome Flynn Adam Rothenberg MyAnna Buring Theme music composer Dominik Scherrer Composer ( s ) Dominik Scherrer Country of origin United Kingdom United States Original language ( s ) English No. of series 5 No. of episodes 37 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Greg Brenman Will Gould Simon Vaughan Andrew Lowe Ed Guiney Polly Hill Producer ( s ) Stephen Smallwood Katie McAleese Location ( s ) Dublin , Ireland Cinematography Julian Court PJ Dillon Peter Robertson Camera setup Single - camera setup Running time 58 -- 76 minutes Production company ( s ) Tiger Aspect Productions Lookout Point Distributor Endemol UK <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network BBC One ( series 1 -- 3 ) BBC Two ( series 4 -- 5 ) Amazon Video ( series 3 -- 5 ) Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release 30 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 30 ) -- 12 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links Website www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00wk6pq Ripper Street is a British TV series set in Whitechapel in the East End of London and starring Matthew Macfadyen , Jerome Flynn , and Adam Rothenberg . It begins in 1889 , six months after the infamous Jack the Ripper murders . The first episode was broadcast on 30 December 2012 during BBC One 's Christmas schedule and was first broadcast in the United States on BBC America on 19 January 2013 . Ripper Street returned for a second eight - part series on 28 October 2013 . On 4 December 2013 , it was reported that a third series would not be made due to low viewing figures for series two . Then on 11 December 2013 , Variety reported negotiations between the show 's producer Tiger Aspect and LoveFilm to fund future episodes , similar to Netflix funding episodes of Arrested Development . On 26 February 2014 , it was confirmed that Amazon Video would resurrect the show . Filming began in May 2014 . Series three began streaming on Amazon UK Prime Instant Video on 14 November 2014 but has not been made available on Amazon 's US site . The third series began airing on BBC America on 29 April 2015 , and on BBC One on 31 July 2015 . In June 2015 , the series was renewed for a fourth and fifth series . In 2016 , it was announced that the show would end with the fifth series . Series 4 premiered on Amazon UK on 15 January 2016 , on BBC America on 28 July 2016 , and in the United Kingdom on BBC Two from 22 August 2016 . The concluding fifth series premiered in full ( six episodes ) on Amazon UK on 12 October 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Series 1 1.2 Series 2 1.3 Series 3 1.4 Series 4 1.5 Series 5 2 Production 2.1 Casting 2.2 Filming 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Additional cast 3.2. 1 Series 1 3.2. 2 Series 2 3.2. 3 Series 3 3.2. 4 Series 4 and 5 4 Episodes 5 Reception 6 Home media 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Series 1 ( edit ) The series begins in April 1889 , six months since the last Jack the Ripper killing , and in Whitechapel the H Division is responsible for policing one and a quarter square miles of East London : a district with a population of 67,000 poor and dispossessed . The men of H Division had hunted the Ripper and failed to find him . When more women are murdered on the streets of Whitechapel , the police begin to wonder if the killer has returned . Among the factories , rookeries , chop shops ( food establishments ) , brothels and pubs , Detective Inspector Edmund Reid ( Matthew Macfadyen ) and Detective Sergeant Bennet Drake ( Jerome Flynn ) team up with former US Army surgeon and Pinkerton agent Captain Homer Jackson ( Adam Rothenberg ) to investigate the killings . They frequently cross paths with Tenter Street brothel madam Long Susan ( MyAnna Buring ) , who came to London with Jackson from America and lets him reside at the brothel . Their relationship becomes strained due to Jackson 's attraction to one of her most profitable girls , Rose Erskine ( Charlene McKenna ) , and because of his close involvement with Reid and H Division . Reid and his wife Emily ( Amanda Hale ) only have one daughter , Mathilda , who was lost and presumed deceased , some months before the series begins , in a river accident during the hunt for the Ripper . The newspaper reporter , Fred Best ( David Dawson ) , knows a dark secret about her death . Although still troubled , and despite her husband 's reservations , Emily is determined to make a new life for herself by helping the fallen women of Whitechapel . Series 2 ( edit ) The second series is set in 1890 . Emily has left Reid after he gave her false hope that Mathilda might not have drowned . Rose Erskine has left Long Susan 's brothel to work as a waitress at the music hall , Blewett 's Theatre of Varieties . Sergeant Drake has married another of Susan 's girls , Bella . A new detective constable , Albert Flight ( Damien Molony ) , is introduced . Reid crosses swords with the ruthless Inspector Jedediah Shine ( Joseph Mawle ) . Ten years an Inspector on the Hong Kong police force , Shine has used that experience to exert a firm grip over Limehouse 's neighbouring `` K '' Division and the emergent Chinatown that grows within it . Long Susan , happy as brothel keeper , is in debt to Silas Duggan ( Frank Harper ) , who lent her funds to start the business , unbeknownst to Jackson who wants to leave London . Historical backdrops to episodes in series 2 include Chinese immigration , the London matchgirls strike of 1888 , electrical War of Currents , the Cleveland Street scandal , the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn , Joseph Merrick ( known as `` the Elephant Man '' ) , and the Baring crisis . Series 3 ( edit ) In 1894 , a train accident in Whitechapel kills fifty - five civilians . At the scene of the accident , Reid , Drake , Jackson , Rose Erskine and Long Susan are reunited after a long period of separation . Reid investigates the derailment and discovers that it was caused by a heist . The organiser is Susan 's solicitor , Ronald Capshaw . His intention is to steal US bearer bonds in order to bail out their financially stricken Obsidian Estates and to continue in their attempt to gentrify Whitechapel . Mathilda is discovered by Capshaw to be still alive , although Reid is told by Susan that she has died since being rescued . Mathilda escapes and is picked up by Harry Ward , a teenage pimp . Receiving a tip - off where she was last seen , Reid and Bennett find her , but she runs away . Reid returns to his home and father and daughter reunite . Series 4 ( edit ) Series 4 opens in 1897 , the year of Queen Victoria 's diamond jubilee . Reid has now given up his detective work and is living in Hampton - on - Sea with Matilda . He is drawn back to Whitechapel after a visit from Deborah Goren , who urges him to return to investigate the murder of a rabbi at the hand of Isaac Bloom , whom she believes innocent . Meanwhile , Drake is now head inspector of Whitechapel and still employs Jackson , who has given up his drinking and gambling in order to save money to free Susan , who is now sentenced to hang for her crimes . When his attempts to legally free her fail , he helps to fake her death , forcing her to give up their son to be raised by Drake and his wife Rose , while Susan hides out of sight and Jackson pretends to be a grieving widower to his friends . Series 5 ( edit ) Series 5 continues the events of the tragic ending of series 4 . Production ( edit ) A joint BBC and BBC America production written by Richard Warlow , Julie Rutterford , Declan Croghan and Toby Finlay and directed by Andy Wilson ( 4 episodes ) , Colm McCarthy ( 2 episodes ) and Tom Shankland ( 2 episodes ) . The series includes scenes of the seedier side of life during the late Victorian era , including bare - knuckle boxing , early pornography and prostitution . Tom Shankland said of the series , `` Whitechapel 's not an area that was short of vicious murders and any woman found murdered with a knife in the consequent months was held up as a Ripper murder ... So we 'll touch on Ripper in that way but not dig anybody up or change the canonical five ... All the period depictions I 'd seen of that particular crime story had almost been a bit too well behaved in a slightly slower way and shots have to be a bit wider to show off the nice furniture , but if you can think of something awful , it was happening ( in Victorian London ) . '' Casting ( edit ) The three leads of the show , Macfadyen , Flynn and Rothenberg , have discussed how they got the roles in interviews . Macfadyen claims his involvement was all down to his interest in the ' fresh ' script : `` I had a few months of nothing , then a load of scripts all came at once , and this was by far the best . It 's such terrific writing ; it just barrelled along . I saw the title and thought , ' This has been done before ' , but it was so fresh , and it had all the qualities , interest and depth of a period drama . '' Rothenberg 's involvement in the show was more straightforward , as he auditioned during pilot series . In an interview with both Flynn and Rothenberg , the latter states : `` I auditioned for it , got it , and then showed up . That 's as simple as it was for me . '' to which Flynn chimes in , claiming : `` it was very funny , though , ' cause when he ( Rothenberg ) did show up , he was like , `` I do n't know how the f * * * I got here ! '' . Flynn 's casting experience was similar : `` It was pretty basic for me . The writer , Richard Warlow , had seen me in Game of Thrones , playing Bronn , and asked about casting me . '' Filming ( edit ) The first series was filmed entirely in Dublin , Ireland , in locations that included the former Clancy Barracks beside Clancy Quay and Trinity College , Dublin . Macfadyen discussed the sets in Dublin in an interview with The Daily Mail , saying , `` The barracks were like a big playground , big enough to recreate a huge area of Whitechapel , and we filmed in Dublin Castle and Kilmainham Gaol , all as if it was the East End of London . '' The same article claims that `` a second series ( was ) commissioned even before the first episode has been publicly screened '' . The Leman Street police station and `` The Brown Bear '' pub are still on Leman Street . The Jews Orphan Asylum still exists , however it has been renamed and relocated , first to Norwood , and then to Stanmore . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) L-R : MyAnna Buring , Adam Rothenberg , Matthew Macfadyen , Jerome Flynn , and Charlene McKenna Matthew Macfadyen as Detective Inspector Edmund Reid , the commander of East London 's H Division . Reid is a workaholic driven by his failure to capture Jack the Ripper and the presumed death of Mathilda , his daughter . Deserted by his wife , Emily , Reid works most nights in his office at Leman Street . Reid retires when his daughter is found , but become restless when she matures and no longer needs his care . He eventually returns to Leman Street , where he must work under Drake . Jerome Flynn as Detective Sergeant , later Detective Inspector , Bennet Drake ( Series 1 -- 4 ) , Reid 's right - hand man . After his marriage to reformed prostitute Bella and her subsequent demise , returning from Manchester , where he had transferred after her death , he is a changed man . Following Reid 's retirement , Drake becomes the commander of H Division . Adam Rothenberg as Captain Homer Jackson , a former US Army surgeon and Pinkerton agent . He is H Division 's forensic expert . Jackson , who is married to Long Susan , a brothel madam , is really Matthew Judge , a fugitive from America . When his marriage to Susan breaks down , he reverts to being a drunken womaniser . MyAnna Buring as `` Long '' Susan Hart / Caitlin Swift Judge , wife of Homer Jackson and daughter of a wealthy American industrialist . Susan owns a brothel in Tenter Street for much of the first and second series , though she later attempts to diversify and legitimize her businesses . Her attempts at legitimate business results in a train derailment and multiple deaths . She is eventually imprisoned and sentenced to death . She and Jackson have a son , Connor , while she is in prison . Charlene McKenna as Rose Erskine ( later Drake ) , a prostitute in Long Susan 's house , who decides to turn her life around and becomes a music hall singer . Rose later serves as a police informant , and marries Bennet Drake following their long on - and - off romance . Additional cast ( edit ) Series 1 ( edit ) David Wilmot as Sergeant Donald Artherton ( Series 1 to 3 ) , the long - standing desk sergeant of H Division who is forced to retire after contracting a serious case of gout . David Dawson as Fred Best ( Series 1 to 3 ) , editor of the local newspaper , who often irritates the men of H Division by imposing on ongoing investigations in the hope of obtaining a story . Clive Russell as Detective Chief Inspector Frederick Abberline ( Series 1 to 3 , Series 5 ) , former commander of H Division and lead investigator in the Ripper murder case . Abberline and Reid have a somewhat on / off relationship , often differing in opinion on methods of investigation . Jonathan Barnwell as Police Constable Dick Hobbs , a junior constable assigned to H Division who is murdered in the line of duty by a serial offender whilst trying to protect a woman from being abducted . Lucy Cohu as Deborah Goren ( Series 1 and 4 ) , head of the Jewish orphanage , who becomes involved with Edmund Reid in the first series after she offers him hope of finding his missing daughter . Amanda Hale as Emily Reid , Edmund Reid 's wife . Their marriage is strained by the disappearance and presumed death of Matilda , something which Emily blames her husband for , choosing to neglect her marriage in favour of charitable works . She later becomes mentally ill and commits suicide between series 2 and series 3 . Gillian Saker as Bella Drake ( Series 1 and 2 ) , a prostitute working for Long Susan , and later Bennet Drake 's wife , who dies after being brainwashed by a cult which she was involved in several years previously , which saw her bear a child to the cult leader . Ian McElhinney as Theodore P. Swift ( Series 1 and 3 ) , father of Long Susan / Caitlin Swift , who is the owner proprietor of a U.S. bank which falls into heavy debt , resulting in his need to flee the country and protect all of his remaining wealth in unregistered bearer bonds . Series 2 ( edit ) Damien Molony as Detective Constable Albert Flight , a junior constable just out of uniform who is assigned to H Division by Chief Inspector Abberline . Joseph Mawle as Detective Inspector Jedediah Shine ( Series 2 and 5 ) , the feared inspector of K Division whom Reid tries to unveil as the man responsible for a string of untimely murders . Shine later returns in the fifth series to take up the position of Inspector of H division . Leanne Best as Jane Cobden ( Series 2 and 3 ) , a local councillor who first comes to prominence as the opposing candidate for Walter De Souza , who is abducted in the line of duty for his part in the match girls ' strike of 1888 . Alicia Gerrard as Charity ( Series 2 and 3 ) , a prostitute working for Long Susan , who later goes on to become receptionist at the clinic following the closure of the brothel . Frank Harper as Silas Duggan , property owner and barber who owns the building in which Long Susan operates her brothel . When she tries to offer Duggan the business in order to secure her freedom to leave London , he denies her the opportunity . Series 3 ( edit ) John Heffernan as Ronald Capshaw , solicitor to Long Susan who persuades her to rob one of her father 's cargo trains , which is carrying $350,000 in unclaimed bearer bonds . However , this mistakenly results in the death of 55 innocent victims . Louise Brealey as Dr Amelia Frayn , senior physician at the clinic opened by Long Susan following the closure of her brothel . Frayn also cares for Mathilda Reid in the early days after her release from captivity . Lydia Wilson as Hermione `` Mimi '' Morton ( Series 3 and 5 ) , girlfriend of Homer Jackson and sister of Edgar Morton , current fiancé and employer of Rose Erskine . Later , she becomes protector of Reid , Jackson and Susan when they become fugitives attempting to outrun the law . Josh O'Connor as Police Constable Bobby Grace , junior constable in H Division . Anna Burnett as Mathilda Reid ( Series 3 to 5 ) , Reid 's long lost daughter with whom he is reunited after she is discovered to have been held captive since her disappearance some six years previously in the SS Princess Alice disaster on the Thames . Series 4 and 5 ( edit ) Killian Scott as Assistant Commissioner Augustus Dove , a senior officer at Scotland Yard . Dove is known to have participated in corrupt activity , predominately associated with his long - lost brother , Nathaniel . Matthew Lewis as Sergeant / Inspector Samuel `` Drum '' Drummond , desk sergeant of H division who replaces the outgoing Sergeant Atherton . Drum is later promoted to Inspector by Augustus Dove . Benjamin O'Mahony as Detective Sergeant / Sergeant Frank Thatcher , Drake 's right - hand - man . When Thatcher takes a disliking to Drake 's successor , Inspector Shine , he is demoted and made desk sergeant . Anna Koval as Rachel Castello , a local reporter who takes over as editor of the Star newspaper following the murder of Fred Best by Theodore Swift . David Threlfall as Abel Croker ( Series 4 ) , a crooked Thames wharfinger and protector of Nathaniel Dove . When Croker is later murdered by Augustus , he produces evidence to suggest Croker was responsible for Nathaniel 's crimes . Jonas Armstrong as Nathaniel Dove , Abel Croker 's assistant and Augustus Dove 's long - lost brother . Known as the ' Whitechapel Golem ' , Nathaniel is responsible for a string of murders whereby the victims are bitten to death . Kahl and Kye Murphy as Connor Judge , son of Homer Jackson and Long Susan , who is born during her years of incarceration . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Ripper Street episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Series <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 8 <Td_colspan="1"> 30 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 30 ) 24 February 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 8 <Td_colspan="1"> 28 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 28 ) 16 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 8 <Td_colspan="1"> 14 November 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 14 ) 26 December 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 26 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 7 <Td_colspan="1"> 15 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 15 ) 19 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 19 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 6 <Td_colspan="1"> 12 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) 12 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) Reception ( edit ) Ripper Street was well received by critics upon release . On the review aggregator website Metacritic , the first season of the series holds a score of 72 out of 100 , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On another review aggregator website , Rotten Tomatoes , the first season features a score of 100 percent , based on 17 reviews . Critical reception of the initial two episodes was divided with some praising the show 's gritty script and good acting performances , and others feeling the show was a mix of ITV 's Whitechapel and Guy Ritchie 's Sherlock Holmes . In his weekly review of the show , Jamie - Lee Nardone wrote of its continued improvements , `` more of this please , just perhaps not before dinner '' , referencing the show 's gory nature . Sam Wollaston of The Guardian discussed the pros and cons of the show , claiming `` It would be easy to be negative about Ripper Street . Do we really need more on a story that 's been not just done to death , but then carved up , and had its insides torn out ? '' but he concludes his review stating `` ( the ) script is real , alive and human . It 's beautifully performed , and beautiful to look at -- stylish , and stylised . The bare - knuckle fight scenes are brutal and memorable . It 's proper , character - based crime drama , gripping , and yes -- I 'm afraid -- ripping as well '' . Benji Wilson of The Daily Telegraph reviewed the first episode positively , praising the performances of the three leads , which he said compensated for the `` dull grind of all the exposition '' and `` tedious '' historical references . PopMatters reviewed the debut episode , remarking : The effects of such moments are shaped by writer / creator Richard Warlow and episode director Tom Shankland 's attention to the period details : streets are sooty , gaslight creates flickering shadows , and stone floors make footsteps seem chilling . These details help make Ripper Street a compelling procedural , its long form narrative and deliberate pace different from the CSI and Law & Order clones . But the show also bears traces of contemporary influences : an underground boxing club sequence in the first episode resembles similar scenes in Sherlock Holmes ( 2009 ) so much that a coincidence is hard to imagine . Equally derivative , some overt efforts to shock viewers deliver graphic violence and some nudity , courtesy of the evolving technology of photography , as it 's inspiring an evolving `` smut '' industry . Ahead of its debut in the US , IGN 's Roth Cornet reviewed the first episode , discussing how `` the setting is handled with absolute care and a razor - sharp attention to detail , from costume and production design to the varied vocal cadences of the players , the texture and flavor of London 's East End are brought to vivid life . '' The review continues to discuss the show 's depiction of London 's streets in the Victorian era : Ripper Street provides a gritty look at the evolving streets of London and the advent of technology at the time ; be it the `` moving - picture - machine '' that is featured in `` I Need Light '' or the introduction of early forensics that follows through the series . More interesting still is that it is the dirt and bones look at the uses of said technology that is in play here . This is no wink - wink `` look at how charming early cameras were '' depiction , but rather a portrayal of the underbelly of what those cameras would have been used for . Additionally , there is engaging interplay between those who would usher in necessary change and those who are , as Jackson says , `` the barriers to progress . '' The Hollywood Reporter gave it significant praise `` Ripper Street is a well - acted , well - written and compelling mystery series . And even better , there 's no waiting around , wishing it would improve . It 's alluring from the start . '' Los Angeles Times called it `` Well - written and acted . '' Some female critics have not been so positive about the show , disappointed by its two - dimensional portrayal of women as either repressed wives and mothers or prostitutes . Jan Moir of the Daily Mail wrote that `` the torture and murder of women '' is `` enthusiastically depicted '' , claiming `` there is terrible violence meted out to men and children , too , but the focus of the viciousness is always on the knicker - dropping molls and the ' tarts ' '' . Grace Dent of The Independent was more satirical about the show , but was still unamused by the portrayal of women , stating `` centuries may shift and fashions may change , yet raping and murdering women has really never been as popular . '' The show was later voted best show of 2013 in a UK public poll for the Radio Times TV guide and magazine shortly after the series had ended , ahead of Doctor Who . Home Media ( edit ) Series 1 was released on a region 2 ( Europe ) 3 - disc DVD set and 3 - disc BD on 18 March 2013 , with the same DVDs being released in region 1 ( Canada / US ) on 12 March 2013 . The series 2 DVD - set , plus a 6 - disc box set containing both series 1 & 2 , was scheduled to be released on 27 January 2014 , with region 1 DVDs of series 2 to be released on 15 April 2014 . See also ( edit ) Sergeant Cork ( 1963 -- 1968 ) , a British detective television series ( 66 episodes ) and police procedural which followed the efforts of two police officers and their battle against crime in Victorian London . Cribb ( 1979 -- 1981 ) , a British television detective series ( 14 episodes ) police drama of a sergeant in the newly formed CID in Victorian London . Copper ( 2012 -- 2013 ) , a BBC America crime series set in 1860s New York City during the American Civil War . Murdoch Mysteries ( 2008 -- ) , a Canadian detective series set in Victorian Toronto . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ripper Street '' . BBC America . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Maggie ( 29 January 2013 ) . `` Ripper Street to return for second series '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ripper Street '' . two premiere date confirmed by BBC One -- Ripper Street News -- Cult . Digital Spy. 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ripper Street not returning for third series , BBC One confirms '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ripper Street ' May Return with Funding from Amazon 's LoveFilm '' . Variety . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ripper Street : Axed show to return '' . 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( 3 October 2014 ) . `` Ripper Street to return for brand new series next month '' . Daily Mirror . London : Trinity Mirror . Jump up ^ Georg , Szalai . `` ' Ripper Street ' Season 3 to Premiere on Amazon U.K. in November '' . TheHollywoodReporter.com . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ripper Street - BBC America '' . Jump up ^ Walker - Arnott , Ellie . `` Ripper Street '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louisa ( 13 May 2015 ) . `` Ripper Street : renewed by Amazon for series 4 and 5 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ripper Street ' Season 3 finale is n't the end : Season 4 and 5 are already in the works '' . 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Vine , Richard ( 13 May 2015 ) . `` Ripper Street to return for two more series of ' blood , guts and pocket watches ' '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian Media Group . Jump up ^ `` Say goodbye to Ripper Street - it 's ending after season 5 '' . The Independent . 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ripper Street series 4 : Amazon Prime releases lengthy synopsis '' . Jump up ^ `` Ripper Street series 5 release date -- renewed ( to be scheduled ) '' . when-will.net . Jump up ^ `` Ripper Street -- New drama for BBC One starring Matthew Macfadyen , Jerome Flynn and Adam Rothenberg '' . BBC . 28 November 2012 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gee , Catherine ( 25 September 2012 ) . `` Ripper Street : gruesome new crime drama set in the east end of London '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` MacFadyen could n't resist Ripper St '' . BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. 19 January 2013 . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jerome Flynn and Adam Rothenberg Talk BBC America 's New Crime Drama Ripper Street '' . Collider. 24 January 2013 . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ripper Street ' gets Dublin preview '' . The Irish Times . 10 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wigg , David ( 28 December 2012 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Matthew Macfadyen shares all the GORY details from his new TV series Ripper Street '' . London : Daily Mail . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ n / a . `` Goodmans Fields 2 '' . Jump up ^ `` Jews ' Hospital and Orphan Asylum banner '' . The Jewish Museum . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ In reality , a division was commanded by a uniformed superintendent , not its detective inspector . Jump up ^ `` Inspector Edmund Reid '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Detective Inspector Edmund Reid '' . Drama . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sergeant Bennet Drake '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Detective Sergeant Bennet Drake '' . Drama . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Homer Jackson '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Homer Jackson '' . Drama . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Maçek III , J.C. ( 19 January 2013 ) . `` ' Ripper Street ' : The Famous Killer Inspires Anew '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ripper Street episode 3 review : The King Came Calling '' . Den of Geek . 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( 30 December 2012 ) . `` TV review : Ripper Street ; Neil Armstrong -- First Man on the Moon ; The Hotel Television & radio '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Benji ( 30 December 2012 ) . `` Ripper Street , BBC One , review '' . London : Telegraph . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ripper Street : `` I Need Light '' Review -- IGN `` . Uk.ign.com. 19 January 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( 17 January 2013 ) . `` BBC America 's Ripper Street : TV Review '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( 19 January 2013 ) . `` Review : BBC America 's ' Ripper Street ' a fine dose of mystery '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Moir , Jan ( 7 January 2013 ) . `` Who decided to make the BBC 's Sunday night period drama an anti-women orgy of gore ? '' . London : Daily Mail . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Dent , Grace ( 5 January 2013 ) . `` Grace Dent on TV : Ripper Street , BBC1 -- Reviews -- TV & Radio '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( 30 December 2013 ) . `` BBC 's ' Ripper Street ' Tops U.K. Poll of Best TV Shows of 2013 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Walker - Arnott , Ellie ( 30 December 2013 ) . `` Ripper Street fans protest against BBC axing by voting crime drama the best TV show of 2013 '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Lacey , Gord ( 14 March 2014 ) . `` Ripper Street -- Season 2 Press Release '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . External links ( edit ) Ripper Street at BBC Programmes Ripper Street on the BBC America website Ripper Street on the BBC Media Centre website Ripper Street on IMDb Richard Warlow , lead writer of Ripper Street , describes series origins , at BBC online blog Ripper Street visual effects breakdowns on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> Jack the Ripper in fiction Seminal works The Lodger Jack the Ripper : The Final Solution Letters `` Dear Boss '' letter `` From Hell '' letter `` Saucy Jacky '' postcard Film Waxworks ( 1924 ) The Lodger : A Story of the London Fog ( 1926 ) Pandora 's Box ( 1929 ) The Lodger ( 1932 ) The Lodger ( 1944 ) Room to Let ( 1950 ) Man in the Attic ( 1953 ) Jack the Ripper ( 1959 ) Lulu ( 1962 ) A Study in Terror ( 1965 ) Hands of the Ripper ( 1971 ) Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde ( 1971 ) The Ruling Class ( 1972 ) What the Swedish Butler Saw ( 1975 ) Jack the Ripper ( 1976 ) Murder by Decree ( 1979 ) Time After Time ( 1979 ) Jack 's Back ( 1988 ) Edge of Sanity ( 1989 ) Deadly Advice ( 1994 ) Ripper ( 2001 ) From Hell ( 2001 ) Bad Karma ( 2002 ) Case Closed : The Phantom of Baker Street ( 2002 ) The Lodger ( 2009 ) Holmes & Watson . Madrid Days ( 2012 ) Parody Bizarre , Bizarre ( 1937 ) Amazon Women on the Moon ( 1987 ) Music `` Jack the Ripper '' ( 1963 ) `` The Ripper '' ( 1976 ) `` Killer on the Loose '' ( 1980 ) The Somatic Defilement ( 2007 ) Stage Earth Spirit ( 1895 play ) Pandora 's Box ( 1904 play ) Lulu ( 1937 opera ) The Lodger ( 1960 opera ) The Ruling Class ( 1968 play ) Comics From Hell Blood of the Innocent Gotham by Gaslight Wonder Woman : Amazonia Martin Mystère The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , Volume III : Century Literature Sherlock Holmes The Last Sherlock Holmes Story The Whitechapel Horrors Sherlock Holmes : The Unauthorized Biography Dust and Shadow The Ripper Legacy Short stories `` A Toy for Juliette '' `` The Prowler in the City at the Edge of the World '' Other A Feast Unknown Anno Dracula Blood and Fog I , Ripper Matrix A Night in the Lonesome October Jack the Ripper , Light - Hearted Friend Portrait of a Killer : Jack the Ripper -- Case Closed Time After Time Phantom Blood Night of the Ripper Darkside Lifeblood Lost The Witches of Chiswick Broken Dracula the Un-dead Television Series Jack the Ripper ( 1973 ) The Phantom Raspberry Blower of Old London Town ( 1976 ) Jack the Ripper ( 1988 ) Sanctuary ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Whitechapel ( 2009 -- 2013 ) Ripper Street ( 2012 -- present ) Time After Time ( 2017 ) Episodes `` Wolf in the Fold '' ( 1967 ) `` Comes the Inquisitor '' ( 1995 ) `` Ripper '' ( 1999 ) `` Sanctuary for All '' ( 2008 ) Other Bridge Across Time ( 1985 TV film ) Video games Jack the Ripper ( 1987 ) Ripper ( 1996 ) Duke Nukem : Zero Hour ( 1999 ) Shadow Man ( 1999 ) MediEvil 2 ( 2000 ) Jack the Ripper ( 2003 ) Mystery in London : On the Trail of Jack the Ripper ( 2007 ) Sherlock Holmes Versus Jack the Ripper ( 2009 ) The Ripper ( canceled ) Jack the Ripper ( 2015 ) Other Casebook : Jack the Ripper Blood ! : The Life and Future Times of Jack the Ripper <Th_colspan="2"> Amazon Video original programming Original series Alpha House ( 2013 -- 14 ) Betas ( 2013 -- 14 ) Bosch ( 2014 -- present ) Mozart in the Jungle ( 2014 -- present ) Transparent ( 2014 -- present ) Hand of God ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) One Mississippi ( 2015 -- present ) Patriot ( 2015 -- present ) Red Oaks ( 2015 -- present ) Sneaky Pete ( 2015 -- present ) Z : The Beginning of Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Mad Dogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Crisis in Six Scenes ( 2016 ) Good Girls Revolt ( 2016 ) The New Yorker Presents ( 2016 ) Kamen Rider Amazons The Collection ( 2016 -- present ) Crayon Shin - chan Gaiden ( 2016 -- present ) Fleabag ( 2016 -- present ) Goliath ( 2016 -- present ) The Grand Tour ( 2016 -- present ) I Love Dick ( 2016 -- present ) Jean - Claude Van Johnson ( 2016 -- present ) The Last Tycoon ( 2016 -- 17 ) The Tick ( 2016 -- present ) American Playboy : The Hugh Hefner Story ( 2017 ) The Idolmaster KR ( 2017 ) Inside Edge ( 2017 -- present ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ( 2017 -- present ) Comrade Detective ( 2017 -- present ) Continuations Ripper Street ( series 3 -- 5 ; 2014 -- 16 ) Children 's programming Creative Galaxy ( 2013 -- present ) Tumble Leaf ( 2014 -- present ) Gortimer Gibbon 's Life on Normal Street ( 2014 -- 16 ) Just Add Magic ( 2015 -- present ) Annedroids ( 2015 -- present ) Wishenpoof ! 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Trail of Tears - wikipedia Trail of Tears Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Trail of Tears ( disambiguation ) . Trail of Tears <Td_colspan="2"> The Trail of Tears memorial monument at the New Echota Historic Site in New Echota , Georgia which honors the 4,000 Cherokees who died on the Trail of Tears Date 1831 -- 1850 Location Southeastern United States and Indian Territory , present - day Oklahoma Participants U.S. Government , U.S. Army , state militias , Five Civilized Tribes of Cherokee , Muscogee , Seminole , Chickasaw , and Choctaw nations Outcome The forced relocation of most of the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeastern United States to Indian Territory under the Indian Removal Act of 1830 signed by U.S. president Andrew Jackson clearing former Native American lands for white settlement . Deaths Cherokee ( 4,000 ) Creek Seminole ( 3,000 in Second Seminole War -- 1835 -- 1842 ) Chickasaw ( 3,500 ) Choctaw ( 2,500 -- 6,000 ) The Trail of Tears was a series of forced relocations of Native American peoples from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States , to areas to the west ( usually west of the Mississippi River ) that had been designated as Indian Territory . The forced relocations were carried out by government authorities following the passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830 . Many of the relocated people suffered from exposure , disease , and starvation while en route to their new designated reserve , and many died before reaching their destinations . The forced removals included members of the Cherokee , Muscogee ( Creek ) , Seminole , Chickasaw , Choctaw , and Ponca nations . The phrase `` Trail of Tears '' originates from a description of the removal of many Native American tribes , including the infamous Cherokee Nation relocation in 1838 . Between 1830 and 1850 , the Chickasaw , Choctaw , Creek , Seminole , and Cherokee people ( including mixed - race and black freedmen and slaves who lived among them ) were forcibly removed from their traditional lands in the Southeastern United States , and relocated farther west . Those Native Americans who were relocated were forced to march to their destinations by state and local militias . The Cherokee removal in 1838 ( the last forced removal east of the Mississippi ) was brought on by the discovery of gold near Dahlonega , Georgia in 1828 , resulting in the Georgia Gold Rush . Approximately 2,000 -- 6,000 of the 16,543 relocated Cherokee perished along the way . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical context 1.1 Jackson 's role 1.2 Terminology 2 Legal background 3 Choctaw removal 4 Seminole resistance 5 Creek dissolution 6 Chickasaw monetary removal 7 Cherokee forced relocation 7.1 Eastern Cherokee Restitution 8 Landmarks and commerations 8.1 Trail of Tears outdoor historical drama , Unto These Hills 8.2 Commemorative medallion 8.3 In literature and oral history 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Documents 13 Documentary 14 External links Historical context ( edit ) Map of United States Indian Removal , 1830 -- 1838 . Oklahoma is depicted in light yellow - green . In 1830 , a group of Indians collectively referred to as the Five Civilized Tribes ( the Cherokee , Chickasaw , Choctaw , Muscogee , and Seminole tribes ) were living as autonomous nations in what would be later called the American Deep South . The process of cultural transformation , as proposed by George Washington and Henry Knox , was gaining momentum , especially among the Cherokee and Choctaw . American settlers had been pressuring the federal government to remove Indians from the Southeast ; many settlers were encroaching on Indian lands , while others wanted more land made available to white settlers . Although the effort was vehemently opposed by some , including U.S. Congressman Davy Crockett of Tennessee , President Andrew Jackson was able to gain Congressional passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , which authorized the government to extinguish Indian title to lands in the Southeast . In 1831 , the Choctaw became the first Nation to be removed , and their removal served as the model for all future relocations . After two wars , many Seminoles were removed in 1832 . The Creek removal followed in 1834 , the Chickasaw in 1837 , and lastly the Cherokee in 1838 . However , some managed to evade the removals and remained in their ancestral homelands ; some Choctaw are living in Mississippi , Creek in Alabama and Florida , Cherokee in North Carolina , and Seminole in Florida ; a small group had escaped into the Everglades and were never defeated by the United States government . A small number of non-Native Americans who lived with the tribes , including some of African descent ( some as slaves , and others as spouses or freedmen ) , also accompanied the Indians on the trek westward . By 1837 , 46,000 Indians from the southeastern states had been removed from their homelands , thereby opening 25 million acres ( 100,000 km ) for predominantly white settlement . Prior to 1838 , the fixed boundaries of these autonomous tribal nations , comprising large areas of the United States , were subject to continual cession and annexation , in part due to pressure from squatters and the threat of military force in the newly declared U.S. territories -- federally administered regions whose boundaries supervened upon the Native treaty claims . As these territories became U.S. states , state governments sought to dissolve the boundaries of the Indian nations within their borders , which were independent of state jurisdiction , and to expropriate the land therein . These pressures were exacerbated by U.S. population growth and the expansion of slavery in the South , with the rapid development of cotton cultivation in the uplands following the invention of the cotton gin . Jackson 's role ( edit ) The removals , conducted under Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren , followed the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , which provided the President with powers to exchange land with Native tribes and provide infrastructure improvements on the existing lands . The law also gave the president power to pay for transportation costs to the West , should tribes choose to relocate . The law did not , however , allow the President to force tribes to move West without a mutually agreed - upon treaty . In the years following the Act , the Cherokee filed several lawsuits regarding conflicts with the state of Georgia . Some of these cases reached the Supreme Court , the most influential being Worcester v. Georgia ( 1832 ) . Samuel Worcester and other non-Indians were convicted by Georgia law for residing in Cherokee territory in the state of Georgia without a license . Worcester was sentenced to prison for four years and appealed the ruling , arguing that this sentence violated treaties made between Indian nations and the United States federal government by imposing state laws on Cherokee lands . The Court ruled in Worcester 's favor , declaring that the Cherokee Nation was subject only to federal law and that the Supremacy Clause barred legislative interference by the state of Georgia . Chief Justice Marshall argued , `` The Cherokee nation , then , is a distinct community occupying its own territory in which the laws of Georgia can have no force . The whole intercourse between the United States and this Nation , is , by our constitution and laws , vested in the government of the United States . '' Andrew Jackson did not listen to the Supreme Court mandate barring Georgia from intruding on Cherokee lands . He feared that enforcement would lead to open warfare between federal troops and the Georgia militia , which would compound the ongoing crisis in South Carolina and lead to a broader civil war . Instead , he vigorously negotiated a land exchange treaty with the Cherokee . Political opponents Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams , who supported the Worcester decision , were outraged by Jackson 's refusal to uphold Cherokee claims against the state of Georgia . Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote an account of Cherokee assimilation into the American culture , declaring his support of the Worcester decision . Jackson chose to continue with Indian removal , and negotiated The Treaty of New Echota , on December 29 , 1835 , which granted Cherokee Indians two years to move to Indian Territory ( modern Oklahoma ) . Only a fraction of the Cherokees left voluntarily . The U.S. government , with assistance from state militias , forced most of the remaining Cherokees west in 1838 . The Cherokees were temporarily remanded in camps in eastern Tennessee . In November , the Cherokee were broken into groups of around 1,000 each and began the journey west . They endured heavy rains , snow , and freezing temperatures . When the Cherokee negotiated the Treaty of New Echota , they exchanged all their land east of the Mississippi for land in modern Oklahoma and a $5 million payment from the federal government . Many Cherokee felt betrayed that their leadership accepted the deal , and over 16,000 Cherokee signed a petition to prevent the passage of the treaty . By the end of the decade in 1840 , tens of thousands of Cherokee and other tribes had been removed from their land east of the Mississippi River . The Creek , Choctaw , Seminole , and Chicksaw were also relocated under the Indian Removal Act of 1830 . One Choctaw leader portrayed the removal as `` A Trail of Tears and Deaths '' , a devastating event that removed most of the Native population of the southeastern United States from their traditional homelands . Terminology ( edit ) The latter forced relocations have sometimes been referred to as `` death marches '' , in particular with reference to the Cherokee march across the Midwest in 1838 , which occurred on a predominantly land route . Indians who had the means initially provided for their own removal . Contingents that were led by conductors from the U.S. Army included those led by Edward Deas , who was claimed to be a sympathizer for the Cherokee plight . The largest death toll from the Cherokee forced relocation comes from the period after the May 23 , 1838 deadline . This was at the point when the remaining Cherokee were rounded into camps and pressed into oversized detachments , often over 700 in size ( larger than the populations of Little Rock or Memphis at that time ) . Communicable diseases spread quickly through these closely quartered groups , killing many . These contingents were among the last to move , but following the same routes the others had taken ; the areas they were going through had been depleted of supplies due to the vast numbers that had gone before them . The marchers were subject to extortion and violence along the route . In addition , these final contingents were forced to set out during the hottest and coldest months of the year , killing many . Exposure to the elements , disease and starvation , harassment by local frontiersmen , and insufficient rations similarly killed up to one - third of the Choctaw and other nations on the march . There exists some debate among historians and the affected tribes as to whether the term `` Trail of Tears '' should be used to refer to the entire history of forced relocations from the United States east of the Mississippi into Indian Territory ( as was the stated U.S. policy ) , or to the Five Tribes described above , to the route of the land march specifically , or to specific marches in which the remaining holdouts from each area were rounded up . Legal background ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The territorial boundaries claimed as sovereign and controlled by the Indian nations living in what were then known as the Indian Territories -- the portion of the early United States west of the Mississippi River not yet claimed or allotted to become Oklahoma -- were fixed and determined by national treaties with the United States federal government . These recognized the tribal governments as dependent but internally sovereign , or autonomous nations under the sole jurisdiction of the federal government . While retaining their tribal governance , which included a constitution or official council in tribes such as the Iroquois and Cherokee , many portions of the southeastern Indian nations had become partially or completely economically integrated into the economy of the region . This included the plantation economy in states such as Georgia , and the possession of slaves . These slaves were also forcibly relocated during the process of removal . A similar process had occurred earlier in the territories controlled by the Confederacy of the Six Nations in what is now upstate New York prior to the British invasion and subsequent U.S. annexation of the Iroquois nation . Under the history of U.S. treaty law , the territorial boundaries claimed by federally recognized tribes received the same status under which the Southeastern tribal claims were recognized ; until the following establishment of reservations of land , determined by the federal government , which were ceded to the remaining tribes by de jure treaty , in a process that often entailed forced relocation . The establishment of the Indian Territory and the extinguishment of Indian land claims east of the Mississippi anticipated the establishment of the U.S. Indian reservation system . It was imposed on remaining Indian lands later in the 19th century . The statutory argument for Indian sovereignty persisted until the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ( 1831 ) , that ( e.g. ) the Cherokee were not a sovereign and independent nation , and therefore not entitled to a hearing before the court . However , in Worcester v. Georgia ( 1832 ) , the court re-established limited internal sovereignty under the sole jurisdiction of the federal government , in a ruling that both opposed the subsequent forced relocation and set the basis for modern U.S. case law . While the latter ruling was defied by Jackson , the actions of the Jackson administration were not isolated because state and federal officials had violated treaties without consequence , often attributed to military exigency , as the members of individual Indian nations were not automatically United States citizens and were rarely given standing in any U.S. court . Jackson 's involvement in what became known as the Trail of Tears can not be ignored . In a speech regarding Indian removal , Jackson said , `` It will separate the Indians from immediate contact with settlements of whites ; free them from the power of the States ; enable them to pursue happiness in their own way and under their own rude institutions ; will retard the progress of decay , which is lessening their numbers , and perhaps cause them gradually , under the protection of the Government and through the influence of good counsels , to cast off their savage habits and become an interesting , civilized , and Christian community . '' According to Jackson , the move would be nothing but beneficial for all parties . His point of view garnered support from many Americans , many of whom would benefit economically from the removal . This was compounded by the fact that while citizenship tests existed for Indians living in newly annexed areas before and after forced relocation , individual U.S. states did not recognize tribal land claims , only individual title under State law , and distinguished between the rights of white and non-white citizens , who often had limited standing in court ; and Indian removal was carried out under U.S. military jurisdiction , often by state militias . As a result , individual Indians who could prove U.S. citizenship were nevertheless displaced from newly annexed areas . The military actions and subsequent treaties enacted by Jackson 's and Martin Van Buren 's administrations pursuant to the 1830 law , which Tennessee Congressman Davy Crockett had unsuccessfully voted against , are widely considered to have directly caused the expulsion or death of a substantial part of the Indian population then living in the southeastern United States . Choctaw Removal ( edit ) Main article : Choctaw Trail of Tears George W. Harkins , Choctaw chief The Choctaw nation occupied large portions of what are now the U.S. states of Alabama , Mississippi , and Louisiana . After a series of treaties starting in 1801 , the Choctaw nation was reduced to 11,000,000 acres ( 45,000 km ) . The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek ceded the remaining country to the United States and was ratified in early 1831 . The removals were only agreed to after a provision in the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek allowed some Choctaw to remain . The chief of the Choctaw tribe , George W. Harkins , wrote to the citizens of the United States before the removals were to commence : It is with considerable diffidence that I attempt to address the American people , knowing and feeling sensibly my incompetency ; and believing that your highly and well improved minds would not be well entertained by the address of a Choctaw . But having determined to emigrate west of the Mississippi river this fall , I have thought proper in bidding you farewell to make a few remarks expressive of my views , and the feelings that actuate me on the subject of our removal ... We as Choctaws rather chose to suffer and be free , than live under the degrading influence of laws , which our voice could not be heard in their formation . -- George W. Harkins , George W. Harkins to the American People United States Secretary of War Lewis Cass appointed George Gaines to manage the removals . Gaines decided to remove Choctaws in three phases starting in 1831 and ending in 1833 . The first was to begin on November 1 , 1831 with groups meeting at Memphis and Vicksburg . A harsh winter would batter the emigrants with flash floods , sleet , and snow . Initially the Choctaws were to be transported by wagon but floods halted them . With food running out , the residents of Vicksburg and Memphis were concerned . Five steamboats ( the Walter Scott , the Brandywine , the Reindeer , the Talma , and the Cleopatra ) would ferry Choctaws to their river - based destinations . The Memphis group traveled up the Arkansas for about 60 miles ( 100 km ) to Arkansas Post . There the temperature stayed below freezing for almost a week with the rivers clogged with ice , so there could be no travel for weeks . Food rationing consisted of a handful of boiled corn , one turnip , and two cups of heated water per day . Forty government wagons were sent to Arkansas Post to transport them to Little Rock . When they reached Little Rock , a Choctaw chief referred to their trek as a `` trail of tears and death '' . The Vicksburg group was led by an incompetent guide and was lost in the Lake Providence swamps . Alexis de Tocqueville , French political thinker and historian Alexis de Tocqueville , the French philosopher , witnessed the Choctaw removals while in Memphis , Tennessee in 1831 : In the whole scene there was an air of ruin and destruction , something which betrayed a final and irrevocable adieu ; one could n't watch without feeling one 's heart wrung . The Indians were tranquil , but sombre and taciturn . There was one who could speak English and of whom I asked why the Chactas were leaving their country . `` To be free , '' he answered , could never get any other reason out of him . We ... watch the expulsion ... of one of the most celebrated and ancient American peoples . -- Alexis de Tocqueville , Democracy in America Nearly 17,000 Choctaws made the move to what would be called Indian Territory and then later Oklahoma . About 2,500 -- 6,000 died along the trail of tears . Approximately 5,000 -- 6,000 Choctaws remained in Mississippi in 1831 after the initial removal efforts . The Choctaws who chose to remain in newly formed Mississippi were subject to legal conflict , harassment , and intimidation . The Choctaws `` have had our habitations torn down and burned , our fences destroyed , cattle turned into our fields and we ourselves have been scourged , manacled , fettered and otherwise personally abused , until by such treatment some of our best men have died '' . The Choctaws in Mississippi were later reformed as the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians and the removed Choctaws became the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma . The Choctaws were the first to sign a removal treaty presented by the federal government . President Andrew Jackson wanted strong negotiations with the Choctaws in Mississippi , and the Choctaws seemed much more cooperative than Andrew Jackson had imagined . When commissioners and Choctaws came to negotiation agreements it was said the United States would bear the expense of moving their homes and that they had to be removed within two and a half years of the signed treaty . Seminole resistance ( edit ) Main article : Seminole Wars The U.S. acquired Florida from Spain via the Adams -- Onís Treaty and took possession in 1821 . In 1832 the Seminoles were called to a meeting at Payne 's Landing on the Ocklawaha River . The treaty negotiated called for the Seminoles to move west , if the land were found to be suitable . They were to be settled on the Creek reservation and become part of the Creek tribe , who considered them deserters ; some of the Seminoles had been derived from Creek bands but also from other tribes . Those among the tribe who once were members of Creek bands did not wish to move west to where they were certain that they would meet death for leaving the main band of Creek Indians . The delegation of seven chiefs who were to inspect the new reservation did not leave Florida until October 1832 . After touring the area for several months and conferring with the Creeks who had already settled there , the seven chiefs signed a statement on March 28 , 1833 that the new land was acceptable . Upon their return to Florida , however , most of the chiefs renounced the statement , claiming that they had not signed it , or that they had been forced to sign it , and in any case , that they did not have the power to decide for all the tribes and bands that resided on the reservation . The villages in the area of the Apalachicola River were more easily persuaded , however , and went west in 1834 . On December 28 , 1835 a group of Seminoles and blacks ambushed a U.S. Army company marching from Fort Brooke in Tampa to Fort King in Ocala , killing all but three of the 110 army troops . This came to be known as the Dade Massacre . Seminole warrior Tuko - see - mathla , 1834 As the realization that the Seminoles would resist relocation sank in , Florida began preparing for war . The St. Augustine Militia asked the War Department for the loan of 500 muskets . Five hundred volunteers were mobilized under Brig. Gen. Richard K. Call . Indian war parties raided farms and settlements , and families fled to forts , large towns , or out of the territory altogether . A war party led by Osceola captured a Florida militia supply train , killing eight of its guards and wounding six others . Most of the goods taken were recovered by the militia in another fight a few days later . Sugar plantations along the Atlantic coast south of St. Augustine were destroyed , with many of the slaves on the plantations joining the Seminoles . Other warchiefs such as Halleck Tustenuggee , Jumper , and Black Seminoles Abraham and John Horse continued the Seminole resistance against the army . The war ended , after a full decade of fighting , in 1842 . The U.S. government is estimated to have spent about $20,000,000 on the war , at the time an astronomical sum , and equal to $507,172,414 today . Many Indians were forcibly exiled to Creek lands west of the Mississippi ; others retreated into the Everglades . In the end , the government gave up trying to subjugate the Seminole in their Everglades redoubts and left fewer than 500 Seminoles in peace . However , other scholars state that at least several hundred Seminoles remained in the Everglades after the Seminole Wars . As a result of the Seminole Wars , the surviving Seminole band of the Everglades claims to be the only federally recognized tribe which never relinquished sovereignty or signed a peace treaty with the United States . In general the American people tended to view the Indian resistance as unwarranted . An article published by the Virginia Enquirer on January 26 , 1836 , called the `` Hostilities of the Seminoles '' , assigned all the blame for the violence that came from the Seminole 's resistance to the Seminoles themselves . The article accuses the Indians of not staying true to their word -- the promises they supposedly made in the treaties and negotiations from the Indian Removal Act . Creek dissolution ( edit ) Main article : Muscogee Selocta ( or Shelocta ) was a Muscogee chief who appealed to Andrew Jackson to reduce the demands for Creek lands at the signing of the Treaty of Fort Jackson After the War of 1812 , some Muscogee leaders such as William McIntosh signed treaties that ceded more land to Georgia . The 1814 signing of the Treaty of Fort Jackson signaled the end for the Creek Nation and for all Indians in the South . Friendly Creek leaders , like Selocta and Big Warrior , addressed Sharp Knife ( the Indian nickname for Andrew Jackson ) and reminded him that they keep the peace . Nevertheless , Jackson retorted that they did not `` cut ( Tecumseh 's ) throat '' when they had the chance , so they must now cede Creek lands . Jackson also ignored Article 9 of the Treaty of Ghent that restored sovereignty to Indians and their nations . Jackson opened this first peace session by faintly acknowledging the help of the friendly Creeks . That done , he turned to the Red Sticks and admonished them for listening to evil counsel . For their crime , he said , the entire Creek Nation must pay . He demanded the equivalent of all expenses incurred by the United States in prosecuting the war , which by his calculation came to 23,000,000 acres ( 93,000 km ) of land . -- Robert V. Remini , Andrew Jackson Eventually , the Creek Confederacy enacted a law that made further land cessions a capital offense . Nevertheless , on February 12 , 1825 , McIntosh and other chiefs signed the Treaty of Indian Springs , which gave up most of the remaining Creek lands in Georgia . After the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty , McIntosh was assassinated on May 13 , 1825 , by Creeks led by Menawa . The Creek National Council , led by Opothle Yohola , protested to the United States that the Treaty of Indian Springs was fraudulent . President John Quincy Adams was sympathetic , and eventually the treaty was nullified in a new agreement , the Treaty of Washington ( 1826 ) . The historian R. Douglas Hurt wrote : `` The Creeks had accomplished what no Indian nation had ever done or would do again -- achieve the annulment of a ratified treaty . '' However , Governor Troup of Georgia ignored the new treaty and began to forcibly remove the Indians under the terms of the earlier treaty . At first , President Adams attempted to intervene with federal troops , but Troup called out the militia , and Adams , fearful of a civil war , conceded . As he explained to his intimates , `` The Indians are not worth going to war over . '' Although the Creeks had been forced from Georgia , with many Lower Creeks moving to the Indian Territory , there were still about 20,000 Upper Creeks living in Alabama . However , the state moved to abolish tribal governments and extend state laws over the Creeks . Opothle Yohola appealed to the administration of President Andrew Jackson for protection from Alabama ; when none was forthcoming , the Treaty of Cusseta was signed on March 24 , 1832 , which divided up Creek lands into individual allotments . Creeks could either sell their allotments and receive funds to remove to the west , or stay in Alabama and submit to state laws . The Creeks were never given a fair chance to comply with the terms of the treaty , however . Rampant illegal settlement of their lands by Americans continued unabated with federal and state authorities unable or unwilling to do much to halt it . Further , as recently detailed by historian Billy Winn in his thorough chronicle of the events leading to removal , a variety of fraudulent schemes designed to cheat the Creeks out of their allotments , many of them organized by speculators operating out of Columbus , Georgia and Montgomery , Alabama , were perpetrated after the signing of the Treaty of Cusseta . A portion of the beleaguered Creeks , many desperately poor and feeling abused and oppressed by their American neighbors , struck back by carrying out occasional raids on area farms and committing other isolated acts of violence . Escalating tensions erupted into open war with the United States following the destruction of the village of Roanoke , Georgia , located along the Chattahoochee River on the boundary between Creek and American territory , in May 1836 . During the so - called `` Creek War of 1836 '' Secretary of War Lewis Cass dispatched General Winfield Scott to end the violence by forcibly removing the Creeks to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River . With the Indian Removal Act of 1830 it continued into 1835 and after as in 1836 over 15,000 Creeks were driven from their land for the last time . 3,500 of those 15,000 Creeks did not survive the trip to Oklahoma where they eventually settled . Chickasaw monetary Removal ( edit ) See also : Chickasaw Historic Marker in Marion , Arkansas , for the Trail of Tears Play media Fragment of the Trail of Tears still intact at Village Creek State Park , Arkansas ( 2010 ) The Chickasaw received financial compensation from the United States for their lands east of the Mississippi River . In 1836 , the Chickasaws had reached an agreement to purchase land from the previously removed Choctaws after a bitter five - year debate . They paid the Choctaws $530,000 ( equal to $11,810,970 today ) for the westernmost part of the Choctaw land . The first group of Chickasaws moved in 1836 and was led by John M. Millard . The Chickasaws gathered at Memphis on July 4 , 1836 , with all of their assets -- belongings , livestock , and slaves . Once across the Mississippi River , they followed routes previously established by the Choctaws and the Creeks . Once in Indian Territory , the Chickasaws merged with the Choctaw nation . Cherokee forced relocation ( edit ) Main article : Cherokee removal Cherokee Principal Chief John Ross , photographed before his death in 1866 By 1838 , about 2,000 Cherokee had voluntarily relocated from Georgia to Indian Territory ( present day Oklahoma ) . Forcible removals began in May 1838 when General Winfield Scott received a final order from President Martin Van Buren to relocate the remaining Cherokees . Approximately 4,000 Cherokees died in the ensuing trek to Oklahoma . In the Cherokee language , the event is called nu na da ul tsun yi ( `` the place where they cried '' ) or nu na hi du na tlo hi lu i ( the trail where they cried ) . The Cherokee Trail of Tears resulted from the enforcement of the Treaty of New Echota , an agreement signed under the provisions of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , which exchanged Indian land in the East for lands west of the Mississippi River , but which was never accepted by the elected tribal leadership or a majority of the Cherokee people . The sparsely inhabited Cherokee lands were highly attractive to Georgian farmers experiencing population pressure , and illegal settlements resulted . Long - simmering tensions between Georgia and the Cherokee Nation were brought to a crisis by the discovery of gold near Dahlonega , Georgia , in 1829 , resulting in the Georgia Gold Rush , the second gold rush in U.S. history . Hopeful gold speculators began trespassing on Cherokee lands , and pressure mounted to fulfill the Compact of 1802 in which the US Government promised to extinguish Indian land claims in the state of Georgia . When Georgia moved to extend state laws over Cherokee lands in 1830 , the matter went to the U.S. Supreme Court . In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ( 1831 ) , the Marshall court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was not a sovereign and independent nation , and therefore refused to hear the case . However , in Worcester v. Georgia ( 1832 ) , the Court ruled that Georgia could not impose laws in Cherokee territory , since only the national government -- not state governments -- had authority in Indian affairs . Worcester v Georgia is associated with Andrew Jackson 's famous , though apocryphal , quote `` John Marshall has made his decision ; now let him enforce it ! '' In reality , this quote did not appear until 30 years after the incident and was first printed in a textbook authored by Jackson critic Horace Greeley . Elizabeth `` Betsy '' Brown Stephens ( 1903 ) , a Cherokee Indian who walked the Trail of Tears in 1838 Fearing open warfare between federal troops and the Georgia militia , Jackson decided not to enforce Cherokee claims against the state of Georgia . He was already embroiled in a constitutional crisis with South Carolina ( i.e. the nullification crisis ) and favored Cherokee relocation over civil war . With the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , the U.S. Congress had given Jackson authority to negotiate removal treaties , exchanging Indian land in the East for land west of the Mississippi River . Jackson used the dispute with Georgia to put pressure on the Cherokees to sign a removal treaty . The final treaty , passed in Congress by a single vote , and signed by President Andrew Jackson , was imposed by his successor President Martin Van Buren. Van Buren allowed Georgia , Tennessee , North Carolina , and Alabama an armed force of 7,000 militiamen , army regulars , and volunteers under General Winfield Scott to relocate about 13,000 Cherokees to Cleveland , Tennessee . After the initial roundup , the U.S. military oversaw the emigration to Oklahoma . Former Cherokee lands were immediately opened to settlement . Most of the deaths during the journey were caused by disease , malnutrition , and exposure during an unusually cold winter . In the winter of 1838 the Cherokee began the 1,000 - mile ( 1,600 km ) march with scant clothing and most on foot without shoes or moccasins . The march began in Red Clay , Tennessee , the location of the last Eastern capital of the Cherokee Nation . Because of the diseases , the Indians were not allowed to go into any towns or villages along the way ; many times this meant traveling much farther to go around them . After crossing Tennessee and Kentucky , they arrived at the Ohio River across from Golconda in southern Illinois about the 3rd of December 1838 . Here the starving Indians were charged a dollar a head ( equal to $22.98 today ) to cross the river on `` Berry 's Ferry '' which typically charged twelve cents , equal to $2.76 today . They were not allowed passage until the ferry had serviced all others wishing to cross and were forced to take shelter under `` Mantle Rock '' , a shelter bluff on the Kentucky side , until `` Berry had nothing better to do '' . Many died huddled together at Mantle Rock waiting to cross . Several Cherokee were murdered by locals . The Cherokee filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Government through the courthouse in Vienna , suing the government for $35 a head ( equal to $804.34 today ) to bury the murdered Cherokee . As they crossed southern Illinois , on December 26 , Martin Davis , Commissary Agent for Moses Daniel 's detachment , wrote : `` There is the coldest weather in Illinois I ever experienced anywhere . The streams are all frozen over something like 8 or 12 inches ( 20 or 30 cm ) thick . We are compelled to cut through the ice to get water for ourselves and animals . It snows here every two or three days at the fartherest . We are now camped in Mississippi ( River ) swamp 4 miles ( 6 km ) from the river , and there is no possible chance of crossing the river for the numerous quantity of ice that comes floating down the river every day . We have only traveled 65 miles ( 105 km ) on the last month , including the time spent at this place , which has been about three weeks . It is unknown when we shall cross the river ... '' A soldier from Georgia said : I fought through the War Between the States and have seen many men shot , but the Cherokee Removal was the cruelest work I ever knew . -- Georgian soldier who participated in the removal A Trail of Tears map of Southern Illinois from the USDA -- U.S. Forest Service It eventually took almost three months to cross the 60 miles ( 97 kilometres ) on land between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers . The trek through southern Illinois is where the Cherokee suffered most of their deaths . However a few years before forced removal , some Cherokee who opted to leave their homes voluntarily chose a water - based route through the Tennessee , Ohio and Mississippi rivers . It took only 21 days , but the Cherokee who were forcibly relocated were weary of water travel . Removed Cherokees initially settled near Tahlequah , Oklahoma . When signing the Treaty of New Echota in 1835 Major Ridge said `` I have signed my death warrant . '' The resulting political turmoil led to the killings of Major Ridge , John Ridge , and Elias Boudinot ; of the leaders of the Treaty Party , only Stand Watie escaped death . The population of the Cherokee Nation eventually rebounded , and today the Cherokees are the largest American Indian group in the United States . There were some exceptions to removal . Approximately 100 Cherokees evaded the U.S. soldiers and lived off the land in Georgia and other states . Those Cherokees who lived on private , individually owned lands ( rather than communally owned tribal land ) were not subject to removal . In North Carolina , about 400 Cherokees , known as the Oconaluftee Cherokee , lived on land in the Great Smoky Mountains owned by a white man named William Holland Thomas ( who had been adopted by Cherokees as a boy ) , and were thus not subject to removal . Added to this were some 200 Cherokee from the Nantahala area allowed to stay in the Qualla Boundary after assisting the U.S. Army in hunting down and capturing the family of the old prophet , Tsali ( who faced a firing squad after capture ) . These North Carolina Cherokees became the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Nation . Eastern Cherokee restitution ( edit ) The United States Court of Claims ruled in favor of the Eastern Cherokee Tribe 's claim against the U.S. on May 18 , 1905 . This resulted in the appropriation of $1 million ( equal to $27,438,023.04 today ) to the Tribe 's eligible individuals and families . Interior Department employee Guion Miller created a list using several rolls and applications to verify tribal enrollment for the distribution of funds , known as the Guion Miller Roll . The applications received documented over 125,000 individuals ; the court approved more than 30,000 individuals to share in the funds . Landmarks and commerations ( edit ) Map of National Historic trails In 1987 , about 2,200 miles ( 3,500 km ) of trails were authorized by federal law to mark the removal of 17 detachments of the Cherokee people . Called the `` Trail of Tears National Historic Trail '' , it traverses portions of nine states and includes land and water routes . Trail of Tears outdoor Historical drama , Unto these Hills ( edit ) A historical drama based on the Trail of Tears , Unto These Hills written by Kermit Hunter , has sold over five million tickets for its performances since its opening on July 1 , 1950 , both touring and at the outdoor Mountainside Theater of the Cherokee Historical Association in Cherokee , North Carolina . Commemorative medallion ( edit ) Cherokee artist Troy Anderson was commissioned to design the Cherokee Trail of Tears Sesquicentennial Commemorative Medallion . The falling - tear medallion shows a seven - pointed star , the symbol of the seven clans of the Cherokees . In literature and oral history ( edit ) Family Stories From the Trail of Tears is a collection edited by Lorrie Montiero and transcribed by Grant Foreman , taken from the Indian - Pioneer History Collection Walking the Trail ( 1991 ) is a book by Jerry Ellis describing his 900 - mile walk retracing of the Trail of Tears in reverse See also ( edit ) Ethnic cleansing and forced migration , modern terms for the forced relocation of a people Expulsion of the Acadians Hopkinsville , Kentucky Long Walk of the Navajo , a later forced removal Native American genocide Population transfer Potawatomi Trail of Death Timeline of Cherokee removal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Trail of Tears - Native American History - HISTORY.com '' . History.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Trail of Tears '' . www.cherokee.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Trail of Tears '' . PBS . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Minges , Patrick ( 1998 ) . `` Beneath the Underdog : Race , Religion , and the Trail of Tears '' . US Data Repository . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian removal '' . PBS . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Inskeep , Steve ( 2015 ) . Jacksonland : President Jackson , Cherokee Chief John Ross , and a Great American Land Grab . New York : Penguin Press . pp. 332 -- 333 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 556 - 9 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Russell ( 1991 ) . `` The Demography of the Trail of Tears Period : A New Estimate of Cherokee Population Losses '' . In William L. Anderson . Cherokee Removal : Before and After . pp. 75 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Nancy C. ( 1996 ) . Black Heritage Sites . United States : ALA Editions . p. 543 . ISBN 0 - 8389 - 0643 - 5 . Jump up ^ Prucha , Francis Paul ( 1995 - 01 - 01 ) . The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians . U of Nebraska Press . pp. 241 note 58 . ISBN 0803287348 . Jump up ^ Ehle , John ( 2011 - 06 - 08 ) . Trail of Tears : The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . pp. 390 -- 392 . ISBN 9780307793836 . Jump up ^ Carter , Samuel ( 1976 ) . Cherokee sunset : a nation betrayed : a narrative of travail and triumph , persecution and exile . Doubleday . p. 232 . ISBN 9780385067355 . Jump up ^ Perdue , Theda ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 2 ' Both White and Red ' '' . Mixed Blood Indians : Racial Construction in the Early South . The University of Georgia Press . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 2731 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian removal 1814 - 1858 '' . PBS . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Jahoda , Gloria ( 1975 ) . Trail of Tears : The Story of the American Indian Removal 1813 - 1855 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 14677 - 4 . Jump up ^ Morris , Michael ( 2007 ) . `` Georgia and the Conversation over Indian Removal '' . Georgia Historical Quarterly . 91 ( 4 ) : 403 -- 423 . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Coates , Julia . Trail of Tears . `` Worcester v. Georgia '' . Oyez . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Edwin A ( November 1973 ) . `` After John Marshall 's Decision : Worcester v Georgia and the Nullification Crisis '' . The Journal of Southern History . Jump up ^ Cave , Alfred . `` Abuse of Power : Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act of 1830 '' . Jump up ^ Frey , Rebecca Joyce ( 2009 ) . Genocide and International Justice . Infobase Publishing . pp. 128 -- 131 . ISBN 978 - 0816073108 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Emerson , Ralph Waldo . `` Letter to Martin Van Buren President of the United States 1836 '' . www.cherokee.org/ . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ River , Charles . The Trail of Tears : Forced Removal of Five Civilized Tribes . ^ Jump up to : `` Trail of Tears '' . History Channel . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Baird , David ( 1973 ) . `` The Choctaws Meet the Americans , 1783 to 1843 '' . The Choctaw People . United States : Indian Tribal Series . p. 36 . ASIN B000CIIGTW . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Joan ( 1996 ) . `` The Cherokee Home in the East '' . The Trail of Tears Across Missouri . University of Missouri Press . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1063 - 5 . Jump up ^ Groneman 2005 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Harkins , George ( 1831 ) . `` 1831 - December - George W. Harkins to the American People '' . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2006 . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandra Faiman - Silva ( 1997 ) . Choctaws at the Crossroads . University of Nebraska Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0803269026 . Jump up ^ de Tocqueville , Alexis ( 1835 -- 1840 ) . `` Tocqueville and Beaumont on Race '' . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Satz , Ronald ( 1986 ) . `` The Mississippi Choctaw : From the Removal Treaty of the Federal Agency '' . In Samuel J. Wells and Roseanna Tuby . After Removal : The Choctaw in Mississippi . University Press of Mississippi . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 87805 - 289 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Walter , Williams ( 1979 ) . `` Three Efforts at Development among the Choctaws of Mississippi '' . Southeastern Indians : Since the Removal Era . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . Jump up ^ Davis , Ethan . `` An Administrative Trail of Tears : Indian Removal '' . American Journal of Legal History 50 , no . 1 ( 2008 ) : 65 -- 68 . Accessed December 15 , 2014 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/25664483 Jump up ^ Missall . pp. 83 - 85 . Jump up ^ Missall . pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Covington , James W. 1993 . The Seminoles of Florida . Gainesville , Florida : University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1196 - 5 . pp. 145 -- 6 . Morris , Theodore. 2004 . Florida 's Lost Tribes . Universities Press of Florida State Universities , p. 63 Prucha , Francis Paul . The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians . Volume I. Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 3668 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Hostilities of the Seminoles '' . Enquirer ( Richmond , Virginia ) 26 Jan. 1836 : n . pag . Print . ^ Jump up to : Remini , Robert ( 1998 ) ( 1977 ) . `` The Creek War : Victory '' . Andrew Jackson : The Course of American Empire , 1767 -- 1821 . Vol. 1 . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0801859115 . Jump up ^ Oklahoma State University Library . `` Indian Affairs : Laws and Treaties . Vol. 2 , Treaties '' . Digital.library.okstate.edu . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Indian Affairs : Laws and Treaties . Vol. 2 , Treaties . Oklahoma State University Library . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hurt , R. Douglas ( 2002 ) . The Indian Frontier , 1763 -- 1846 ( Histories of the American Frontier ) . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . p. 148 . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 1966 - 1 . Jump up ^ Oklahoma State University Library . `` Indian Affairs : Laws and Treaties . Vol. 2 , Treaties '' . Digital.library.okstate.edu . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Winn , William W . The Triumph of the Ecunnau - Nuxulgee : Land Speculators , George M. Troup , State Rights , and the Removal of the Creek Indians from Georgia and Alabama , 1825 -- 38 . Macon : Mercer University Press , 2015 . 9780881465228 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Trail of Tears '' . www.cherokee.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hill , Sarah H. ( 2011 ) . `` ' To Overawe the Indians and Give Confidence to the Whites ' : Preparations for the Removal of the Cherokee Nation from Georgia '' . Georgia Historical Quarterly . 95 ( 4 ) : 465 -- 497 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , p. 257 , Prucha , Great Father , p. 212 . Jump up ^ James Mooney . Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees . p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Illinois General Assembly - HJR0142 . Jump up ^ Adams , Mattie Lorraine . Family Tree of Daniel and Rachel Davis . Duluth , Georgia : Claxton Printing Company , 1973 . Jump up ^ Remini , Robert ( 2000 ) . `` Invasion '' . The Earth Shall Weep : A History of Native America . Grove Press . p. 170 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3680 - X . Jump up ^ `` The Trail of Tears in Southern Illinois '' ( PDF ) . US Forest Service . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rush , Linda ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Cherokee Nation in Southern Illinois '' . The Southern Illinoisan . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corlew , Robert Ewing ( 1990 ) . Tennessee : A Short History . University of Tennessee Press . p. 153 . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 647 - 6 . Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians . `` Cherokee Heritage Trails '' . Museum of the Cherokee Indian . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Hooper , Ed . `` Chief John Ross '' . Tennessee History Magazine . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 American Indian Tribes for the United States : 1990 and 1980 '' . U.S. Bureau of the Census . August 1995 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Guion Miller Roll : Index to the Applications submitted for the Cherokee Roll . ISBN 978 - 1544972503 . Jump up ^ `` Trail of Tears : History & Culture '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Resources Division '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Unto These Hills Drama - Cherokee Historical Association '' . www.cherokeehistorical.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokee Ancestry '' . www.aboutcherokee.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokees to Mark Anniversary of `` Trail of Tears '' to Oklahoma `` . News OK . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Montiero , Lorrie & Foreman , Grant ( Transcriber ) . Family Stories From the Trail of Tears . American Native Press Archives and Sequoyah Research Center . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Bibliography ( edit ) Anderson , William , ed. ( 1991 ) . Cherokee Removal : Before and After . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 1482 - 2 . Bealer , Alex W. ( 1996 ) ( 1972 ) . Only the Names Remain : The Cherokees and The Trail of Tears . Boston , Massachusetts : Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 08519 - 9 . Carter , Samuel ( 1976 ) . Cherokee Sunset : A Nation Betrayed . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 06735 - 6 . Ehle , John ( 1989 ) ( 1988 ) . Trail of Tears : The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation . New York : Anchor Books . ISBN 0 - 385 - 23954 - 8 . Fitzgerald , David ; King , Duane ( 2008 ) . The Cherokee Trail of Tears . Portland , Oregon : Graphic Arts Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88240 - 752 - 4 . Foreman , Grant ( 1989 ) ( 1932 ) . Indian Removal : The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians ( 11 ed . ) . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1172 - 0 . Gregg , Matthew T. and David M. Wishart . `` The price of Cherokee removal '' . Explorations in Economic History Volume 49 , Issue 4 , October 2012 , Pages 423 -- 442 Jahoda , Gloria ( 1995 ) ( 1975 ) . Trail of Tears : The Story of the American Indian Removal 1813 -- 1855 . Henry Holt & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 14677 - 4 . Mooney , James ( 2007 ) ( 1888 ) . King , Duane , ed . Myths of the Cherokee . New York : Barnes & Noble . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 8340 - 5 . Perdue , Theda ; Green , Michael ( 2008 ) ( 2007 ) . The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311367 - 6 . Prucha , Francis ( 1984 ) . The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians . Lincoln , Nebraska : Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 3668 - 9 . Remini , Robert ( 2001 ) . Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 91025 - 2 . Wallace , Anthony ( 1993 ) . The Long , Bitter Trail : Andrew Jackson and the Indians ( Hardback ed . ) . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 6631 - 9 . Wilson , James ( 1998 ) . The Earth Shall Weep : A History of Native America . New York : Grove Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 3680 - 0 . Winn , William W. ( 2015 ) . The Triumph of the Ecunnau - Nuxulgee : Land Speculators , George M. Troup , State Rights , and the Removal of the Creek Indians from Georgia and Alabama , 1825 - 38 . Macon : Mercer University Press . 9780881465228 . Documents ( edit ) U.S. Senate ( April 15 -- 17 , 1830 ) . Cherokee Indian Removal Debate . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2009 . Scott , Winfield ( May 10 , 1838 ) . Winfield Scott 's Address to the Cherokee Nation . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2008 . Gen. Winfield Scott 's Order to U.S. Troops Assigned to the Cherokee Removal . Cherokee Agency . May 17 , 1838 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2008 . Documentary ( edit ) The Trail of Tears : Cherokee Legacy ( 2006 ) -- directed by Chip Richie ; narrated by James Earl Jones External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trail of Tears . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Appeal of the Cherokee Nation Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Trail of Tears . 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who replaced ringo starr on thomas the tank engine
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Thomas & Friends - wikipedia Thomas & Friends Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Thomas & Friends <Td_colspan="2"> Thomas the Tank Engine Also known as ' ' Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends ( original title ) Genre Television series Created by Britt Allcroft Based on The Railway Series by Rev. W. Awdry Christopher Awdry Written by Rev. W. Awdry ( 1984 -- 95 ) Christopher Awdry ( 1986 -- 95 ) Britt Allcroft ( 1984 -- 98 ) David Mitton ( 1984 -- 2002 ) Various ( 2002 -- present ) Sharon Miller ( 2008 -- 12 ; head writer ) Andrew Brenner ( 1991 -- 92 , 1998 , 2013 -- present ; head writer ) Directed by David Mitton ( 1984 -- 2003 ) Steve Asquith ( 2002 , 2004 -- 08 ) Greg Tiernan ( 2009 -- 12 ) David Baas ( 2013 -- 14 ) David Stoten ( 2014 -- present ) Rob Silvestri ( feature length specials 2013 -- 14 ) Don Spencer ( 2014 -- 15 ) Dianna Basso ( 2015 -- present ) Voices of See List of Thomas & Friends voice actors Narrated by Ringo Starr UK / US : ( 1984 -- 90 ) Michael Angelis UK : ( 1991 -- 2012 ) George Carlin US : ( 1991 -- 96 ) Alec Baldwin US : ( 1998 -- 2003 ) Michael Brandon US : ( 2003 -- 12 ) Pierce Brosnan UK / US : ( 2008 ; The Great Discovery ) Mark Moraghan UK / US : ( 2013 -- present ) Composer ( s ) Mike O'Donnell Junior Campbell ( 1984 -- 2003 ) Robert Hartshorne ( 2004 -- 16 ) Ed Welch ( 2004 -- 08 ) Peter Hartshorne ( 2011 -- 16 ) Chris Renshaw ( 2016 -- present ) Oliver Davis ( 2016 -- present ) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 21 No. of episodes 512 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Britt Allcroft ( 1984 -- 86 , 2002 ) Angus Wright ( 1991 -- 98 ) Peter Urie ( 2002 -- 03 ) Jocelyn Stevenson ( 2003 -- 06 ) Christopher Skala ( 2007 -- 11 ) Marion Edwards ( 2009 -- 15 ) Lenora Hume ( 2009 -- 10 ) Karen Barnes ( 2011 -- 13 ) Kallan Kagan ( 2013 -- 17 ) Jeff Young ( 2013 -- 15 ) Steven Hecht ( 2013 -- 15 ) Michael Carrington ( 2013 -- 14 ) Christopher Keenan ( 2014 -- present ) Edward Catchpole ( 2015 ) Marianne Culbert ( 2016 ) Kyle MacDougall ( 2016 -- present ) Jamie LeClaire ( 2016 -- present ) Phil LaFrance ( 2016 -- present ) Producer ( s ) David Mitton ( 1984 -- 98 ) Robert D. Cardona ( 1984 -- 86 ) Britt Allcroft ( 1991 -- 98 ) Phil Fehrle ( 2002 -- 03 ) Simon Spencer ( 2004 -- 08 ) Nicole Stinn ( 2008 -- 12 ) Ian McCue ( 2011 -- 17 ) Halim Jabbour ( 2013 ) Robert Anderson ( 2013 ; 2015 -- present ) Brian Lynch ( 2013 -- 15 ) Jennifer Hill ( 2014 -- 15 ) Lynda Craigmyle ( 2016 ) Jane Sobol ( 2016 ) Tracy Blagdon ( 2016 -- present ) Micaela Winter ( 2016 -- present ) Location ( s ) Clapham Junction ( 1984 ) Clearwater Studios Battersea ( 1984 ) Shepperton Studios ( 1986 -- 2008 ) Nitrogen Studios ( 2008 -- 12 ) Arc Productions ( 2013 -- 16 ) Jam Filled Toronto ( 2016 -- present ) Editor ( s ) Michael Dixon ( 1984 ) Rebecca de Burgh Mound ( 1986 ) John Wright ( 1991 -- 2002 ) Kate Buckland ( 2004 -- 08 ) Kevin Pavlovic ( 2009 -- 12 ) Adam Garner ( 2013 -- present ) Gavin Ebedes ( 2014 -- present ) Running time 4 - 5 minutes ( 1984 -- 2003 ) ; 7 minutes ( 2004 -- 08 ) ; 9 - 10 minutes ( 17 min. ; one episode ) ( 2004 -- present ) Production company ( s ) Central ITV ( 1984 - 86 ) FilmFair ( 1984 - 96 ) Woodland Animations ( 1984 - 96 ) Clearwater Features ( 1984 -- 86 ) The Britt Allcroft Company ( 1984 -- present ) Thames Television ( 1991 - 92 ) Gullane Entertainment ( 1999 -- present ) HiT Entertainment ( 2003 -- present ; Mattel ) Hot Animation ( 2004 - 2008 ) Cosgrove Hall Films ( 2005 ) Nitrogen Studios ( 2008 -- 12 ) Arc Productions ( 2013 -- 16 ) Jam Filled Toronto ( 2016 -- present ) Distributor Various distributors <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ITV ( UK ; 1984 -- 2006 , 2013 -- present ) Channel 5 ( UK ; 2005 -- present ) Cartoon Network ( UK ; 1994 -- 2001 ) Nick Jr . ( UK ; 1999 - 2016 ) , Nick Jr . Too ( UK ; 2006 -- present ) FOUR ( NZ ; 2011 -- 16 ) TVNZ 2 ( NZ ; 2016 -- present ) Cartoonito ( UK ; 2017 -- present ) PTV ( US ; 1989 -- 98 ( only as a segment on Shining Time Station ) ) PBS KIDS ( US ; 2004 -- present ) Nick Jr . ( UK ; 1999 - 2016 ) Fox Family ( US ; 1998 -- 2001 ) PBS KIDS Sprout / Sprout ( US ; 2005 -- 15 ) Picture format 4 : 3 480i ( NTSC ) 576i ( PAL ) ( SDTV ) ( filmed ) ( Series 1 - 5 ) 16 : 9 480i ( NTSC ) 576i ( PAL ) ( SDTV ) ( filmed ) ( Series 6 -- 10 ) 16 : 9 1080i ( HDTV ) ( filmed ) ( Series 11 ) 16 : 9 1080p ( HDTV ) ( CGI ) ( Series 12 -- present ) Audio format Stereo ( 1984 -- 95 ) Dolby Surround ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Dolby Digital 5.1 ( 2003 -- present ) Original release 9 October 1984 ( 1984 - 10 - 09 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links Website www.thomasandfriends.com Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends ( simply referred to as Thomas & Friends or Thomas the Tank Engine ) is a British children 's television series . It had its first broadcast on the ITV network in Great Britain in 1984 . It is based on The Railway Series of books by the Reverend Wilbert Awdry and his son , Christopher Awdry . These books follow the adventures of a group of anthropomorphised locomotives and road vehicles who live on the fictional Island of Sodor . The books were based on stories Wilbert told to entertain his son , Christopher , during his recovery from measles . Many of the stories from the first four series are based on events from Awdry 's personal experience . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Precursors 1.2 Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends and its success 1.3 Thomas & Friends and its recent developments 2 Cast 3 List of productions 3.1 Television series 3.2 Films , specials , and miniseries 3.3 Home video history 4 Production 4.1 Characters 4.2 Storytelling 4.3 Models 4.4 Face movements 4.5 Music 4.6 Head writer 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Internet popularity 7 References 8 External links 8.1 Official websites 8.2 Other sites History Precursors Before the airing of the first episode of Thomas & Friends in 1984 , previous attempts had been made to adapt Awdry 's stories for television , but not all attempts were successful . The first was in 1953 , when the editor of the Railway Series books , Eric Marriott , was approached by the BBC , who wished to use live - action model trains to re-create two stories from Awdry 's first book , The Three Railway Engines . The engines were portrayed by 00 gauge Hornby Dublo models and driven on authentic sets in the style of the original illustrations . The first episode , based on `` The Sad Story of Henry '' , was broadcast live on the evening of Sunday 14 June 1953 from Lime Grove Studios . The live broadcast did not fare well . Reportedly , a failure to switch the points caused the model of Henry to derail and viewers of the live broadcast witnessed a human hand , said to be the one of a crew member , picking him up and placing him back on the rails . Models moved jerkily , and all effects and music had to be superimposed . By 23 June , news of the broadcast hit the front pages of the Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail . Awdry himself branded the episode as `` unprofessional '' , and the point - switching debacle as an `` elementary mistake '' . As a result , the second episode scheduled for 28 June 1953 was put on hold , and then later cancelled . After the `` Sad Story of Henry '' fiasco , the BBC did attempt to rescue the project by offering to give Awdry and the Railway Series publishers greater creative control over the production of the episodes , but the publishers declined the offer , preferring to focus on publishing new books for the series . Nearly twenty years later , the BBC incorporated Awdry 's stories once again . Fourteen years before Thomas and Friends was aired , Ted Ray , sitting in a stationmaster 's office , read out five Railway Series books between 20 September to 2 October 1970 on the popular television story - telling show Jackanory . Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends and its Success In 1979 , British television producer Britt Allcroft was producing a documentary on the Bluebell Railway , a heritage railway in Sussex which actually featured in the Railway Series book Stepney the Bluebell Engine . As part of her research before filming , Allcroft read some books in The Railway Series and was highly entertained and impressed with the stories which Awdry had written , later remarking that `` there was something in the stories that I felt I could develop that would connect with children . I saw a strong emotional content that would carry with little children 's experiences with life . '' Allcroft worked to convince Awdry that she could , with funding , convert the stories into a successful television show . Her efforts were successful , and she purchased the television rights from the publishers of The Railway Series at a cost of what was then £ 50,000 ( $74,000 in U.S. dollars at the time ) . Allcroft still had to work to raise the money to finance production and , despite showing a keen interest , wanted a level of creative control which she did not want to forego . In the end , after several years of searching and having to place a second mortgage on her home , Allcroft raised sufficient funding from her local bank manager . By 1981 , Allcroft had secured the finances to produce the show , she started to assemble the crew , including producer and director David Mitton , also the founder of Clearwater Features Ltd. ; crew member Steve Asquith ; American - born producer Robert D. Cardona ; and the selected team of composers and songwriters Mike O'Donnell and Junior Campbell . The series started production in 1984 by Allcroft 's production company , The Britt Allcroft Company ; Clearwater Features Ltd . ( Mitton and Cardona 's company ) ; and the ITV company Central Independent Television . The series was originally shot and produced with live action models at the Clearwater in house studio in Battersea , a suburb of London , for Series 1 . It later relocated to Shepperton Studios , Middlesex , southwest of London for subsequent series . The use of moving models was seen at the time of the series ' conception as an effective method of animating the stories . Locomotives and other vehicles were operated by radio , while humans and animals were static figures . Stop - motion was occasionally employed for instances in which a human or animal character would move . Hand - drawn animation was used in Series 3 to create bees . The first series ( 1984 ) used stories from the first eight books , along with one specially written by the Rev. W. Awdry , Thomas 's Christmas Party . The second series ( 1986 ) used stories from Book 9 ( Edward the Blue Engine ) to Book 30 ( More About Thomas the Tank Engine ) . This book was unusual , as it was written specifically by Christopher Awdry to be adapted by the show . At that time , it was a contractual obligation that the series could only adapt stories that appeared in print . The series also used a story from a Thomas Annual , `` Thomas and Trevor '' , and a specially written stand - alone story , Thomas and the Missing Christmas Tree . The second series was actually a 27 - episode series , as a single ( unaired ) episode ( `` The Missing Coach '' ) was in the process of being filmed , but despite being filmed it was never shown because Allcroft decided it was too confusing for young viewers . The production team went on to use `` Thomas , Percy and the Coal '' instead . In between production of the second and third series , the production team were focused in producing two other television series : Tugs , which ran for one series from 1988 to 1990 for Television South ( TVS ) ; and the American television series Shining Time Station , which repackaged Thomas & Friends for the American television market from 1989 to 1995 . Just before production of series three , Clearwater closed on 31 December 1990 , with The Britt Allcroft Company becoming the sole producer . Series three was broadcast in 1991 for Thames Television . It was made at a cost of £ 1.3 million ( approximately $9.3. million in U.S. dollars at the time ) . The series was a combination of episodes derived from The Railway Series , stories in the Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends magazine ( written by the series ' current head writer , Andrew Brenner ) , and a couple of original stories by Allcroft and Mitton . One of the primary reasons for diverging from the original books was that many of the stories not yet used featured large numbers of new characters , which would be expensive to produce . Another reason was that the producers wanted more stories about Thomas , the nominal main character . Awdry worried that the new stories would be unrealistic ( see Henry the Green Engine for more details ) . Robert D. Cardona left as producer , while Britt Allcroft joined David Mitton as co-producer . Angus Wright took over as executive producer . Series four was broadcast in 1994 on Cartoon Network . The producers planned to introduce some new female characters , including motor car Caroline , Nancy , and The Refreshment Lady . Some commentators took this as a response to accusations of sexism levelled against the series two years earlier . In reality , these were not `` new '' characters , but creations of Awdry from the original Railway Series books . Series four was almost entirely based on The Railway Series . The narrow gauge engines were introduced , and were the focus of a number of episodes . Only one original story ( `` Rusty to the Rescue '' , written by Allcroft and Mitton ) was used , but this took certain elements of plot and dialogue from Stepney the `` Bluebell '' Engine . The fifth series ( 1998 ) , also broadcast on Cartoon Network , was a radical shift , as all episodes were written by Allcroft and Mitton with no further stories being adapted from the `` Railway Series '' . This series saw the introduction of new characters , such as Cranky , The Horrid Lorries and Old Slow Coach . It also focused on more dramatic and edgy plot - lines , with more severe accidents , than in the earlier seasons . After series 5 , Angus Wright stepped down as executive producer . Thomas and the Magic Railroad was released in July 2000 in the UK , Canada , and the United States . It featured new characters created by Allcroft , along with characters from the show that introduced Thomas to the U.S. , Shining Time Station . Despite high production values and the popularity of the show , the film was criticised by British reviewers who were unfamiliar with Shining Time Station . The movie was well received by young children on both sides of the Atlantic , but made only $19.7 million at the box office , against a cost of $19 million to produce . The film was broadcast on BBC1 on 1 January 2004 and again on 29 December 2008 . Thomas & Friends and its recent developments The Britt Allcroft Company ( which changed its name to Gullane Entertainment in 1999 ) was purchased by HiT Entertainment in September 2003 , a company specialising in children 's entertainment . The sixth and seventh series ( both broadcast on CITV ) continued to introduce action - packed storylines and new characters , and saw the introduction of a writing staff . The sixth series in 2002 was notable for its attempt to create a spin - off based on the successful `` Bob the Builder '' series . Two episodes introduced a group of construction machine characters known as `` The Pack '' . The spin - off did n't materialise for some time . Eventually , in 2006 , thirteen episodes were released straight to DVD as a collection called On Site with Thomas . The fact that older sets were used and the episodes were shot on 35mm camera ( as opposed to the digital camera used at the time of the episodes ' release ) suggest it was filmed some time before Series 8 . In Series 7 ( 2003 ) the programme title was officially shortened to Thomas & Friends , this name having been used on merchandise and video covers for three years previously . Phil Fehrle replaced Allcroft and Mitton as producer , though Mitton remained as the director . Executive producer Angus Wright was replaced by Peter Urie and Allcroft as executive producers for Series 6 . In 2003 , Allcroft stepped down as executive producer , making Urie the sole executive producer for Gullane Entertainment , and Jocelyn Stevenson was the executive producer for HiT Entertainment . The eighth series ( 2004 ) was the first released directly to VHS and DVD as four episodes in the US and six in the UK were released before airing on television on Nick Jr. in the UK and PBS in the US . It introduced a number of significant changes to the show . Many of the original founding team involved in the original show since 1984 left the production , notably Britt Allcroft , director and writer David Mitton , and original composers Mike O'Donnell and Junior Campbell . The latter two had been embroiled in a protracted legal dispute with HiT before their departure . Steve Asquith , who was part of the original production team since 1984 , took over as director , while Simon Spencer replaced Phil Fehrle as producer . A new theme song and incidental music were composed by Ed Welch and Robert Hartshorne , respectively . Episode runtime was increased to seven minutes . The series was produced using digital video camera , creating a somewhat different look for the show . Other changes included the additions of CGI educational sequences and transitions between stories . Executive producer Peter Urie also left , while Jocelyn Stevenson remained in her role as executive producer . Sam Barlow became the story executive , while Abi Grant and Paul Larson served as script editors . This series saw the adoption of a centralised cast , including Thomas the Tank Engine , Edward , Henry , Gordon , James , Percy , Toby and Emily . HiT Entertainment was itself then acquired by Apax Partners , a private equity company , in March 2005 . A straight - to - video film , Calling All Engines ! , was released shortly before Series 9 in 2005 . While featuring characters from Thomas and the Magic Railroad , it was not a direct sequel . It proved successful , which resulted in more direct - to - video specials being produced . Series 9 ( 2005 ) and 10 ( 2006 ) saw the expansion of the supporting cast with new and old characters . From Series 9 the narrator would call out the episodes ' names and from Series 11 the theme song was sung starting with the sound of a train whistle . Series 10 aired with twenty - eight episodes rather than the twenty - six of previous years . The eleventh series ( 2007 ) was filmed in high definition format . Twenty episodes aired in the original broadcast , while six were released directed to DVD as Engines and Escapades . Jocelyn Stevenson had stepped down as executive producer after Series 10 , with Christopher Skala taking her place as executive producer for Series 11 . Sharon Miller became the script editor from Series 9 to 11 . Series 12 ( 2008 ) saw the introduction of CGI effects ( provided by HiT Entertainment 's subsidiary Hot Animation ) , with the intent of producing the show entirely in CGI the following year . The traditional models and sets were still used , but with computer animated faces superimposed on the models to allow for changing facial expressions . Humans and animals were fully computer animated to allow for walking movement . Only twenty episodes were broadcast ( the U.S. broadcast featured six additional episodes from Engines and Escapades ) . Sharon Miller became the head writer , starting with Series 12 . HiT announced multiple changes to the show beginning in 2009 . One new aspect was the introduction of live - action host segments to Thomas ' home video releases . The host took the form of a character who worked on The Fat Controller 's ( Sir Topham Hatt 's ) railway , who would instruct viewers in craft projects . For the final 2 DVDs released for Season 12 in 2009 , the host was named Mr. Arkwright ( played by Robert Slate ) . In 2010 , beginning with the DVD Splish splash splosh , the host was named Mr. Perkins ( played by Ben Forster ) and has remained host ever since . For budgetary reasons , the other major changes were a move to production in CGI , rather than using physical models , and the addition of a voice cast to support the established narrator . The DVD feature , Hero of the Rails , was the first Thomas & Friends production to show these changes , and Series 13 was the first television series in the new format . The CGI animation for the series was provided by Nitrogen Studios of Vancouver . In September 2010 , Apax was preparing to sell off HiT Entertainment and its franchises , including Thomas -- regarded as the single most valuable asset -- in order to help clear HiT 's debts , and in February 2012 , sold the company , along with the Thomas properties , to US toy giant Mattel . During production of Series 16 ( 2012 ) , Sharon Miller stepped down as head writer , and Andrew Brenner , who had written some Thomas stories in the third series , assumed the role after serving as script editor for `` Blue Mountain Mystery '' . Additionally , Sam Barlow stepped down as story executive after the sixteenth series , and the production of the CGI animation was moved from Nitrogen Studios ( of Vancouver ) to Arc Productions ( of Toronto ) . King of the Railway and Series 17 , both released during 2013 , serve as the first special and series developed by the new animation and production team respectively . 2014 saw Tale of the Brave and Series 18 , the second special and series animated by Arc , respectively . And in the following year , 2015 saw The Adventure Begins , a special coinciding with the 70th anniversary of the franchise ; and Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure . Series 19 began airing that same year . 2016 saw some changes . Longtime composers Robert and Peter Hartshorne , father and son team , left the series and Chris Renshaw and Oliver Davis took over . 2016 also saw Thomas & Friends : The Great Race and Series 20 began airing the same year . Cast Main article : List of Thomas & Friends voice actors Originally , a narrator was used as the only voice in the series until 2008 . Britt Allcroft thought it essential to convey the episode as a story that would be read from a book at home . Individual voice - over actors were given to both the UK and US dubs of the Series , following the switch to full CGI animation in 2009 . List of Productions Television series Main article : List of Thomas & Friends episodes Series Year Episodes DVD release date ( R2 ) DVD release date ( R4 ) 1984 26 31 January 2005 2 May 2006 1986 18 April 2005 13 April 2006 1991 -- 92 23 January 2006 6 July 2006 1994 -- 95 24 July 2006 8 September 2006 5 1998 5 February 2007 8 September 2006 6 2002 2 July 2007 5 January 2009 7 2003 14 January 2008 4 June 2009 8 28 July 2008 4 June 2009 9 2005 19 January 2009 2 March 2010 10 2006 28 17 May 2010 2 June 2010 11 2007 26 26 July 2010 2 June 2011 12 2008 20 21 February 2011 1 March 2012 13 13 February 2012 14 22 July 2013 15 2011 7 July 2014 16 2012 25 May 2015 17 2013 -- 14 26 18 July 2016 18 2014 -- 15 19 June 2017 19 2015 -- 17 20 2016 -- 17 28 21 2017 Films , specials , and miniseries Main article : Thomas & Friends ( franchise ) § Direct - to - video specials Home video history Main article : Thomas and Friends video releases Over the history of the programme , the TV episodes and specials have been released for home viewing in a variety of compilations , formats and languages , by a variety of publishing houses . Production Characters Further information : List of Thomas & Friends railway engines , List of Thomas & Friends narrow - gauge engines , Arlesdale Railway , List of Thomas & Friends rolling stock , List of Thomas & Friends non-rail vehicles , List of people and animals from Thomas & Friends , and Thomas the Tank Engine film characters Storytelling Up until Series 12 , narration and dialogue were performed by a single storyteller . This was the choice of Allcroft , who wanted the television stories to be an extension of the way they would be told at home in a comforting environment . All character emotions would come from the nuances of the storyteller 's voice , in conjunction with facial expressions , music , and actions on - screen . Models The original live action models were filmed on an extensive model railway layout built at the studios . The models were built to the 1 : 32 scale , known in model railway circles as `` Gauge 1 '' . The locomotives used chassis made by Märklin with specially made bodies . Along with the moving - eye and eyelid mechanisms and clay faces , these bodies also included smoke generators . Coaches and trucks were made using Tenmille kits . Later models were constructed entirely from scratch . Some of the models from the sister television series Tugs were reused in later episodes of the series . From Series 5 to 12 , some larger - scale models were used for the narrow gauge characters , to more easily fit the complex mechanisms into them while retaining a sufficient level of detail . In Series 6 , the characters known as `` the Pack '' ( construction machines ) were also constructed on a large scale , and larger models of Thomas and Percy were made to interact with them . In the ninth series , another larger Thomas model was built to the same scale as the narrow gauge engines to provide greater possibilities for interaction . It was joined by a large version of James in the tenth series . In 2009 , some of these models were put on display in a special exhibit at Drayton Manor Theme Park 's Thomas Land . Nitrogen Studios , who provided the animation for the series from series 12 to 16 , also has some of the original models on display . Face movements At the show 's conception in 1984 , live action model animation would not deliver lip sync , but show co-creator Britt Allcroft and model director David Mitton did not see this as an inhibition . About 20 years later however , with advancement in technology , the show saw the introduction of CGI by HIT Entertainment 's subsidiary HOT Animation . At first this was used to generate smoke and other effects , but later , HIT ( the current owners of Thomas ) announced its intent to introduce a fully CGI series in 2009 . With Series 12 , CGI by Nitrogen Studios was used to animate characters ' faces and to make people and animals mobile within the stories . The following series saw a transition to full CGI animation . Music Mike O'Donnell and Junior Campbell composed the show 's original main title theme , incidental music and songs , which were used for series 1 -- 7 comprising 182 episodes between 1984 and 2003 . In 2004 , Robert Hartshorne took O'Donnell and Campbell 's place as composer , while Ed Welch became the show 's songwriter from Series 8 to The Great Discovery , and Welch left after The Great Discovery . Hartshorne took his place as songwriter from Series 12 and onwards . From Day of the Diesels / 2011 - 2016 , Robert 's son Peter Hartshorne helped him with the music . In 2016 the Hartshornes left the series and Chris Renshaw and Oliver Davis took their places . Head writer This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since series 12 , there has been a head writer for the series . Prior to the introduction of a head writer , the script editor performed similar duties . Sharon Miller served as head writer from series 12 -- 16 and stepped down after series 16 and was replaced by Andrew Brenner , who had written many `` Thomas '' stories for various magazines as well as his own original stories , several of which were later adapted for television episodes for Series 3 and Series 5 , for which he had remained uncredited . Brenner had been a writer of several other children 's animated series , such as Angelina Ballerina , Tractor Tom , Fireman Sam , The Amazing Adrenalini Brothers , Spot , Poppy Cat , and Binka , as well as being the creator of Caribou Kitchen , and Humf and writer for several magazines featuring children 's characters such as The Real Ghostbusters , Fireman Sam , Scooby - Doo , Tom and Jerry , and Thomas 's sister series Tugs and has written scripts and took over as head writer for Thomas for King of the Railway and onwards . Sharon Miller has also been the voice director since the second CGI animated film Misty Island Rescue , and continues to work on the series in this capacity . Script editors Abi Grant ( series 6 ) Jan Page ( series 7 ) Abi Grant and Paul Larson ( series 8 ) Sharon Miller ( series 9 - 11 ) Becky Evans ( series 16 , last few episodes ) Head writer Sharon Miller ( series 12 -- 16 ) Andrew Brenner ( series 17 -- present ) Broadcast This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the United Kingdom , Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends was originally broadcast on ITV until 1992 . In the United States , the series premiered on PBS Kids in 2004 . The series had first appeared only as sequences on Shining Time Station during the program 's run from 1989 to 1995 . The sequences of the series later aired in 1996 on Mr. Conductor 's Thomas Tales . The series aired on Storytime with Thomas on Fox Family ( now Freeform ) from 1998 to 2001 . When Thomas & Friends premiered on PBS , it was first distributed from 2004 to 2007 by Connecticut Public Television and by WNET from 2008 onwards . The program airs in Australia on ABC Kids and on FOUR in New Zealand . In Canada , it plays on TVO , Family Jr. , and Knowledge Kids . Reception Critical response Common Sense Media rated the show a 4 out of 5 stars stating `` Parents can be assured that this series has educational aspects as well as behavioral modeling . The Thomas the Tank Engine stories were conceived by a young British boy early in the 20th century , who would listen to the trains as they chuffed through the countryside . The stories he told his son -- who has consequently passed them on to his own son -- have been documented in books and toy train models . Since the series was introduced to television viewers in the 1980s , Thomas & Friends has seen a healthy fan base sprout worldwide . Some of the expressions on the train 's faces can be a tiny bit creepy , but the intention behind the animation is good , as follows the tradition of a well - told story . '' Internet popularity In the 2010s , Thomas & Friends became the subject of several internet memes , and was even the centerpiece of an article for The New Yorker , which explored supposedly totalitarian subtexts present in the show . References Notes Jump up ^ `` Universal Studios Home Entertainment HIT Entertainment And Universal Studios Home Entertainment Enter Into Distribution Pact For Thomas & Friends ® , Angelina Ballerina ® , Barney & Friends ® , Bob The Builder ® And HIT 's Greater Preschool Portfolio In North America '' ( Press release ) . CNW Group . 1 May 2014 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boomerang UK And Cartoonito UK March 2017 Highlights '' . RegularCapital : Cartoon Network International News . Turner Broadcasting System Europe ( Press Release ) . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The TV Series -- A History of Thomas on Screen '' . Sodor Island . Archived from the original on 17 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mallory , Michael ; Whitlock , Natalie . `` Thomas the Tank Engine and TV '' . Ultimate Guide to Thomas the Tank Engine . TLC . Archived from the original on 17 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Rhodri ( 19 May 2005 ) . `` Still Building Steam at 60 '' . The Journal . Newcastle - upon - Tyne : Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Storytellers '' . Sodor Island . Archived from the original on 17 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bluebell Railway -- FAQ '' . Bluebell Railway . Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas the £ 1billion Tank Engine '' . Daily Mirror. 23 January 2010 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Friends ( Television prodyction ) . 60 Minutes . 1995 . Event occurs at 2 : 50 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bfi Film & Tv Database Thomas The Tank Engine And Friends '' . Ftvdb.bfi.org.uk . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Case for the Missing Coach '' . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Drove Thomas To Success ? '' . sodor-island.net . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sibley , Brian ( 1995 ) . The Thomas the Tank Engine Man . Heinemann . p. 318 . ISBN 0 - 434 - 96909 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sibley , p320 Jump up ^ Sibley , p309 Jump up ^ http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/WesternAnimation/ThomasTheTankEngine?from=Main.ThomasTheTankEngine#Darker and Edgier Jump up ^ `` Thomas and the Magic Railroad ( 2000 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FE Investegate Gullane Ent. PLC Announcements Gullane Ent. PLC : Offer by HIT Entertainment '' . Investegate.co.uk . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HIT TAKES OVER GULLANE . News Broadcast '' . Broadcastnow.co.uk. 5 September 2002 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barbara Dohmann QC '' . Blackstone Chambers . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hickman '' . Blackstone Chambers . 31 March 2009 . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Apax buys Hit for £ 490m News Broadcast '' . Broadcastnow.co.uk. 21 March 2005 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pierce Brosnan Announced As New Narrator For Thomas & Friends '' . ( Press Release ) . HIT Entertainment . 19 July 2007 . Retrieved 29 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends and Bob the Builder Move to CGI Animation in 2009 Broadcast Season '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bob the Builder owner prepares for a disposal '' . Business-sale.com . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Thomas the Tank Engine sale steaming ahead `` , Daily Mail Online , 19 September 2010 '' . Daily Mail . 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas The Tank Engine ' For Sale Cheap '' . Deadline London . 20 September 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barbie maker Mattel to buy Thomas the Tank Engine owner '' . BBC Online . BBC News . 24 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2014 . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arc Productions Comes On Board As Animation Studio For HIT Entertainment 's Thomas & Friends '' . Hit Entertainment . 6 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2014 . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends : The Complete First Series DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Ringo Starr , David Mitton , Britt Allcroft , Robert D. Cardona : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 1 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : Classic Collection -- Series 2 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas and Friends : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 2 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends : Classic Collection -- Series 3 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas and Friends : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 3 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends -- The Complete Fourth Series DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , David Mitton , Britt Allcroft : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 4 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends -- The Complete Fifth Series DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , David Mitton , Britt Allcroft : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 5 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends : Classic Collection -- Series 6 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas and Friends : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 6 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends -- Classic Collection : Series 7 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas the Tank Engine : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 7 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas And Friends -- Classic Collection -- Series 8 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas and Friends : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 8 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends -- Classic Collection -- Series 9 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Steve Asquith , Simon Spencer : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 9 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas And Friends -- Classic Collection -- Complete Series 10 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Steve Asquith , Simon Spencer , Sharon Miller , Abi Grant , Paul Larson , Marc Seal , Wayne Jackman , Simon Nicholson , James Mason : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 10 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas And Friends -- Classic Collection -- Series 11 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Steve Asquith , Simon Spencer : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 11 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas and Friends -- Classic Collection -- Series 12 DVD 2011 : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Steve Asquith , Simon Spencer , Sharon Miller , Mark Robertson , Andrew Viner , Abi Grant , Paul Larson , Wayne Jackman , Anna Starkey : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : Series 12 '' . Ezydvd.com.au. 22 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends -- The Complete Series 13 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Ben Small , Teresa Gallagher , Keith Wickham , Matt Wilkinson , Togo Igawa , Kerry Shale , Jules de Jongh , Greg Tiernan , Nicole Stinn , Sharon Miller , Mark Robertson , Allan Plenderleith , David Richard Fox , Miranda Larson , Robyn Charteris , Louise Kramskoy , Alan Hescott : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : The Complete Series 14 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : The Complete 16th Series ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : The Complete Series 17 '' . 18 July 2016 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : Complete Series 18 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Land exhibit '' . Thomaslanduk.co.uk . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Mallory , Michael ( 6 November 2006 ) . `` How Thomas the Tank Engine Works '' . Entertainment.howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hit reveals new look for Bob and Thomas '' . ( Press Release ) . Licensing.biz. 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends - TV Review '' . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 22 Funniest Things The Internet Has Ever Done With Thomas The Tank Engine '' . smosh . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Repressive Authoritarian Soul of Thomas the Tank Engine '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas and Friends . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Thomas and Friends Official websites Official website Awdry Family Site Other sites Thomas and Friends at TV.com Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Railway Series and Thomas & Friends <Td_colspan="2"> Engines Thomas Edward Henry Gordon James Percy Toby Duck Donald and Douglas Oliver Emily Bill and Ben Diesel Mavis Salty Harvey Diesel 10 Narrow - gauge engines Skarloey Rheneas Sir Handel Peter Sam Rusty Duncan Duke Minimum - gauge engines Mike Bert Rex Other characters The Fat Controller The Thin Controller Annie and Clarabel Bertie Harold Terence Trevor Major characters in The Railway Series Minor characters in The Railway Series Railways North Western Skarloey Culdee Fell Arlesdale Mid Sodor Sodor & Mainland The Other Railway Places The Island of Sodor Locations in Thomas and Friends <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> The Railway Series books by the Rev. W. Awdry <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> List of Railway Series books Major characters Minor characters Authors Rev. W.V. Awdry ( creator ) Christopher Awdry Illustrators C. Reginald Dalby John T. Kenney Peter and Gunvor Edwards Clive Spong <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Thomas & Friends , the television show <Td_colspan="2"> Characters Railway engines Narrow - gauge engines Arlesdale engines Rolling stock Non-rail vehicles People and animals Film characters Television series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Films and specials Thomas and the Magic Railroad ( 2000 ) Calling All Engines ! ( 2005 ) The Great Discovery ( 2008 ) Hero of the Rails ( 2009 ) Misty Island Rescue ( 2010 ) Day of the Diesels ( 2011 ) Blue Mountain Mystery ( 2012 ) King of the Railway ( 2013 ) Tale of the Brave ( 2014 ) The Adventure Begins ( 2015 ) Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure ( 2015 ) The Great Race ( 2016 ) Journey Beyond Sodor ( 2017 ) Production List of Thomas & Friends voice actors Merchandise Annuals Day out with Thomas My Thomas Story Library Thomas Land at Drayton Manor Thomas the Tank Engine pictureback books Related Shining Time Station <Th_colspan="2"> PBS Kids original programming Former 1960s -- 1980s debuts Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood ( 1968 -- 2001 ) The Electric Company ( 1971 -- 1977 ) Zoom ( 1972 -- 1978 ) 3 - 2 - 1 Contact ( 1980 -- 1988 ) Powerhouse ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Reading Rainbow ( 1983 -- 2006 ) Newton 's Apple ( 1983 -- 1999 ) Kidsongs ( 1985 -- 1998 ) Square One Television ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Gerbert ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Shining Time Station ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Long Ago and Far Away ( 1989 -- 1993 ) 1990s debuts Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1991 -- 1995 ) The Big Comfy Couch ( 1992 -- 2006 ) Barney & Friends ( 1992 -- 2009 ) Lamb Chop 's Play Along ( 1992 -- 1997 ) Ghostwriter ( 1992 -- 95 ) Kino 's Storytime ( 1992 -- 97 ) Tots TV ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Theodore Tugboat ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Bill Nye the Science Guy ( 1993 -- 1998 ) The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon ( 1993 -- 1999 ) Katie and Orbie ( 1994 -- 2002 ) The Magic School Bus ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Globe Trekker ( 1994 -- 2010 ) The Huggabug Club ( 1995 -- 2000 ) The Puzzle Place ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Wimzie 's House ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Wishbone ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Groundling Marsh ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Kratts ' Creatures ( 1996 ) Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Adventures from the Book of Virtues ( 1996 -- 2000 ) In the Mix ( 1996 -- 2012 ) Teletubbies ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Caillou ( 1997 -- 2010 ) The Charlie Horse Music Pizza ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Noddy ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Jay Jay the Jet Plane ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Elmo 's World ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Zoom ( 1999 -- 2005 ) Zoboomafoo ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Redwall ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Dragon Tales ( 1999 -- 2005 ) 2000s debuts Between the Lions ( 2000 -- 2010 ) The Dooley and Pals Show ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Corduroy ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Elliot Moose ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Marvin the Tap - Dancing Horse ( 2000 -- 2002 ) George Shrinks ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Seven Little Monsters ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Timothy Goes to School ( 2000 -- 01 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Sagwa , the Chinese Siamese Cat ( 2001 -- 2002 ) DragonflyTV ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Angelina Ballerina ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Make Way for Noddy ( 2002 -- 2007 ) The Berenstain Bears ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boohbah ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Clifford 's Puppy Days ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Franny 's Feet ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Curiosity Quest ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Peep and the Big Wide World ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Maya & Miguel ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Postcards from Buster ( 2004 -- 2012 ) It 's a Big Big World ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Danger Rangers ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Zula Patrol ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Signing Time ! ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Wunderkind Little Amadeus ( 2006 ) Fetch ! with Ruff Ruffman ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Curious George ( 2006 -- 2015 ) SeeMore 's Playhouse ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Design Squad ( 2007 -- 2011 ) WordGirl ( 2007 -- 2015 ) WordWorld ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Super Why ! ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Mama Mirabelle 's Home Movies ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Animalia ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Biz Kid $ ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Betsy 's Kindergarten Adventures ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Sid the Science Kid ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Martha Speaks ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Lomax , the Hound of Music ( 2008 ) The Electric Company ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Angelina Ballerina : The Next Steps ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Dinosaur Train ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Current Sesame Street ( since 1969 , second run since 2016 ) Thomas & Friends ( since 1989 ) Arthur ( since 1996 ) Bob the Builder ( since 1998 ) Cyberchase ( since 2000 ) SciGirls ( since 2010 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( since 2010 ) Wild Kratts ( since 2011 ) Daniel Tiger 's Neighborhood ( since 2012 ) Peg + Cat ( since 2013 ) Odd Squad ( since 2014 ) Nature Cat ( since 2015 ) Ready Jet Go ! ( since 2016 ) Splash and Bubbles ( since 2016 ) Upcoming Pinkalicious & Peterrific ( February 19 , 2018 ) Luna Around the World ( Fall 2018 ) See also PBS network shows Educational television PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch PBS Kids Go ! PBS Kids Preschool Block <Th_colspan="2"> Ringo Starr <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Ringo Starr Studio albums Sentimental Journey Beaucoups of Blues Ringo Goodnight Vienna Ringo 's Rotogravure Ringo the 4th Bad Boy Stop and Smell the Roses Old Wave Time Takes Time Vertical Man I Wanna Be Santa Claus Ringo Rama Choose Love Liverpool 8 Y Not Ringo 2012 Postcards from Paradise Give More Love Live albums Ringo Starr and His All - Starr Band Ringo Starr and His All Starr Band Volume 2 : Live from Montreux 4 - Starr Collection Ringo Starr and His Third All - Starr Band - Volume 1 VH1 Storytellers King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents Ringo & His New All - Starr Band Extended Versions Tour 2003 Ringo Starr and Friends Ringo Starr : Live at Soundstage Ringo Starr & His All Starr Band Live 2006 Live at the Greek Theatre 2008 Compilations Blast from Your Past Starr Struck : Best of Ringo Starr , Vol. 2 The Anthology ... So Far Photograph : The Very Best of Ringo Starr Icon Books Postcards From the Boys Related Articles Discography Song list Filmography The Concert for Bangladesh Ring O ' Records Scouse the Mouse Ringo 's Yellow Submarine Ringo ( 1978 film ) `` Brush with Greatness '' Thomas & Friends Shining Time Station The Hollywood Vampires Bands Rory Storm and the Hurricanes The Beatles Ringo Starr & His All - Starr Band People / Artists Maureen Starkey ( first wife ) Zak Starkey ( son ) Barbara Bach ( second wife ) Francesca Gregorini ( stepdaughter ) George Harrison Mark Hudson Harry Nilsson Vini Poncia <Td_colspan="2"> Book Wikiquote <Th_colspan="2"> Ringo Starr singles 1970s 1970 `` Beaucoups of Blues '' / `` Coochy Coochy '' 1971 `` It Do n't Come Easy '' / `` Early 1970 '' 1972 `` Back Off Boogaloo '' / `` Blindman '' 1973 `` Photograph '' / `` Down and Out '' `` You 're Sixteen '' `` Oh My My '' `` Only You ( And You Alone ) '' `` No No Song '' / `` Snookeroo '' `` ( It 's All Down to ) Goodnight Vienna '' 1976 `` Oh My My '' / `` No No Song '' `` A Dose of Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` You Do n't Know Me at All '' ( Europe ; except UK ) `` Hey ! Baby '' `` Las Brisas '' ( Mexico ) 1977 `` Wings '' `` Drowning in the Sea of Love '' `` Sneaking Sally Through the Alley '' ( Australia ) 1978 `` Tango All Night '' ( Spain ) `` Lipstick Traces ( On a Cigarette ) '' `` Heart on My Sleeve '' `` Tonight '' 1980s 1981 `` Wrack My Brain '' 1982 `` Private Property '' `` In My Car '' ( Germany ) 1984 `` I Keep Forgettin ' '' ( Mexico ) 1985 `` Sun City '' ( with Artists United Against Apartheid ) 1986 `` You Know It Makes Sense '' `` Act Naturally '' ( with Buck Owens ) 1990s 1991 `` You Never Know '' ( promo ) `` Do n't Go Where the Road Do n't Go '' `` Weight of the World '' 1998 `` La De Da '' `` King of Broken Hearts '' ( promo ) `` One '' ( promo ) `` Mr. Double - It - Up '' ( promo ) 1999 `` Come On Christmas , Christmas Come On '' ( promo ) 2000s 2003 `` Never Without You '' `` Imagine Me There '' ( promo ) 2005 `` Fading In Fading Out '' ( promo ) 2007 `` Liverpool 8 '' 2009 `` The Official BBC Children in Need Medley '' ( with Peter Kay 's Animated All Star Band ) `` Walk with You '' ( with Paul McCartney ) 2010s 2012 `` Wings '' 2015 `` Postcards from Paradise '' 2017 `` Give More Love '' <Th_colspan="2"> George Carlin Albums Burns and Carlin at the Playboy Club Tonight Take - Offs and Put - Ons FM & AM Class Clown Occupation : Foole Toledo Window Box An Evening with Wally Londo Featuring Bill Slaszo On the Road A Place for My Stuff Carlin on Campus Playin ' with Your Head What Am I Doing in New Jersey ? Parental Advisory : Explicit Lyrics Jammin ' in New York Back in Town You Are All Diseased Complaints and Grievances George Carlin on Comedy Life Is Worth Losing It 's Bad for Ya I Kinda Like It When a Lotta People Die Compilations Indecent Exposure Classic Gold The Little David Years ( 1971 -- 1977 ) HBO specials On Location Again ! Carlin at Carnegie On Campus Playin ' with Your Head What Am I Doing in New Jersey ? Doin ' It Again Jammin ' in New York Back in Town 40 Years of Comedy You Are All Diseased Complaints and Grievances Life Is Worth Losing It 's Bad for Ya Books Sometimes a Little Brain Damage Can Help Brain Droppings Napalm and Silly Putty More Napalm and Silly Putty When Will Jesus Bring the Pork Chops ? Three Times Carlin : An Orgy of George Last Words Watch My Language Related articles Seven dirty words Bill & Ted `` D'oh - in ' in the Wind '' Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation The George Carlin Show The Kraft Summer Music Hall Shining Time Station Thomas & Friends MusicBrainz : cd153bb1 - c5b1 - 4c08 - a00a - d7f5959decd6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_%26_Friends&oldid=808246877 '' Categories : Thomas & Friends 1984 British television programme debuts 1980s British children 's television series 1990s British children 's television series 2000s British children 's television series 2010s British children 's television series 1980s British animated television series 1990s British animated television series 2000s British animated television series 2010s British animated television series British children 's animated television programmes Channel 5 ( UK ) television programmes Computer - animated television series ITV children 's television programmes Nick Jr. shows Rail transport in fiction PBS network shows Australian Broadcasting Corporation shows Fox Family shows Fuji Television shows Television programs based on children 's books Television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Television series by HIT Entertainment Television series by ITV Studios Television series revived after cancellation Trains in fiction Treehouse TV shows TVOntario shows Family Channel shows English - language television programs Preschool education television series Children 's comedy television series Children 's fantasy television series PBS Kids shows Television series by WNET TV5 ( Philippines ) shows Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use British English from May 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from July 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2016 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Hawaiʻi Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 19 : 17 . 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1. Thomas & Friends television series
2. The Railway Series by Rev. W. Awdry
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king of the roman gods and god of thunder
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List of Thunder gods - wikipedia List of Thunder gods For other uses , see God of Thunder ( disambiguation ) . Indra , the Indian / Hindu god of thunder . Polytheistic peoples of many cultures have postulated a thunder god , the personification or source of the forces of thunder and lightning ; a lightning god does not have a typical depiction , and will vary based on the culture . In many cultures , the thunder god is frequently known as the chief or king of the gods , e.g. Indra in Hinduism , Zeus in Greek mythology , and Perun in ancient Slavic religion ; or a close relation thereof , e.g. Thor , son of Odin , in Norse mythology . This is also true of Shango in Yoruba religion and in the syncretic religions of the African Diaspora , such as Santería ( Cuba , Puerto Rico , United States ) and Candomblé ( Brazil ) . Contents 1 List of thunder gods 1.1 Mediterranean 1.2 Northwestern Eurasia 1.3 Sinosphere 1.4 Indosphere 1.5 Americas 1.6 Sub-Saharan Africa 1.7 Oceania 1.8 Australia 1.9 New Zealand 2 In Literature 3 Music 4 Video games 5 See also 6 References List of thunder gods ( edit ) Mediterranean ( edit ) Teshub ( Hurrian mythology ) Adad , Bel , Ishkur , Marduk ( Babylonian - Assyrian mythology ) Baʿal , Hadad ( Canaanite & Phoenician mythology ) Set ( Egyptian mythology ) Aplu ( Hurrian mythology ) Tarhunt ( Hittite / Luwian mythology ) Zibelthiurdos ( Thracian mythology ) Zeus ( Greek Mythology ) Northwestern Eurasia ( edit ) Afi ( Abkhaz Mythology ) Ambisagrus , Loucetios ( Gaulish mythology ) Astrape and Bronte ( Greek mythology ) Atämshkai ( Moksha mythology ) Gebeleizis ( Dacian mythology ) Horagalles ( Sami mythology ) Jupiter , Summanus ( Roman mythology ) Lydia ( West Sussex mythology ) Orko ( Basque mythology ) Perëndi ( Albanian mythology ) Perkūnas ( Baltic mythology ) Perun ( Slavic mythology ) Ukko or Perkele ( Finnish mythology ) Taranis ( Pan-Celtic ) Tharapita or Taara ( Estonian mythology ) Thor ( Norse mythology ) Brontes ( Greek mythology ) Fulgora ( Roman mythology ) Astrape and Bronte ( Greek mythology ) Sinosphere ( edit ) Chen Wenyu ( Lei Zu , Antecedent of Thunder ) ( Chinese mythology ) Feng Lung ( Lei Gong , Lord of Thunder ) ( Chinese mythology ) Dian Mu , the Goddess of Lightning ( Chinese mythology ) Thunder Emperors of the Five Regions Hu Fengya , God of Thunder of the East ( Chinese mythology ) Bing Jiulu , God of Thunder of the South ( Chinese mythology ) Rong Yaoling , God of Thunder of the West ( Chinese mythology ) Lu Xingmeng , God of Thunder of the North ( Chinese mythology ) Sun Zhener , God of Thunder of the Center ( Chinese mythology ) Thunder Kings of the Five Regions Yan Fu , Thunder King of the East ( Chinese mythology ) Zhuo Bin , Thunder King of the South ( Chinese mythology ) Gao Hui , Thunder King of the West ( Chinese mythology ) Wu Xi , Thunder King of the North ( Chinese mythology ) Zhao Jian , Thunder King of the Center ( Chinese mythology ) Marshals of Thunder Deng Zhong ( Chinese mythology ) Tian Hua ( Chinese mythology ) Liu Hou ( Chinese mythology ) Xin Xing ( Chinese mythology ) Pang Qiao ( Chinese mythology ) Thunder Generals of the Five Regions Wu Chong , Thunder General of the East ( Chinese mythology ) Wang Jian , Thunder General of the South ( Chinese mythology ) Meng Zhang , Thunder General of the West ( Chinese mythology ) Sun Heng , Thunder General of the North ( Chinese mythology ) Guo Zhen , Thunder General of the Center ( Chinese mythology ) Twelve Lords of Heaven 's Thunder Shénxiāo Leigong Wǔfāng Leigong Hángyǔ Leigong Háng fēng Leigong Hángyún Leigong Bùzé Leigong Hángxuě Leigong Hángbīng Leigong Fēishā Leigong Shísuì Leigong Tūnguǐ Leigong Fúmó Leigong Twelve Lords of Earth 's Thunder Shǎngshàn Leigong Fáě Leigong Shèlíng Leigong Fādào Leigong Sìxù Leigong Quèzāi Leigong Shōudú Leigong Jiùbìng Leigong Fúwēi Leigong Tàishēng Leigong Xúntiān Leigong Chádì Leigong Twelve Lords of Man 's Thunder Shōuwēn Leigong Shèdú Leigong Chúhài Leigong Quèhuò Leigong Fēngshān Leigong Pòcháo Leigong Dáguǐ Leigong Fúhǔ Leigong Pòzhàng Leigong Mièshī Leigong Dàngguài Leigong Guǎnpò Leigong Thirty Six Lords of Thunder Wǔdi Leigong Yīnyáng Leigong Sìlíng Leigong Liùjiǎ Leigong Pīléi Leigong Fāshuǐ Leigong Bāfēng Leigong Shíyǔ Leigong Liùdào Leigong Zhìdiàn Leigong Xīngfēng Leigong Hángyǔ Leigong Wǔyuè Leigong Sìlì Leigong Bājié Leigong Liùhóu Leigong Dàchuān Leigong Xīgǔ Leigong Jiānghé Leigong Sìhǎi Leigong Mínggǔ Leigong Hōnglún Leigong Huǒchē Leigong Huǒlún Leigong Yíshān Leigong Zǒushí Leigong Xīngyún Leigong Sǎyǔ Leigong Hángyún Leigong Bùshuāng Leigong Dáwēn Leigong Qūxié Leigong Guāngmíng Leigong Hēiàn Leigong Pòmiào Leigong Huǒyìn Leigong Thirty Five Gods of Thunder Yùshū Leishen Yùfǔ Leishen Yùzhù Leishen Shǎngqīng Dàdòng Leishen Huǒlún Leishen Guàndǒu Leishen Fēnghuǒ Leishen Fēijié Leishen Běijí Leishen Zǐwēi Xuánshū Leishen Shénxiāo Leishen Xiāndū Leishen Dàyǐ Hōngtiān Leishen Zǐfǔ Leishen Tiějiǎ Leishen Shàoyáng Leishen Yùhuǒ Leishen Shèlíngmán Leishen Dezhīmíng Leishen Sānjiè Leishen Zhǎnkuàng Leishen Dàwēi Leishen Dàbō Leishen Qīngcǎo Leishen Bāguà Leishen Hùnyuán Yīngquǎn Leishen Xiàomìngfēng Leishen Huǒyún Leishen Yǔbù Dàtǒngshè Leishen Tàijí Leishen Nèijiàn Leishen Wàijiàn Leishen Shénfǔ Tiānshū Leishen Dàfàn Dòushū Leishen Yùchén Leishen Japanese Mythology Ajisukitakahikone , Raijin ( Raiden - sama , Kaminari - sama ) , Tenjin ( kami ) ( Japanese mythology ) Susanoo ( Japanese mythology ) Takemikazuchi ( Japanese mythology ) Indosphere ( edit ) Indra ( Hindu mythology and Buddhist mythology ) Parjanya ( Hindu mythology ) Raja Indainda ( Batak mythology ) Vajrapani ( Buddhist mythology ) Americas ( edit ) Thunderbird ( Iroquois and Huron mythology ) Aktzin ( Totonac mythology ) Haokah ( Lakota mythology ) Xolotl and Tlaloc ( Aztec mythology ) Cocijo ( Zapotec mythology ) Chaac ( Maya mythology ) Yopaat ( Maya mythology ) Chibchacum ( Muisca mythology ) Apocatequil ( Incan mythology ) Tupã ( Guaraní mythology ) Sub-Saharan Africa ( edit ) Shango ( god of thunder and lightning , Yoruba Nigeria ) Oya ( goddess of hurricanes , consort of Shango in Yoruba religion ) Azaka - Tonnerre ( West African Vodun / Haitian Vodou ) Mulungu Xevioso ( alternately : Xewioso , Heviosso . Thunder god of the So region ) Amadioha ( Igbo , Nigeria ) Àlamei ( So region ) Kiwanuka ( god of thunder and lightning , Buganda , Uganda ) Oceania ( edit ) Polynesian mythology Haikili ( Polynesian mythology ) Tāwhaki ( Polynesian mythology ) Kaha'i ( Polynesian mythology ) Te Uira ( Polynesian mythology ) Micronesian mythology Nan Sapwe ( Pohnpeian mythology ) Australia ( edit ) Mamaragan ( Aboriginal mythology ) New Zealand ( edit ) Whaitiri ( Māori mythology ) Tāwhirimātea ( Māori mythology ) In Literature ( edit ) The Hindu God Indra was the chief deity and at his prime during the Vedic period , where he was considered to be the supreme God . Indra was initially recorded in the Rigveda , the first of the religious scriptures that comprise the Vedas . Indra continued to play a prominent role throughout the evolution of Hinduism and played a pivotal role in the two Sanskrit epics that comprise the Itihasas , appearing in both the Ramayana and Mahabharata . Although the importance of Indra has since been subsided in favor of other Gods in contemporary Hinduism , he is still venerated and worshipped . In Greek mythology , the Elysian Fields , or the Elysian Plains , was the final resting places of the souls of the heroic and the virtuous , evolved from a designation of a place or person struck by lightning , enelysion , enelysios . This could be a reference to Zeus , the god of lightning , so `` lightning - struck '' could be saying that the person was blessed ( struck ) by Zeus ( / lightning / fortune ) . Egyptologist Jan Assmann has also suggested that Greek Elysion may have instead been derived from the Egyptian term ialu ( older iaru ) , meaning `` reeds , '' with specific reference to the `` Reed fields '' ( Egyptian : sekhet iaru / ialu ) , a paradisiacal land of plenty where the dead hoped to spend eternity . H. Munro Chadwick , The Oak and the Thunder - God , Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1900 ) . Music ( edit ) Gene Simmons of KISS 's title song is `` God of Thunder '' , regarding his `` Demon '' onstage persona . Rick Allen of Def Leppard was first referred to as the `` Thunder God '' by Joe Elliott , the lead singer , during the first concert of the Hysteria World Tour . Video games ( edit ) Raiden ( Mortal Kombat ) Orlanth ( King of Dragon Pass ) Raijin ( Smite ) Chaac ( Smite ) Zeus ( Smite ) Thor ( Smite ) Susano ( Smite ) Zapdos ( Pokémon ) Karana ( Everquest ) See also ( edit ) Catatumbo lightning Donar 's Oak Lightning in religion Nature worship Sky deity Thunderbolt References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Perry , Edward Delavan ( 1885 ) . `` Indra in the Rig - Veda '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 11 : 117 -- 208 . doi : 10.2307 / 592191 . JSTOR 592191 . Jump up ^ Kaegi , Adolf ( 1886 ) . The Rigveda : The Oldest Literature of the Indians . https://books.google.com/books?id=85WR0ae1WRQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false : Boston : Ginn and Company . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 1428626676 . Jump up ^ Kaegi , Adolf ( 1886 ) . The Rigveda : The Oldest Literature of the Indians . https://books.google.com/books?id=85WR0ae1WRQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false : Boston : Ginn and Company . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 1428626676 . Jump up ^ Walter Burkert , Greek Religion , 1985 . p. 198 . Jump up ^ Assmann , Jan ( 2001 ) . Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt . Cornell University Press . p. 392 <Th_colspan="2"> Lists of mythological figures By geography Afghan African Arabian Armenian Australian Aboriginal Aztec Balkan Basque Buddhist Canaanite Celtic Chinese Egyptian Estonian Etruscan Georgian Germanic Greek Guanche Haudenosaunee Hawaiian Hebridean Hindu Hittite Indonesian Inuit Irish Japanese Komi Korean Lakota Lithuanian Māori Mā'ohi Maya Mesopotamian Micronesian Mycenaean Native American Ossetian Persian Philippine Roman Sami Samoan Slavic Turkic Tuvaluan Vainakh Yoruba By association Agriculture Art Chaos Death Fate and time Fertility Fire Health Hunting King of the Gods Knowledge Light Love or lust Moon Nations Nature Night Rain Sky Smithing Sun Thresholds Thunder Tree Trickery Vegetation War Water Weather Wind <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_thunder_gods&oldid=863335872 '' Categories : Thunder gods Comparative mythology Lists of deities Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2018 , at 04 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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1. Thunder gods in mythology
2. Indra, Zeus, and other thunder gods
3. Thunder gods in different cultures
4. Role of thunder gods in religion and folklore
5. Thunder gods in literature, music, and video games
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every culture has a name for a deity
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Deity - wikipedia Deity Jump to : navigation , search This article may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Gods '' redirects here . For the word , see God ( word ) . For the monotheistic concept about a Supreme Being , see God . For other uses , see Gods ( disambiguation ) . Examples of representations of deities in different cultures . Clockwise from upper left : Hinduism , Buddhism , Yoruba , Roman , Inca , Maya . A deity ( / ˈdiː. ɪti / ( listen ) or / ˈdeɪ. ɪti / ( listen ) ) is a supernatural being considered divine or sacred . The Oxford Dictionary of English defines deity as `` a god or goddess ( in a polytheistic religion ) '' , or anything revered as divine . C. Scott Littleton defines a deity as `` a being with powers greater than those of ordinary humans , but who interacts with humans , positively or negatively , in ways that carry humans to new levels of consciousness beyond the grounded preoccupations of ordinary life '' . A male deity is a god , while a female deity is a goddess . Religions can be categorized into how many deities they worship . Monotheistic religions accept only one deity ( predominantly referred to as God ) , polytheistic religions accept multiple deities , henotheistic religions accept one supreme deity without denying other deities , considering them as equivalent aspects of the same divine principle ; and nontheistic religions deny any supreme eternal creator deity but accept a pantheon of deities which live , die , and are reborn just like any other being . A deity does not need to be omnipotent , omnipresent , omniscient , omnibenevolent , or eternal , however an almighty monotheistic God generally does have these attributes . Monotheistic religions typically refer to the incorporeal God in masculine terms , while other religions refer to their deities in a variety of ways -- masculine , feminine , androgynous and gender neutral . Historically , many ancient cultures -- such as Ancient Egyptian , Ancient Greece , Ancient Rome , Nordic culture and Asian culture -- personified natural phenomena , variously as either their conscious causes or simply their effects , respectively . Some Avestan and Vedic deities were viewed as ethical concepts . In Indian religions , deities have been envisioned as manifesting within the temple of every living being 's body , as sensory organs and mind . Deities have also been envisioned as a form of existence ( Saṃsāra ) after rebirth , for human beings who gain merit through an ethical life , where they become guardian deities and live blissfully in heaven , but are also subject to death when their merit runs out . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Definitions 2.1 Monotheism 2.2 Polytheism 2.3 Difference between deity and God 3 Prehistoric 4 Regional civilizations 4.1 Africa 4.2 Egypt 4.3 Greek 4.4 Inca 4.5 Maya and Aztec 4.6 Norse and German 4.7 Polynesia 4.8 Roman 4.9 Sumeria 5 Religions 5.1 Buddhism 5.2 Christianity 5.3 Hinduism 5.4 Islam 5.5 Jainism 5.6 Judaism 5.7 Zoroastrianism 6 Psychological interpretations 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Bibliography Etymology ( edit ) Main articles : Dyeus , Deus , God ( word ) , and Deva ( Hinduism ) Kobayashi Eitaku painting showing the god Izanagi ( right ) and Izanami , a goddess of creation and death in Japanese mythology . The English language word `` deity '' derives from Old French deité , the Latin deitatem or `` divine nature '' , coined by Augustine of Hippo from deus ( `` god '' ) . Deus is related through a common Proto - Indo - European ( PIE ) origin to * deiwos . This root yields the ancient Indian word Deva meaning `` to gleam , a shining one , '' from * div - `` to shine '' , as well as Greek dios `` divine '' and Zeus ; and Latin deus `` god '' ( Old Latin deivos ) . Deva is masculine , and the related feminine equivalent is devi . Etymologically , the cognates of Devi are Latin dea and Greek thea . In Old Persian , daiva - means `` demon , evil god '' , while in Sanskrit it means the opposite , referring to the `` heavenly , divine , terrestrial things of high excellence , exalted , shining ones '' . The closely linked term `` god '' refers to `` supreme being , deity '' , according to Douglas Harper , and is derived from Proto - Germanic * guthan , from PIE * ghut - , which means `` that which is invoked '' . Guth in the Irish language means `` voice . '' The term * ghut - is also the source of Old Church Slavonic zovo ( `` to call '' ) , Sanskrit huta - ( `` invoked , '' an epithet of Indra ) , from the root * gheu ( e ) - ( `` to call , invoke . '' ) , An alternate etymology for the term `` god '' comes from the Proto - Germanic Gaut , which traces it to the PIE root * ghu - to - ( `` poured '' ) , which from the root * gheu - ( `` to pour , pour a libation '' ) . The term * gheu - is also the source of the Greek khein `` to pour '' . Originally the German root was a neuter noun , but the gender of the monotheistic God shifted to masculine under the influence of Christianity . In contrast , all ancient Indo - European cultures and mythologies recognized both masculine and feminine deities . Definitions ( edit ) The term deity often connotes the concept of sacred or divine ( as a god or goddess ) in a polytheistic religion . However , there is no universally accepted consensus concept of deities across religions and cultures , and the concept of a deity has been envisioned in diverse ways . Huw Owen states that the term `` deity or god or its equivalent in other languages '' has a bewildering range of meanings and significance . It has ranged from `` infinite transcendent being who created and lords over the universe '' ( God ) , to a `` finite entity or experience , with special significance or which evokes a special feeling '' ( god ) , to `` a concept in religious or philosophical context that relates to nature or magnified beings or a supra - mundane realm '' , to `` numerous other usages '' . Monotheism ( edit ) Main articles : God , Monotheism , and Names of God A monotheistic God is omnipotent , omnipresent , omniscient , omnibenevolent and eternal . Historically , various cultures have conceptualized a deity differently than a monotheistic God . A deity need not be almighty , omnipresent , omniscient , omnibenevolent or eternal . Polytheism ( edit ) Main article : Polytheism Polytheism is the worship of or belief in multiple deities , which are usually assembled into a pantheon of gods and goddesses , along with their own religions and rituals . In most religions which accept polytheism , the different gods and goddesses are representations of forces of nature or ancestral principles , and can be viewed either as autonomous or as aspects or emanations of a creator God or transcendental absolute principle ( monistic theologies ) , which manifests immanently in nature ( panentheistic and pantheistic theologies ) . Difference between deity and God ( edit ) A typical deity in a belief system such as Hinduism differs from the monotheistic concept of God in other major religions , in that the deity need not be omniscient , omnipotent , omnibenevolent , or a combination of these . A deity -- god or goddess -- is typically conceptualized as a supernatural or divine concept manifesting in various ideas and knowledge , in a form that combines excellence in some aspects , wrestling with weakness and questions in other aspects , heroic in their outlook and actions , yet tied up with emotions and desires . In other cases , the deity is an inner principle or reality such as the idea of `` soul '' . The Upanishads of Hinduism , for example , characterize Atman ( soul , self ) as deva ( deity ) , thereby asserting that the deva and eternal supreme principle ( Brahman , gender neutral ) is part of and within every human being and living creature , that this soul within is spiritual and divine , and to realize self - knowledge is to know the supreme . Prehistoric ( edit ) Further information : Prehistoric religion Scholars infer the probable existence of deities in the prehistoric period from inscriptions and prehistoric arts such as cave drawings , but it is unclear what these sketches and paintings are and why they were made . Some engravings or sketches show animals , hunters or rituals . The Venus of Willendorf , a female figurine found in Europe and dated to about 25,000 BCE has been interpreted as an exemplar of a prehistoric divine feminine . Regional Civilizations ( edit ) Africa ( edit ) Main articles : List of African mythological figures , Traditional African religion , Afro - American religion , and Orisha A Yoruba deity from Nigeria . The diverse African cultures developed sophisticated theology and concepts of deities over their history . In Nigeria and neighboring West African countries , for example , two prominent deities ( locally called Òrìṣà ) are found in the Yoruba religion , namely the god Ogun and the goddess Osun . Both are complex deities . Ogun is the primordial masculine deity as well as the archdivinity and guardian of the trades such as tools making and use , metal working , hunting , warriors , protector , equity and justice . Osun is an equally powerful primordial feminine deity and a multidimensional guardian of fertility , water , maternal , health , social relations , love and peace . Ogun and Osun deity traditions were brought into North and South America with slave ships . They were preserved by the African people in their plantation communities , and their festivals continue to be observed in the modern era . In Southern African cultures , a similar masculine - feminine deity combination has been revered in other forms , particularly as the Moon and Sun deities . One Southern African cosmology consists of Hieseba or Xuba ( deity , god ) , Gaune ( evil spirits ) and Khuene ( people ) . The Hieseba includes Nladiba ( male , creator sky god ) and Nladisara ( females , Nladiba 's two wives ) . The Sun ( female ) and the Moon ( male ) deities are viewed as offsprings of Nladiba and two Nladisara . The Sun and Moon are viewed as manifestations of the supreme deity , and worship is timed and directed to them . In other African cultures , in contrast , the Sun is seen as male , while the Moon is female , both symbolism for the godhead . In Zimbabwe , the supreme deity is androgynous with both male - female aspects , envisioned as the giver of rain , treated simultaneously as the god of darkness and light , and is called Mwari Shona . In the Lake Victoria region , the term for a deity is Lubaale , or alternatively Jok . Egypt ( edit ) Main articles : Ancient Egyptian deities , Egyptian mythology , and Ancient Egyptian religion The major Egyptian deity Horus with many powers . The ancient Egyptian culture had numerous deities . Egyptian records and inscriptions list the names of many whose nature is unknown , but they also make vague indirect references to other unnamed deities . The Egyptologist James P. Allen estimates that more than 1,400 deities are named in Egyptian texts , whereas Christian Leitz estimates there are `` thousands upon thousands '' of Egyptian deities . The ancient Egyptian terms for deities were nṯr ( god ) , and feminine nṯrt ( goddess ) ; however , these terms may have also applied to any being -- spirits and deceased human beings , but not demons -- who in some way were outside the sphere of everyday life . Egyptian deities typically had a cult , role and mythologies associated with them . Among the numerous deities , around 200 are prominent in the Pyramid texts and ancient temples of Egypt , many zoomorphic . Among these , were Min ( fertility god ) , Neith ( creator goddess ) , Anubis , Atum , Bes , Horus , Isis , Ra , Meretseger , Nut , Osiris , Shu , Sia and Thoth . Most Egyptian deities represented natural phenomenon , physical objects or social aspects of life , as hidden immanent forces within these phenomena . The deity Shu , for example represented the world 's air ; the goddess Meretseger represented parts of the earth , and the god Sia represented the abstract powers of perception . Some deities such as Ra and Osiris were associated with the judgement of the dead and their care during the permanent afterlife . Major gods often had many roles and were involved in multiple phenomena . The first written evidence of deities in Egypt are from early 3rd millennium BCE , but these likely emerged from prehistoric Egyptian beliefs . However , deities became systematized and sophisticated after the formation of one Egyptian state under the Pharaohs and their treatment as sacred kings with exclusive right to interact with the gods , in the later part of the 3rd millennium BCE . Over time , through the early centuries of the common era , as Egyptians interacted and traded with neighboring cultures , foreign deities were adopted and venerated . Greek ( edit ) Main articles : List of Greek mythological figures , Greek mythology , Ancient Greek religion , and Twelve Olympians Left : Zeus , the king of Greek gods , Right : Poseidon , Greek deity of the sea . The ancient Greek civilization had numerous deities , both gods and goddesses , as part of its religious beliefs and mythologies . These continued to be revered through the early centuries of the common era , and many of the Greek deities inspired and were adopted as part of much larger pantheon of Roman deities . The Greek religion was polytheistic , but had no centralized church , nor did it have any sacred texts . The deities were largely associated with myths , and they represented powers of natural phenomenon or aspects of human behavior . The Greek deities likely trace back to more ancient Indo - European traditions , since the gods and goddesses found in distant cultures are mythologically comparable and are also linguistically cognates . Among goddesses , for example , the goddess of dawn is Eos in Greek , who also appears as Indic Usha , Roman Aurora , Latvian Auseklis ; while among gods , Zeus ( Greek ) , Deus ( Latin ) , Zio ( Old German ) , Dyaus ( Indic ) are cognates and share similar mythologies . Greek deities varied with its city states and islands , but in most part the pantheon of gods and goddesses of the ancient Greek culture shared panhellenic themes , as well as celebrated similar festivals , rites and ritual grammar associated with them . The twelve Olympian gods , for example , were not only panhellenic but also inspired the Dii Consentes galaxy of Roman deities -- Aphrodite , Apollo , Ares , Artemis , Athena , Demeter , Hephaestus , Hera , Hermes , Hestia , Poseidon and Zeus . Other important Greek deities included Dionysus , Hades and Heracles . Besides the Olympians , the Greeks worshipped various local gods , the satyr - god Pan ( goat and shepherds guardian god ) , Nymphs ( spirits of rivers ) , Naiads ( who dwelled in springs ) , Dryads ( who were spirits of the trees ) , Nereids ( who inhabited the sea ) , river gods , Satyrs ( nature spirits ) , and others . In addition , there were the dark powers of the underworld , such as the Erinyes ( or Furies ) , said to pursue those guilty of crimes against blood - relatives . The gods of Greek mythology , like many Indo - European traditions , were anthropomorphic . Their iconography , states Burkert , is as `` persons , not abstractions , ideas or concepts '' . They had fantastic abilities and powers , each had some unique expertise and in some aspects a flawed personality , they were not omnipotent and could be wounded in some circumstances . Greek deities led to cults , were used politically , and they inspired votive rituals for favors such as bountiful crops , healthy family , victory in war , or peace for a loved one who just died . Inca ( edit ) Inti Raymi , a winter solstice festival of the Inca people , reveres Inti -- the sun deity . Offerings include round bread and maize beer . Right : Deity Viracocha . Main articles : Inca mythology , Religion in the Inca Empire , and Inca religion in Cusco The Inca culture has believed in Viracocha ( also called Pachacutec ) as the creator deity . Viracocha has been an abstract deity to Incan culture , one who existed before he created space and time . All other deities of the Inca people have corresponded to elements of nature . Of these , the most important ones have been Inti ( sun deity ) responsible for agricultural prosperity and as the father of the first Inca king , and Mama Qucha the goddess of the sea , lakes , rivers and waters . Inti in some mythologies is the son of Viracocha and Mama Qucha . Inca Sun deity festival Oh creator and Sun and Thunder , be forever copious , do not make us old , let all things be at peace , multiply the people , and let there be food , and let all things be fruitful . -- Inti Raymi prayers Inca people have revered many male and female deities . Among the feminine deities have been Mama Kuka ( goddess of joy ) , Mama Ch'aska ( goddess of dawn ) , Mama Allpa ( goddess of harvest and earth , sometimes called Mama Pacha or Pachamama ) , Mama Killa ( moon goddess ) and Mama Sara ( goddess of grain ) . During and after the imposition of Christianity during Spanish colonialism , the Incan people retained their original beliefs in deities through syncretism , where they overlay the Christian God and teachings over their original beliefs and practices . The male deity Inti became accepted as the Christian God , but the Andean rituals centered around Incan deities have been retained and continued thereafter into the modern era by the Incan people . Maya and Aztec ( edit ) The zoomorphic feathered serpent deity ( Kukulkan , Quetzalcoatl ) . Main articles : List of Maya gods and supernatural beings , Maya religion , List of Aztec gods and supernatural beings , and Aztec mythology In Mayan culture , Kukulkan has been the supreme creator deity , also revered as the god of reincarnation , water , fertility and wind . The Mayan people built step pyramid temples to honor Kukulkan , aligning them to the Sun 's position on the spring equinox . Other deities found at Mayan archaeological sites include Xib Chac -- the benevolent male rain deity , and Ixchel -- the benevolent female earth , weaving and pregnancy goddess . The Maya calendar had 18 months , each with 20 days ( and five unlucky days of Uayeb ) ; each month had a presiding deity , who inspired social rituals , special trading markets and community festivals . A deity with aspects similar to Kulkulkan in the Aztec culture has been called Quetzalcoatl . However , states Timothy Insoll , the Aztec ideas of deity remain poorly understood . What has been assumed is based on what was constructed by Christian missionaries . The deity concept was likely more complex than these historical records . In Aztec culture , there were hundred of deities , but many were henotheistic incarnations of one another ( similar to the avatar concept of Hinduism ) . Unlike Hinduism and other cultures , Aztec deities were usually not anthropomorphic , and were instead zoomorphic or hybrid icons associated with spirits , natural phenomena or forces. The Aztec deities were often represented through ceramic figurines , revered in home shrines . Norse and German ( edit ) Main articles : List of Germanic deities , Æsir , Vanir , Germanic paganism , Germanic mythology , Common Germanic deities , Norse religion , and Norse mythology In Norse mythology , Æsir means gods , while Ásynjur means goddesses . These terms , states John Lindow , may be ultimately rooted in the Indo - European root for `` breath '' ( as in `` life giving force '' ) , and to the cognates os which means deity in Old English and anses in Gothic . Another group of deities found in Norse mythology are termed as Vanir , and are associated with fertility . The Æsir and the Vanir went to war , according to the Norse and Germanic mythologies . According to the Norse texts such as Ynglinga saga , the Æsir -- Vanir War ended in truce and ultimate reconciliation of the two into a single group of deities , after both sides chose peace , exchanged ambassadors ( hostages ) , and intermarried . The Norse mythology describes the cooperation after the war , as well as differences between the Æsir and the Vanir which were considered scandalous by the other side . The goddess Freyja of the Vanir taught magic to the Æsir , while the two sides discover that while Æsir forbid mating between siblings , Vanir accepted such mating . Temples hosting images of Nordic deities ( such as Thor , Odin and Freyr ) , as well as pagan worship rituals , continued in Nordic countries through the 12th century , according to historical records . This shocked Christian missionaries , and over time Christian equivalents were substituted for the Nordic deities to help suppress paganism . Polynesia ( edit ) Deities of Polynesia carved from wood ( bottom two are demons ) . Main article : Polynesian narrative The Polynesian people developed a theology centered on numerous deities , with clusters of islands having different names for the same idea . There are great deities found across the Pacific Ocean . Some deities are found widely , and there are many local deities whose worship is limited to one or a few islands or sometimes to isolated villages on the same island . The Māori people , of what is now New Zealand , called the supreme being as Io , who is also referred elsewhere as Iho - Iho , Io - Mataaho , Io Nui , Te Io Ora , Io Matua Te Kora among other names . The Io deity has been revered as the original uncreated creator , with power of life , with nothing outside or beyond him. Other deities in the Polynesian pantheon include Tangaloa ( god who created men ) , La'a Maomao ( god of winds ) , Tu - Matauenga or Ku ( god of war ) , Tu - Metua ( mother goddess ) , Kane ( god of procreation ) and Rangi ( sky god father ) . The Polynesian deities have been part of a sophisticated theology , addressing questions of creation , the nature of existence , guardians in daily lives as well as during wars , natural phenomena , good and evil spirits , priestly rituals , as well as linked to the journey of the souls of the dead . Roman ( edit ) Main articles : List of Roman deities , Roman mythology , Religion in ancient Rome , and Capitoline Triad A 4th - century Roman sarcophagus depicting the creation of man by Prometheus , with major Roman deities Jupiter , Neptune , Mercury , Juno , Apollo , Vulcan watching . The Roman pantheon had numerous deities , both Greek and non-Greek . The more famed deities , found in the mythologies and the 2nd millennium CE European arts , have been the anthropomorphic deities syncretized with the Greek deities . These include the six gods and six goddesses : Venus , Apollo , Mars , Diana , Minerva , Ceres , Vulcan , Juno , Mercury , Vesta , Neptune , Jupiter ( Jove , Zeus ) ; as well Bacchus , Pluto and Hercules . The non-Greek major deities include Janus , Fortuna , Vesta , Quirinus and Tellus ( mother goddess , probably most ancient ) . Some of the non-Greek deities had likely origins in more ancient European culture such as the ancient Germanic religion , while others may have been borrowed , for political reasons , from neighboring trade centers such as those in the Minoan or ancient Egyptian civilization . The Roman deities , in a manner similar to the ancient Greeks , inspired community festivals , rituals and sacrifices led by flamines ( priests , pontifs ) , but priestesses ( Vestal Virgins ) were also held in high esteem for maintaining sacred fire used in the votive rituals for deities . Deities were also maintained in home shrines ( lararium ) , such as Hestia honored in homes as the goddess of fire hearth . This Roman religion held reverence for sacred fire , and this is also found in Hebrew culture ( Leviticus 6 ) , Vedic culture 's Homa , ancient Greeks and other cultures . Ancient Roman scholars such as Varro and Cicero wrote treatises on the nature of gods of their times . Varro stated , in his Antiquitates Rerum Divinarum , that it is the superstitious man who fears the gods , while the truly religious person venerates them as parents . Cicero , in his Academica , praised Varro for this and other insights . According to Varro , there have been three accounts of deities in the Roman society : the mythical account created by poets for theatre and entertainment , the civil account used by people for veneration as well as by the city , and the natural account created by the philosophers . The best state is , adds Varro , where the civil theology combines the poetic mythical account with the philosopher 's . The Roman deities continued to be revered in Europe through the era of Constantine , and past 313 CE when he issued the Edict of Toleration . Sumeria ( edit ) Sumerian deity Aššur in a `` winged male '' hybrid iconography . Main articles : List of Mesopotamian deities , Ancient Mesopotamian religion , and Sumerian religion Ancient Mesopotamian culture in Sumer ( southern Iraq ) had numerous ' ' dingir ' ' ( deities , gods and goddesses ) . Both male and female deities were revered , with some anthropomorphic , some zoomorphic ( such as a flying dragon , turtle , snake , goat ) , and some as natural objects ( mountain , moon , sun , bright stars ) . The Sumerian deities had numerous functions , such as presiding over procreation , rains , irrigation , agriculture , destiny and justice . The gods were fed , clothed , entertained and worshipped to prevent natural catastrophes as well as to prevent social chaos such as pillaging , rape or atrocities of war . Many deities were patron guardians of city - states . Over their history , some Sumerian deities were absorbed into others . Usually the case was that a matriarchal guardian deity was absorbed into a patriarchal deity , as one city state conquered the other . The Sumerian mythology of the 1st millennium BCE treated Anšar ( later Aššur ) and Kišar as primordial deities . Another significant deity in Sumerian culture was Marduk . He rose from an obscure deity of the 3rd millennium BCE to being one of the most important and complex deities in the Mesopotamian pantheon of the 1st millennium BCE . Marduk was worshiped as creator of heaven , earth and humankind , and as the patron deity of the city of Babylon . Marduk 's iconography is zoomorphic , and he is most often found in Middle Eastern archaeological remains depicted as a `` snake - dragon '' or a `` human - animal hybrid '' . Religions ( edit ) Buddhism ( edit ) Left : A Buddhist deity in Ssangbongsa in South Korea ; Right : A Chinese deity adopted into Buddhism . Further information : Creator in Buddhism Buddhism does not believe in a creator deity . However , deities are an essential part of Buddhist cosmology , rebirth and Saṃsāra doctrines . The heavenly gods ( devas , deities ) are asserted to be a realm of existence in Buddhism , and typically subdivided into twenty six sub-realms . In Buddhist mythology , devas are beings inhabiting certain happily placed worlds of Buddhist cosmology . These beings are numerous but mortal ( being in saṃsāra ) who live in the heavenly realm , then die and are reborn like all other beings . A rebirth in the heavenly realm is believed to be from leading an ethical life and very good karma accumulation . A Deva does not need to work , and is able to enjoy in the heavenly realm all pleasures found on Earth . However , the pleasures of this realm lead to attachment ( Upādāna ) , lack of spiritual pursuits and therefore no nirvana . The vast majority of Buddhist lay people in countries practicing Theravada , states Kevin Trainor , have historically pursued Buddhist rituals and practices because they are motivated with their potential rebirth into the Deva realm . The Deva realm in Buddhist practice in Southeast Asia and East Asia , states Keown , include gods found in Hindu traditions such as Indra and Brahma , and concepts in Hindu cosmology such as Mount Meru . Christianity ( edit ) Main articles : God in Christianity , Trinity , God the Father , God the Son , Holy Spirit ( Christianity ) , and Names of God in Christianity Christianity is a monotheistic religion where most mainstream congregations and denominations accept the concept of the Holy Trinity . John Calvin and other Christian scholars , states Scott Swain , traced the `` scriptural witness to the deity of the Son and the Spirit '' . The world is viewed as an element in God 's actualization , states Samuel Powell , while the Spirit is viewed as more than an aspect of deity and as the divine essence that is `` the unity and relation of the Father and the Son '' . According to George Hunsinger , the doctrine of the Trinity justifies worship in a Church , wherein Jesus Christ is deemed to be a full deity with the Christian cross as his icon . The theological examination of Jesus Christ , of divine grace in incarnation , his non-transferability and completeness has been a historic topic . For example , the Council of Chalcedon in 451 CE , states John Webster , reached the consensus that in `` one person Jesus Christ , fullness of deity and fullness of humanity are united , the union of the natures being such that they can neither be divided nor confused '' . Jesus Christ , according to the New Testament , is the self - disclosure of the one , true God , both in his teaching and in his person ; Christ , in Christian faith , is considered the incarnation of God . Hinduism ( edit ) Main articles : Hindu deities , Deva ( Hinduism ) , Devi , God in Hinduism , Ishvara , and Bhagavan Left : Ganesha deity of Hinduism , Right : Saraswati , Hindu goddess of knowledge and music . The concept of God varies in Hinduism , it being a diverse system of thought with beliefs spanning henotheism , monotheism , polytheism , panentheism , pantheism and monism among others . In the ancient Vedic texts of Hinduism , a deity is often referred to as Deva ( god ) or Devi ( goddess ) . The root of these terms mean `` heavenly , divine , anything of excellence '' . Deva is masculine , and the related feminine equivalent is devi . In the earliest Vedic literature , all supernatural beings are called Asuras . Over time , those with a benevolent nature become deities and are referred to as Sura , Deva or Devi . Devas or deities in Hindu texts differ from Greek or Roman theodicy , states Ray Billington , because many Hindu traditions believe that a human being has the potential to be reborn as a deva ( or devi ) , by living an ethical life and building up saintly karma . Such a deva enjoys heavenly bliss , till the merit runs out , and then the soul ( gender neutral ) is reborn again into Saṃsāra . Thus deities are henotheistic manifestations , embodiments and consequence of the virtuous , the noble , the saint - like living in many Hindu traditions . Islam ( edit ) Main articles : Allah , Ilah , God in Islam , and Names of God in Islam Ilah , ʾIlāh ( Arabic : إله ; plural : آلهة ʾālihah ) , is an Arabic term meaning `` deity '' . It appears in the name of the monotheistic god of Islam as Allah ( al - Lāh ) . al - Lāh translated means `` the god '' . The first statement of the shahada or Muslim confession of faith is `` there is no ʾilāh but al - Lāh '' `` there is no god but God '' . Islam a strictly monotheistic and the Shahada asserts , state Juliane Hammer and Omid Safi , that `` there is no deity but God , and Muhammad is His messenger '' . This pillar of Islam does not accept the possibility of deities , alternate representations or any equal partners to God 's divinity . The term Allah is used by Muslims for God . The Persian word Khuda ( Persian : خدا ) can be translated as god , lord or king , and is also used today to refer to God in Islam by Persian and Urdu speakers . The Turkic word for god is Tengri ; it exists as Tanrı in Turkish . In Malaysia , many States have laws prohibiting non-Muslims from using the word Allah , but these have been ruled unconstitutional if the use does not involve the propagation of non-Muslim religions to Muslims . Jainism ( edit ) Padmavati , a Jain guardian deity . Main articles : God in Jainism and Deva ( Jainism ) Like many ancient Indian traditions , Jainism does not believe in a creator , omnipotent , omniscient , eternal God ; however , the cosmology of Jainism incorporates a meaningful causality - driven reality , and includes four realms of existence ( gati ) , and one of them for deva ( celestial beings , gods ) . A human being can choose and live an ethical life ( karma ) , such as being non-violent ( ahimsa ) against all living beings , thereby gain merit and be reborn as deva . Jain texts reject a trans - cosmic God , one who stands outside of the universe and lords over it , but they state that the world is full of devas who are in human - image with sensory organs , with the power of reason , conscious , compassionate and with finite life . Like Hinduism , Jainism believes in the existence of the soul ( Self , atman ) and considers it to have `` god - quality '' , whose knowledge and liberation is the ultimate spiritual goal in both religions . Jains also believe that the spiritual nobleness of perfected souls ( Jina ) and devas make them worship - worthy beings , with powers of guardianship and guidance to better karma . In Jain temples or festivals , the Jinas and Devas are revered . Judaism ( edit ) Main articles : God in Judaism , Yahweh , Tetragrammaton , Elohim , and Names of God in Judaism Judaism affirms the existence of one God ( Yahweh , or YHWH ) , who is not abstract , but He who revealed himself throughout Jewish history particularly during the Exodus and the Exile . Judaism reflects a monotheism that gradually arose , was affirmed with certainty in the sixth century `` Second Isaiah '' , and has ever since been the axiomatic basis of its theology . The classical presentation of Judaism has been as a monotheistic faith that rejected deities and related idolatry . However , states Breslauer , modern scholarship suggests that idolatry was not absent in biblical faith , and it resurfaced multiple times in Jewish religious life . The rabbinic texts and other secondary Jewish literature suggest worship of material objects and natural phenomena through the medieval era , while the core teachings of Judaism maintained monotheism . According to Aryeh Kaplan , God is always referred to as `` He '' in Judaism , `` not to imply that the concept of sex or gender applies to God '' , but because `` there is no neuter in the Hebrew language , and the Hebrew word for God is a masculine noun '' as he `` is an active rather than a passive creative force '' . Zoroastrianism ( edit ) Main article : Ahura Mazda Ahura Mazda ( / əˌhʊrəˌmæzdə / ) ; ( also known as Ohrmazd , Ahuramazda , Hourmazd , Hormazd , Harzoo and Hurmuz , Lord or simply as spirit ) is the Avestan name for the creator and sole God of Zoroastrianism . Ahura Mazda is described as the highest spirit of worship in Zoroastrianism , along with being the first and most frequently invoked spirit in the Yasna . The literal meaning of the word Ahura is `` mighty '' or `` lord '' and Mazda is wisdom . Zoroaster argued that God is almighty , though not omnipotent . Psychological interpretations ( edit ) See also : Evolutionary origin of religions , Evolutionary psychology of religion , and Neurotheology Émile Durkheim states that gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings . According to Matt Rossano , God concepts may be a means of enforcing morality and building more cooperative community groups . Sigmund Freud suggested that God concepts are a projection of one 's father . Psychologists of religion have proposed that the personality and characteristics of deities reflects a culture 's sense of self - esteem and that a culture projects its revered values into deities and in spiritual terms . The cherished , desired or sought human personality is congruent with the personality it defines to be gods . Lonely and fearful societies tend to invent wrathful , violent , submission - seeking deities ( or God ) , while happier and secure societies tend to invent loving , non-violent , compassionate deities . See also ( edit ) Religion portal Culture portal Apotheosis Deicide Divinity Euhemerism Hero cult Imperial cult List of deities List of deities in fiction Odinism Paganism Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Examples : omnipotent , omnipresent , omniscient , omnibenevolent or eternal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The American Heritage Book of English Usage : A Practical and Authoritative Guide to Contemporary English . Boston : Houghton Mifflin. 1996 . p. 219 . ISBN 0395767857 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Jodi ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Gender and Society . Los Angeles : SAGE . p. 191 . ISBN 9781412909167 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stevenson , Angus ( 2010 ) . Oxford Dictionary of English ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 461 . ISBN 9780199571123 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton ) , C. Scott ( 2005 ) . Gods , Goddesses , and Mythology . New York : Marshall Cavendish . p. 378 . ISBN 9780761475590 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Becking , Bob ; Dijkstra , Meindert ; Korpel , Marjo ; Vriezen , Karel ( 2001 ) . Only One God ? : Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah . London : New York . p. 189 . ISBN 9780567232120 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . The Christian tradition is , in imitation of Judaism , a monotheistic religion . This implies that believers accept the existence of only one God . Other deities either do not exist , are seen as the product of human imagination or are dismissed as remanents of a persistent paganism Jump up ^ Korte , Anne - Marie ; Haardt , Maaike De ( 2009 ) . The Boundaries of Monotheism : Interdisciplinary Explorations Into the Foundations of Western Monotheism . BRILL . p. 9 . ISBN 9004173161 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jeannine K. ( 2007 ) . Scripture as Communication : Introducing Biblical Hermeneutics . Baker Academic . p. 72 . ISBN 9780801027888 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taliaferro , Charles ; Harrison , Victoria S. ; Goetz , Stewart ( 2012 ) . The Routledge Companion to Theism . Routledge . pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 9781136338236 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reat , N. Ross ; Perry , Edmund F. ( 1991 ) . A World Theology : The Central Spiritual Reality of Humankind . Cambridge University Press . pp. 73 -- 75 . ISBN 9780521331593 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keown , Damien ( 2013 ) . Buddhism : A Very Short Introduction ( New ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199663835 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bullivant , Stephen ; Ruse , Michael ( 2013 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Atheism . Oxford University Publishing . ISBN 9780199644650 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Murdoch , John ( 1861 ) . English Translations of Select Tracts , Published in India : With an Introd . Containing Lists of the Tracts in Each Language . Graves . pp. 141 -- 142 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . We ( monotheists ) find by reason and revelation that God is omniscient , omnipotent , most holy , etc , but the Hindu deities possess none of those attributes . It is mentioned in their Shastras that their deities were all vanquished by the Asurs , while they fought in the heavens , and for fear of whom they left their abodes . This plainly shows that they are not omnipotent . ^ Jump up to : Hood , Robert E. ( 1990 ) . Must God Remain Greek ? : Afro Cultures and God - talk . Minneapolis : Fortress Press . pp. 128 -- 129 . ISBN 9780800624491 . African people may describe their deities as strong , but not omnipotent ; wise but not omniscient ; old but not eternal ; great but not omnipresent ( ... ) Jump up ^ Trigger , Bruce G. ( 2003 ) . Understanding Early Civilizations : A Comparative Study ( 1st ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 441 -- 442 . ISBN 9780521822459 . ( Historically ... ) people perceived far fewer differences between themselves and the gods than the adherents of modern monotheistic religions . Deities were not thought to be omniscient or omnipotent and were rarely believed to be changeless or eternal ^ Jump up to : Taliaferro , Charles ; Marty , Elsa J. ( 2010 ) . A Dictionary of Philosophy of Religion . New York : Continuum . pp. 98 -- 99 . ISBN 9781441111975 . ^ Jump up to : Wilkerson , W.D. ( 2014 ) . Walking With The Gods . Sankofa . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 0991530012 . Jump up ^ Trigger , Bruce G. ( 2003 ) . Understanding Early Civilizations : A Comparative Study ( 1st ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 473 -- 474 . ISBN 9780521822459 . Jump up ^ `` God '' in Honderich , Ted . ( ed ) The Oxford Companion to Philosophy , Oxford University Press . 1995 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Julia M. ( 2014 ) . Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies . Oxford University Press , Incorporated . ISBN 9780199836994 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kramarae , Cheris ; Spender , Dale ( 2004 ) . Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women : Global Women 's Issues and Knowledge . Routledge . p. 655 . ISBN 9781135963156 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bonnefoy , Yves ( 1992 ) . Roman and European Mythologies . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 274 -- 275 . ISBN 9780226064550 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pintchman , Tracy ( 2014 ) . Seeking Mahadevi : Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess . SUNY Press . pp. 1 -- 2 , 19 -- 20 . ISBN 9780791490495 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Nathaniel ( 2016 ) . To Be Cared For : The Power of Conversion and Foreignness of Belonging in an Indian Slum . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520963634 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Malandra , William W. ( 1983 ) . An Introduction to Ancient Iranian Religion : Readings from the Avesta and the Achaemenid Inscriptions . Minneapolis , Minnesota : University of Minnesota Press . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 0816611157 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fløistad , Guttorm ( 2010 ) . Volume 10 : Philosophy of Religion ( 1st ed . ) . Dordrecht : Springer Science & Business Media B.V. pp. 19 -- 20 . ISBN 9789048135271 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daniel T. Potts ( 1997 ) . Mesopotamian Civilization : The Material Foundations . Cornell University Press . pp. 186 -- 187 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 3339 - 8 . Jump up ^ Potter , Karl H. ( 2014 ) . The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies , Volume 3 : Advaita Vedanta up to Samkara and His Pupils . Princeton University Press . pp. 272 -- 274 . ISBN 9781400856510 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olivelle , Patrick ( 2006 ) . The Samnyasa Upanisads : Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 47 . ISBN 9780195361377 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cush , Denise ; Robinson , Catherine ; York , Michael ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Hinduism . London : Routledge . pp. 899 -- 900 . ISBN 9781135189792 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoad , T.F. ( 2008 ) . The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology . Paw Prints . ISBN 9781439505717 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mallory , J.P. ; Adams , D.Q. ( 1997 ) . Encyclopedia of Indo - European Culture ( 1st ed . ) . London : Fitzroy Dearborn . ISBN 9781884964985 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Monier - Williams , Monier ; Leumann , Ernst ; Cappeller , Carl ( 2005 ) . A Sanskrit - English Dictionary : Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo - European Languages ( Corrected ed . ) . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass . ISBN 9788120831056 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawley , John S. ; Wulff , Donna M. ( 1998 ) . Devi : Goddesses of India ( 1st ed . ) . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 2 , 18 -- 21 . ISBN 9788120814912 . ^ Jump up to : Klostermaier , Klaus K. ( 2007 ) . A Survey of Hinduism ( 3rd ed . ) . Albany , New York : State University of New York Press . pp. 101 -- 102 . ISBN 9780791470824 . ^ Jump up to : Mallory , J.P. ; Adams , D.Q. ( 2006 ) . The Oxford introduction to Proto - Indo - European and the Proto - Indo - European world ( Reprint ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 418 -- 423 . ISBN 9780199287918 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , Huw Parri ( 1971 ) . Concepts of Deity . Springer . ISBN 9781349000937 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Libbrecht , Ulrich ( 2007 ) . Within the Four Seas ... : Introduction to Comparative Philosophy . Paris : Peeters . p. 42 . ISBN 9042918128 . Jump up ^ Beck , Guy L. ( 2005 ) . Alternative Krishnas : Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity . Albany : State University of New York Press . pp. 169 , note 11 . ISBN 9780791464151 . Jump up ^ Williams , George M. ( 2008 ) . Handbook of Hindu Mythology ( Reprint ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 24 -- 35 . ISBN 9780195332612 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Bina ( 2012 ) . An Introduction to Indian Philosophy : Perspectives on Reality , Knowledge , and Freedom . New York : Routledge . pp. 21 -- 25 . ISBN 9780415800037 . Jump up ^ Bowker , John ( 2014 ) . God A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . pp. 88 -- 96 . ISBN 9780198708957 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Signe ( 2008 ) . Text and authority in the older Upaniṣads . Leiden : Brill . pp. 40 , 219 -- 220 , 243 -- 244 . ISBN 9789004167773 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Jeaneane ( 1997 ) . Hinduism : Beliefs and Practices . Brighton : Sussex Academic Press . pp. -- 10 , 17 -- 18 , 114 -- 118 , 132 -- 133 , 149 . ISBN 9781898723608 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Choon Kim , Yong ; Freeman , David H. ( 1981 ) . Oriental Thought : An Introduction to the Philosophical and Religious Thought of Asia . Totowa , New Jersey : Littlefield , Adams and Company . pp. 15 -- 19 . ISBN 9780822603658 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Philip ( 2012 ) . The Story of Prehistoric Peoples . New York : Rosen Central . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 9781448847907 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ruether , Rosemary Radford ( 2006 ) . Goddesses and the Divine Feminine : A Western Religious History ( 1st ed . ) . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . p. 3 . ISBN 9780520250055 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Joseph M. ; Sanford , Mei - Mei ( 2002 ) . Osun across the Waters : A Yoruba Goddess in Africa and the Americas . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . pp. 1 -- 8 . ISBN 0253108632 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Sandra T. ( 1997 ) . Africa 's Ogun : Old World and New ( 2nd ed . ) . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . pp. ix -- x , 1 -- 3 , 59 , 132 -- 134 , 199 -- 200 . ISBN 0253210836 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Juang , Richard M. ; Morrissette , Noelle ( 2007 ) . Africa and the Americas : Culture , Politics , and History . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . pp. 843 -- 844 . ISBN 9781851094417 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Tamra ( 2000 ) . Dictionary of Nature Myths : Legends of the Earth , Sea , and Sky . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 9780195136777 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Alan ( 2001 ) . Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa : A Comparative Ethnography of the Khoisan Peoples . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 87 -- 88 , 153 -- 155 , 252 -- 256 . ISBN 9780521428651 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Patricia Ann ; Roberts , Jeremy ( 2010 ) . African Mythology , A to Z ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Chelsea House . ISBN 9781438131337 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makward , Edris ; Lilleleht , Mark ; Saber , Ahmed ( 2004 ) . North - south Linkages and Connections in Continental and Diaspora African Literatures . Trenton , New Jersey : Africa World . pp. 302 -- 304 . ISBN 9781592211579 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pinch , Geraldine ( 2003 ) . Egyptian Mythology : A Guide to the Gods , Goddesses , and Traditions of Ancient Egypt . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195170245 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , p. 72 Jump up ^ Allen 1999 , pp. 44 -- 54 , 59 Jump up ^ Leitz , Christian , `` Deities and Demons : Egypt '' in Johnston 2004 , pp. 393 -- 394 Jump up ^ Hornung 1982 , p. 42 Jump up ^ Baines 2001 , p. 216 Jump up ^ Hornung 1982 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Assmann 2001 , pp. 7 -- 8 , 83 Jump up ^ Allen 2000 , pp. 43 -- 45 Jump up ^ Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 91 , 147 Jump up ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 85 -- 86 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 1999 , pp. 261 -- 262 Jump up ^ Traunecker 2001 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 12 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Silverman , David P. , `` Divinity and Deities in Ancient Egypt '' , in Shafer 1991 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Frankfurter , David , `` Histories : Egypt , Later Period '' in Johnston 2004 , p. 160 ^ Jump up to : Martin , Thomas R. ( 2013 ) . ncient Greece : From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times ( 2nd ed . ) . New Haven : Yale University Press . pp. 39 -- 40 . ISBN 0300160054 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gagarin , Michael ( 2009 ) . Ancient Greece and Rome . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195170726 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flensted - Jensen , Pernille ( 2000 ) . Further Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis . Stuttgart : Steiner . pp. 9 -- 12 . ISBN 9783515076074 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greek Religion '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002 . Jump up ^ Burkert , Walter ( 1985 ) . Greek Religion ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 182 . ISBN 9780674362819 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Kenneth L. ( 2014 ) . Western Civilization : A Global and Comparative Approach Volume I : To 1715 . Routledge . ISBN 9781317452270 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stoll , Heinrich Wilhelm ( 1852 ) . Handbook of the religion and mythology of the Greeks . p. 3 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Garland , Robert ( 1992 ) . Introducing New Gods : The Politics of Athenian Religion . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . pp. 1 -- 9 . ISBN 0801427665 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Janet ; Stanton , Julie ( 2006 ) . Mythology : Myths , Legends and Fantasies . Cape Town , South Africa : Struik . p. 501 . ISBN 9781770074538 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roza , Greg ( 2007 ) . Incan Mythology and Other Myths of the Andes ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Rosen Publishing Group . pp. 27 -- 30 . ISBN 9781404207394 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Littleton , C. Scott ( 2005 ) . Gods , Goddesses , and Mythology : Vol. 6 . Tarrytown , New York : Marshall Cavendish Corporation . ISBN 9780761475651 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kolata , Alan L. ( 2013 ) . Ancient Inca . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . p. 164 . ISBN 9780521869003 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sherman , Josepha ( 2015 ) . Storytelling : An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore . Routledge . p. 238 . ISBN 9781317459385 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melton , J. Gordon ; Baumann , Martin ( 2010 ) . Religions of the World : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices ( 2nd ed . ) . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . pp. 2243 -- 2244 . ISBN 9781598842043 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koschorke , Klaus , ; Ludwig , Frieder ; Delgado , Mariano ; Spliesgart , Roland ( 2007 ) . A History of Christianity in Asia , Africa , and Latin America , 1450 - 1990 : A Documentary Sourcebook . Grand Rapids , Michigan : W.B. Eerdmans . pp. 323 -- 325 . ISBN 9780802828897 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kuznar , Lawrence A. ( 2001 ) . Ethnoarchaeology of Andean South America : Contributions to Archaeological Method and Theory . Ann Arbor , Michigan : International Monographs in Prehistory . pp. 45 -- 47 . ISBN 9781879621299 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fagan , Brian M. ; Beck , Charlotte ( 2006 ) . The Oxford Companion to Archaeology . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 345 . ISBN 9780195076189 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Insoll , Timothy ( 2011 ) . The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Ritual and Religion . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 563 -- 567 . ISBN 9780199232444 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Issitt , Micah Lee ; Main , Carlyn ( 2014 ) . Hidden Religion : The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World 's Religious Beliefs : The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World 's Religious Beliefs . ABC - CLIO . pp. 373 -- 375 . ISBN 9781610694780 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Faust , Katherine A. ; Richter , Kim N. ( 2015 ) . The Huasteca : Culture , History , and Interregional Exchange . University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 162 -- 163 . ISBN 9780806149578 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lindow , John ( 2002 ) . Norse Mythology : A Guide to Gods , Heroes , Rituals , and Beliefs . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199839698 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Warner , Marina ( 2003 ) . World of Myths . University of Texas Press . ISBN 9780292702042 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gimbutas , Marija ; Dexter , Miriam Robbins ( 2001 ) . The Living Goddesses ( 1st ed . ) . Berkeley , California : Uniersity of California Press . pp. 191 -- 196 . ISBN 9780520229150 . Jump up ^ Christensen , Lisbeth Bredholt ; Hammer , Olav ; Warburton , David ( 2014 ) . The Handbook of Religions in Ancient Europe . Routledge . pp. 328 -- 329 . ISBN 9781317544531 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oosten , Jarich G. ( 2015 ) . The War of the Gods ( RLE Myth ) : The Social Code in Indo - European Mythology . Routledge . p. 36 . ISBN 9781317555841 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Williamson , Robert W. ( 2013 ) . Religion and Social Organization in Central Polynesia . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781107625693 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coulter , Charles Russel ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities . Hoboken : Taylor and Francis . ISBN 9781135963903 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Long , Charlotte R. ( 1987 ) . The Twelve Gods of Greece and Rome . Brill Archive . pp. 232 -- 243 . ISBN 9004077162 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woodard , Roger ( 2013 ) . Myth , ritual , and the warrior in Roman and Indo - European antiquity ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Cambridge University Press . pp. 25 -- 26 , 93 -- 96 , 194 -- 196 . ISBN 9781107022409 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Angel ( 2013 ) . Poetic Language and Religion in Greece and Rome . Newcastle upon Tyne : Cambridge Scholars Publishing . pp. 90 -- 91 . ISBN 9781443855655 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mysliwiec , Karol ; Lorton , David ( 2000 ) . The Twilight of Ancient Egypt : First Millennium B.C.E. ( 1st ed . ) . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . p. 188 . ISBN 0801486300 . Jump up ^ Todd , Malcolm ( 2004 ) . The Early Germans . ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford : John Wiley & Sons . pp. 103 -- 105 . ISBN 9781405137560 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kristensen , f . ( 1960 ) . The Meaning of Religion Lectures in the Phenomenology of Religion . Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands . p. 138 . ISBN 9789401765800 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh , P.G. ( 1997 ) . The Nature of the Gods . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. xxvi . ISBN 9780191623141 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barfield , Raymond ( 2011 ) . The Ancient Quarrel Between Philosophy and Poetry . Cambridge University Press . pp. 75 -- 76 . ISBN 9781139497091 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strazny , Philipp ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Linguistics . Routledge . p. 1046 . ISBN 9781135455224 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Masson , Vadim Mikhaĭlovich ( 1988 ) . Altyn - Depe . Philadelphia : University Museum , University of Pennsylvania . pp. 77 -- 78 . ISBN 9780934718547 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses - Anšar and Kišar ( god and goddess ) '' . Oracc.museum.upenn.edu . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leeming , David ( 2005 ) . The Oxford Companion to World Mythology . Oxford University Press . pp. 122 -- 124 . ISBN 9780190288884 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses - Marduk ( god ) '' . Oracc.museum.upenn.edu . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ van der Toorn , Karel ; Becking , Bob ; van der Horst , Pieter W. ( 1999 ) . Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible ( 2nd ed . ) . Leiden : Brill . pp. 543 -- 549 . ISBN 0802824919 . Jump up ^ Bienkowski , Piotr ; Millard , Alan ( 2000 ) . Dictionary of the ancient Near East . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 246 . ISBN 081222115X . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClelland 2010 , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : Trainor 2004 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Merv ( 1999 ) . Buddhism : beliefs and practices . Brighton : Sussex Academic Press . p. 65 . ISBN 9781898723660 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . For a vast majority of Buddhists in Theravadin countries , however , the order of monks is seen by lay Buddhists as a means of gaining the most merit in the hope of accumulating good karma for a better rebirth . Jump up ^ Gowans , Christopher ( 2004 ) . Philosophy of the Buddha : An Introduction . Routledge . p. 169 . ISBN 9781134469734 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Emery , Gilles ; Levering , Matthew ( 2011 ) . The Oxford Handbook of the Trinity . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199557813 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Larsen , Timothy ; Treier , Daniel J. ( 2007 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Evangelical Theology. 51 : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781139827508 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aslanoff , , Catherine ( 1995 ) . The Incarnate God : The Feasts and the life of Jesus Christ . Crestwood , New York : St. Vladimir 's Seminary Press . ISBN 9780881411300 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Inbody , Tyron ( 2005 ) . The Faith of the Christian Church : An Introduction to Theology . Grand Rapids , Michigan : William B. Eerdmans Publishing . pp. 205 -- 232 . ISBN 9780802841513 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lipner , Julius ( 2010 ) . Hindus : Their Religious Beliefs and Practices ( 2nd ed . ) . Abingdon , Oxon : Routledge . p. 8 . ISBN 9780415456777 . ( ... ) one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus , or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu . One may be polytheistic or monotheistic , monistic or pantheistic , even an agnostic , humanist or atheist , and still be considered a Hindu . Jump up ^ Chakravarti , Sitansu S. ( 1992 ) . Hinduism , a Way of Life ( 1st ed . ) . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Publishing . p. 71 . ISBN 9788120808997 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hale , Wash Edward ( 1986 ) . Ásura in Early Vedic Religion ( 1st ed . ) . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass . ISBN 9788120800618 . Jump up ^ Gier , Nicholas F. ( 2000 ) . Spiritual Titanism : Indian , Chinese , and Western Perspectives . Albany , New York : State University of New York Press . pp. 59 -- 76 . ISBN 9780791445280 . ^ Jump up to : Billington , Ray ( 2002 ) . Understanding Eastern Philosophy . Routledge . p. 42 . ISBN 9781134793488 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yust , Karen Marie ( 2006 ) . Nurturing Child and Adolescent Spirituality : Perspectives from the World 's Religious Traditions . p. 300 . ISBN 9781461665908 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hammer , Juliane ; Safi , Omid ( 2013 ) . The Cambridge companion to American Islam ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 213 . ISBN 9781107002418 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Piamenta , Moshe ( 1983 ) . The Muslim Conception of God and Human Welfare : As Reflected in Everyday Arabic Speech . Brill Archive . pp. 16 -- 17 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` High Court grants Catholic publication Herald rht right to use ' Allah ' word again '' . The Star ( Malaysia ) . January 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Titze , Kurt ; Bruhn , Klaus ( 1998 ) . Jainism : A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-violence ( 2nd ed . ) . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Publishing . p. 39 . ISBN 9788120815346 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelting , M. Whitney ( 2001 ) . Singing to the Jinas : Jain Laywomen , Mandal Singing , and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion . Oxford University Press . p. 221 . ISBN 9780198032113 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wiley , Kristi L. ( 2004 ) . The A to Z of Jainism . Scarecrow Press . p. 186 . ISBN 9780810863378 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelting , M. Whitney ( 2009 ) . Heroic Wives Rituals , Stories and the Virtues of Jain Wifehood . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 44 - 48 . ISBN 9780199736799 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Terry , Michael ( 2013 ) . Reader 's Guide to Judaism . Routledge . pp. 287 -- 288 . ISBN 9781135941505 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kochan , Lionel ( 1990 ) . Jews , Idols , and Messiahs : The Challenge from History . Oxford , UK : B. Blackwell . ISBN 9780631154778 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Aryeh ( 1983 ) . The Aryeh Kaplan Reader : The Gift He Left Behind : Collected Essays on Jewish Themes from the Noted Writer and Thinker ( 1st ed . ) . Brooklyn , New York : Mesorah Publications . pp. 144 -- 145 . ISBN 9780899061733 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ahura Mazda Definition of Ahura Mazda by Merriam - Webster '' . Merriam-webster.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rossano , Matt ( 2007 ) . `` Supernaturalizing Social Life : Religion and the Evolution of Human Cooperation '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Barrett , Justin L. ; Keil , Frank C. ( December 1996 ) . `` Conceptualizing a Nonnatural Entity : Anthropomorphism in God Concepts '' ( PDF ) . Cognitive Psychology . 31 ( 3 ) : 219 -- 247 . doi : 10.1006 / cogp. 1996.0017 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Allen , James P. ( Jul -- Aug 1999 ) . `` Monotheism : The Egyptian Roots '' . Archaeology Odyssey. 2 ( 3 ) . Allen , James P. ( 2000 ) . Middle Egyptian : An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 77483 - 3 . Assmann , Jan ( 2001 ) ( 1984 ) . The Search for God in Ancient Egypt . Translated by David Lorton . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 3786 - 5 . Baines , John ( 2001 ) ( 1985 ) . Fecundity Figures : Egyptian personification and the iconology of a genre . Griffith Institute . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 3786 - 1 . Dunand , Françoise ; Zivie - Coche , Christiane ( 2004 ) ( 1991 ) . Gods and Men in Egypt : 3000 BCE to 395 CE . Translated by David Lorton . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 8853 - 5 . Hart , George ( 2005 ) . The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses , Second Edition . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 02362 - 4 . Hornung , Erik ( 1982 ) ( 1971 ) . Conceptions of God in Egypt : The One and the Many . Translated by John Baines . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 1223 - 3 . Johnston , Sarah Iles , ed. ( 2004 ) . Religions of the Ancient World : A Guide . The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01517 - 3 . McClelland , Norman C. ( 2010 ) , Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma , McFarland , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5675 - 8 Trainor , Kevin ( 2004 ) , Buddhism : The Illustrated Guide , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517398 - 7 Shafer , Byron E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . Religion in Ancient Egypt : Gods , Myths , and Personal Practice . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 9786 - 5 . Traunecker , Claude ( 2001 ) ( 1992 ) . The Gods of Egypt . Translated by David Lorton . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 3834 - 9 . Wilkinson , Richard H. ( 2003 ) . The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05120 - 7 . Wilkinson , Toby ( 1999 ) . Early Dynastic Egypt . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 18633 - 9 . <Th_colspan="2"> Theism <Td_colspan="2"> Deity Divinity Male Female List God Existence Gender Agnostic theism Alatrism Animism Antitheism Apatheism Atheism Agnostic Christian Evangelical Implicit / Explicit Jewish Negative / Positive Scientific or New atheism State atheism Binitarianism Classical theism Deism Ceremonial Christian Pandeism Polydeism Dipolar theism Dystheism Egotheism Misotheism Henotheism Ietsism Kathenotheism Liberal theism Monolatrism Monotheism Ethical Post-monotheism Mysticism Nontheism Post-theism Open theism Panentheism Pantheism Classical Hylotheism Naturalistic Philosophical theism Physitheism Anthropotheism Polytheism Skeptical theism Spiritualism Transtheism Trinitarianism Tritheism Unitarianism <Td_colspan="2"> Religion portal <Th_colspan="2"> Theology : Outline <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Conceptions of God <Td_colspan="2"> Theism Forms Deism Dystheism Henotheism Hermeticism Kathenotheism Nontheism Monolatrism Monotheism Mysticism Panentheism Pandeism Pantheism Polydeism Polytheism Spiritualism Theopanism Concepts Deity Divinity Gender of God and gods Male deity Goddess Numen Singular god theologies By faith Abrahamic religions Judaism Christianity Islam the Bahá'í Faith Buddhism Hinduism Jainism Sikhism Zoroastrianism Concepts Absolute Brahman Emanationism Logos Supreme Being God as the Devil Sustainer Time Trinitarianism Athanasian Creed Comma Johanneum Consubstantiality Homoousian Homoiousian Hypostasis Perichoresis Shield of the Trinity Trinitarian formula Trinity Trinity of the Church Fathers Trinitarian Universalism Eschatology Afterlife Apocalypticism Buddhist Christian Heaven Hindu Islamic Jewish Taoist Zoroastrian Feminist Buddhism Christianity Hinduism Islam Judaism Mormonism Goddesses Other concepts The All Aristotelian view Attributes of God in Christianity / in Islam Binitarianism Demiurge Divine simplicity Divine presence Egotheism Exotheology Holocaust Godhead in Christianity Latter Day Saints Great Architect of the Universe Great Spirit Apophatic theology Olelbis Open theism Personal god Phenomenological definition Philo 's view Process Tian Unmoved mover Names of God in Christianity Hinduism Islam Jainism Judaism <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> By Faith <Td_colspan="2"> Christian History Outline Biblical canon Glossary Christology Cosmology Ecclesiology Ethics Hamartiology Messianism Nestorianism Philosophy Practical Sophiology Soteriology Hindu Ayyavazhi theology Krishnology Islamic Oneness of God Prophets Holy Scriptures Angels Predestination Last Judgment Jewish Abrahamic prophecy Aggadah Denominations Kabbalah Philosophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deity&oldid=801654990 '' Categories : Deities Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2017 Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from June 2017 All articles needing copy edit Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2017 Articles containing Arabic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Pages using div col with small parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bislama Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Ladino ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių La . lojban . 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1. Deity definition and characteristics
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where does the energy of the core coming from
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Earth 's internal heat budget - wikipedia Earth 's internal heat budget Global map of the flux of heat , in mW / m , from Earth 's interior to the surface . The largest values of heat flux coincide with mid ocean ridges , and the smallest values of heat flux occur in stable continental interiors . Earth 's internal heat budget is fundamental to the thermal history of the Earth . The flow of heat from Earth 's interior to the surface is estimated at 47 ± 2 ( \ displaystyle 47 \ pm 2 ) terawatts ( TW ) and comes from two main sources in roughly equal amounts : the radiogenic heat produced by the radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust , and the primordial heat left over from the formation of the Earth . Earth 's internal heat powers most geological processes and drives plate tectonics . Despite its geological significance , this heat energy coming from Earth 's interior is actually only 0.03 % of Earth 's total energy budget at the surface , which is dominated by 173,000 TW of incoming solar radiation . The insolation that eventually , after reflection , reaches the surface penetrates only several tens of centimeters on the daily cycle and only several tens of meters on the annual cycle . This renders solar radiation minimally relevant for internal processes . Contents 1 Heat and early estimate of Earth 's age 2 Global internal heat flow 3 Radiogenic heat 4 Primordial heat 5 Heat flow and plate tectonics 6 See also 7 References Heat and early estimate of Earth 's age ( edit ) Based on calculations of Earth 's cooling rate , which assumed constant conductivity in the Earth 's interior , in 1862 William Thomson ( later made Lord Kelvin ) estimated the age of the Earth at 98 million years , which contrasts with the age of 4.5 billion years obtained in the 20th century by radiometric dating . As pointed out by John Perry in 1895 a variable conductivity in the Earth 's interior could expand the computed age of the Earth to billions of years , as later confirmed by radiometric dating . Contrary to the usual representation of Kelvin 's argument , the observed thermal gradient of the Earth 's crust would not be explained by the addition of radioactivity as a heat source . More significantly , mantle convection alters how heat is transported within the Earth , invalidating Kelvin 's assumption of purely conductive cooling . Global internal heat flow ( edit ) Cross section of the Earth showing its main divisions and their approximate contributions to Earth 's total internal heat flow to the surface , and the dominant heat transport mechanisms within the Earth . Estimates of the total heat flow from Earth 's interior to surface span a range of 43 to 49 terawatts ( TW ) ( a terawatt is 10 watts ) . One recent estimate is 47 TW , equivalent to an average heat flux of 91.6 mW / m , and is based on more than 38,000 measurements . The respective mean heat flows of continental and oceanic crust are 70.9 and 105.4 mW / m . While the total internal Earth heat flow to the surface is well constrained , the relative contribution of the two main sources of Earth 's heat , radiogenic and primordial heat , are highly uncertain because their direct measurement is difficult . Chemical and physical models give estimated ranges of 15 -- 41 TW and 12 -- 30 TW for radiogenic heat and primordial heat , respectively . The structure of the Earth is a rigid outer crust that is composed of thicker continental crust and thinner oceanic crust , solid but plastically flowing mantle , a liquid outer core , and a solid inner core . The fluidity of a material is proportional to temperature ; thus , the solid mantle can still flow on long time scales , as a function of its temperature and therefore as a function of the flow of Earth 's internal heat . The mantle convects in response to heat escaping from Earth 's interior , with hotter and more buoyant mantle rising and cooler , and therefore denser , mantle sinking . This convective flow of the mantle drives the movement of Earth 's lithospheric plates ; thus , an additional reservoir of heat in the lower mantle is critical for the operation of plate tectonics and one possible source is an enrichment of radioactive elements in the lower mantle . Earth heat transport occurs by conduction , mantle convection , hydrothermal convection , and volcanic advection . Earth 's internal heat flow to the surface is thought to be 80 % due to mantle convection , with the remaining heat mostly originating in the Earth 's crust , with about 1 % due to volcanic activity , earthquakes , and mountain building . Thus , about 99 % of Earth 's internal heat loss at the surface is by conduction through the crust , and mantle convection is the dominant control on heat transport from deep within the Earth . Most of the heat flow from the thicker continental crust is attributed to internal radiogenic sources , in contrast the thinner oceanic crust has only 2 % internal radiogenic heat . The remaining heat flow at the surface would be due to basal heating of the crust from mantle convection . Heat fluxes are negatively correlated with rock age , with the highest heat fluxes from the youngest rock at mid-ocean ridge spreading centers ( zones of mantle upwelling ) , as observed in the global map of Earth heat flow . Radiogenic heat ( edit ) The evolution of Earth 's radiogenic heat flow over time . The radioactive decay of elements in the Earth 's mantle and crust results in production of daughter isotopes and release of geoneutrinos and heat energy , or radiogenic heat . Four radioactive isotopes are responsible for the majority of radiogenic heat because of their enrichment relative to other radioactive isotopes : uranium - 238 ( U ) , uranium - 235 ( U ) , thorium - 232 ( Th ) , and potassium - 40 ( K ) . Due to a lack of rock samples from below 200 km depth , it is difficult to determine precisely the radiogenic heat throughout the whole mantle , although some estimates are available . For the Earth 's core , geochemical studies indicate that it is unlikely to be a significant source of radiogenic heat due to an expected low concentration of radioactive elements partitioning into iron . Radiogenic heat production in the mantle is linked to the structure of mantle convection , a topic of much debate , and it is thought that the mantle may either have a layered structure with a higher concentration of radioactive heat - producing elements in the lower mantle , or small reservoirs enriched in radioactive elements dispersed throughout the whole mantle . An estimate of the present - day major heat - producing isotopes Isotope Heat release W / kg isotope Half - life years Mean mantle concentration kg isotope / kg mantle Heat release W / kg mantle U 6995946000000000000 ♠ 94.6 × 10 7009447000000000000 ♠ 4.47 × 10 6992308000000000000 ♠ 30.8 × 10 6988291000000000000 ♠ 2.91 × 10 U 6996569000000000000 ♠ 569 × 10 7008704000000000000 ♠ 0.704 × 10 6990220000000000000 ♠ 0.22 × 10 6987125000000000000 ♠ 0.125 × 10 Th 6995263999999999999 ♠ 26.4 × 10 7010140000000000000 ♠ 14.0 × 10 6993124000000000000 ♠ 124 × 10 6988327000000000000 ♠ 3.27 × 10 6995292000000000000 ♠ 29.2 × 10 7009125000000000000 ♠ 1.25 × 10 6992369000000000000 ♠ 36.9 × 10 6988108000000000000 ♠ 1.08 × 10 Geoneutrino detectors can detect the decay of U and Th and thus allow estimation of their contribution to the present radiogenic heat budget , while U and K is not detectable . Regardless , K is estimated to contribute 4 TW of heating . However , due to the short half - lives the decay of U and K contributed a large fraction of radiogenic heat flux to the early Earth , which was also much hotter than at present . Initial results from measuring the geoneutrino products of radioactive decay from within the Earth , a proxy for radiogenic heat , yielded a new estimate of half of the total Earth internal heat source being radiogenic , and this is consistent with previous estimates . Primordial heat ( edit ) Primordial heat is the heat lost by the Earth as it continues to cool from its original formation , and this is in contrast to its still actively - produced radiogenic heat . The Earth core 's heat flow -- heat leaving the core and flowing into the overlying mantle -- is thought to be due to primordial heat , and is estimated at 5 -- 15 TW . Estimates of mantle primordial heat loss range between 7 and 15 TW , which is calculated as the remainder of heat after removal of core heat flow and bulk - Earth radiogenic heat production from the observed surface heat flow . The early formation of the Earth 's dense core could have caused superheating and rapid heat loss , and the heat loss rate would slow once the mantle solidified . Heat flow from the core is necessary for maintaining the convecting outer core and the geodynamo and Earth 's magnetic field , therefore primordial heat from the core enabled Earth 's atmosphere and thus helped retain Earth 's liquid water . Heat flow and plate tectonics ( edit ) Earth 's tectonic evolution over time from a molten state at 4.5 Ga , to a single - plate lithosphere , to modern plate tectonics sometime between 3.2 Ga and 1.0 Ga . Controversy over the exact nature of mantle convection makes the linked evolution of Earth 's heat budget and the dynamics and structure of the mantle difficult to unravel . There is evidence that the processes of plate tectonics were not active in the Earth before 3.2 billion years ago , and that early Earth 's internal heat loss could have been dominated by advection via heat - pipe volcanism . Terrestrial bodies with lower heat flows , such as the Moon and Mars , conduct their internal heat through a single lithospheric plate , and higher heat flows , such as on Jupiter 's moon Io , result in advective heat transport via enhanced volcanism , while the active plate tectonics of Earth occur with an intermediate heat flow and a convecting mantle . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earth 's internal heat budget . Geothermal energy Geothermal gradient Thermal history of the Earth References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Davies , J.H. , & Davies , D.R. ( 2010 ) . Earth 's surface heat flux . Solid Earth , 1 ( 1 ) , 5 -- 24 . ^ Jump up to : Donald L. Turcotte ; Gerald Schubert ( 25 March 2002 ) . Geodynamics . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66624 - 4 . Jump up ^ Buffett , B.A. ( 2007 ) . Taking earth 's temperature . Science , 315 ( 5820 ) , 1801 -- 1802 . Jump up ^ Archer , D. ( 2012 ) . Global Warming : Understanding the Forecast . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 94341 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lowrie , W. ( 2007 ) . Fundamentals of geophysics . Cambridge : CUP , 2nd ed . Jump up ^ Thomson , William . ( 1864 ) . On the secular cooling of the earth , read 28 April 1862 . Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , 23 , 157 -- 170 . ^ Jump up to : Ross Taylor , Stuart ( 26 October 2007 ) . `` Chapter 2 : The Formation Of The Earth And Moon '' . In Martin J. van Kranendonk ; Vickie Bennett ; Hugh R.H. Smithies . Earth 's Oldest Rocks ( Developments in Precambrian Geology Vol 15 , 2007 ) . Elsevier . pp. 21 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 055247 - 7 . Jump up ^ England , Philip ; Molnar , Peter ; Richter , Frank ( 2007 ) . `` John Perry 's neglected critique of Kelvin 's age for the Earth : A missed opportunity in geodynamics '' ( PDF ) . GSA Today . 17 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 9 . doi : 10.1130 / GSAT01701A. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Dye , S.T. ( 2012 ) . Geoneutrinos and the radioactive power of the Earth . Reviews of Geophysics , 50 ( 3 ) . ^ Jump up to : Arevalo Jr , R. , McDonough , W.F. , & Luong , M. ( 2009 ) . The K / U ratio of the silicate Earth : Insights into mantle composition , structure and thermal evolution . Earth and Planetary Science Letters , 278 ( 3 ) , 361 -- 369 . Jump up ^ Jaupart , C. , & Mareschal , J.C. ( 2007 ) . Heat flow and thermal structure of the lithosphere . Treatise on Geophysics , 6 , 217 -- 251 . Jump up ^ Korenaga , J. ( 2003 ) . Energetics of mantle convection and the fate of fossil heat . Geophysical Research Letters , 30 ( 8 ) , 1437 . ^ Jump up to : Korenaga , J. ( 2011 ) . Earth 's heat budget : Clairvoyant geoneutrinos . Nature Geoscience , 4 ( 9 ) , 581 -- 582 . Jump up ^ `` Geophysical and geochemical constraints on geoneutrino fluxes from Earth 's mantle '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 361 : 356 -- 366 . 2013 - 01 - 01 . arXiv : 1207.0853 . Bibcode : 2013E&PSL. 361 ... 356S . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2012.11. 001 . ISSN 0012 - 821X . Jump up ^ McDonough , W.F. ( 2003 ) , `` Compositional Model for the Earth 's Core '' , Treatise on Geochemistry , Elsevier , pp. 547 -- 568 , Bibcode : 2003TrGeo ... 2 ... 547M , doi : 10.1016 / b0 - 08 - 043751 - 6 / 02015 - 6 , ISBN 9780080437514 , retrieved 2018 - 08 - 03 ^ Jump up to : Korenaga , J. ( 2008 ) . Urey ratio and the structure and evolution of Earth 's mantle . Reviews of Geophysics , 46 ( 2 ) . ^ Jump up to : Gando , A. , Dwyer , D.A. , McKeown , R.D. , & Zhang , C. ( 2011 ) . Partial radiogenic heat model for Earth revealed by geoneutrino measurements . Nature Geoscience , 4 ( 9 ) , 647 -- 651 . ^ Jump up to : Lay , T. , Hernlund , J. , & Buffett , B.A. ( 2008 ) . Core -- mantle boundary heat flow . Nature Geoscience , 1 ( 1 ) , 25 - 32 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , W.B. , & Webb , A.A.G. ( 2013 ) . Heat - pipe Earth . Nature , 501 ( 7468 ) , 501 -- 505 . Jump up ^ Pease , V. , Percival , J. , Smithies , H. , Stevens , G. , & Van Kranendonk , M. ( 2008 ) . When did plate tectonics begin ? Evidence from the orogenic record . When did plate tectonics begin on planet Earth , 199 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Stern , R.J. ( 2008 ) . Modern - style plate tectonics began in Neoproterozoic time : An alternative interpretation of Earth 's tectonic history . When did plate tectonics begin on planet Earth , 265 -- 280 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth%27s_internal_heat_budget&oldid=864839724 '' Categories : Earth Geodynamics Plate tectonics Heat transfer Geothermal energy Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 20 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Earth's internal heat budget
2. Radiogenic heat
3. Primordial heat
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5. Mantle convection and heat transport
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when was the fellowship of the ring filmed
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The Lord of the Rings : the Fellowship of the Ring - wikipedia The Lord of the Rings : the Fellowship of the Ring This article is about the 2001 live - action film . For the book from which it was adapted , see The Fellowship of the Ring . For other uses , see The Fellowship of the Ring ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Jackson Produced by Barrie M. Osborne Peter Jackson Fran Walsh Tim Sanders Screenplay by Fran Walsh Philippa Boyens Peter Jackson Based on The Fellowship of the Ring by J.R.R. Tolkien Starring Elijah Wood Ian McKellen Viggo Mortensen Liv Tyler Sean Astin Cate Blanchett John Rhys - Davies Billy Boyd Dominic Monaghan Orlando Bloom Christopher Lee Hugo Weaving Sean Bean Ian Holm Andy Serkis Sala Baker Music by Howard Shore Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Edited by John Gilbert Production companies WingNut Films The Saul Zaentz Company Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date 10 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 10 ) ( Odeon Leicester Square ) 19 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 19 ) ( United States ) 20 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 20 ) ( New Zealand ) Running time 178 minutes Country New Zealand United States Language English Budget $93 million Box office $871.5 million The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring is a 2001 epic adventure fantasy film directed by Peter Jackson based on the first volume of J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings ( 1954 -- 1955 ) . It is the first instalment in The Lord of the Rings series , and was followed by The Two Towers ( 2002 ) and The Return of the King ( 2003 ) , based on the second and third volumes of The Lord of the Rings . Set in Middle - earth , the story tells of the Dark Lord Sauron ( Sala Baker ) , who is seeking the One Ring . The Ring has found its way to the young hobbit Frodo Baggins ( Elijah Wood ) . The fate of Middle - earth hangs in the balance as Frodo and eight companions who form the Fellowship of the Ring begin their journey to Mount Doom in the land of Mordor , the only place where the Ring can be destroyed . Released on 10 December 2001 , the film was highly acclaimed by critics and fans alike who considered it to be a landmark in film - making and an achievement in the fantasy film genre . It has continued to be featured on critic lists of the greatest fantasy films ever made , as of 2017 . The film earned over $871 million worldwide and became the second highest - grossing film of 2001 in the US and worldwide ( behind Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ) . It was nominated for thirteen Oscars at the 74th Academy Awards ceremony , including Best Picture , Best Director , and Best Supporting Actor for McKellen , winning four for Best Cinematography , Best Makeup , Best Original Score , and Best Visual Effects . It also won four British Academy Film Awards , including Best Film and Best Director BAFTA awards . The Special Extended Edition was released to DVD on 12 November 2002 and to Blu - ray Disc on 28 June 2011 . In 2007 , The Fellowship of the Ring was voted No. 50 on the American Film Institute 's list of 100 greatest American films . The AFI also voted it the second greatest fantasy film of all time during their 10 Top 10 special . The film ranks # 24 on Empire 's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Comparison with the source material 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Filming locations 4.3 Special effects 4.4 Score 5 Release 5.1 Home media 5.1. 1 Theatrical and extended release 5.1. 2 Blu - ray edition 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In the Second Age of Middle - earth , the lords of Elves , Dwarves , and Men are given Rings of Power . Unbeknownst to them , the Dark Lord Sauron forges the One Ring in Mount Doom , infusing into it a great part of his power to dominate , through it and at a distance , the other Rings , so he might conquer Middle - earth . A final alliance of men and elves battles Sauron 's forces in Mordor , where Prince Isildur of Gondor severs Sauron 's finger , and the Ring with it , thereby destroying his physical form . With Sauron 's first defeat , the Third Age of Middle - earth begins . Unfortunately , the Ring 's influence corrupts Isildur , and , rather than destroy the Ring , Isildur takes it for himself . Isildur is later killed by Orcs , and the Ring is lost for 2,500 years , until it is found by Gollum , who owns it for five centuries . The Ring is then found by a Hobbit named Bilbo Baggins . Sixty years later , Bilbo celebrates his 111th birthday in the Shire , reuniting with his old friend , Gandalf the Grey . Bilbo reveals that he intends to leave the Shire for one last adventure , and he leaves his inheritance , including the Ring , to his nephew , Frodo . Although Bilbo has begun to become corrupted by the Ring and tries to keep it for himself , Gandalf intervenes . Gandalf , suspicious of the Ring , tells Frodo to keep it secret and to keep it safe . Gandalf then investigates the Ring , discovers its true identity , and returns to warn Frodo . Gandalf also learns that Gollum was tortured by Orcs , and that Gollum uttered two words during his torture : `` Shire '' and `` Baggins . '' Gandalf instructs Frodo to leave the Shire , accompanied by his gardener Samwise Gamgee . Gandalf rides to Isengard to meet with fellow wizard Saruman the White , but learns that he has joined forces with Sauron , who has unleashed the Ringwraiths to find Frodo . After a brief battle , Saruman imprisons Gandalf . Frodo and Sam are joined by fellow Hobbits Merry and Pippin , and they evade the Ringwraiths , arriving in Bree , where they are meant to meet Gandalf . However , Gandalf never arrives , and they are instead aided by a ranger named Strider , a friend of Gandalf 's , who escorts them to Rivendell . The Hobbits are ambushed by the Ringwraiths , and one stabs Frodo with a cursed Morgul blade . Arwen , an elf and Strider 's lover , comes to Frodo 's aid and successfully takes him to Rivendell , where he is healed . Frodo meets Gandalf , who escaped Isengard on the back of a giant Eagle . Arwen 's father , Lord Elrond , holds a council that decides the Ring must be destroyed in Mount Doom . While the members argue , Frodo volunteers to take the Ring , accompanied by Gandalf , Sam , Merry , Pippin , elf Legolas , dwarf Gimli , Boromir of Gondor , and Strider , who is revealed to be Aragorn , Isildur 's heir and the rightful King of Gondor . Bilbo gives Frodo his sword , Sting . The Fellowship of the Ring sets off , but Saruman 's magic forces them to travel through the Mines of Moria , much to Gandalf 's displeasure . The Fellowship discovers that the dwarves within Moria have been slain , and they are attacked by Orcs and a cave troll . They defeat them , but are confronted by an ancient demon called a Balrog . Gandalf casts the Balrog into a vast chasm , but it drags Gandalf down into the darkness with it . The rest of the Fellowship , now commanded by Aragorn , reaches Lothlórien , home to elves Galadriel and Celeborn . Galadriel privately informs Frodo that only he can complete the quest , and that one of his friends will try to take the Ring . Meanwhile , Saruman creates an army of Uruk - hai to track down and kill the Fellowship . The Fellowship leaves Lothlórien by river to Parth Galen . Frodo wanders off and is confronted by Boromir , who tries to take the Ring in desperation . Afraid of the Ring corrupting his friends , Frodo decides to travel to Mordor alone . The Fellowship is then ambushed by the Uruk - hai . Merry and Pippin are taken captive , and Boromir is mortally wounded by the Uruk chieftain . After slaying the chieftain , Aragorn watches Boromir die peacefully . Sam follows Frodo , accompanying him to keep his promise to Gandalf to protect Frodo , while Aragorn , Legolas , and Gimli go to rescue Merry and Pippin . Cast ( edit ) Further information : Cast of The Lord of the Rings film series The eponymous Fellowship of the Ring , from left to right : ( Top row ) Aragorn , Gandalf , Legolas , Boromir , ( bottom row ) Sam , Frodo , Merry , Pippin , Gimli . Before filming began on 11 October 1999 , the principal actors trained for six weeks in sword fighting ( with Bob Anderson ) , riding and boating . Jackson hoped such activities would allow the cast to bond so chemistry would be evident on screen as well as getting them used to life in Wellington . They were also trained to pronounce Tolkien 's verses properly . After the shoot , the nine cast members playing the Fellowship got a tattoo of the English word `` nine '' written in Tengwar , with the exception of John Rhys - Davies , whose stunt double got the tattoo instead . The film is noted for having an ensemble cast , and some of the cast and their respective characters include : Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins : a young hobbit who inherits the One Ring from his uncle Bilbo . Wood was the first actor to be cast on 7 July 1999 . Wood was a fan of the book , and he sent in an audition dressed as Frodo , reading lines from the novel . Wood was selected from 150 actors who auditioned , including Jake Gyllenhaal . Ian McKellen as Gandalf : an Istari wizard and mentor to Frodo . Sean Connery was approached for the role , but did not understand the plot , while Patrick Stewart turned it down as he disliked the script . Before being cast , McKellen had to sort his schedule with 20th Century Fox as there was a two - month overlap with X-Men . He enjoyed playing Gandalf the Grey more than his transformed state in the next two films , and based his accent on Tolkien . Unlike his on - screen character , McKellen did not spend much time with the actors playing the Hobbits ; instead he worked with their scale doubles . Sean Astin as Samwise Gamgee : a hobbit gardener and Frodo 's best friend . Astin , who had recently become a father , bonded with the 18 - year - old Wood in a protective manner , which mirrored Sam 's relationship with Frodo . Viggo Mortensen as Aragorn : a Dúnedain ranger , the descendant of Isildur , and heir to Gondor 's throne . Daniel Day - Lewis was offered the part at the beginning of pre-production , but turned it down . Nicolas Cage also received an offer , declining because of `` family obligations '' , while Vin Diesel , a fan of the book , auditioned for Aragorn . Stuart Townsend was cast in the role , before being replaced during filming when Jackson realised he was too young . Russell Crowe was considered as a replacement , but he turned it down after taking what he thought to be a similar role in Gladiator . Day - Lewis was offered the role for a second time , but declined again . Executive Producer Mark Ordesky saw Mortensen in a play . Mortensen 's son , a fan of the book , convinced him to take the role . Mortensen read the book on the plane , received a crash course lesson in fencing from Bob Anderson and began filming the scenes on Weathertop . Mortensen became a hit with the crew by patching up his costume and carrying his `` hero '' sword around with him off - camera . Billy Boyd as Peregrin Took : a hobbit who travels with the Fellowship on their journey to Mordor . Dominic Monaghan as Meriadoc Brandybuck : a distant cousin of Frodo . Monaghan was cast as Merry after auditioning for Frodo . John Rhys - Davies as Gimli : a dwarf warrior who accompanies the Fellowship to Mordor after they set out from Rivendell and a descendant of Durin 's Folk . Billy Connolly , who was considered for the part of Gimli , later portrayed Dáin II Ironfoot in Peter Jackson 's The Hobbit film trilogy . Rhys - Davies wore heavy prosthetics to play Gimli , which limited his vision , and eventually developed eczema around his eyes . Orlando Bloom as Legolas Greenleaf : a prince of the elves ' Woodland Realm and a skilled archer . Bloom initially auditioned for Faramir , who appears in the second film , a role which went to David Wenham . Sean Bean as Boromir : a prince of the Stewards of Gondor who journeys with the Fellowship towards Mordor . Bruce Willis , a fan of the book , expressed interest in the role , while Liam Neeson was sent the script , but passed . Ian Holm as Bilbo Baggins : Frodo 's uncle who gives him the Ring after he decides to retire to Rivendell . Holm previously played Frodo in a 1981 radio adaption of The Lord of the Rings , and was cast as Bilbo after Jackson remembered his performance . Sylvester McCoy , who would later play Radagast the Brown in The Hobbit , was contacted about playing the role , and was kept in place as a potential Bilbo for six months before Jackson went with Holm . Liv Tyler as Arwen Undómiel : a beautiful half - elf princess of Rivendell and Aragorn 's lover . The filmmakers approached Tyler after seeing her performance in Plunkett & Macleane , and New Line Cinema leaped at the opportunity of having one Hollywood star in the film . Actress Helena Bonham Carter had expressed interest in the role . Peter Jackson wanted to cast Uma Thurman as Arwen , but Thurman pulled out due to pregnancy , Tyler came to shoot on short occasions , unlike the rest of the actors . She was one of the last actors to be cast , on 25 August 1999 . Cate Blanchett as Galadriel : the elven co-ruler of Lothlórien alongside her husband Celeborn . Peter Jackson wanted to cast Lucy Lawless as Galadriel , but she declined due to pregnancy . Christopher Lee as Saruman : the fallen head of the Istari Order who succumbs to Sauron 's will through his use of the palantír. Lee was a major fan of the book , and read it once a year . He had also met J.R.R. Tolkien . He originally auditioned for Gandalf , but was judged too old . Hugo Weaving as Elrond : the elven Lord of Rivendell who leads the Council of Elrond , which ultimately decides to destroy the Ring . David Bowie expressed interest in the role , but Jackson stated , `` To have a famous , beloved character and a famous star colliding is slightly uncomfortable . '' Sala Baker as Sauron : the Dark Lord of Mordor and the Ring 's true master who manifests as an Eye after the destruction of his physical form . Originally hired as one of the several stunt performers for the film trilogy , Baker ended up landing the role . In addition , he went on to play several Orcs as well . Andy Serkis as Gollum : a wretched hobbit - like creature whose mind was poisoned over centuries by the Ring ; voice and motion capture . David Weatherley as Barliman Butterbur , proprietor in Bree Lawrence Makoare as Lurtz : the commander of Saruman 's Orc forces ; Marton Csokas as Celeborn : the elven co-ruler of Lothlórien alongside his wife Galadriel ; Craig Parker as Haldir : the leader of the Galadhrim warriors guarding the border of Lothlórien ; Mark Ferguson as Ereinion Gil - galad , the last Elven - King of Noldor ; Peter McKenzie as Elendil : the last High King of Arnor and Gondor ; Harry Sinclair as Isildur : Elendil 's son and Aragorn 's ancestor who originally defeated Sauron . Peter Jackson as Albert Dreary : a man of Bree . Comparison with the source material ( edit ) The inscriptions on the Ring Jackson , Walsh and Boyens made numerous changes to the story , for purposes of pacing and character development . Jackson said his main desire was to make a film focused primarily on Frodo and the Ring , the `` backbone '' of the story . The prologue condenses Tolkien 's backstory , in which The Last Alliance 's seven - year siege of the Barad - dûr is a single battle , where Sauron is shown to explode , though Tolkien only said his spirit flees . Events from the book are condensed or omitted altogether at the beginning of the film . The time between Gandalf leaving the Ring to Frodo and returning to reveal its inscription , which is 17 years in the book , is compressed for timing reasons . Frodo also spends a few months preparing to move to Buckland , on the eastern border of the Shire . This move is omitted , and associated events , including the involvement of Merry and Pippin , are changed and combined with him setting out for Bree . Characters such as Tom Bombadil and the incidents in the Old Forest and the Barrow Downs are left out to simplify the plot and increase the threat of the Ringwraiths . Such sequences are left out to make time to introduce Saruman , who does n't appear in the book until Gandalf 's account at the Council of Elrond . While some characters are left out , some are referenced such as the trolls Tom , Bert , and William to show how The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings series intertwine . Saruman 's role is enhanced : he is to blame for the blizzard on Caradhras , a role taken from Sauron and / or Caradhras itself in the book . Gandalf 's capture by Saruman is also expanded with a fight sequence . The role of Barliman Butterbur at the Prancing Pony is largely removed for time and dramatic flow . In the film Pippin is seen to identify Frodo explicitly with the phrase `` why there 's Baggins over there '' whereas in the book Pippin is only telling the tale of Bilbo 's disappearance when Strider tells Frodo to create a distraction , which he does by singing a song . The events at Weathertop were also altered . The location of the fight against the Ringwraiths was changed to the ruins on top of the hill rather than a campsite at its base . When Frodo was stabbed in the book , the party spent two weeks travelling to Rivendell , but in the film this is shortened to less than a week , with Frodo 's condition worsening at a commensurately greater rate . Arwen was given a greater role in the film , accompanying Frodo all the way to Rivendell , while in the book Frodo faced the Ringwraiths alone at the Ford of Bruinen . The character of Glorfindel was omitted entirely and his scenes were also given to Arwen . She was tacitly credited with the river rising against the Ringwraiths , which was the work of her father Elrond with aid from Gandalf in the book . A significant new addition is Aragorn 's self - doubt , which causes him to hesitate to claim the kingship of Gondor . This element is not present in the book , where Aragorn intends to claim the throne at an appropriate time . In the book Narsil is reforged immediately when he joins the Fellowship , but this event is held over until Return of the King in film to symbolically coincide with his acceptance of his title . These elements were added because Peter Jackson believed that each character should be forced to grow or change over the course of the story . Elrond 's character gained an adversarial edge ; he expresses doubts in the strength of Men to resist Sauron 's evil after Isildur 's failure to destroy the ring as depicted in the prologue. Jackson also shortens the Council of Elrond by spreading its exposition into earlier parts of the film . Elrond 's counsellor , Erestor -- who suggested the Ring be given to Tom Bombadil -- was completely absent from this scene . Gimli 's father , Glóin , was also deemed unnecessary . In addition , the movie makes it seem by chance that the Fellowship is made of nine companions , whereas in the book Elrond suggests there be nine in the fellowship in response to the nine Nazgûl . The tone of the Moria sequence was altered . In the book , following the defeat on the Caradhras road , Gandalf advocates the Moria road against the resistance of the rest of the Fellowship ( save Gimli ) , suggesting `` there is a hope that Moria is still free ... there is even a chance that Dwarves are there , '' though no one seems to think this likely . Frodo proposes they take a company vote , but the discovery of Wargs on their trail forces them to accept Gandalf 's proposal . They only realise the Dwarves are all dead once they reach Balin 's tomb . The filmmakers chose instead for Gandalf to resist the Moria plan as a foreshadowing device . Gandalf says to Gimli he would prefer not to enter Moria , and Saruman is shown to be aware of Gandalf 's hesitance , revealing an illustration of the Balrog in one of his books . The corpses of the dwarves are instantly shown as the Fellowship enter Moria . One detail that many critics commented upon is the fact that , in the novel , Pippin tosses a mere pebble into the well in Moria ( `` They then hear what sounds like a hammer tapping in the distance '' ) , whereas in the film , he knocks an entire skeleton in ( `` Next , the skeleton ... falls down the well , also dragging down a chain and bucket . The noise is incredible . '' ) In terms of dramatic structure , the book simply ends ; there is no climax , because Tolkien wrote the `` trilogy '' as a single story published in three volumes . Jackson 's version incorporates the first chapter of ' `` The Two Towers '' and makes its events , told in real time instead of flashback , simultaneous with the Breaking of the Fellowship . This finale is played as a climactic battle , into which he introduces the Uruk - hai referred to as Lurtz in the script . In the book , Boromir is unable to tell Aragorn which hobbits were kidnapped by the orcs before he dies . From there , Aragorn deduces Frodo 's intentions when he notices that a boat is missing and Sam 's pack is gone . In the film , Aragorn and Frodo have a scene together in which Frodo 's intentions are explicitly stated . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Peter Jackson began working with Christian Rivers to storyboard the series in August 1997 , as well as getting Richard Taylor and Weta Workshop to begin creating his interpretation of Middle - earth . Jackson told them to make Middle - earth as plausible and believable as possible , to think of Middle - earth in a historical manner . In November , Alan Lee and John Howe became the film trilogy 's primary conceptual designers , having had previous experience as illustrators for the book and various other tie - ins . Lee worked for the Art Department creating places such as Rivendell , Isengard , Moria and Lothlórien , giving Art Nouveau and geometry influences to the Elves and Dwarves respectively . Though Howe contributed with Bag End and the Argonath , he focused working on armour having studied it all his life . Weta and the Art Department continued to design , with Grant Major turning the Art Department 's designs into architecture , and Dan Hennah scouting locations . On 1 April 1999 , Ngila Dickson joined the crew as costume designer . She and 40 seamstresses would create 19,000 costumes , 40 per version for the actor and their doubles , ageing and wearing them out for impression of age . Filming locations ( edit ) Arwen faces the Nazgûl at the Fords of Bruinen ( Arrow River ) . Filming took place in various locations across New Zealand . A list of filming locations , sorted by appearance order in the film : Fictional location Specific location in New Zealand General area in New Zealand . Mordor ( Prologue ) Whakapapa skifield Tongariro National Park Hobbiton Matamata Waikato Gardens of Isengard Harcourt Park Upper Hutt The Shire woods Otaki Gorge Road Kapiti Coast District Bucklebury Ferry Keeling Farm , Manakau Horowhenua Forest near Bree Takaka Hill Nelson Trollshaws Waitarere Forest Horowhenua Flight to the Ford Tarras Central Otago Ford of Bruinen Arrow River , Skippers Canyon Queenstown and Arrowtown Rivendell Kaitoke Regional Park Upper Hutt Eregion Mount Olympus Nelson Dead Marshes Kepler Mire Southland Dimrill Dale Lake Alta The Remarkables Dimrill Dale Mount Owen Nelson Lothlórien Paradise Glenorchy River Anduin Upper Waiau River Fiordland National Park River Anduin Rangitikei River Rangitikei District River Anduin Poets ' Corner Upper Hutt Parth Galen Paradise Glenorchy Amon Hen Mavora Lakes , Paradise and Closeburn Southern Lakes Special Effects ( edit ) The Fellowship of the Ring makes extensive use of digital , practical and make - up special effects throughout . One noticeable illusion that appears in almost every scene involves setting a proper scale so that the characters are all the correct height . Elijah Wood , who plays Frodo , is 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) tall in real life , but the character of Frodo Baggins is barely four feet in height . Many different tricks were used to depict the hobbits ( and Gimli the Dwarf ) as being of diminutive stature . ( In a happy coincidence , John - Rhys Davies -- who played Gimli -- is as tall compared to the Hobbit actors as his character needed to be compared to theirs , so he did not need to be filmed separately as a third variation of height , and is quite taller than Orlando Bloom , who played Legolas . ) Large - and small - scale doubles were used in certain scenes , while entire duplicates of certain sets ( including Bag End in Hobbiton ) were built at two different scales , so that the characters would appear to be the appropriate size . At one point in the film , Frodo runs along a corridor in Bag End , followed by Gandalf . Elijah Wood and Ian McKellen were filmed in separate versions of the same corridor , built at two different scales , and a fast camera pan conceals the edit between the two . Forced perspective was also employed , so that it would look as though the short Hobbits were interacting with taller Men and Elves . Even the simple use of kneeling down , to the filmmakers ' surprise , turned out to be an effective method in creating the illusion . For the battle between the Last Alliance and Sauron 's forces that begins the film , an elaborate CGI animation system , called MASSIVE , was developed by Stephen Regelous ; it allowed thousands of individual animated `` characters '' in the program to act independently . This helped give the illusion of realism to the battle sequences . The `` Making of '' Lord of the Rings DVD reports some interesting initial problems : in the first execution of a battle between groups of characters , the wrong groups attacked each other . In another early demo , some of the warriors at the edge of the field could be seen running away . They were initially moving in the wrong direction , and had been programmed to keep running until they encountered an enemy . The digital creatures were important due to Jackson 's requirement of biological plausibility . Their surface was scanned from large maquettes before numerous digital details of their skeletons and muscles were added . In the case of the Balrog , Gray Horsfield created a system that copied recorded imagery of fire . Score ( edit ) Main article : The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( soundtrack ) See also : Music of The Lord of the Rings film series The musical score for The Lord of the Rings films was composed by Howard Shore . It was performed by the 100 - strong New Zealand Symphony Orchestra , the London Philharmonic Orchestra , the London Voices , The London Oratory School Schola , and the Maori Samoan Choir , and featured several vocal soloists . Shore wrote almost four hours of finalised music for the film ( of which just over three hours are used as underscore ) , featuring a number of non-orchestral instruments , and a large number ( 49 - 62 ) of leitmotives . Two original songs , `` Aníron '' and the end title theme `` May It Be '' , were composed and sung by Enya , who allowed her label , Reprise Records , to release the soundtrack to this and its two sequels . In addition to these songs , Shore composed `` In Dreams '' , which was sung by Edward Ross of the London Oratory School Schola . Release ( edit ) A special behind - the - scenes trailer was released in 2000 . The trilogy teaser was shown before Thirteen Days and the teaser trailer before Pearl Harbor . The final trailer was with the television premiere of Angel with it also being shown before Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone and with both as DVD Easter eggs on the Rush Hour 2 DVD and featured on the VHS of Rush Hour 2 Home media ( edit ) The Fellowship of the Ring was released on VHS and DVD in August 2002 . Theatrical and extended release ( edit ) In November 2002 , an extended edition was released on VHS and DVD , with 30 minutes of new material , added special effects and music , plus 20 minutes of fan - club credits , totalling to 228 minutes . The DVD set included four commentaries and over three hours of supplementary material . In August 2006 , a limited edition of The Fellowship of the Ring was released on DVD . The set included both the film 's theatrical and extended editions on a double - sided disc along with all - new bonus material . Blu - ray edition ( edit ) The theatrical Blu - ray version of The Lord of the Rings was released in the United States in April 2010 . There were two separate sets : one with digital copies and one without . The individual Blu - ray disc of The Fellowship of the Ring was released in September 2010 with the same special features as the complete trilogy release , except there was no digital copy . The extended Blu - ray editions were released in the US in June 2011 . This version has a runtime of 238 minutes ( the extended editions include the names of all fan club members at the time of their release ; the additional 9 minutes in the Blu - ray version are because of expanded member rolls , not any additional story material ) . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Fellowship of the Ring was released on 19 December 2001 in 3,359 cinemas where it grossed $47.2 million on its opening weekend . The world premiere was held at the Odeon Leicester Square in London . It went on to make $314.7 million in North America and $555.9 million in the rest of the world for a worldwide total of $870.7 million . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 54 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . Critical response ( edit ) The Fellowship of the Ring was acclaimed by film critics and was one of 2001 's best reviewed films . The film holds a 91 % approval rating on aggregate review site Rotten Tomatoes based on 227 reviews and an average score of 8.2 / 10 . The site 's main consensus reads `` Full of eye - popping special effects , and featuring a pitch - perfect cast , The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring brings J.R.R. Tolkien 's classic to vivid life '' . The film holds a score of 92 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 34 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' , with the film gaining the site 's seal of `` Must See '' . Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars and stating that while it is not `` a true visualization of Tolkien 's Middle - earth '' , it is `` a work for , and of , our times . It will be embraced , I suspect , by many Tolkien fans and take on aspects of a cult . It is a candidate for many Oscars . It is an awesome production in its daring and breadth , and there are small touches that are just right '' . USA Today also gave the film three out of four stars and wrote , `` this movie version of a beloved book should please devotees as well as the uninitiated '' . In his review for The New York Times , Elvis Mitchell wrote , `` The playful spookiness of Mr. Jackson 's direction provides a lively , light touch , a gesture that does n't normally come to mind when Tolkien 's name is mentioned '' . Entertainment Weekly magazine gave the film an `` A '' rating and Lisa Schwarzbaum wrote , `` The cast take to their roles with becoming modesty , certainly , but Jackson also makes it easy for them : His Fellowship flows , never lingering for the sake of admiring its own beauty ... Every detail of which engrossed me . I may have never turned a page of Tolkien , but I know enchantment when I see it '' . In her review for The Washington Post , Rita Kempley praised the cast , in particular , `` Mortensen , as Strider , is a revelation , not to mention downright gorgeous . And McKellen , carrying the burden of thousands of years ' worth of the fight against evil , is positively Merlinesque '' . Time magazine 's Richard Corliss praised Jackson 's work : `` His movie achieves what the best fairy tales do : the creation of an alternate world , plausible and persuasive , where the young -- and not only the young -- can lose themselves . And perhaps , in identifying with the little Hobbit that could , find their better selves '' . In his review for The Village Voice , J. Hoberman wrote , `` Peter Jackson 's adaptation is certainly successful on its own terms '' . Rolling Stone magazine 's Peter Travers wrote , `` It 's emotion that makes Fellowship stick hard in the memory ... Jackson deserves to revel in his success . He 's made a three - hour film that leaves you wanting more '' . However , in his review for The Guardian , Peter Bradshaw wrote , `` there is a strange paucity of plot complication , an absence of anything unfolding , all the more disconcerting because of the clotted and indigestible mythic back story that we have to wade through before anything happens at all '' . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series In 2002 , the film won four Academy Awards from thirteen nominations . The winning categories were for Best Cinematography , Best Visual Effects , Best Makeup , and Best Original Score . It was also nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Ian McKellen ) , Best Art Direction , Best Director , Best Film Editing , Best Original Song ( Enya , Nicky Ryan and Roma Ryan for `` May It Be '' ) , Best Picture , Best Sound ( Christopher Boyes , Michael Semanick , Gethin Creagh and Hammond Peek ) , Best Costume Design and Best Adapted Screenplay . As of January 2014 , it is the 31st highest - grossing film worldwide , with US $871,530,324 in worldwide theatrical box office receipts . The film won the 2002 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . It also won Empire readers ' Best Film award , as well as five BAFTAs , including Best Film , the David Lean Award for Best Direction , the Audience Award ( voted for by the public ) , Best Special Effects , and Best Make - up . The film was nominated for an MTV Movie Award for Best Fight between Gandalf and Saruman . In June 2008 , AFI revealed its `` 10 Top 10 '' -- the ten best films in ten `` classic '' American film genres -- after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community . The Fellowship of the Ring was acknowledged as the second best film in the fantasy genre . The film was also listed as the 50th best film in the 2007 list AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings -- The Fellowship of the Ring '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on 3 February 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Peter Jackson , Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens ( 2002 ) . Director / Writers Commentary . New Line Cinema ( DVD ) . Jump up ^ Rejina Doman ( 7 January 2008 ) . `` Can Hollywood Be Restrained ? '' . Hollywood Jesus . Archived from the original on 5 February 2008 . Retrieved 31 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Fellowship of the Ring '' . The One Ring : The Home of Tolkien Online . 2001 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2015 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Croft , Janet Brennan ( 2003 ) . `` The Mines of Moria : Anticipation and Flattening in Peter Jackson 's The Fellowship of the Ring '' . Presented at the Southwest / Texas Popular Culture Association Conference . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Wloszczyna , Susan , Stephen Schaefer and Claudia Puig ( 14 December 2001 ) . `` More Profiles from the Land of Tolkien '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Porter , Lynnette R. ( 2005 ) . Unsung Heroes of The Lord of the Rings : From the Page to the Screen . Westport , CT : Greenwood . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98521 - 0 . Jump up ^ Winter , Molly & Grace Swickard . `` The Fellowship of the Ring , Condensed '' . Arwen-Undomiel.com . Archived from the original on 4 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Russell , Gary ( 2003 ) . The Art of the Two Towers. Harper Collins . p. 8 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713564 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Designing Middle - earth ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Big - atures ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2002 . Jump up ^ Sibley ( 2001 ) , p. 90 Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings Trilogy filming locations '' . newzealand.com/us . Archived from the original on 28 September 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 15 LOTR Locations In New Zealand '' . huffingtonpost.com. 2015 - 09 - 19 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` THE LORD OF THE RINGS -- THE FELLOWSHIP OF THE RING ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 16 July 2002 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring '' . movies.com . Archived from the original on 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Motion Picture Trilogy Blu - ray : Theatrical Editions '' . Blu-ray.com . Archived from the original on 25 February 2010 . Retrieved 18 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Calogne , Juan ( 23 June 2010 ) . `` Lord of the Rings Movies Get Separate Blu - ray editions '' . Blu-ray.com . Archived from the original on 26 June 2010 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings Pre-order Now Available '' . Amazon.com. 31 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2011 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring '' . IMDb.com . Archived from the original on 28 May 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 19 December 2001 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 27 July 2010 . Retrieved 12 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( 18 December 2001 ) . `` Middle - earth leaps to life in enchanting , violent film '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 12 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Elvis ( 19 December 2001 ) . `` Hit the Road , Middle - Earth Gang '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( 5 December 2001 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 12 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Kempley , Rita ( 19 December 2001 ) . `` Frodo Lives ! A Spirited Lord of the Rings '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 12 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( 17 December 2001 ) . `` Lord of the Films '' . Time . Archived from the original on 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 12 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoberman , J ( 18 December 2001 ) . `` Plastic Fantastic '' . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 12 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 17 January 2002 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 27 June 2009 . Retrieved 12 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 14 December 2001 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on 9 May 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . Archived from the original on 19 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 74th Academy Awards ( 2002 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Archived from the original on 16 September 2011 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ American Film Institute ( 17 June 2008 ) . `` AFI Crowns Top 10 Films in 10 Classic Genres '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on 19 June 2008 . Retrieved 18 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Fantasy '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on 1 September 2009 . Retrieved 18 June 2008 . External links ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Book : The Lord of the Rings film trilogy Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring Official website The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring script at the Internet Movie Script Database The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring on IMDb The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring at AllMovie The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring at Rotten Tomatoes The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring at Box Office Mojo The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring at Metacritic Filming locations on Google Maps <Th_colspan="2"> J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings <Td_colspan="2"> The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Bilbo 's Last Song The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle - earth The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien The Fall of Gondolin Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets <Th_colspan="2"> The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film series The Lord of the Rings Films The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Music The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King `` Aníron '' `` Concerning Hobbits '' `` Into the West '' `` May It Be '' `` A Walking Song '' Production Original characters ( Figwit ) Production design Principal photography Special effects Accolades The Exhibition Gollum : How We Made Movie Magic The Long and Short of It The Hobbit Films An Unexpected Journey The Desolation of Smaug The Battle of the Five Armies Production Original characters Tauriel Music `` I See Fire '' Accolades Video games The Two Towers The Return of the King The Third Age The Third Age ( GBA ) Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth The Battle for Middle - earth II The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Lego The Hobbit Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War <Th_colspan="2"> Middle - earth in film <Td_colspan="2"> Middle - earth Enterprises Animated films The Hobbit ( 1977 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Live - action films <Td_colspan="2"> Sagan om ringen ( 1971 ) The Hobbit ( 1985 ) Hobitit ( 1993 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Hobbit An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Fan films The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Peter Jackson Films directed Bad Taste ( 1987 ) Meet the Feebles ( 1989 ) Braindead ( 1992 ) Heavenly Creatures ( 1994 ) The Frighteners ( 1996 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) King Kong ( 2005 ) The Lovely Bones ( 2009 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Other films The Valley ( 1976 ) Forgotten Silver ( 1995 ) Crossing the Line ( 2008 ) Produced only Valley of the Stereos ( 1992 ) Jack Brown Genius ( 1997 , also writer ) District 9 ( 2009 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) West of Memphis ( 2012 ) Mortal Engines ( 2018 , also writer ) Companies WingNut Films Weta Workshop Weta Digital Park Road Post Related The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) The Hobbit ( film series ) <Th_colspan="2"> Awards for The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> BAFTA Award for Best Film 1940s The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) 1950s All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) 1960s The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) The Graduate ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) 1970s Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1970 ) Sunday Bloody Sunday ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) Day for Night ( 1973 ) Lacombe , Lucien ( 1974 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1975 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) Julia ( 1978 ) Manhattan ( 1979 ) 1980s The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Educating Rita ( 1983 ) The Killing Fields ( 1984 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) A Room with a View ( 1986 ) Jean de Florette ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) 1990s Goodfellas ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) 2000s Gladiator ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Pianist ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) 2010s The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Empire Award for Best Film <Td_colspan="2"> Braveheart ( 1996 ) Se7en ( 1997 ) Men in Black ( 1998 ) Titanic ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) The Bourne Supremacy ( 2005 ) King Kong ( 2006 ) Casino Royale ( 2007 ) The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2008 ) The Dark Knight ( 2009 ) Avatar ( 2010 ) Inception ( 2011 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) Skyfall ( 2013 ) Gravity ( 2014 ) Interstellar ( 2015 ) The Revenant ( 2016 ) Rogue One ( 2017 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation <Td_colspan="2"> The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1958 ) no award ( 1959 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1960 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1961 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1965 ) `` The Menagerie '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1967 ) `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1968 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1969 ) News coverage of Apollo 11 ( 1970 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1972 ) Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1973 ) Sleeper ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1975 ) A Boy and His Dog ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1978 ) Superman ( 1979 ) Alien ( 1980 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1981 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1982 ) Blade Runner ( 1983 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) 2010 ( 1985 ) Back to the Future ( 1986 ) Aliens ( 1987 ) The Princess Bride ( 1988 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1989 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1990 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) `` The Inner Light '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1993 ) Jurassic Park ( 1994 ) `` All Good Things ... '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1995 ) `` The Coming of Shadows '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1996 ) `` Severed Dreams '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1997 ) Contact ( 1998 ) The Truman Show ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) <Th_colspan="2"> MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Nebula Award for Best Script / Ray Bradbury Award Nebula Award for Best Script Soylent Green -- Stanley R. 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what was represented as the official flag of bikaner kingdom
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History of Bikaner - Wikipedia History of Bikaner Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the natural and historical region . For the state during the British Raj , see Bikaner State . <Td_colspan="2"> History of Bikaner <Td_colspan="2"> Location north - western Rajasthan 19th - century flag State established : 1488 Language Rajasthani language Dynasties Jat ( 0600 - 1488 ) Rathores ( 1488 -- 1949 ) Historical capitals Bikaner The region of Bikaner , stretching across northern Rajasthan State in India , was earlier known as Jangladesh . It included the present - day districts of Bikaner , Churu , Ganganagar , and Hanumangarh . It is bounded on the south by Marwar and Jaisalmer regions , on the east by Ajmer - Merwara region . Bikaner state was a princely state that was founded in the 15th century in this region . After becoming a British protectorate in 1818 , it persisted until shortly after India 's Independence in 1947 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 2 The rise of Rao Bika 3 Mughal era 4 Maratha era 5 Early and middle 19th century 6 Dungar Singh 7 Ganga Singh 8 Accession to India 9 House of Rathore at Bikaner 10 Head of House of Rathore clan in Bikaner 11 Notes 12 References Early history ( edit ) Prior to the mid 15th century , the region that is now Bikaner was a barren wilderness called Jangladesh which was ruled by seven clans of Jats . Rao Bika established the city of Bikaner in 1488 . He was the first son of Maharaja Rao Jodha of the Rathor clan , the founder of Jodhpur and conquered the largely arid country in the north of Rajasthan . As the first son of Jodha he wanted to have his own kingdom , not inheriting Jodhpur from his father or the title of Maharaja . He therefore decided to build his own kingdom in what is now the state of Bikaner in the area of Jangladesh . Though it was in the Thar Desert , Bikaner was considered an oasis on the trade route between Central Asia and the Gujarat coast as it had adequate spring water . Bika 's name was attached to the city he built and to the state of Bikaner ( `` the settlement of Bika '' ) that he established . Bika built a fort in 1478 , which is now in ruins , and a hundred years later a new fort was built about 1.5 km from the city centre , known as the Junagarh Fort . Around a century after Rao Bika founded Bikaner , the state 's fortunes flourished under the sixth Raja , Rai Singhji , who ruled from 1571 to 1611 . During the Mughal Empire 's rule in the country , Raja Rai Singh accepted the suzerainty of the Mughals and held a high rank as an army general at the court of the Emperor Akbar and his son the Emperor Jahangir . Rai Singh 's successful military exploits , which involved winning half of Mewar kingdom for the Empire , won him accolades and rewards from the Mughal emperors . He was given the jagirs ( lands ) of Gujarat and Burhanpur . With the large revenue earned from these jagirs , he built the Chintamani durg ( Junagarh fort ) on a plain which has an average elevation of 760 feet ( 230 m ) . He was an expert in arts and architecture , and the knowledge he acquired during his visits abroad is amply reflected in the numerous monuments he built at the Junagarh fort . Maharaja Karan Singh , who ruled from 1631 to 1639 , under the suzerainty of the Mughals , built the Karan Mahal palace . Later rulers added more floors and decorations to this Mahal . Anup Singh ji , who ruled from 1669 to 1698 , made substantial additions to the fort complex , with new palaces and the Zenana quarter , a royal dwelling for women and children . He refurbished the Karan Mahal with a Diwan - i - Am ( public audience hall ) and called it the Anup Mahal. Maharaja Gaj Singh , who ruled from 1746 to 1787 refurbished the Chandra Mahal ( the Moon palace ) . During the 18th century , there was internecine war between the rulers of Bikaner and Jodhpur and also amongst other thakurs , which was put down by British troops . Following Maharaja Gaj Singh , Maharaja Surat Singh ruled from 1787 to 1828 and lavishly decorated the audience hall ( see illustration ) with glass and lively paintwork . Under a treaty of paramountcy signed in 1818 , during Maharaja Surat Singh 's reign , Bikaner came under the suzerainty of the British , after which the Maharajas of Bikaner invested heavily in refurbishing Junagarh fort . Left : Lalgarh Palace , built ( Indo - Saracenic style ) for Maharaja Ganga Singh and named after his father , presently a heritage hotel and also a residence of the Bikaner Royal Family . Right : Ganga Singh as a member of the Imperial War Cabinet at No. 10 Downing Street , 1917 . Dungar Singh , who reigned from 1872 to 1887 , built the Badal Mahal , the ' weather palace ' , so named in view of a painting of clouds and falling rain , a rare event in arid Bikaner . General Maharaja Ganga Singh , who ruled from 1887 to 1943 , was the best - known of the Rajasthan princes and was a favourite of the British Viceroys of India . He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India , served as a member of the Imperial War Cabinet , represented India at the Imperial Conferences during the First World War and the British Empire at the Versailles Peace Conference . His contribution to the building activity in Junagarh involved separate halls for public and private audiences in the Ganga Mahal and a durbar hall for formal functions . He also built the Ganga Niwas Palace , which has towers at the entrance patio . This palace was designed by Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob , the third of the new palaces built in Bikaner . He named the building Lalgarh Palace in honour of his father and moved his main residence there from Junagarh Fort in 1902 . The hall where he held his Golden Jubilee ( in 1938 ) as Bikaner 's ruler is now a museum . Ganga Singh 's son , Lieutenant - General Sir Sadul Singh , the Yuvaraja of Bikaner , succeeded his father as Maharaja in 1943 , but acceded his state to the Union of India in 1949 . Maharaja Sadul Singh died in 1950 , being succeeded in the title by his son , Karni Singh ( 1924 - 1988 ) . The Royal Family still lives in a suite in Lalgarh Palace , which they have converted into a heritage hotel . The rise of Rao Bika ( edit ) About 1465 Rao Bika , a Rathore Rajput , and an elder son of Rao Jodha , king of Marwar , provoked by a stray comment by his father , left Marwar ( Jodhpur ) with a small contingent of Rathore warriors ( 500 soldier and 100 cavalrymen ) to create his own kingdom . He was accompanied by his uncle , Rawat Kandhal , who provided politico - strategic advice . Encouraged by the mystic Karni Mata , whom he had met early in his travels , he took advantage of the internal rivalries of the Jat clans so that by 1485 he was able to establish his own territory and build a small fort called Rati Ghati at the city which still bears his name . In 1488 he began the building of the city itself . In the beginning the neighboring Bhati chiefs were suspicious of the new growing power in their vicinity . Karni Mata , who had become the kuladevi of Rao Bika brought the rivalry between the Rathore & Bhatis to an end by inspiring Rao Shekha - the powerful Bhati chief of Pugal , to give the hand of his daughter in marriage to Rao Bika . This consolidated Rao Bika 's power in the region and proved to be a milestone in the history of the state . Upon Rao Jodha 's death in 1488 Rao Bika stormed Mehrangarh Fort , an event that was to lead to 200 years of intermittent wars between Marwar and Bikaner . Remains of the original small fortress Rao Bika built can still be seen around the walled city , near Lakshminath ji temple . The royal family of Bikaner lived there , till Raja Rai Singh Ji built a new fort called `` Chintamani '' ( now Junagarh ) between 1589 and 1593 AD . According to legend Bika Lunkaranji consulted a holy man called Jas nathji , who foretold that Bika 's line would reign for 450 years . While Bika was pleased with this prediction , his brother Gharsiji when he heard of the prediction thought a longer period of power should have been prophesied . He confronted the holy man while he was in a deep trance and roused him by thrusting burning incense under his nose . Jas nathji told him ' All right take 50 years more or less but of trial and tribulation ' . Rao Bika died in 1504 . His successors benefited from the weak rule of Suraj Mal of Marwar and the disruption caused by Babur 's invasion of India to consolidate and extend their possessions until by the 17th century all the Jat clans ( including the powerful Godara clan ) had accepted the suzerainty of the rulers of Bikaner . One of the most successful earlier rulers was Jait Singh ( 1526 -- 39 ) until he was killed by the forces of Rao Maldev of Marwar . He was succeeded by his son Kalyan Mal ( 1539 -- 71 ) who under pressure from the Marwar forces retreated to the Punjab where he joined with Sher Shah Suri who expelled the Mughal ruler Humayun in 1540 . With Sher Shah Suri 's support Kalyan Mal was able by 1545 to recover his lost territories from Rao Maldev . Mughal era ( edit ) Raja Karan Singh of Bikaner , Auranzeb 's ally and enemy The return of Humayun to power meant that Bikaner due to its involvement with Sher Shah Suri came into conflict with the Mughals again . However Kalyan Mal by using all the advantages of the harsh desert environment around Bikaner was able to defeat any invading Mughal army . The coming of Akbar to power saw the Mughal empire turn to diplomacy instead of force to bring the individual Rajput states into the empire . As a result , Raja Rai Singh , the sixth ruler of Bikaner was among the first Rajput Chiefs to make an alliance with the Mughal Empire . As a result , during the reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar the rulers of Bikaner were esteemed among the most loyal adherents of the empire and held high ranks as Mansabdars of special order in the imperial court . They served as military commanders in various Mughal campaigns all over the Indian sub-continent . In 1570 , Akbar married a daughter of Rao Kalyan Singh . Kalyan 's son , Rai Singh , who succeeded him in 1571 , was one of Akbar 's most distinguished generals and the first Raja of Bikaner . Two other distinguished chiefs of the house were Raja Karan Singh ( 1631 -- 1669 ) , who in the struggle of the sons of Shah Jahan for the throne threw in his lot with Aurangzeb , and his eldest son , Anup Singh ( 1669 -- 1698 ) , who fought with distinction in the Deccan , was conspicuous in the capture of Golconda , and earned the title of maharaja . With the decline of Mughal power in India with the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 AD , the bonds of Mughals - Rajput relationship slowly dissolved . Sujan Singh ( 1700 -- 35 ) formally broke the connection with the Mughal throne and from 1719 based himself within his kingdom . Maratha era ( edit ) Following the collapse of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century , Bikaner , like the rest of Rajputana , became subservient to the Marathas , until it came under the protection of the British East India Company in 1818 , following the British victory in the Third Anglo - Maratha War . In 1818 , the Raja of Bikaner signed a treaty with the British , which protected Bikaner from invasion provided it was not the aggressor and guaranteed the royal succession . Early and middle 19th century ( edit ) In 1802 , during the last of the wars between Bikaner and Marwar , Mountstuart Elphinstone was passing through Bikaner on his way to Kabul ; when Maharaja Surat Singh ( 1788 -- 1828 ) , applied to him for British protection , which was refused . In 1815 Surat Singh 's tyranny led to a general rising of his Thakurs , and in 1816 the maharaja again applied for British protection . On 9 May 1818 a Treaty of Perpetual Friendship was signed between the Bikaner ruler and the East India Company , and order was restored in the country by British troops . Ratan Singh , who succeeded his father in 1828 , applied in vain in 1830 to the British government for aid against a fresh rebellion of his Thakurs ; such that during the next five years banditry became so rife on the borders that the government raised a special force to deal with it ( the Shekhawati Brigade ) , to which over the next seven years Bikaner contributed part of the cost . Henceforth the relations of the maharajas with the British government were increasingly cordial . By the middle of the 19th century the years of internal strife together with the financial and military demands put on Bikaner by the British had put the kingdom in debt . A sharp turnaround in the fortunes of the kingdom occurred in 1842 when Maharaja Ratan Singh took advantage of a shortage of pack animals to supply Bikaner 's renowned camels at considerable profit to the British for their Afghan expedition . Ths turnaround was such that by 1844 he was able to reduce the dues on goods passing through Bikaner . He also gave assistance in both Sikh campaigns to the British . His son , Sardar Singh ( 1851 -- 1872 ) , was rewarded for help given during the Revolt of 1857 by an increase of territory . In 1868 a rising of the Thakurs against his extortions led to the despatch of a British political officer , by whom affairs were adjusted . Dungar Singh ( edit ) Sardar Singh had no son , and , upon his death in 1872 , his widow and the state 's principal ministers selected Dungar Singh , ( adopted by Sardar Singh ) , with the approval of the British government as his successor . The principal political event of his reign was the rebellion of the Thakurs in 1883 owing to an attempt to increase the dues payable in lieu of military service ; this led to the permanent location at Bikaner of a British political agent . Dungar Singh 's reign was notable for the establishment of a modern administrative system , a police force , the state 's first hospital , and Bikaner 's becoming ( in 1886 ) the first Indian Princely State to introduce electricity . Dungar Singh died in 1887 without a son ; but he had adopted his brother , Ganga Singh ( born 1880 ) , who , with the approval of the British government , succeeded him as the 21st ruler of Bikaner . Ganga Singh ( edit ) Ganga Singh with his son in 1914 Ganga Singh was educated at the Mayo College in Ajmer , and was invested with full powers in 1898 . He attended King Edward 's coronation in 1902 and accompanied the British army in person in the Chinese campaign of 1901 in command of the Bikaner Camel Corps , which also served in British Somaliland in 1904 . For his conspicuous services he was given the Kaisar - i - Hind medal of the first class , made an honorary major in the Indian army , a G.C.I.E. , a K.C.S.I. , and A.D.C. to the Prince of Wales . The military force consisted of 500 men , besides the Imperial Service Corps of the same strength . The reign of Maharaja Ganga Singh was notable for great socio - political and economic development in every sphere of life , namely , education , health , sanitation , water supply , power generation and electricity , irrigation , post and telegraph , roads and railways , trade and commerce , etc . The state owes to this ruler the opening up of new railways across the great desert , which was formerly passable only by camels and the tapping of the valuable coal deposits that occur in the territory . The railway from Jodhpur had been extended towards Bhatinda in the Punjab ; on the northern border , the Ghaggar canal in the Punjab irrigated about 5,000 acres ( 2,023 ha ) ( 20 km2 ) . Drought is a common occurrence , and the region faced the most severe famine in 1899 -- 1900 which was so severely felt that by 1901 it reduced the population to 584,627 , a decrease of 30 % . When Maharaja Ganga Singh died in 1943 , he was succeeded by Maharaja Sadul Singh. he was the colonel of the Regiment of 2nd lancers . Accession to India ( edit ) With the departure of the British in 1947 , the subsidiary alliance of 1818 came to an end and Bikaner was left as an independent state , with the choice falling to Maharaja Sadul Singh of acceding to one of the new dominions , India or Pakistan . In the event , Sadul Singh was one of the first rulers of a princely state to sign an Instrument of Accession , on 7 August 1947 , choosing India . Bikaner became part of the state of Rajputana , which was later renamed Rajasthan . House of Rathore at Bikaner ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Name Reign Began Reign Ended Rao Bika 1472 1504 Rao Narayan Singh 1504 1505 Rao Luna Karana Lon - Karan 1505 1526 Rao Jait Singh Jetasi 1526 1542 5 Rao Kalyan Mal - Acknowledged the suzerainty of Emperor Akbar at Nagaur in November 1570 1542 1574 6 Rao Rai Singh I Rai Rai Singh - Important General in the Mughal army Similar to Raja Man Singh I of Amber . 1574 1612 7 Rai Dalpat Singh Dalip 1612 1613 8 Rai Surat Singh Bhuratiya 1613 1631 9 Rao Karan Singh Jangalpat Badhshah - Deposed by Emperor Aurangzeb for dereliction of duty at Attock , 11 January 1667 . Exiled to his betel gardens at Karanpura , in the Deccan 1631 1667 10 Maharaja Rao Anup Singh - To be the first to be granted the title ' Maharaja ' by Emperor Aurangzeb . Served in the Deccan campaign at Salher in 1672 , Bijapur in 1675 , and the siege of Golconda in 1687 . He was administrator of Aurangabad 1677 -- 1678 , Hakim of Adoni , 1678 , Imtiazgarh , Adoni 1689 -- 1693 , and of Nusratabad , Sukkar 1693 -- 1698 . 1669 1698 11 Maharaja Rao Sarup Singh - He died from smallpox , at Adoni , in the Deccan , 15 December 1700 . 1698 1700 12 Maharaja Rao Sujan Singh - Ordered to attend Emperor Aurangzeb in the Deccan , where he remained for ten years . Faced invasions from Maharaja Abhai Singh of Jodhpur and Maharaja Bakht Singh of Nagaur , but successfully repulsed both . 1700 1735 13 Maharaja Rao Zorawar Singh 1735 1746 14 Maharaja Rao Gaj Singh - the first of his line granted permission to mint his own coinage by Emperor Alamgir II 1746 1787 15 Maharaja Rao Rai Singh II Raj Singh 1787 1787 16 Maharaja Rao Pratap Singh - Reigned under the Regency of his uncle Surat Singh who poisoned him to assume the throne 1787 1787 17 Maharaja Rao Surat Singh - He incurred huge debts due to his military adventures which had reduced his state to near anarchy . Entered the protection of the East India Company with a subsidiary alliance on 9 March 1818 . 1787 1828 18 Narendra Maharaja Rao Ratan Singh - received the hereditary title of Narendra Maharaja from Emperor Akbar Shah II and assisted the British by furnishing them with supplies during the First Afghan War of 1841 . 1828 1851 19 Narendra Maharaja Rao Sardar Singh - Assisted the British during the Indian Uprising of 1857 and served in person during many of the battles . Removed the name of the Mughal Emperor from his coinage , replacing the words with `` Aurang Arya Hind wa Queen Victoria '' . 1851 1872 20 Narendra Maharaja Rao Dungar Singh - Assisted the British during the Second Afghan War . 1872 1887 21 General Narendra Maharaja Sir Rao Ganga Singh - served in the First World War in France and Flanders 1914 -- 1915 . Member of the Imperial War Cabinet and served the British Royal Family in many other official capacities . Signed the Treaty of Versailles on behalf of India on 28 June 1919 . Indian representative at the Imperial Conferences and at the League of Nations . 1887 1943 22 Lieutenant - General Narendra Maharaja Sir Rao Sadul Singh - Signed the instrument of accession to the Dominion of India on 7 August 1947 . Merged his state into the present state of Rajasthan , India on 30 March 1949 . 1943 1950 23 Rao Karni Singh - Member of Parliament ( Lok Sabha ) for Bikaner , 1952 -- 1977 . On 28 December 1971 , India amended its Constitution to remove the position of the rulers of princely states and their right to receive privy - purse payments , thus making him the last ruler of Bikaner . 1950 1971 Head of House of Rathore clan in Bikaner ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Name Assumed Headship of family Maharaja Karni Singh 1971 1988 Maharaja Narendra Singh 1988 2003 no heir , hence no more Maharajas Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bikaner '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Ring , Trudy ; Robert M. Salkin ; Sharon La Boda ( 1996 ) . International Dictionary of Historic Places : Asia and Oceania . Bikaner . Taylor & Francis . p. 129 . ISBN 1 - 884964 - 04 - 4 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Ward , Philip ( 1989 ) . Northern India , Rajasthan , Agra , Delhi : a travel guide . Junagarh Fort . Pelican Publishing Company . pp. 116 -- 119 . ISBN 0 - 88289 - 753 - 5 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . National Informatics centre , Bikaner district . Archived from the original on 12 December 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Junagarh Fort , Bikaner '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Ring p. 133 Jump up ^ Ring p. 132 ^ Jump up to : Beny & Matheson . Page 47 . ^ Jump up to : Crump & Toh 1996 , pp. 193 Jump up ^ Martinelli & Michell . Page 218 Jump up ^ Cf . Dayaldas ri Khyat , part 2 , pages 4 - 5 Jump up ^ Chaurasia , R.S. ( 2004 ) . History of the Marathas . India : Atlantic Publishers & Dist . p. 13 . ISBN 8126903945 . Jump up ^ Digby , Simon . `` Review of The Relations of the House of Bikaner with the Central Powers , 1465 -- 1949 by Kami Singh '' , Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , University of London , 38 ( 3 ) , London : 1975 , pp. 653 - 654 . Jump up ^ Crump & Toh 1996 , pp. 198 References ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Bikanir '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 929 . Beny , Roland ; Matheson , Sylvia A. ( 1984 ) . Rajasthan - Land of Kings . London : Frederick Muller . p. 200 pages . ISBN 0 - 584 - 95061 - 6 . Crump , Vivien ; Toh , Irene ( 1996 ) . Rajasthan ( hardback ) . London : Everyman Guides . p. 400 pages . ISBN 1 - 85715 - 887 - 3 . Martinelli , Antonio ; Michell , George ( 2005 ) . The Palaces of Rajasthan . London : Frances Lincoln . p. 271 pages . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 2505 - 3 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Historical regions of North India <Td_colspan="2"> Ajmer Awadh Bagelkhand Bhojpur Braj Bundelkhand Delhi Doab Doaba Dhundhar Garhwal Gird Godwar Hadoti Jaisalmer Jangladesh Kumaon Magadha Mahakoshal Majha Malwa Malwa ( Punjab ) Marwar Mewar Mewat Mithila Nimar Purvanchal Rohilkhand Shekhawati Vagad Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bikaner&oldid=832218931 '' Categories : Princely states of Rajasthan Princely states of India States and territories established in the 15th century History of Bikaner History of Rajasthan Hidden categories : Use Indian English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2013 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 15 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Bikaner region in Rajasthan
2. History of Bikaner
3. Rao Bika and the founding of Bikaner
4. Mughal and Maratha eras in Bikaner
5. Accession to India and the rule of Maharaja Ganga Singh
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the capital of new sweden was called new amsterdam
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New Sweden - wikipedia New Sweden For other uses , see New Sweden ( disambiguation ) . <Td_colspan="3"> New Sweden <Td_colspan="3"> Nya Sverige <Td_colspan="3"> Swedish colony <Td_colspan="3"> 1638 -- 1655 <Td_colspan="3"> Flag of Sweden <Td_colspan="3"> Map of New Sweden ca . 1650 by Amandus Johnson <Td_colspan="2"> Capital Fort Christina <Td_colspan="2"> Languages Swedish , Finnish , Munsee , Unami <Td_colspan="2"> Religion Church of Sweden <Td_colspan="2"> Political structure Colony <Td_colspan="2"> King / Queen of Sweden 1632 -- 1654 Christina 1654 -- 1660 Charles X Gustav <Td_colspan="2"> Governor 1638 Peter Minuit 1638 -- 1640 Måns Nilsson Kling 1640 -- 1643 Peter Hollander Ridder 1643 -- 1653 Johan Björnsson Printz 1653 -- 1654 Johan Papegoja 1654 -- 1655 Johan Risingh <Td_colspan="2"> Historical era Colonial period Established 1638 Dutch conquest 1655 Peach Tree War 1655 <Td_colspan="2"> Currency Swedish riksdaler <Td_colspan="3"> Preceded by Succeeded by New Netherland Susquehannock New Netherland <Td_colspan="2"> Today part of United States New Sweden ( Swedish : Nya Sverige ; Finnish : Uusi Ruotsi ; Latin : Nova Svecia ) was a Swedish colony along the lower reaches of the Delaware River in North America from 1638 to 1655 , established during the Thirty Years ' War , when Sweden was a great power . New Sweden was part of Swedish colonization efforts in the Americas . Settlements were established on both sides of the Delaware Valley in the present - day American Mid-Atlantic states of Delaware , New Jersey , and Pennsylvania , often in places where Swedish traders had been visiting since about 1610 . Fort Christina , now part of Wilmington , Delaware , was the first settlement , named after the reigning Swedish monarch , the sole daughter of Gustavus Adolphus . Along with Swedes and Finns , a number of the settlers were Dutch . New Sweden was conquered by the Dutch Republic in 1655 , during the Second Northern War , and incorporated into the Dutch colonies of New Netherlands . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Hoarkill , New Amstel , and Upland 2 Significance and legacy 3 Finnish influence 4 Forts 5 Permanent settlements 6 Rivers and creeks 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 Additional reading 11 External links History ( edit ) By the middle of the 17th century , the Realm of Sweden had reached its greatest territorial extent and was one of the great powers of Europe . Sweden then included Finland and Estonia , along with parts of modern Russia , Poland , Germany , and Latvia , under King Gustavus Adolphus and later Christina , Queen of Sweden . The Swedes sought to expand their influence by creating an agricultural ( tobacco ) and fur - trading colony to circumvent French and English merchants . The Swedish South Company was founded in 1626 with a mandate to establish colonies between Florida and Newfoundland for the purposes of trade , particularly along the Delaware River . Its charter included Swedish , Dutch , and German stockholders led by directors of the New Sweden Company , including Samuel Blommaert . The company sponsored 11 expeditions in 14 separate voyages ( two did not survive ) to Delaware between 1638 and 1655 . The first Swedish expedition to North America sailed from the port of Gothenburg in late 1637 . It was organized and overseen by Clas Fleming , a Swedish Admiral from Finland . The Flemish Dutch Samuel Blommaert assisted the fitting - out and appointed Peter Minuit ( the former Governor of New Amsterdam ) to lead the expedition . The members of the expedition , aboard the ships Fogel Grip and Kalmar Nyckel , sailed into Delaware Bay , which lay within the territory claimed by the Dutch , passing Cape May and Cape Henlopen in late March 1638 , and anchored at a rocky point on the Minquas Kill that is known today as Swedes ' Landing on March 29 , 1638 . They built a fort on the present site of Wilmington , which they named Fort Christina , after Queen Christina of Sweden . The relative locations of New Netherland ( magenta ) and New Sweden ( blue ) in eastern North America . Modern - day U.S. state boundaries ( and postal abbreviations ) are shown . In the following years , 600 Swedes and Finns , the latter group mainly Forest Finns from central Sweden , and also a number of Dutchmen , a few Germans , a Dane and at least one Estonian in Swedish service , settled in the area . Peter Minuit was to become the first governor of the newly established colony of New Sweden . Having been the Director of the Dutch West India Company , and the predecessor of then - Director William Kieft , Minuit knew the status of the lands on either side of the Delaware River at that time . He knew that the Dutch had established deeds for the lands east of the river ( New Jersey ) , but not for the lands to the west ( Maryland , Delaware , and Pennsylvania ) . Minuit landed on the west bank of the river and gathered the sachems of the local Delaware tribe . Sachems of the Susquehannocks were also present . They held a conclave in his cabin on the Kalmar Nyckel , and he persuaded them to sign deeds he had prepared to solve any issue with the Dutch . The Swedes claimed the section purchased included the land on the west side of the South River from just below the Schuylkill , which today would mean Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , southeastern Pennsylvania , Delaware , and coastal Maryland . The Delaware sachem Mattahoon , who was a participant , later stated that only as much land as was contained within an area marked by `` six trees '' was actually purchased and the rest of the land occupied by the Swedes was stolen . Dutch Director Willem Kieft objected to the Swedes landing , but Minuit ignored him , since he knew that the Dutch were militarily weak at the moment . Minuit completed Fort Christina in 1638 , then sailed for Stockholm to bring a second group of settlers . He made a detour to the Caribbean to pick up a shipment of tobacco to sell in Europe to make the voyage profitable . However , Minuit died on this voyage during a hurricane at St. Christopher in the Caribbean . The official duties of the governor of New Sweden were carried out by Lieutenant ( promoted to Captain ) Måns Nilsson Kling , until a new governor was selected and arrived from Sweden two years later . Under Johan Björnsson Printz , governor from 1643 to 1653 , the company expanded along the river from Fort Christina , establishing Fort Nya Elfsborg on the east bank of the Delaware near present - day Salem , New Jersey and Fort Nya Gothenborg on Tinicum Island , to the immediate southwest of today 's Philadelphia . He also built his manor house , The Printzhof , at Fort Nya Gothenborg . For a time , the Swedish colony prospered . In 1644 , New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their victory in a war against the English in the Province of Maryland . In May 1654 , the Fort Casimir was captured from the Dutch by soldiers from New Sweden led by their governor , Johan Risingh . Fort Casimir was promptly renamed Fort Trinity ( in Swedish , Trefaldigheten ) . However , soon after Sweden opened the Second Northern War in the Baltic by attacking the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth , the Dutch sent an armed squadron of ships under the Director - General Peter Stuyvesant to seize New Sweden . In the summer of 1655 , the Dutch marched an army to the Delaware River , easily capturing Fort Trinity and Fort Christina . The Swedish settlement was formally incorporated into the Dutch New Netherland on September 15 , 1655 . Still , the Swedish and Finnish settlers were allowed local autonomy . They retained their own militia , religion , court , and lands . This lasted officially until the English conquest of the New Netherland was launched on June 24 , 1664 . The Duke of York sold what is today New Jersey to John Berkeley and George Carteret to become a proprietary colony , separate from the projected colony of New York . The invasion began on August 29 , 1664 , with the capture of New Amsterdam . It ended with the capture of Fort Casimir ( New Castle , Delaware ) in October . This took place at the beginning of the Second Anglo - Dutch War . New Sweden continued to exist unofficially and some immigration and expansion had continued . The first settlement at Wicaco , a Swedish settlers ' log blockhouse located below Society Hill , was built in present - day Philadelphia in 1669 . It was later used as a church until about 1700 , when Gloria Dei ( Old Swedes ' ) Church of Philadelphia was built on the site . New Sweden officially came to an end when its land was included in William Penn 's charter for Pennsylvania , on August 24 , 1682 . Hoarkill , New Amstel , and Upland ( edit ) The C.A. Nothnagle Log House in Gibbstown , New Jersey . Built in 1638 , it is the oldest surviving house in what is today New Jersey . The start of the Third Anglo - Dutch War resulted in the recapture of New Netherland by the Dutch in August 1673 . The Dutch restored the status that pre-dated the English invasion , and codified it in the establishment of three counties in what had been New Sweden . They were Hoarkill County , which today is Sussex County , Delaware ; New Amstel County , which is today New Castle County , Delaware ; and Upland County , which was later partitioned between New Castle County , Delaware and the new Colony of Pennsylvania . The three counties were created on September 12 , 1673 , the first two on the west shore of the Delaware River , and the third on both sides of the river . The signing of the Treaty of Westminster of 1674 ended the Dutch effort , and required them to return all of New Netherland to the English , including the three counties they created . That handover took place on June 29 , 1674 . After taking stock , the English declared on November 11 , 1674 , that settlements on the west side of the Delaware River and Delaware Bay ( in present - day Delaware and Pennsylvania ) were to be dependent on the Colony of New York , including the three Counties . This declaration was followed on November 11 by a new declaration that renamed New Amstel as New Castle . The other counties retained their Dutch names for the duration . The next step in the assimilation of New Sweden into New York was the extension of the Duke 's laws into the region on September 22 , 1676 . This was followed by the partition of some Upland Counties to conform to what would become the borders of Pennsylvania and Delaware , with most of the Delaware portion going to New Castle County , on November 12 , 1678 . The remainder of Upland continued in place under the same name . On June 21 , 1680 , New Castle and Hoarkill Counties were partitioned to produce St. Jones County . On March 4 , 1681 , what had been the colony of New Sweden was formally partitioned into the colonies of Delaware and Pennsylvania . The border was established 12 miles north of New Castle , and the northern limit of Pennsylvania was set at 42 degrees north latitude . The eastern limit was the current border with New Jersey at the Delaware River , while the western limit was undefined . Pennsylvania immediately started to reorganize the lands of the former New Sweden within the limits of Pennsylvania . In June 1681 , Upland ceased to exist as the result of the reorganization of the Colony of Pennsylvania , with the Upland government becoming the government of Chester County , Pennsylvania . On August 24 , 1682 , the Duke of York transferred the western Delaware River region , including modern - day Delaware , to William Penn , thus transferring Deale and St. Jones from New York to Delaware . St. Jones County was renamed as Kent County ; Deale County was renamed Sussex County ; New Castle County retained its name . Significance and legacy ( edit ) US Postage stamp commemorating the founding of Wilmington , Delaware ( 1938 ) The historian H. Arnold Barton has suggested that the greatest significance of New Sweden was the strong and long - lasting interest in North America that the colony generated in Sweden . Major Swedish immigration to the United States did not occur until the late 19th century , however . From 1870 to 1910 , over one million Swedes arrived , settling particularly in Minnesota and other states of the Upper Midwest ( see Swedish American ) . Traces of New Sweden persist in the lower Delaware Valley to this day , including Holy Trinity Church in Wilmington , Delaware ; Gloria Dei Church and St. James Kingsessing Church in Philadelphia ; Trinity Episcopal Church in Swedesboro , New Jersey ; and Christ Church ( est. 1760 ) in Swedesburg ( Upper Meriion Township ) , Pennsylvania . All of those churches are commonly known as `` Old Swedes ' Church '' . Christiana , Delaware , is one of the few settlements in the area with a Swedish name . Swedesford Road is still found in Chester and Montgomery Counties , Pennsylvania , although Swedesford has long since become Norristown . The American Swedish Historical Museum , located in FDR Park in South Philadelphia , houses many exhibits , documents , and artifacts from the New Sweden colony . Perhaps the greatest contribution of New Sweden to the development of the New World is one that is the traditional Finnish forest house building technique . The colonists brought with them the log cabin , which became such an icon of the American frontier that it is thought of as an American structure . The C.A. Nothnagle Log House on Swedesboro - Paulsboro Road in Gibbstown , New Jersey , is one of the oldest surviving log houses in the United States . Finnish influence ( edit ) The settlers came from all over the Swedish realm . The percentage of Finns in New Sweden grew especially towards the end of the colonization , comprising 22 % of the population during Swedish rule , but rising to about 50 % after the colony came under Dutch rule . The year 1664 saw the arrival of a contingent of 140 Finns . In 1655 , when the ship Mercurius sailed to the colony , 92 of the 106 passengers were listed as Finns . Memory of the early Finnish settlement lived on in place names near the Delaware River such as Finland ( Marcus Hook ) , Torne , Lapland , Finns Point and Mullica Hill and Mullica River . A portion of these Finns were known as Forest Finns , people of Finnish descent living in the forest areas of Central Sweden . The Forest Finns had moved from Savonia in Eastern Finland to Dalarna , Bergslagen and other provinces in central Sweden during the late - 16th and early - to - mid-17th centuries . Their relocation had started as part of an effort by Swedish king Gustav Vasa , to expand agriculture to these uninhabited parts of the country . The Finns in Savonia traditionally farmed with a slash - and - burn method which was better suited to pioneering agriculture in vast forest areas . This was also the farming method used by the Native Americans of Delaware . Forts ( edit ) Fort Christina ( 1638 ) - at the Brandywine Creek and Christina River in Wilmington , Delaware , later renamed Fort Altena ( 1655 ) Fort Mecoponacka ( 1641 ) - in Chester , near Finlandia or Upland in Delaware County , Pennsylvania Fort Nya Elfsborg ( 1643 ) - between present - day Salem Creek and Alloway Creek near Bridgeport , New Jersey Fort Nya Gothenborg ( 1643 ) - on Tinicum Island near the site of The Printzhof in Essington , Delaware County , Pennsylvania Fort Nya Vasa ( 1646 ) - at Kingsessing , on the eastern - side of Cobbs Creek in Philadelphia Fort Nya Korsholm ( 1647 ) - on the Schuylkill River near the South River in Philadelphia Fort Trinity ( 1654 ) -- also known as Fort Trinity ( in Swedish , Trefaldigheten ) , located at the end of Chestnut Street near Harmony & 2nd streets in New Castle , Delaware . Permanent settlements ( edit ) Christina ( 1638 & 1641 ; modern Wilmington , Delaware ) Finland , Finlandia , or Chamassungh ( 1641 & 1643 ; modern Marcus Hook , Pennsylvania ) Upland or Uppland ( 1641 & 1643 ; modern Chester , Pennsylvania ) Varkens Kill ( 1641 ; modern Salem County , New Jersey ) Printztorp ( 1643 ; modern Chester , Pa . ) Tequirassy ( 1643 ; modern Eddystone , Pennsylvania ) Tenakonk or Tinicum ( 1643 ; modern Tinicum Township , Delaware County , Pennsylvania ) Provins , Druweeÿland , or Manaiping ( 1643 ; modern southwest Philadelphia , on Province Island on the Schuylkill River ) Minquas or Minqua 's Island ( 1644 ; modern southwest Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) Kingsessing ( 1644 ; modern southwest Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) Mölndal ( 1645 ; modern Yeadon , Pennsylvania ) Torne ( 1647 ; modern West Philadelphia ) Sveaborg ( c. 1649 ; modern Swedesboro , New Jersey ) Nya Stockholm ( c. 1649 ; modern Bridgeport , New Jersey ) Sidoland ( 1654 ; modern Wilmington , Del . ) Översidolandet ( 1654 ; modern Wilmington , Del . ) Timmerön or Timber Island ( 1654 ; modern Wilmington ) Strandviken ( 1654 ; modern Wilmington ) Ammansland ( 1654 ; modern Darby , Pennsylvania ) Rivers and creeks ( edit ) Delaware River : `` South River '' ( Södre Rivier ; as opposed to the Hudson ) , `` Swedish River '' ( Swenskes Rivier ) , `` New Sweden River '' ( Nya Sweriges Rivier ) Schuylkill River : `` Schuyl Creek '' ( Schuylen Kÿl ) meaning hidden river Brandywine Creek : `` Fish Creek '' ( Fiske Kÿl ) Christina River : `` Susquehanna '' ( Minquas ) or `` Christina Creek '' ( Christina Kÿl ) Raccoon Creek : `` Narraticon '' ( Lenape ) meaning Raccoon Salem River : Varkens Kill ( Hogg Creek ) Mullica River , named for an early Finnish settler , Eric Pålsson Mullica See also ( edit ) Philadelphia portal C.A. Nothnagle Log House Swedish emigration to North America European colonization of the Americas Possessions of Sweden Swedish American Upland Court Finnish American American Swedish Historical Museum Rambo apple Kalmar Nyckel Laurentius Carels , Swedish American Lutheran pastor Olof Persson Stille , first chief justice of the Upland Court Wedge ( border ) New Sweden Farmstead Museum Old Swedes ' Church Lower Swedish Cabin Flag of Philadelphia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Delaware '' . World Statesmen . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ copy the cite data from the New American Heritage book of Indians on Susquehannock . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of New Sweden in America '' . The Swedish Colonial Society . Jump up ^ Mark L. Thompson ( 2013 ) . The Contest for the Delaware Valley : Allegiance , Identity , and Empire in the Seventeenth Century . Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 5060 - 3 . Jump up ^ McCormick , p. 12 ; Munroe , Colonial Delaware , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Thorne , Kathryn ; Ford , Compiler ; Long , John H. , eds. ( 1993 ) . New York Atlas of Historical County Boundaries . The Newbury Library . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Estonians in North America : 1627 - 1896 '' . Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 117 Jump up ^ Shorto , Russell , The Island at the Center of the World , Part II ; Chapter 6 ; Pages 115 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 120 Jump up ^ `` Upland Court '' . West Jersey History Project . Jump up ^ Munroe , History of Delaware , pp. 30 -- 31 Jump up ^ `` Gloria Dei ( Old Swedes ' ) Church '' . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York . 12 . pp. 507 -- 508 . Jump up ^ Parry , Clive , ed. Consolidated Treaty Series. ; Vol. 13 , p. 136 ; Dobbs Ferry , New York ; Oceana Publications , 1969 -- 1981 . ^ Jump up to : Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York . 12 . p. 515 . Jump up ^ Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York . 12 . pp. 561 -- 563 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Edward ( 1860 ) . Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania : Volume 119 ; Record of the Court at Upland , in Pennsylvania , 1676 to 1681 . Pennsylvania : Historical Society of Pennsylvania . p. 198 . Jump up ^ Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York . 12 . pp. 654 , 664 , 666 -- 667 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Edward ( 1860 ) . Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania : Volume 119 ; Record of the Court at Upland , in Pennsylvania , 1676 to 1681 . Pennsylvania : Historical Society of Pennsylvania . p. 196 . Jump up ^ Pennsylvania Archives , 2nd series , Vol. 5 : pp. 739 -- 744 . Jump up ^ Barton , A Folk Divided , 5 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Project Canterbury . Swedish Folk within Our Church ( Thomas Burgess . New York : Foreign - Born Americans Division , Episcopal Diocese of New York . National Council , 1929 ) http://anglicanhistory.org/lutherania/swedish_folk Jump up ^ `` Museum Galleries American Swedish Historical Museum '' . www.americanswedish.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Henry C. Pitz , The Brandywine Tradition , Weathervane Books , 1968 . Pp. 4 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mary Trotter Kion , `` New Sweden : The First Colony in Delaware '' . July 23 , 2006 ; accessed 2010.03. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Nothnagle Log Cabin , Gibbstown '' . Art and Archtitecture of New Jersey . Richard Stokton College of New Jersey . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ OLDEST - Log House in North America - Superlatives on . Waymarking.com . Retrieved on July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` genealogia.org '' . www.genealogia.org . Jump up ^ Wedin , Maud ( October 2012 ) . `` Highlights of Research in Scandinavia on Forest Finns '' ( PDF ) . American - Swedish Organization . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Spiegel , Taru . `` The Finns in America '' . European Reading Room . Library of Congress . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Finland monument at Concord Avenue in Chester , Pennsylvania '' . Historical Markers . ExplorePAhistory.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware 1638 - 1664 Volume I ( Amandus Johnson Reprint Services Corp. 1911 ) Jump up ^ Narratives of Early Pennsylvania , West New Jersey and Delaware 1630 - 1707 ( ed . Albert Cook Myers . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . 1912 ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The Swedes and Finns in New Jersey ( Federal Writers ' Project of WPA . Bayonne , New Jersey : Jersey Printing Company , Inc. 1938 ) Jump up ^ History of Delaware County , Pennsylvania , by Henry Graham Ashmead . Philadelphia : L.H. Everts & Co. 1884 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Kingsessing : Swedish Settlement to Urban Blight , Elizabeth D. Day , University Archives and Records Center . University of Pennsylvania , 10 October 2005 ) ( 3 ) Jump up ^ History of Delaware County , Pennsylvania , Henry Graham Ashmead . Philadelphia : L.H. Everts & Co. 1884 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Site Of Fort Casimir '' . Delaware Public Archives . State of Delaware . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Amandus . The Swedish settlements on the Delaware , 1638 -- 1664 ... Swedish Colonial Society , 1911 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Alfred N. ( 2000 ) ( 1945 ) , Land Title Origins : A Tale of Force and Fraud , Beard Books , p. 242 , ISBN 1 - 893122 - 89 - 1 Jump up ^ Sheridan , Janet L. ( 2007 ) . `` '' Their houses are some Built of timber `` : The colonial timber frame houses of Fenwick 's Colony , New Jersey '' . University of Michigan Ann Arbor : 182 . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Howe , Henry ; Barber , John W. ( 1844 ) , Salem , NJ , New York : S. Tuttle , In 1641 , some English families , ( probably emigrants from New Haven , Conn. , ) embracing about 60 persons , settled on Ferken 's creek ( now Salem . ) About this period , the Swedes bought of the Indians the whole district from Cape May to Raccoon creek ; and , in order to unite these English with the Swedes , the Swedish governor , Printz , who arrived from Sweden the year after , ( 1642 , ) was to `` act kindly and faithfully toward them ; and as these English expected soon , by further arrivals , to increase their numbers to several hundreds , and seemed also willing to be subjects of the Swedish government , he was to receive them under allegiance , though not without endeavoring to effect their removal . '' Jump up ^ Williams , Rev. Dr. Kim - Eric . `` Trinity Episcopal Church '' . The Swedish Colonial Society . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History : Early Settlement '' . Trinity Episcopal `` Old Swedes '' Church . Trinity Episcopal `` Old Swedes '' Church . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Roncace , Kelly ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` What 's in a Name ? Raccoon Creek '' . South Jersey Times . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Kepharts : Cohawkin , Raccoon Creek , Narraticon all names left by Lenni - Lenape in Gloucester County '' . Sources ( edit ) Barton , H. Arnold ( 1994 ) . A Folk Divided : Homeland Swedes and Swedish Americans , 1840 -- 1940 . ( Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis ) . Benson , Adolph B. and Naboth Hedin , eds . Swedes in America , 1638 -- 1938 ( The Swedish American Tercentenary Association . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . 1938 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8383 - 0326 - 9 Jennings , Francis , ( 1984 ) The Ambiguous Iroquois , ( New York : Norton ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 01719 - 2 Johnson , Amandus ( 1927 ) The Swedes on the Delaware ( International Printing Company , Philadelphia ) Munroe , John A. ( 1977 ) Colonial Delaware ( Delaware Heritage Press , Wilmington ) Shorto , Russell ( 2004 ) The Island at the Center of the World ( Doubleday , New York ) ISBN 0 - 385 - 50349 - 0 Weslager , C.A. ( 1990 ) A Man and his Ship , Peter Minuet and the Kalmar Nyckel ( Kalmar Nyckel Foundation , Wilmington ) ISBN 0 - 9625563 - 1 - 9 Weslager , C.A. ( 1988 ) New Sweden on the Delaware 1638 -- 1655 ( The Middle Atlantic Press , Wilmington ) ISBN 0 - 912608 - 65 - X Weslager , C.A. ( 1987 ) The Swedes and Dutch at New Castle ( The Middle Atlantic Press , Wilmington ) ISBN 0 - 912608 - 50 - 1 Additional reading ( edit ) Mickley , Joseph J. Some Account of William Usselinx and Peter Minuit : Two individuals who were instrumental in establishing the first permanent colony in Delaware ( The Historical Society of Delaware . 1881 ) Jameson , J. Franklin Willem Usselinx : Founder of the Dutch and Swedish West India Companies ( G.P. Putnam 's Sons . 1887 ) Myers , Albert Cook , ed . Narratives of Early Pennsylvania , West New Jersey , and Delaware , 1630 -- 1707 . ( New York , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1912 ) Ward , Christopher Dutch and Swedes on the Delaware , 1609 -- 1664 ( University of Pennsylvania Press , 1930 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Sweden . The Finns in American Colonial History The American Swedish Historical Museum A Brief History of New Sweden in America , at The Swedish Colonial Society The New Sweden Centre -- museum , tours and reenactors New Sweden at the FamilySearch Research Wiki Johnson 's detailed map of New Sweden 350th Anniversary of the Landing of the Swedes and Finns in Delaware <Th_colspan="3"> hide Former Swedish colonies Europe Dominions of Sweden Americas New Sweden Saint Barthélemy Guadeloupe Africa Swedish Gold Coast Chartered companies Swedish Africa Company Swedish East India Company Swedish Levant Company Swedish South Company Swedish West India Company <Th_colspan="2"> European colonization of North America <Td_colspan="2"> British Danish Dutch French Norwegian Russian Spanish Swedish <Td_colspan="2"> Article also discusses colonization in Central and South America and Asia Coordinates : 39 ° 44 ′ 12 '' N 75 ° 32 ′ 19 '' W / 39.73667 ° N 75.53861 ° W / 39.73667 ; - 75.53861 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Sweden&oldid=841033481 '' Categories : Former countries in North America Former Swedish colonies States and territories established in 1638 States and territories disestablished in 1655 New Sweden Colonization history of the United States Colonial settlements in North America 17th century in Sweden Economic history of Sweden History of Philadelphia Wilmington , Delaware Finnish - American history Swedish - American history Colonization of the Americas Former colonies in North America 1638 establishments in North America 1655 disestablishments in North America 1655 disestablishments in the Swedish colonial empire 1638 establishments in the Swedish colonial empire Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2015 Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Articles containing Finnish - language text Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans تۆرکجه Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 17 : 11 . 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1. New Sweden - Swedish colony in North America
2. Swedish colonization efforts in the Americas
3. Fort Christina - first settlement in New Sweden
4. Dutch conquest of New Sweden in 1655
5. Finnish influence in New Sweden
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how many books in song of ice and fire series
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A Song of Ice and Fire - wikipedia A Song of Ice and Fire Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the series of novels . For the television adaptation , see Game of Thrones . A Song of Ice and Fire <Td_colspan="2"> A Song of Ice and Fire book collection box set cover <Td_colspan="2"> A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( forthcoming ) A Dream of Spring ( forthcoming ) Author George R.R. Martin Country United States Language English Genre Epic fantasy Publisher Bantam Books ( US , Canada ) Voyager Books ( UK , Australia ) Published August 1996 -- present Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) audiobook A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R.R. Martin . He began the first volume of the series , A Game of Thrones , in 1991 and had it published in 1996 . Martin , who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy , has published five out of a planned seven volumes . The fifth and most recent volume of the series published in 2011 , A Dance with Dragons , took Martin six years to write . He is still writing the sixth novel , The Winds of Winter . A Song of Ice and Fire takes place on the fictional continents Westeros and Essos . The point of view of each chapter in the story is a limited perspective of a range of characters growing from nine , in the first novel , to thirty - one by the fifth . Three main stories interweave a dynastic war among several families for control of Westeros , the rising threat of the supernatural Others in the northernmost reaches of Westeros , and the ambition of Daenerys Targaryen , the deposed king 's exiled daughter , to assume the Iron Throne . Martin 's inspirations included the Wars of the Roses and the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon . A Song of Ice and Fire received praise for its diverse portrayal of women and religion , as well as its realism . An assortment of disparate and subjective points of view confronts the reader , and the success or survival of point of view characters is never assured . Within the often morally ambiguous world of A Song of Ice and Fire , questions concerning loyalty , pride , human sexuality , piety , and the morality of violence frequently arise . As of April 2015 , the books have sold more than 60 million copies worldwide and , as of January 2017 , have been translated into 47 languages . The fourth and fifth volumes reached the top of The New York Times Best Seller lists upon their releases . Among the many derived works are several prequel novellas , a TV series , a comic book adaptation , and several card , board , and video games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot synopsis 2 Publishing history 2.1 Overview 2.2 First three novels ( 1991 -- 2000 ) 2.3 Bridging the timeline gap ( 2000 -- 2011 ) 2.4 Planned novels and future 2.4. 1 The Winds of Winter 2.4. 2 A Dream of Spring 2.4. 3 TV series and other writings 3 Inspiration and writing 3.1 Genre 3.2 Writing process 3.3 Narrative structure 3.4 Character development 4 Themes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Sales 5.3 Fandom 5.4 Awards and nominations 6 Derived works 6.1 Novellas 6.2 TV series 6.3 Other works 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot synopsis ( edit ) Further information : List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters and World of A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire takes place in a fictional world in which seasons last for years and end unpredictably . Nearly three centuries before the events of the first novel ( see backstory ) , the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros were united under the Targaryen dynasty by Aegon I and his sisters Visenya and Rhaenys , with Aegon Targaryen becoming the first king of the whole of the continent of Westeros , save for the southerly Dorne . At the beginning of A Game of Thrones , 15 peaceful years have passed since the rebellion led by Lord Robert Baratheon deposed and killed the last Targaryen king , Aerys II `` the Mad King '' , and proclaimed Robert king of the Seven Kingdoms , with a nine year long summer coming to an end . The principal story chronicles the power struggle for the Iron Throne among the great Houses of Westeros following the death of King Robert in A Game of Thrones . Robert 's heir apparent , the 13 - year old Joffrey , is immediately proclaimed king through the machinations of his mother , Queen Cersei Lannister . When Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark , Robert 's closest friend and chief advisor , discovers that Joffrey and his siblings are the product of incest between Cersei and her twin brother Jaime `` The Kingslayer '' Lannister , Eddard attempts to unseat Joffrey but is betrayed and executed for treason . In response , Robert 's brothers Stannis and Renly both lay separate claims to the throne . During this period of instability , two of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros attempt to become independent from the Iron Throne : Eddard 's eldest son Robb is proclaimed King in the North , while Lord Balon Greyjoy desires to recover the sovereignty of his region , the Iron Islands . The so - called `` War of the Five Kings '' is in full progress by the middle of the second book , A Clash of Kings . The second story takes place in the far north of Westeros , where an 8,000 - year - old wall of ice , simply called `` the Wall '' , defends the Seven Kingdoms from the Others . The Wall 's sentinels , the Sworn Brotherhood of the Night 's Watch , also protect the realm from the incursions of the `` wildlings '' or `` Free Folk '' , who are humans living north of the Wall . The Night 's Watch story is told primarily through the point of view of Jon Snow , Eddard 's bastard son . Jon follows the footsteps of his uncle Benjen Stark and joins the Watch at a young age , rising quickly through the ranks , eventually becoming Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . In the third volume , A Storm of Swords , the Night 's Watch storyline becomes increasingly entangled with the War of the Five Kings . The third story follows Daenerys Targaryen , daughter of Aerys , the last Targaryen king . On the continent of Essos , east of Westeros across the Narrow Sea , Daenerys is married off by her elder brother Viserys Targaryen to a powerful warlord , but slowly becomes an independent and intelligent ruler in her own right . Her rise to power is aided by the historic birth of three dragons , hatched from eggs given to her as wedding gifts . The three dragons soon become not only a symbol of her bloodline and her legitimate claim to the throne , but also devastating weapons of war . Publishing history ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Books in the Ice and Fire series are first published in hardcover and are later re-released as paperback editions . In the UK , Harper Voyager publishes special slipcased editions . The series has also been translated into more than 30 languages . All page totals given below are for the US first editions . # Title Pages Chapters Words Audio US release A Game of Thrones 694 73 292,727 33h 53m August 1996 A Clash of Kings 768 70 318,903 37h 17m February 1999 A Storm of Swords 973 82 414,604 47h 37m November 2000 A Feast for Crows 753 46 295,032 31h 10m November 2005 5 A Dance with Dragons 1040 73 414,788 48h 56m July 2011 6 The Winds of Winter <Td_colspan="5"> Forthcoming 7 A Dream of Spring <Td_colspan="5"> Forthcoming Total 4,228 344 1,736,054 198h 53m First three novels ( 1991 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) George R.R. Martin at Archipelacon in Mariehamn , 2015 . George R.R. Martin was already a successful fantasy and sci - fi author and TV writer before writing his A Song of Ice and Fire book series . Martin had published his first short story in 1971 and his first novel in 1977 . By the mid-1990s , he had won three Hugo Awards , two Nebula Awards , and other awards for his short fiction . Although his early books were well received within the fantasy fiction community , his readership remained relatively small and Martin took on jobs as a writer in Hollywood in the mid-1980s . He worked principally on the revival of The Twilight Zone throughout 1986 and on Beauty and the Beast until 1990 , but he also developed his own TV pilots and wrote feature film scripts . He grew frustrated that his pilots and screenplays were not getting made and that TV - related production limitations like budgets and episode lengths were forcing him to cut characters and trim battle scenes . This pushed Martin back towards writing books , where he did not have to worry about compromising the size of his imagination . Admiring the works of J.R.R. Tolkien in his childhood , he wanted to write an epic fantasy , though he did not have any specific ideas . When Martin was between Hollywood projects in the summer of 1991 , he started writing a new science fiction novel called Avalon . After three chapters , he had a vivid idea of a boy seeing a man 's beheading and finding direwolves in the snow , which would eventually become the first non-prologue chapter of A Game of Thrones . Putting Avalon aside , Martin finished this chapter in a few days and grew certain that it was part of a longer story . After a few more chapters , Martin perceived his new book as a fantasy story and started making maps and genealogies . However , the writing of this book was interrupted for a few years when Martin returned to Hollywood to produce his TV series Doorways that ABC had ordered but ultimately never aired . `` The first scene ... chapter one of the first book , the chapter where they find the direwolf pups ... just came to me out of nowhere . I was ... at work on a different novel , and suddenly I saw that scene . It did n't belong in the novel I was writing , but it came to me so vividly that I had to sit down and write it , and by the time I did , it led to a second chapter , and the second chapter was the Catelyn chapter where Ned has just come back . '' -- George R.R. Martin in 2014 In 1994 , Martin gave to his agent , Kirby McCauley , the first 200 pages and a two - page story projection as part of a planned trilogy with the novels A Dance with Dragons and The Winds of Winter intended to follow . When Martin had still not reached the novel 's end at 1400 manuscript pages , he felt that the series needed to be four and eventually six books long , which he imagined as two linked trilogies of one long story . Martin chose A Song of Ice and Fire as the overall series title : Martin saw the struggle of the cold Others and the fiery dragons as one possible meaning for `` Ice and Fire '' , whereas the word `` song '' had previously appeared in Martin 's book titles A Song for Lya and Songs the Dead Men Sing , stemming from his obsessions with songs . Martin also named Robert Frost 's 1920 poem `` Fire and Ice '' and cultural associations such as passion versus betrayal as possible influences for the series ' title . The revised finished manuscript for A Game of Thrones was 1088 pages long ( without the appendices ) , with the publication following in August 1996 . Wheel of Time author Robert Jordan had written a short endorsement for the cover that was influential in ensuring the book 's and hence series ' early success with fantasy readers . Blood of the Dragon , a pre-release sample novella drawn from Daenerys 's chapters , went on to win the 1997 Hugo Award for Best Novella . The 300 pages removed from the A Game of Thrones manuscript served as the opening of the second book , entitled A Clash of Kings . It was released in February 1999 in the United States , with a manuscript length ( without appendices ) of 1184 pages . A Clash of Kings was the first book of the Ice and Fire series to make the best - seller lists , reaching 13 on The New York Times Best Seller list in 1999 . After the success of The Lord of the Rings films , Martin received his first inquiries to the rights of the Ice and Fire series from various producers and filmmakers . Martin was several months late turning in the third book , A Storm of Swords . The last chapter he had written was about the `` Red Wedding '' , a pivotal scene notable for its violence ( see Themes : Violence and death ) . A Storm of Swords was 1521 pages in manuscript ( without appendices ) , causing problems for many of Martin 's publishers around the world . Bantam Books published A Storm of Swords in a single volume in the United States in November 2000 , whereas some other - language editions were divided into two , three , or even four volumes . A Storm of Swords debuted at number 12 in the New York Times bestseller list . Bridging the timeline gap ( 2000 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) After A Game of Thrones , A Clash of Kings , and A Storm of Swords , Martin originally intended to write three more books . The fourth book , tentatively titled A Dance with Dragons , was to focus on Daenerys Targaryen 's return to Westeros and the associated conflicts . Martin wanted to set this story five years after A Storm of Swords so that the younger characters could grow older and the dragons grow larger . Agreeing with his publishers early on that the new book should be shorter than A Storm of Swords , Martin set out to write the novel closer in length to A Clash of Kings . A long prologue was to establish what had happened in the meantime , initially just as one chapter of Aeron Damphair on the Iron Islands at the Kingsmoot . Since the events on the Iron Islands were to have an impact in the book and could not be told with existing POV characters , Martin eventually introduced three new viewpoints . In 2001 , Martin was still optimistic that the fourth installment might be released in the last quarter of 2002 . However , the five - year gap did not work for all characters during writing . On one hand , Martin was unsatisfied with covering the events during the gap solely through flashbacks and internal retrospection . On the other hand , it was implausible to have nothing happen for five years . After working on the book for about a year , Martin realized he needed an additional interim book , which he called A Feast for Crows . The book would pick up the story immediately after the third book , and Martin scrapped the idea of a five - year gap . The material of the written 250 - page prologue was mixed in as new viewpoint characters from Dorne and the Iron Islands . These expanded storylines and the resulting story interactions complicated the plot for Martin . The manuscript length of A Feast for Crows eventually surpassed A Storm of Swords . Martin was reluctant to make the necessary deep cuts to get the book down to publishable length , as that would have compromised the story he had in mind . Printing the book in `` microtype on onion skin paper and giving each reader a magnifying glass '' was also not an option for him . On the other hand , Martin rejected the publishers ' idea of splitting the narrative chronologically into A Feast for Crows , Parts One and Two . Being already late with the book , Martin had not even started writing all characters ' stories and also objected to ending the first book without any resolution for its many viewpoint characters as in previous books . With the characters spread out across the world , a friend suggested that Martin divide the story geographically into two volumes , of which A Feast for Crows would be the first . This approach would give Martin the room to complete his commenced story arcs as he had originally intended , which he still felt was the best approach years later . Martin moved the unfinished characters ' stories set in the east ( Essos ) and north ( Winterfell and the Wall ) into the next book , A Dance with Dragons , and left A Feast for Crows to cover the events on Westeros , King 's Landing , the Riverlands , Dorne , and the Iron Islands . Both books begin immediately after the end of A Storm of Swords , running in parallel instead of sequentially , and involve different casts of characters with only little overlap . Martin split Arya 's chapters into both books after having already moved the three other most popular characters ( Jon Snow , Tyrion , and Daenerys ) into A Dance with Dragons . Upon its release in October 2005 in the UK and November 2005 in the US , A Feast for Crows went straight to the top of The New York Times bestseller list . Among the positive reviewers was Lev Grossman of Time , who dubbed Martin `` the American Tolkien '' . However , fans and critics alike were disappointed with the story split that left the fates of several popular characters unresolved after A Storm of Swords ' cliffhanger ending . With A Dance with Dragons said to be half - finished , Martin mentioned in the epilogue of A Feast for Crows that the next volume would be released by the next year . However , planned release dates were repeatedly pushed back . Meanwhile , HBO acquired the rights to turn Ice and Fire into a dramatic series in 2007 and aired the first of ten episodes covering A Game of Thrones in April 2011 . With around 1600 pages in manuscript length , A Dance with Dragons was eventually published in July 2011 after six years of writing , longer in page count and writing time than any of the preceding four novels . The story of A Dance with Dragons catches up and goes beyond A Feast for Crows around two - thirds into the book , but nevertheless covers less story than Martin had intended , omitting at least one planned large battle sequence and leaving several character threads ending in cliff - hangers . Martin attributed the delay mainly to his untangling `` the Meereenese knot '' , which the interviewer understood as `` making the chronology and characters mesh up as various threads converged on ( Daenerys ) '' . Martin also acknowledged spending too much time on rewriting and perfecting the story , but soundly rejected the theories of some of his critics that he had lost interest in the series or would bide his time to make more money . Planned novels and future ( edit ) Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be big books of 1500 manuscript pages each . The sixth book will be called The Winds of Winter , taking the title of the last book of the originally planned trilogy . Displeased with the provisional title A Time for Wolves for the final volume , Martin ultimately announced A Dream of Spring as the title for the seventh book in 2006 . Martin said in March 2012 that the final two novels will take readers farther north than any of the previous books , and that the Others will appear in the book . The Winds of Winter ( edit ) Further information : The Winds of Winter The Winds of Winter will resolve the Dance with Dragons cliffhangers early on and `` will open with the two big battles that ( the fifth book ) was building up to , the battle in the ice and the battle ( ... ) of Slaver 's Bay . And then take it from there . '' By the middle of 2010 , Martin had already finished five chapters of The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark , Arya Stark , Arianne Martell , and Aeron Greyjoy , accumulating to around 100 completed pages . After the publication of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Martin announced he would return to writing in January 2012 . He spent the meantime on book tours , conventions , and continued working on his The World of Ice & Fire companion guide and a new Tales of Dunk and Egg novella . In December 2011 , Martin posted a chapter from The Winds of Winter from the viewpoint of Theon Greyjoy ; several other chapters have been made public since . Four hundred pages of the sixth novel have been written as of October 2012 , although Martin considers only 200 as `` really finished '' ; the rest needs revising . In 2011 , Martin gave three years as a realistic estimate for finishing the sixth book at a good pace , but said ultimately the book `` will be done when it 's done '' , acknowledging that his publication estimates had been too optimistic in the past . Martin did not intend to separate the characters geographically again . In 2015 there were indications that the book would be published before the sixth season of the HBO show but in early January 2016 Martin confirmed that he had not met an end - of - year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season . He added that there was `` a lot still left to write '' and that completion of the book was `` months away still ... if the writing goes well . '' Martin also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015 , and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end - of - year deadline achievable . He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones . In February 2016 , Martin stated that he dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards , and that he would not be writing any teleplays , screenplays , short stories , introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter . During the Guadalajara International Book Fair in Mexico in early December 2016 , Martin offered the following hint as to the tone of this book : There are a lot of dark chapters right now ... I 've been telling you for 20 years that winter was coming . Winter is the time when things die , and cold and ice and darkness fill the world , so this is not going to be the happy feel - good that people may be hoping for . Some of the characters ( are ) in very dark places . A Dream of Spring ( edit ) Martin is firm about ending the series with the seventh novel `` until I decide not to be firm '' . With his stated goal of telling the story from beginning to end , he will not truncate the story to fit into an arbitrary number of volumes . He knows the ending in broad strokes as well as the future of the main characters , and will finish the series with bittersweet elements where not everyone will live happily ever after . Martin hopes to write an ending similar to The Lord of the Rings that he felt gave the story a satisfying depth and resonance . On the other hand , Martin noted the challenge to avoid a situation like the finale of the TV series Lost , which left some fans disappointed by deviating too far from their own theories and desires . In 2015 , Martin said that he was not writing A Dream of Spring together with The Winds of Winter , and in early 2016 , he said he did not believe A Dream of Spring would be published before the last season of the HBO show . Martin offered the following hint as to how the series would conclude during a Q&A at the Guadalajara International Book Fair . `` I 'm not going to tell you how I 'm going to end my book , but I suspect the overall flavor is going to be as much bittersweet as it is happy . '' TV series and other writings ( edit ) Early during the development of the TV series , Martin told major plot points to producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . ( The New York Times reported in 2011 that , at age 62 , Martin was by all accounts in robust health . ) Martin was confident he would have published at least The Winds of Winter before the TV series overtook him . Nevertheless , there was general concern about whether Martin would be able to stay ahead of the show . As a result , head writers Benioff and Weiss learned more future plot points from Martin in 2013 to help them set up the show 's new possible seasons . This included the end stories for all the core characters . Deviations from the books ' storylines are also being considered , but a two - year show hiatus to wait for new books is not an option for them as the child actors continue to grow and the show 's popularity would wane . Martin indicated he would not permit another writer to finish the book series . On January 2 , 2016 , Martin confirmed that the sixth volume would not be published before the start of the sixth season of the HBO series . Regarding A Song of Ice and Fire as his magnum opus , Martin is certain never to write anything on this scale again and would only return to this fictional universe in the context of stand - alone novels . He prefers to write stories about characters from other Ice and Fire periods of history such as his Tales of Dunk and Egg project , instead of continuing the series directly . A possible future side project is a prequel set during Aegon 's conquest of Westeros . Martin said he would love to return to writing short stories , novellas , novelettes , and stand - alone novels from diverse genres such as science fiction , horror , fantasy , or even a murder mystery . However , he will see if his audience follows him after publishing his next project . Inspiration and writing ( edit ) Genre ( edit ) Further information : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin believes the most profound influences to be the ones experienced in childhood . Having read H.P. Lovecraft , Robert E. Howard , Robert A. Heinlein , Eric Frank Russell , Andre Norton , Isaac Asimov , Fritz Leiber , and Mervyn Peake in his youth , Martin never categorized these authors ' literature into science fiction , fantasy , or horror and will write from any genre as a result . Martin classified A Song of Ice and Fire as `` epic fantasy '' , and specifically named Tad Williams as very influential for the writing of the series . One of his favorite authors is Jack Vance , although Martin considered the series not particularly Vancean . `` ( Martin 's Ice and Fire series ) was groundbreaking ( at least for me ) in all kinds of ways . Above all , the books were extremely unpredictable , especially in a genre where readers have come to expect the intensely predictable . ( ... ) A Game of Thrones was profoundly shocking when I first read it , and fundamentally changed my notions about what could be done with epic fantasy . '' -- Fantasy writer Joe Abercrombie in 2008 The medieval setting has been the traditional background for epic fantasy . However , where historical fiction leaves versed readers knowing the historical outcome , original characters may increase suspense and empathy for the readers . Yet Martin felt historical fiction , particularly when set during the Middle Ages , had an excitement , grittiness , and a realness to it that was absent in fantasy with a similar backdrop . Thus , he wanted to combine the realism of historical fiction with the magic appeal of the best fantasies , subduing magic in favor of battles and political intrigue . He also decided to avoid the conventional good versus evil setting typical for the genre , using the fight between Achilles and Hector in Homer 's Iliad , where no one stands out as either a hero or a villain , as an example of what he wants to achieve with his books . Martin is widely credited with broadening the fantasy fiction genre for adult content , including incest , paedophilia , and adultery . For The Washington Post 's Writing for The Atlantic , Amber Taylor assessed the novels as hard fantasy with vulnerable characters to which readers become emotionally attached . CNN found in 2000 that Martin 's mature descriptions were `` far more frank than those found in the works of other fantasy authors '' , although Martin assessed the fantasy genre to have become rougher - edged a decade later and that some writers ' work was going beyond the mature themes of his novels . Adam Roberts called Martin 's series the most successful and popular example of the emerging subgenre of grimdark fantasy , influencing other writers associated with that style , such as Joe Abercrombie . Writing process ( edit ) Setting out to write something on an epic scale , Martin projected to write three books of 800 manuscript pages in the very early stages of the series . His original 1990s contract specified one - year deadlines for his previous literary works , but Martin only realized later that his new books were longer and hence required more writing time . In 2000 , Martin planned to take 18 months to two years for each volume and projected the last of the planned six books to be released five or six years later . However , with the Ice and Fire series evolving into the biggest and most ambitious story he has ever attempted writing , he still has two more books to write as of 2016 . Martin said he needed to be in his own office in Santa Fe , New Mexico to immerse himself in the fictional world and write . As of 2011 , Martin was still typing his fiction on a DOS computer with WordStar 4.0 software . He begins each day at 10 am with rewriting and polishing the previous day 's work , and may write all day or struggle to write anything . Excised material and previous old versions are saved to be possibly re-inserted at a later time . The Ice and Fire series was partly inspired by the Wars of the Roses , a series of dynastic civil wars for the throne of England . This painting by Richard Burchett portrays Edward IV demanding that his defeated enemies be taken from Tewkesbury Abbey . Martin set the Ice and Fire story in a secondary world inspired by Tolkien 's writing . Unlike Tolkien , who created entire languages , mythologies , and histories for Middle - earth long before writing The Lord of the Rings , Martin usually starts with a rough sketch of an imaginary world that he improvises into a workable fictional setting along the way . He described his writing as coming from a subconscious level in `` almost a daydreaming process '' , and his stories , which have a mythic rather than a scientific core , draw from emotion instead of rationality . Martin employs maps and a cast list topping 60 pages in the fourth volume , but keeps most information in his mind . His imagined backstory remains subject to change until published , and only the novels count as canon . Martin does not intend to publish his private notes after the series is finished . Martin drew much inspiration from actual history for the series , having several bookcases filled with medieval history for research and visiting historic European landmarks . For an American who speaks only English , the history of England proved the easiest source of medieval history for him , giving the series a British rather than a German or Spanish historic flavor . For example , Ned and Robb Stark resemble Richard , 3rd Duke of York and his son Edward IV , and Queen Cersei resembles both Margaret of Anjou and Elizabeth Woodville . Martin immersed himself in many diverse medieval topics such as clothing , food , feasting , and tournaments , to have the facts at hand if needed during writing . The series was in particular influenced by the Hundred Years ' War , the Crusades , the Albigensian Crusade , and the Wars of the Roses , although Martin refrained from making any direct adaptations . Martin was also inspired by the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon , which are about the French monarchy in the 13th and 14th centuries . The story is written to follow principal landmarks with an ultimate destination , but leaves Martin room for improvisation . On occasion , improvised details significantly affected the planned story . By the fourth book , Martin kept more private notes than ever before to keep track of the many subplots , which became so detailed and sprawling by the fifth book as to be unwieldy . Martin 's editors , copy editors , and readers monitor for accidental mistakes , although some errors have slipped into publication . For instance , Martin has inconsistently referred to certain characters ' eye colors , and has described a horse as being of one sex and then another . Narrative structure ( edit ) Number of chapters per point - of - view character ( hide ) POV character Game Clash Storm Feast Dance ( Winds ) Sum Bran Stark 7 7 -- 21 Catelyn Stark 11 7 7 -- -- 25 Daenerys Targaryen 10 5 6 -- 10 31 Eddard Stark 15 -- -- -- -- 15 Jon Snow 9 8 12 -- 13 42 Arya Stark 5 10 13 ≥ 1 33 Tyrion Lannister 9 15 11 -- 12 ≥ 2 47 Sansa Stark 6 8 7 -- ≥ 1 24 Davos Seaworth -- 6 -- 13 Theon Greyjoy -- 6 -- -- 7 ≥ 1 13 Jaime Lannister -- -- 9 7 17 Samwell Tarly -- -- 5 5 -- 10 Cersei Lannister -- -- -- 10 12 Brienne of Tarth -- -- -- 8 -- 8 Aeron Greyjoy -- -- -- -- ≥ 1 Areo Hotah -- -- -- ≥ 1 Asha Greyjoy -- -- -- Arys Oakheart -- -- -- -- Victarion Greyjoy -- -- -- ≥ 1 Arianne Martell -- -- -- -- ≥ 2 Quentyn Martell -- -- -- -- Jon Connington -- -- -- -- Melisandre -- -- -- -- Barristan Selmy -- -- -- -- ≥ 2 Prologue / Epilogue 1 / -- 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / 7 Total ( characters ) 73 ( 9 ) 70 ( 10 ) 82 ( 12 ) 46 ( 13 ) 73 ( 18 ) TBD 344 ( 31 ) The books are divided into chapters , each one narrated in the third person limited through the eyes of a point of view character , an approach Martin learned himself as a young journalism student . Beginning with nine POV characters in A Game of Thrones , the number of POV characters grows to a total of 31 in A Dance with Dragons ( see table ) . The short - lived one - time POV characters are mostly restricted to the prologue and epilogue . David Orr of The New York Times noted the story importance of `` the Starks ( good guys ) , the Targaryens ( at least one good guy , or girl ) , the Lannisters ( conniving ) , the Greyjoys ( mostly conniving ) , the Baratheons ( mixed bag ) , the Tyrells ( unclear ) and the Martells ( ditto ) , most of whom are feverishly endeavoring to advance their ambitions and ruin their enemies , preferably unto death '' . However , as Time 's Lev Grossman noted , readers `` experience the struggle for Westeros from all sides at once '' , such that `` every fight is both triumph and tragedy ( ... ) and everybody is both hero and villain at the same time '' . Modeled on The Lord of the Rings , the Ice and Fire story begins with a tight focus on a small group ( with everyone in Winterfell , except Daenerys ) and then splits into separate stories . The storylines are to converge again , but finding the turning point in this complex series has been difficult for Martin and has slowed down his writing . Depending on the interview , Martin is said to have reached the turning point in A Dance with Dragons , or to not quite have reached it yet in the books . The series ' structure of multiple POVs and interwoven storylines was inspired by Wild Cards , a multi-authored shared universe book series edited by Martin since 1985 . As the sole author , Martin begins each new book with an outline of the chapter order and may write a few successive chapters from a single character 's viewpoint instead of working chronologically . The chapters are later rearranged to optimize character intercutting , chronology , and suspense . Influenced by his television and film scripting background , Martin tries to keep readers engrossed by ending each Ice and Fire chapter with a tense or revelational moment , a twist or a cliffhanger , similar to a TV act break . Scriptwriting has also taught him the technique of `` cutting out the fat and leaving the muscle '' , which is the final stage of completing a book , a technique that brought the page count in A Dance with Dragons down almost eighty pages . Dividing the continuous Ice and Fire story into books is much harder for Martin . Each book shall represent a phase of the journey that ends in closure for most characters . A smaller portion of characters is left with clear - cut cliffhangers to make sure readers come back for the next installment , although A Dance with Dragons had more cliffhangers than Martin originally intended . Both one - time and regular POV characters are designed to have full character arcs ending in tragedy or triumph , and are written to hold the readers ' interest and not be skipped in reading . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not rely on the hero to come through unscathed and will instead feel the character 's fear with each page turn . The unresolved larger narrative arc encourages speculation about future story events . According to Martin , much of the key to Ice and Fire 's future lies over a dozen years in the fictional past , of which each volume reveals more . Events planned from the beginning are foreshadowed , although Martin is careful not to make the story predictable . The viewpoint characters , who serve as unreliable narrators , may clarify or provide different perspectives on past events . Therefore , what the readers believe to be true may not necessarily be true . Character development ( edit ) Main article : List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters Regarding the characters as the heart of the story , Martin planned the epic Ice and Fire fantasy to have a large cast of characters and many different settings from the beginning . A Feast for Crows has a 63 - page list of characters , with many of the thousands of characters mentioned only in passing or disappearing from view for long stretches . When Martin adds a new family to the ever - growing number of genealogies in the appendices , he devises a secret about the personality or fate of the family members . However , their backstory remains subject to change until written down in the story . Martin drew most character inspiration from history ( without directly translating historical figures ) and his own experiences , but also from the manners of his friends , acquaintances , and people of public interest . Martin aims to `` make my characters real and to make them human , characters who have good and bad , noble and selfish well - mixed in their natures '' . Jeff VanderMeer of the Los Angeles Times remarked that `` Martin 's devotion to fully inhabiting his characters , for better or worse , creates the unstoppable momentum in his novels and contains an implied criticism of Tolkien 's moral simplicity '' ( see Themes : Moral ambiguity ) . Martin deliberately ignored the writing rule of never giving two characters names starting with the same letter . Instead , character names reflect the naming systems in various European family histories , where particular names were associated with specific royal houses and where even the secondary families assigned the same names repeatedly . The Ice and Fire story therefore has children called `` Robert '' in honor of King Robert of House Baratheon , a `` Brandon '' in every other generation of the Starks in commemoration of Brandon the Builder ( of the Wall ) , and the syllable `` Ty '' commonly occurring in given names of House Lannister . Confident that readers would pay attention , Martin distinguished people sharing a given name by adding numbers or locations to their given names ( e.g. Henry V of England ) . The family names were designed in association with ethnic groups ( see backstory ) : the First Men in the North of Westeros had very simply descriptive names like Stark and Strong , whereas the descendants of the Andal invaders in the South have more elaborate , undescriptive house names like Lannister or Arryn , and the Targaryens and Valyrians from the Eastern continent have the most exotic names with the letter Y . All characters are designed to speak with their own internal voices to capture their views of the world . The Atlantic pondered whether Martin ultimately intended the readers to sympathize with characters on both sides of the Lannister -- Stark feud long before plot developments force them to make their emotional choices . Contrary to most conventional epic fantasies , the Ice and Fire characters are vulnerable so that , according to The Atlantic , the reader `` can not be sure that good shall triumph , which makes those instances where it does all the more exulting . '' Martin gets emotionally involved in the characters ' lives during writing , which makes the chapters with dreadful events sometimes very difficult to write . Seeing the world through the characters ' eyes requires a certain amount of empathy with them , including the villains , all of whom he has said he loves as if they were his own children . Martin found that some characters had minds of their own and took his writing in different directions . He returns to the intended story if it does not work out , but these detours sometimes prove more rewarding for him . Arya Stark , Tyrion Lannister , Jon Snow , and Daenerys Targaryen generate the most feedback from readers . Martin has stated that Tyrion is his personal favorite , as the grayest of the gray characters , with his cunning and wit making him the most fun to write . Martin has also said that Bran Stark is the hardest character to write . As the character most deeply involved in magic , Bran 's story needs to be handled carefully within the supernatural aspects of the books . Bran is also the youngest viewpoint character , and has to deal with the series ' adult themes like grief , loneliness , and anger . Martin set out to have the young characters grow up faster between chapters , but , as it was implausible for a character to take two months to respond , a finished book represents very little time passed . Martin hoped the planned five - year break would ease the situation and age the children to almost adults in terms of the Seven Kingdoms , but he later dropped the five - year gap ( see section Bridging the timeline gap ) . Themes ( edit ) Main article : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire Although involving dragons and sorcery , the Ice and Fire series de-emphasizes magic as compared to many other epic fantasy works ( emblem of J. Allen St. John 's 1905 fantasy work The Face in the Pool ) . Although modern fantasy may often embrace strangeness , the Ice and Fire series is generally praised for what is perceived as a sort of medieval realism . Believing that magic should be used moderately in the epic fantasy genre , Martin set out to make the story feel more like historical fiction than contemporary fantasy , with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more on battles , political intrigue , and the characters . Though the amount of magic has gradually increased throughout the story , the series is still to end with less overt magic than most contemporary fantasies . In Martin 's eyes , literary effective magic needs to represent strange and dangerous forces beyond human comprehension , not advanced alien technologies or formulaic spells . As such , the characters understand only the natural aspects of their world , but not the magical elements like the Others . Since Martin drew on historical sources to build the Ice and Fire world , Damien G. Walter of The Guardian saw a strong resemblance between Westeros and England in the period of the Wars of the Roses . The Atlantic 's Adam Serwer regarded A Song of Ice and Fire as `` more a story of politics than one of heroism , a story about humanity wrestling with its baser obsessions than fulfilling its glorious potential '' , where the emergent power struggle stems from the feudal system 's repression and not from the fight between good and evil . Martin not only wanted to reflect the frictions of the medieval class structures in the novels , but also explore the consequences of the leaders ' decisions , as general goodness does not automatically make competent leaders and vice versa . A common theme in the fantasy genre is the battle between good and evil , which Martin rejects for not mirroring the real world . Attracted to gray characters , Martin instead endorses William Faulkner 's view that only the human heart in conflict with itself was worth writing about . Martin explores the questions of redemption and character change in the Ice and Fire series . The multiple viewpoint structure allows characters to be explored from many sides , such that the supposed villains can provide their viewpoint . Although fantasy comes from an imaginative realm , Martin sees an honest necessity to reflect the real world where people die sometimes ugly deaths , even beloved people . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not expect the supposed hero to survive , and instead will feel the same tension and fear that the characters might . The novels also reflect the substantial death rates in war . The deaths of supernumerary extras or orcs have no major effect on readers , whereas a friend 's death has much more emotional impact . Martin prefers a hero 's sacrifice to say something profound about human nature . According to Martin , the fantasy genre rarely focuses on sex and sexuality , instead often treating sexuality in a juvenile way or neglecting it completely . Martin , however , considers sexuality an important driving force in human life that should not be excluded from the narrative . Providing sensory detail for an immersive experience is more important than plot advancement for Martin , who aims to let the readers experience the novels ' sex scenes , `` whether it 's a great transcendent , exciting , mind blowing sex , or whether it 's disturbing , twisted , dark sex , or disappointing perfunctory sex . '' Martin was fascinated by medieval contrasts where knights venerated their ladies with poems and wore their favors in tournaments while their armies mindlessly raped women in wartime . The non-existent concept of adolescence in the Middle Ages served as a model for Daenerys ' sexual activity at the age of 13 in the books . The novels also allude to the incestuous practices in the Ptolemaic dynasty of Ancient Egypt to keep their bloodlines pure . Martin provides a variety of female characters to explore the place of women in a patriarchal society . Writing all characters as human beings with the same basic needs , dreams , and influences , his female characters are to cover the same wide spectrum of human traits as the males . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Science Fiction Weekly stated in 2000 that `` few would dispute that Martin 's most monumental achievement to date has been the groundbreaking A Song of Ice and Fire historical fantasy series '' , for which reviews have been `` orders of magnitude better '' than for his previous works , as Martin described to The New Yorker . In 2007 , Weird Tales magazine described the series as a `` superb fantasy saga '' that `` raised Martin to a whole new level of success '' . Shortly before the release of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Bill Sheehan of The Washington Post was sure that `` no work of fantasy has generated such anticipation since Harry Potter 's final duel with Voldemort '' , and Ethan Sacks of Daily News saw the series turning Martin into a darling of literary critics as well as mainstream readers , which was `` rare for a fantasy genre that 's often dismissed as garbage not fit to line the bottom of a dragon 's cage '' . Salon.com 's Andrew Leonard stated : The success is all the more remarkable because ( the series debuted ) without mass market publicity or any kind of buzz in the fantasy / SF scene . George R.R. Martin earned his following the hard way , by word of mouth , by hooking his characters into the psyche of his readers to an extent that most writers of fantasy only dream of . Publishers Weekly noted in 2000 that `` Martin may not rival Tolkien or Robert Jordan , but he ranks with such accomplished medievalists of fantasy as Poul Anderson and Gordon Dickson . '' After the fourth volume came out in 2005 , Time 's Lev Grossman considered Martin a `` major force for evolution in fantasy '' and proclaimed him `` the American Tolkien '' , explaining that , although Martin was `` ( not ) the best known of America 's straight - up fantasy writers '' at the time and would `` never win a Pulitzer or a National Book Award ... his skill as a crafter of narrative exceeds that of almost any literary novelist writing today '' . As Grossman said in 2011 , the phrase American Tolkien `` has stuck to ( Martin ) , as it was meant to '' , being picked up by the media including The New York Times ( `` He 's much better than that '' ) , the New Yorker , Entertainment Weekly ( `` an acclaim that borders on fantasy blasphemy '' ) , The Globe and Mail , and USA Today . Time magazine named Martin one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2011 , and USA Today named George R.R. Martin their Author of the Year 2011 . According to The Globe and Mail 's John Barber , Martin manages simultaneously to master and transcend the genre so that `` Critics applaud the depth of his characterizations and lack of cliché in books that are nonetheless replete with dwarves and dragons '' . Publishers Weekly gave favorable reviews to the first three Ice and Fire novels at their points of release , saying that A Game of Thrones had `` superbly developed characters , accomplished prose and sheer bloody - mindedness '' , that A Clash of Kings was `` notable particularly for the lived - in quality of ( their fictional world and ) for the comparatively modest role of magic '' , and that A Storm of Swords was one `` of the more rewarding examples of gigantism in contemporary fantasy '' . However , they found that A Feast For Crows as the fourth installment `` sorely misses its other half . The slim pickings here are tasty , but in no way satisfying . '' Their review for A Dance with Dragons repeated points of criticism for the fourth volume , and said that , although `` The new volume has a similar feel to Feast '' , `` Martin keeps it fresh by focusing on popular characters ( who were ) notably absent from the previous book . '' According to the Los Angeles Times , `` Martin 's brilliance in evoking atmosphere through description is an enduring hallmark of his fiction , the settings much more than just props on a painted stage '' , and the novels captivate readers with `` complex storylines , fascinating characters , great dialogue , perfect pacing , and the willingness to kill off even his major characters '' . CNN remarked that `` the story weaves through differing points of view in a skillful mix of observation , narration and well - crafted dialogue that illuminates both character and plot with fascinating style '' , and David Orr of The New York Times found that `` All of his hundreds of characters have grace notes of history and personality that advance a plot line . Every town has an elaborately recalled series of triumphs and troubles . '' Salon. com 's Andrew Leonard `` could n't stop reading Martin because my desire to know what was going to happen combined with my absolute inability to guess what would happen and left me helpless before his sorcery . At the end , I felt shaken and exhausted . '' The Christian Science Monitor advised reading the novels with an A Song of Ice and Fire encyclopedia at hand to `` catch all the layered , subtle hints and details that ( Martin ) leaves throughout his books . If you pay attention , you will be rewarded and questions will be answered . '' Among the most critical voices were Sam Jordison and Michael Hann , both of The Guardian . Jordison detailed his misgivings about A Game of Thrones in a 2009 review and summarized `` It 's daft . It 's unsophisticated . It 's cartoonish . And yet , I could n't stop reading ... Archaic absurdity aside , Martin 's writing is excellent . His dialogue is snappy and frequently funny . His descriptive prose is immediate and atmospheric , especially when it comes to building a sense of deliciously dark foreboding ( of the long impending winter ) . '' Hann did not consider the novels to stand out from the general fantasy genre , despite Martin 's alterations to fantasy convention , although he rediscovered his childhood 's views : That when things are , on the whole , pretty crappy ( in the real world ) , it 's a deep joy to dive headfirst into something so completely immersive , something from which there is no need to surface from hours at a time . And if that immersion involves dragons , magic , wraiths from beyond death , shapeshifting wolves and banished princes , so be it . Sales ( edit ) Sales performance of the Ice and Fire series in the New York Times combined print and e-book fiction bestseller list in 2011 between the airing of the Game of Thrones pilot episode and the publication of A Dance with Dragons . The reported overall sales figures of the A Song of Ice and Fire series vary . The New Yorker said in April 2011 ( before the publication of A Dance with Dragons ) that more than 15 million Ice and Fire books had been sold worldwide , a figure repeated by The Globe and Mail in July 2011 . Reuters reported in September 2013 that the books including print , digital and audio versions have sold more than 24 million copies in North America . The Wall Street Journal reported more than six million sold copies in North America by May 2011 . USA Today reported 8.5 million copies in print and digital overall in July 2011 , and over 12 million sold copies in print in December 2011 . The series has been translated into more than 20 languages ; USA Today reported the fifth book to be translated into over 40 languages . Forbes estimated that Martin was the 12th highest - earning author worldwide in 2011 at $15 million . Martin 's publishers initially expected A Game of Thrones to be a best - seller , but the first installment did not even reach any lower positions in bestseller list . This left Martin unsurprised , as it is `` a fool 's game to think anything is going to be successful or to count on it '' . However , the book slowly won the passionate advocacy of independent booksellers and the book 's popularity grew by word of mouth . The series ' popularity skyrocketed in subsequent volumes , with the second and third volume making The New York Times Best Seller lists in 1999 and 2000 , respectively . The series gained Martin 's old writings new attention , and Martin 's American publisher Bantam Spectra was to reprint his out - of - print solo novels . The fourth installment , A Feast for Crows , was an immediate best - seller at its 2005 release , hitting number one on `` The New York Times '' hardcover fiction bestseller list November 27 , 2005 , which for a fantasy novel suggested that Martin 's books were attracting mainstream readers . The paperback edition of A Game of Thrones reached its 34th printing in 2010 , surpassing the one million mark . Before it even premiered , the TV series had boosted sales of the book series , with Ice and Fire approaching triple - digit growth in year - on - year sales . Bantam was looking forward to seeing the tie - ins boost sales further , and Martin 's British publisher Harper Voyager expected readers to rediscover their other epic fantasy literature . With a reported 4.5 million copies of the first four volumes in print in early 2011 , the four volumes re-appeared on the paperback fiction bestseller lists in the second quarter of 2011 . At its point of publication in July 2011 , A Dance with Dragons was in its sixth print with more than 650,000 hardbacks in print . It also had the highest single and first - day sales of any new fiction title published in 2011 at that point , with 170,000 hardcovers , 110,000 e-books , and 18,000 audio books reportedly sold on the first day . A Dance with Dragons reached the top of The New York Times bestseller list on July 31 , 2011 . Unlike most other big titles , the fifth volume sold more physical than digital copies early on , but nevertheless , Martin became the tenth author to sell 1 million Amazon Kindle e-books . All five volumes and the four - volume boxed set were among the top 100 best - selling books in the United States in 2011 and 2012 . The TV series has contributed significantly boosting sales of both the books and collectibles like box - sets , merchandise , and other items . The TV series also contributed in increasing the geographic coverage of the books , introducing new customers in emerging countries like India and Brazil to the book series . All this has significantly increased the overall book sales . Fandom ( edit ) Main article : A Song of Ice and Fire fandom During the 1980s and early 1990s , Martin 's novels had slowly earned him a reputation in science fiction circles , although he said to only have received a few fans ' letters a year in the pre-internet days . The publication of A Game of Thrones caused Martin 's following to grow , with fan sites springing up and a Trekkie - like society of followers evolving that meet regularly . Westeros.org , one of the main Ice and Fire fansites with about seventeen thousand registered members as of 2011 , was established in 1999 by a Swedish - based fan of Cuban - American descent , Elio M. García , Jr. , and his girlfriend ; their involvement with Martin 's work has now become semi-professional . The Brotherhood Without Banners , an unofficial fan club operating globally , was formed in 2001 . Their founders and other longtime members are among Martin 's good friends . Martin runs an official website and administers a lively blog with the assistance of Ty Franck . He also interacts with fandom by answering emails and letters , although he stated in 2005 that their sheer numbers might leave them unanswered for years . Since there are different types of conventions nowadays , he tends to go to three or four science - fiction conventions a year simply to go back to his roots and meet friends . He does not read message boards anymore , so that his writing will not be influenced by fans foreseeing twists and interpreting characters differently from what he intended . `` After all , as some of you like to point out in your emails , I am sixty years old and fat , and you do n't want me to ' pull a Robert Jordan ' on you and deny you your book . Okay , I 've got the message . You do n't want me doing anything except A Song of Ice and Fire . Ever . ( Well , maybe it 's okay if I take a leak once in a while ? ) '' -- George R.R. Martin on his blog in 2009 While Martin calls the majority of his fans `` great '' , and enjoys interacting with them , some of them turned against him because of the six years it took to release A Dance with Dragons . A movement of disaffected fans called GRRuMblers formed in 2009 , creating sites such as Finish the Book , George and Is Winter Coming ? . When fans ' vocal impatience for A Dance with Dragons peaked shortly after , Martin issued a statement called `` To My Detractors '' on his blog that received media attention . The New York Times noted that it was not uncommon for Martin to be mobbed at book signings either . The New Yorker called this `` an astonishing amount of effort to devote to denouncing the author of books one professes to love . Few contemporary authors can claim to have inspired such passion . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) -- Locus Award winner , World Fantasy Award and Nebula Award nominee , 1997 A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) -- Locus Award winner , Nebula Award nominee , 1999 A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) -- Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and Nebula Awards nominee , 2001 A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) -- Hugo , Locus , and British Fantasy Awards nominee , 2006 A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) -- Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and World Fantasy Award nominee , 2012 Derived works ( edit ) Novellas ( edit ) Martin has written several prequel novellas . The Tales of Dunk and Egg series , three novellas set ninety years before the events of the novel series , feature the adventures of Ser Duncan the Tall and his squire `` Egg '' , the later King Aegon V Targaryen . The stories have no direct connection to the plot of A Song of Ice and Fire , although both characters are mentioned in A Storm of Swords and A Feast For Crows , respectively . The first installment , The Hedge Knight , was published in the 1998 anthology Legends . The Sworn Sword followed in 2003 , published in Legends II . Both were later adapted into graphic novels . The third novella , titled The Mystery Knight , was first published in the 2010 anthology Warriors , and is planned to be adapted as a graphic novel as well . Martin planned to release the first three novellas as one collection in 2014 . Up to eight further Dunk and Egg installments are planned . The novella The Princess and the Queen or , the Blacks and the Greens appeared in Tor Books 's 2013 anthology Dangerous Women , and explains some of the Targaryen backstory two centuries before the events of the novels . The Rogue Prince , or , the King 's Brother , published in the 2014 anthology Rogues , is itself a prequel to the events of The Princess and the Queen . Chapter sets from the novels were also compiled into three novellas that were released between 1996 and 2003 by Asimov 's Science Fiction and Dragon : Blood of the Dragon ( July 1996 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Game of Thrones . Path of the Dragon ( December 2000 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Storm of Swords . Arms of the Kraken ( March 2003 ) , based on the Iron Islands chapters from A Feast for Crows . TV series ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones With the popularity of the series growing , HBO optioned A Song of Ice and Fire for a television adaptation in 2007 . A pilot episode was produced in late 2009 , and a series commitment for nine further episodes was made in March 2010 . The series , titled Game of Thrones , premiered in April 2011 to great acclaim and ratings ( see Game of Thrones : Reception ) . The network picked up the show for a second season covering A Clash of Kings two days later . Shortly after the conclusion of the first season , the show received 13 Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , winning Outstanding Main Title Design and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for Peter Dinklage 's portrayal of Tyrion Lannister . HBO announced a renewal for a third season in April 2012 , ten days after the season 2 premiere . Due to the length of the corresponding book , the third season only covered roughly the first half of A Storm of Swords . Shortly after the season 3 premiere in March 2013 , the network announced that Game of Thrones would be returning for a fourth season , which would cover the second half of A Storm of Swords along with the beginnings of A Feast for Crows and A Dance With Dragons . Game of Thrones was nominated for 15 Emmy Awards for season 3 . Two days after the fourth season premiered in April 2014 , HBO renewed Game of Thrones for a fifth and sixth season . Season 5 premiered on April 12 , 2015 and set a Guinness World Records for winning the highest number of Emmy Awards for a series in a single season and year , winning 12 out of 24 nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series . These episodes were watched by 8 million viewers , setting a record number for the series . The sixth season premiered on April 24 , 2016 . These episodes received the most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards with 23 , winning 12 , including the award for Outstanding Drama Series . Other works ( edit ) Main article : Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire spawned an industry of spin - off products . Fantasy Flight Games released a collectible card game , a board game , and two collections of artwork inspired by the Ice and Fire series . Various roleplaying game products were released by Guardians of Order and Green Ronin . Dynamite Entertainment adapted A Game of Thrones into a same - titled monthly comic in 2011 . Several video games are available or in production , including A Game of Thrones : Genesis ( 2011 ) and Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) by Cyanide ; both received mediocre ratings from critics . A social network game titled Game of Thrones Ascent ( 2013 ) by Disruptor Beam allows players to live the life of a noble during the series ' period setting . Random House released an official map book called The Lands of Ice and Fire , which includes old and new maps of the Ice and Fire world . The companion book The World of Ice & Fire by Martin and the Westeros.org owners Elio M. García Jr. and Linda Antonsson was published in October 2014 . Other licensed products include full - sized weapon reproductions , a range of collectable figures , Westeros coinage reproductions , and a large number of gift and collectible items based on the HBO television series . The popularity of the HBO series has made its version of the Iron Throne an icon of the entire media franchise . See also ( edit ) Book : A Song of Ice and Fire Outline of A Song of Ice and Fire franchise References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Flood , Alison ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` George RR Martin : Barbarians at the gate '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Milne , Ben ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones : The cult French novel that inspired George RR Martin '' . BBC . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kamin , Debra ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` The Jewish legacy behind Game of Thrones '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . They struck gold , however , with their next attempt : a television series based on a French fantasy series which in turn was based on a seven - part set of stories by a French Jewish immigrant . Maurice Druon was born in France in 1918 to Jewish immigrants from Russia and first made a name for himself in the realm of academic journals . Jump up ^ Alter , Alexandra . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Writer George R.R. Martin Posts ' Winds of Winter ' Novel Excerpt '' . New York Times . New York Times . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' George RR Martin revolutionised how people think about fantasy ' Books The Guardian '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ grrm ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Another Precinct Heard From '' . Not A Blog . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Dinitia ( December 12 , 2005 ) . `` A Fantasy Realm Too Vile For Hobbits '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Sails into Darker Waters With ' Ghost of Harrenhal ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Dance with Dragons ( Slipcase edition ) '' . harpercollins.co.uk . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gallery of different language editions '' . georgerrmartin.com . 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October 3 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Feast for Crows Book Details '' . AR BookFinder . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fiction review : A Dance with Dragons : A Song of Ice and Fire , Book 5 '' . Publishers Weekly . May 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Dance with Dragons '' . AR BookFinder . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Rachael ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin on Sex , Fantasy , and A Dance With Dragons '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( March 28 , 2006 ) . `` this , that , and the other thing '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` The Fantasy King '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Harte , Bryant ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` An Interview With George R.R. Martin , Part II '' . indigo.ca . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Richards , Linda ( January 2001 ) . `` January interview : George R.R. Martin '' . januarymagazine.com . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Interview approved by GRRM . ) ^ Jump up to : Itzkoff , Dave ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` His Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy : George R.R. Martin Talks Game of Thrones '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2011 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` EW interview : George R.R. Martin talks A Dance With Dragons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilmore , Mikal ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : The Rolling Stone Interview '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Schweitzer , Darrell ( May 24 , 2007 ) . `` George R.R. Martin on magic vs. science '' . weirdtalesmagazine.com . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Windolf , Jim ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` George R.R. Martin Has a Detailed Plan For Keeping the Game of Thrones TV Show From Catching Up To Him '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( March 12 , 2012 ) . In Conversation With ... George R.R. Martin on Game of Thrones Part 1 -- TIFF Bell Lightbox . TIFF Bell Lightbox . Event occurs at 4 : 00 min ( publishing history ) , 15 : 00 min ( names ) . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Transcript summary available by Ippolito , Toni - Marie ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` George R.R. Martin talks to fans about the making of Game of Thrones and what inspired his best - selling book series '' . thelifestylereport.ca . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gevers , Nick ( December 2000 ) . `` Sunsets of High Renown -- An Interview with George R.R. Martin '' . infinityplus.co.uk . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Interview approved by GRRM . ) ^ Jump up to : Cogan , Eric ( January 30 , 2002 ) . `` George R.R Martin Interview '' . fantasyonline.net . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2004 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Interview approved by GRRM . ) ^ Jump up to : Guxens , Adrià ( October 7 , 2012 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : `` Trying to please everyone is a horrible mistake '' `` . adriasnews.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. 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Martin shows us what the Iron Throne REALLY looks like '' . Blastr.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Behold the Iron Throne the Way George R.R. Martin Intended It '' . Wired . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin 's Official Website So Spake Martin , Collection of statements , correspondences and interviews by George R.R. Martin . A Song of Ice and Fire series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database A Song of Ice and Fire at the Internet Book List A Song of Ice and Fire at DMOZ <Th_colspan="2"> George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire <Td_colspan="2"> A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Works by George R.R. 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what historical event was pivotal in the adoption of a unified measurement system
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History of the metric system - wikipedia History of the metric system This article is about the development and the history of the standards used in the metric system . For history of adoption , see Metrication . For science , see Metric system . For modern metric system , see International System of Units . The history of the metric system began in the Age of Enlightenment with simple notions of length and weight taken from natural ones , and decimal multiples and fractions of them . The system was so useful it became the standard of France and Europe in half a century . Other dimensions with unity ratios were added , and it went on to be adopted by the world . The first practical realisation of the metric system came in 1799 , during the French Revolution , when the existing system of measures , which had become impractical for trade , was replaced by a decimal system based on the kilogram and the metre . In the pre-scientific era , the basic units were taken from the natural world : the unit of length , the metre , was based on the dimensions of the Earth , and the unit of mass , the kilogram , was based on the mass of water having a volume of one litre or a cubic decimetre . Reference copies for both units were manufactured in platinum and remained the standards of measure for the next 90 years . After a period of reversion to the mesures usuelles due to unpopularity of the metric system , the metrication of France as well as much of Europe was complete by mid-century . In the middle of the 19th century , James Clerk Maxwell put forward the concept of a coherent system where a small number of units of measure were defined as base units , and all other units of measure , called derived units , were defined in terms of the base units . Maxwell proposed three base units : length , mass and time . Advances in electromagnetism in the 19th century necessitated new units to be defined , and multiple incompatible systems of such units came into usage ; none could be reconciled with the existing system of mechanical units . This impasse was resolved by Giovanni Giorgi , who in 1901 proved that a coherent system that incorporated electromagnetic units had to have an electromagnetic unit as a fourth base unit . The seminal 1875 Treaty of the Metre resulted in the fashioning and distribution of metre and kilogram artefacts , the standards of the future coherent system that became the SI , and the creation of an international body Conférence générale des poids et mesures or CGPM to oversee systems of weights and measures based on them . In 1960 , the CGPM launched the International System of Units ( in French the Système international d'unités or SI ) which had six `` base units '' : the metre , kilogram , second , ampere , degree Kelvin ( subsequently renamed the `` kelvin '' ) and candela ; as well as 16 further units derived from the base units . A seventh base unit , the mole , and six additional derived units were added in succeeding years through the close of the twentieth century . During this period , the metre was redefined in terms of the speed of light , and the second was redefined in terms of the microwave frequency of a cesium atomic clock . Since the end of the 20th century , an effort has been undertaken to redefine the ampere , kilogram , mole and kelvin in terms of invariant constants of physics . Contents 1 Age of Enlightenment 1.1 Preamble 1.2 Body measures and artefacts 1.3 Clocks and pendulums 1.4 The shape and size of the earth 1.5 Late 18th - century : conflict and lassitude 2 Implementation in Revolutionary France 2.1 Weights and measures of the Ancien Régime 2.2 The units of weight and length 2.3 Meridional survey 2.4 The French metric system 3 Development of non-coherent metric systems 3.1 Time 3.2 Work and energy 3.3 The first structured metric system : CGS 3.4 Electrical units 3.5 Thermodynamics 4 Convention of the metre 5 Measurement systems before the war 5.1 A coherent system 5.2 Systems of measurement in the industrial era 6 Working draft of SI : Practical system of units 6.1 Time 6.2 Electrical unit 6.3 Temperature 6.4 Luminosity 6.5 Derived units 7 International System of Units ( SI ) 8 Evolution of the modern SI 8.1 New base and derived units 8.2 Migration to constant definitions 8.3 Kilogram artefact instability 8.4 Proposed revision of unit definitions 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Age of Enlightenment ( edit ) Foundational aspects of mathematics and culture , together with advances in the sciences during the Enlightenment , set the stage for the emergence in the late 18th century of a system of measurement with rationally related units and simple rules for combining them . Preamble ( edit ) In the early ninth century , when much of what later became France was part of the Holy Roman Empire , units of measure had been standardised by the Emperor Charlemagne . He had introduced standard units of measure for length and for mass throughout his empire . As the empire disintegrated into separate nations , including France , these standards diverged . In England the Magna Carta ( 1215 ) had stipulated that `` There shall be standard measures of wine , ale , and corn ( the London quarter ) , throughout the kingdom . There shall also be a standard width of dyed cloth , russet , and haberject , namely two ells within the selvedges . Weights are to be standardised similarly . '' During the early medieval era , Roman numerals were used in Europe to represent numbers , but the Arabs represented numbers using the Hindu numeral system , a positional notation that used ten symbols . In about 1202 , Fibonacci published his book Liber Abaci ( Book of Calculation ) which introduced the concept of positional notation into Europe . These symbols evolved into the numerals `` 0 '' , `` 1 '' , `` 2 '' etc . At that time there was dispute regarding the difference between rational numbers and irrational numbers and there was no consistency in the way in which decimal fractions were represented . Simon Stevin is credited with introducing the decimal system into general use in Europe . In 1586 , Simon Stevin published a small pamphlet called De Thiende ( `` the tenth '' ) which historians credit as being the basis of modern notation for decimal fractions . Stevin felt that this innovation was so significant that he declared the universal introduction of decimal coinage , measures , and weights to be merely a question of time . Body measures and artefacts ( edit ) Since the time of Charlemagne , the standard of length had been a measure of the body , that from fingertip to fingertip of the outstretched arms of a large man , from a family of body measures called fathoms , originally used among other things , to measure depth of water . An artefact to represent the standard was cast in the most durable substance available in the Middle Ages , an iron bar . The problems of a non-reproducible artefact became apparent over the ages : it rusted , was stolen , beaten into a mortised wall until it bent , and was at times lost . When a new royal standard had to be cast , it was a different standard than the old one , so replicas of old ones and new ones came into existence and use . The artefact existed through the 18th century , and was called a teise or later , a toise ( from Latin tense : outstretched ( arms ) ) . This would lead to a search in the 18th century for a reproducible standard based on some invariant measure of the natural world . Clocks and pendulums ( edit ) The invention of the pendulum clock with its characteristic second pendulum gave rise to proposals to use its length as a standard unit . But it became apparent that the pendulum lengths of calibrated clocks in different locations varied , and the problem was irresolute . A more uniform standard was needed . The invention of the pendulum clock in 1656 by Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens realised for the first time the ancient sexagesimal second . It was soon evident that such clocks ' periods varied with both latitude and altitude so that a clock 's geometry , i.e. its pendulum length was local to the place where it was calibrated . In 1670 , Gabriel Mouton , a French abbot and astronomer , published the book Observationes diametrorum solis et lunae apparentium in which he proposed a decimal system of measurement of length for use by scientists in international communication , to be based on the dimensions of the Earth . The milliare would be defined as a minute of arc along a meridian and would be divided into 10 centuria , the centuria into 10 decuria and so on , successive units being the virga , virgula , decima , centesima , and the millesima . Mouton used Riccioli 's estimate that one degree of arc was 321,185 Bolognese feet , and his own experiments showed that a pendulum of length one virgula would beat 3959.2 times in half an hour . He believed that with this information scientists in a foreign country would be able to construct a copy of the virgula for their own use . Mouton 's ideas attracted interest at the time ; Picard in his work Mesure de la Terre ( 1671 ) and Huygens in his work Horologium Oscillatorium sive de motu pendulorum ( 1673 ) both proposing that a standard unit of length be tied to the beat frequency of a pendulum . The shape and size of the earth ( edit ) Since at least the Middle Ages , the earth was perceived as eternal , unchanging and of symmetrical shape ( close to a sphere ) , so it was natural that some fractional measure of its surface should be proposed as a standard of length . But first , scientific information about the shape and size of the earth had to be obtained . In 1669 , Jean Picard , a French astronomer , was the first person to accurately measure the size of the earth . In a survey spanning one degree of latitude , he erred by only 0.44 % In Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( 1686 ) , Isaac Newton gave a theoretical explanation for the `` bulging equator '' which also explained the differences found in the lengths of the `` second pendulums '' , theories that were confirmed by the Académie 's expedition to Peru in 1735 . This section is missing information about Jacques Cassini 's survey of earth completed of 1713 - 1718 ; we refer to it below without defining what the survey did . Please expand the section to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( January 2018 ) Late 18th - century : conflict and lassitude ( edit ) James Watt , British inventor and advocate of an international decimalised system of measure By the mid-eighteenth century , it had become apparent that standardisation of weights and measures between nations who traded and exchanged scientific ideas with each other was necessary . Spain , for example , had aligned her units of measure with the royal units of France , and Peter the Great aligned the Russian units of measure with those of England . In 1783 the British inventor James Watt , who was having difficulties in communicating with German scientists , called for the creation of a global decimal measurement system , proposing a system which used the density of water to link length and mass , and in 1788 the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier commissioned a set of nine brass cylinders -- a ( French ) pound and decimal subdivisions thereof for his experimental work . In 1790 , a proposal floated by the French to Britain and the United States , to establish a uniform measure of length , a metre based on the period of a pendulum with a beat of one second , was defeated in the British Parliament and United States Congress . The underlying issue was failure to agree on the latitude for the definition , since gravitational acceleration and therefore the length of the pendulum , is proportional to latitude : each party wanted a definition according to a major latitude passing through their own country . The direct consequence of the failure was the French unilateral development and deployment of the metric system and its spread by trade to the continent , the British adoption of the Imperial System of Measures throughout the realm in 1824 , and the United States retention of the British common system of measures in place at the time of the independence of the colonies . And that is the situation that pertained for nearly the next 200 years . Implementation in revolutionary France ( edit ) Weights and measures of the ancien régime ( edit ) Further information : Units of measurement in France It has been estimated that on the eve of the Revolution in 1789 , the eight hundred , or so , units of measure in use in France had up to a quarter of a million different definitions because the quantity associated with each unit could differ from town to town , and even from trade to trade . Although certain standards , such as the pied du roi ( the King 's foot ) had a degree of pre-eminence and were used by scientists , many traders chose to use their own measuring devices , giving scope for fraud and hindering commerce and industry . These variations were promoted by local vested interests , but hindered trade and taxation . The units of weight and length ( edit ) The Marquis de Condorcet -- 18th century French firebrand of the metric system In 1790 , a panel of five leading French scientists was appointed by the Académie des sciences to investigate weights and measures . Its members were Jean - Charles de Borda , Joseph - Louis Lagrange , Pierre - Simon Laplace , Gaspard Monge and Nicolas de Condorcet . Over the following year , the panel , after studying various alternatives , made a series of recommendations regarding a new system of weights and measures , including that it should have a decimal radix , that the unit of length should be based on a fractional arc of a quadrature of earth 's meridian , and that the unit of weight should be that of a cube of water whose dimension was a decimal fraction of the unit of length . The proposals were accepted by the French Assembly on 30 March 1791 . Following acceptance , the Académie des sciences was instructed to implement the proposals . The Académie broke the tasks into five operations , allocating each part to a separate working group : Measuring the difference in latitude between Dunkirk and Barcelona and triangulating between them Measuring the baselines used for the survey Verifying the length of the second pendulum at 45 ° latitude . Verifying the weight in vacuo of a given volume of distilled water . Publishing conversion tables relating the new units of measure to the existing units of measure . The panel decided that the new measure of length should be equal to one ten - millionth of the distance from the North Pole to the Equator ( the quadrant of the Earth 's circumference ) , measured along the meridian passing through Paris . Using Jean Picard 's survey of 1670 and Jacques Cassini 's survey of 1718 , a provisional value of 443.44 lignes was assigned to the metre which , in turn , defined the other units of measure . While Méchain and Delambre were completing their survey , the commission had ordered a series of platinum bars to be made based on the provisional metre . When the final result was known , the bar whose length was closest to the meridianal definition of the metre would be selected . After 1792 the name of the original defined unit of mass , `` gramme '' , which was too small to serve as a practical realisation , was adopted , the new prefix `` kilo '' was added to it to form the name `` kilogramme '' . Consequently , the kilogram is the only SI base unit that has an SI prefix as part of its unit name . A provisional kilogram standard was made and work was commissioned to determine the precise mass of a cubic decimetre ( later to be defined as equal to one litre ) of water . The regulation of trade and commerce required a `` practical realisation '' : a single - piece , metallic reference standard that was one thousand times more massive that would be known as the grave . This mass unit defined by Lavoisier and René Just Haüy had been in use since 1793 . This new , practical realisation would ultimately become the base unit of mass . On 7 April 1795 , the gramme , upon which the kilogram is based , was decreed to be equal to `` the absolute weight of a volume of pure water equal to a cube of one hundredth of a metre , and at the temperature of the melting ice '' . Although the definition of the kilogramme specified water at 0 ° C -- a highly stable temperature point -- it was replaced with the temperature at which water reaches maximum density , measured at the time as 4 ° C. They concluded that one cubic decimetre of water at its maximum density was equal to 99.92072 % of the mass of the provisional kilogram made earlier that year . On 7 April 1795 the metric system was formally defined in French law . It defined six new decimal units : The metre , for length -- defined as being one ten millionth of the distance between the North Pole and the Equator through Paris The are ( 100 m ) for area ( of land ) The stère ( 1 m ) for volume of firewood The litre ( 1 dm ) for volumes of liquid The gramme , for mass -- defined as being the mass of one cubic centimetre of water The franc , for currency . Historical note : only the metre and ( kilo ) gramme defined here went on to become part of later metric systems . Decimal multiples of these units were defined by Greek prefixes : `` myria - '' ( 10,000 ) , `` kilo - '' ( 1000 ) , `` hecto - '' ( 100 ) and `` deka - '' ( 10 ) and submultiples were defined by the Latin prefixes `` deci - '' ( 0.1 ) , `` centi - '' ( 0.01 ) and `` milli - '' ( 0.001 ) . The 1795 draft definitions enabled provisional copies of the kilograms and metres to be constructed . Meridional survey ( edit ) Belfry , Dunkirk -- the northern end of the meridian arc The north and south sections of the meridianal survey met at Rodez cathedral , seen here dominating the Rodez skyline The task of surveying the meridian arc , which was estimated to take two years , fell to Pierre Méchain and Jean - Baptiste Delambre . The task eventually took more than six years ( 1792 -- 1798 ) with delays caused not only by unforeseen technical difficulties but also by the convulsed period of the aftermath of the Revolution . Apart from the obvious nationalistic considerations , the Paris meridian was also a sound choice for practical scientific reasons : a portion of the quadrant from Dunkirk to Barcelona ( about 1000 km , or one - tenth of the total ) could be surveyed with start - and end - points at sea level , and that portion was roughly in the middle of the quadrant , where the effects of the Earth 's oblateness were expected to be the largest . The project was split into two parts -- the northern section of 742.7 km from the Belfry , Dunkirk to Rodez Cathedral which was surveyed by Delambre and the southern section of 333.0 km from Rodez to the Montjuïc Fortress , Barcelona which was surveyed by Méchain . The Paris meridian which passes through the Paris Observatory ( Observatoire de Paris ) . The metre was defined along this meridian using a survey that stretched from Dunkirk to Barcelona . Delambre used a baseline of about 10 km in length along a straight road , located close to Melun . In an operation taking six weeks , the baseline was accurately measured using four platinum rods , each of length two toise ( about 3.9 m ) . Thereafter he used , where possible , the triangulation points used by Cassini in his 1744 survey of France . Méchain 's baseline , of a similar length , and also on a straight section of road was in the Perpignan area . Although Méchain 's sector was half the length of Delambre , it included the Pyrenees and hitherto unsurveyed parts of Spain . After the two surveyors met , each computed the other 's baseline in order to cross-check their results and they then recomputed the metre as 443.296 lignes , notably shorter than the 1795 provisional value of 443.44 lignes Fortress of Montjuïc -- the southern end of the meridian arc On 15 November 1798 Delambre and Méchain returned to Paris with their data , having completed the survey . The final value of the metre was defined in 1799 as the computed value from the survey . Historical note : It soon became apparent that Méchain and Delambre 's result ( 443.296 lignes ) was slightly too short for the meridional definition of the metre . Méchain had made a small error measuring the latitude of Barcelona , so he remeasured it , but kept the second set of measurements secret . The French metric system ( edit ) In June 1799 , platinum prototypes were fabricated according to the measured quantities , the metre des archives defined to be a length of 443.296 lignes , and the kilogramme des archives defined to be a weight of 18827.15 grains , and entered into the French National Archives . In December of that year , the metric system based on them became by law the sole system of weights and measures in France from 1801 until 1812 . Despite the law , the populace continued to use the old measures . In 1812 , Napoleon revoked the law and issued one called the mesures usuelles , restoring the names and quantities of the customary measures but redefined as round multiples of the metric units , so it was a kind of hybrid system . In 1837 , after the collapse of the Napoleonic Republic , the new Assembly reimposed the metric system defined by the laws of 1795 and 1799 , to take effect in 1840 . The metrication of France took until about 1858 to be completed . Some of the old unit names , especially the livre , originally a unit of mass derived from the Roman libra ( as was the English pound ) , but now meaning 500 grams , are still in use today . Development of non-coherent metric systems ( edit ) At the start of the nineteenth century , the French Academy of Sciences ' artefacts for length and mass were the only nascent units of the metric system that were defined in terms of formal standards . Other units based on them , except the litre proved to be short - lived . Pendulum clocks that could keep time in seconds had been in use for about 150 years , but their geometries were local to both latitude and altitude , so there was no standard of timekeeping . Nor had a unit of time been recognised as an essential base unit for the derivation of things like force and acceleration . Some quantities of electricity like charge and potential had been identified , but names and interrelationships of units were not yet established . Both Fahrenheit ( ~ 1724 ) and Celsius ( ~ 1742 ) scales of temperature existed , and varied instruments for measuring units or degrees of them . The base / derived unit model had not yet been elaborated , nor was it known how many physical quantities might be inter-related . A model of interrelated units was first proposed in 1861 by the British Association for the Advancement of Science ( BAAS ) based on what came to be called the `` mechanical '' units ( length , mass and time ) . Over the following decades , this foundation enabled mechanical , electrical and thermal units to be correlated . Time ( edit ) In 1832 German mathematician Carl - Friedrich Gauss made the first absolute measurements of the Earth 's magnetic field using a decimal system based on the use of the millimetre , milligram , and second as the base unit of time . Gauss ' second was based on astronomical observations of the rotation of the earth , and was the sexagesimal second of the ancients : a partitioning of the solar day into two cycles of 12 periods , and each period divided into 60 intervals , and each interval so divided again , so that a second was 1 / 86,400 th of the day . This effectively established a time dimension as a necessary constituent of any useful system of measures , and the astronomical second as the base unit . Work and energy ( edit ) Joule 's apparatus for measuring the mechanical equivalent of heat . As the weight dropped , potential energy was transferred to the water , heating it up . In a paper published in 1843 , James Prescott Joule first demonstrated a means of measuring the energy transferred between different systems when work is done thereby relating Nicolas Clément 's calorie , defined in 1824 as `` the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water from 0 to 1 ° C at 1 atmosphere of pressure '' to mechanical work . Energy became the unifying concept of nineteenth century science , initially by bringing thermodynamics and mechanics together and later adding electrical technology . The first structured metric system : cgs ( edit ) In 1861 a committee of the BAAS including William Thomson ( later Lord Kelvin ) , James Clerk Maxwell and James Prescott Joule among its members was tasked with investigating the `` Standards of Electrical Resistance '' . In their first report ( 1862 ) they laid the ground rules for their work -- the metric system was to be used , measures of electrical energy must have the same units as measures of mechanical energy and two sets of electromagnetic units would have to be derived -- an electromagnetic system and an electrostatic system . In the second report ( 1863 ) they introduced the concept of a coherent system of units whereby units of length , mass and time were identified as `` fundamental units '' ( now known as base units ) . All other units of measure could be derived ( hence derived units ) from these base units . The metre , gram and second were chosen as base units . In 1861 , before a meeting of the BAAS , Charles Bright and Latimer Clark proposed the names of ohm , volt , and farad in honour of Georg Ohm , Alessandro Volta and Michael Faraday respectively for the practical units based on the CGS absolute system . This was supported by Thomson ( Lord Kelvin ) The concept of naming units of measure after noteworthy scientists was subsequently used for other units . In 1873 , another committee of the BAAS that also counted Maxwell and Thomson among its members and tasked with `` the Selection and Nomenclature of Dynamical and Electrical Units '' recommended using the cgs system of units . The committee also recommended the names of `` dyne '' and `` erg '' for the cgs units of force and energy . The cgs system became the basis for scientific work for the next seventy years . The reports recognised two Centimetre - gram - second based systems for electrical units , the Electromagnetic ( or absolute ) system of units ( EMU ) and the Electrostatic system of units ( ESU ) . Electrical units ( edit ) In the 1820s Georg Ohm formulated Ohms Law which can be extended to relate power to current , electric potential ( voltage ) and resistance . During the following decades the realisation of a coherent system of units that incorporated the measurement of electromagnetic phenomena and Ohm 's law was beset with problems -- several different systems of units were devised . Symbols used in this section Symbol Meaning F m , F e ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ text ( m ) ) , F_ ( \ text ( e ) ) ) electromagnetic and electrostatic forces I 1 , I 2 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ text ( 1 ) ) , I_ ( \ text ( 2 ) ) ) electric currents in conductors q 1 , q 2 ( \ displaystyle q_ ( \ text ( 1 ) ) , q_ ( \ text ( 2 ) ) ) electrical charges L ( \ displaystyle L ) conductor length r ( \ displaystyle r ) distance between charges / conductors ε 0 ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon _ ( 0 ) ) electric constant μ 0 ( \ displaystyle \ mu _ ( 0 ) ) magnetic constant k m , k e ( \ displaystyle k_ ( \ text ( m ) ) , k_ ( \ text ( e ) ) ) constants of proportionality c ( \ displaystyle c ) speed of light 4 π ( \ displaystyle 4 \ pi ) steradians surrounding a point P ( \ displaystyle P ) electric power V ( \ displaystyle V ) electric potential I ( \ displaystyle I ) electric current E ( \ displaystyle E ) energy Q ( \ displaystyle Q ) electric charge M , L , T ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathsf ( M , L , T ) ) ) dimensions : mass , length , time Electromagnetic ( absolute ) system of units ( EMU ) The Electromagnetic system of units ( EMU ) was developed from André - Marie Ampère 's discovery in the 1820s of a relationship between currents in two conductors and the force between them now known as Ampere 's law : F m L = 2 k m I 1 I 2 r ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( F_ ( \ text ( m ) ) ) ( L ) ) = 2k_ ( \ text ( m ) ) ( \ frac ( I_ ( 1 ) I_ ( 2 ) ) ( r ) ) ) where k m = μ 0 4 π ( \ displaystyle k_ ( \ text ( m ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ mu _ ( 0 ) ) ( 4 \ pi ) ) \ ) ( SI units ) In 1833 Gauss pointed out the possibility of equating this force with its mechanical equivalent . This proposal received further support from Wilhelm Weber in 1851 . In this system , current is defined by setting the magnetic force constant k m ( \ displaystyle k_ ( \ mathrm ( m ) ) ) to unity and electric potential is defined in such a way as to ensure the unit of power calculated by the relation P = V I ( \ displaystyle P = VI ) is an erg / second . The electromagnetic units of measure were known as the abampere , abvolt , and so on . These units were later scaled for use in the International System . Electrostatic system of units ( ESU ) The Electrostatic system of units ( ESU ) was based on Coulomb 's quantification in 1783 of the force acting between two charged bodies . This relationship , now known as Coulomb 's law can be written F e = k e q 1 q 2 r 2 , ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) = k_ ( \ text ( e ) ) ( \ frac ( q_ ( 1 ) q_ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) where k e = 1 4 π ε 0 ( \ displaystyle k_ ( \ text ( e ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 \ pi \ epsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ) ) ( SI units ) In this system , the unit for charge is defined by setting the Coulomb force constant ( k e ( \ displaystyle k_ ( \ text ( e ) ) ) ) to unity and the unit for electric potential was defined to ensure the unit of energy calculated by the relation E = Q V ( \ displaystyle E = QV ) is one erg . The electrostatic units of measure were the statampere , statvolt , and so on . Gaussian system of units The Gaussian system of units was based on Heinrich Hertz 's realisation while verifying Maxwell 's Equations in 1888 , that the electromagnetic and electrostatic units were related by : c 2 = 1 ε 0 μ 0 ( \ displaystyle c ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ epsilon _ ( 0 ) \ mu _ ( 0 ) ) ) ) Using this relationship , he proposed merging the EMU and the ESU systems into one system using the EMU units for magnetic quantities ( subsequently named the gauss and maxwell ) and ESU units elsewhere . He named this combined set of units `` Gaussian units '' . This set of units has been recognised as being particularly useful in theoretical physics . Quad - eleventhgram - second ( QES ) or International system of units The CGS units of measure used in scientific work were not practical for engineering , leading to development of a more applicable system of electric units especially for telegraphy . The unit of length was 10 m ( approx . the length of the Earth 's quadrant ) , the unit of mass was an unnamed unit equal to 10 g and the unit of time was the second . The units of mass and length were scaled incongruously to yield more consistent and usable electric units in terms of mechanical measures . Informally called the `` practical '' system , it was properly termed the quad - eleventhgram - second ( QES ) system of units according to convention . The definitions of electrical units incorporated the magnetic constant like the EMU system , and the names of the units were carried over from that system , but scaled according to the defined mechanical units . The system was formalised as the International system late in the 19th century and its units later designated the `` international ampere '' , `` international volt '' , etc . Heaviside - Lorentz system of units The factor 4 π ( \ displaystyle 4 \ pi ) occurs in Maxwell 's equations and reflects that there are 4 π ( \ displaystyle 4 \ pi ) steradians surrounding a point , such as a point electric charge . This factor can be eliminated from contexts that do n't actually involve spherical coordinates by incorporating the factor into the unit definitions . The system was proposed by Oliver Heaviside in 1883 and is also known as the `` rationalised gaussian system of units '' . The SI later adopted rationalised units according to the gaussian rationalisation scheme . In the three CGS systems , the constants k e ( \ displaystyle k_ ( \ text ( e ) ) ) and k m ( \ displaystyle k_ ( \ text ( m ) ) ) and consequently ε 0 ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon _ ( 0 ) ) and μ 0 ( \ displaystyle \ mu _ ( 0 ) ) were dimensionless . The electrical units of measure did not easily fit into the coherent system of mechanical units defined by the BAAS . Using dimensional analysis , the dimensions of voltage M 1 2 L 1 2 T − 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathsf ( M ) ) ^ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ mathsf ( L ) ) ^ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ mathsf ( T ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) ) in the ESU system were identical to the dimensions of current in the EMU system , while resistance had dimensions of velocity in the EMU system , but the inverse of velocity in the ESU system . Thermodynamics ( edit ) Maxwell and Boltzmann had produced theories describing the inter-relational of temperature , pressure and volume of a gas on a microscopic scale but otherwise , in 1900 , there was no understanding of the microscopic nature of temperature . By the end of the nineteenth century , the fundamental macroscopic laws of thermodynamics had been formulated and although techniques existed to measure temperature using empirical techniques , the scientific understanding of the nature of temperature was minimal . Convention of the metre ( edit ) Main article : Metre Convention Seal of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM ) With increasing international adoption of the metre , the short - comings of the mètre des Archives as a standard became ever more apparent . Countries which adopted the metre as a legal measure purchased standard metre bars that were intended to be equal in length to the mètre des Archives , but there was no systematic way of ensuring that the countries were actually working to the same standard . The meridianal definition , which had been intended to ensure international reproducibility , quickly proved so impractical that it was all but abandoned in favour of the artefact standards , but the mètre des Archives ( and most of its copies ) were `` end standards '' : such standards ( bars which are exactly one metre in length ) are prone to wear with use , and different standard bars could be expected to wear at different rates . When , in 1867 , it was proposed that a new international standard metre be created , the length was taken to be that of the mètre des Archives `` in the state in which it shall be found '' . The International Conference on Geodesy in 1867 called for the creation of a new , international prototype metre and to arrange a system where national standards could be compared with it . The international prototype would also be a `` line standard '' , that is the metre was defined as the distance between two lines marked on the bar , so avoiding the wear problems of end standards . The French government gave practical support to the creation of an International Metre Commission , which met in Paris in 1870 and again in 1872 with the participation of about thirty countries . On 20 May 1875 an international treaty known as the Convention du Mètre ( Metre Convention ) was signed by 17 states . This treaty established the following organisations to conduct international activities relating to a uniform system for measurements : Conférence générale des poids et mesures ( CGPM or General Conference on Weights and Measures ) , an intergovernmental conference of official delegates of member nations and the supreme authority for all actions ; Comité international des poids et mesures ( CIPM or International Committee for Weights and Measures ) , consisting of selected scientists and metrologists , which prepares and executes the decisions of the CGPM and is responsible for the supervision of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures ; Bureau international des poids et mesures ( BIPM or International Bureau of Weights and Measures ) , a permanent laboratory and world centre of scientific metrology , the activities of which include the establishment of the basic standards and scales of the principal physical quantities , maintenance of the international prototype standards and oversight of regular comparisons between the international prototype and the various national standards . The international prototype metre and kilogram were both made from a 90 % platinum , 10 % iridium alloy which is exceptionally hard and which has good electrical and thermal conductivity properties . The prototype had a special X-shaped ( Tresca ) cross section to minimise the effects of torsional strain during length comparisons . and the prototype kilograms were cylindrical in shape . The London firm Johnson Matthey delivered 30 prototype metres and 40 prototype kilograms . At the first meeting of the CGPM in 1889 bar No. 6 and cylinder No . X were accepted as the international prototypes . The remainder were either kept as BIPM working copies or distributed to member states as national prototypes . Following the Convention of the Metre , in 1889 the BIPM had custody of two artefacts -- one to define length and the other to define mass . Other units of measure which did not rely on specific artefacts were controlled by other bodies . Although the definition of the kilogram remained unchanged throughout the twentieth century , the 3rd CGPM in 1901 clarified that the kilogram was a unit of mass , not of weight . The original batch of 40 prototypes ( adopted in 1889 ) were supplemented from time to time with further prototypes for use by new signatories to the Metre Convention . In 1921 the Treaty of the Metre was extended to cover electrical units with the CGPM merging its work with that of the IEC . Measurement systems before the war ( edit ) U.S. national standard of the metre , showing the bar number ( # 27 ) , the Tresca cross-section and one of the lines The twentieth century history of measurement is marked by five periods : the 1901 definition of the coherent MKS system ; the intervening 50 years of coexistence of the MKS , cgs and common systems of measures ; the 1948 Practical system of units prototype of the SI ; the introduction of the SI in 1960 ; and the evolution of the SI in the latter half century . A coherent system ( edit ) The need for an orthogonal electromagnetic unit to resolve the difficulties of defining such units in terms of length , mass and time was identified by Giorgi in 1901 . This led to Giorgi presenting a paper in October 1901 to the congress of the Associazione Elettrotecnica Italiana ( A.E.I. ) in which he showed that a coherent electro - mechanical system of units could be obtained by adding a fourth base unit of an electrical nature ( ampere , volt or ohm ) to the three base units proposed in the 1861 BAAS report . This gave the constants k and k physical dimensions and hence the electro - mechanical quantities ε and μ were also given physical dimensions . His work also recognised the unifying concept that energy played in the establishment of a coherent , rational system of units with the joule as the unit of energy and the electrical units in the International system of units remaining unchanged . It took more than thirty years before Giorgi 's work was accepted in practice by the IEC . Systems of measurement in the industrial era ( edit ) Four domestic quality contemporary measuring devices that have metric calibrations -- a tape measure calibrated in centimetres , a thermometer calibrated in degrees Celsius , a kilogram weight ( mass ) and an electrical multimeter which measures volts , amps and ohms As the industrial era dawned in Britain as well as continental Europe and overseas , the cgs system of units as adopted by the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1873 with its plethora of electrical units continued to be the dominant system of measurement , and would remain so for at least the next 60 years . The advantages were several : it had a variegated set of derived units which , while not quite coherent , were at least homologous ; the MKS system lacked a defined unit of electromagnetism at all ; the MKS units were inconveniently large for the sciences ; customary systems of measures held sway in the United States , Britain and the British empire , and even to some extent in France the birthplace of the metric system , which inhibited adoption of any competing system . Finally , war , nationalism and other political forces inhibited development of the science favouring a coherent system of units . At the 8th CGPM in 1933 the need to replace the `` International '' electrical units with `` absolute '' units was raised . The IEC proposal that Giorgi 's ' system ' , denoted informally as MKSX , be adopted was accepted , but no decision was made as to which electrical unit should be the fourth base unit . In 1935 JE Sears , proposed that this should be the ampere , but World War II prevented this being formalised until 1946 . The first ( and only ) follow - up comparison of the national standards with the international prototype metre was carried out between 1921 and 1936 , and indicated that the definition of the metre was preserved to within 0.2 μm . During this follow - up comparison , the way in which the prototype metre should be measured was more clearly defined -- the 1889 definition had defined the metre as being the length of the prototype at the temperature of melting ice , but in 1927 the 7th CGPM extended this definition to specify that the prototype metre shall be `` supported on two cylinders of at least one centimetre diameter , symmetrically placed in the same horizontal plane at a distance of 571 mm from each other '' . The choice of 571 mm represents the Airy points of the prototype -- the points at which the bending or droop of the bar is minimised . Working draft of SI : practical system of units ( edit ) The 9th CGPM met in 1948 , fifteen years after the 8th CGPM . In response to formal requests made by the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics and by the French government to establish a practical system of units of measure , the CGPM requested the CIPM to prepare recommendations for a single practical system of units of measurement , suitable for adoption by all countries adhering to the Metre Convention . The CIPM 's draft proposal , was an extensive revision and simplification of the metric unit definitions , symbols and terminology based on the MKS system of units . In accordance with astronomical observations , the second was set as a fraction of the year 1900 . The electromagnetic base unit as required by Giorgi was accepted as the ampere . After negotiations with the CIS and IUPAP , two further base units , the degree kelvin and the candela were also proposed as base units . For the first time the CGPM made recommendations concerning derived units . At the same time the CGPM adopted conventions for the writing and printing of unit symbols and numbers and catalogued the symbols for the most important MKS and CGS units of measure . Time ( edit ) Until the advent of the atomic clock , the most reliable timekeeper available to mankind was the earth 's rotation . It was natural therefore that the astronomers under the auspice of the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) took the lead in maintaining the standards relating to time . During the twentieth century it became apparent that the earth 's rotation was slowing down resulting in days becoming 1.4 milliseconds longer each century -- this was verified by comparing the calculated timings of eclipses of the sun with those observed in antiquity going back to Chinese records of 763 BC . In 1956 the 10th CGPM instructed the CIPM to prepare a definition of the second ; in 1958 the definition was published stating that the second ( called an ephemeris second ) would be calculated by extrapolation using earth 's rotational speed in 1900 . Electrical unit ( edit ) In accordance with Giorgi 's proposals of 1901 , the CIPM also recommended that the ampere be the base unit from which electromechanical units would be derived . The definitions for the ohm and volt that had previously been in use were discarded and these units became derived units based on the ampere . In 1946 the CIPM formally adopted a definition of the ampere based on the original EMU definition and redefined the ohm in terms of other base units . The definitions for absolute electrical system based on the ampere was formalised in 1948 . The draft proposal units with these names are very close , but not identical to the International units . Temperature ( edit ) In the Celsius scale from the 18th century , temperature was expressed in degrees Celsius with the definition that ice melted at 0 ° C and at standard atmospheric pressure , water boiled at 100 ° C. A series of lookup tables defined temperature in terms of inter-related empirical measurements made using various devices . In 1948 , definitions relating to temperature had to be clarified . The Celsius , as an angular measure , was adopted for general use in a number of countries , so in 1948 the General Conference on Weights and Measures ( CGPM ) recommended that the degree Celsius , as used for the measurement of temperature , be renamed the degree Celsius . The SI Brochure ( 2006 ) notes that the gon is now a little - used alternative to the degree . At the 9th CGPM , the Celsius temperature scale was renamed the Celsius scale and the scale itself was fixed by defining the triple point of water as 0.01 ° C , though the CGPM left the formal definition of absolute zero until the 10th CGPM when the name `` Kelvin '' was assigned to the absolute temperature scale and triple point of water was defined as being 273.16 ° K . Luminosity ( edit ) Prior to 1937 , the International Commission on Illumination ( CIE from its French title , the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage ) in conjunction with the CIPM produced a standard for luminous intensity to replace the various national standards . This standard , the candela ( cd ) which was defined as `` the brightness of the full radiator at the temperature of solidification of platinum is 60 new candles per square centimetre '' . was ratified by the CGPM in 1948 . Derived units ( edit ) The newly accepted definition of the ampere allowed practical and useful coherent definitions of a set of electromagnetic derived units including farad , henry , watt , tesla , weber , volt , ohm , and coulomb . Two derived units , lux and lumen were based on the new candela , and one , degree Celsius , equivalent to the degree Kelvin . Five other miscellaneous derived units completed the draft proposal : radian , steradian , hertz , joule and newton . International system of units ( SI ) ( edit ) Main article : International System of Units § Evolution of the SI In 1952 the CIPM proposed the use of wavelength of a specific light source as the standard for defining length , and in 1960 the CGPM accepted this proposal using radiation corresponding to a transition between specified energy levels of the krypton 86 atom as the new standard for the metre . The standard metre artefact was retired . In 1960 , Giorgi 's proposals were adopted as the basis of the Système International d'Unités ( International System of Units ) , the SI . This initial definition of the SI included six base units , the metre , kilogram , second , ampere , degree Kelvin and candela , and sixteen coherent derived units . Evolution of the modern SI ( edit ) The evolution of the SI after its publication in 1960 has seen the addition of a seventh base unit , the mole , and six more derived units , the pascal for pressure , the gray , sievert and becquerel for radiation , the siemens for electrical conductance , and katal for catalytic ( enzymatic ) activity . Several units have also been redefined in terms of physical constants . New base and derived units ( edit ) Over the ensuing years , the BIPM developed and maintained cross-correlations relating various measuring devices such as thermocouples , light spectra and the like to the equivalent temperatures . The mole was originally known as a gram - atom or a gram - molecule -- the amount of a substance measured in grams divided by its atomic weight . Originally chemists and physicists had differing views regarding the definition of the atomic weight -- both assigned a value of 16 atomic mass units ( amu ) to oxygen , but physicists defined oxygen in terms of the O isotope whereas chemists assigned 16 amu to O , O and O isotopes mixed in the proportion that they occur in nature . Finally an agreement between the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics ( IUPAP ) and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) brought this duality to an end in 1959 / 60 , both parties agreeing to define the atomic weight of C as being exactly 12 amu . This agreement was confirmed by ISO and in 1969 the CIPM recommended its inclusion in SI as a base unit . This was done in 1971 at the 14th CGPM . Migration to constant definitions ( edit ) The second major trend in the post-modern SI was the migration of unit definitions in terms of physical constants of nature . In 1967 , at the 13th CGPM the degree Kelvin ( ° K ) was renamed the `` kelvin '' ( K ) . Astronomers from the US Naval Observatory ( USNO ) and the National Physical Laboratory determined a relationship between the frequency of radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom and the estimated rate of rotation of the earth in 1900 . Their atomic definition of the second was adopted in 1968 by the 13th CGPM . By 1975 , when the second had been defined in terms of a physical phenomenon rather than the earth 's rotation , the CGPM authorised the CIPM to investigate the use of the speed of light as the basis for the definition of the metre . This proposal was accepted in 1983 . The candela definition proved difficult to implement so in 1979 , the definition was revised and the reference to the radiation source was replaced by defining the candela in terms of the power of a specified frequency of monochromatic yellowish - green visible light , which is close to the frequency where the human eye , when adapted to bright conditions , has greatest sensitivity . Kilogram artefact instability ( edit ) Mass drift over time of national prototypes K21 -- K40 , plus two of the IPK 's sister copies : K32 and K8 ( 41 ) . The above are all relative measurements ; no historical mass - measurement data is available to determine which of the prototypes has been most stable relative to an invariant of nature . There is the distinct possibility that all the prototypes gained mass over 100 years and that K21 , K35 , K40 , and the IPK simply gained less than the others . Relations between proposed SI units definitions ( in colour ) and with seven fundamental constants of nature ( in grey ) with fixed numerical values in the proposed system After the metre was redefined in 1960 , the kilogram remained the only SI base defined by a physical artefact . During the years that followed the definitions of the base units and particularly the mise en pratique to realise these definitions have been refined . The third periodic recalibration in 1988 -- 1989 revealed that the average difference between the IPK and adjusted baseline for the national prototypes was 50 μg -- in 1889 the baseline of the national prototypes had been adjusted so that the difference was zero . As the IPK is the definitive kilogram , there is no way of telling whether the IPK had been losing mass or the national prototypes had been gaining mass . During the course of the century , the various national prototypes of the kilogram were recalibrated against the International Prototype Kilogram ( IPK ) and therefore against each other . The initial 1889 starting - value offsets of the national prototypes relative to the IPK were nulled , with any subsequent mass changes being relative to the IPK . Proposed revision of unit definitions ( edit ) Main article : Proposed redefinition of SI base units In 2007 the CIPM and the CIE agreed a program of cooperation with the CIPM taking the lead in defining the use of units of measure and the CIE taking the lead in defining the behaviour of the human eye . Increasingly the use of the Boltzmann Relationship was used as the reference point and it appears likely that in 2015 the CGPM will redefine temperature in terms of the Boltzmann constant rather than the triple point of water . At its 23rd meeting ( 2007 ) , the CGPM mandated the CIPM to investigate the use of natural constants as the basis for all units of measure rather than the artefacts that were then in use . At a meeting of the CCU held in a place called Reading , United Kingdom in September 2010 , a resolution and draft changes to the SI brochure that were to be presented to the next meeting of the CIPM in October 2010 were agreed to in principle . The proposals that the CCU put forward were that : In addition to the speed of light , four constants of nature -- Planck 's constant , an elementary charge , Boltzmann constant and Avogadro 's number -- be defined to have exact values ; The international prototype kilogram be retired ; The current definitions of the kilogram , ampere , kelvin and mole be revised ; The wording of the definitions of all the base units be tightened up . Beginning in the early 1990s , the International Avogadro Project has been working to create a 1 kilogram , 94 mm , sphere made of a uniform silicon - 28 crystal . Because the sphere will have been created so precisely , it will be able to replace the IPK . Additionally , due to its precise construction , it may be the roundest object ever created . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ratios of 1 between magnitudes of unit quantities Jump up ^ just under 2 metres in today 's units Jump up ^ Thesituation was evenworse than they knew in that period : the earth does not have uniform density or radius , so that local gravity varies unpredictably over the surface of the earth . Jump up ^ There were two beats in an oscillation . Jump up ^ the pendulum would have had a length of 205.6 mm and the virgula was ~ 185.2 mm . Jump up ^ The acceleration due to gravity at the poles is 9.832 m / s and at the equator 9.780 m / s , a difference of about 0.5 %. ( 1 ) Archived 9 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Much of the British Empire except the U.K. adopted the metric system early on ; the U.K. mostly adopted the metric system late in the 20th century . Jump up ^ Condorcet is universally misquoted as saying that `` the metric system is for all people for all time . '' His remarks were likely between 1790 and 1792 . The names ' metre ' and ' metre - system ' i.e. ' metric system ' were not yet defined . Condorcet actually said , `` measurement of an eternal and perfectly spherical earth is a measurement for all people for all time . '' He did not know what if any units of length or other measure would be derived therefrom . His advocacy eventually resulted in him committing suicide rather than be executed by the Revolutionaries . Jump up ^ from Latin gravitas : `` weight '' Jump up ^ Article 5 of the law of 18 Germinal , Year III Jump up ^ Distances measured using Google Earth . The coordinates are : 51 ° 02 ′ 08 '' N 2 ° 22 ′ 34 '' E / 51.03556 ° N 2.37611 ° E / 51.03556 ; 2.37611 ( Belfry , Dunkirk ) -- Belfry , Dunkirk 44 ° 25 ′ 57 '' N 2 ° 34 ′ 24 '' E / 44.43250 ° N 2.57333 ° E / 44.43250 ; 2.57333 ( Rodez Cathedral ) -- Rodez Cathedral 41 ° 21 ′ 48 '' N 2 ° 10 ′ 01 '' E / 41.36333 ° N 2.16694 ° E / 41.36333 ; 2.16694 ( Montjuïc , Barcelona ) -- Montjuïc , Barcelona Jump up ^ All values in lignes are referred to the toise de Pérou , not to the later value in mesures usuelles. 1 toise = 6 pieds ; 1 pied = 12 pouces ; 1 pouce = 12 lignes ; so 1 toise = 864 lignes . Jump up ^ The modern value , for the WGS 84 reference spheroid of 1.000 196 57 m is 443.383 08 lignes . Jump up ^ Ohm 's Law was n't discovered until 1824 , for example . Jump up ^ It is certain , however , that 170 years after the invention of pendulum clocks , that Gauss had sufficiently accurate mechanical clocks for his work . ^ Jump up to : The electric constant , termed the permittivity of free space ( a vacuum , such as might be found in a vacuum tube ) is a physical electric constant with units farads / metre that represents the ability of a vacuum to support an electric field . The magnetic constant termed the permeability of free space is a physical magnetic constant with units henries / metre that represents the ability of a vacuum to support a magnetic field . Iron , for example , has both high permittivity because it readily conducts electricity as well as high permeability because it makes a good magnet . A vacuum does not `` conduct '' electricity very well , nor can it be easily `` magnetised '' , so the electric and magnetic constants of a vacuum are tiny . Jump up ^ This factor appears in Maxwell 's equations and represents the fact that electric and magnetic fields may be considered as point quantities that propagate equally in all directions , i.e. spherically Jump up ^ The term `` prototype '' does not imply that it was the first in a series and that other standard metres would come after it : the `` prototype '' metre was the one that came first in the logical chain of comparisons , that is the metre to which all other standards were compared . Jump up ^ Prototype No. 8 ( 41 ) was accidentally stamped with the number 41 , but its accessories carry the proper number 8 . Since there is no prototype marked 8 , this prototype is referred to as 8 ( 41 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` English translation of Magna Carta '' . British Library . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Durham , John W ( 2 December 1992 ) . `` The Introduction of `` Arabic '' Numerals in Euiropean Accounting `` . The Accounting Historians Journal . The Academy of Accounting Historians. 19 ( 2 ) : 27 -- 28 . JSTOR 40698081 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. ( January 2001 ) , `` The Arabic numeral system '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. ( October 1998 ) , `` Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . ^ Jump up to : O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. ( January 2004 ) , `` Simon Stevin '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. ( October 2005 ) , `` The real numbers : Pythagoras to Stevin '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . ^ Jump up to : Tavernor , Robert ( 2007 ) . Smoot 's Ear : The Measure of Humanity . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12492 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Alder . The Measure of all Things -- The Seven - Year - Odyssey that Transformed the World . ISBN 978 - 0 - 349 - 11507 - 8 . Jump up ^ Zupko , Ronald Edward ( 1990 ) . Revolution in Measurement : Western European Weights and Measures Since the Age of Science . Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society , Volume 186 . Philadelphia . pp. 123 -- 129 . ISBN 0 - 87169 - 186 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. ( June 2004 ) , `` Gabriel Mouton '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . Jump up ^ G. Bigourdan ( 1901 ) . `` Le système métrique des poids et des mesures '' ( The metric system of weights and measures ) ( in French ) . Paris . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . On voit que le projet de Mouton est , sans aucune différence de principe , celui qui a ét réalisé par notre Système métrique . ( It can be seen that Mouton 's proposal was , in principle , no different to the metric system as we know it . ) Jump up ^ Taton , R ; Wilson , C , eds. ( 1989 ) . Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics -- Part A : tycho Brahe to Newton . Cambridge University Press . p. 269 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 24254 - 1 . Jump up ^ Snyder , John P ( 1993 ) . Flattening the earth : two thousand years of map projections . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 63 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 76747 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Carnegie , Andrew ( May 1905 ) . James Watt ( PDF ) . Doubleday , Page & Company . pp. 59 -- 60 . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Loidi , Juan Navarro ; Saenz , Pilar Merino ( 6 -- 9 September 2006 ) . `` The units of length in the Spanish treatises of military engineering '' ( PDF ) . The Global and the Local : The History of Science and the Cultural Integration of Europe . Proceedings of the 2nd ICESHS . Cracow , Poland : The Press of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Lowis D'Aguilar . Modern metrology ; a manual of the metrical units and systems of the present century ( 1882 ) . London : C Lockwood and co . p. 11 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Tavernor , Robert ( 2007 ) . Smoot 's Ear : The Measure of Humanity . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12492 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` History of measurement '' . Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais ( LNE ) ( Métrologie française ) . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Larousse , Pierre , ed. ( 1874 ) , `` Métrique '' , Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle , 11 , Paris : Pierre Larousse , pp. 163 -- 64 ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Robert A. ( 1981 ) , `` Foundations of the international system of units ( SI ) '' ( PDF ) , Physics Teacher : 597 Jump up ^ Konvitz , Josef ( 1987 ) . Cartography in France , 1660 -- 1848 : Science , Engineering , and Statecraft . 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( 2000 ) . `` The Foundation of the Metric System in France in the 1790s : The importance of Etienne Lenoir 's platinum measuring instruments '' . Platinum Metals Rev. Ely , Cambridgeshire , United Kingdom . 44 ( 3 ) : 125 -- 134 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ Hargrove , JL ( December 2006 ) . `` History of the calorie in nutrition '' . Journal of Nutrition . Bethesda , Maryland : National Center for Biotechnology Information . 136 ( 12 ) : 2957 -- 61 . doi : 10.1093 / jn / 136.12. 2957 . PMID 17116702 . Jump up ^ `` Joule 's was friction apparatus , 1843 '' . London , York and Bradford : Science Museum , National Railway Museum and the National Media Museum . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Resolution 6 -- Practical system of units . 10th Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures ( CGPM ) . 5 -- 14 October 1954 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Resolution 7 -- Writing and printing of unit symbols and of numbers . 9th Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures ( CGPM ) . 12 -- 21 October 1948 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Leap seconds '' . Time Service Department , U.S. Naval Observatory . Archived from the original on 12 March 2015 . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . Jump up ^ F. Richard Stephenson ( 1982 ) . `` Historical Eclipses '' . Scientific American . 247 ( 4 ) : 154 -- 163 . Bibcode : 1982SciAm. 247d. 154S . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Fenna , Donald ( 2002 ) . Dictionary of Weights , Measures and Units . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860522 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pretley , B.W. ( 1992 ) . Crovini , L ; Quinn , T.J , eds . The continuing evolution in the definitions and realisations of the SI units of measurement . La metrologia ai confini tra fisica e tecnologia ( Metrology at the Frontiers of Physics and Technology ) . Bologna : Societa Italiana di Fisica . ISBN 0 - 444 - 89770 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` A brief history of SI '' . NIST . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CIPM , 1948 and 9th CGPM , 1948 '' . International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM ) . Retrieved 8 February 2011 . Jump up ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , p. 124 , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ Resolution 3 -- Triple point of water ; thermodynamic scale with a single fixed point ; unit of quantity of heat ( joule ) . 9th Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures ( CGPM ) . 12 -- 21 October 1948 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Resolution 3 -- Definition of the thermodynamic temperature scale and . 10th Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures ( CGPM ) . 5 -- 14 October 1954 . 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Jump up ^ Resolution 3 -- SI unit of thermodynamic temperature ( kelvin ) and Resolution 4 -- Definition of the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature ( kelvin ) . 9th Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures ( CGPM ) . 12 -- 21 October 1948 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Base unit definitions : Meter '' . NIST . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : G. Girard ( 1994 ) . `` The Third Periodic Verification of National Prototypes of the Kilogram ( 1988 -- 1992 ) '' . Metrologia. 31 ( 4 ) : 317 -- 336 . Bibcode : 1994Metro ... 31 ... 317G . doi : 10.1088 / 0026 - 1394 / 31 / 4 / 007 . Jump up ^ `` Practical realization of the definitions of some important units '' . SI brochure , Appendix 2 . BIPM. 9 September 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement with the CIE '' . BIPM . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ian Mills ( 29 September 2010 ) . `` Draft Chapter 2 for SI Brochure , following redefinitions of the base units '' ( PDF ) . CCU . Retrieved 1 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Ian Mills ( 29 September 2010 ) . `` On the possible future revision of the International System of Units , the SI '' ( PDF ) . CCU . Retrieved 1 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Materese , Robin ( 14 May 2018 ) . `` Kilogram : Introduction '' . nist.gov . External links ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Systems of measurement Current General International System of Units ( SI ) UK imperial system US customary units Myanmar Indian Specific Apothecaries ' Avoirdupois Troy Astronomical Electrical Temperature Natural atomic geometrised Gaussian Lorentz -- Heaviside Planck quantum chromodynamical Stoney Background Metric Overview Introduction Outline History Metrication UK / US Overview Comparison Foot -- pound -- second ( FPS ) Historic Metric metre -- kilogram -- second ( MKS ) metre -- tonne -- second ( MTS ) centimetre -- gram -- second ( CGS ) gravitational Europe Byzantine Cornish Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French ( Trad . 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1. Development of the metric system
2. Implementation in Revolutionary France
3. Units of weight and length
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5. Decimal multiples and submultiples
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what two body systems are involved with ph balance
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Acid -- base homeostasis - wikipedia Acid -- base homeostasis Jump to : navigation , search Acids and bases pH Reaction Titration Extraction Dissociation constant ( acid ) Acid strength Acidity function Buffer solutions Proton affinity Self - ionization of water Amphoterism Acid types Brønsted Lewis Mineral Organic Strong Superacids Weak Monobasic acid Dibasic acid Tribasic acid Solid Base types Brønsted Lewis Organic Strong Superbases Non-nucleophilic Weak Acid -- base homeostasis is the homeostatic regulation of the pH of the body 's extracellular fluid ( ECF ) . The proper balance between the acids and bases in the ECF is crucial for the normal physiology of the body , and cellular metabolism . The pH of the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid need to be maintained at a constant level . Many extracellular proteins such as the plasma proteins and membrane proteins of the body 's cells are very sensitive for their three dimensional configurations to the extracellular pH . Stringent mechanisms therefore exist to maintain the pH within very narrow limits . Outside the acceptable range of pH , proteins are denatured ( i.e. their 3 - D structure is deranged ) , causing enzymes and ion channels ( among others ) to malfunction . In humans and many other animals , acid -- base homeostasis is maintained by multiple mechanisms involved in three lines of defence . The first line of defence are the various chemical buffers which minimize pH changes that would otherwise occur in their absence . They do not correct pH deviations , but only serve to reduce the extent of the change that would otherwise occur . These buffers include the bicarbonate buffer system , the phosphate buffer system , and the protein buffer system . Physiological corrective measures make up of the second and third lines of defence . This is because they operate by making changes to the buffers , each of which consists of two components : a weak acid and an weak base . It is the ratio of weak acid to weak base that determines the pH of the solution . Thus , by manipulating firstly the concentration of the weak acid , and secondly the weak base , the pH of the extracellular fluid ( ECF ) can be adjusted very accurately to the correct value . The bicarbonate buffer , consisting of a mixture of carbonic acid ( H CO ) and a bicarbonate ( HCO − 3 ) salt in solution , is the most abundant buffer in the extracellular fluid , and it is also the buffer whose acid to base ratio can be changed very easily and rapidly . Thus the second line of defence of the pH of the ECF consists of controlling of the carbonic acid concentration in the ECF . This is achieved by changes in the rate and depth of breathing ( i.e. by hyperventilation or hypoventilation ) , which blows off or retains carbon dioxide ( and thus carbonic acid ) in the blood plasma . The third line of defence is the renal system , which can add or remove bicarbonate ions to or from the ECF . The bicarbonate is derived from metabolic carbon dioxide which is enzymatically converted to carbonic acid in the renal tubular cells . The carbonic acid spontaneously dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions . When the pH in the ECF tends to fall ( i.e. become more acid ) the hydrogen ions are excreted into the urine , while the bicarbonate ions are secreted into the blood plasma , causing the plasma pH to rise ( correcting the initial fall ) . The converse happens if the pH in the ECF tends to rise : the bicarbonate ions are then excerted into the urine and the hydrogen ions into the blood plasma . An acid -- base imbalance is known as acidemia when the acidity is high , or alkalemia when the acidity is low . Contents ( hide ) 1 Acid -- base balance 2 Imbalance 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Acid -- base balance ( edit ) The pH of the extracellular fluid , including the blood plasma , is normally tightly regulated between 7.36 and 7.42 , by the chemical buffer s , the respiratory system , and the renal system . Aqueous buffer solutions will react with strong acids or strong bases by absorbing excess hydrogen H + ions , or hydroxide OH − ions , replacing the strong acids and bases with weak acids and weak bases . This has the effect of damping the effect of pH changes , or reducing the pH change that would otherwise have occurred . But buffers can not correct abnormal pH levels in a solution , be that solution in a test tube or in the extracellular fluid . Buffers typically consist of a pair of compounds in solution , one of which is a weak acid and the other a weak base . The most abundant buffer in the ECF consists of a solution of carbonic acid ( H CO ) , and the bicarbonate ( HCO − 3 ) salt of , usually , sodium ( Na ) . Thus , when there is an excess of OH − ions in the solution carbonic acid partially neutralizes them by forming H O and bicarbonate ( HCO − 3 ) ions . An excess of H ions is partially neutralized by the bicarbonate component of the buffer solution to form carbonic acid ( H CO ) , which , because it is a weak acid , remains largely in the undissociated form , releasing very much fewer H ions into the solution than the original strong acid would have done . The pH of a buffer solution depends solely on the ratio of the molar concentrations of the weak acid to the weak base . The higher the concentration of the weak acid in the solution ( compared to the weak base ) the lower the resulting pH of the solution . Similarly , if the weak base predominates the higher the resulting pH . This principle is exploited to regulate the pH of the extracellular fluids ( rather than just buffering the pH ) . For the carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer , a molar ratio of weak acid to weak base of 1 : 20 produces a pH of 7.4 ; and vice versa - when the pH of the extracellular fluids is 7.4 then the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ions in that fluid is 1 : 20 . This relationship is described mathematically by the Henderson -- Hasselbalch equation , which , when applied to the carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system in the extracellular fluids , states that : p H = p K a H 2 C O 3 + log 10 ( ( H C O 3 − ) ( H 2 C O 3 ) ) , ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( pH ) = \ mathrm ( p ) K_ ( \ mathrm ( a ) ~ \ mathrm ( H ) _ ( 2 ) \ mathrm ( CO ) _ ( 3 ) ) + \ log _ ( 10 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( \ mathrm ( HCO ) _ ( 3 ) ^ ( - ) ) ) ( ( \ mathrm ( H ) _ ( 2 ) \ mathrm ( CO ) _ ( 3 ) ) ) ) \ right ) , ) where : pH is the acidity in the plasma pK is the cologarithm of the acid dissociation constant of carbonic acid . It is equal to 6.1 . ( HCO − 3 ) is the molar concentration of bicarbonate in the blood plasma ( H CO ) is the molar concentration of carbonic acid in the blood plasma However , since the carbonic acid concentration is directly proportional to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( P C O 2 ( \ displaystyle P_ ( ( \ mathrm ( CO ) ) _ ( 2 ) ) ) ) in the extracellular fluid , the equation can be rewritten as follows : p H = 6.1 + log 10 ( ( H C O 3 − ) 0.0307 × P C O 2 ) , ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( pH ) = 6.1 + \ log _ ( 10 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( \ mathrm ( HCO ) _ ( 3 ) ^ ( - ) ) ) ( 0.0307 \ times P_ ( \ mathrm ( CO ) _ ( 2 ) ) ) ) \ right ) , ) where : pH is the acidity in the plasma ( HCO − 3 ) is the molar concentration of bicarbonate in the plasma P is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood plasma . The pH of the extracellular fluids can thus be controlled by separately regulating the partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( which determines the carbonic acid concentration ) and bicarbonate ion concentration in the extracellular fluids . There are therefore at least two homeostatic negative feedback systems responsible for the regulation of the plasma pH . The first is the homeostatic control of the blood partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide , which determines the carbonic acid concentration in the plasma , and can change the pH of the arterial plasma within a few seconds . The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood is monitored by the central chemoreceptors of the medulla oblongata , and so are part of the central nervous system . These chemoreceptors are sensitive to the pH and levels of carbon dioxide in the cerebrospinal fluid . ( The peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic bodies and carotid bodies adjacent to the arch of the aorta and to the bifurcation of the carotid arteries . These chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood and are not directly involved with pH homeostasis . ) The central chemoreceptors send their information to the respiratory centres in the medulla and pons of the brainstem . The respiratory centers then determine the average rate of ventilation of the alveoli of the lungs , to keep the partial pressure carbon dioxide in the arterial blood constant . The respiratory center does so via motor neurons which activate the muscles of respiration ( in particular the diaphragm ) . A rise in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood plasma above 5.3 kPa ( 40 mmHg ) reflexly causes an increase in the rate and depth of breathing . Normal breathing is resumed when the partial pressure of carbon dioxide has returned to 5.3 kPa . The converse happens if the partial pressure of carbon dioxide falls below the normal range . Breathing may be temporally halted , or slowed down to allow carbon dioxide to accumulate once more in the lungs and arterial blood . The sensor for the plasma HCO − 3 concentration is not known for certain . It is very probable that the renal tubular cells of the distal convoluted tubules are themselves sensitive to the pH of the plasma . The metabolism of these cells produces CO , which is rapidly converted to H and HCO − 3 through the action of carbonic anhydrase . When the extracellular fluids tend towards acidity , the renal tubular cells secrete the H ions into the tubular fluid from where they exit the body via the urine . The HCO − 3 ions are simultaneously secreted into the blood plasma , thus raising the bicarbonate ion concentration in the plasma , lowering the carbonic acid / bicarbonate ion ratio , and consequently raising the pH of the plasma . The converse happens when the plasma pH rises above normal : bicarbonate ions are excreted into the urine , and hydrogen ions into the plasma . These combine with the bicarbonate ions in the plasma to form carbonic acid , thus raising the carbonic acid : bicarbonate ratio in the extracellular fluids , and returning its pH to normal . In general metabolism produces more waste acids than bases . The urine is therefore generally acid . This urinary acidity is , to a certain extent , neutralized by the ammonia ( NH ) which is excreted into the urine when glutamate and glutamine ( carriers of excess , no longer needed , amino groups ) are deaminated by the distal renal tubular epithelial cells . Thus some of the `` acid content '' of the urine resides in the resulting ammonium ion ( NH ) content of the urine , though this has no effect on pH homeostasis of the extracellular fluids . Imbalance ( edit ) An acid base nomogram for human plasma , showing the effects on the plasma pH when carbonic acid ( partial pressure of carbondioxide ) or bicarbonate occur in excess or are deficient in the plasma Acid -- base imbalance occurs when a significant insult causes the blood pH to shift out of the normal range ( 7.35 to 7.45 ) . In the fetus , the normal range differs based on which umbilical vessel is sampled ( umbilical vein pH is normally 7.25 to 7.45 ; umbilical artery pH is normally 7.18 to 7.38 ) . An excess of acid in the blood is called acidemia and an excess of base is called alkalemia . The imbalance is classified based on the cause of the disturbance ( respiratory or metabolic ) and the direction of change in pH ( acidosis or alkalosis ) . There are four basic processes : metabolic acidosis , respiratory acidosis , metabolic alkalosis , and respiratory alkalosis . One or a combination may occur at any given time . For instance , a metabolic acidosis ( as in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus ) is almost always partially compensated for by a respiratory alkalosis ( hyperventilation ) , or a respiratory acidosis can be completely or partially corrected by a metabolic alkalosis . See also ( edit ) Acid ash hypothesis References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hamm , LL ; Nakhoul , N ; Hering - Smith , KS ( 7 December 2015 ) . `` Acid - Base Homeostasis . '' . Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN. 10 ( 12 ) : 2232 -- 42 . PMID 26597304 . doi : 10.2215 / CJN. 07400715 . Jump up ^ J. , Tortora , Gerard ( 2012 ) . Principles of anatomy & physiology . Derrickson , Bryan . ( 13th ed. ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . pp. 42 -- 43 . ISBN 9780470646083 . OCLC 698163931 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Macefield , Gary ; Burke , David ( 1991 ) . `` Paraesthesiae and tetany induced by voluntary hyperventilation : increased excitability of cutaneous and motor axons '' . Brain . 114 ( 1 ) : 527 -- 540 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / 114.1. 527 . Jump up ^ Stryer , Lubert ( 1995 ) . Biochemistry . ( Fourth ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company . p. 347 , 348 . ISBN 0 7167 2009 4 . Jump up ^ Adrogué , H.E. ; Adrogué , H.J. ( April 2001 ) . `` Acid - base physiology '' . Respiratory Care . 46 ( 4 ) : 328 -- 341 . ISSN 0020 - 1324 . PMID 11345941 . ^ Jump up to : Tortora , Gerard J. ; Anagnostakos , Nicholas P. ( 1987 ) . Principles of anatomy and physiology ( Fifth ed . ) . New York : Harper & Row , Publishers . pp. 698 -- 700 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 350729 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Bray , John J. ( 1999 ) . Lecture notes on human physiology . Malden , Mass. : Blackwell Science . p. 556 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86542 - 775 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Reginald H. ; Grisham , Charles M ( 2010 ) . Biochemistry . Cengage Learning . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 10935 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Metabolic acidosis ^ Jump up to : Tortora , Gerard J. ; Anagnostakos , Nicholas P. ( 1987 ) . Principles of anatomy and physiology ( Fifth ed . ) . New York : Harper & Row , Publishers . pp. 581 -- 582 , 675 -- 676 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 350729 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Stryer , Lubert ( 1995 ) . Biochemistry . ( Fourth ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company . pp. 39 , 164 , 630 -- 631 , 716 -- 717 . ISBN 0 7167 2009 4 . ^ Jump up to : Tortora , Gerard J. ; Anagnostakos , Nicholas P. ( 1987 ) . Principles of anatomy and physiology ( Fifth ed . ) . New York : Harper & Row , Publishers . pp. 494 , 556 -- 582 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 350729 - 3 . Jump up ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Blood gases Jump up ^ Caroline , Nancy ( 2013 ) . Nancy Caroline 's Emergency care in the streets ( 7th ed . ) . Buffer systems : Jones & Bartlett Learning . pp. 347 -- 349 . ISBN 978 - 1449645861 . Jump up ^ Hamm , L. Lee ; Nakhoul , Nazih ; Hering - Smith , Kathleen S. ( 2015 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Acid - Base Homeostasis '' . Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN. 10 ( 12 ) : 2232 -- 2242 . ISSN 1555 - 905X . PMC 4670772 . PMID 26597304 . doi : 10.2215 / CJN. 07400715 . ^ Jump up to : J. , Tortora , Gerard ( 2010 ) . Principles of anatomy and physiology . Derrickson , Bryan . ( 12th ed ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . p. 907 . ISBN 9780470233474 . OCLC 192027371 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Levitzky , Michael G. ( 2013 ) . Pulmonary physiology ( Eighth ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Medical . p . Chapter 9 . Control of Breathing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 179313 - 1 . Jump up ^ Rose , Burton ; Helmut Rennke ( 1994 ) . Renal Pathophysiology . Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 683 - 07354 - 0 . Jump up ^ Yeomans , ER ; Hauth , JC ; Gilstrap , LC III ; Strickland DM ( 1985 ) . `` Umbilical cord pH , PCO2 , and bicarbonate following uncomplicated term vaginal deliveries ( 146 infants ) '' . Am J Obstet Gynecol. 151 : 798 -- 800 . PMID 3919587 . doi : 10.1016 / 0002 - 9378 ( 85 ) 90523 - x . External links ( edit ) Stewart 's original text at acidbase.org On - line text at AnaesthesiaMCQ.com Overview at kumc.edu Tutorial at acid-base.com Online acid -- base physiology text Diagnoses at lakesidepress.com Interpretation at nda.ox.ac.uk Acids and Bases - definitions <Th_colspan="2"> Cardiopulmonary therapy Diagnostic Pulmonary function testing Polysomnography Disease Asthma Bronchiectasis COPD Cystic fibrosis Tuberculosis Pneumonia Therapy Hyperinflation therapy Pulmonary hygiene Mechanical ventilation Oxygen therapy See also Health care <Th_colspan="2"> Electrolyte imbalance and acid -- base imbalance ( E86 -- E87 , 276 ) Volume status Volume contraction ( dehydration / hypovolemia ) Hypervolemia Electrolyte Sodium High Hypernatremia Salt poisoning Low Hypotonic Isotonic Potassium High Low Chloride High Low Calcium High Low Acid -- base Acidosis Metabolic : High anion gap Ketoacidosis Diabetic ketoacidosis Lactic Normal anion gap Hyperchloremic Renal tubular Respiratory Alkalosis Metabolic Contraction alkalosis Respiratory Both Mixed disorder of acid - base balance <Th_colspan="2"> Physiology of the kidneys and acid - base physiology Renal function Secretion clearance Pharmacokinetics Clearance of medications Urine flow rate Reabsorption Solvent drag sodium chloride urea glucose oligopeptides protein Renal function Glomerular filtration rate Creatinine clearance Renal clearance ratio Urea reduction ratio Kt / V Standardized Kt / V Measures of dialysis Hemodialysis product PAH clearance ( Effective renal plasma flow Extraction ratio ) Filtration Renal blood flow Ultrafiltration Countercurrent exchange Filtration fraction Hormones Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Atrial natriuretic peptide Renin Erythropoietin Calcitriol Prostaglandins Acid - base balance Fluid balance Darrow Yannet diagram Body water : Intracellular fluid / Cytosol Extracellular fluid ( Interstitial fluid Plasma Transcellular fluid ) Base excess Davenport diagram Anion gap Arterial blood gas Winter 's formula Buffering Bicarbonate buffer system Respiratory compensation Renal compensation Other Fractional sodium excretion BUN - to - creatinine ratio Tubuloglomerular feedback Natriuresis Urine <Th_colspan="2"> Human homeostasis Blood composition Blood sugar Osmoregulation Pressure : Renin -- angiotensin system Acid -- base Fluid balance Hemostasis Other Predictive Thermoregulation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid -- base_homeostasis&oldid = 805018426 '' Categories : Human homeostasis Acid -- base physiology Acid -- base disturbances Equilibrium chemistry Respiratory therapy Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 15 : 13 . 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1. Acid-base balance
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what is the greek term for the men's quarters of an ancient greek house
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Oikos - wikipedia Oikos Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Oikos ( disambiguation ) . The ancient Greek word oikos ( ancient Greek : οἶκος , plural : οἶκοι ; English prefix : eco - for ecology and economics ) refers to three related but distinct concepts : the family , the family 's property , and the house . Its meaning shifts even within texts , which can lead to confusion . The oikos was the basic unit of society in most Greek city - states . In normal Attic usage the oikos , in the context of families , referred to a line of descent from father to son from generation to generation . Alternatively , as Aristotle used it in his Politics , the term was sometimes used to refer to everybody living in a given house . Thus , the head of the oikos , along with his immediate family and his slaves , would all be encompassed . Large oikoi also had farms that were usually tended by the slaves , which were also the basic agricultural unit of the ancient economy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Layout 2 Family 2.1 Men 2.2 Women 2.3 Children 2.4 Adoption 2.5 Pets 3 Adultery 4 Modern sociology 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Layout ( edit ) Layout of typical ancient Greek house . Traditional interpretations of the layout of the oikos in Classical Athens have divided into men 's and women 's spaces , with an area known as the gynaikon or gynaikonitis associated with women 's activities such as cooking and textiles work , and an area restricted to men called the andron . In Lysias ' speech On the Murder of Eratosthenes , the women 's rooms were said to be situated above the men 's quarters , while in Xenophon the women 's and men 's quarters are next to one another . More recent scholarship from historians such as Lisa Nevett and Lin Foxhall has argued for a more flexible approach to household space , with rooms not simply having a single fixed function , and gendering of space not being as simple as some rooms being for men and others for women . It has been argued that instead of dividing the household space into `` male '' and `` female '' areas , it is more accurate to look at areas as being private or public . In this model , private areas were restricted to the family , while public areas were open to visitors but not to the women of the household . Part of the excavation at Olynthos . The grid layout , with regularly sized rectangular houses , can be seen . In Olynthos and Halieis , street plans in the classical city were rectilinear , and thus houses were of regular shapes and sizes . By contrast , in Athens houses appear to have varied much more in size and shape . In the classical period , houses excavated from Olynthos were `` invariably '' organised around a colonnaded courtyard . Likewise , of the houses excavated at Halieis in the Argolid , most of the houses seem to have had a single entrance which gave access to a court , and Nevett also cites three buildings excavated on Thasos as being similarly arranged around a courtyard . Only a minority of the houses had evidence of staircases survive , demonstrating that they definitely had upper storeys , while for the remainder of Olynthian houses the evidence is inconclusive . On the Murder of Erastothenes demonstrates that at least some Athenian houses also had an upper storey . Entranceways at Olynthos were designed for privacy , preventing passers - by from seeing inside the house . Historians have identified a `` hearth - room '' in ancient Greek houses as a centre of female activity . However , Lin Foxhall has argued that Greek houses often had no permanent kitchens . For example , a house in Attica known as the Vari House had multiple possible places which may have been used for cooking , but no fixed fireplace , and no one place was used for the entire lifetime of the house . Lisa Nevett points out that houses frequently had a `` complex pattern of spatial usage '' , with rooms being used for multiple purposes . Family ( edit ) Men ( edit ) A man was the head ( kyrios , κύριος ) of the household . The kyrios was responsible for representing the interests of his oikos to the wider polis and providing legal protection to the women and minors with whom he shared his household . Initially the kyrios of an oikos would have been the husband and father of offspring . However , when any legitimate sons reached adulthood the role of kyrios could , in many instances , be transferred from the father to the next male generation . When a son was given his portion of the inheritance , either before or after his father had died , he was said to have formed a new oikos . Therefore , new oikoi were formed every generation and would continue to be perpetuated through marriage and childbirth . The relationship between father and son was bound intrinsically to the transfer of family property : a legitimate son could expect to inherit the property of his father and , in return , was legally obligated to provide for his father in his old age . If a son failed to care for his parents he could be prosecuted and a conviction would result in the loss of his citizen rights . However , sons were not compelled to maintain their fathers in their old age if they had not provided them with a skill . Furthermore , the heir to an inheritance would also be required to perform burial rites at the deceased 's funeral and continue to provide annual commemorative rites . This would have been an extremely important consideration for the Athenians , who were notoriously pious . Women ( edit ) See also : Women in Classical Athens and Women in Ancient Sparta Although men were part of both the polis and oikos , women had a role only in the oikos . In Athens , women of citizen status did not have many of the rights citizen men had . They had no political rights and could take no part in government . They could conduct only limited business and hold and inherit limited property . All business was conducted on a woman 's behalf by her husband or father . Athenian inheritance laws prioritised men over equally closely related women , and daughters in the absence of sons did not inherit at all , but came along with the estate as epikleroi . Instead of automatic inheritance rights , daughters were given dowries to support . As late as the fourth century , Athenian inheritance law forbade the disposal of property by testament away from legitimate children . At Sparta women were able to own and inherit property . Marriage was arranged for a woman by her father or male guardian . A woman spinning . Image on an Attic red - figure lekythos , c. 480 - 470 BCE . Now in the `` Antonio Salinas '' Regional Archaeological Museum of Palermo . In the home women were kept segregated in their own quarters , called gynaikonitis , and were virtually unseen . They were responsible only for their oikos , which included providing for slaves and children , caring for the sick , and cooking , cleaning and making clothes . Much of this work , at least in wealthy families , would have been done by slaves , with the Athenian women largely taking a supervisory role . Women rarely left the house , and even then would be accompanied by female slaves . Women did go shopping and to the wells to fetch water , but this was done mainly by slaves and by poorer women without slaves . Older women and widows had more freedom , as did Spartan wives . Wives in Sparta were also permitted to drink alcohol , which was forbidden in most other city - states , as well as exercise more authority in the oikos . However , as evidenced in the literature of the time , this standard was rarely observed . Poorer women undertook work , including selling goods in the market , spinning , making bread , agricultural laboring , acting as wet nurses or working alongside their husbands . It was not possible in such households to segregate men from women . Poorer widows often had to work , if they had no means of financial support . Within religion women did play an important role , such as a dominant role at funerals , weddings , and a large number of public festivals . There were many priestesses , and women also had their own festivals . At some festivals , though , it is believed that women were not present ; nor may they have attended associated performances at theaters . Children ( edit ) Childbirth took place at home , with all the women of the household in attendance . A female midwife ( maia , μαῖα ) may have been present , and a male doctor called in if complications arose , but virtually no information on midwifery exists . Childbirth was regarded as polluting so was not allowed to take place on sacred ground . At birth the guardian ( usually the father ) had to decide whether to keep the child or expose it . If it was kept a purification ceremony took place on the fifth or seventh day after birth . It was the mother 's duty to breast - feed her children , but wet nurses were employed , and pottery feeding bottles are also known . There is evidence from vase paintings for cradles of wickerwork or wood . From the 4th century BCE children appear much more in artistic representations . Children played a number of games , and evidence of toys comes from literature , vase paintings and surviving examples of the actual toys . It was customary at various festivals to give children toys . When girls were about to marry and when boys reached adolescence , it was customary for them to dedicate their playthings to deities . Male children were favored for many reasons . They perpetuated the family and family cult , cared for parents in old age and arranged a proper funeral for deceased parents . In addition sons could inherit their mothers ' dowry . Boys were raised in the female quarters until about the age of six , when they were educated in schools , but girls remained under the close supervision of their mothers until they married . They rarely went out of the women 's section of the house and were taught domestic skills at home , though they did attend some religious festivals . In Sparta boys were removed from their families at the age of seven to be reared by the state . Adoption ( edit ) In order to continue the family it was possible for a man to adopt a son . The earliest references to Greek adoption are in the Gortyn Code , where an adopted son had fewer inheritance rights than a son by birth . By the 4th century BCE in Athens , there were three forms of adoption : firstly , while a man was still alive ; secondly , in his will ; and thirdly , if a man died without a male heir and without providing for the adoption of a son in his will , he could have a son assigned to carry on his family . An adopted son was no longer a member of his original oikos , but was transferred to the oikos of his adopter . If he wished to return to his original oikos , he had to leave a son of his own in his adoptive oikos in order that it might continue . Pets ( edit ) Some animals were kept in the home from at least the time of Homer , who mentions dogs . The most popular pet was a small dog , often represented on 5th - century BCE Attic gravestones and vases . Adultery ( edit ) See also : Adultery in Classical Athens If a married woman was caught committing adultery , her husband was required to divorce her . Additionally , any woman found with a moichos ( adulterer ) was barred from public religious practices , as well as from wearing any ornament . Lysias ' speech On the Murder of Eratosthenes offers two possible reasons for the concern of Athenian men with moicheia : firstly , that the seducer not only damages a woman 's chastity , but also corrupts her mind , and secondly that a clandestine relationship brings into question the paternity of the woman 's children . Christopher Carey considers that the second reason given , the bringing into doubt of the paternity of children , was the more important consideration , as not only was the paternity of children important for inheritance , in ancient Athens this inheritance involved the cult of the family 's ancestors , making the purity of the blood even more important than it might otherwise be . Finally , adultery was feared because through seduction , unlike through rape , an adulterer might gain access to the household and its possessions . Modern sociology ( edit ) The term oikos is contemporarily used to describe social groups . Several dozen to several hundred people may be known , but the quality time spent with others is extremely limited : only those to whom quality ( face - to - face ) time is devoted can be said to be a part of an oikos . Each individual has a primary group that includes relatives and friends who relate to the individual through work , recreation , hobbies , or by being neighbors . The modern oikos , however , includes people that share some sort of social interaction , be it through conversation or simple relation , for at least a total of one hour per week . The term oikophobia is used to refer to fear of the home or of household appliances . It has been extended by the philosopher Roger Scruton to mean rejection of one 's home culture . See also ( edit ) Aristotle 's views on women Slavery in ancient Greece Women in Classical Athens References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davies , J.K. `` Society and Economy '' . In Lewis , D.M. ; Boardman , John ; Davies , J.K. ; et al . The Cambridge Ancient History Volume V : The Fifth Century B.C . p. 290 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 23347 - 7 . Jump up ^ MacDowell , D.M. ( 1989 ) . `` The Oikos in Athenian Law '' . The Classical Quarterly . 39 ( 1 ) : 15 . Jump up ^ Cox , Cheryl Anne ( 1998 ) . Household Interests : Property , Marriage Strategies , and Family Dynamics in ancient Athens . p. 190 . Jump up ^ Morris , Ian ( 1999 ) . `` Archaeology and Gender Ideologies in Early Archaic Greece '' . Transactions of the American Philological Association . 129 : 306 . Jump up ^ Nevett , Lisa ( 1995 ) . `` Gender Relations in the Classical Greek Household : the Archaeological Evidence '' . The Annual of the British School at Athens. 90 : 363 . Jump up ^ Lysias , I. 9 Jump up ^ Xenophon , Oeconomus , ix. 5 Jump up ^ Foxhall , Lin ( 2007 ) . `` House Clearing : Unpacking the ' kitchen ' in Classical Greece '' . British School at Athens Studies . 15 : 234 -- 235 . Jump up ^ Morris , Ian ( 1999 ) . `` Archaeology and Gender Ideologies in Early Archaic Greece '' . Transactions of the American Philological Association . 129 : 307 . Jump up ^ Nevett , Lisa ( 1995 ) . `` Gender Relations in the Classical Greek Household : the Archaeological Evidence '' . The Annual of the British School at Athens. 90 : 376 . Jump up ^ Nevett , Lisa ( 1995 ) . `` Gender Relations in the Classical Greek Household : the Archaeological Evidence '' . The Annual of the British School at Athens. 90 : 368 . Jump up ^ Nevett , Lisa ( 1995 ) . `` Gender Relations in the Classical Greek Household : the Archaeological Evidence '' . The Annual of the British School at Athens. 90 : 374 . Jump up ^ Nevett , Lisa ( 1995 ) . `` Gender Relations in the Classical Greek Household : the Archaeological Evidence '' . The Annual of the British School at Athens. 90 : 375 . Jump up ^ Nevett , Lisa ( 1995 ) . `` Gender Relations in the Classical Greek Household : the Archaeological Evidence '' . The Annual of the British School at Athens. 90 : 367 . Jump up ^ Nevett , Lisa ( 1995 ) . `` Gender Relations in the Classical Greek Household : the Archaeological Evidence '' . The Annual of the British School at Athens. 90 : 367 -- 368 . Jump up ^ Foxhall , Lin ( 2007 ) . `` House Clearing : Unpacking the ' kitchen ' in Classical Greece '' . British School at Athens Studies . 15 : 233 -- 234 . ^ Jump up to : Foxhall , Lin ( 2007 ) . `` House Clearing : Unpacking the ' kitchen ' in Classical Greece '' . British School at Athens Studies . 15 : 235 . Jump up ^ Nevett , Lisa ( 1995 ) . `` Gender Relations in the Classical Greek Household : the Archaeological Evidence '' . The Annual of the British School at Athens. 90 : 364 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , R `` Polytheism and Society at Athens '' Jump up ^ See Rubinstein , Lene Adoption in IV Century Athens Jump up ^ Todd , S.C. `` The Shape of Athenian Law '' ^ Jump up to : Foxhall , Lin ( 1989 ) . `` Household , Gender , and Property in Classical Athens '' . Classical Quarterly : 28 . Jump up ^ Schaps , D.M. ( 1975 ) . `` Women in Greek Inheritance Law '' . The Classical Quarterly . 25 ( 1 ) : 54 . Jump up ^ Foxhall , Lin ( 1989 ) . `` Household , Gender , and Property in Classical Athens '' . Classical Quarterly : 32 . Jump up ^ Aristotle , Politics , 2.9. 1269b12 - 2.9. 1270a34 Jump up ^ Golden , Mark ( 1993 ) . Children and Childhood in Classical Athens . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Runes , Dagobert D . -- The Dictionary of Philosophy ( 2006 ) - p. 186 Jump up ^ Pomeroy , Sarah ( 1994 ) . Goddesses , Whores , Wives , and Slaves : Women in Classical Antiquity . London : Pimlico . p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Hammond , N.G.L. ; Scullard , H.H. , eds. ( 1970 ) . Oxford Classical Dictionary ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 9 . Jump up ^ MacDowell , D.M. ( 1989 ) . `` The Oikos in Athenian Law '' . The Classical Quarterly . 39 ( 1 ) : 16 . ^ Jump up to : Hammond , N.G.L. ; Scullard , H.H. , eds. ( 1970 ) . Oxford Classical Dictionary ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 807 . Jump up ^ Carey , Christopher ( 1995 ) . `` Rape and Adultery in Athenian Law '' . The Classical Quarterly . 45 ( 2 ) : 416 . Jump up ^ Though the Greek word moichos is usually translated in English as `` adulterer '' , its definition is broader than the English term , encompassing someone who had illegitimate consensual sex with any Athenian woman , regardless of her marital status . The infraction committed by the moichos was called moicheia . Jump up ^ Carey , Christopher ( 1995 ) . `` Rape and Adultery in Athenian Law '' . The Classical Quarterly . 45 ( 2 ) : 414 . Jump up ^ Lysias , 1.33 , quoted in Carey , Christopher ( 1995 ) . `` Rape and Adultery in Athenian Law '' . The Classical Quarterly . 45 ( 2 ) : 415 . Jump up ^ Carey , Christopher ( 1995 ) . `` Rape and Adultery in Athenian Law '' . The Classical Quarterly . 45 ( 2 ) : 416 . Jump up ^ Pomeroy , Sarah ( 1994 ) . Goddesses , Whores , Wives , and Slaves : Women in Classical Antiquity . London : Pimlico . pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Weber , Max ( 1978 ) . Roth , Guenther ; Wittich , Claus , eds . Economy and Society : An Outline of Interpretive Sociology . p. 348 . Further reading ( edit ) Bryant , Joseph M. ( 1996 ) . Moral codes and social structure in ancient Greece : a sociology of Greek ethics from Homer to the Epicureans and Stoics . Albany , N.Y : State University of New York Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 3042 - 1 . Cox , Cheryl Anne ( 1998 ) -- Household Interests : Property , Marriage Strategies , and Family Dynamics in ancient Athens -- Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01572 - 4 . Robinson , Eric ( 2004 ) -- Ancient Greek Democracy : Readings and Sources -- Blackwell publishing . ISBN 0 - 631 - 23394 - 6 . <Th_colspan="2"> Ancient Greece <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Timeline <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> History Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Aeolis Alexandria Antioch Cappadocia Crete Cyprus Doris Ephesus Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia Magna Graecia Miletus Peloponnesus Pergamon Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek colonies <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> City states Politics Military <Td_colspan="2"> City states Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Syracuse Thebes Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Boeotarch Boule Koinon Proxeny Strategos Tagus Tyrant Amphictyonic League Athenian Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphē paranómōn Heliaia Ostracism Spartan Apella Ephor Gerousia Harmost Macedon Synedrion Koinon Military Wars Athenian military Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Toxotai Xiphos Xyston <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> People <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> List of ancient Greeks Rulers Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Lydia Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Pontus Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Agesilaus II Agis II Alcibiades Alexander the Great Aratus Archimedes Aspasia Demosthenes Epaminondas Euclid Hipparchus Hippocrates Leonidas Lycurgus Lysander Milo of Croton Miltiades Pausanias Pericles Philip of Macedon Philopoemen Praxiteles Ptolemy Pyrrhus Solon Themistocles Groups Philosophers Playwrights Poets Tyrants By culture Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Society Culture <Td_colspan="2"> Society Agriculture Calendar Clothing Coinage Cuisine Economy Education Festivals Funeral and burial practices Homosexuality Law Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wedding customs Wine Arts and science Architecture Greek Revival architecture Astronomy Literature Mathematics Medicine Music Musical system Pottery Sculpture Technology Theatre Religion <Td_colspan="2"> Funeral and burial practices Mythology mythological figures Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld Sacred places Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Structures <Td_colspan="2"> Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Temples Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera , Olympia Parthenon Samothrace Zeus , Olympia Language Proto - Greek Mycenaean Homeric Dialects Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic Doric Ionic Locrian Macedonian Pamphylian Koine Writing Linear A Linear B Cypriot syllabary Greek alphabet Greek numerals Attic numerals <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Lists <Td_colspan="2"> Cities in Epirus People Place names Stoae Temples Theatres <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oikos&oldid=806121051 '' Categories : Ancient Greek society Family economics Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 20 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Ancient Greek concept of oikos
2. Family structure in ancient Greece
3. Gender roles in the oikos
4. Adoption in ancient Greece
5. Adultery and its consequences in ancient Athens
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when was the first trade union formed in the uk
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History of trade unions in the United Kingdom - wikipedia History of trade unions in the United Kingdom The history of trade unions in the United Kingdom covers British trade union organisation , activity , ideas , politics , and impact , from the early 19th century to the present . Contents 1 18 - 19th century 1.1 Chartism 1.2 New establishments 1.3 New Unionism : 1889 -- 93 1.4 Women 1.5 Emerging Labour Party 2 Since 1900 2.1 1900 -- 45 2.1. 1 Upheavals : 1910 -- 14 2.1. 2 First World War 2.1. 3 1920s 2.1. 4 Foreign policy 2.2 Since 1945 2.2. 1 1978 -- 79 2.2. 2 Thatcher and 1980s 2.2. 3 Membership decline 3 Academic journals 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Further reading 6.1 World wars 6.2 Historiography 18 - 19th century ( edit ) Meeting of the trade unionists in Copenhagen Fields , 21 April 1834 , for the purpose of carrying a petition to the King for a remission of the sentence passed on the Dorchester labourers Unions in Britain were subject to often severe repression until 1824 , but were already widespread in cities such as London . Trade unions were legalised in 1824 , when growing numbers of factory workers joined these associations in their efforts to achieve better wages and working conditions . Workplace militancy had also manifested itself as Luddism and had been prominent in struggles such as the 1820 Rising in Scotland , in which 60,000 workers went on a general strike , which was soon crushed . From 1830 on , attempts were made to set up national general unions , most notably Robert Owen 's Grand National Consolidated Trades Union in 1834 , which attracted a range of socialists from Owenites to revolutionaries . That organisation played a part in the protests after the Tolpuddle Martyrs ' case , but soon collapsed . An important development of the trade union movement in Wales was the Merthyr Rising in May 1831 where coal and steel workers employed by the powerful Crawshay family took to the streets of Merthyr Tydfil , calling for reform , protesting against the lowering of their wages and general unemployment . Gradually the protest spread to nearby industrial towns and villages and by the end of May the whole area was in rebellion , and for the first time in the world the red flag of revolution was flown -- which has since been adopted internationally by the trades union movement and socialist groups generally . Chartism ( edit ) In the later 1830s and 1840s , trade unionism was overshadowed by political activity . Of particular importance was Chartism , the aims of which were supported by most socialerals , although none appear to have played leading roles . Chartism was a working - class movement for political reform in Britain which existed from 1838 to 1858 . It took its name from the People 's Charter of 1838 and was a national protest movement , with particular strongholds of support in Northern England , the East Midlands , the Staffordshire Potteries , the Black Country , and the South Wales Valleys . Support for the movement was at its highest in 1839 , 1842 , and 1848 , when petitions signed by millions of working people were presented to Parliament . The strategy employed was to use the scale of support which these petitions and the accompanying mass meetings demonstrated to put pressure on politicians to concede manhood suffrage . Chartism thus relied on constitutional methods to secure its aims , though there were some who became involved in insurrectionary activities , notably in south Wales and Yorkshire . The government did not yield to any of the demands , and suffrage had to wait another two decades . Chartism was popular among some trade unions , especially London 's tailors , shoemakers , carpenters , and masons . One reason was the fear of the influx of unskilled labour , especially in tailoring and shoe making . In Manchester and Glasgow , engineers were deeply involved in Chartist activities . Many trade unions were active in the general strike of 1842 , which spread to 15 counties in England and Wales , and eight in Scotland . Chartism taught techniques and political skills that inspired trade union leadership . New establishments ( edit ) Union activity from the 1850s to the 1950s in textiles and engineering was largely in the hands of the skilled workers . They supported differentials in pay and status as opposed to the unskilled . They focused on control over machine production and were aided by competition among firms in the local labour market . After the Chartist movement of 1848 fragmented , efforts were made to form a labour coalition . The Miners ' and Seamen 's United Association in the North - East , operated 1851 -- 1854 before it too collapsed because of outside hostility and internal disputes over goals . The leaders sought working - class solidarity as a long - term aim , thus anticipating the affiliative strategies promoted by the Labour Parliament of 1854 . More permanent trade unions were established from the 1850s , better resourced but often less radical . The London Trades Council was founded in 1860 , and the Sheffield Outrages spurred the establishment of the Trades Union Congress in 1868 . The legal status of trade unions in the United Kingdom was established by a Royal Commission on Trade Unions in 1867 , which agreed that the establishment of the organisations was to the advantage of both employers and employees . Unions were legalised in 1871 with the adoption of the Trade Union Act 1871 . New Unionism : 1889 -- 93 ( edit ) The `` aristocracy of labour '' comprise the skilled workers who were proud and jealous of their monopolies , and set up labour unions to keep out the unskilled and semiskilled . The strongest unions of the mid-Victorian period were unions of skilled workers such as the Amalgamated Society of Engineers . Trade unionism was quite uncommon amongst semi-skilled and unskilled workers . The union officials avoided militancy , fearing that strikes would threaten the finances of unions and thereby their salaries . An unexpected strike wave broke out in 1889 -- 90 , largely instigated by the rank and file . Its success can be explained by the dwindling supply of rural labour , which in turn increased the bargaining power of unskilled workers . The New Unionism starting in 1889 was a systematic outreach to bring in as union members the striking unskilled and semiskilled workers . Ben Tillett was a prominent leader of the London Dock strike of 1889 . He formed the Dock , Wharf , Riverside and General Labourers ' Union in 1889 , which had support from skilled workers . Its 30,000 members won an advance in wages and working conditions . Unions played a prominent role in the creation of the Labour Representation Committee which effectively formed the basis for today 's Labour Party . Women ( edit ) Women were largely excluded from trade union formation , membership , and hierarchies until the late 20th century . When women did attempt to challenge male hegemony and make inroads into the representation of labour and combination , it was largely due to the tenacity of middle - class reformers such as the Women 's Protective and Provident League ( WPPL ) which sought to amiably discuss conditions with employers in the 1870s . It became the Women 's Trade Union League . Militant Socialists broke away from the WPPL and formed the Women 's Trade Union Association , but they had little impact . There were a few cases in the 19th century where women trade union members took initiative . In the 1875 West Yorkshire weavers ' strike , women did play a central role . Emerging Labour Party ( edit ) Main article : History of the Labour Party The Labour Party 's origins lie in the late 19th century , when it became apparent that there was a need for a new political party to represent the interests and needs of the urban proletariat , a demographic which had increased in number and had recently been given franchise . Some members of the trades union movement became interested in moving into the political field , and after further extensions of the voting franchise in 1867 and 1885 , the Liberal Party endorsed some trade - union sponsored candidates . The first Lib -- Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by - election of 1870 . In addition , several small socialist groups had formed around this time , with the intention of linking the movement to political policies . Among these were the Independent Labour Party , the intellectual and largely middle - class Fabian Society , the Marxist Social Democratic Federation and the Scottish Labour Party . Since 1900 ( edit ) 1900 -- 45 ( edit ) Politics became a central issue for the coal miners , whose organisation was facilitated by their location in remote one - industry villages . The Miners ' Federation of Great Britain formed in 1888 , and counted 600,000 members in 1908 . Much of the ' old left ' of Labour politics can trace its origins to coal - mining areas . Upheavals : 1910 -- 14 ( edit ) The years 1910 -- 14 witnessed serious industrial unrest and an enormous increase in trade union membership , which affected all industries to varying extents . The militants are most active in coal mining , textiles and transportation . Much of the militancy emerged from grassroots protests against falling real wages , with union leadership scrambling to catch up . The new unions of semiskilled workers were the most militant . The National Sailors ' and Firemen 's Union directed strike activities in many port cities across Britain . The national leadership was strongly supported by local leaders , for example the Glasgow Trades Council . In Glasgow and other major cities there were distinctive local variations . Glasgow was more unified and coherent than most centres . The long - term result was seen in the strength of waterfront organisation on the Clyde River , marked as it was by the emergence of independent locally based unions among both dockers and seamen . First World war ( edit ) Further information : History of the United Kingdom during World War I § Labour , and Home front during World War I § Britain Industrial production of munitions was a central feature of the war , and with a third of the men in the labour force moved into the military , demand was very high for industrial labour . Large numbers of women were employed temporarily . Trade unions gave strong support to the war effort , cutting back on strikes and restrictive practices . Membership doubled from 4.1 million in 1914 , to 8.3 million in 1920 . 65 percent of union members had been associated with the Trades Union Congress ( TUC ) in 1914 , rising to 77 percent in 1920 . Labour 's prestige had never been higher , and it systematically placed its leaders into Parliament . The Munitions of War Act 1915 followed the Shell Crisis of 1915 when supplies of material to the front became a political issue . The Act forbade strikes and lock - outs and replaced them with compulsory arbitration . It set up a system of controlling war industries , and established munitions tribunals that were special courts to enforce good working practices . It suspended , for the duration , restrictive practices by trade unions . It tried to control labour mobility between jobs . The courts ruled the definition of munitions was broad enough to include textile workers and dock workers . 1915 act was repealed in 1919 , but similar legislation took effect during the Second World War . In Glasgow , the heavy demand for munitions and warships strengthened union power . There emerged a radical movement called `` Red Clydeside '' led by militant trades unionists . Formerly a Liberal Party stronghold , the industrial districts switched to Labour by 1922 , with a base among the Irish Catholic working class districts . Women were especially active solidarity on housing issues . However , the `` Reds '' operated within the Labour Party and had little influence in Parliament ; the mood changed to passive despair by the late 1920s . The war saw in a further increase in union membership , as well as widespread recognition of unions and their increased involvement in management . Strikes were not patriotic , and the government tried to hold wages down . At war 's end unions became quite militant in attempting to hold their gains ; they were usually defeated . Membership grew from 4.1 million in 1914 to 6.5 million in 1918 , peaking at 8.3 million in 1920 before relapsing to 5.4 million in 1923 . 1920s ( edit ) The immediate postwar era saw a series of radical events , stimulated in part by the communist / Bolshevik takeover of Russia in 1917 . The trade unions especially in Scotland were militant . However the government compromised , and as the economy stabilised in the early 1920s the labour unions moved sharply to the right . An exception came with the coal miners union , which faced lower wages in a declining industry hurt by lower prices , severe competition from oil , and sharply declining productivity in Britain 's ageing coal mines . The 1926 General Strike was declared by the Trades Union Congress for the benefit of the coal miners , but it failed . It was a nine - day nationwide walkout of one million railwaymen , transport workers , printers , dockers , ironworkers and steelworkers supporting the 1.5 million coal miners who had been locked out . Ultimately many miners returned to work , and were forced to accept longer hours and lower pay . Additionally , in 1927 the government passed sweeping anti-union legislation under the Trade Disputes and Trade Union Act . This imposed major curbs on union power , including outlawing sympathetic strikes and mass picketing , and ensuring that civil service unions were banned from affiliating with the TUC . The 1926 general strike was considered a grave mistake by TUC leaders such as Ernest Bevin . Most historians treat it as a singular event with few long - term consequences , but Martin Pugh says it accelerated the movement of working - class voters to the Labour Party , which led to future gains . The Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act 1927 made general strikes illegal and ended the automatic payment of union members to the Labour Party . That act was largely repealed in 1946 . Foreign policy ( edit ) The foreign policy of the trade unions was generally anti-Communist . Support for the Republican cause in the Spanish Civil War , 1936 -- 39 Was widespread on the left , attendees included conservatives and liberals as well . However , the Labour Party leadership deeply distrusted the communist element and rejected proposed unity campaigns . The TUC , working in collaboration with the American Federation of Labor blocked a 1937 proposal to allow Soviet trade union membership in the International Federation of Trade Unions ( IFTU ) . The TUC reversed its policy in 1938 to allow the Russians in , but one backed opposition in 1939 when Stalin and Hitler came to terms . When Britain entered the war , the TUC was a strong supporter , and it sent leaders to the United States to win American labour support . When Hitler invaded Russia in 1941 , TUC sent leaders to Moscow as well , realising that Britain needed a military alliance against Hitler . Meanwhile , the AFL fought against any recognition of Soviet organisations , and fought its own battle with the CIO which was pro -- Moscow . As a result of these manipulations , the foreign policy voice of organised labour in both Britain and the United States was seriously weakened . It played little role in the formation of the United Nations as the war ended . After the war , the British unions resumed a staunchly anti-communist and anti-Soviet position . Communists did however occupy local positions of power especially in the coal miners ' union . While involvement in foreign policy went poorly , British trade unions grew dramatically in membership and power during the Second World War . The unexpected landslide of the Labour Party in 1945 gave it a strong voice in national affairs , Especially with Ernest Bevin as Foreign Minister . Since 1945 ( edit ) Trade unions reached their peak of membership , visibility , prestige and political power in the postwar era . A broad `` post-war consensus '' accepted their status , and they were heavily represented in the leadership of the Labour Party . By the 1970s their power had grown further , but their prestige was in decline and the consensus disappeared . In the 1980s the Conservative Party led by Margaret Thatcher deliberately and significantly weakened the trade union movement . It has never recovered . The strong anti-communist policy persisted in the postwar era . The unions gave strong support to British participation in the Cold War and NATO , as well as international bodies such as the international Confederation of Free Trade Unions that excluded communist unions of the sort that joined the Soviet - dominated World Federation of Trade Unions . In some trades , especially coal mining , the Communists did have some power , as typified by Arthur Scargill , the president of the National Union of Mineworkers ( NUM ) from 1982 to 2002 . Scargill defied public opinion , a trait Prime Minister Thatcher exploited when she defeated his strike in 1985 . More effective in the Communist cause was Ken Gill , president of a large union and in 1974 the first Communist elected in decades to the TUC General Council . He focused on racial issues . British unions collaborated with the AFL -- CIO in the United States on international projects . In the 1980s , worldwide union attention focused on the Solidarity union movement in Poland , which finally succeeded in breaking the communist control of that country . Norman Willis , the general secretary of the TUC , vigorously promoted union support for Solidarity . The nuclear disarmament movement , which played a major role in Labour Party internal politics in the 1980s , was primarily a middle - class movement that had little support in the labour movement . 1978 -- 79 ( edit ) Main article : Winter of Discontent Major strike action by British unions during the 1978 -- 1979 Winter of Discontent contributed to the downfall of the Labour government of James Callaghan . Callaghan , himself a trade - unionist , had previously appealed for unions to exercise pay restraint , as part of the British Government 's policies at the time to try to curb rampant inflation . His attempt to try to limit unions to a 5 % pay rise led to widespread official and unofficial strikes across the country during the winter of that year . Official and unofficial strike action by lorry drivers , rail workers , nurses and ambulance drivers precipitated a feeling of crisis in the country . The effects of the union action caused a major swing in voting intention . In November 1978 , a Gallup poll suggested a 5 % Labour lead in the opinion polls . Following the union action that Winter , in February 1979 , the Conservatives had a 20 % lead . Thatcher and 1980s ( edit ) Further information : UK miners ' strike ( 1984 -- 85 ) Callaghan 's government fell and Margaret Thatcher 's Conservatives swept to victory in the subsequent general election and introduced new union laws in part to combat the industrial unrest that had plagued the previous Wilson and Callaghan governments . The unions in turn were her bitter enemies . Thatcher saw strong trade unions as an obstacle to economic growth and passed restrictive legislation of the sort the Tories had long avoided . More than 6,000 printing workers went on strike in 1986 in the Wapping dispute , for what they and their union saw as `` unacceptable '' terms of employment for jobs at The Sun newspaper 's new HQ in Wapping . They too lost . The National Union of Mineworkers ( NUM ) had long been one of the strongest labour unions . Its strikes had toppled the Heath government in the 1970s - the miners were successful in their 1984 -- 1985 strike , when a 12 - month strike was called by NUM leader Arthur Scargill in protest against proposed pit closures . The miners , however , were fighting not just for high wages but for a way of life that had to be subsidised by other workers . The Union split ; its strategy was flawed . Over several decades , almost all the mines were shut down . Membership decline ( edit ) Membership declined steeply in the 1980s and 1990s , falling from 13 million in 1979 to around 7.3 million in 2000 . In 2012 , union membership dropped below 6 million for the first time since the 1940s . From 1980 to 1998 , the proportion of employees who were union members fell from 52 per cent to 30 per cent . Academic journals ( edit ) The Labor History journal , a scholarly publication published by Taylor & Francis Labour History , a scholarly journal published in Australia by the Australian Society for the Study of Labour History ( ASSLH ) The Labour History Review , a scholarly journal published in the UK by the Society for the Study of Labour History See also ( edit ) Organised labour portal United Kingdom portal Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875 Criminal Law Amendment Act 1871 Employers and Workmen Act 1875 History of the British Labour Party History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom Labour Party ( UK ) Labor history , deals with the scholarly historiography The Australian labour movement , including its history Unions List of unions in the United Kingdom Trade unions in the United Kingdom Amalgamated Society of Boilermakers , Shipwrights , Blacksmiths and Structural Workers ( ASBSBSW ) Amalgamated Textile Warehousemen 's Association 1894 -- 1986 Amalgamated Textile Workers ' Union , 1974 -- 1985 Association of Professional , Executive , Clerical and Computer Staff ( APEX ) Coopers ' Federation of Great Britain ( CFGB ) Furniture , Timber and Allied Trades Union ( FTAT ) GMB , 1889 -- present ; formerly named `` General , Municipal , Boilermakers and Allied Trade Union '' Municipal Employees Association to 1924 National Amalgamated Union of Labour ( NAUL ) to 1924 National Union of General and Municipal Workers ( GMWU ) 1924 -- National Union of Mineworkers National Union of Railwaymen National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers ( NUTGW ) Rubber , Plastic and Allied Workers ' Union Trades Union Congress United Textile Factory Workers ' Association , 1886 and 1974 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Malcolm Chase , Chartism : A New History ( Manchester University Press , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Keith Laybourn , A History of British Trade Unionism c. 1770 -- 1990 ( 1992 ) pp 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Roger Penn , Roger . `` Trade union organization and skill in the cotton and engineering industries in Britain , 1850 -- 1960 . '' Social History 8 # 1 ( 1983 ) : 37 -- 55 . Jump up ^ John Flanagan , `` ' A gigantic scheme of co-operation ' : The Miners ' and Seamen 's United Association in the North - East , 1851 -- 1854 . '' Labour History Review 74 # 2 ( 2009 ) : 143 -- 159 . Jump up ^ John Field , `` British historians and the concept of the labour aristocracy . '' Radical History Review 1978.19 ( 1978 ) : 61 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Derek Matthews , `` 1889 and All That : New Views on the New Unionism . '' International Review of Social History 36 # 1 ( 1991 ) : 24 -- 58 Jump up ^ Keith Laybourn , A History of British Trade Unionism ( 1992 ) pp 72 -- 76 Jump up ^ A.E.P. Duffy , `` New Unionism in Britain , 1889 -- 1890 : A Reappraisal , '' Economic History Review ( 1961 ) 14 # 2 pp 306 -- 319 Jump up ^ Robin Miller Jacoby , `` Feminism and Class Consciousness in the British and American Women 's Trade Union Leagues , 1890 -- 1925 . '' in Liberating Women 's History ed . Berenice Carroll ( University of Illinois Press , 1976 ) pp : 137 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Gerry Holloway ( 2007 ) . Women and Work in Britain since 1840 . Routledge . p. 81ff . Jump up ^ Melanie Reynolds , `` ' A Man Who Wo n't Back a Woman is No Man at All ' . The 1875 Heavy Woollen Dispute and the Narrative of Women 's Trade Unionism . '' Labour History Review 71 # 2 ( 2006 ) : 187 -- 198 . Jump up ^ See , for instance , the 1899 Lyons vs. Wilkins judgement , which limited certain types of picketing Jump up ^ Martin Crick , The History of the Social - Democratic Federation Jump up ^ Vic Allen , The militancy of British miners ( 1981 ) . Jump up ^ Joseph L. White , The Limits of Trade Union Militancy : The Lancashire Textile Workers , 1910 -- 1914 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Andrew Miles and Mike Savage , The remaking of the British working class , 1840 -- 1940 ( Routledge , 2013 ) . pp 80 -- 81 Jump up ^ Matt Vaughan Wilson , `` The 1911 Waterfront Strikes in Glasgow : Trade Unions and Rank - and - File Militancy in the Labour Unrest of 1910 -- 1914 . '' International Review of Social History 53 # 2 ( 2008 ) : 261 -- 292 . Jump up ^ John N. Horne , Labour at war : France and Britain , 1914 -- 1918 ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ David Swift , `` Patriotic labour in the era of the great war '' ( PhD . Dissertation University of Central Lancashire , 2014 ) online Detailed bibliography on pp 220 -- 35 . Jump up ^ F.M. Leventhal , ed . Twentieth - Century Britain : An Encyclopedia ( 1995 ) p 78 - 80 . Jump up ^ Beckett ( 2007 ) , p 369 Jump up ^ Gerry R. Rubin , `` Law , War and Economy : The Munitions Acts 1915 -- 17 and Corporatism in Context . '' Journal of Law and Society 11.3 ( 1984 ) : 317 -- 333 . Jump up ^ Iain McLean , The Legend of Red Clydeside ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ B.R. Mitchell , Abstract of British Historical Statistics ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ Charles Loch Mowat , Britain between the wars : 1918 -- 1940 ( 1955 ) pp 284 -- 338 . Jump up ^ Alastair Reid , and Steven Tolliday , `` The General Strike , 1926 , '' Historical Journal ( 1977 ) 20 # 4 pp. 1001 -- 1012 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Martin Pugh , `` The General Strike , '' History Today ( 2006 ) 56 # 5 pp 40 -- 47 Jump up ^ Charles Loch Mowat , Britain between the wars : 1918 -- 1940 ( 1955 ) pp 579 -- 82 Jump up ^ Geert Van Goethem , `` Labor 's second front : the foreign policy of the American and British trade union movements during the second world war . '' Diplomatic History 34.4 ( 2010 ) : 663 -- 680 . Jump up ^ Andrew Thorpe , `` Locking out the Communists : The Labour party and the Communist party , 1939 -- 46 . '' Twentieth Century British History 25.2 ( 2014 ) : 221 -- 250 . Jump up ^ Hue Beynon and Terry Austrin . `` The Performance of Power : Sam Watson a Miners ' Leader on Many Stages . '' Journal of Historical Sociology 28.4 ( 2015 ) : 458 -- 490 . Jump up ^ Alan Bullock , The Life and Times of Ernest Bevin : Foreign secretary , 1945 -- 1951 ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Richard Toye , `` From ' Consensus ' to ' Common Ground ' : The Rhetoric of the Postwar Settlement and its Collapse , '' Journal of Contemporary History ( 2013 ) 48 # 1 pp 3 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Dennis Kavanagh , `` The Postwar Consensus , '' Twentieth Century British History ( 1992 ) 3 # 2 pp 175 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Earl Aaron Reitan ( 2003 ) . The Thatcher Revolution : Margaret Thatcher , John Major , Tony Blair , and the Transformation of Modern Britain , 1979 -- 2001 . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Kenneth O. Morgan , `` Gormley , Scargill and the Miners '' in Morgan , Labour people : leaders and lieutenants , Hardie to Kinnock ( 1987 ) pp 289 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Robert Taylor , The TUC : From the General Strike to New Unionism ( 2000 ) p. 231 Jump up ^ Idesbald Goddeeris ( 2012 ) . Solidarity with Solidarity : Western European Trade Unions and the Polish Crisis , 1980 -- 1982 . pp. 145 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Ben Pimlott and Chris Cook , eds. , Trade Unions in British Politics : The First 250 Years ( 1991 ) pp 201 - 3 , 290 - 92 . Jump up ^ Neil J. Mitchell , `` Where traditional Tories fear to tread : Mrs Thatcher 's trade union policy . '' West European Politics 10 # 1 ( 1987 ) : 33 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Brian Towers , `` Running the gauntlet : British trade unions under Thatcher , 1979 -- 1988 . '' Industrial & Labor Relations Review 42 # 2 ( 1989 ) : 163 -- 188 . Jump up ^ Francis Beckett and David Hencke , Marching to the fault line : The Miners ' Strike and the battle for industrial Britain . ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ John Moylan ( 7 September 2012 ) . `` Union membership has halved since 1980 '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Andrew Charlwood , `` The anatomy of union membership decline in Great Britain 1980 -- 1998 '' ( PhD . Diss . The London School of Economics and Political Science ( LSE ) , 2013 ) , Bibliography pp 212 -- 22 . online . Jump up ^ Bob Mason , and Peter Bain . `` The determinants of trade union membership in Britain : a survey of the literature . '' Industrial & labor relations review 46.2 ( 1993 ) : 332 -- 351 , asks what caused the decline : environmental determinants ( such as the business cycle ) or `` interventionist '' studies , which emphasise union behaviour ( such as the involvement of full - time officials in recruiting ) . Jump up ^ see website Jump up ^ see website Jump up ^ See website Further reading ( edit ) Further information : Trades Union Congress § Bibliography Aldcroft , D.H. and Oliver , M.J. , eds . Trade Unions and the Economy , 1870 -- 2000 . ( 2000 ) . Allen , V.L. Power in Trade Unions : A Study of Their Organization in Great Britain ( 1954 ) online Bellamy , Joyce M. and John Saville , eds . Dictionary of Labour Biography ( 14 vol. 1977 -- 2010 ) . Bullock , Alan . The Life & Times of Ernest Bevin : Volume One : Trade Union Leader 1881 -- 1940 ( 1960 ) . Boston , S. Women Workers and the Trade Unions ( 1980 ) . covers 1874 -- 1975 . Brivati , B. and Heffernan , eds . The Labour Party : A Centenary History : 1900 -- 2000 ( 2000 ) Campbell , Alan . Scottish Miners , 1874 -- 1939 . Vol. 1 : Industry , Work & Community ; The Scottish Miners , 1874 -- 1939 . Vol. 2 : Trade Unions and Politics ( 2000 ) . Campbell , A. , Fishman , N. , and McIlroy , J. eds . British Trade Unions and Industrial Politics : The Post-War Compromise 1945 -- 64 ( 1999 ) . Charlesworth , Andrew , Gilbert , David , Randall , Adrian , Southall , Humphrey and Wrigley , Chris . An Atlas of Industrial Protest in Britain , 1750 -- 1990 ( 1996 ) . Clegg , H.A. et al . A History of British Trade Unions Since 1889 ( 1964 ) ; A History of British Trade Unions Since 1889 : vol. 2 1911 -- 1933 . ( 1985 ) ; A History of British Trade Unionism Since 1889 , vol. 3 : 1934 -- 51 ( 1994 ) , The major scholarly history ; highly detailed . Davies , A.J. To Build a New Jerusalem : Labour Movement from the 1890s to the 1990s ( 1996 ) . Field , Geoffrey G. Blood , Sweat , and Toil : Remaking the British Working Class , 1939 -- 1945 ( 2011 ) DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780199604111.001. 0001 online Foote , Geoffrey . The Labour Party 's Political Thought : A History , Macmillan , 1997 ed . Hinton , James . Labour and Socialism : A History of the British Labour Movement , 1867 -- 1974 ( 1983 ) . online Laybourn , Keith . A history of British trade unionism c. 1770 -- 1990 ( 1992 ) . Lewenhak , Sheila . Women and trade unions : an outline history of women in the British trade union movement ( E. Benn , 1977 ) . Minkin , Lewis . The Contentious Alliance : Trade Unions and the Labour Party ( 1991 ) 708 pp online Musson , A E. Trade Union and Social History ( 1974 ) . Pelling , Henry . A history of British trade unionism ( 1987 ) . Pimlott , Ben , and Chris Cook . Trade Unions in British Politics : The First 250 Years ( 2nd ed. 1991 ) . Roberts , B C. The Trades Union Congress 1868 -- 1921 ( 1958 ) . Rosen , Greg , ed . Dictionary of Labour Biography . Politicos Publishing , 2001 , 665pp ; short biographies of Labour Party leaders . Taplin , E. The Dockers ' Union . A Study of the National Union of Dock Labourers , 1889 -- 1922 ( Leicester UP , 1986 ) . Taylor , R . The TUC : From the General Strike to New Unionism ( 2000 ) . excerpt Thorpe , Andrew . A History of the British Labour Party ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2008 ) . Webb , Sidney and Beatrice Webb . The History of Trade Unionism ( 1894 , new edition 1920 ) Outdated famous history ; online . Wrigley , Chris , ed . A History of British industrial relations , 1875 -- 1914 ( Univ of Massachusetts Press , 1982 ) , Wide - ranging essays by scholars , including study case studies of coal mining , cotton textiles , transport , and the iron trade . Wrigley , Chris , ed . A History of British Industrial Relations 1914 -- 1939 ( 1993 ) . Wrigley , Chris , ed . British Trade Unions , 1945 -- 1995 ( Manchester University Press , 1997 ) Wrigley , Chris . British Trade Unions since 1933 ( 2002 ) 115 pp online World wars ( edit ) Adams , Tony . `` Labour and the First World War : Economy , Politics and the Erosion of Local Peculiarity ? . '' Journal of Regional and Local Studies 10 ( 1990 ) : 23 -- 47 . Braybon , G. Women Workers in the First World War ( Routledge , 2010 ) . Brooke , Stephen . Labour 's war : the Labour party during the Second World War ( 1992 ) . Burridge , Trevor D. British Labour and Hitler 's war ( Deutsch , 1976 ) . Bush , J. Behind the Lines : East London Labour , 1914 -- 1919 ( Merlin Press , 1984 ) . Calder , Angus . The people 's war : Britain 1939 -- 1945 ( 1969 ) . Cline , C.A. Recruits to Labour : The British Labour Party , 1914 -- 1931 ( Syracuse University Press , 1963 ) . Englander , David . `` Troops and Trade Unions , 1919 '' , History Today 37 ( 1987 ) : 8 -- 13 . Grieves , K . The Politics of Manpower , 1914 -- 18 ( Manchester UP , 1988 ) . Holford , J. Reshaping Labour : Organisation , Work and Politics -- Edinburgh in the Great War and After ( Croom Helm , 1988 ) . Horne , John N. Labour at war : France and Britain , 1914 -- 1918 ( 1991 ) . Silbey , D . The British Working Class and Enthusiasm for War , 1914 -- 1916 ( Frank Cass , 2005 ) . Summerfield , Penny . Women workers in the Second World War : production and patriarchy in conflict ( Routledge , 2013 ) . Swift , David . `` Patriotic labour in the era of the great war '' ( PhD . Dissertation University of Central Lancashire , 2014 ) online Detailed bibliography on pp 220 -- 35 . Historiography ( edit ) Callaghan , John , et al. eds. , Interpreting the Labour Party : Approaches to Labour Politics and History ( 2003 ) online ; also online free ; 210pp Taylor , Antony . `` The Transnational Turn in British Labour History . '' Labour History Review 81.1 ( 2016 ) Zeitlin , Jonathan . `` From labour history to the history of industrial relations . 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when did your lie in april come out
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Your Lie in April - Wikipedia Your Lie in April Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the manga and anime . For the live - action film adaptation , see Your Lie in April ( film ) . <Td_colspan="2"> Your Lie in April <Td_colspan="2"> Cover of the first tankōbon volume featuring Kōsei Arima and Kaori Miyazono <Th_colspan="2"> 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso ) <Td_colspan="2"> Manga Written by Naoshi Arakawa Published by Kodansha English publisher Kodansha Comics Demographic Shōnen Magazine Monthly Shōnen Magazine Original run April 6 , 2011 -- February 6 , 2015 Volumes 11 ( List of volumes ) <Td_colspan="2"> Anime television series Directed by Kyōhei Ishiguro Written by Takao Yoshioka Music by Masaru Yokoyama Studio A-1 Pictures Licensed by Madman Entertainment Aniplex of America Anime Limited Original network Fuji TV ( Noitamina ) Original run October 9 , 2014 -- March 19 , 2015 Episodes 22 ( List of episodes ) <Td_colspan="2"> Light novel <Th_colspan="2"> Your Lie in April - A Six Person Etude Written by Yui Tokiumi Published by Kodansha English publisher Vertical Published November 17 , 2014 Volumes <Td_colspan="2"> Manga <Th_colspan="2"> Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso : Coda Written by Naoshi Arakawa Demographic Shōnen Original run February 25 , 2015 -- October 28 , 2015 Volumes <Td_colspan="2"> Original video animation <Th_colspan="2"> Moments Directed by Kazuya Iwata Written by Takao Yoshioka Music by Masaru Yokoyama Studio A-1 Pictures Released May 15 , 2015 Runtime 23 minutes <Td_colspan="2"> Live - action film <Td_colspan="2"> Your Lie in April ( film ) <Td_colspan="2"> Anime and Manga portal Your Lie in April , known in Japan as Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso ( 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ) or just simply Kimiuso , is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Naoshi Arakawa . The series was serialized in Kodansha 's Monthly Shōnen Magazine from April 2011 to May 2015 . An anime television series adaptation by A-1 Pictures aired from October 2014 to March 2015 on Fuji TV 's Noitamina block . A live - action film adaptation of the same name was released in September 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Media 3.1 Manga 3.1. 1 Volume list 3.2 Anime 3.3 Live - action film 3.4 Stage play 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Piano prodigy Kōsei Arima dominated various music competitions and has become famous among child musicians but also controversial . After his mother , who was also his coldhearted , abusive instructor who forced him to play the piano emotionlessly , died , he had a mental breakdown while performing at a piano recital at the age of eleven . As a result , he is no longer able to hear the sound of his piano even though his hearing is perfectly fine . Two years later , Kōsei has n't touched the piano and views the world in monochrome , without any flair or color , resigning himself to living out his life with his good friends , Tsubaki and Watari , until , one day , a girl changes everything . Kaori Miyazono , an audacious , free - spirited , fourteen - year - old violinist whose playing style reflects her manic personality , helps Kōsei return to the music world and shows that it should be free and mold - breaking unlike the structured and rigid style Kōsei was used to , and as she continues to uplift him , he quickly realizes that he loves her , though she already likes Watari . However , while performing together ( Kōsei having been dragged into it by Kaori ) , Kaori suddenly collapses after a moving performance and is hospitalised . At first Kaori says that she is anaemic and just needs some routine testing , but this is revealed to be a lie when flashes of her past reveal her collapsing and bleeding many times before . Finally Kaori is discharged and back to her happy , crazy - self , inviting Kōsei to play at a Gala with her . However , Kaori fails to show up on the day of the Gala , and as her health worsens , and she begins to give up on life . This time , Kousei is the one who inspires her after playing a duet with Nagi Aiza , the pianist sister of a fellow rival of his . After shedding tears and listening to it , Kaori opts for a risky surgery that will kill her if it fails , just so that she can play with him one more time . Much to everyone 's sadness , Kaori dies due to the surgery , but leaves a letter to Kōsei which is given to him by her parents at her funeral in which she eventually states that she was in love with Kōsei the whole time , and she lied that she had a crush on Watari to get closer to him while not hurting Tsubaki 's ( who also has a crush on Kōsei ) feelings . This was her lie : a lie she told in April . Characters ( edit ) Kōsei Arima ( 有馬 公 生 , Arima Kōsei ) Voiced by : Natsuki Hanae ( Japanese ) ; Max Mittelman ( English ) & Piano performance by : Tomoki Sakata Played by : Kento Yamazaki ( live - action film ) ; Shintarō Anzai ( stage play ) Kōsei is a former child prodigy in playing piano , dubbed the `` Human Metronome '' for his near - inhuman mechanical accuracy , a product of his mother 's overly strict methods of teaching . His ability to play the piano with unparalleled precision led him to win many competitions across Japan and even be invited to play abroad . When his mother died , the resulting psychological trauma caused him to be unable to hear the sound of his piano playing , and he gave up on it . Two years later , he takes up the piano again after being convinced by Kaori Miyazono to become her accompanist . Influenced by her emotional and unrestrained playing style , Kōsei eventually finds himself falling in love with her . He , however , does not confess his feelings due to her liking his best friend , Ryota Watari . It is later revealed in Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso : Coda , a side story from Kōsei and Tsubaki 's childhood , that his inspiration for playing so beautifully in his first competition was to cheer up Tsubaki after the passing of her grandmother . Kaori Miyazono ( 宮園 かをり , Miyazono Kawori ) Voiced by : Risa Taneda ( Japanese ) ; Erica Lindbeck ( English ) & Violin performance by : Yūna Shinohara Played by : Suzu Hirose ( live - action film ) ; Arisa Matsunaga ( stage play ) Kaori is Tsubaki 's classmate ; she is a free - spirited violinist who has drawn much criticism from judging panels due to her unwillingness to adhere strictly to the score , but is highly favored by audiences that hear her playing . Kaori first met Kōsei when she asked Tsubaki to set her up with Watari . As their friendship grew , she eventually convinced Kōsei to play the piano again , first as her accompanist and later in a piano competition . It is revealed at the end of the anime , in a letter addressed to Kōsei , that she had asked to be set up with Watari in order to meet Kōsei , knowing that Watari and Tsubaki were good friends of his . Tsubaki Sawabe ( 澤 部 椿 , Sawabe Tsubaki ) Voiced by : Ayane Sakura ( Japanese ) ; Erica Mendez ( English ) Played by : Anna Ishii ( live - action film ) ; Misato Kawauchi ( stage play ) Kōsei 's childhood friend and next - door neighbor , who treats him like a little brother . She is athletic and is part of the softball club at school . Often dismayed at Kōsei 's inability to move on from his mother 's death , she attempts to get him to play the piano again in order to make a clear decision about his future . She first denies her feelings for him but after undergoing several stages of denial , she falls in love with him , which she confesses to him later on . Ryōta Watari ( 渡 亮太 , Watari Ryōta ) Voiced by : Ryōta Ōsaka ( Japanese ) ; Kyle McCarley ( English ) Played by : Taishi Nakagawa ( live - action film ) ; Masanari Wada ( stage play ) Ryōta is Kōsei 's and Tsubaki 's childhood friend , and is the captain of the school 's soccer team . He is extremely popular with girls , and usually adopts a frivolous attitude . However , he does come up with good insights every so often . Kaori was his love interest and when they are together , they are shown to be acting lovey - dovey , which makes Kōsei jealous . Kōsei later tells him about his feelings for Kaori , and he soon accepts this and gives him advice . Takeshi Aiza ( 相 座 武士 , Aiza Takeshi ) Voiced by : Yūki Kaji ( Japanese ) ; Erik Scott Kimerer ( English ) Played by : Shōjirō Yokoi ( stage play ) Takeshi is a pianist of the same age as Kōsei . His aim was always to catch up and surpass Kōsei on the piano since watching him play at a young age . His resolve is so strong to the point that Takeshi would even abandon an invitation for a piano competition in Europe in order to compete with Kōsei . To Takeshi , Kōsei was like his ' hero ' . Emi Igawa ( 井川 絵 見 , Igawa Emi ) Voiced by : Saori Hayami ( Japanese ) ; Erika Harlacher ( English ) Played by : Haruka Yamashita ( stage play ) Emi is a pianist of the same age as Kōsei , who decided to become a pianist after listening to Kōsei play at the age of 5 . She aims to reach Kōsei through her emotional playing style . It is hinted that she has feelings for Kōsei . Nagi Aiza ( 相 座 凪 , Aiza Nagi ) Voiced by : Ai Kayano ( Japanese ) ; Stephanie Sheh ( English ) Nagi is Takeshi 's little sister who pretended to ask for tutelage from Hiroko in order to scout her brother 's rival , Kōsei . She ended up becoming Kōsei 's student . She often says `` Cliche '' ( 陳腐 , Chinpu ) to things that Kōsei tells her . After months of tutelage , she develops a crush on her teacher . Saki Arima ( 有馬 早希 , Arima Saki ) Voiced by : Mamiko Noto ( Japanese ) ; Wendee Lee ( English ) Played by : Rei Dan ( live - action film ) ; Ryōko Tanaka ( stage play ) Saki was Kōsei 's strict mother who demanded that Kōsei practice the score to absolute perfection , and often beat him for small mistakes . While she did not plan to make Kōsei a pianist at first , her realization of Kōsei 's talents and the discovery of her terminal illness made her decide to give Kōsei a strict foundation in piano in order to be able to find his own style and a living as a pianist after she dies . She died before Kōsei 's qualification to what supposedly was his first competition in Europe . She appears in front of Kōsei many times throughout the show . Hiroko Seto ( 瀬戸 紘子 , Seto Hiroko ) Voiced by : Mie Sonozaki ( Japanese ) ; Carrie Keranen ( English ) Played by : Yuka Itaya ( live - action film ) ; Kuniko Kodama ( stage play ) Hiroko is a nationally renowned pianist and Saki 's close friend from college . She was the one who discovered Kōsei 's talents in piano and suggested Saki make him into a pianist despite Saki 's initial disagreement . Blaming herself for Saki 's brutal treatment to Kōsei and his psychological trauma from Saki 's death , she distances herself from Kōsei following Saki 's death . When Kōsei returns to play the piano , she becomes his guardian and mentor . Koharu Seto ( 瀬戸 小春 , Seto Koharu ) Voiced by : Inori Minase ( Japanese ) ; Cristina Vee ( English ) A very small child who smiles very often and is the daughter of Hiroko . She enjoys Kōsei 's piano playing and always wants him to play more and is very attached to him . She usually clings by her mother 's side and is adored by both Kōsei and her mother . Saitō ( 斎藤 , Saitō ) Voiced by : Kazuyuki Okitsu ( Japanese ) ; Robbie Daymond ( English ) Saitō is Tsubaki 's baseball - playing senior and her target of admiration . He confessed to Tsubaki and dated her , but suggested they break up after realizing Tsubaki 's actual feelings for Kōsei , covering it up through saying that he found someone else he loves . Nao Kashiwagi ( 柏木 奈緒 , Kashiwagi Nao ) Voiced by : Shizuka Ishigami ( Japanese ) ; Julie Ann Taylor ( English ) Played by : Haruka Igarashi ( stage play ) Kashiwagi is a good friend of Tsubaki 's who often gives her advice . Kashiwagi succeeded in breaking Tsubaki 's stubbornness to realize and admit her feelings for Kōsei . Near the end it is established that most of the advice she gives Tsubaki comes from her being a fan of BL ( Boys ' love ) manga , not from personal dating experience . Media ( edit ) Manga ( edit ) The Your Lie in April manga series is written and illustrated by Naoshi Arakawa , and began serialization on April 6 , 2011 in Kodansha 's Monthly Shōnen Magazine . The first tankōbon was published by Kodansha on September 16 , 2011 , and the final volume was released in two editions , a regular edition and a limited edition , with the limited edition bundled with an OVA , and was released on May 15 , 2015 . The series is licensed in English in North America by Kodansha Comics , and the first volume was published on April 21 , 2015 . A spin - off manga titled Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso : Coda was bundled with the release of the Blu - ray release of the anime series . It was later published in tankōbon format on August 17 , 2016 . Volume list ( edit ) No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN September 16 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371301 - 5 April 21 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236171 - 4 <Td_colspan="5"> `` Monotone '' ( モノトーン , Monotōn ) `` The Love of a Violinist '' ( ヴァイオリニスト の 愛 , Vaiorinisuto no Ai ) `` Black Cat '' ( 黒 猫 , Kuroneko ) `` Colorful '' ( カラフル , Karafuru ) January 17 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371317 - 6 June 23 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236172 - 1 <Td_colspan="5"> `` A Dark Ocean '' ( 暗い 海 , Kurai Umi ) `` From Behind '' ( 後ろ姿 , Ushirosugata ) `` Cloudy Skies '' ( 曇天 模様 , Donten Moyō ) `` The Water 's Surface '' ( 水面 , Minamo ) May 17 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371327 - 5 August 25 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236173 - 8 <Td_colspan="5"> `` The Cassette Recording and the Moon '' ( ラジカセ と 月 , Rajikase to Tsuki ) `` The Way Home '' ( 帰り道 , Kaerimichi ) `` The Shadow Whispers '' ( カゲ ささやく , Kage Sasayaku ) `` Mirage '' ( 蜃気楼 , Shinkirō ) September 14 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371345 - 9 October 27 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236174 - 5 <Td_colspan="5"> `` Surge '' ( うねる , Uneru ) `` Red and Yellow '' ( 赤 と 黄色 , Aka to Kiiro ) `` Resonance '' ( 共鳴 , Kyōmei ) `` Listen , Mama ! '' ( ねえ 、 ママ きい て よ , Nē , Mama Kī Te Yo ) 5 January 17 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371359 - 6 December 29 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236175 - 2 <Td_colspan="5"> `` Falling '' ( 墜ちる , Ochiru ) `` The Scenery When I 'm with You '' ( 君 と いた 景色 , Kimi Toita Keshiki ) `` Along the Railroad Track '' ( 線路 沿い の 道 , Senro - zoi no Michi ) `` Under the Bridge '' ( 橋 の 下 , Hashi no Shita ) 6 May 17 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371375 - 6 March 29 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236176 - 9 <Td_colspan="5"> `` Candied Apple '' ( りんご 飴 , Ringo Ame ) `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' ( トゥインク ル リトル スタ , Tuinkuru Ritoru Sta ) `` Spurred to Action '' ( つき 動かす , Tsuki Ugokasu ) `` Rays of Light '' ( 射す 光 , Sasu Hikari ) 7 September 17 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371387 - 9 April 26 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236177 - 6 <Td_colspan="5"> `` Connection '' ( つながる , Tsunagaru ) `` A Chain '' ( 連鎖 , Rensa ) `` Superimposed Outlines '' ( 車 なる 輪郭 , Kurumanaru Rinkaku ) `` Footprints '' ( 足跡 , Ashiato ) 8 January 17 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371405 - 0 July 5 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236178 - 3 <Td_colspan="5"> `` Liar '' ( うそつき , Usotsuki ) `` Intruder '' ( 闖入 者 , Chinyūsha ) `` You 'll Do '' ( 君 で いい や , Kimi de ī ya ) `` Two of a Kind '' ( 似 た 者 同士 , Nitamono Dōshi ) 9 May 16 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371418 - 0 August 30 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236179 - 0 <Td_colspan="5"> `` Twilight '' ( トワイライト , Towairaito ) `` Those Who Gaze into the Abyss '' ( 深淵 を のぞく 者 , Shin'en o Nozoku Mono ) `` Hearts Intertwining '' ( 心 重ねる , Kokoro Kasaneru ) `` Punch '' ( パンチ , Panchi ) 10 October 17 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371435 - 7 November 1 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236180 - 6 <Td_colspan="5"> `` A Promise '' ( 約束 , Yakusoku ) `` Goodbye , Hero '' ( さよなら ヒーロー , Sayonara Hīrō ) `` Caught in the Rain '' ( 雨 やどり , Amayadori ) `` Hand in Hand '' ( 手 と 手 , Te to Te ) 11 May 15 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371467 - 8 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 358752 - 4 ( limited edition ) December 27 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236312 - 1 <Td_colspan="5"> `` Snow '' ( 雪 , Yuki ) `` Again '' ( アゲイン , Agein ) `` Ballade '' ( バラード , Barādo ) `` Spring Breeze '' ( 春風 , Harukaze ) Anime ( edit ) See also : List of Your Lie in April episodes A-1 Pictures has aired the anime production of Your Lie in April . It premiered on October 10 , 2014 in Japan and ended on March 20 , 2015 . The first opening theme song is `` Hikaru Nara '' ( 光る なら , lit . If You Will Shine ) by Goose house and the first ending theme song is `` Kirameki '' ( キラメキ , lit . Sparkle ) by wacci . The second opening song is `` Nanairo Symphony '' ( 七色 シンフォニー , Nanairo Shinfonī , lit . `` Seven Colored Symphony '' ) by Coalamode and the second ending theme is `` Orange '' ( オレンジ , Orenji ) by 7 ! ! ( Seven Oops ) . The original soundtracks are composed by Masaru Yokoyama . In North America , Aniplex of America licensed the series within the region , who simulcasted the series on Crunchyroll , Aniplex Channel , Hulu and Viewster . In Australia and New Zealand , the series is licensed by Madman Entertainment , who streamed the series on AnimeLab . The series is licensed in the United Kingdom and Ireland by Anime Limited . The series was later made available on Netflix with the English dub , as well as English subtitles . Live - action film ( edit ) Main article : Your Lie in April ( film ) On August 24 , 2015 , the domain ' kimiuso-movie.jp ' was registered under Toho , a Japanese film production and distribution company , which made fans believe that a movie adaptation was in the works . Speculations were confirmed in September 2015 when the main cast was announced for the live - action adaptation of the series : Kento Yamazaki as Kōsei Arima , Suzu Hirose as Kaori Miyazono , E-girls ' Anna Ishii as Tsubaki Sawabe , and Taishi Nakagawa as Ryōta Watari . While the original story depicts the characters in their junior high year , it is announced that they will be in their second - year of high school in the film . The adaptation , slated to be released in Japan in September 2016 , will be written by Strawberry Night 's live - action scriptwriter Yukari Tatsui , and directed by Paradise Kiss 's live - action director Takehiko Shinjō . Stage play ( edit ) In the May issue of Monthly Shōnen Magazine , it was announced that a stage play adaptation of the manga was green - lit , and set to run on August the same year . The stage play was announced to be held at the AiiA 2.5 Theater Tokyo from August 24 , 2017 to September 3 , 2017 , and at the Umeda Arts Theater in Osaka from September 7 , 2017 to September 10 , 2017 . The stage play is directed by Naohiro Ise , and written by Kaori Miura . It was also revealed that the play would have live musical performances , with Yuta Matsumura performing the piano , and Shuko Kobayashi performing the violin . The main cast was announced , and stars : Shintarō Anzai as Kōsei Arima , Arisa Matsunaga as Kaori Miyazono , Misato Kawauchi as Tsubaki Sawabe , Masanari Wada as Ryōta Watari , Haruka Yamashita as Emi Igawa , and Shōjirō Yokoi as Takeshi Aiza . Additional cast was later announced , with : Takako Nakamura as Yuriko Ochiai , Shun Mikami as Akira Takayanagi , Haruka Igarashi as Nao Kashiwagi , Kuniko Kodama as Hiroko Seto , and Ryōko Tanaka as Saki Arima . Reception ( edit ) The manga won the award for Best Shōnen Manga at the 37th Kodansha Manga Awards . It was nominated for the 5th Manga Taishō . The anime adaptation was the winner of the Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper 's 2016 Sugoi Japan Awards . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kodansha Comics has licensed Your Lie in April ! '' . KODANSHA COMICS . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vertical to Release Your Lie in April Light Novel in July '' . Anime News Network . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shōsetsu Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso - 6 - nin no Etude '' 小説 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 6 人 の エチュード . Kodansha . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso Manga Gets Noitamina Anime '' . Anime News Network . March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live - Action Your Lie in April Film Opens in September '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 1 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 1 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 11 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 11 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : DVD 付き 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 11 ) 限定 版 ( DVD Bundle Your Lie in April ( 11 ) Limited Edition ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 1 : A Life in Monotone '' . Kodansha Comics . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 Coda '' ( Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso Coda ) . Kodansha . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 1 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 2 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 2 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 2 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 3 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 3 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 3 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 4 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 4 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 4 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 5 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 5 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 5 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 6 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 6 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 6 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 7 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 7 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 7 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 8 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 8 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 8 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 9 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 9 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 9 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 10 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 10 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 10 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 11 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Goose House to Perform Opening , Cover Songs for Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso Anime '' . Anime News Network . August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Kento Yamazaki , Suzu Hirose to Star in Live - Action Your Lie in April Film '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Naoshi Arakawa 's Your Lie in April Manga Gets Stage Play in August '' . Anime News Network . April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dennison , Kara ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the Cast of the `` Your Lie in April '' Stage Play `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dennison , Kara ( May 13 , 2017 ) . `` '' Your Lie in April '' Stage Play Reveals New Cast and Promo Images `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Animal Land , Ore Monogatari ! ! Win 37th Kodansha Manga Awards '' . Anime News Network . May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hiromu Arakawa 's Silver Spoon Wins 5th Manga Taisho Award '' . Anime News Network . March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April , One - Punch Man Top Sugoi Japan Awards 2016 Results '' . Anime News Network . 22 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` アニメ 部門 TOP5 '' . Sugoi - Japan ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) Your Lie in April at Kodansha Anime official website Your Lie in April ( manga ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia <Th_colspan="2"> Kodansha Manga Award -- Shōnen 2000s Capeta by Masahito Soda ( 2005 ) Air Gear by Oh ! great ( 2006 ) Sayonara Zetsubō Sensei by Kōji Kumeta and Dear Boys : Act 2 by Hiroki Yagami ( 2007 ) Saikyō ! 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( 2013 ) Sword Art Online : Extra Edition ( 2013 ) Black Butler : Book of Murder ( 2014 ) Moments ( 2015 ) The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls ( 2016 ) Brotherhood : Final Fantasy XV ( 2016 ) Shelter ( 2016 ) Granblue Fantasy : Zankutinzeru Arc ( 2017 ) Video games Shin Megami Tensei : Persona 4 ( 2008 ) Valkyria Chronicles II ( 2010 ) Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney − Spirit of Justice ( 2016 ) Radiant Historia : Perfect Chronology ( 2017 ) Layton 's Mystery Journey ( 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Your_Lie_in_April&oldid=810610228 '' Categories : Manga series 2011 manga 2014 anime television series 2015 manga 2015 anime OVAs 2015 comics endings 2015 Japanese television series endings A-1 Pictures Comedy - drama anime and manga Kodansha manga Madman Entertainment anime Manga adapted into films Music - themed anime and manga NoitaminA Romance anime and manga School anime and manga Shōnen manga Slice of life anime and manga Tragedy anime and manga Works about pianos and pianists Winner of Kodansha Manga Award ( Shōnen ) Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Suomi ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 09 : 44 . 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1. Your Lie in April - manga and anime
2. Plot summary - Kōsei Arima, Kaori Miyazono, music, love
3. Characters - Kōsei Arima, Kaori Miyazono, Tsubaki Sawabe, Ryōta Watari
4. Media - manga, anime, live-action film, stage play
5. Reception - popularity, critical acclaim
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when was the first us space shuttle launched
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STS - 1 - Wikipedia STS - 1 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Space Shuttle flight . For Synchronous Transport Signal ( level ) - 1 in the SONET hierarchy , see Synchronous optical networking . For the gene , see STS - 1 ( gene ) . STS - 1 <Td_colspan="2"> The launch of STS - 1 <Td_colspan="2"> Mission type Test flight Operator NASA COSPAR ID 1981 - 034A SATCAT no . 12399 Mission duration 2 days , 6 hours , 20 minutes , 53 seconds Distance travelled 1,728,000 kilometres ( 1,074,000 mi ) Orbits completed 37 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Spacecraft properties Spacecraft Space Shuttle Columbia <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Crew Crew size Members John W. Young Robert L. Crippen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Start of mission Launch date 12 April 1981 , 12 : 00 : 03 ( 1981 - 04 - 12UTC12 : 00 : 03Z ) UTC Launch site Kennedy LC - 39A <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> End of mission Landing date 14 April 1981 , 18 : 20 : 57 ( 1981 - 04 - 14UTC18 : 20 : 58Z ) UTC Landing site Edwards , Runway 23 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Orbital parameters Reference system Geocentric Regime Low Earth Perigee 266 kilometres ( 165 mi ) Apogee 271 kilometres ( 168 mi ) Inclination 40.3 Period 89.88 minutes Epoch 13 April 1981 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> John W. Young and Robert L. Crippen Space Shuttle program STS - 2 → STS - 1 ( Space Transportation System - 1 ) was the first orbital spaceflight of NASA 's Space Shuttle program . The first orbiter , Columbia , launched on 12 April 1981 and returned on 14 April , 54.5 hours later , having orbited the Earth 37 times . Columbia carried a crew of two -- mission commander John W. Young and pilot Robert L. Crippen . It was the first American manned space flight since the Apollo - Soyuz Test Project in 1975 . STS - 1 was also the only maiden test flight of a new US spacecraft to carry a crew , though it was preceded by atmospheric testing of the orbiter and ground testing of the space shuttle system . The launch occurred on the 20th anniversary of the first - ever human spaceflight . This was a coincidence rather than a celebration of the anniversary ; a technical problem had prevented STS - 1 from launching two days earlier , as was planned . Contents ( hide ) 1 Crew 1.1 Backup crew 1.2 Support crew 2 Mission parameters 3 Suborbital mission plan 4 Mission summary 4.1 Mission anomalies 5 Mission insignia 6 Anniversary 7 External tank 8 In popular culture 9 Wake - up calls 10 Pad fatalities 11 Gallery 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Crew ( edit ) Position <Th_colspan="2"> Astronaut Commander <Td_colspan="2"> John W. Young Fifth spaceflight Pilot <Td_colspan="2"> Robert L. Crippen First spaceflight Both Young and Crippen were selected as the STS - 1 crew in March 1978 . Young was the most experienced astronaut in NASA at the time and was also the only member of his astronaut class in service . He had first flown in 1965 as pilot of Gemini 3 , the first manned flight of the Gemini program , and would later command Gemini 10 in 1966 . After the conclusion of the Gemini program , Young flew as command module pilot of Apollo 10 in 1969 and walked on the Moon as commander of Apollo 16 in 1972 . He later became Chief of the Astronaut Office in 1974 . Crippen , who had joined NASA in 1969 after the cancellation of the Manned Orbiting Laboratory , was a rookie and would become the first of his astronaut group to fly in space . Prior to his selection on STS - 1 , Crippen participated in the Skylab Medical Experiment Altitude Test and also served as a capsule communicator for all three Skylab missions and the Apollo - Soyuz Test Project . Columbia was manifested with EMUs for both Young and Crippen in the event of an emergency spacewalk . If such an event occurred , Crippen would go outside the orbiter , with Young standing by in case Crippen required assistance . Backup crew ( edit ) Position <Th_colspan="2"> Astronaut Commander <Td_colspan="2"> Joe H. Engle Pilot <Td_colspan="2"> Richard H. Truly Support crew ( edit ) Daniel C. Brandenstein ( ascent CAPCOM ) Henry W. Hartsfield Joseph P. Allen ( entry CAPCOM ) Mission parameters ( edit ) Mass : Orbiter liftoff : 219,256 lb ( 99,453 kg ) Orbiter landing : 195,466 lb ( 88,662 kg ) DFI payload : 10,822 lb ( 4,909 kg ) Perigee : 149 mi ( 240 km ) Apogee : 156 mi ( 251 km ) Inclination : 40.3 ° Orbital period : 89.4 min Suborbital mission Plan ( edit ) During the original planning stages for the early shuttle missions , NASA management felt a need to undertake initial tests of the system prior to the first orbital flight . To that end , they suggested that STS - 1 , instead of being an orbital flight , be used to test the Return To Launch Site ( RTLS ) abort scenario . This involved an abort being called in the first few moments after launch , and using its main engines , once the SRBs had been jettisoned , to power it back to the launch site . This scenario , while potentially necessary in the event of an early abort being called , was seen as being extremely dangerous and , as a consequence , John Young overruled the proposal , and STS - 1 went ahead as the first orbital mission . The NASA managers were swayed by Young questioning the need for the test , and the weight of his opinion was strong especially as someone who not only been to the moon twice , but walked on it . He would go on the Shuttle again with STS - 9 mission , a ten - day flight in 1983 Let 's not practice Russian roulette , because you may have a loaded gun there . -- Shuttle Commander on testing Return To Launch Site Mission Summary ( edit ) The External Tank is released from the Space Shuttle The first launch of the Space Shuttle occurred on 12 April 1981 , exactly 20 years after the first manned space flight , when the orbiter Columbia , with two crew members , astronauts John W. Young , commander , and Robert L. Crippen , pilot , lifted off from Pad A , Launch Complex 39 , at the Kennedy Space Center . The launch took place at 7 a.m. EST . A launch attempt two days earlier was scrubbed because of a timing problem in one of Columbia 's general - purpose computers . Attempt Planned Result Turnaround Reason Decision point Weather go ( % ) Notes 1981 - 04 - 10 7 : 00 : 00 ! 10 Apr 1981 , 7 : 00 : 00 am Scrubbed -- - Technical ( T - 18 ) Timing problem in one of Columbia 's general - purpose computers . A software patch was installed to correct . 1981 - 04 - 12 7 : 00 : 03 ! 12 Apr 1981 , 7 : 00 : 03 am Success 2 days , 0 hours , 0 minutes Not only was this the first launch of the Space Shuttle , but it marked the first time that solid - fuel rockets were used for a NASA manned launch ( although all of the Mercury and Apollo astronauts had relied on a solid - fuel motor in their escape towers and Mercury capsules had a solid - fueled retrorocket pack ) . STS - 1 was also the first U.S. manned space vehicle launched without an unmanned powered test flight . The STS - 1 orbiter , Columbia , also holds the record for the amount of time spent in the Orbiter Processing Facility ( OPF ) before launch -- 610 days , the time needed for the replacement of many of its heat shield tiles . The primary mission objectives of the maiden flight were to perform a general check out of the Space Shuttle system , accomplish a safe ascent into orbit and to return to Earth for a safe landing . The only payload carried on the mission was a Development Flight Instrumentation ( DFI ) package , which contained sensors and measuring devices to record the orbiter 's performance and the stresses that occurred during launch , ascent , orbital flight , descent and landing . All of these objectives were met successfully , and the orbiter 's spaceworthiness was verified . During the second day of the mission , the astronauts received a phone call from Vice President George H.W. Bush . President Ronald Reagan had originally intended to visit the Mission Control Center during the mission , but at the time was still recovering from an assassination attempt which had taken place two weeks before the launch ( in fact Reagan had only returned home to the White House the day prior to the launch ) . Columbia reached an orbital altitude of 166 nautical miles ( 307 km ) . The 37 - orbit , 1,074,567 - mile ( 1,729,348 km ) - long flight lasted 2 days , 6 hours , 20 minutes and 53 seconds . Landing occurred on Runway 23 at Edwards Air Force Base , California , at 10 : 21 am PST on 14 April 1981 . Columbia was returned to Kennedy Space Center from California on 28 April atop the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft . Mission anomalies ( edit ) Play media STS - 1 touches down at Edwards Air Force Base STS - 1 crew in Space Shuttle Columbia 's cabin . This is view of training in 1980 in the Orbiter Processing Facility STS - 1 was the first test flight of what was , at the time , the most complex spacecraft ever built . Numerous anomalies were observed during and after the flight , owing to the many components and systems that could not otherwise be adequately tested . Notable anomalies included : Similar to the first Saturn V launch in 1967 , NASA underestimated the amount of noise and vibration produced by the Shuttle . Shock waves from the SRB thrust were deflected up into the orbiter 's tail section , which could have caused structural or other damage . An improved water suppressant system was later installed in LC 39A to dampen vibrations . Pilot Crippen reported that , throughout the first stage of the launch up to SRB separation , he saw `` white stuff '' coming off the External Tank and splattering the windows , which was probably the white paint covering the ET 's thermal foam . The astronauts ' on - orbit visual inspection showed significant damage to the thermal protection tiles on the OMS / RCS pods at the orbiter 's aft end , and John Young reported that two tiles on the nose looked like someone had taken `` big bites out of them . '' The Air Force also photographed the orbiter using a KH - 11 KENNAN reconnaissance satellite . Due to the top secret nature of the satellite , only a small number of NASA personnel were aware of this , and they had arranged for the photography prior to the launch as a precaution to make sure no damage had been done to the thermal tiles on the underside of the orbiter , as there had never been a flight of a manned spacecraft before where the heat shield was exposed to the vacuum of space for the entire duration of the mission . Young and Crippen were instructed to perform maneuvers with the RCS thrusters to align Columbia so that the KH - 11 could photograph it , but were not informed of the reason for them . Aligning the shuttle 's low Earth orbit with the KH - 11 's polar orbit was a somewhat tricky move , and launch on April 12 took place a few hours later than planned due to the need to get the KH - 11 into correct orientation for imaging the shuttle . Images obtained confirmed that damage to Columbia was not serious . Post-flight inspection of Columbia confirmed that approximately 16 undensified tiles near the OMS pod had been lost during ascent . Columbia 's aerodynamics at high Mach numbers during reentry were found to differ significantly in some respects from those estimated in pre-flight testing . A misprediction of the location of the center of pressure ( due to using an ideal gas model instead of a real gas model ) caused the computer to have to extend the body flap by sixteen degrees rather than the expected eight or nine , and side - slip during the first bank reversal maneuver was twice as high as predicted . The orbiter 's heat shield was damaged when an overpressure wave from the solid rocket booster caused a forward RCS oxidizer strut to fail . The same overpressure wave also forced the shuttle 's `` body flap '' -- an extension on the orbiter 's underbelly that helps to control pitch during reentry -- into an angle well beyond the point where cracking or rupture of its hydraulic system would have been expected . Such damage would have made a controlled descent impossible , with John Young later admitting that had the crew known about this , they would have flown the shuttle up to a safe altitude and ejected , causing Columbia to have been lost on the first flight . The strike plate next to the forward latch of Columbia 's external tank door was melted and distorted due to excess heat exposure during reentry . This heat was attributed to an improperly installed tile adjacent to the plate . During remarks at a 2003 gathering , John Young stated that a protruding tile gap filler ducted hot gas into the right main landing gear well , which caused significant damage , including the buckling of the landing gear door . He said that neither he nor Crippen were told about this incident and he was not aware that it had happened until reading the postflight mission report for STS - 1 , also adding that the gas leak was noted in the report , but not the buckling of the landing door . ( The buckling of the door is in fact in the anomaly report , anomaly STS - 1 - V - 49 . ) Despite these problems , the STS - 1 mission was completed successfully , and in most respects Columbia performed optimally . After some modifications to the shuttle and to the launch and reentry procedures , Columbia flew the next four Shuttle missions . Mission insignia ( edit ) The artwork for the official mission insignia was designed by artist Robert McCall . It is a symbolic representation of the shuttle . The image does not depict the black wing roots present on the actual shuttle . Anniversary ( edit ) The plaque of the Young - Crippen Firing Room in the Launch Control Center at Kennedy Space Center . The ultimate launch date of STS - 1 fell on the 20th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin 's Vostok 1 , the first spaceflight to carry a human crew . In 2001 , Yuri 's Night was established to celebrate both events . In a tribute to the 25th anniversary of the first flight of Space Shuttle , Firing Room 1 in the Launch Control Center at Kennedy Space Center -- which launched STS - 1 -- was renamed the Young - Crippen Firing Room . NASA described the mission as `` the boldest test flight in history '' . External tank ( edit ) STS - 1 and STS - 2 were the only two shuttle flights to have the External Tank ( ET ) painted white . To reduce the shuttle 's overall weight , all flights from STS - 3 onward used an unpainted tank . The use of an unpainted tank provided a weight saving of approximately 272 kilograms ( 600 lb ) , and gave the ET the distinctive orange color which later became associated with the Space Shuttle . In popular culture ( edit ) The song `` Countdown '' , by Rush , from the 1982 album Signals , was written about STS - 1 and the inaugural flight of Columbia . The song was `` dedicated with thanks to astronauts Young and Crippen and all the people of NASA for their inspiration and cooperation '' . IMAX cameras filmed the launch , landing , and mission control during the flight , for a film entitled Hail Columbia ! , which debuted in 1982 and later became available on DVD . The title of the film comes from the pre-1930s unofficial American national anthem , Hail , Columbia . Wake - up Calls ( edit ) NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Gemini program , and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15 . A special musical track is chosen for each day in space , often by the astronauts ' families , to have a special meaning to an individual member of the crew , or in reference to the day 's planned activities . Flight Day Song Artist / Composer Day 2 `` Blast - Off Columbia '' Written by Jerry W. Rucker , a NASA shuttle technician ; sung by Roy McCall Day 3 `` Reveille '' Houston DJs Hudson and Harrigan Pad Fatalities ( edit ) `` I think it is only right that we mention a couple of guys that gave their lives a few weeks ago in our countdown demonstration test : John Bjornstad and Forrest Cole . They believed in the space program , and it meant a lot to them . I am sure they would be thrilled to see where we have the vehicle now . '' STS - 1 Commander John Young , tribute given in - orbit to the victims of the accident . An accident occurred on March 19 , 1981 that led to the deaths of three people . During a countdown test for STS - 1 , a pure nitrogen atmosphere was introduced in the aft engine compartment of Columbia to reduce the danger of an explosion from the many other potentially dangerous gases on board the orbiter . At the conclusion of the test , pad workers were given clearance to return to work on the orbiter , even though the nitrogen had not yet been purged due to a recent procedure change . Three technicians , John Bjornstand , Forrest Cole , and Nick Mullon , entered the compartment without air packs , unaware of the danger since nitrogen gas is odorless and colorless , and lost consciousnesses due to lack of oxygen . Several minutes later , another worker saw them and tried to help , but passed out himself . The fourth did not alert anyone , but was himself seen by two other people . Of those two , one alerted a security guard and another went to help the unconscious group . The security guard entered the compartment with an air pack and removed the five men from the compartment . Security procedures delayed ambulances from arriving on the scene by several minutes . Bjornstad died at the scene ; Cole died two weeks later without ever regaining consciousness , and Mullon suffered permanent brain damage and died 14 years later from complications of his injuries . These were the first launchpad deaths at Canaveral since the Apollo 1 fire , which claimed the lives of three astronauts during preparations for the manned moon landing missions . The incident did not delay the launch of STS - 1 less than a month later , but the commander of that mission gave an on - orbit tribute to Bjornstad and Cole . A three - month inquiry determined a combination of a recent change in safety procedures and a miscommunication during the operations were the cause of the accident . A report called LC - 39A Mishap Investigation Board Final Report was released with the findings . The names of John Bjornstad , Forrest Cole and Nicholas Mullon are engraved on a monument at the US Space Walk of Fame in Florida . Further information : List of spaceflight - related accidents and incidents § Other non-astronaut fatalities Gallery ( edit ) Columbia 's arrival at Complex 39A , December 29 , 1980 . Arrival at Complex 39A . Columbia at Launch Pad A , Complex 39 , April 12 , 1981 . Commander John Young ( right ) and Pilot Robert Crippen ( left ) suit up for launch , April 12 , 1981 . The launch of STS - 1 . Columbia lifts off at the beginning of STS - 1 . Columbia 's cargo bay and aft section , April 12 , 1981 . Columbia landing on Rogers dry lake bed at Edwards Air Force Base , April 14 , 1981 . Columbia after its successful landing . An overall view of the mission operations control room during Columbia 's landing phase . Columbia , mated to the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft , arrives at Kennedy Space Center after STS - 1 to be prepared for its next mission . See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal List of human spaceflights List of Space Shuttle missions Space Shuttle Columbia disaster References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Jump up ^ `` STS - 1 Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . NASA . 1981 . p. 36 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : STS - 1 Transcript . Internet Archive . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dunn , Terry ( 26 February 2014 ) . `` The Space Shuttle 's Controversial Launch Abort Plan '' . Tested . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Space Shuttle Mission Summary '' ( PDF ) . NASA Johnson Space Center . Jump up ^ `` STS - 1 Overview '' . NASA . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ : Why do you drop water under the shuttle as the engines start ? '' . NASA . 5 January 1999 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : STS - 1 Technical Crew Debriefing , page 4 - 4 Jump up ^ http://www.thespacereview.com/article/3219/1 Jump up ^ King , James R. ( 13 April 1981 ) . `` NASA says missing tiles no threat to shuttle '' . The Madison Courier . Associated Press . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` STS - 1 Anomaly Report '' ( PDF ) . NASA . 27 February 2003 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` STS - 1 Anomaly Report '' ( PDF ) . NASA . 27 February 2003 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Iliff , Kenneth ; Shafer , Mary ( June 1993 ) . `` Space Shuttle Hypersonic Aerodynamic and Aerothermodynamic Flight Research and the Comparison to Ground Test Results '' ( PDF ) . Google Docs . pp. 5 -- 6 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` STS - 1 Anomaly Report '' ( PDF ) . NASA . 27 February 2003 . p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` STS - 1 Anomaly Report '' ( PDF ) . NASA . 27 February 2003 . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Jeff Foust ( 14 April 2003 ) . `` John Young 's shuttle secret '' . Space Review . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ STS - 1 In - Flight Anomaly report . NASA . p. 33 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` STS - 1 Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . NASA . 1981 . p. 3 . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- STS - 1 '' . Nasa.gov . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ NASA . `` NASA Takes Delivery of 100th Space Shuttle External Tank . '' Press release . p. 99 -- 193 . 16 August 1999 . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 25 years later , JSC remembers shuttle 's first flight '' . JSC Features . Johnson Spaceflight Center . 2006 . Retrieved 3 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Fries , Colin ( 25 June 2007 ) . `` Chronology of Wakeup Calls '' ( PDF ) . NASA . Retrieved 13 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chronology of Wakeup Calls '' ( PDF ) . NASA . May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Burlison , Terry . `` Columbia 's First Victims '' . www.baen.com . Baen Books . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wilford , John Noble ( 1981 - 03 - 20 ) . `` SHUTTLE PASSES TEST ; A WORKER IS KILLED '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Long , Tony ( 19 March 2009 ) . `` March 19 , 1981 : Shuttle Columbia 's First Fatalities '' . WIRED . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : White , Rowland ; Truly , Richard ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) . Into the Black : The Extraordinary Untold Story of the First Flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia and the Astronauts Who Flew Her . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9781501123627 . Jump up ^ NASA -- 1981 KSC Chronology Part 1 -- pages 84 , 85 , 100 ; Part 2 -- pages 181 , 194 , 195 , Archived 5 June 2001 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sam Kean , The Disappearing Spoon ( 2010 ) , p. 188 Jump up ^ `` One Dead In Shuttle Accident '' , Spartanburg , SC -- Herald - Journal Newspaper , Mar 20 , 1981 Jump up ^ `` Space shuttle worker dies in fall at launch pad '' , MSNBC.com -- 3rd paragraph from bottom of article. , 3 / 14 / 2011 Further reading ( edit ) Young , John W. ; Crippen , Robert L. ( October 1981 ) . `` Columbia 's Astronauts ' Own Story : Our Phenomenal First Flight '' . National Geographic . Vol. 160 no . 4 . pp. 478 -- 503 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to STS - 1 . STS - 1 video highlights . NSS . NBC News coverage of launch of STS - 1 . Hail Columbia ! on IMDb . <Th_colspan="3"> Space Shuttle Columbia ( OV - 102 ) Flights STS - 1 STS - 2 STS - 3 STS - 4 STS - 5 STS - 9 STS - 61 - C STS - 28 STS - 32 STS - 35 STS - 40 STS - 50 STS - 52 STS - 55 STS - 58 STS - 62 STS - 65 STS - 73 STS - 75 STS - 78 STS - 80 STS - 83 STS - 94 STS - 87 STS - 90 STS - 93 STS - 109 STS - 107 Status Out of service : destroyed 1 February 2003 ( STS - 107 ) See also Columbia Accident Investigation Board STS - 61 - E STS - 61 - H STS - 144 <Th_colspan="2"> U.S. Space Shuttle missions Completed 1970 -- 79 1977 ALT 1980 -- 89 1981 STS - 1 STS - 2 1982 STS - 3 STS - 4 STS - 5 STS - 6 STS - 7 STS - 8 STS - 9 1984 STS - 41 - B STS - 41 - C STS - 41 - D STS - 41 - G STS - 51 - A 1985 STS - 51 - C STS - 51 - D STS - 51 - B STS - 51 - G STS - 51 - F STS - 51 - I STS - 51 - J STS - 61 - A STS - 61 - B 1986 STS - 61 - C STS - 51 - L STS - 26 STS - 27 STS - 29 STS - 30 STS - 28 STS - 34 STS - 33 1990 -- 99 STS - 32 STS - 36 STS - 31 STS - 41 STS - 38 STS - 35 1991 STS - 37 STS - 39 STS - 40 STS - 43 STS - 48 STS - 44 STS - 42 STS - 45 STS - 49 STS - 50 STS - 46 STS - 47 STS - 52 STS - 53 STS - 54 STS - 56 STS - 55 STS - 57 STS - 51 STS - 58 STS - 61 STS - 60 STS - 62 STS - 59 STS - 65 STS - 64 STS - 68 STS - 66 1995 STS - 63 STS - 67 STS - 71 STS - 70 STS - 69 STS - 73 STS - 74 STS - 72 STS - 75 STS - 76 STS - 77 STS - 78 STS - 79 STS - 80 STS - 81 STS - 82 STS - 83 STS - 84 STS - 94 STS - 85 STS - 86 STS - 87 1998 STS - 89 STS - 90 STS - 91 STS - 95 STS - 88 1999 STS - 96 STS - 93 STS - 103 2000 -- 09 2000 STS - 99 STS - 101 STS - 106 STS - 92 STS - 97 STS - 98 STS - 102 STS - 100 STS - 104 STS - 105 STS - 108 2002 STS - 109 STS - 110 STS - 111 STS - 112 STS - 113 2003 STS - 107 2005 STS - 114 2006 STS - 121 STS - 115 STS - 116 2007 STS - 117 STS - 118 STS - 120 2008 STS - 122 STS - 123 STS - 124 STS - 126 2009 STS - 119 STS - 125 STS - 127 STS - 128 STS - 129 2010 -- 11 STS - 130 STS - 131 STS - 132 2011 STS - 133 STS - 134 STS - 135 Cancelled STS - 41 - F STS - 61 - E STS - 61 - F STS - 61 - G STS - 62 - A STS - 61 - M STS - 61 - H STS - 144 STS - 3xx STS - 400 Others Orbiters Enterprise Columbia Challenger Discovery Atlantis Endeavour <Th_colspan="2"> ← 1980 Orbital launches in 1981 1982 → <Td_colspan="2"> Kosmos 1237 Molniya - 3 No. 25 Kosmos 1238 Kosmos 1239 Kosmos 1240 Kosmos 1241 Musson No. 11 Progress 12 Kosmos 1242 Molniya 1 - 49 Kosmos 1243 Interkosmos 21 Kiku 3 Kosmos 1244 Kosmos 1245 Kosmos 1246 Kosmos 1247 Hinotori Comstar D4 OPS 1166 Kosmos 1248 Kosmos 1249 Kosmos 1250 Kosmos 1251 Kosmos 1252 Kosmos 1253 Kosmos 1254 Kosmos 1255 Kosmos 1256 Kosmos 1257 Soyuz T - 4 Kosmos 1258 OPS 7350 Kosmos 1259 Gran ' No. 18L Kosmos 1260 Soyuz 39 Molniya - 3 No. 24 Yantar - 2K No. 979 Kosmos 1261 Kosmos 1262 Kosmos 1263 STS - 1 Kosmos 1264 Kosmos 1265 Kosmos 1266 OPS 7225 Kosmos 1267 Kosmos 1268 Kosmos 1269 Soyuz 40 Meteor - 2 No. 8 Nova - 1 Kosmos 1270 Kosmos 1271 Kosmos 1272 Kosmos 1273 GOES 5 Intelsat V F - 1 Rohini RS - D1 Kosmos 1274 Kosmos 1275 Molniya - 3 No. 30 Kosmos 1276 Kosmos 1277 Meteosat 2 APPLE CAT - 3 Kosmos 1278 NOAA - 7 Molniya 1 - 50 Ekran No. 21L Kosmos 1279 Kosmos 1280 Kosmos 1281 Meteor - Priroda 2 - 4 Iskra 1 Kosmos 1282 Kosmos 1283 Kosmos 1284 Gran ' No. 19L DE-1 DE-2 Kosmos 1285 Kosmos 1286 FLTSATCOM 5 Kosmos 1287 Kosmos 1288 Kosmos 1289 Kosmos 1290 Kosmos 1291 Kosmos 1292 Kosmos 1293 Kosmos 1294 Bulgaria 1300 Himawari 2 Kosmos 1295 Kosmos 1296 Kosmos 1297 Kosmos 1298 Kosmos 1299 Kosmos 1300 Kosmos 1301 Kosmos 1302 OPS 3984 Kosmos 1303 Kosmos 1304 Kosmos 1305 Kosmos 1306 Kosmos 1307 Kosmos 1308 Kosmos 1309 Shijian 2 Shijian 2 - 01 Shijian 2 - 02 Oreol 3 Kosmos 1310 SBS 2 Kosmos 1311 Kosmos 1312 Kosmos 1313 SME UoSAT - 1 Kosmos 1314 Gran ' No. 20L Kosmos 1315 Kosmos 1316 Molniya - 3 No. 31 Venera 13 OPS 4029 Kosmos 1317 Kosmos 1318 Venera 14 STS - 2 Kosmos 1319 Molniya 1 - 51 Satcom 3R Bhaskara 2 Kosmos 1320 Kosmos 1321 Kosmos 1322 Kosmos 1323 Kosmos 1324 Kosmos 1325 Kosmos 1326 Kosmos 1327 Kosmos 1328 Kosmos 1329 Intelsat V F - 3 RS - 3 RS - 4 RS - 5 RS - 6 RS - 7 RS - 8 Navstar 7 Kosmos 1330 MARECS - 1 CAT - 4 Molniya - 1 No. 55 <Td_colspan="2"> Payloads are separated by bullets ( ) , launches by pipes ( ) . Manned flights are indicated in bold text . Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics . Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in ( brackets ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=STS-1&oldid=806990741 '' Categories : Space Shuttle missions Edwards Air Force Base Spacecraft launched in 1981 1981 in Florida Spacecraft which reentered in 1981 First events April 1981 events 1981 in California Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2011 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from NASA Use American English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 08 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. STS-1: The first orbital spaceflight of NASA's Space Shuttle program
2. Space Shuttle Columbia: The spacecraft used for the STS-1 mission
3. John W. Young and Robert L. Crippen: The crew members of the STS-1 mission
4. Mission anomalies: Challenges and issues encountered during the STS-1 mission
5. External tank: The painted white tank used for the STS
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2,644,387,674,657,243,000 |
when does the next season of switched at birth come out on netflix
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Switched at Birth ( season 5 ) - wikipedia Switched at Birth ( season 5 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Switched at Birth ( season 5 ) Starring Lucas Grabeel Katie Leclerc Vanessa Marano Constance Marie D.W. Moffett Lea Thompson Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Freeform Original release January 31 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) -- April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 4 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Switched at Birth episodes Switched at Birth was renewed for a fifth season by Freeform on October 21 , 2015 . The fifth season premiered on January 31 , 2017 , and on March 11 , 2016 , it was confirmed that this ten - episode season would be its last . The one - hour scripted drama revolves around two young women who discover they were switched at birth and grew up in very different environments . While balancing school , jobs , and their unconventional family , the girls , along with their friends and family , experience Deaf culture , relationships , class differences , racism , audism , and other social issues . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Episodes 3 References 4 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Lucas Grabeel as Toby Kennish Katie Leclerc as Daphne Vasquez - Kennish Vanessa Marano as Bay Kennish - Vasquez Constance Marie as Regina Vasquez D.W. Moffett as John Kennish Lea Thompson as Kathryn Kennish Recurring ( edit ) Sean Berdy as Emmett Bledsoe Bianca Bethune as Sharee Gifford Marlee Matlin as Melody Bledsoe Ryan Lane as Travis Barnes Rachel Shenton as Lily Summers Adam Hagenbuch as Greg `` Mingo '' Shimingo Sharon Pierre - Louis as Iris Watkins Rana Roy as Vimla Alice Lee as Skye Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Switched at Birth episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 94 `` The Call '' Allan Arkush Lizzy Weiss January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) 0.60 <Td_colspan="7"> Early during her trip to China , Bay becomes seriously ill and spends weeks recovering . When she does , the summer is almost over and she has not seen much of the country so she convinces Daphne to stay the whole school year . Travis then comes to China and begins a relationship with Bay . 10 months later , the three are called home when Emmett overdoses on a mix of medications . He claims that he is not suicidal and that the overdose was accidental . Bay , Daphne , and Travis decide to stay in Kansas City and Daphne is upset to learn how behind she is in her studies ; she also learns Mingo has a new girlfriend and that there is no housing for her at the university . Regina allows Bay to stay in the empty apartment above the Cracked Mug with Travis , but Bay tells Travis she wants Daphne to move in with her instead . Regina ends her relationship with her much younger secret boyfriend , Luca . Mingo invites Daphne to a karaoke costume party . His costume is of Lil Wayne and he takes a selfie with Daphne , causing outrage from some who view it as blackface . Title reference : Taken from the 1902 painting , The Call , by Paul Gaugin . 95 `` This Has to Do with Me '' D.W. Moffett William H. Brown & Liz Sczudlo February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 0.54 <Td_colspan="7"> Title reference : Taken from the 1914 painting , This Has To Do With Me , by Francis Picabia . 96 `` Surprise '' Stephen Tolkin Terrence Coli & Colin Waite February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 0.52 <Td_colspan="7"> Toby and Lily come for a visit with the baby . They are fighting because Lily misses work , while Toby is working too much and not helping with the baby . Toby reveals his gambling problem has returned . They decide to move back to the States . Lily gets her job back at the university , and Kathryn will help with the baby . When Bay tries to rekindle her friendship with Mary Beth , she is upset to learn Mary Beth is now dating Tank . Regina decides to go public about her relationship with Luca . John teases her about the age difference , but relents after she scolds him for applying a sexist double standard . Kathryn and Daphne are both supportive and happy for Regina . Daphne is having nightmares about Bay 's illness in China . Luca recognizes it as PTSD . Luca accidentally spills the secret about Bay 's illness to Regina and Bay and Daphne have to tell everyone about it . Title reference : Taken from the 1891 painting , Surprised ! , by Henri Rousseau . 97 `` Relation of Lines and Colors '' Carlos González Linda Gase & J.R. Phillips February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 0.52 <Td_colspan="7"> Daphne finds out from Iris that three boys put cotton balls in front of the Black Student Union building and they got tickets for littering and a three day suspension instead of being expelled from campus which is the reason Iris is hunger striking . Bay does an art project with Emmett and tries to do so without making Travis jealous . Title reference : Taken from the 1939 painting , Relation of Lines and Colors , by Georges Vantongerloo . 98 `` Occupy Truth '' Jeff Byrd Talicia Raggs & Lizzy Weiss February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 0.51 <Td_colspan="7"> Title reference : Taken from the painting , Occupy Truth , by Miles Regis . 99 6 `` Four Ages in Life '' Janice Cooke Terrence Coli & Lenn K. Rosenfeld March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 0.44 <Td_colspan="7"> Title reference : Taken from the 1902 painting , Four Ages in Life , by Edvard Munch . 100 7 `` Memory ( The Heart ) '' Lea Thompson Linda Gase March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) 0.50 <Td_colspan="7"> Bay and Daphne meet a girl named Ally who has Angelo 's heart through heart surgery , but they find out she 's not who she seems she is . Regina refuses to see her because it will bring up memories about Angelo 's death . Toby is deciding whether or not to baptize Carlton . Emmett and Travis try to make amends during Melody 's birthday . Title reference : Taken from the 1937 painting , Memory ( The Heart ) , by Frida Kahlo . 101 8 `` Left in Charge '' Dawn Wilkinson Liz Sczudlo March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 0.47 <Td_colspan="7"> Title reference : Taken from the 1904 painting , Left in Charge , by Philip Eustace Stretton . 102 9 `` The Wolf Is Waiting '' Jill D'Agnenica Terrence Coli & William H. Brown April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 0.43 <Td_colspan="7"> Bay meets the man who molested Travis when he was twelve : his uncle . She tries to make him tell his mother about what happened and reconnect . Chris tries to make Daphne cheat on his drug test so he wo n't get kicked out of the baseball team for using steroids . Regina finds out her coffeehouse is being robbed , so she put security cameras all over the place . She finds out the culprit is Eric , who has returned to get back a secret stash he hid in the coffeehouse so he and his son , Will , can start a new life . He asks her to come with him , but she refuses . Title reference : Taken from the 1914 painting , The Wolf is Waiting , by Kay Nielsen . 103 10 `` Long Live Love '' Steve Miner Lizzy Weiss & Linda Gase April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 0.49 <Td_colspan="7"> 90 - minute series finale . The Kennishes and Vasquezes reminisce about the five years they had together since the switch was discovered . Title reference : Taken from the 1923 painting , Long Live Love , by Max Ernst . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Switched at Birth Renewed : Season 5 Coming to ABC Family / Freeform '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Lizzy ( @ Lizzy_Weiss ) ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Hey so ... the premiere date of our final season of # SwitchedatBirth has been moved one lil week . ( Instead of Jan 24 ) , it will be JANUARY 31 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Bentley , Jean ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` This Long - Running Freeform / ABC Family Show Is Saying Goodbye '' . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Announces Pick - Up of `` Switched at Birth , '' `` The Nine Lives of Chloe King '' and `` The Great State of Georgia '' `` . The Futon Critic . January 31 , 2011 . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.31. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.7. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.28. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.7. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.21. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.28. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Switched at Birth episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Switched_at_Birth_(season_5)&oldid=855274441 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 04 : 00 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Switched at Birth season 5
2. Cast of Switched at Birth
3. Plot of Switched at Birth season 5
4. Episodes of Switched at Birth season 5
5. Series finale of Switched at Birth
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7,969,579,654,962,253,000 |
1 lakh equal to how many ten thousand
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Lakh - wikipedia Lakh unit in Indian numbering system A lakh ( / læk , lɑːk / ; abbreviated L ; sometimes written Lac or Lacs ) is a unit in the Indian numbering system equal to one hundred thousand ( 100,000 ; scientific notation : 10 ) . In the Indian convention of digit grouping , it is written as 1 , 00,000 . For example , in India 150,000 rupees becomes 1.5 lakh rupees , written as ₹ 1 , 50,000 or INR 1 , 50,000 . It is widely used both in official and other contexts in Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Myanmar , Nepal , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka . It is often used in Indian , Pakistani , and Sri Lankan English . In Pakistan , the word lakh is used mostly in local languages rather than in English media . Contents 1 Usage 1.1 Money 1.2 Silver market 2 Etymology and regional variants 2.1 South Asian languages 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Usage ( edit ) In Indian English , the word is used both as an attributive and non-attributive noun , and with either a marked ( `` - s '' ) or unmarked plural , as in : `` 1 lakh people '' or `` 1 lakh of people '' ; `` 200 lakh rupees '' ; `` 5 lakh of rupees '' ; `` rupees 10 lakhs '' ; or `` 5 lakhs of rupees '' . In the abbreviated form , usage such as `` ₹ 5L '' ( for `` rupees 5 lakhs '' ) is common . In this system of numeration 100 lakh is called one crore and is equal to 10 million . Money ( edit ) In colloquial Urdu , especially in the city of Karachi , the word peti ( `` suitcase '' ) is also used to denote one lakh rupees . This originated during the General Zia era , when the largest denomination of currency was the 100 rupee note , and one lakh rupees would fill a small suitcase ( peti as in Bombay Hindi ) . Hence , even after the Zia era , one peti has continued to mean one lakh rupees . The word lakhi is commonly used throughout Tanzania to denote 100,000 shillings and is likely to have entered the Swahili language from Indian and Pakistani immigrants . Silver market ( edit ) The term is also used in the pricing of silver on the international precious metals market , where one lakh equals 100,000 troy ounces ( 3,100 kilograms ) of silver . Etymology and regional variants ( edit ) The root of the word lakh might be the Pali lakkha ( masculine noun , `` mark , target , stake in gambling '' ) , from which the numerical meaning , `` one hundred thousand '' is derived . Another possible root could be the Sanskrit laksha ( Devanagari : लक्ष lakṣa ) , which has similar meanings in that language . South asian languages ( edit ) Assamese : লাখ lakh Bengali : লাখ lakh or লক্ষ lokkho Dhivehi : ލައްކަ lakka Gujarati : લાખ lākh Hindi : लाख lākh Bombay Hindi : पेटी peṭi ( Peṭi refers to a briefcase . That is , the amount of money in ₹ 100 notes that can fit into a briefcase . ) Kannada : ಲಕ್ಷ laksha Kashmiri : lach Konkani : लाख lākh or ಲಕ್ಷ lakṣa Malayalam : ലക്ഷം laksham Marathi : लाख lākh or लक्ष lakṣa Nepali : लाख lākh Odia : ଲକ୍ଷ lôkhyô Pashto : لاکھ lakh Punjabi : ਲੱਖ / لکھ lakkh Romani : लाख lakh Sanskrit : लक्ष lakṣá Sindhi : لک lakhu Sinhalese : ලක්ෂ laksha Tamil : லட்சம் laṭcham Telugu : లక్ష lakṣha Tulu : ಲಕ್ಷ laksha Urdu : لاکھ lākh See also ( edit ) Crore ( = 100 lakh ) Myriad Names of large numbers Names of numbers in English References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rowlett , Russ ( 2008 - 12 - 15 ) ( 1998 ) . `` lakh '' . How Many ? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement . University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` lakh '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 1st ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 1933 . Jump up ^ Lange , Norbert Adolph ( 1973 ) ( 1934 ) . Dean , John Aurie , ed . Lange 's Handbook of Chemistry ( 11 ed . ) . New York , USA : McGraw - Hill Book Company . p. 3 - 16 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 016190 - 9 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 . Prefixes for Naming Multiples and Submultiples of Units : ( ... ) The prefix `` myria '' is sometimes used for 10 and `` lakh '' for 10 . Jump up ^ Gilkes , Paul ( 3 July 2017 ) . `` CME Group / Thomson Reuters step down from executing the London silver fix '' . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Units of Measure '' . perthmint.com.au . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Turner , Sir Ralph Lilley ( 1985 ) . `` lakṣá10881 '' . A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo - Aryan Languages . London : Oxford University Press , 1962 - 1966 . Includes three supplements , published 1969 - 1985 . Digital South Asia Library , a project of the Center for Research Libraries and the University of Chicago . p. 629 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . lakṣá10881 lakṣá masculine ʻ stake , prize ʼ R̥gveda , ʻ mark , sign ʼ Mahābhārata , ʻ 100,000 ʼ Yājñavalkya , ʻ aim ʼ Kālidāsa , lakṣya -- neuter , masculine ʻ aim ʼ Muṇḍ Upaniṣad , ʻ prize ʼ Mahābhārata , ʻ 100,000 ʼ Mahābhārata , . ( √ lakṣ . For derivation from root to become numeral , see Addenda : Pali lakkha -- masculine ʻ mark , target , stake in gambling ʼ ; Oṛiyā lākha , nākha ʻ aim , distinguishing mark ʼ , lācha ʻ brand ʼ ; Gujarātī lāchɔ masculine ʻ burning the feet ʼ ; Marāṭhī lās masculine ʻ mark made by cautery ʼ , neuter . ) External links ( edit ) IINRG , Ranchi . `` Government Organisation '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lakh&oldid=854667493 '' Categories : Integers Units of amount Hindi words and phrases Urdu words and phrases Indian English idioms Pakistani English idioms Bengali words and phrases Hidden categories : Articles with short description All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles containing Assamese - language text Articles containing Bengali - language text Articles containing Dhivehi - language text Articles containing Gujarati - language text Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing Kannada - language text Articles containing Konkani - language text Articles containing Malayalam - language text Articles containing Marathi - language text Articles containing Nepali - language text Articles containing Pashto - language text Articles containing Punjabi - language text Articles containing Sindhi - language text Articles containing Sinhalese - language text Articles containing Tamil - language text Articles containing Telugu - language text Articles containing Tulu - language text Articles containing Urdu - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Español فارسی ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano Kiswahili मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Romani Русский Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 00 : 27 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Indian numbering system
2. Lakh unit
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4. Currency conversion
5. Silver market pricing
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-6,556,048,582,313,715,000 |
where do the names of the elements come from
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Naming of chemical elements - wikipedia Naming of chemical elements Jump to : navigation , search Chemical elements may be named from various sources : sometimes based on the person who discovered it , or the place it was discovered . Some have Latin or Greek roots deriving from something related to the element , for example some use to which it may have been put . Contents ( hide ) 1 Known elements 2 Etymology 2.1 People 2.2 Places on earth 2.3 Astronomical objects 2.4 Minerals 2.5 Temporary names 3 Chemical symbol 4 Naming controversies 5 Alternative forms of an element , names indicating molecular structure , and names of compounds 6 References 6.1 Bibliography Known elements ( edit ) <Th_colspan="20"> ( hide ) Periodic table Group 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Pnictogens Chalcogens Halogens Noble gases Period Hydrogen 1H <Td_colspan="17"> Helium 2He Lithium 3Li Beryllium 4Be <Td_colspan="11"> Boron 5B Carbon 6C Nitrogen 7N Oxygen 8O Fluorine 9F Neon 10 Ne Sodium 11 Na Magnesium 12 Mg <Td_colspan="11"> Aluminium 13 Al Silicon 14 Si Phosphorus 15 P Sulfur 16 S Chlorine 17 Cl Argon 18 Ar Potassium 19 K Calcium 20 Ca Scandium 21 Sc Titanium 22 Ti Vanadium 23 V Chromium 24 Cr Manganese 25 Mn Iron 26 Fe Cobalt 27 Co Nickel 28 Ni Copper 29 Cu Zinc 30 Zn Gallium 31 Ga Germanium 32 Ge Arsenic 33 As Selenium 34 Se Bromine 35 Br Krypton 36 Kr 5 Rubidium 37 Rb Strontium 38 Sr Yttrium 39 Y Zirconium 40 Zr Niobium 41 Nb Molybdenum 42 Mo Technetium 43 Tc Ruthenium 44 Ru Rhodium 45 Rh Palladium 46 Pd Silver 47 Ag Cadmium 48 Cd Indium 49 In Tin 50 Sn Antimony 51 Sb Tellurium 52 Te Iodine 53 I Xenon 54 Xe 6 Caesium 55 Cs Barium 56 Ba Lanthanum 57 La Hafnium 72 Hf Tantalum 73 Ta Tungsten 74 W Rhenium 75 Re Osmium 76 Os Iridium 77 Ir Platinum 78 Pt Gold 79 Au Mercury 80 Hg Thallium 81 Tl Lead 82 Pb Bismuth 83 Bi Polonium 84 Po Astatine 85 At Radon 86 Rn 7 Francium 87 Fr Radium 88 Ra Actinium 89 Ac Rutherfordium 104 Rf Dubnium 105 Db Seaborgium 106 Sg Bohrium 107 Bh Hassium 108 Hs Meitnerium 109 Mt Darmstadtium 110 Ds Roentgenium 111 Rg Copernicium 112 Cn Nihonium 113 Nh Flerovium 114 Fl Moscovium 115 Mc Livermorium 116 Lv Tennessine 117 Ts Oganesson 118 Og <Td_colspan="20"> Cerium 58 Ce Praseodymium 59 Pr Neodymium 60 Nd Promethium 61 Pm Samarium 62 Sm Europium 63 Eu Gadolinium 64 Gd Terbium 65 Tb Dysprosium 66 Dy Holmium 67 Ho Erbium 68 Er Thulium 69 Tm Ytterbium 70 Yb Lutetium 71 Lu Thorium 90 Th Protactinium 91 Pa Uranium 92 U Neptunium 93 Np Plutonium 94 Pu Americium 95 Am Curium 96 Cm Berkelium 97 Bk Californium 98 Cf Einsteinium 99 Es Fermium 100 Fm Mendelevium 101 Md Nobelium 102 No Lawrencium 103 Lr <Td_colspan="20"> <Td_colspan="20"> black = solid green = liquid red = gas gray = unknown Color of the atomic number shows state of matter ( at 0 ° C and 1 atm ) Primordial From decay Synthetic Border shows natural occurrence of the element <Td_colspan="11"> Background color shows subcategory in the metal -- metalloid -- nonmetal trend : <Td_colspan="6"> Metal Metalloid <Td_colspan="3"> Nonmetal Unknown chemical properties Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas As shown by the table above , as of March 2014 , there are 118 known elements . Etymology ( edit ) Main article : List of chemical element name etymologies Element names can refer to : a mythological concept or character ( including an astronomical object ) , a mineral or similar substance , a place , or geographical region , a property of the element , or a scientist . People ( edit ) Main article : List of scientists whose names are used in chemical element names Chemical elements are sometimes named after people , especially the synthetic elements discovered ( created ) after ca . 1940 . However , very few are named after their discoverers , and even fewer are named after living people . The element seaborgium is named after Glenn Seaborg , who was alive at the time ; and oganesson is named after Yuri Oganessian ( still living as of May 2017 ) . Many of the transuranic elements are named after recipients of the Nobel Prize , including : bohrium ( Niels Bohr ) , curium ( Marie and Pierre Curie ) , einsteinium ( Albert Einstein ) , fermium ( Enrico Fermi ) , lawrencium ( Ernest Lawrence ) , roentgenium ( Wilhelm Röntgen ) , rutherfordium ( Ernest Rutherford ) , and seaborgium ( Glenn T. Seaborg ) . Elements in the same group named in honour of scientists who did not received the prize include : copernicium ( Nicolaus Copernicus ) , flerovium ( Georgy Flyorov ) , meitnerium ( Lise Meitner ) , mendelevium ( Dmitri Mendeleev ) , and nobelium ( Alfred Nobel ) . The non-transuranic element samarium is named after Vasili Samarsky - Bykhovets , and gadolinium is indirectly named ( via the mineral gadolinite ) , after Johan Gadolin . Lecoq de Boisbaudran , who named the element gallium after his native land of France ( from Latin Gallia meaning Gaul ) denied that the element 's naming was for a pun on his own name ( `` le coq '' means `` the rooster '' in French , as does `` gallus '' in Latin ) . Places on earth ( edit ) Main article : List of places used in the names of chemical elements Some chemical elements are named after places on the planet earth . Five are named after currently existing countries -- polonium ( named after Poland ) , francium and gallium ( named after France ) , nihonium ( named after Japan ) and germanium ( named after Germany ) . Only gallium and germanium are stable and occur in more than trace amounts on Earth . Americium is named after the Americas , in analogy with europium being named after Europe . Other elements are named after modern states or cities , including berkelium , californium and tennessine named respectively after the American of Berkeley and the states of California and Tennessee where they were discovered ; and dubnium and moscovium , similarly named after Russia 's Dubna and Moscow . Several places in Scandinavia have elements named after them : Yttrium , terbium , erbium , and ytterbium are all named for the Swedish village of Ytterby , where their ores were first found . Holmium is named after Holmia , Latin for the Swedish capital Stockholm . Scandium comes from the Latin word for Scandinavia . Thulium is from the Ancient Greek word for the remote Arctic land that the Romans called Ultima Thule . A number of other elements are named after classical words for various places . Ruthenium is from the Latin name for the region including Belarus , Ukraine , and Russia . Lutetium is named after Lutetia , the Latin name for Paris . Hafnium is named for Hafnia , the Latin name for Copenhagen . Copper 's name comes from an Old English word derived from the Latin name for the island of Cyprus . The names of both magnesium and manganese derive from the Greek region of Magnesia . Astronomical objects ( edit ) The naming of elements from astronomical objects stems from the ancient association of metals with the various planets and their gods , as follows : mercury with the fast - moving planet Mercury ; copper with the brilliant , beautiful planet Venus ; iron with Mars ( named for the Roman god of war ) ; tin with Jupiter ( named for the Roman king of the gods ) ; and lead with the slow - moving planet Saturn ( named for the ancient , slow god who was the father of Jupiter ) . The Sun and the Moon were associated with gold and silver , respectively . A few other elements are directly named for astronomical bodies , including planets , dwarf planets , a few asteroids , our star , our planet , and our Moon . Uranium , neptunium , plutonium , cerium , and palladium were named after Uranus , Neptune , Pluto , Ceres , and Pallas respectively , which were at the time of their naming all considered to be planets . ( Today , Pluto and Ceres are considered to be dwarf planets , and Pallas is considered to be an asteroid . ) The name of the element selenium came from the Greek word for the Moon ( Σελήνη , Selene ) . The name helium comes from the Greek word for the Sun ( Ἢλιος , Helios ) . This is because the first evidence for helium was in distinctive , heretofore unknown spectroscopic lines from the Sun ; these could not be explained by any of the known elements in the 1870s . Minerals ( edit ) Many elements are named after the minerals in which they are found , e.g. calcium after Latin calx ( lime ) , silicon is named after Latin silex ( sand ) , sodium after soda and potassium after potash . Temporary names ( edit ) Main articles : Systematic element name and IUPAC / IUPAP Joint Working Party In 1979 , IUPAC published recommendations for their systematic element names to be used for yet unnamed or undiscovered elements as a placeholder , until the discovery of the element is confirmed and a permanent name is decided on . The recommendations are mostly ignored among scientists , who simply call these elements by their atomic number , for example `` element 119 '' ( instead of `` ununennium '' ) , with the symbol of ( 119 ) or even simply 119 . Since 2002 , the IUPAC Inorganic Chemistry Division has been the official body responsible with assigning official names to new elements , with the IUPAC Council making the final decision . Chemical symbol ( edit ) Main article : Symbol ( chemistry ) Once an element has been named , a one - , or two - letter symbol must be ascribed to it so it can be easily referred to in such contexts as the periodic table . The first letter is always capitalised . While the symbol is often a contraction of the element 's name , sometimes the symbol and name do not match up as the symbol is based on non-English words , such as `` Pb '' for lead ( plumbum in Latin ) or `` W '' for tungsten ( Wolfram in German ) . Naming controversies ( edit ) Main article : List of chemical elements naming controversies The naming of the synthetic elements dubnium and seaborgium generated a significant amount of controversy , referred to as the Transfermium Wars . The Americans wished to name element 105 hahnium , while the Russians preferred the name dubnium . The Americans also wished to name element 106 seaborgium . This naming dispute ran from the 1970s ( when the elements were discovered ) to the 1990s , when the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) created a tentative list of the element names for elements 104 to 109 . The Americans , however , refused to agree with these names because seaborgium was not in the list . Thus , IUPAC reconsidered , and in 1996 named element 105 dubnium and element 106 seaborgium . Alternative forms of an element , names indicating molecular structure , and names of compounds ( edit ) When a pure element , comprising only one type of atom , nevertheless exists in multiple forms ( allotropes ) with different structure and properties , they are generally given different names ; for example graphite and diamond are both forms of the element carbon . Even for elements such as nitrogen having only one stable allotrope , a name such as dinitrogen may be used to indicate its molecular structure N as well as its elemental composition . The naming of chemical compounds comprising more than one element is a complex subject , discussed at length in the article on chemical nomenclature . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Kean , 129 Jump up ^ Gray , 230 - 231 Jump up ^ Kean , 273 Jump up ^ Emsley , 464 Jump up ^ Gray , 220 - 229 Jump up ^ Emsley , 188 Jump up ^ Kean , 55 Jump up ^ Weeks , Mary Elvira ( 1932 ) . `` The discovery of the elements . XIII . Some elements predicted by Mendeleeff '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 9 ( 9 ) : 1605 -- 1619 . Bibcode : 1932JChEd ... 9.1605 W . doi : 10.1021 / ed009p1605 . Jump up ^ Emsley , 412 Jump up ^ Emsley , 185 Jump up ^ Emsley , 197 Jump up ^ Gray , 85 Jump up ^ Kean , 119 Jump up ^ Emsley , 157 ^ Jump up to : Kean , 62 Jump up ^ Emsley , 224 Jump up ^ Emsley , 468 Jump up ^ Emsley , 458 Jump up ^ Emsley , 299 Jump up ^ Emsley , 210 Jump up ^ Emsley , 145 Jump up ^ Emsley , 310 Jump up ^ Emsley , 405 Jump up ^ Emsley , 345 Jump up ^ Emsley , 594 Jump up ^ Emsley , 120 Jump up ^ Emsley , 475 Jump up ^ Gray , Theodore . The Elements : A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe . Jump up ^ Chatt , J. ( 1979 ) . `` Recommendations for the naming of elements of atomic numbers greater than 100 '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 51 ( 2 ) : 381 -- 384 . doi : 10.1351 / pac197951020381 . Jump up ^ Haire , Richard G. ( 2006 ) . `` Transactinides and the future elements '' . In Morss ; Edelstein , Norman M. ; Fuger , Jean . The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements ( 3rd ed . ) . Dordrecht , The Netherlands : Springer Science + Business Media . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 3555 - 1 . Jump up ^ Koppenol , W.H. ( 2002 ) . `` Naming of new elements ( IUPAC Recommendations 2002 ) '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 74 ( 5 ) . doi : 10.1351 / pac200274050787 . Jump up ^ Kean , 127 - 128 Bibliography ( edit ) Theodore Gray ( 2009 ) , The Elements : A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe , Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers , Inc . Sam Kean ( 2011 ) , The Disappearing Spoon and Other True Tales of Madness , Love , and the History of the World From the Periodic Table of the Elements , Back Bay Books / Little Brown and Company John Emsley ( 2011 ) , Nature 's Building Blocks : An A-Z Guide to the Elements -- New Edition , Oxford University Press <Th_colspan="2"> Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Superactinides Eka - superactinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Polyatomic nonmetals Diatomic nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming Etymology controversies places scientists in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev <Td_colspan="2"> Book Chemistry Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naming_of_chemical_elements&oldid=804389366 '' Categories : Naming of chemical elements Naming conventions Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 17 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Naming of chemical elements
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when do the oakland raiders move to las vegas nevada
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Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas - wikipedia Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas Jump to : navigation , search Oakland -- Alameda Coliseum before a football game . The Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas was a successful effort by the owner of the Oakland Raiders ( Mark Davis ) to relocate the American football club from its current and longtime home of Oakland , California to Las Vegas , Nevada . The team is scheduled to begin play as the Las Vegas Raiders for the 2020 National Football League ( NFL ) season ( although a move to Las Vegas could happen as soon as 2019 with Sam Boyd Stadium ) , playing home games at the Las Vegas Stadium . NFL team owners voted 31 -- 1 to approve the move , which was announced at the annual league meetings in Phoenix , Arizona on March 27 , 2017 . The Raiders became the third NFL franchise to relocate in the 2010s , following the Rams ' move from St. Louis , Missouri to Los Angeles , California on January 12 , 2016 , and the Chargers ' move from San Diego , California to Los Angeles on January 12 , 2017 . The Raiders ' move to Las Vegas comes after years of failed efforts to renovate or replace the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , which has been rated by multiple sources as one of the worst stadiums in the NFL . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The hunt for a home 2.1 2011 : Levi 's Stadium 2.2 2012 − 2013 : Coliseum City 2.3 2013 : Concord , California 2.4 2014 : San Antonio , Texas 2.5 2015 : Raiders attempt to put together a project with Athletics 2.6 2015 : Los Angeles project and losing to the Rams 3 2016 − 2017 : Negotiations to move to Las Vegas and last Oakland stadium effort 3.1 2016 3.2 2017 4 Relocation to Las Vegas 5 Popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The Oakland Raiders were founded as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) in 1960 . The team joined the NFL as a result of the merger in 1970 . From 1966 until 1981 , it played home games at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , which it shared with Major League Baseball 's Oakland Athletics after that team moved to Oakland in 1968 . In 1980 Al Davis , dissatisfied with the stadium situation in Oakland and seeing luxury boxes as the future of the NFL came to an agreement with the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum commission to move the Raiders to Los Angeles . The NFL had refused to let the team move , but a court over-ruled the league , clearing the way for the Raiders to move to Los Angeles and become the Los Angeles Raiders . In 1982 , the Raiders ( then owned by Al Davis ) were approved to relocate from Oakland to Los Angeles . The Raiders played home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum from 1982 -- 1994 . In 1995 , after being unable to secure a new stadium in the Los Angeles area the Raiders moved back to Oakland . Meanwhile , Las Vegas had been home to a number of other professional football franchises between 1994 and the Raiders ' arrival , none of which were particularly successful . The Las Vegas Posse , part of the Canadian Football League 's effort to enter the U.S. market , lasted one season in 1994 and suffered from poor on - field product and worse attendance figures . The XFL included the Las Vegas Outlaws in its lone 2001 season ; its attendance and on - field performance were respectable , and the team embraced the city 's culture , but the Outlaws ' modest success was overshadowed by the failure of the XFL . The Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League were a major on - field success and were one of the UFL 's best teams ; it nonetheless suffered from poor attendance to start that continued to decline throughout the league 's existence to the point that its last home game drew only 600 fans . The Arena Football League included three teams in Las Vegas over the course of its history : the Las Vegas Sting ( 1994 and 1995 ) , Las Vegas Gladiators ( 2003 to 2007 , now the Cleveland Gladiators ) , and another Las Vegas Outlaws ( 2015 ) . The Las Vegas Sin of the Lingerie Football League ( now the Legends Football League ) played in the city from 2011 to 2014 . The hunt for a home ( edit ) Raiders owner Mark Davis Recent efforts to either renovate or replace the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum with a new football stadium in Oakland or elsewhere date back to November 18 , 2009 . In 2011 , Al Davis died and control of the team was assumed by his son Mark Davis who made finding a solution to the 3 decade long stadium problem a top priority . The Raiders were free to move after the 2013 NFL season , when its lease on the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum expired . While exploring possible solutions in the Bay Area and potential relocation candidates , the Raiders signed one - year extensions of its lease on the Coliseum . 2011 : Levi 's stadium ( edit ) There had been discussions for the Raiders to share Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California with the San Francisco 49ers . However , the 49ers went ahead without the Raiders and broke ground on the $1.2 billion stadium on April 19 , 2012 and afterwards sold $670 million worth of seats including 70 % of club and luxury suites , making it more unlikely that the Raiders would continue to explore the idea of sharing the stadium as they would then be secondary tenants with little to no commercial rights over the highly lucrative luxury suites . Mark Davis further increased the unlikelihood of the Raiders and the 49ers to share Levi 's stadium when he told NFL Network reporter Ian Rapoport that he had no plans to share the stadium but that he did recognize the Raiders ' need for a new home and that he hoped the new home would be in Oakland . When Levi 's Stadium had its grand opening on July 17 , 2014 , NFL commissioner Roger Goodell mentioned to the live crowd that it would make a great home for the Raiders and that it was up for the team to decide whether or not it wanted to play there or build a stadium on the site of the Oakland Coliseum . 2012 − 2013 : Coliseum city ( edit ) On March 7 , 2012 , then - mayor Jean Quan unveiled an ambitious project to the media that was designed to improve the sports facilities of all three major league sports teams in the city ( the Raiders , Major League Baseball ( MLB ) 's Athletics and the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's Golden State Warriors ) , as well as attract new businesses to the city . The project , dubbed Coliseum City , had entailed the redevelopment of the existing Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum complex . The redevelopment would have seen the construction of two new stadiums on the present location , a baseball - only stadium and a football - only stadium , while Oracle Arena , home of the Warriors , would have been either rebuilt or undergone extensive renovations . A sum of $3.5 million was committed to preliminary planning on the project . However , no officials from either of Oakland 's major league teams were present at the media conference . According to the San Francisco Business Times , Oakland 's assistant city administrator Fred Blackwell said the Bay Investment Group LLC , an entity being formed by Colony Capital LLC , Rashid Al Malik ( chairman and CEO of HayaH Holdings ) , and the city , had numerous details to continue working out for the prospective $2 billion Coliseum City project , which covered 800 acres surrounding the Oakland -- Alameda Coliseum Complex . The development team also included JRDV Urban International , HKS Architects , and Forest City Real Estate Services . In an ideal situation , construction could have started by the end of 2014 . Meanwhile , the Warriors began to go forward with plans to build a new arena at Mission Bay , not far from AT&T Park , and move back across the Bay Area from Oakland to San Francisco as soon as 2019 . 2013 : Concord , California ( edit ) The abandoned Concord Naval Weapons Station , 26.6 miles from Oakland , was announced in 2013 as a possible location for a new stadium but developments failed to materialize . 2014 : San Antonio , Texas ( edit ) In July 2014 , San Antonio , Texas , emerged as a potential relocation candidate for the team , after Raiders owner Mark Davis visited an event hosted for former Raiders wide receiver Cliff Branch in the city . San Antonio , while it was in a smaller media market than the San Francisco Bay Area , had the advantage of having a relatively new and NFL - ready stadium in the Alamodome and less sporting competition . On July 29 , 2014 , it was reported by the San Antonio Express - News that Mark Davis met with officials from the city of San Antonio to discuss the possibility of relocating the Raiders to San Antonio after the 2014 -- 15 NFL season . Davis confirmed that he did speak with San Antonio city officials while visiting San Antonio to honor former Raiders wide receiver Cliff Branch 's induction into a local Hall of Fame , but did not comment on whether he was considering relocation to San Antonio . The Raiders would have played at the 65,000 - seat Alamodome until a new stadium could be built . San Antonio remained in contention as a site through at least November 2014 , when Raiders staffers scouted the stadium and began negotiating with San Antonio officials . 2015 : Raiders attempt to put together a project with Athletics ( edit ) It was reported in early 2015 that the Raiders sat down with Athletics owner Lewis Wolff in an effort to create a stadium solution where two separate stadiums ( one for the Raiders and one for the Athletics ) would have been built on the coliseum site . The Athletics balked at the deal . In an interview with J.T. the Brick on KGMZ on April 4 , 2017 , Davis revealed that he offered Wolff ( the owner of the Athletics ) 20 percent of the Raiders in an attempt to get a deal done . Davis further elaborated that the closest that the Raiders came to a deal in Oakland was in 2013 with Colony Capital , before the Athletics agreed to a 10 - year lease extension at the Coliseum with the city of Oakland . 2015 : Los Angeles project and losing to the Rams ( edit ) Main articles : National Football League in Los Angeles , Carson Stadium , Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park , and History of the Los Angeles Raiders § Attempted return to Los Angeles On February 19 , 2015 , the Raiders and the then San Diego Chargers announced that they would build a privately financed $1.78 billion stadium in Carson , California if they were to move back to the Los Angeles market . Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities . The Carson City Council would bypass the public vote and approved the plan 3 -- 0 . The council voted without having clarified several issues , including who would finance the stadium , how the required three - way land swap would be performed , and how it would raise enough revenue if only one team moved in as tenant . On January 12 , the NFL rejected the Raiders ' relocation request in favor of a competing plan by Stan Kroenke to move the then St. Louis Rams back to Los Angeles and construct a stadium and entertainment district in Inglewood , California . However , the NFL left open the possibility of the Raiders relocating to Los Angeles by 2019 and playing in the new stadium under construction to house the Los Angeles Rams . The San Diego Chargers however had the first option to join the Rams at the new stadium , the Raiders would have been authorized to negotiate an agreement if the Chargers did not exercise their option by January 2017 . The Chargers exercised their choice and announced their relocation to Los Angeles in January 2017 , shutting the Raiders out of the Southern California market . Around this time other markets expressed interest in luring the Raiders . For example Duluth , Minnesota submitted a proposal to construct a new stadium for the team , a proposal that was not taken seriously because of the metro area 's small size , proximity to the Minnesota Vikings and unwillingness to commit money to the stadium proposal . Less than a month after the Chargers announced their move to Los Angeles , Las Vegas had emerged as the most likely destination candidate for the Raiders . 2016 − 2017 : negotiations to move to Las Vegas and last Oakland stadium effort ( edit ) Main article : Las Vegas Stadium 2015 view of the Las Vegas Stadium site , adjacent to Mandalay Bay and Interstate 15 2016 ( edit ) On January 29 , 2016 , Davis met with Las Vegas Sands owner Sheldon Adelson about possibly relocating to a $2.3 billion , 65,000 capacity domed stadium in Las Vegas , Nevada . During Davis ' meeting with Adelson , he also visited the University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) , which included a contingent consisting of the university 's president Len Jessup , former university president Donald Snyder , Steve Wynn , and former Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) owner Lorenzo Fertitta . The proposed stadium would replace Sam Boyd Stadium and would serve as the home of both the Raiders and the UNLV Rebels college football program . A relocation to Las Vegas would be a long - term proposal , as Sam Boyd Stadium is undersized for the NFL and there are no other professional - caliber stadiums in Nevada . Raiders officials were also in Las Vegas to tour locations in the valley for a potential new home ; they were also on the 42 - acre site of the proposed stadium to ask questions about the site . Interviewed by sports columnist Tim Kawakami of the San Jose Mercury News , Davis said that he had a `` great '' visit in the city he described it as interesting . Davis also said that Las Vegas was a global city and that `` it 's absolutely an NFL city , '' as well as saying that `` the Raider brand would do well '' and `` I think Las Vegas is coming along slowly . '' On March 21 , 2016 , when asked about Las Vegas , Davis said , `` I think the Raiders like the Las Vegas plan , '' and `` it 's a very very very intriguing and exciting plan , '' referring to the stadium plan in Las Vegas . Davis also met with Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval about the stadium plan . On April 1 , 2016 , Davis toured Sam Boyd Stadium to evaluate whether UNLV could serve as a temporary home of the team and was with UNLV football coach Tony Sanchez , athletic director Tina Kunzer - Murphy , adviser Don Snyder and school president Len Jessup to further explore the possibility of the Raiders moving to Las Vegas . On April 28 , 2016 , Davis said he wanted to move the Raiders to Las Vegas and pledged $500 million toward the construction of a proposed $2.4 billion domed stadium . `` Together we can turn the Silver State into the silver and black state , '' Davis said . At a media conference in UNLV 's Stan Fulton Building , Davis also said the club had `` made a commitment to Las Vegas at this point in time and that 's where it stands . '' In an interview with ESPN after returning from a meeting for the 2016 NFL draft he expanded upon reasons why Southern Nevada held a certain appeal over the East Bay of the Oakland -- San Francisco Bay Area , how he tried to make it work in Oakland and why ( as he told Sandoval ) he hopes to turn Nevada into the `` Silver and Black State '' ; he also spoke of the meeting saying , `` It was a positive , well - organized presentation that I believe was well - received '' , and stating , `` It was a very positive step in finding the Raiders a home . '' On May 20 , 2016 , New England Patriots owner Robert Kraft said he would support Davis and the Raiders move to Las Vegas , stating , `` I think it would be good for the NFL . '' On May 23 , 2016 , the San Francisco Chronicle and other media outlets reported that a group led by former San Francisco 49ers safety ( and Pro Football Hall of Fame member ) Ronnie Lott and retired quarterback Rodney Peete were looking into building a new Oakland stadium for the Raiders . The group met with team executives and Oakland city officials to brief them on their proposal . They also met with mayor Libby Schaaf . The Alameda County Board of Supervisors voted to begin negotiations with Lott 's group and with the city of Oakland regarding the `` price and terms of sale '' for the 120 - acre land of the Oakland Coliseum and Oracle Arena . Davis publicly reiterated his commitment to his announced plans to relocate the Raiders franchise to Las Vegas , Nevada with the support of the state of Nevada and casino mogul Sheldon Adelson , and said he did not wish to negotiate further with Oakland while the Las Vegas deal was still actively in progress ; any relocation to Las Vegas needed to be approved by a three - quarters majority of all NFL owners , and NFL commissioner Roger Goodell publicly stated his preference for keeping the Raiders franchise in Oakland if at all possible . However , it was reported that the NFL had issues with the Lott Group 's financier Fortress Investment Group due to past issues the group had . On August 11 , 2016 , Raiders ' officials met with Northern Nevada officials about the possibility of Reno being the site of a new training camp / practice facility and toured several sites including the University of Nevada , Reno , Reno area high schools , and sports complexes . On August 25 , 2016 , the Raiders filed a trademark application for `` Las Vegas Raiders '' on the same day renderings of a new stadium ( located west of Interstate 15 at Las Vegas ) were released to the public . On September 15 , 2016 , the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee unanimously voted to recommend and approve $750 million for the Las Vegas stadium plan . On October 11 , 2016 , the Nevada Senate voted 16 -- 5 to approve the funding bill for the Las Vegas stadium proposal . The Nevada Assembly voted 28 -- 13 three days later to approve the bill to fund the new Las Vegas stadium proposal ; two days later , Sandoval signed the funding bill into law . Davis told ESPN on October 15 , 2016 that even if the Raiders were approved by the league to relocate to the Las Vegas metropolitan area , the club would play the next two seasons at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum in 2017 and 2018 , stating `` We want to bring a Super Bowl championship back to the Bay Area . '' The team would then play at a temporary facility in 2019 after its lease at the Coliseum expires . Davis has also indicated a desire to play at least one preseason game in Las Vegas , at Sam Boyd Stadium , as early as the 2017 season . ( The Raiders ' 2017 schedule has both preseason games in Oakland . ) On October 17 , 2016 , Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval signed into law Senate Bill 1 and Assembly Bill 1 which approved a hotel room rate tax increase to accommodate $750 million in public funding for the new stadium . On November 12 , 2016 , a report from the NFL 's own in - house media team outlined how Las Vegas might not be a done deal . The report stated that the majority of owners favored the Raiders staying in Oakland due to market size and stability . The vast majority of the NFL 's revenue comes from TV contracts . So because of that , it made little sense for the other 31 NFL owners to vote in favor of one of their partners abandoning the 6th biggest media market for the 42nd . On November 30 , 2016 , a framework deal to keep the Raiders in Oakland was announced . In addition to the public land , the city of Oakland would commit $200 million to improve the infrastructure of the surrounding area . The Raiders would contribute $500 million to the stadium , while Lott 's group would contribute $400 million ; the NFL already committed $300 million when it rejected the Raiders ' bid to return to Los Angeles in 2015 . Ronnie Lott had no financial or ownership stake in the Raiders ; some sources indicated that Lott was also asking for an ownership stake ( reportedly around 20 percent ) in the Raiders franchise as part of the deal , a condition that was unacceptable to Raiders owner Mark Davis . The Oakland proposal was officially announced in December 2016 , and called for a $1.3 billion , football - only stadium built on the existing Coliseum site . It included mixed use development for possible office or retail space , hotel or residential living and parking , as well as 15 acres set aside for a new baseball - only facility for the Oakland Athletics if the A 's so desired . The site also could have been expanded to include the land Oracle Arena sits on , with the Warriors cleared to move to their new San Francisco arena by the 2019 season . The Ronnie Lott proposal was voted on by the Oakland city and Alameda County elected officials on December 13 , 2016 and approved by Oakland in a 7 -- 0 vote and by Alameda County in a 3 -- 1 vote . 2017 ( edit ) The Raiders officially filed paperwork to relocate from Oakland , California , to Las Vegas , Nevada , on January 19 , 2017 . The Raiders needed 24 of the 32 NFL club owners to vote to officially approve the move to Las Vegas . On January 30 , 2017 , it was announced that Adelson had dropped out of the stadium project , also withdrawing the Las Vegas Sands ' proposed $650 million contribution from the project . Instead , the Raiders would increase their contribution from $500 million to $1.15 billion . One day after Adelson 's announcement , Goldman Sachs ( the company behind the financing to the proposed Las Vegas stadium ) announced its intent to withdraw from the project . On January 31 , 2017 , in the aftermath of Adelson and Goldman Sachs ' withdrawal from the Las Vegas deal , the San Diego Union - Tribune reported that Mayor Kevin Faulconer reached out to an NFL official to let them know they were eager to engage ; a city official also spoke to a Raiders official on the phone . The Union - Tribune noted that any possible Raiders relocation to San Diego or bringing a team to the city would have been aided by a proposal for a soccer - specific stadium and mixed development . NFL commissioner Roger Goodell reiterated , during his State of the NFL address , that San Diego would need a new stadium in order to be a relocation possibility . Another roadblock for a Raiders relocation to the city would have been the owners of the current Los Angeles teams . Stan Kroenke and Dean Spanos would block any team from sharing Southern California , especially if that team is the Raiders ( given the team 's continued popularity in the region ) . San Diego , as an option for the Raiders , was remote . San Diego was previously home to the San Diego Chargers from 1961 until 2016 ( when the team relocated to the Greater Los Angeles Area ) ; a Raiders move there would have been ironic given that the team 's primary rival the Chargers were based in that city . On February 16 , 2017 , the San Diego Union - Tribune obtained a letter from Doug Manchester that stated he had `` assembled a powerful group of associates '' who would develop a 70,000 - seat stadium on the land of Qualcomm Stadium ; the letter also stated the project would provide `` a viable alternative '' to the Raiders in case Las Vegas fell through ; the group also stated that they were `` open to working with the Chargers , Raiders , other NFL owners , or a new ownership group '' ; it also stated an NFL franchise could participate as a partner or tenant : `` Our group will provide the funds previously allocated to be provided by the City of San Diego and guarantee the stadium 's expeditious construction . Accordingly it will not require voter approval . '' It also said they would provide `` new state of the art scoreboards and upgrade Qualcomm Stadium while the new stadium is being constructed '' . On March 1 , 2017 , Fortress Investment Group submitted a tweaked version of the Oakland stadium plan to the NFL . Relocation to Las Vegas ( edit ) On March 6 , 2017 , the Raiders revealed that Bank of America would be replacing Sheldon Adelson 's portion of the funding for the new stadium in Las Vegas . On March 27 , 2017 , the National Football League officially approved the Raiders move from Oakland to Las Vegas in a 31 -- 1 vote , ensuring them a new stadium in the process . However , even though the Raiders were approved to move to Las Vegas , the club will still play the 2017 and 2018 NFL seasons at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum and still be known as the Oakland Raiders so as long as they play in the San Francisco Bay Area . About one thousand season ticket holders asked for and received refunds after the move to Las Vegas was announced . Their tickets were sold to other fans within hours , and the Raiders ' 53,250 season tickets were all sold out by late May . The league levied a $350 million relocation fee on the Raiders , which will be paid in ten annual installments beginning in 2019 . This figure is slightly more than half of the $650 million fee that the Rams and Chargers each paid to relocate to Los Angeles . Popular culture ( edit ) In season 3 of the HBO television series Ballers , which was produced in 2016 and aired in 2017 , Spencer Strasmore ( Dwayne Johnson ) leads an effort to relocate the Raiders to Las Vegas . See also ( edit ) Baltimore Colts relocation to Indianapolis Cleveland Browns relocation controversy National Football League franchise moves and mergers Relocation of professional sports teams National Football League controversies References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL team owners approve Raiders ' move to Las Vegas '' . National Football League . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raiders Media Relations ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders Receive NFL Approval For Las Vegas Relocation '' . Oakland Raiders . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Rams to relocate to L.A. ; Chargers first option to join '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chargers announce decision to relocate to Los Angeles '' . National Football League . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Ranking the best and worst NFL stadiums , from No. 1 ( Lambeau ) to 31 ( Soldier ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking the NFL 's Best and Worst Stadiums '' . Athlon Sports . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Puma , Mike ( December 1 , 2003 ) . `` Good guys wear black '' . ESPN Classic . Retrieved January 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Timothy W. ( June 24 , 1995 ) . `` PRO FOOTBALL ; Raiders Run a Reverse Play Back to Oakland '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kantowski , Ron ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` Grey Cup stirs memories of Posse '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kantowski , Ron ( January 28 , 2017 ) . `` New ESPN film examines XFL 's short life , legacy '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . I spent a lot of time in Las Vegas a couple of years ago , '' said Charlie Ebersol , son of Dick Ebersol , the NBC Sports executive who co-founded the XFL with pro wrestling mastermind Vince McMahon . `` I think it spoke to the ethos of what that city is about . Jump up ^ Dewey , Todd ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` Sparse crowd sees Las Vegas Locos roll over Omaha '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Around the NFL staff ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders relocation to Las Vegas : Timeline of events '' . National Football League . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kukura , Joe . `` NFL May Bribe Raiders , 49ers Into Shotgun Wedding '' . Nbcbayarea.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` Raiders '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Taylor Price ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` 49ers break ground on Santa Clara stadium '' . 49ers.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mike Florio ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` Niners strike gold with new stadium '' . profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NFL.com ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Oakland Raiders have no plans to share stadium with 49ers '' . NFL.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodell : Levi 's might fit Raiders ESPN.com ( 07 / 18 / 2014 ) Jump up ^ Torres , Bianca ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` Oakland 's Coliseum City project could cost $2 billion '' . San Francisco Business Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders owner scouts Concord site for new stadium '' . SF Gate . October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders owner confirms talks with San Antonio '' . Associated Press ( AP ) . 2014 - 07 - 30 . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Davis , San Antonio group meet '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ @ DailyNewsVinny ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` 2 . To propose a joint development project on Coliseum land that would have built new stadiums for both teams . But A 's declined '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ J.T. the Brick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis breaks down relocation brick by brick with JT `` the Brick '' `` . KGMZ . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Eric D. ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Chargers , Raiders reveal L.A. plan '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rapoport , Ian ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Chargers , Raiders team up for stadium proposal in Los Angeles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jablon , Robert ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` City Council approves plan for NFL stadium near Los Angeles '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Logan , Tim ; Nathan Fenno ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Carson City Council may be set to approve NFL stadium , sight unseen '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Chargers think L.A. proposal has doable components '' . ESPN . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` An NFL team in Duluth - Superior ? Proctor is going long '' . Twin Cities Pioneer Press . May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Sands wants stadium for UNLV , possibly Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raiders owner willing to give $20 M toward Las Vegas stadium '' . National Football League . Associated Press . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Paul ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis says he wants to move team to Las Vegas '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders owner willing to spend $500 million to move team to Vegas '' . Fox News . Associated Press . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Austin ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Robert Kraft would support Raiders move to Las Vegas '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matier & Ross ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Ronnie Lott wants to help build a Raiders stadium in Oakland '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis rails against Oakland ' disrespect , ' has sole focus on Las Vegas '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breech , John ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Goodell wants Raiders in Oakland , while Davis wants game in Vegas in 2017 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Seth ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders relocation could include Reno training camp '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Oakland Raiders file to trademark ' Las Vegas Raiders ' name '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium plan to lure Raiders to Las Vegas passes vote '' . National Football League . Associated Press . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chereb , Sandra ; Whaley , Sean ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders stadium project for Las Vegas clears Nevada Senate in 16 -- 5 vote '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas stadium plan gains approval from Nevada Legislature '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Paul ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` Mark Davis : Raiders ' Oakland plan unchanged even if Las Vegas deal OK 'd '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada governor signs bill to approve Las Vegas stadium plan '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spousta , Tom ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Gov. Brian Sandoval signs Raiders stadium bill -- VIDEO '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boilard , Kevin ( November 12 , 2016 ) . `` Report : NFL against Las Vegas , wants to keep Raiders in Oakland '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matier & Ross ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Outline emerges of Oakland stadium deal to keep Raiders '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oakland , Ronnie Lott Group Unveil Stadium Plan To Keep Raiders '' . KPIX - TV . Associated Press . December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vergara , Andre . `` Oakland reveals stadium proposal to keep Raiders '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Ryan ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Oakland , Alameda County approve stadium deal to try to keep Raiders '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will the Raiders stay in Oakland ? Negotiations on $1.3 - billion stadium OK 'd '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders file Las Vegas relocation paperwork '' . National Football League . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders file paperwork for Las Vegas relocation '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adelson no longer involved in Raiders ' Las Vegas stadium plan '' . National Football League . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : Financial giant Goldman Sachs backs out of Raiders ' stadium deal '' . ESPN . January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders secure financing for potential Las Vegas stadium '' . National Football League . March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jon Mark Saraceno ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' Las Vegas stadium gets boost from Bank of America '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael David ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' move led about 1,000 fans to seek ticket refunds '' . Profootballtalk.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leuty , Ron ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' move led about 1,000 fans to seek ticket refunds '' . San Francisco Business Times . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skurski , Jay ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Bills ' piece of national NFL revenue pie revealed to be a whopping $244 million '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dodson , Aaron ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ballers ' recap : Meet Candace Brewer , the brilliant woman between Spencer and Las Vegas '' . The Undefeated . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Sin City Or Bust -- A profile on how Mark Davis moved the Raiders to Las Vegas from ESPN 's Outside the Lines Las Vegas Raiders from the Oakland Raiders ' official website <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Oakland Raiders <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1960 Played in Los Angeles ( 1982 -- 94 ) Based in Oakland , California Headquartered in Alameda , California Franchise History in Los Angeles relocation to Las Vegas Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Head coaches Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Frank Youell Field Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Las Vegas Stadium Key personnel Owner / CEO : Mark Davis President : Marc Badain General manager : Reggie McKenzie Head coach : Jack Del Rio Culture Oakland Raiderettes Raider Nation The Autumn Wind Mount Davis Ricky 's Sports Theatre and Grill Straight Outta L.A. Lore Heidi Game Immaculate Reception The Sea of Hands Ghost to the Post Holy Roller Red Right 88 Tuck Rule Game Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Pittsburgh Steelers Media Broadcasters Television : NBC Sports California NBC Sports Bay Area KTVU KVVU Radio : KGMZ KBLX KUFX KCYE KDWN Other : Compass Media Networks The Raider Cast Personalities : Bill King Greg Papa J.T. the Brick Playoff appearances ( 22 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1977 1980 1982 1984 1985 1990 1991 1993 2000 2001 2002 2016 Division championships ( 15 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1985 1990 2000 2001 2002 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1976 1980 2002 League championships ( 3 ) 1976 ( XI ) 1980 ( XV ) 1983 ( XVIII ) does not include 1967 AFL championship Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 2001 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Championship seasons in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_Raiders_relocation_to_Las_Vegas&oldid=806312419 '' Categories : Oakland Raiders Las Vegas Raiders National Football League controversies National Football League franchise relocations 2017 in sports in California 2017 in sports in Nevada Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 04 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Oakland Raiders relocation
2. Las Vegas
3. NFL franchise relocation
4. Stadium efforts in Oakland
5. Las Vegas Stadium
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who was the highest paid rookie in nba history
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Highest - paid NBA players by season - wikipedia Highest - paid NBA players by season Jump to : navigation , search The highest - paid NBA players by season over the past twelve seasons have received contracts with salaries noted in the twenty - million - dollar range . In this twelve - year span , Kevin Garnett received $28,000,000 , which was the highest salary payment of any NBA player , during the 2003 -- 04 season . Garnett has been the highest - paid NBA player per year in seven of the past twelve NBA seasons . Michael Jordan was the first NBA player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season . During the 1997 -- 98 season , Jordan earned $33,140,000 , which still stands as the most any NBA player has earned on a 1 year contract , Jordan also holds the record for the second largest 1 year contract at $30,140,000 in the 96 - 97 season ... Kobe Bryant become just the second player to reach this milestone when the 2013 -- 14 season began . LeBron James became the third in the 2016 -- 17 season . Stephen Curry became the first player to eclipse $40 - Million per year when he signed a record 5 - year contract worth $201 - Million in 2017 , starting with $34,682,550 in the 2017 - 18 season and ending with the largest earnings in the 2021 - 22 season with a record payout of $45,780,966 . Beginning in the 1984 -- 85 NBA season , the NBA 's first salary cap was introduced . The NBA salary cap is the maximum dollar amount each NBA team can spend on its players for the season . However , the NBA uses a `` soft '' salary cap , which means that significant `` salary exceptions '' allow NBA teams to exceed their allotted amount in order to sign players . The salary cap is determined during the offseason , but as stated earlier , it is liable to change . Michael Jordan , who earned $33,140,000 in the 1997 -- 98 NBA season , attempts a slam dunk at the old Boston Garden . An exception is necessary to sign a player for a contract that would exceed the salary cap threshold of the `` soft cap '' . The Larry Bird exception , more commonly known as Bird Rights , allows teams to re-sign a current player only if he has played for that particular team for a minimum of three years . Another exception known as the mid-level exception allows for teams that are over the salary cap to sign one or more players as long as they do not exceed the total amount of the average NBA salary . Next , the bi-annual exception can be used by teams every other year to sign a free agent ( s ) for up to two years at an amount set by the NBA . Finally , the rookie player exception allows any NBA team to sign their first - round draft pick to a contract based upon a scale previously set forth by the NBA . Another option for teams would be to assign players to a league - assigned minimum salary contract for a maximum of two years . According to 2010 -- 11 NBA season game performance , the league 's best players were not its highest - paid players . Each year there are ten players selected to one of the two All - NBA Teams . Out of those ten players chosen that year , Kobe Bryant was the only player that was also among the game 's ten highest - paid during the 2010 -- 11 NBA season . Contents ( hide ) 1 2010s 1.1 2017 -- 2018 1.2 2016 -- 2017 1.3 2015 -- 2016 1.4 2014 -- 2015 1.5 2013 -- 2014 1.6 2012 -- 2013 1.7 2011 -- 2012 1.8 2010 -- 2011 1.9 2009 -- 2010 2 2000s 2.1 2008 -- 2009 2.2 2007 -- 2008 2.3 2006 -- 2007 2.4 2005 -- 2006 2.5 2004 -- 2005 2.6 2003 -- 2004 2.7 2002 -- 2003 2.8 2001 -- 2002 2.9 2000 -- 2001 2.10 1999 -- 2000 3 1990s 3.1 1998 -- 1999 4 See also 5 References 2010s 2017 -- 2018 Player Salary Team Stephen Curry $34,682,550 Golden State Warriors LeBron James $33,285,709 Cleveland Cavaliers Paul Millsap $31,269,231 Denver Nuggets Gordon Hayward $29,727,900 Boston Celtics Blake Griffin $29,512,900 Los Angeles Clippers Kyle Lowry $28,703,704 Toronto Raptors Russell Westbrook $28,530,608 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley , Jr . $28,530,608 Memphis Grizzlies James Harden $28,299,399 Houston Rockets DeMar DeRozan $27,739,975 Toronto Raptors 2016 -- 2017 LeBron James became the third player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season , after Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant . Player Salary Team LeBron James $30,963,450 Cleveland Cavaliers Al Horford $26,540,100 Boston Celtics DeMar DeRozan $26,540,100 Toronto Raptors James Harden $26,540,100 Houston Rockets Kevin Durant $26,540,100 Golden State Warriors Russell Westbrook $26,540,100 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley , Jr . $26,540,100 Memphis Grizzlies Dirk Nowitzki $25,000,000 Dallas Mavericks Carmelo Anthony $24,559,380 New York Knicks Damian Lillard $24,328,425 Portland Trail Blazers 2015 -- 2016 Kobe Bryant , who spent his entire 20 - year career in a Los Angeles Lakers uniform , was the highest - paid player in the league from the 2009 -- 10 until his retirement at the conclusion of the 2015 -- 16 season . Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $25,000,000 Los Angeles Lakers LeBron James $22,970,500 Cleveland Cavaliers Carmelo Anthony $22,875,000 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $22,359,364 Houston Rockets Chris Bosh $22,192,730 Miami Heat Chris Paul $21,468,695 Los Angeles Clippers Kevin Durant $20,158,622 Oklahoma City Thunder Derrick Rose $20,093,064 Chicago Bulls Dwyane Wade $20,000,000 Miami Heat LaMarcus Aldridge $19,689,000 San Antonio Spurs 2014 -- 2015 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $23,500,000 Los Angeles Lakers Amar'e Stoudemire $23,410,988 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $23,180,790 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $22,458,401 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $21,436,271 Houston Rockets Chris Bosh $20,644,400 Miami Heat LeBron James $20,644,400 Cleveland Cavaliers Chris Paul $20,068,563 Los Angeles Clippers Deron Williams $19,754,465 Brooklyn Nets Rudy Gay $19,317,326 Sacramento Kings 2013 -- 2014 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $30,453,805 Los Angeles Lakers Dirk Nowitzki $22,721,381 Dallas Mavericks Amar'e Stoudemire $21,679,893 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $21,466,718 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $21,388,953 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $20,513,178 Houston Rockets Pau Gasol $19,285,850 Los Angeles Lakers Chris Bosh $19,067,500 Miami Heat LeBron James $19,067,500 Miami Heat Dwyane Wade $18,673,000 Miami Heat 2012 -- 2013 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $30,453,805 Los Angeles Lakers Dirk Nowitzki $20,907,128 Dallas Mavericks Amar'e Stoudemire $19,948,799 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $19,752,645 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $19,444,503 New York Knicks Pau Gasol $19,285,850 Los Angeles Lakers Chris Bosh $19,067,500 Miami Heat LeBron James $19,067,500 Miami Heat Dwyane Wade $18,673,000 Miami Heat Chris Paul $18,668,431 Los Angeles Clippers 2011 -- 2012 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $25,244,493 Los Angeles Lakers Kevin Garnett $21,247,044 Boston Celtics Tim Duncan $21,164,619 San Antonio Spurs Rashard Lewis $21,136,631 Washington Wizards Dirk Nowitzki $19,092,873 Dallas Mavericks Pau Gasol $18,714,150 Los Angeles Lakers Carmelo Anthony $18,518,574 New York Knicks Amar'e Stoudemire $18,217,705 New York Knicks Elton Brand $18,160,355 Philadelphia 76ers Dwight Howard $18,091,770 Orlando Magic 2010 -- 2011 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $24,806,250 Los Angeles Lakers Rashard Lewis $19,573,711 Washington Wizards Tim Duncan $18,835,381 San Antonio Spurs Kevin Garnett $18,832,044 Boston Celtics Michael Redd $18,300,000 Milwaukee Bucks Andrei Kirilenko $17,823,000 Utah Jazz Pau Gasol $17,823,000 Los Angeles Lakers Gilbert Arenas $17,730,694 Washington Wizards Yao Ming $17,686,100 Houston Rockets Zach Randolph $17,666,666 Memphis Grizzlies 2009 -- 2010 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $23,034,375 Los Angeles Lakers Jermaine O'Neal $23,016,000 Miami Heat Tracy McGrady $22,843,124 New York Knicks Tim Duncan $22,183,220 San Antonio Spurs Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Cleveland Cavaliers Dirk Nowitzki $19,795,714 Dallas Mavericks Paul Pierce $19,795,712 Boston Celtics Ray Allen $18,776,860 Boston Celtics Rashard Lewis $18,010,791 Orlando Magic Michael Redd $17,040,000 Milwaukee Bucks 2000s 2008 -- 2009 Kevin Garnett was the highest - paid player during the 2008 -- 09 , 2007 -- 08 , and 2006 -- 07 seasons ; he relinquished that position to Shaquille O'Neal for two seasons , but was also the highest - paid player during the 2003 -- 04 , 2002 -- 03 , 2001 -- 02 , and 2000 -- 01 seasons . Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $24,751,934 Boston Celtics Jason Kidd $21,372,000 Dallas Mavericks Jermaine O'Neal $21,372,000 Toronto Raptors Kobe Bryant $21,262,500 Los Angeles Lakers Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Phoenix Suns Allen Iverson $20,840,625 Detroit Pistons Stephon Marbury $20,840,625 Boston Celtics Tim Duncan $20,598,704 San Antonio Spurs Tracy McGrady $20,370,437 Houston Rockets Ray Allen $18,388,430 Boston Celtics 2007 -- 2008 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $23,751,934 Boston Celtics Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Phoenix Suns Jason Kidd $19,728,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $19,728,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $19,490,625 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $19,014,188 San Antonio Spurs Allen Iverson $19,012,500 Denver Nuggets Stephon Marbury $19,012,500 New York Knicks Tracy McGrady $18,257,750 Houston Rockets Baron Davis $16,440,000 Golden State Warriors 2006 -- 2007 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $21,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $20,000,000 Miami Heat Jason Kidd $18,084,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $18,084,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $17,718,750 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $17,429,673 San Antonio Spurs Allen Iverson $17,184,375 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $17,184,375 New York Knicks Tracy McGrady $16,901,500 Houston Rockets Grant Hill $16,901,500 Orlando Magic 2005 -- 2006 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $20,000,000 Miami Heat Chris Webber $19,125,000 Philadelphia 76ers Kevin Garnett $18,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Allen Iverson $16,453,125 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $16,453,125 New York Knicks Jason Kidd $16,440,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $16,440,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $15,946,875 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $15,845,157 San Antonio Spurs Vin Baker $15,750,000 Los Angeles Clippers 2004 -- 2005 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $29,464,000 Miami Heat Dikembe Mutombo $19,684,000 Houston Rockets Allan Houston $17,531,000 New York Knicks Chris Webber $17,351,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $15,750,000 Portland Trail Blazers Penny Hardaway $14,625,000 New York Knicks Latrell Sprewell $14,625,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shareef Abdur - Rahim $14,625,000 Portland Trail Blazers Stephon Marbury $14,625,000 New York Knicks Michael Finley $14,609,000 Dallas Mavericks 2003 -- 2004 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $28,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $26,571,000 Los Angeles Lakers Rasheed Wallace $18,000,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $17,895,000 New York Knicks Allan Houston $15,937,000 New York Knicks Chris Webber $15,937,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $14,625,000 Portland Trail Blazers Penny Hardaway $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns Latrell Sprewell $13,500,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Antonio McDyess $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns 2002 -- 2003 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $25,200,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $23,571,000 Los Angeles Lakers Shawn Kemp $21,500,000 Orlando Magic Juwan Howard $20,625,000 Denver Nuggets Scottie Pippen $19,727,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $19,250,000 Utah Jazz Rasheed Wallace $16,200,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $16,105,000 New Jersey Nets Chris Webber $14,343,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $13,500,000 Portland Trail Blazers 2001 -- 2002 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $22,400,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $21,428,000 Los Angeles Lakers Alonzo Mourning $18,756,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $18,750,000 Denver Nuggets Scottie Pippen $18,083,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $17,500,000 Utah Jazz Rasheed Wallace $14,400,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $14,315,000 Philadelphia 76ers Gary Payton $12,926,000 Seattle SuperSonics Shawn Kemp $12,770,000 Portland Trail Blazers 2000 -- 2001 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $19,600,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $19,285,000 Los Angeles Lakers Alonzo Mourning $16,879,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $16,875,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $16,685,000 Houston Rockets Karl Malone $15,750,000 Utah Jazz Dikembe Mutombo $14,422,000 Philadelphia 76ers Patrick Ewing $14,000,000 Seattle SuperSonics David Robinson $13,196,000 San Antonio Spurs Scottie Pippen $13,151,000 Portland Trail Blazers 1999 -- 2000 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $17,142,000 Los Angeles Lakers Kevin Garnett $16,806,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Alonzo Mourning $15,004,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $15,000,000 Washington Wizards Scottie Pippen $14,795,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $14,000,000 Utah Jazz Larry Johnson $11,910,000 New York Knicks Gary Payton $11,020,000 Seattle SuperSonics Rasheed Wallace $10,800,000 Portland Trail Blazers Shawn Kemp $10,780,000 Cleveland Cavaliers 1990s 1998 -- 1999 Player Salary Team Patrick Ewing $18,500,000 New York Knicks Shaquille O'Neal $17,000,000 Los Angeles Lakers David Robinson $14,841,000 San Antonio Spurs Kevin Garnett $14,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Alonzo Mourning $13,130,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $13,125,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $12,943,000 Houston Rockets Dikembe Mutombo $11,218,000 Atlanta Hawks Jayson Williams $11,000,000 New Jersey Nets Scottie Pippen $11,000,000 Houston Rockets See also National Basketball Association portal Business and economics portal List of highest paid Major League Baseball players List of player salaries in the NHL List of highest paid American television stars List of highest paid film actors List of highest paid mayors List of salaries References Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant to Become NBA 's Second Ever $30 - Million Player '' . aolnews.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap History '' . insidehoops.com . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap Explained '' . about.com . Jump up ^ `` Mid Level Exception '' . sportscity.com . Jump up ^ `` Bi-annual Exception '' . sportscity.com . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) . `` The NBA 's Highest - Paid Players '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 NBA Player Contracts '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The NBA 's 25 highest - paid players for the 2016 - 17 season '' . Foxsports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2015 - 2016 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2014 - 2015 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2013 - 2014 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2012 - 2013 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2011 - 2012 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2010 - 2011 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2009 - 2010 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2008 - 2009 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Salaries '' . Insidehoops.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2007 - 2008 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2006 - 2007 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2005 - 2006 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2004 - 2005 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2003 - 2004 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2002 - 2003 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2001 - 2002 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2000 - 2001 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 1999 - 2000 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ . Sports Reference LLC https://www.basketball-reference.com/leagues/NBA_1999.html . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) <Th_colspan="2"> National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game <Th_colspan="2"> National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States <Td_colspan="2"> Portal 2017 -- 18 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Highest-paid_NBA_players_by_season&oldid=823137753 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Employee compensation in the United States Income of sportspeople Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 January 2018 , at 13 : 43 . 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when does it rain the most in the uk
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Climate of the United Kingdom - wikipedia Climate of the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2006 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hardiness zones in the British Isles Köppen climate types of the UK The United Kingdom straddles the higher mid-latitudes between 49 ° and 61 ° N. It is on the western seaboard of Afro - Eurasia , the world 's largest land mass . Since the UK is always in or close to the path of the polar front jet stream , frequent changes in pressure and unsettled weather are typical . Many types of weather can be experienced in a single day . In general the climate of the UK is cool and often cloudy , and hot temperatures are infrequent . The climate in the United Kingdom is defined as a temperate oceanic climate , or Cfb on the Köppen climate classification system , a classification it shares with most of north - west Europe . Regional climates are influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and latitude . Northern Ireland , Wales and western parts of England and Scotland , being closest to the Atlantic Ocean , are generally the mildest , wettest and windiest regions of the UK , and temperature ranges here are seldom extreme . Eastern areas are drier , cooler , less windy and also experience the greatest daily and seasonal temperature variations . Northern areas are generally cooler , wetter and have slightly larger temperature ranges than southern areas . The UK is mostly under the influence of the maritime polar air mass from the north - west . Northern Ireland and the west of Scotland are the most exposed to the maritime polar air mass which brings cool moist air ; the east of Scotland and north - east England are more exposed to the continental polar air mass which brings cold dry air . South and south - east of England are the least exposed to Polar air masses from the north - west , and on occasion see continental tropical air mass from the south , which brings warm dry air in the summer . If the air masses are strong enough in their respective areas during the summer , there can sometimes be a large difference in temperature between the far north of Scotland ( including the Islands ) and south - east of England -- often a difference of 10 -- 15 ° C ( 18 - 27 ° F ) but sometimes of as much as 20 ° C ( 36 ° F ) or more . In the height of summer the Northern Isles could have temperatures around 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) and areas around London could reach 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 England 2 Northern Ireland 3 Scotland 4 Wales 5 Seasons 5.1 Spring 5.2 Summer 5.3 Autumn 5.4 Winter 6 Sunshine and cloud 7 Atlantic Ocean 8 Winds 9 Rainfall 10 Temperature 11 Severe weather 12 Tornadoes 13 Climate history 14 Monthly temperature extremes 15 Climate change 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 External links England ( edit ) Köppen climate types in England England generally has higher maximum & minimum temperatures than the other areas of the UK , though Wales has higher minima from November to February , and Northern Ireland has higher maxima from December to February . England is also sunnier throughout the year , but unlike Wales , Northern Ireland & Scotland , the sunniest month is July , totalling 193.5 hours . It rains on fewer days in every month throughout the year than the rest of the UK , and rainfall totals are less in every month , with the driest month , May , averaging 58.4 mm ( 2.30 in ) . The climate of south - west England displays a seasonal temperature variation , although it is less extreme than most of the United Kingdom . Gales are less common in England compared to Scotland ; however on some occasions there can be strong winds , and rarely , the remains of Atlantic hurricanes and tropical storms . Some events such as the Great Storm of 1987 occurred near to the UK and caused damage in England . The prevailing wind direction for England is from the south - west . <Th_colspan="15"> ( hide ) England weather averages Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average maximum temperature ° C ( ° F ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 7.2 ( 45.0 ) 9.8 ( 49.6 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 15.8 ( 60.4 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 20.9 ( 69.6 ) 20.7 ( 69.3 ) 17.9 ( 64.2 ) 13.9 ( 57.0 ) 9.9 ( 49.8 ) 7.2 ( 45.0 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) Average minimum temperature ° C ( ° F ) 1.3 ( 34.4 ) 1.1 ( 34.0 ) 2.6 ( 36.7 ) 3.9 ( 39.0 ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 11.7 ( 53 , 1 ) 11.5 ( 52.7 ) 9.6 ( 49.3 ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 5.9 ( 42.6 ) Sunshine hours 54.2 74.3 107.6 155.2 190.6 182.6 193.5 182.5 137.2 103.1 64.5 47.3 1492.7 Rainfall mm ( inches ) 82.9 ( 3.3 ) 60.3 ( 2.4 ) 64.0 ( 2.5 ) 58.7 ( 2.3 ) 58.4 ( 2.3 ) 61.8 ( 2.4 ) 62.6 ( 2.5 ) 69.3 ( 2.7 ) 69.7 ( 2.7 ) 91.7 ( 3.6 ) 88.2 ( 3.5 ) 87.2 ( 3.4 ) 854.8 ( 33.7 ) Rainfall ≥ 1 mm days 13.2 10.4 11.5 10.4 9.9 9.6 9.5 9.9 9.9 12.6 13.1 12.7 132.8 <Td_colspan="15"> Source : Met Office ( 1981 -- 2010 averages ) Climate data from selected English weather stations ( show ) <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Sheffield Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) 13.3 ( 55.9 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 13.1 ( 55.6 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 3.1 ( 37.6 ) 4.4 ( 39.9 ) 7.0 ( 44.6 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 4.2 ( 39.6 ) 2.6 ( 36.7 ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 86.5 ( 3.406 ) 63.4 ( 2.496 ) 67.9 ( 2.673 ) 62.5 ( 2.461 ) 55.5 ( 2.185 ) 66.7 ( 2.626 ) 51.0 ( 2.008 ) 63.5 ( 2.5 ) 64.3 ( 2.531 ) 73.9 ( 2.909 ) 77.7 ( 3.059 ) 91.9 ( 3.618 ) 824.7 ( 32.469 ) <Td_colspan="14"> Source : The Met Office <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Birmingham Elmdon , 99m asl , 1971 -- 2000 , extremes 1901 -- ( sunshine 1961 -- 1990 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 18.1 ( 64.6 ) 23.7 ( 74.7 ) 26.0 ( 78.8 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 31.6 ( 88.9 ) 32.9 ( 91.2 ) 34.9 ( 94.8 ) 29.8 ( 85.6 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 18.7 ( 65.7 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 34.9 ( 94.8 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 9.8 ( 49.6 ) 12.7 ( 54.9 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 21.3 ( 70.3 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 17.8 ( 64 ) 13.6 ( 56.5 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 13.4 ( 56.1 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.4 ( 34.5 ) 1.1 ( 34 ) 2.9 ( 37.2 ) 4.2 ( 39.6 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 9.7 ( 49.5 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 20.8 ( − 5.4 ) − 13.7 ( 7.3 ) − 11.6 ( 11.1 ) − 6.6 ( 20.1 ) − 3.8 ( 25.2 ) − 0.8 ( 30.6 ) 1.2 ( 34.2 ) 2.2 ( 36 ) − 1.8 ( 28.8 ) − 6.8 ( 19.8 ) − 8.9 ( 16 ) − 18.5 ( − 1.3 ) − 20.8 ( − 5.4 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 73.2 ( 2.882 ) 51.4 ( 2.024 ) 55.8 ( 2.197 ) 61.9 ( 2.437 ) 61.3 ( 2.413 ) 65.6 ( 2.583 ) 63.8 ( 2.512 ) 66.7 ( 2.626 ) 68.1 ( 2.681 ) 82.7 ( 3.256 ) 74.8 ( 2.945 ) 79.7 ( 3.138 ) 805 ( 31.69 ) Mean monthly sunshine hours 49.7 60.0 101.5 129.2 178.0 186.2 181.0 166.8 134.3 97.2 64.2 46.9 1,395 <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 1 : Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 2 : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Manchester Ringway , elevation : 69 m or 226 ft , 1981 - 2010 normals , extremes 1958 - 2004 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 14.3 ( 57.7 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) 26.7 ( 80.1 ) 31.3 ( 88.3 ) 32.2 ( 90 ) 33.7 ( 92.7 ) 28.4 ( 83.1 ) 25.6 ( 78.1 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) 33.7 ( 92.7 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 7.3 ( 45.1 ) 7.6 ( 45.7 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 12.6 ( 54.7 ) 16.1 ( 61 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 20.3 ( 68.5 ) 17.6 ( 63.7 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 4.5 ( 40.1 ) 4.6 ( 40.3 ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) 14.6 ( 58.3 ) 16.6 ( 61.9 ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 4.6 ( 40.3 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.7 ( 35.1 ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) 4.9 ( 40.8 ) 7.7 ( 45.9 ) 10.5 ( 50.9 ) 12.6 ( 54.7 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 10.3 ( 50.5 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 4.2 ( 39.6 ) 1.8 ( 35.2 ) 6.6 ( 43.9 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 12.0 ( 10.4 ) − 13.1 ( 8.4 ) − 9.7 ( 14.5 ) − 4.9 ( 23.2 ) − 1.7 ( 28.9 ) 0.8 ( 33.4 ) 5.4 ( 41.7 ) 3.6 ( 38.5 ) 0.8 ( 33.4 ) − 4.7 ( 23.5 ) − 7.5 ( 18.5 ) − 13.5 ( 7.7 ) − 13.5 ( 7.7 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 72.3 ( 2.846 ) 51.4 ( 2.024 ) 61.2 ( 2.409 ) 54.0 ( 2.126 ) 56.8 ( 2.236 ) 66.1 ( 2.602 ) 63.9 ( 2.516 ) 77.0 ( 3.031 ) 71.5 ( 2.815 ) 92.5 ( 3.642 ) 81.5 ( 3.209 ) 80.7 ( 3.177 ) 828.8 ( 32.63 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1.0 mm ) 13.1 9.7 12.3 11.2 10.4 11.1 10.9 12.0 11.1 13.6 14.1 13.5 142.9 Average snowy days 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 Average relative humidity ( % ) 87 86 85 85 85 87 88 89 89 89 88 87 88 Mean monthly sunshine hours 52.5 73.9 99.0 146.9 188.3 172.5 179.7 166.3 131.2 99.3 59.5 47.1 1,416.2 <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 1 : Met Office NOAA ( relative humidity and snow days 1961 - 1990 ) <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 2 : KNMI <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Shanklin , Isle of Wight 1981 -- 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 8.1 ( 46.6 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 12.3 ( 54.1 ) 15.6 ( 60.1 ) 18.2 ( 64.8 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 11.3 ( 52.3 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 13.87 ( 56.95 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 3.5 ( 38.3 ) 2.9 ( 37.2 ) 4.3 ( 39.7 ) 5.4 ( 41.7 ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 11.1 ( 52 ) 13.4 ( 56.1 ) 13.8 ( 56.8 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 6.2 ( 43.2 ) 4.0 ( 39.2 ) 7.86 ( 46.13 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 90.8 ( 3.575 ) 65.5 ( 2.579 ) 66.0 ( 2.598 ) 53.4 ( 2.102 ) 52.1 ( 2.051 ) 46.3 ( 1.823 ) 47.1 ( 1.854 ) 54.6 ( 2.15 ) 70.5 ( 2.776 ) 115.0 ( 4.528 ) 108.6 ( 4.276 ) 101.0 ( 3.976 ) 870.9 ( 34.288 ) Average precipitation days 13.1 9.8 10.4 9.1 8.2 7.6 6.9 7.4 8.9 12.7 12.7 12.9 119.7 Mean monthly sunshine hours 68.2 89.8 132.9 201.4 241.1 247.7 262.3 240.9 173.1 122.3 82.6 60.7 1,923 <Td_colspan="14"> Source : Met Office <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Bognor Regis 7m asl , 1981 - 2010 , extremes 1960 - Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 7.8 ( 46 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 12.8 ( 55 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 20.9 ( 69.6 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 18.8 ( 65.8 ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) 11.3 ( 52.3 ) 8.6 ( 47.5 ) 14.1 ( 57.37 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 3.1 ( 37.6 ) 2.7 ( 36.9 ) 4.3 ( 39.7 ) 5.8 ( 42.4 ) 9.0 ( 48.2 ) 11.7 ( 53.1 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 5.8 ( 42.4 ) 3.6 ( 38.5 ) 7.93 ( 46.26 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 76.2 ( 3 ) 49.6 ( 1.953 ) 56.1 ( 2.209 ) 46.8 ( 1.843 ) 44.4 ( 1.748 ) 44.0 ( 1.732 ) 44.9 ( 1.768 ) 51.3 ( 2.02 ) 58.9 ( 2.319 ) 91.9 ( 3.618 ) 83.4 ( 3.283 ) 81.8 ( 3.22 ) 729.3 ( 28.713 ) Average rainy days 12.5 9.0 9.7 8.8 7.6 7.3 6.5 7.3 8.3 11.2 11.6 11.7 111.5 Mean monthly sunshine hours 75.4 94.6 130.9 198.6 233.0 237.9 252.5 236.7 174.1 131.9 88.5 66.7 1,920.8 <Td_colspan="14"> Source : Met Office ( 1 ) <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Bournemouth Hurn 10m asl , 1981 -- 2010 , Extremes 1960 -- Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 8.5 ( 47.3 ) 11.0 ( 51.8 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) 22.1 ( 71.8 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) 11.5 ( 52.7 ) 8.7 ( 47.7 ) 14.76 ( 58.56 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.5 ( 34.7 ) 1.2 ( 34.2 ) 2.7 ( 36.9 ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 9.8 ( 49.6 ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 3.7 ( 38.7 ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 5.96 ( 42.73 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 86.9 ( 3.421 ) 62.5 ( 2.461 ) 64.7 ( 2.547 ) 53.9 ( 2.122 ) 49.5 ( 1.949 ) 51.6 ( 2.031 ) 47.8 ( 1.882 ) 51.8 ( 2.039 ) 65.3 ( 2.571 ) 100.7 ( 3.965 ) 100.5 ( 3.957 ) 100.0 ( 3.937 ) 835.2 ( 32.882 ) Average rainy days 12.8 9.6 10.8 9.1 8.8 7.7 7.9 7.3 9.0 12.6 12.5 12.3 120.4 Mean monthly sunshine hours 66.5 84.5 121.4 185.1 218.5 229.5 232.0 214.6 159.1 115.2 80.1 60.3 1,766.8 <Td_colspan="14"> Source : Met Office Northern Ireland ( edit ) See also : Climate of Ireland Northern Ireland is warmer than Scotland throughout the year . Maximum temperatures are milder than in Wales from December to April , and milder than in England from December to February , but Northern Ireland is cooler during the rest of the year . Sunshine totals in every month are more than those of Scotland , but less than those of the rest of Great Britain . Northern Ireland is drier and has fewer rainy days than Scotland throughout the year , except in May , when it rains on more days . Northern Ireland is also drier than Wales in every month , yet it rains on more days . The rainiest month is January , when 17.8 days have more than 1 mm ( 0.04 in ) of rain on average . <Th_colspan="15"> ( hide ) Northern Ireland weather averages Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average maximum temperature ° C ( ° F ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 8.9 ( 48.0 ) 11.1 ( 52.0 ) 14.2 ( 57.6 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 18.1 ( 64.6 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 12.5 ( 54.5 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 7.5 ( 45.5 ) 12.2 ( 54.0 ) Average minimum temperature ° C ( ° F ) 1.2 ( 34.2 ) 1.2 ( 34.2 ) 2.3 ( 36.1 ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) 5.6 ( 42.1 ) 8.3 ( 46.9 ) 10.6 ( 51.1 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 8.3 ( 46.9 ) 6.1 ( 43.0 ) 3.1 ( 37.6 ) 2.0 ( 35.6 ) 5.2 ( 41.4 ) Sunshine hours 41.0 60.1 90.0 140.8 175.9 150.9 139.6 138.0 113.1 85.5 52.8 31.9 1219.7 Rainfall mm ( inches ) 119.1 ( 4.7 ) 86.5 ( 3.4 ) 93.4 ( 3.7 ) 70.6 ( 2.8 ) 68.1 ( 2.7 ) 72.1 ( 2.8 ) 73.2 ( 2.9 ) 90.8 ( 3.6 ) 94.4 ( 3.7 ) 114.5 ( 4.5 ) 110.5 ( 4.4 ) 118.5 ( 4.7 ) 1111.6 ( 43.8 ) Rainfall ≥ 1 mm days 17.8 14.1 16.4 12.4 12.6 12.4 13.1 13.9 14.4 16.4 16.7 16.9 177.0 <Td_colspan="15"> Source : Met Office ( 1971 -- 2000 averages ) Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Scotland Scotland has the coolest weather of any country in the United Kingdom throughout the year ( with the climate at altitude varying into Cfc ) , with average minimum temperatures in January of − 0.2 ° C ( 31.6 ° F ) . Scotland is also the wettest country in every month , apart from May , June and December , when Wales is wetter . The wettest month is January , with 170.5 mm ( 6.71 in ) on average . Scotland is also the cloudiest country throughout the year , apart from June and July , when Northern Ireland is . Scotland 1971 - 2000 Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 171 5 0 123 5 0 139 7 86 9 79 13 5 85 15 7 92 17 9 107 17 9 140 14 7 163 11 5 166 7 170 6 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm <Th_colspan="12"> ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 6.7 41 32 4.9 41 32 5.5 44 34 3.4 49 36 3.1 55 40 3.4 59 45 3.6 62 49 4.2 62 49 5.5 57 45 6.4 51 41 6.5 45 36 6.7 42 33 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches <Th_colspan="15"> ( hide ) Scotland weather averages Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average maximum temperature ° C ( ° F ) 5.0 ( 41.0 ) 5.2 ( 41.4 ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 12.8 ( 55.0 ) 14.9 ( 58.8 ) 16.9 ( 62.4 ) 16.6 ( 61.9 ) 13.9 ( 57.0 ) 10.8 ( 51.4 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 5.7 ( 42.3 ) 10.5 ( 50.9 ) Average minimum temperature ° C ( ° F ) - 0.2 ( 31.6 ) - 0.1 ( 31.8 ) 0.9 ( 33.6 ) 2.1 ( 35.8 ) 4.5 ( 40.1 ) 7.2 ( 45.0 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 7.2 ( 45.0 ) 4.9 ( 40.8 ) 2.0 ( 35.6 ) 0.5 ( 32.9 ) 4.0 ( 39.2 ) Sunshine hours 30.8 58.1 87.6 128.2 173.2 153.2 145.0 137.5 104.4 74.5 43.2 24.7 1160.4 Rainfall mm ( inches ) 170.5 ( 6.7 ) 123.4 ( 4.9 ) 138.5 ( 5.5 ) 86.2 ( 3.4 ) 79.0 ( 3.1 ) 85.1 ( 3.4 ) 92.1 ( 3.6 ) 107.4 ( 4.2 ) 139.7 ( 5.5 ) 162.6 ( 6.4 ) 165.9 ( 6.5 ) 169.6 ( 6.7 ) 1520.1 ( 59.8 ) Rainfall ≥ 1 mm days 18.6 14.8 17.3 13.0 12.2 12.7 13.3 14.1 15.9 17.7 17.9 18.2 185.8 <Td_colspan="15"> Source : Met Office ( 1971 -- 2000 averages ) Aberdeen Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 75 6 0 54 6 0 61 8 59 10 55 13 5 56 16 8 59 18 10 62 18 10 73 15 8 84 12 5 84 8 79 6 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm <Td_colspan="12"> Source : Meteo France <Th_colspan="12"> ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 43 32 2.1 43 32 2.4 46 34 2.3 50 37 2.2 55 41 2.2 61 46 2.3 64 50 2.4 64 50 2.9 59 46 3.3 54 41 3.3 46 36 3.1 43 34 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches Edinburgh Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 67 7 47 7 51 9 40 11 48 14 6 61 17 9 65 19 11 60 19 11 63 16 9 75 13 6 62 9 60 7 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm <Td_colspan="12"> Source : Met Office <Th_colspan="12"> ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 2.6 45 34 1.9 45 34 48 36 1.6 52 39 1.9 57 43 2.4 63 48 2.6 66 52 2.4 66 52 2.5 61 48 55 43 2.4 48 37 2.4 45 34 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches Glasgow Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 148 7 104 7 112 9 63 11 67 14 7 66 16 10 73 19 12 92 19 11 112 16 9 143 12 6 126 9 135 7 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm <Td_colspan="12"> Source : Met Office <Th_colspan="12"> ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 5.8 45 34 4.1 45 34 4.4 48 37 2.5 52 39 2.6 57 45 2.6 61 50 2.9 66 54 3.6 66 52 4.4 61 48 5.6 54 43 5 48 39 5.3 45 34 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches Lerwick Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 142 5 120 5 124 6 70 8 53 10 5 58 12 7 66 14 10 83 14 10 106 12 8 141 10 6 146 7 142 6 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm <Td_colspan="12"> Source : Met Office <Th_colspan="12"> ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 5.6 41 34 4.7 41 34 4.9 43 36 2.8 46 37 2.1 50 41 2.3 54 45 2.6 57 50 3.3 57 50 4.2 54 46 5.6 50 43 5.7 45 39 5.6 43 36 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches Wales ( edit ) Wales has warmer temperatures throughout the year than Scotland , and has milder winter minima than England , but cooler winter maxima than Northern Ireland . Wales is wetter throughout the year than Northern Ireland and England , but has fewer rainy days than Northern Ireland ; meaning that rainfall tends to be more intense . Wales is also drier than Scotland in every month apart from May , June and December , and there are fewer days with rain than in Scotland . Sunshine totals throughout the year are more than that of Scotland and Northern Ireland , but less than that of neighbouring England . May is the sunniest month , averaging 186.8 hours . Wales 1971 - 2000 Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 158 7 114 7 119 9 86 11 81 15 6 86 17 9 78 19 11 106 19 11 124 16 9 153 13 7 157 9 173 7 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm <Th_colspan="12"> ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 6.2 44 34 4.5 44 34 4.7 47 36 3.4 52 38 3.2 58 43 3.4 62 47 3.1 66 52 4.2 66 51 4.9 61 48 6 55 44 6.2 49 39 6.8 45 36 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches <Th_colspan="15"> ( hide ) Wales weather averages Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average maximum temperature ° C ( ° F ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 6.6 ( 43.9 ) 8.6 ( 47.5 ) 11.0 ( 51.8 ) 14.5 ( 58.1 ) 16.8 ( 62.2 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 18.8 ( 65.8 ) 16.2 ( 61.2 ) 12.8 ( 55.0 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 12.3 ( 54.1 ) Average minimum temperature ° C ( ° F ) 1.3 ( 34.3 ) 1.1 ( 34.0 ) 2.4 ( 36.3 ) 3.4 ( 38.1 ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) 8.6 ( 47.5 ) 10.9 ( 51.6 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 3.7 ( 38.7 ) 2.2 ( 36.0 ) 5.5 ( 41.9 ) Sunshine hours 42.8 63.4 94.2 148.0 186.8 167.0 181.8 168.7 125.8 90.4 54.9 35.4 1359.3 Rainfall mm ( inches ) 158.4 ( 6.2 ) 113.8 ( 4.5 ) 118.5 ( 4.7 ) 85.7 ( 3.4 ) 80.6 ( 3.2 ) 86.0 ( 3.4 ) 78.3 ( 3.1 ) 105.8 ( 4.2 ) 123.8 ( 4.9 ) 152.9 ( 6.0 ) 156.6 ( 6.2 ) 173.1 ( 6.8 ) 1433.5 ( 56.4 ) Rainfall ≥ 1 mm days 17.4 13.4 15.1 11.7 11.5 11.4 10.3 12.2 13.0 15.8 16.7 17.1 165.5 <Td_colspan="15"> Source : Met Office ( 1971 -- 2000 averages ) Seasons ( edit ) Spring ( edit ) Spring is the period from March to May . Spring is generally a calm , cool season , particularly because the Atlantic has lost much of its heat throughout the autumn and winter . As the sun rises higher in the sky and the days get longer , temperatures slowly rise , but the solar effect is mitigated somewhat by the effect of the cool ocean waters and westerly winds that blow across them . There is a fair chance of snow earlier in the season when temperatures are colder - often in March . Some of the country 's heaviest snowfalls of recent years have happened in the first half of March , and snow showers can occur infrequently until mid-April . They have been known to develop as late as mid-May over some areas of the country , such as in 2013 when snow was recorded on 14 May over parts of Staffordshire , Herefordshire and Wales . Snow was also recorded at lower levels in early June 1975 . More recently , there was a disruptive snow event between 26 and 29 April 2016 across much of Northern England and Scotland , which was unusually the only significant snow event of the winter 2015 / 16 . Snow , frost and ice can be disruptive and damaging to flowering plants , particularly later in the spring . Early spring can be quite cold , and occasionally the lowest temperatures of the year can occur in March , as it did at Heathrow Airport on 5 March 2001 , 4 March 2006 and 8 March 2011 . Temperatures below freezing are not unusual in March , even in the south of the UK . On the other hand , high temperatures above 30 ° C are generally rare but can occur on occasion ; most recently on 25 May 2012 . It was even hotter on 27 May 2005 , when 31.9 ° C was recorded in London . Rarely , the hottest day of the year can be in spring . As stated below , 27 May was the hottest day of the year in 2012 in most parts of the UK . In Aberdaron , the hottest day of 2011 was very early on in the year on 21 April . Temperatures in March seldom reach 20 ° C , as they did in 1990 , 1993 , 2012 and 2017 , and this temperature is usually reached for the first time in April or May . Throughout spring , there can be very dramatic temperature swings between day night . On 9 April 2017 , night - time temperatures fell to just 3 ° C at Northolt , but 25 ° C was reached in the afternoon . Warmth in Spring depends almost entirely on the strength of the sun , and can trigger thunderstorms and downpours . Mean temperatures in Spring are markedly influenced by latitude . Most of Scotland and the mountains of Wales and northern England are the coolest areas of the UK , with average temperatures ranging from − 0.6 to 5.8 ° C ( 30.9 to 42.4 ° F ) . The southern half of England experiences the warmest spring temperatures of between 8.8 and 10.3 ° C ( 47.8 and 50.5 ° F ) . Summer ( edit ) Summer lasts from June to August and is the warmest and usually the sunniest season . Rainfall totals can have a wide local variation due to localised thundershowers . These thundershowers mainly occur in southern , eastern , and central England and are less frequent and severe in the north and west. . Climatic differences at this time of year are more influenced by latitude and proximity to the ocean . Temperatures are the highest in southern and central areas and lowest in the north . Southern portions of the UK are the warmest , with average highs in London 21.2 to 23.8 ° C ( 70.2 to 74.8 ° F ) ) from June through August , while northern areas like Scotland and northern England have the coolest summers ( average means : 12.2 to 14.8 ° C ( 54.0 to 58.6 ° F ) ) . Hot weather above 27 ° C in most places and in most years only occurs on a few days per year , but more frequently in London and south - east England and never in parts of Scotland . The record maximum is 38.5 ° C ( 101.3 ° F ) recorded in Faversham , Kent on 10 August 2003 . Autumn ( edit ) Autumn in the United Kingdom lasts from September to November . The season is notorious for being unsettled -- as cool polar air moves southwards following the sun , it meets the warm air of the tropics and produces an area of great disturbance along which the country lies . This combined with the warm ocean due to heating throughout the spring and summer , produces the unsettled weather of autumn . In addition , when the air is particularly cold temperatures on land may be colder than the ocean , resulting in significant amounts of condensation and clouds which bring rain to the country . Atlantic depressions during this time can become intense and winds of hurricane force ( greater than 119 km / h or 74 mph ) can be recorded . Western areas , being closest to the Atlantic , experience these severe conditions to a significantly greater extent than eastern areas . As such , autumn , particularly the latter part , is often the stormiest time of the year . One particularly intense depression was the Great Storm of 1987 . A very severe storm affected the UK on 27 October 2002 which , at Mumbles head near Swansea , recorded maximum sustained wind speeds of over 123km / h , equivalent to a category 1 hurricane . The autumn of 2013 was also littered with severe storms , including the St. Jude 's Storm on 28 October 2013 . Autumn can also be a cold season at times - in recent years , very low temperatures and heavy snowfall have been recorded during November 1985 , November 1993 & November 2010 , which set a new record low of - 18.0 ° C in Wales on 28 November 2010 . At Northolt , the coldest temperature of the year 2016 was set on 30 November . Snow also fell rather widely across the UK on 28 & 29 October 2008 , causing traffic problems where it settled on the M4 . Even further south , low temperatures can be recorded , with temperatures well below freezing as far south as Heathrow Airport between 29 & 31 October 1997 - for context , the low of 30 October 1997 recorded was lower than any recorded at this station in March , November or December 1997 and even the following January , 1998 - only the low temperatures on 2 & 4 February 1998 prevented it from being the lowest temperature of the winter at this station . The first frosts of the winter are usually recorded between October & December , but they are quite unusual in September except on high ground when the surrounding ocean is at or near its warmest . It is not particularly unusual for September to be warmer than June , as it was in 1999 . However , the United Kingdom sometimes experiences an ' Indian Summer ' , where temperatures particularly by night can be very mild and rarely fall below 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) . Such events are aided by the surrounding Atlantic Ocean and seas being at their warmest , keeping the country in warm air , despite the relatively weak sun . Examples of this were in 1985 , 1999 , 2005 , 2006 , 2011 and 2016 where September saw above average temperatures which felt more like a continuation of summer than autumn . Autumns since 2000 have generally been very mild with notable extremes of precipitation ; the UK has seen some of its wettest and driest autumns since the millennium. 2011 and 2016 were notable as many areas of the country recorded their highest temperatures of the year in September and October ( for example , 28.2 ° C at Hawarden on 1 October , 26.3 ° C at St. Athan on 2 October 2011 and the UK 's highest temperature of 2016 on 13 September with 34.4 ° C at Gravesend ) . Coastal areas in the southern half of England have on average the warmest autumns , with mean temperatures of 10.7 to 13.0 ° C ( 51.3 to 55.4 ° F ) . Mountainous areas of Wales and northern England , and almost all of Scotland , experience mean temperatures between 1.7 and 7.5 ° C ( 35.1 and 45.5 ° F ) . Winter ( edit ) Winter in the UK is defined as lasting from December to February . The season is generally cool , wet , windy , and cloudy . Temperatures at night rarely drop below − 10 ° C ( 14 ° F ) and in the day rarely rise above 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) . Precipitation is plentiful throughout the season , though snow is relatively infrequent despite the country 's high latitude : The only areas with significant snowfall are the Scottish Highlands and the Pennines , where at higher elevations a colder climate determines the vegetation , mainly temperate coniferous forest , although deforestation has severely decreased forest area . For a majority of the landmass snow is possible but not frequent , apart from the higher altitudes , where snow can lie 1 -- 5 months or even beyond 6 months . Towards the later part of the season the weather usually stabilises with less wind , less precipitation and lower temperatures . This change is particularly pronounced near the coasts mainly because the Atlantic ocean is often at its coldest during this time after being cooled throughout the autumn and the winter . The early part of winter however is often unsettled and stormy ; often the wettest and windiest time of the year . Snow cover on The Saddle in the Scottish Highlands Snow falls intermittently and mainly affects northern and eastern areas , high ground in Wales and especially the mountains of Scotland , where there is often enough snow lying to permit skiing at some of the five Scottish ski resorts . These resorts usually operate between December and April , depending on the snowfall . Frequently in the mountains potent depressions may move in from the north in the form of ' polar lows ' , introducing heavy snow and often blizzard - like conditions to parts of the United Kingdom , particularly Scotland . Blizzards have become rarer in the 21st century , although much of England was affected by one on 30 January 2003 . During periods of light winds and high pressure frost and fog can become a problem and can pose a major hazard for drivers on the roads . Mean winter temperatures in the UK are most influenced by proximity to the sea . The coldest areas are the mountains of Wales and northern England , and inland areas of Scotland , averaging − 3.6 to 2.3 ° C ( 25.5 to 36.1 ° F ) . Coastal areas , particularly those in the south and west , experience the mildest winters , on average 5 to 8.7 ° C ( 41.0 to 47.7 ° F ) . Hardiness zones in the UK are high , ranging from zone 7 in the Scottish Highlands , the Pennines and Snowdonia , to zone 10 on the Isles of Scilly . Most of the UK lies in zones 8 or 9 . In zone 7 , the average lowest temperature each year is between − 17.7 and − 12.3 ° C ( 0.1 and 9.9 ° F ) , and in zone 10 , this figure is between − 1.1 and 4.4 ° C ( 30.0 and 39.9 ° F ) . Snow in the UK falls almost every year , but in small quantities . The UK can suffer extreme winters like 1684 , 1740 , 1795 ( when London received its record lowest temperature of − 21.1 ° C ( − 6.0 ° F ) ) , 1947 and 1963 . In 1963 it snowed on Boxing Day , and snow lasted in most areas until 6 March , with blizzards through February , which had significant and documented effects on the FA Cup - Wrexham were forced to play on sand for one tie . In modern times snow has generally become rarer , but the UK can still get heavy falls , such as in 1978 / 79 , 1981 / 82 , 1986 / 87 and 1990 / 91 . The winter of 2008 / 09 produced the heaviest snowfall since 1991 between 1 and 3 February , and the winter of 2009 - 10 was even more severe , with many parts of the United Kingdom experiencing the coldest and snowiest winters since 1978 / 79 ; temperatures plummeted to − 22.3 ° C ( − 8.1 ° F ) at Altnaharra , Sutherland -- close to the − 22.9 ° C ( − 9.2 ° F ) recorded at the southernmost part of the globe in the same period . The lowest temperature ever recorded in the UK was − 27.2 ° C ( − 17.0 ° F ) which was recorded on 10 January 1982 and 11 February 1895 in Braemar , Scotland and on 30 December 1995 in Altnaharra , Scotland . December 2010 was the coldest December in 120 years ; the CET ( Central England Temperature ) was - 0.7 ° C ; it was the coldest month since February 1986 , and the coldest December since 1890 . Many places had heavy snowfall and extreme cold , temperatures regularly fell below − 10.0 ° C ( 14.0 ° F ) ) across many areas . However , the cold subsided after Christmas Day , 2010 . November 2010 saw an extremely severe cold snap , with lows of − 18.0 ° C ( − 0.4 ° F ) ) in Llysdinam on 28 November . The month saw temperatures below average , despite what was actually a very mild first half . Spring 2013 was also notoriously cold : March 2013 was the coldest month of the winter ( and indeed 2013 as a whole ) , which is quite striking given that December 2012 , January and February 2013 were all also below average in terms of temperature . The following winter was the opposite - in many places , only on 11 and 12 January was any snow recorded ( some places having no snow at all ) , and the entire country was battered by a series of severe depressions and storms . The St Jude 's Day storm first affected the UK on 26 October 2013 , and many places saw no respite until a high swept across the country on 2 March 2014 . Parts of the Somerset levels remained under water for most of the winter and well into spring . Record - equalling gusts of 142 mph were recorded off the north coast of Scotland on 5 December 2013 , with notably severe storms also recorded on 2 November 2013 , 24 December 2013 , 3 January 2014 and 14 February 2014 . In the 1990s and 2000s , most of the winters were milder and usually wetter than average with daytime temperatures going below freezing a rare occurrence . In fact , the winter of 1995 / 1996 was the only one which was defined as below average in terms of the UK as a whole , although February 1991 saw heavy snowfall & January 1997 was cold in the South . The winters of 2008 / 09 , 2009 / 10 and 2010 / 11 have however seen a different pattern with these three winters being defined as below or well below average with large snowfall amounts widespread and very low temperatures ; this was the first time three consecutive cold winters in the UK have occurred since the 1960s . Since the winter of 2012 / 2013 , winters have been mild ( exceptionally so in 2013 / 2014 and 2015 / 2016 ) , although exceptionally wet . The winter of 2014 / 2015 was an oddity , in that it was generally quiet and sunny . December 2014 & January 2015 were a little milder than the average , February 2015 was close to normal . The winter of 2016 / 17 was very nearly a very cold winter owing to the presence and position of high pressure , although ultimately only November 2016 was cold widely as a whole . Early December 2016 was cool and January 2017 was cold in the south - east , with much of the rest of England and Wales near the 1961 - 1990 average . At Northolt , the average minimum for January 2017 was below freezing for the first time since December 2010 . December 2015 became the wettest calendar month ever recorded in the United Kingdom , with January 2016 becoming the second wettest . In these months , some northern and western parts had 2 to 4 times as much rainfall as normal . December 2015 was also the warmest December averaged over the whole UK , and had the highest positive anomaly for any month in the Central England temperature series which began in 1659 ( CET was 9.7 ° C , this is warmer than even any March ) . Most areas of southern England had average monthly temperatures 5 - 6 ° C above normal . Some plants flowered that would normally do so in the Spring or even Summer . Hardly any stations in Wales and Southern England recorded any air frosts and temperatures were often comparable to those of April or May . The maximum recorded temperature was 17.2 ° C at Teignmouth in Devon and Plockton and Achnagart in the highlands of Scotland on 16th . The lowest daily mean temperature during December 2015 at Heathrow Airport was still 8.2 ° C on 9 December , comparable to the average daily high for the calendar month . Remarkably , December 2015 did not break any national records for high temperatures , just failing to reach the maximum England temperature of 17.7 ° C recorded on 2 December 1985 in Chivenor , Devon and on 11 December 1994 in Penkridge , Staffordshire . Despite the warmth , it was the dullest December since 1989 . Sunshine and cloud ( edit ) A sunny spring day The average total annual sunshine in the United Kingdom is 1339.7 hours , which is just under 30 % of the maximum possible ( The maximum hours of sunshine possible in one year is approximately 4476 hours ). Generally the United Kingdom sees frequent cloudy skies due to its high latitude and oceanic controlled climate . The lowest sunshine hours are found in northern parts of the country and the highest in the southern parts and southern coast of England . The counties of Dorset , Hampshire , Sussex and Kent are the sunniest areas , which have annual average totals of around 1,750 hours of sunshine per year . Northern , western and mountainous areas are generally the cloudiest areas of the UK , with some mountainous areas receiving fewer than 1,000 hours of sunshine a year . An overcast day in Plymouth , south - west England Valley areas such as the South Wales Valleys , due to their north - south orientation , receive less sunshine than lowland areas because the mountains on either side of the valley obscure the sun in the early morning and late evening . This is noticeable in winter where there are only a few hours of sunshine . The mountains of Wales , northern England and Scotland can be especially cloudy with extensive mist and fog . Near the coast , sea fog may develop in the spring and early summer . Radiation fog may develop over inland areas of Great Britain and can persist for hours or even days in the winter and can pose a major hazard for drivers and aircraft . On occasions blocking anticyclones ( high pressure systems ) may move over the United Kingdom , which can persist for weeks or even months . The subsided , dry air often results in clear skies and few clouds , bringing frosty nights in winter and warm days in the summer . Average hours of sunshine in winter range from 38 -- 108 hours in some mountainous areas and western Scotland , up to 217 hours in the south and east of England ; while average hours of sunshine in summer range from 294 -- 420 hours in northern Scotland and Northern Ireland , to 600 -- 760 hours in southern English coastal counties . The most sunshine recorded in one month was 383.9 hours at Eastbourne ( East Sussex ) in July 1911 . Atlantic ocean ( edit ) One of the greatest influences on the climate of the UK is the Atlantic Ocean and especially the Gulf Stream , which carries warm water up from lower latitudes and modifies the high latitude air masses that pass across the UK . This thermohaline circulation has a powerful moderating and warming effect on the country 's climate . This warm water current warms the climate to such a great extent that if the current did not exist then temperatures in winter would be about 10 ° C ( 18 ° F ) lower than they are today and similar to eastern Russia or Canada near the same latitude . The current allows England to have vineyards at the same latitude that Canada has polar bears . These warm ocean currents also bring substantial amounts of humidity which contributes to the notoriously wet climate that western parts of the UK experience . The extent of the Gulf Stream 's contribution to the actual temperature in western Europe is a matter of dispute . It has been argued that atmospheric waves that bring warm air northwards contribute to the warmer temperatures than thermohaline circulation . Winds ( edit ) Further information : List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe The high latitude and proximity to a large ocean to the west means that the United Kingdom experiences strong winds . The prevailing wind is from the south - west , but it may blow from any direction for sustained periods of time . Winds are strongest near westerly facing coasts and exposed headlands . Gales -- which are defined as winds with speeds of 51 to 101 km / h ( 32 to 63 mph ) -- are strongly associated with the passage of deep depressions across the country . The Hebrides experience on average 35 days of gale a year ( a day where there are gale - force winds ) while inland areas in England and Wales receive fewer than 5 days of gale a year . Areas of high elevation tend to have higher wind speeds than low elevations , and Great Dun Fell in Cumbria ( at 857 m or 2,812 ft ) averaged 114 days of gale a year during the period 1963 to 1976 . The highest gust recorded at a low level in England was 191 km / h ( 119 mph ) at Gwennap Head in Cornwall on 15 December 1979 , and a 115 mph gust was also recorded at Shoreham - By - Sea on 16 October 1987 . A disputed 122 mph gust was recorded on 16 October 1987 at Gorleston in Norfolk during the Great Storm of 1987 . In Scotland , Fraserburgh in Aberdeenshire recorded 229 km / h ( 142 mph ) on 13 February 1989 , which was equalled during Cyclone Xaver on 5 December 2013 . Wales ' highest wind speed gust of 200 km / h ( 124 mph ) was set at Rhoose , Vale of Glamorgan on 28 October 1989 . Especially potent storm systems typically affect the UK during autumn and winter , with the winters of 1989 / 1990 and 2013 / 2014 particularly notable for the frequency and potency of storm systems . An unofficial gust of 194 mph was recorded on the Shetland Isles during the New Year 's Day Storm on 1 January 1992 , and an equal unofficial 194 mph wind gust is claimed to have been set in the Cairngorm Mountains on 19 December 2008 . Barometric pressure plays a role in storm systems . For the United Kingdom , record figures for barometric pressure recordings are : Highest - 1053.6 mb ( Aberdeen , 31 January 1902 ) Lowest - 925.6 mb ( Ochtertyre , 26 January 1884 ) Notably a low pressure storm system affected the UK with a central pressure of 914.0 mb on 10 January 1993 , however this figure is not recorded over the UK but out in the Atlantic , despite the system affecting the UK . Rainfall ( edit ) Rainfall amounts can vary greatly across the United Kingdom and generally the further west and the higher the elevation , the greater the rainfall . The mountains of Wales , Scotland , the Pennines in Northern England and the moors of South West England are the wettest parts of the country , and in some of these places as much as 4,577 millimetres ( 180.2 in ) of rain can fall annually , making these locations some of the wettest in Europe . The wettest spot in the United Kingdom is Crib Goch , in Snowdonia , which has averaged 4,473 millimetres ( 176.1 in ) rain a year over the past 30 years . Most rainfall in the United Kingdom comes from North Atlantic depressions which roll into the country throughout the year from the west or southwest and are particularly frequent and intense in the autumn and winter . They can on occasions bring prolonged periods of heavy rain , and flooding is quite common . Parts of England are surprisingly dry , which is contrary to the stereotypical view -- London receives just below 650 millimetres ( 25.6 in ) per annum , which is less than Rome , Sydney , or New York City . In East Anglia it typically rains on about 113 days per year . Most of the south , south - east and East Anglia receive less than 700 millimetres ( 27.6 in ) of rain per year . The English counties of Essex , Cambridgeshire - as well as parts of North Yorkshire , the East Riding of Yorkshire , Suffolk and Norfolk - are amongst the driest in the UK , with an average annual rainfall of around 600 millimetres ( 23.6 in ) . This is due to a mild rainshadow effect , due to mountainous parts of the South West , Wales and Cumbria blocking the moist airflow across the country to the east . In some years rainfall totals in Essex and South Suffolk can be below 450 millimetres ( 17.7 in ) ( especially areas around Colchester , Clacton and Ipswich ) - less than the average annual rainfall in Jerusalem , Beirut and even some semi-arid parts of the world . Parts of the United Kingdom have had drought problems in recent years , particularly in 2004 - 2006 . Fires broke out in some areas , even across the normally damp higher ground of north - west England and Wales . The landscape in much of England and east Wales became very parched , even near the coast ; water restrictions were in place in some areas . July 2006 was the hottest month on record for the United Kingdom and much of Europe , however England has had warmer spells of 31 days which did not coincide with a calendar month -- in 1976 and 1995 . As well as low rainfall , drought problems were made worse by the fact that the driest parts of England also have the highest population density , and therefore highest water consumption . The drought problems ended in the period from October 2006 to January 2007 , which had well above average rainfall . December 2015 was the wettest month ever recorded in the United Kingdom . The average rainfall for the month was almost doubled . Temperature ( edit ) Generally the United Kingdom has cool to mild winters and warm summers with moderate variation in temperature throughout the year . In England the average annual temperature varies from 8.5 ° C ( 47.3 ° F ) in the north to 11 ° C ( 51.8 ° F ) in the south , but over the higher ground this can be several degrees lower . This small variation in temperature is to a large extent due to the moderating effect the Atlantic ocean has -- water has a much greater specific heat capacity than air and tends to heat and cool slowly throughout the year . This has a warming influence on coastal areas in winter and a cooling influence in summer . The ocean is at its coldest in February or early March , thus around coastal areas February is often the coldest month , but inland there is little to choose between February and January as the coldest . Temperatures tend to drop lowest on late winter nights inland , in the presence of high pressure , clear skies , light winds and when there is snow on the ground . On occasions , cold polar or continental air can be drawn in over the United Kingdom to bring very cold weather . The floors of inland valleys away from warming influence of the sea can be particularly cold as cold , dense air drains into them . A temperature of − 26.1 ° C ( − 15.0 ° F ) was recorded under such conditions at Edgmond in Shropshire on 10 January 1982 , the coldest temperature recorded in England and Wales . The following day the coldest maximum temperature in England , at − 11.3 ° C ( 11.7 ° F ) , was recorded at the same site . On average the warmest winter temperatures occur on the south and west coasts , however , warm temperatures occasionally occur due to a foehn wind warming up downwind after the crossing the mountains . Temperatures in these areas can rise to 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) in winter on rare occasions This is a particularly notable event in northern Scotland , mainly Aberdeenshire , where these high temperatures can occur in midwinter when the sun only reaches about 10 ° above the horizon . July is on average the warmest month , and the highest temperatures tend to occur away from the Atlantic in southern , eastern and central England , where summer temperatures can rise above 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) . It soared to 38.5 ° C ( 101.3 ° F ) in Faversham , Kent on 10 August 2003 : the highest temperature ever recorded in the United Kingdom . <Th_colspan="7"> Absolute temperature ranges Country <Th_colspan="3"> Maximum temperatures <Th_colspan="3"> Minimum temperatures ° C ° F Location and date ° C ° F Location and date England 38.5 101.3 Faversham , Kent on 10 August 2003 − 26.1 − 15.0 Edgmond , near Newport , Shropshire on 10 January 1982 Wales 35.2 95.4 Hawarden Bridge , Flintshire on 2 August 1990 − 23.3 − 9.9 Rhayader , Radnorshire on 21 January 1940 Scotland 32.9 91.2 Greycrook , Scottish Borders on 9 August 2003 − 27.2 − 17.0 Braemar , Aberdeenshire on 11 February 1895 and 10 January 1982 Altnaharra , Sutherland on 30 December 1995 Northern Ireland 30.8 87.4 Knockarevan , near Belleek , County Fermanagh on 30 June 1976 Belfast on 12 July 1983 − 18.6 − 1.5 Castlederg , County Tyrone on 23 December 2010 Severe weather ( edit ) While the United Kingdom is not particularly noted for extreme weather , it does sometimes occur , and events such as floods and drought may be experienced . The summer of 1976 , for example , experienced temperatures as high as 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) , and it was so dry the country suffered drought and water shortages . Extended periods of extreme weather , such as the droughts of 1975 -- 1976 , summer 2006 , and spring 2012 , the long hot summers of 1911 , 1976 , 2003 and 2006 , and the winters of 1946 -- 1947 , 1962 -- 1963 , 2009 -- 2010 , and 2010 -- 2011 are often caused by blocking anti-cyclones which can persist for several days , weeks , or even months . In winter they can bring long periods of cold dry weather and in summer long periods of hot dry weather . Hurricane Gordon 's path There have also been occurrences of severe flash floods caused by intense rainfall ; the most severe was the Lynmouth disaster of 1952 in which 34 people died and 38 houses and buildings were completely destroyed . In the summer of 2004 , a severe flash flood devastated the town of Boscastle in Cornwall . However , the worst floods in the United Kingdom in modern times occurred in the North Sea flood of 1953 . A powerful storm from the Atlantic moved around Scotland and down the east coast of England . As it moved south it produced a storm surge which was magnified as the North Sea became narrower further south . By the time the storm affected south - east England and the Netherlands , the surge had reached the height of 3.6 metres ( 12 ft ) . Over 300 people were killed by the floods in eastern England . Thunderstorms are most common in southern and eastern England , and least common in the north and west . In London , thunderstorms occur on average 14 -- 19 days a year , while in most of Northern Ireland and the west of Scotland thunderstorms occur on around 3 days a year . Occasionally , thunderstorms can be severe and produce large hailstones as seen in Ottery St Mary , Devon in October 2008 , where drifts reached 1.8 metres ( 5 ft 11 in ) . Strong winds occur mainly in the autumn and winter months associated with low pressure systems and Scotland experiences hurricane - force winds in most winters . The Gale of January 1976 , Great Storm of 1987 ( 23 fatalities ) and the Burns ' Day storm of 1990 ( 97 fatalities ) are particularly severe examples ; Scotland saw winds of 142 mph during Cyclone Xaver in 2013 . The most rain recorded to fall on a single day was 279 mm at Martinstown ( Dorset ) on 18 July 1955 , but also 243 mm fell at Bruton , Somerset on 28 June 1917 . Heavy rain also fell between 20 and 25 June in 2007 ; some areas experienced a month 's rainfall in one day . Four people died in the flooding and over £ 1.5 billion of damage to businesses and properties was caused . On 19 August 1993 , London Heathrow Airport recorded 257mm of rainfall . Tropical cyclones themselves do not affect the UK due to the seas being too cold -- they need temperatures above 26.5 ° C ( 79.7 ° F ) to remain active . The waters near the UK , the Atlantic Ocean , only have temperatures of 2 to 18 ° C ( 36 to 64 ° F ) , so any tropical cyclone that does come anywhere near the UK has said to have undergone a process called extratropical transition . This now means it is an extratropical cyclone , which the UK frequently experiences . The Great Storm of 1987 was a very deep depression which formed in the Bay of Biscay , which also contained the remnants of Hurricane Floyd . Hurricane Lili of 1996 and Hurricane Gordon of 2006 both crossed the UK as strong extratropical cyclones with tropical storm - force winds , causing transport closures , power - cuts and flooding in Northern Ireland , Scotland and South West England . In 2011 , the remnants of Hurricane Katia passed over northwestern Scotland with winds near 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . Tornadoes ( edit ) It is internationally recognised that the United Kingdom has a higher incidence of tornadoes , measured by unit area of land , than any other country in the world . Dr T. Theodore Fujita ( inventor of the Fujita scale ) , an American meteorologist , was the first to recognise the UK as the top site for tornadoes in 1973 . The United Kingdom has at least 33 tornadoes per year , more than any other country in the world relative to its land area . Although most tornadoes are weak , there are occasional destructive events , for example , the Birmingham tornado of 2005 and the London tornado of 2006 . Both registered F2 on the Fujita scale and both caused significant damage and injury . The largest ever recorded was thought to have been an F4 , again in London in 1091 . The most deadly occurred on 28 December 1879 . All 74 lives were lost when a passenger train plunged from the Tay Bridge ( Tayside ) into the Tay Estuary , when the middle section of the bridge collapsed . Although the bridge was poorly constructed and had already been weakened in earlier gales ( including the pre-existing winds at the time of the tragedy ) , the ultimate failure is believed to have been caused by two or three waterspouts which were sighted close to the bridge immediately before the accident . A tornado also developed in London on 3 July 2007 . The UK also holds the title for the highest known ' outbreak ' of tornadoes outside of the United States . The largest tornado outbreak in Britain is also the largest tornado outbreak known anywhere in Europe . On 23 November 1981 , 105 tornadoes were spawned by a cold front in the space of 5.25 hours . Excepting Derbyshire , every county in a triangular area from Gwynedd to Humberside to Essex was hit by at least one tornado , while Norfolk was hit by at least 13 . Very fortunately most tornadoes were short - lived and also weak ( the strongest was around T5 on the TORRO Tornado Scale ) and no deaths occurred . Climate history ( edit ) The climate of the United Kingdom has not always been the way it is today . During some periods it was much warmer and in others it was much colder . The last glacial period was a period of extreme cold weather that lasted for tens of thousands of years and ended about 10,000 years ago . During this period the temperature was so low that much of the surrounding ocean froze and a great ice sheet extended over all of the United Kingdom except the south of England ( connected to mainland Europe via the dry English Channel ) and southern coastal areas of Wales . The cold period from the 16th to the mid-19th centuries is known as the Little Ice Age . The temperature records in England are continuous back to the mid 17th century . The Central England temperature ( CET ) record is the oldest in the world , and is a compound source of cross-correlated records from several locations in central England . Precipitation records date back to the eighteenth century and the modern England and Wales Precipitation series begins in 1766 . A detailed narrative account of the weather of every year from 1913 to 1942 , with photographs of plants taken on the same day in each of those years , may be found in Willis ( 1944 ) . As with many parts of the world , over the last century the United Kingdom has reported a warming trend in temperatures . While some of this may be due to a recovery from the cooler period of climate mid 20th century ( particularly the 1960s ) the last 20 years has nonetheless seen an unprecedented level of warm weather . This rise in temperatures is illustrated by the most recent dataset ( 1981 -- 2010 ) for Belfast and Cambridge Botanical Gardens , and the same data 50 years previous ( 1931 -- 1960 ) . <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Belfast , 1931 - 1960 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 14.9 ( 58.8 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 16.1 ( 61 ) 12.6 ( 54.7 ) 9.1 ( 48.4 ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 12.3 ( 54.13 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.5 ( 34.7 ) 1.5 ( 34.7 ) 2.7 ( 36.9 ) 3.9 ( 39 ) 6.1 ( 43 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 11.0 ( 51.8 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 4.1 ( 39.4 ) 2.9 ( 37.2 ) 5.8 ( 42.45 ) <Td_colspan="14"> Source : Stadtklima <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Belfast , 1981 - 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 17.4 ( 63.3 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 16.3 ( 61.3 ) 12.8 ( 55 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 12.66 ( 54.78 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.8 ( 35.2 ) 1.7 ( 35.1 ) 2.9 ( 37.2 ) 4.3 ( 39.7 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 9.6 ( 49.3 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 4.0 ( 39.2 ) 2.1 ( 35.8 ) 6.05 ( 42.88 ) <Td_colspan="14"> Source : Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Change in monthly mean temperatures at Belfast between 1931 - 1960 and 1981 - 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) + 1.1 C + 0.6 C + 0.3 C + 0.1 C + 0.1 C - 0.1 C + 0.7 C + 0.2 C + 0.2 C + 0.4 C + 0.5 C + 0.4 C + 0.36 C Average low ° C ( ° F ) + 0.3 C + 0.2 C + 0.2 C + 0.4 C + 0.7 C + 0.4 C + 0.6 C + 0.7 C + 0.3 C + 0.1 C - 0.1 C - 0.8 C + 0.25 C <Td_colspan="14"> Source : Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute As the above tables show , all months except December at Belfast exhibit warming when both maximum and minimum temperatures are taken into account . <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Cambridge , 1931 - 1960 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 6.3 ( 43.3 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 10.5 ( 50.9 ) 13.7 ( 56.7 ) 17.2 ( 63 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 22.2 ( 72 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 19.2 ( 66.6 ) 14.6 ( 58.3 ) 9.9 ( 49.8 ) 7.3 ( 45.1 ) 14.22 ( 57.6 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 0.6 ( 33.1 ) 0.5 ( 32.9 ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 9.7 ( 49.5 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 11.5 ( 52.7 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 6.1 ( 43 ) 3.5 ( 38.3 ) 1.7 ( 35.1 ) 5.57 ( 42.03 ) <Td_colspan="14"> Source : Stadtklima <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Cambridge , 1981 - 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 7.5 ( 45.5 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 11.1 ( 52 ) 13.8 ( 56.8 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 19.5 ( 67.1 ) 15.2 ( 59.4 ) 10.5 ( 50.9 ) 7.6 ( 45.7 ) 14.74 ( 58.53 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.4 ( 34.5 ) 1.1 ( 34 ) 3.0 ( 37.4 ) 4.3 ( 39.7 ) 7.3 ( 45.1 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 12.2 ( 54 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 3.9 ( 39 ) 1.7 ( 35.1 ) 6.23 ( 43.21 ) <Td_colspan="14"> Source : Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Change in monthly mean temperatures at Cambridge between 1931 - 1960 and 1981 - 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) + 1.2 C + 0.7 C + 0.6 C + 0.1 C + 0.3 C - 0.1 C + 0.9 C + 0.8 C + 0.3 C + 0.6 C + 0.6 C + 0.3 C + 0.52 C Average low ° C ( ° F ) + 0.8 C + 0.6 C + 1.4 C + 0.5 C + 0.8 C + 0.5 C + 0.6 C + 0.7 C + 0.5 C + 1.1 C + 0.4 C + 0.0 C + 0.66 C <Td_colspan="14"> Source : Stadtklima Again , a similar warming trend is shown for the South East of England , albeit slightly more pronounced with no month recording a fall in overall mean temperatures . Monthly temperature Extremes ( edit ) <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for United Kingdom Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 19.7 ( 67.5 ) 25.6 ( 78.1 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 35.6 ( 96.1 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 38.5 ( 101.3 ) 35.6 ( 96.1 ) 29.9 ( 85.8 ) 22.4 ( 72.3 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 38.5 ( 101.3 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) 6.6 ( 43.9 ) 8.9 ( 48 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 14.7 ( 58.5 ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 12.8 ( 55 ) 9.1 ( 48.4 ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 0.9 ( 33.6 ) 0.7 ( 33.3 ) 2.1 ( 35.8 ) 3.4 ( 38.1 ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 10.9 ( 51.6 ) 10.8 ( 51.4 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 6.2 ( 43.2 ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) 1.1 ( 34 ) 5.3 ( 41.5 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 27.2 ( − 17 ) − 27.2 ( − 17 ) − 22.8 ( − 9 ) − 15.0 ( 5 ) − 9.4 ( 15.1 ) − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) − 2.5 ( 27.5 ) − 4.5 ( 23.9 ) − 6.7 ( 19.9 ) − 11.7 ( 10.9 ) − 23.3 ( − 9.9 ) − 27.2 ( − 17 ) − 27.2 ( − 17 ) <Td_colspan="14"> Source : Met Office <Th_colspan="7"> Absolute temperature ranges Month <Th_colspan="3"> Maximum temperatures <Th_colspan="3"> Minimum temperatures ° C ° F Location and date ° C ° F Location and date January 18.3 64.9 Aber , Gwynedd ( 27 Jan 1958 ) Aber , Gwynedd ( 10 Jan 1971 ) Aboyne , Aberdeenshire ( 26 Jan 2003 ) Inchmarlo , Kincardineshire ( 26 Jan 2003 ) − 27.2 − 17.0 Braemar , Aberdeenshire ( 10 Jan 1982 ) February 19.7 67.5 Greenwich Observatory , London ( 13 Feb 1998 ) − 27.2 − 17.0 Braemar , Aberdeenshire ( 11 Feb 1895 ) March 25.6 78.1 Mepal , Cambridgeshire ( 29 Mar 1968 ) − 22.8 − 9.0 Logie Coldstone , Aberdeenshire ( 14 Mar 1958 ) April 29.4 84.9 Camden Square , London ( 16 Apr 1949 ) − 15.0 5.0 Newton Rigg , Cumbria ( 2 Apr 1917 ) May 32.8 91.0 Camden Square , London ( 22 May 1922 ) Horsham , West Sussex ( 29 May 1944 ) Tunbridge Wells , Kent ( 29 May 1944 ) Regent 's Park , London ( 29 May 1944 ) − 9.4 15.1 Lynford , Norfolk ( 4 May 1941 ) Lynford , Norfolk ( 11 May 1941 ) Fort Augustus , Highland ( 15 May 1941 ) June 35.6 96.1 Camden Square , London ( 29 Jun 1957 ) Southampton Mayflower Park ( 28 Jun 1976 ) − 5.6 21.9 Dalwhinnie , Highland ( 9 Jun 1955 ) Santon Downham , Norfolk ( 1 Jun 1962 ) Santon Downham , Norfolk ( 3 Jun 1962 ) July 36.7 98.1 Heathrow , London ( 1 Jul 2015 ) − 2.5 27.5 Lagganlia , Highland ( 15 Jul 1977 ) August 38.5 101.3 Brogdale , Faversham , Kent ( 10 Aug 2003 ) − 4.5 23.9 Lagganlia , Highland ( 21 Aug 1973 ) September 35.6 96.1 Bawtry , Hesley Hall , South Yorkshire ( 2 Sep 1906 ) − 6.7 19.9 Dalwhinnie , Highland ( 26 Sep 1942 ) October 29.9 85.8 Gravesend , Kent ( 1 Oct 2011 ) − 11.7 10.9 Braemar , Aberdeenshire ( 25 Oct 1859 ) Dalwhinnie , Highland ( 28 Oct 1948 ) November 22.4 72.3 Trawsgoed , Ceredigion ( 1 Nov 2015 ) − 23.3 − 9.9 Braemar , Aberdeenshire ( 14 Nov 1919 ) December 18.3 64.9 Achnashellach , Highland ( 2 Dec 1948 ) − 27.2 − 17.0 Altnaharra , Highland ( 30 Dec 1995 ) A disputed temperature of 42 ° C was set at an airfield in Wisley , Surrey on 18 July 2006 . It has been suggested that the reading for this temperature should in fact have been 32 ° C. It is worth noting that the Met Office expected temperatures to surpass the August 2003 record during the July 2006 heatwave , and it is still speculated that both heatwaves did set higher temperatures than those officially recorded . Climate change ( edit ) Main article : Climate change in the United Kingdom Central estimates produced by the Met Office predict average annual temperature to increase by 2 ° C ( 4 ° F ) and the warmest summer day to increase by 3 ° C ( 6 ° F ) by the 2050s . Average winter rainfall is also likely to increase and most areas will see a slight decrease in annual rainfall . According to the Met Office , in the UK , the decade from 2000 - 2009 was the warmest since instrumental record dating started in 1850 . See also ( edit ) England portal Air pollution in the United Kingdom Climate of Scotland Climate of south - west England European windstorm Geography of the United Kingdom List of natural disasters in the United Kingdom Record UK daily rainfall amounts UK Meteorological Office 2005 United Kingdom snow events Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In accordance with World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) recommendations , the Met Office maintains long - term averages of the UK climate , based on standard 30 - year periods . The latest 30 - year period is for1981 - 2010 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peel , M.C. ; Finlayson B.L. ; McMahon , T.A. ( 2007 ) . `` Updated world map of the Köppen -- Geiger climate classification '' . Hydrol . Earth Syst . Sci. 11 : 1633 -- 1644 . ISSN 1027 - 5606 . doi : 10.5194 / hess - 11 - 1633 - 2007 . ( direct : Final Revised Paper ) ^ Jump up to : `` England 1981 -- 2010 averages '' . Met Office . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Manchester 1981 - 2010 Averages '' . Met Office . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham 1971 -- 2000 & Extremes '' . KNMI . Retrieved 1 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham 1961 -- 1990 & Extremes '' . NOAA . Retrieved 1 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester Ringway 1961 - 1990 '' . NOAA . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester ringway extreme values '' . KNMI . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shanklin Climatic Averages 1981 - 2010 '' . Met Office . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hurn Climatic Averages 1981 -- 2010 '' . Met Office . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` N Ireland 1971 -- 2000 averages '' . Met Office . 2001 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scotland 1971 -- 2000 averages '' . Met Office . 2001 . Archived from the original on 2004 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Meteo France . `` METEO % % % par Météo - France - Prévisions météo du monde gratuites à 10 jours '' . Jump up ^ `` Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh climate '' . Jump up ^ `` UK climate '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` UK climate '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Wales 1971 -- 2000 averages '' . Met Office . 2001 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mean Temperature Spring Average '' . Met Office . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` National Meteorological Library and Archive Fact sheet 2 -- Thunderstorms '' ( PDF ) . Met Office UK . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Mean Temperature Summer Average '' . Met Office . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/interesting/aug03maxtemps.html Jump up ^ http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate-change/guide/impacts/horticulture Jump up ^ https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/10-2002/ws-36090.html Jump up ^ http://www.london-weather.eu/article.138.html Jump up ^ Jones , Sam ( 2011 - 10 - 03 ) . `` UK weather returns to normal after record - breaking heatwave '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/sep/13/uks-hottest-september-day-since-1949-32c-heathrow ^ Jump up to : `` Mean Temperature Autumn Average '' . Met Office . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mean Temperature Winter Average '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Hardiness Zone Map for Europe '' . GardenWeb. 1999 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Hardiness Zones -- Details '' . United States National Arboretum. 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/summaries/2016/january Jump up ^ http://www.trevorharley.com/trevorharley/weather_web_pages/british_weather_in_december.htm Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35228779 ^ Jump up to : http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate-extremes/#?tab=climateExtremes Jump up ^ http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/summaries/2015/december Jump up ^ `` UK 1971 -- 2000 averages '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Met Office : English Climate '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Sunshine Duration Winter Average '' . Met Office . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Sunshine Duration Summer Average '' . Met Office . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Seager , Richard ( 2006 ) . `` The Source of Europe 's Mild Climate '' . American Scientist. 94 ( 4 ) : 334 -- 341 . doi : 10.1511 / 2006.60. 334 . Jump up ^ Rhines , P.B. and Häkkinen , S. Is the Oceanic Heat Transport in the North Atlantic Irrelevant to the Climate in Europe ? OSAF Newsletter , September 2003 Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/4141762/Highlands-mountain-claims-strongest-UK-wind.html Jump up ^ http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/c/f/Fact_sheet_No._9.pdf Jump up ^ `` Rainfall Amount ( mm ) Annual Average '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Clark , Ross ( 2006 - 10 - 28 ) . `` The wetter , the better '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Philip , Catherine ( 2005 - 07 - 28 ) . `` 40 die as one year 's rain falls in a day '' . London : The Times . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor of London Environment '' . Mayor of London . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` East Anglia 1971 -- 2000 averages '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ McKie , Robin ( October 15 , 2006 ) . `` Official : this summer is the longest , hottest ever '' . London : The Observer . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Carrington , Damian . `` December 2015 was the wettest month ever recorded in UK '' . Jump up ^ `` December 2015 breaks records '' . Met Office . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Met Office : Scottish Climate '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` UK climate - Extremes - Met Office '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Amy T. Lennard ; Neil MacDonald ; Janet Hooke . `` Analysis of drought characteristics for improved understanding of a water resource system '' ( PDF ) . IAHS . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Days of Thunder Annual Average '' . Met Office . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Hailstorm sparks ' absolute chaos ' '' . BBC News . 2008 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Deadly storm and tidal surge batter northern Europe '' . BBC News . 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Harvey J.E. Rodda , Max A. Little , Rose G. Wood , Nina MacDougall , Patrick E. McSharry ( 2009 ) . A digital archive of extreme rainfalls in the British Isles from 1866 to 1968 based on British Rainfall Archived 2009 - 11 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , Weather 64 ( 3 ) : 71 - 75 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 04 . The coastal temperature network and ferry route programme : long - term temperature and salinity observations , A.E. Joyce , Cefas . Jump up ^ `` Hurricanes '' . The BBC . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://www.torro.org.uk/site/tfaq.php Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/manchester/hi/people_and_places/nature/newsid_9001000/9001614.stm Jump up ^ Nikolai Dotzek . `` An updated estimate of tornado occurrence in Europe '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Tornado Climatology '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.torro.org.uk/site/whirlwind_info.php Jump up ^ Willis , J.H. , ( 1944 ) Weatherwise , London , George Allen and Unwin . Jump up ^ `` Belfast 1931 - 60 '' . Stadtklima . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belfast 1981 - 2010 '' . KNMI . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cambridge 1931 - 60 '' . Stadtklima . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cambridge 1981 - 2010 '' . KNMI . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Records '' . Met Office . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UKCP Map '' . The Met Office . Archived from the original on 5 July 2009 . Retrieved 9 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Updates to our decadal forecast '' . The Met Office . Retrieved 27 February 2013 . External links ( edit ) Met Office <Th_colspan="2"> Climate of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Catalonia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union <Th_colspan="2"> Weather events in the United Kingdom <Td_colspan="2"> Climate of the United Kingdom Drought in the United Kingdom Avalanches Lewes 1836 Buachaille Etive Mòr 2009 Coldwaves Great Frost of 1709 Winter 1894 -- 95 Winter 1946 -- 47 Winter 1952 Winter 1962 -- 63 January -- March 1983 January -- March 1987 Winter 1990 -- 91 Winter 1994 -- 95 Winter 2000 -- 01 Winter 2002 -- 03 February 2009 Winter 2009 -- 10 Winter 2010 -- 11 February 2012 Spring 2013 Flash floods Louth 1920 Lynmouth 1952 Chew Stoke 1968 Glasgow 2002 Boscastle 2004 Morpeth 2008 Floods Holmfirth 1738 , 1777 , 1944 Thames 1928 Thames 1947 South England 1968 United Kingdom 2000 United Kingdom 2007 Sheffield 2009 United Kingdom 2009 United Kingdom 2012 United Kingdom 2013 -- 14 Somerset Levels 2013 -- 14 United Kingdom 2015 -- 16 United Kingdom 2016 Heat waves Droughts `` Great Stink '' 1858 1906 1911 1955 1976 1995 2003 2006 Spring 2011 Autumn 2011 March 2012 Summer 2013 2017 Storm surges South England 1287 North Sea 1287 Bristol Channel 1607 1928 Thames flood North Sea 1953 North Sea 1976 North Sea 1978 North Sea 2007 Irish Sea & North Sea 2013 Thunderstorms Widecombe - in - the - Moor 1638 Tornadoes London 1091 Great Malvern 1761 Birmingham 1931 Birmingham 2005 London 2006 West Midlands and Wales 2011 Windstorms December 1703 November 1824 August 1848 October 1859 February 1871 December 1879 January 1881 blizzard October 1881 January 1968 January 1976 October 1987 January 1990 December 1998 January 2007 December 2011 January 2012 October 2013 December 2013 Christmas 2013 New Year 2014 February 2014 Windstorm seasons 2015 -- 16 Abigail Desmond Eva 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Ophelia <Td_colspan="2"> Disputed tsunami Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=806885100 '' Categories : Climate of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from November 2006 All articles needing additional references Pages using weather box with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español עברית Русский Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 19 : 18 . 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1. Climate of the United Kingdom
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the man in the high castle season 3 cast
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The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) - Wikipedia The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The Man in the High Castle <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Alternate history Drama Dystopia Thriller Science fiction Created by Frank Spotnitz Based on The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick Starring Alexa Davalos Rupert Evans Luke Kleintank DJ Qualls Joel de la Fuente Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa Rufus Sewell Brennan Brown Callum Keith Rennie Bella Heathcote Opening theme `` Edelweiss '' , performed by Jeanette Olsson Composer ( s ) Henry Jackman Dominic Lewis Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Ridley Scott Frank Spotnitz Christian Baute Isa Dick Hackett Stewart Mackinnon Christopher Tricarico Producer ( s ) Michael Cedar Jean Higgins Jordan Sheehan David W. Zucker Location ( s ) Seattle , Washington Monroe , Washington Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography James Hawkinson Gonzalo Amat Editor ( s ) Kathrynn Himoff Running time 48 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Amazon Studios Scott Free Productions Electric Shepherd Productions Headline Pictures Big Light Productions Picrow Reunion Pictures Distributor Amazon.com <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Amazon Video Original release January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links Website www.amazon.com/The-Man-High-Castle/dp/B00RSGFRY8 The Man in the High Castle is an American dystopian alternative history television series produced by Amazon Studios , Scott Free Productions , Headline Pictures , Electric Shepherd Productions and Big Light Productions . The series is loosely based on the 1962 novel of the same name by science fiction author Philip K. Dick . In the series ' alternate version of 1962 America , the Axis powers have won World War II and divided the United States into two puppet states : the Greater Nazi Reich and the Japanese Pacific States . The series follows characters whose destinies intertwine after coming into contact with a series of propaganda films that show a vastly different history from that of their own . Premiering in January 2015 , the pilot was Amazon 's `` most - watched since the original series development program began . '' The next month Amazon ordered episodes to fill out a ten - episode season , which was released in November , to positive reviews . A second season of ten episodes premiered in December 2016 , with a third season announced a few weeks later to be released in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Season one 1.2 Season two 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 John Smith 's family 2.2. 2 Juliana Crain 's family 2.2. 3 Nobusuke Tagomi 's family 2.2. 4 Historical figures 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 5.2 Advertising controversy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Season one ( edit ) The central characters are Juliana Crain , Frank Frink , Joe Blake , John Smith , Nobusuke Tagomi , and Takeshi Kido . The series takes place in an alternate 1962 . Flag of the Greater Nazi Reich in America Flag of the Japanese Pacific States Juliana Crain is a San Francisco woman who becomes entangled with the resistance when her half - sister Trudy is killed by the Kempeitai , just after giving Juliana a film reel that contains newsreel - style footage depicting an alternate history in which the Allies won World War II and Germany and Japan were defeated . The film is entitled The Grasshopper Lies Heavy , and is part of a series of similar newsreels being collected by someone referred to as `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Juliana believes the newsreel reflects some sort of alternate reality and that it is part of some kind of larger truth about how the world should be . Her boyfriend , Frank Frink ( who keeps his Jewish roots hidden in order to avoid extradition and death at the hands of the Nazis ) , believes that the newsreel has no relation to real - life events . Juliana learns Trudy was carrying the film to Canon City , Colorado , in the Neutral Zone , where she was going to meet someone . Juliana decides to travel there in Trudy 's place to find out what her half - sister 's mission was . When she arrives in Canon City , she encounters Joe Blake . Blake is a 27 - year - old New Yorker who is a double agent working for the Nazis under Obergruppenführer John Smith , a former US Army officer who joined the Nazis and rose through the ranks to become a senior officer in the SS . Blake is pretending to be a member of the resistance while he searches for the resistance contact in Canon City , which is Juliana , substituting for Trudy . Nobusuke Tagomi is a high - ranking Japanese official ( the Trade Minister ) in San Francisco . He meets in secret with Nazi official Rudolph Wegener , who is traveling incognito as Swedish businessman Victore Baynes . Tagomi and Wegener are concerned about the power vacuum that will exist when the Reich 's Führer Adolf Hitler dies , or is forced to step down due to his worsening Parkinson 's disease . Wegener explains that Hitler 's successor will want to use the Reich 's nuclear bombs against Japan to gain control of the rest of the former United States . Currently , however , Japan and the Third Reich are engaged in a cold war full of tension but no open warfare , with the Japanese lagging behind the Germans technologically . Frank Frink ends up being arrested when the Japanese and the Nazis become suspicious of Juliana 's activities . Not having the information they seek , he is unable to give the Japanese what they are looking for , and they kill Frink 's sister and her two children in retaliation , using their Jewish heritage as an excuse for their executions . This leads Frink to plan to kill the visiting Japanese Crown Prince and Princess , but he ultimately decides against going through with his plan . Season two ( edit ) Season Two of the show broadly encompasses Frank Frink deciding to forgo his hesitancy and relative pacifism and choosing to become a committed member of the American Resistance to the Japanese Empire inside the Pacific States , eventually participating in a successful terrorist bombing of a central - command building of the Pacific States government in downtown San Francisco . The attack kills many members of the Japanese military and other top - level leadership . Juliana Crain claims asylum in the Nazi Reich using their San Francisco Embassy so she can escape Japanese soldiers who hold her responsible for at least one murder . John Smith , seeing that her asylum claim is unlikely to succeed , steps in to the interrogation room and assumes command of her claim himself , ensuring it goes through , and he takes her to New York without Joe Blake 's knowledge . Joe Blake himself discovers he was a product of the Lebensborn programme , and also that he is the sole biological son of a top - ranking Nazi official in Berlin , Martin Heusmann . Eventually Blake reconciles with Heusmann on the personal level and , in so doing , becomes second - in - command of the Chancellorship after Adolf Hitler dies and the Nazi leadership in Berlin grants Heusmann the Reich 's Acting Chancellor title , which they do quickly and almost by default . Hitler 's death is abruptly pinned upon Japanese spies , and Heusmann suddenly announces on television that the Japanese agents whom he claims assassinated the Führer will be brought to justice by any means necessary , including war . John Smith is the only high - ranking Nazi official to be suspicious of the nature of Heusmann 's sudden announcement . To gain insight in to why it has happened , he interrogates another high - ranking Nazi , Reinhard Heydrich , who reveals a far - reaching conspiracy led by Heusmann designed to result in a Nazi nuclear onslaught against the Japanese Empire that will kill tens of millions of Japanese , decimate their Empire , level Tokyo , kill their Emperor , and force the surviving Japanese to permanently absorb themselves in to a global Nazi Reich . John Smith undertakes carefully - calculated stealth actions to disrupt and dismantle the Heusmann conspiracy and , as a final act , travels to Berlin and informs Heinrich Himmler -- the Nazi Reichsführer and not involved in the conspiracy -- of the existence of the conspiracy . Audiotapes , together with physical and written evidence reaching too deep within the existing Reich 's power structure to be dismissed as hearsay , are handed personally by John Smith over to the Reichsführer , who then angrily leads Smith and several of his closest Berlin subordinates in to the late Führer 's office occupied by the Acting Chancellor . He arrests Heusmann for high treason and the murder of Adolf Hitler , detains Joe Blake along with Heusmann , and then addresses the Volkshalle packed with hundreds of thousands of Reich civilians and uniformed stormtroopers , nixing the war - declaration speech meant to have been delivered by Heusmann and instead informing the Reich of Heusmann 's conspiracy and John Smith 's exposing of it . Upon learning this , the entire Volkshalle erupts in to a celebratory mood marked by repeated mass Nazi salutes of Himmler 's men in general and then John Smith in particular . The second season ends with Himmler and John Smith implicitly assuming command of the Reich , and an implied new era of peace and tranquility between the Japanese Empire and the Greater Nazi Reich . Juliana Crain continues to live out her asylum claim inside New York Nazi territory , and the final few minutes of the final episode of the second season show Trudy ( or an alternate - universe version of her ) alive and well . In a basement somewhere , John Smith is given access to a room filled to bursting with reels of films watched by the late Führer . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Alexa Davalos as Juliana Crain , a young woman from San Francisco who is outwardly happy living under Japanese control ; she has become an expert in aikido and is friendly with Japanese people living in San Francisco . Her mother harbors hatred of the Japanese , as they killed Juliana 's father during the war . Rupert Evans as Frank Frink , Juliana 's boyfriend . He works in a factory , creating replicas of pre-war American pistols that are prized by the Japanese , while on his own time he creates original jewelry and sketches . When Juliana vanishes just after the police kill her sister , Frank is taken into custody , which is particularly dangerous since he had a Jewish grandfather and would face execution if this fact were exposed . His experience with the Japanese causes him to turn against the state . Luke Kleintank as Joe Blake , a new recruit to the underground American resistance who is actually an agent working for the SS under Obergruppenführer John Smith . He transports a copy of a reel of the forbidden film The Grasshopper Lies Heavy to the neutral Rocky Mountain States as part of his mission to infiltrate the American resistance . DJ Qualls as Ed McCarthy , Frank 's co-worker and friend . He closely follows politics and cares very much about Juliana and Frank 's well being . Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa as Nobusuke Tagomi , the Trade Minister of the Pacific States of America . His true loyalties are ambiguous throughout the first season . Rufus Sewell as John Smith , an SS Obergruppenführer investigating the Resistance in New York . He is a natural - born American who previously served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps and lives a comfortable suburban life with a wife and three children . It is implied that he embraced Nazism because he grew up in poverty as a result of the Great Depression . Joel de la Fuente as Chief Inspector Takeshi Kido , the ruthless head of the Kempeitai stationed in San Francisco . Brennan Brown as Robert Childan , an antique store owner who makes secret deals with Frank . ( recurring , season 1 ; main , season 2 ) Callum Keith Rennie as Gary Connell , leader of the West Coast Resistance movement and enforcer for Abendsen . ( season 2 ) Bella Heathcote as Nicole Dörmer , a young Berlin - born filmmaker who will cross paths with Joe . ( season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Carsten Norgaard as Rudolph Wegener , a disillusioned high - ranking Nazi official who trades secrets with Tagomi . Rick Worthy as Lemuel `` Lem '' Washington , owner of the Sunrise Diner in Canon City and member of the Resistance . Camille Sullivan as Karen Vecchione , a leader of the Pacific States branch of the Resistance . Lee Shorten as Sergeant Hiroyuki Yoshida , Inspector Kido 's right - hand man . Arnold Chun as Kotomichi , Tagomi 's assistant . Hank Harris as Randall Becker , a member of the Pacific States branch of the Resistance Christine Chatelain as Laura Crothers , Frank 's sister . Allan Havey as the Origami Man , a Nazi spy sent to Canon City to eliminate members of the Resistance . Burn Gorman as the Marshal , a bounty hunter searching for concentration camp escapees . Shaun Ross as the Shoe Shine Boy , a young albino man living in Canon City . Rob LaBelle as Carl , a bookstore clerk in Canon City who is revealed to be a concentration camp escapee named David P. Frees . Geoffrey Blake as Jason Meyer , a Jewish member of the Resistance . Michael Gaston as Mark Sampson , a Jew living in the Pacific States ; he is Frank 's friend Louis Ozawa Changchien as Paul Kasoura , a wealthy lawyer who collects pre-war American memorabilia . Tao Okamoto as Betty , Paul 's wife . Daisuke Tsui as the Crown Prince of Japan Mayumi Yoshida as the Crown Princess of Japan Amy Okuda as Christine Tanaka , an office worker in the Nippon building . Hiro Kanagawa as Taishi Okamura , the leader of a Yakuza based in the Pacific States . Stephen Root as Hawthorne Abendsen / The Man in the High Castle . ( season 2 ) Sebastian Roché as Reichsminister Martin Heusmann , Joe Blake 's estranged father and high - ranking member of the Reich . ( season 2 ) Cara Mitsuko as Sarah , a Japanese American Resistance member , confidante of Frank and survivor of the Manzanar concentration camp . ( season 2 ) Tate Donovan as George Dixon , a mysterious friend of the Crains ( season 2 ) . Michael Hogan as Hagan , an ex-preacher and leader in the San Francisco resistance . ( season 2 ) Tzi Ma as General Hidehisa Onoda , a leading member of the Japanese military . ( season 2 ) John Smith 's family ( edit ) Chelah Horsdal as Helen Smith , John 's wife . Quinn Lord as Thomas Smith , John and Helen 's son and the eldest child . A member of the Hitler Youth , it is later revealed that he has inherited a form of muscular dystrophy from his father 's side of the family . Gracyn Shinyei as Amy Smith , John and Helen 's daughter . Genea Charpentier as Jennifer Smith , John and Helen 's daughter . Juliana Crain 's family ( edit ) Daniel Roebuck as Arnold Walker , Juliana 's stepfather and Trudy 's father . Macall Gordon as Anne Crain Walker , Juliana 's mother who is still bitter about losing her husband in World War II . Conor Leslie as Trudy Walker , Juliana 's half sister who is shot dead by the Kempeitai . However , she is shown alive at the end of the second season . Nobusuke Tagomi 's family ( edit ) Yukari Komatsu as Michiko Tagomi , Nobusuke 's wife . ( season 2 ) Eddie Shin as Noriaki Tagomi , Nobusuke and Michiko 's son . ( season 2 ) Historical Figures ( edit ) Wolf Muser as Adolf Hitler . Ray Proscia as SS - Oberst - Gruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich . Kenneth Tigar as SS - Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler ( season 2 ) Peter Anderson as Joseph Goebbels , Nazi Minister of Propaganda ( season 2 ) Lisa Paxton as Eva Braun , Hitler 's wife ( season 2 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) The pilot and the second episode were screened at a special Comic - Con event . The season premiered on November 20 , 2015 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The New World '' David Semel Frank Spotnitz January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> A young man , Joe Blake , volunteers to serve the resistance by driving a truck from Nazi New York to the neutral zone in the Rockies . In Japan - occupied San Francisco , Juliana Crain receives a package from her sister Trudy , only to see her get shot by the Japanese police . She returns home where her boyfriend Frank urges her to go to the police and tell them she had nothing to do with Trudy 's treason . The package contains film of the Allies winning World War II , which Juliana watches . She boards a bus to the Neutral Zone to deliver the film in Trudy 's place . A female agent on the bus attempts to steal the film but only escapes with decoys . Joe befriends Juliana in Canon City while in San Francisco , Frank is arrested by the Kempeitai , who want to know Juliana 's destination . Joe calls a Nazi commandant , Smith , revealing that he is working for them . `` Sunrise '' Daniel Percival Frank Spotnitz October 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) <Td_colspan="6"> In the Canon City diner , Juliana meets a man she assumes is her contact . Smith tells Joe that the contact is a Sicherheitsdienst ( SD ) agent trying to stop the resistance , and orders him not to intervene . However , when the SD agent tries to kill Juliana , Joe drives up , and she is able to throw the agent over the railing to his death . In New York , Smith is attacked by resistance fighters . In prison , Frank meets a resistance fighter who convinces him not to inform on Juliana . The Kempeitai kill Frank 's sister and her children , but do not kill him when the woman who stole Juliana 's bag is found with fake film reels . `` The Illustrated Woman '' Ken Olin Thomas Schnauz and Evan Wright November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Joe spots a Nazi bounty hunter in town , looking for the man Juliana killed . They go to dispose of his body and car , but find a map which leads them to a cave where they find a dead woman and list of names . They realize that Juliana 's boss from the diner was her actual contact . Frank breaks the news of his sister and her children 's deaths to his brother - in - law . Frank returns to work where he makes a real gun . The bounty hunter realizes Juliana 's identity and tries to kill her . `` Revelations '' Michael Rymer Thomas Schnauz and Jace Richdale November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Joe quickly saves Juliana from the Marshal . Joe and Juliana confront Lemuel who leads them into the woods , where they are surrounded by resistance fighters , who force them to give them the films and leave . Joe and Juliana are attacked again by the Marshal , causing Joe to reveal to the Marshal that he is a Nazi agent . The Marshal pursues Juliana on the highway . When Juliana gets far enough , she burns her car and hides . When the Marshal reaches the car , he assumes that she has died . Back in the Reich , SS Captain Connolly is suspected by Smith for telling the resistance members who attacked him , which route he was taking to work . In the Pacific States , Frank heads to the Crown Prince 's speech with a gun to assassinate him , but hesitates to do so . The Crown Prince is then shot by an unseen gunman . 5 5 `` The New Normal '' Bryan Spicer Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) <Td_colspan="6"> The Crown Prince is rushed to the hospital after the attack , and the captain of the Imperial Guard is ordered to commit seppuku , for not protecting the Crown Prince . Kido then states that if he can not find the gunman , he will do the same . Meanwhile , Juliana returns home to find an angry Frank , who alludes to his time in prison . Juliana visits her parents and learns the Japanese killed Frank 's sister and children . When she later reports to the Japanese military , she is interrogated and asked about Trudy 's partner Randall but is ultimately let go . She then visits Simone and meets an agent of the resistance who gives her a visitor 's card to the government building . Joe returns to New York from the Neutral Zone and is kidnapped by Gestapo agents and brought to Smith 's office . He is then forced to tell Smith what happened in Canon City . Smith tells Joe he has failed in his mission because the leader of the resistance escaped . Smith believes Joe is being truthful and invites him over for VA day ( Victory in America day ) . 6 6 `` Three Monkeys '' Nelson McCormick Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Joe celebrates VA day at Smith 's house . Juliana accepts a job working for Tagomi as she continues her search for answers . Smith , who has received intelligence about Wegener 's activities but also happens to be an old friend , intercepts him at the airport and invites him for dinner hoping to probe Wegener for answers . Smith has Wegener arrested . Smith catches Joe sneaking through his files . 7 7 `` Truth '' Brad Anderson Emma Frost November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Juliana makes a startling discovery about her sister 's death . Frank reflects on recent events and makes an important decision about his future , and Tagomi gains greater insight into Juliana 's past . Smith catches Joe in his home office and interrogates him about Juliana and Canon City . 8 8 `` End of the World '' Karyn Kusama Walon Green November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Juliana and Frank make plans to escape the Pacific States , only to be dragged back into danger by Joe as he tries to retrieve a new film , and walks directly into the Kempeitai 's ambush . Meanwhile , Smith 's loyalty is put to the ultimate test when confronted with a startling family discovery . The episode is named after the song of the same name , which is performed by Lini Evans during the episode with Japanese lyrics she co-wrote . 9 9 `` Kindness '' Michael Slovis Jace Richdale November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) <Td_colspan="6"> With time running out , a desperate Frank is forced to put his life on the line to help Joe . The pieces finally fall into place for Smith as he uncovers who was behind the assassination attempt . Tagomi is devastated when he is confronted with the consequences of his scheming , and Kido 's investigation takes a dramatic turn when he makes an important discovery . Meanwhile , Frank and Juliana , after taking possession of the new film , decide to watch it , but they are shocked to find out that the film describes , apparently in the near future , a nuclear - bombed San Francisco where the SS are rounding up and executing survivors ; Frank is shown being executed by Joe , who is wearing an SS uniform . 10 10 `` A Way Out '' Daniel Percival Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Frank and Juliana angrily confront Joe as a Nazi agent . He goes to the Nazi embassy with the film . Joe learns that Heydrich is preparing a trap . Kido acts on the information from the Yakuza and kills the Nazi sniper that shot the Crown Prince . Ed is caught with Frank 's gun and is used as a scapegoat for the attempted assassination of the Crown Prince , averting the need for Kido to commit seppuku . Heydrich demands Smith 's loyalty ahead of Wegener assassinating Hitler . Wegener says goodbye to his family and travels to Hitler 's alpine castle ( filmed at Hohenwerfen Castle ) , but after confronting Hitler ( who is watching the alternate newsreels in his huge film vault saying that he learns something every time he watches ) , kills himself instead . Smith captures the traitor Heydrich and reports such to Hitler . Joe evades Lem 's ambush and boards a boat to Mexico in Juliana 's place . Frank finds out that Ed has been arrested and returns to the Kempeitai headquarters to find him being detained . Tagomi goes to Union Square to meditate with Juliana 's charm and opens his eyes to find himself in an alternate 1962 where the Allies won World War II and America is in the midst of the Cuban Missile Crisis . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The second season was released on December 16 , 2016 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 `` The Tiger 's Cave '' Daniel Percival Frank Spotnitz December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Joe returns to New York to hand over the film to Smith and request for his resignation , but Smith denies his request before delivering the film to Hitler . Karen and Lem confront Juliana for not shooting Joe before she is tranquilized . She wakes up in the home of Hawthorne Abendsen , The Man in the High Castle , and his vast film collection . Meanwhile , General Onoda reveals to Tagomi and his staff that the capsule Science Minister Shimada found in his pocket contains the plans for a nuclear weapon that the Empire intends to use to crush the Nazis , much to Tagomi 's dismay . Frank confronts Arnold about spying over his own family . Desperate to clear Ed 's name , Frank goes to Childan and asks for his help . Juliana attempts to get answers from an evasive Abendsen and receives a clue which may help to avert nuclear war . Gary Connell , leader of the West Coast Resistance , goes against orders and tries to kill Juliana , but she escapes at a Kempeitai checkpoint . A gunfight ensues between the Resistance members and the Japanese soldiers . Karen is killed in the crossfire . 12 `` The Road Less Traveled '' Colin Bucksey Rob Williams December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Kido investigates the shootout at the checkpoint and suspects Juliana is involved . Frank decides to get Paul Kasoura , who is a defense lawyer , to help Ed . In desperation , he reveals to Kasoura that the antique goods he and Childan sold him are fake , leading the pair to be imprisoned by the Yakuza , to whom Kasoura has a connection . Frank is almost killed by Okamura , the Yakuza leader , in the previous incident with Joe . However , he manages to convince Okamura to allow him to repay his debt for the forgery , with a condition that Ed is to work with him as his assistant . Kido is forced by Okamura to release Ed . He later pins the assassination of the Crown Prince on the deceased Karen . Joe is ordered by Smith to visit his father , a Reichminister named Heusmann , in Berlin . Smith tells Joe that Juliana is possibly dead . Meanwhile , Juliana evades Gary and Lem and tries to convince her parents to leave San Francisco , to no avail . Using the clue on a mysterious man that Abendsen is fixated on , Juliana discovers the man is a family friend named George Dixon , who is Trudy 's real father . Learning he may be in Brooklyn , Juliana risks her life to reach the Nazi embassy and request asylum , while leaving a letter to Frank . 13 `` Travelers '' Daniel Sackheim Erik Oleson December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Smith is warned by Dr. Adler , the family physician , to end his son Thomas 's life , as the boy 's incurable illness prevents him from being accepted in the Reich . Juliana makes it to New York and is questioned by Smith , who is notified of her arrival and arranges her stay . He keeps this a secret from Joe . Frank learns of Juliana 's defection to the Nazi states , though he does not believe Gary on her betrayal . While he works with Ed and Childan to create forgeries for the Yakuza to repay his debt , Frank is convinced by the Resistance to help them liberate innocent citizens from the Kempeitai in retaliation for the checkpoint murders . While saving a Resistance member named Sarah , Frank commits his first kill against the Japanese . Juliana looks for Joe but is told by his ex-lover that he has rejoined the Nazis , leading her to think he may have betrayed her . Joe travels to Berlin and meets with his father but is distant due to the latter 's treatment of his mother . He crosses paths with Nicole Becker , a filmmaker. Smith is unable to kill his son when given the chance to do so . He meets with Dr. Adler and kills him to ensure his silence . 14 `` Escalation '' David Petrarca Wesley Strick December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Juliana adjusts to life in the Reich under the tutelage of Smith 's wife Helen and Thomas . While looking for George Dixon at his old apartment , she is pursued by two unknown agents and almost killed . General Onoda has the Kempeitai execute numerous citizens for the murder of the Japanese soldiers during the Resistance rescue . Enraged , Frank starts to neglect his debt with the Yakuza and accepts a risky assignment to siphon materials from an unexploded Japanese bomb for a Resistance mission , much to Ed 's dismay . Frank begins to get close with Sarah during the assignment . Smith reveals to a suspecting Helen that he killed Dr. Adler to keep their son 's illness a secret . Kido gets Onoda drunk and tricks him into approving an unknown order . After escaping from her pursuers , Juliana is approached by Dixon . Tagomi travels to the alternate timeline once again and sees his still - living wife Michiko , who is deceased in his own timeline . 15 5 `` Duck and Cover '' John Fawcett Erik Oleson & Rick Cleveland December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Dixon is revealed to be a Resistance leader and meets up with Juliana after she tells him that the Man in the High Castle sent her . Juliana tells him he may be somehow involved in the possible San Francisco bombing as he has appeared several times in the films . Dixon forces Juliana to spy on Smith and his family to redeem her betrayal when she allowed Joe to escape with the film . Joe is upset when his father brings him to his place of birth and reveals he is one of the Lebensborn , an experiment to perfect racial purity . Despite this , he takes up his father 's offer to remain in Berlin for a few more days . Kido attempts to use Onoda 's approval to extradite Juliana from the Nazi states , though he fails and reveals his motive for visiting Smith for an unknown reason . Frank becomes further involved with the Resistance while Ed is revealed to be under the control of the Kempeitai to report on the Yakuza 's counterfeiting activities in exchange for his and Frank 's lives . Lem assists Abendsen in moving to a new location under the possibility the location of the High Castle is compromised and Abendsen destroys most of the films before leaving . Tagomi reveals himself to the alternate Michiko and his son Noriyuke , but discovers the alternate Tagomi 's relationship with them is estranged . He is shocked to see Noriyuke married to an alternate Juliana with their son . 16 6 `` Kintsugi '' Paul Holahan Francesca Gardiner December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Juliana starts to socialize with the Ladies Committee as planned and gains the support of one of the members , Lucy . Helen discovers Thomas has been selected by the Hitler Youth group to go for an expedition in South America . She forbids her son to go until she finds out that Smith arranged to have their son disappear from society by staging a fake abduction and live a life of anonymity . Joe starts to get closer to Nicole , who reveals herself as one of the Lebensborn and brings him to meet with some of the others . After spending the night with Nicole , Joe begins to embrace his real heritage . Tagomi attempts to mend his alternate self 's relationship with his family , and is dismayed by the alternate Noriyuke 's foregoing of the Japanese culture . Kido is informed by his right hand man , Yoshida , that they have found Abendsen 's burnt hideout and learns the Yakuza is also looking for the films . 17 7 `` Land O ' Smiles '' Karyn Kusama Rob Williams December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Ed and Childan go to Okamura to repay their debt with the sale from Frank 's forgery but are locked up in a storage room when Kido and his men pay a visit . Kido kills Okamura and the Yakuza members present for treason as he has deduced the Yakuza are working with the Nazis . Yoshida discovers Ed and Childan but lets them go . Frank is tasked to plant a bomb at the harbor where General Onoda is visiting . However , Frank aborts the mission when he discovers that the Japanese are secretly building an atomic bomb there and alerts the Resistance of this information . While at Adler 's funeral , Smith is dismayed when Adler 's wife Alice raises her suspicion on her husband 's sudden death and plans to have an autopsy performed . Juliana also attends the funeral and while talking to Thomas , she notices he has a seizure and covers for him . Later , she promises Helen that she will not reveal Thomas 's condition . Smith has further troubles when Heinrich Himmler informs him that Hitler has suffered a collapse . 18 8 `` Loose Lips '' Alex Zakrzewski Rick Cleveland December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Smith questions Juliana about Joe 's film and learns of San Francisco 's impending destruction . Lucy tells Juliana she knows that supposedly live footage of Hitler is actually archival because her husband manages the TV broadcast . Juliana shares with Dixon her belief that Hitler may be dead . The Resistance decide it is time to stage an uprising , leaving Juliana concerned that she may have caused the nuclear catastrophe she is trying to prevent . Heusmann is made Acting Chancellor while Joe decides to support his father . Frank learns from Arnold that Juliana has warned them to leave San Francisco and has not betrayed him . Enraged , he confronts Gary but the Resistance is determined to go ahead with the uprising . Armed with the knowledge from Juliana and Kido , Smith misleads a secretly imprisoned Heydrich into thinking Germany and Japan are already at war , leading Heydrich to confirm what Smith has suspected : a conspiracy to create a pretext for war with the Japanese exists among the Nazi ranks . Smith executes Heydrich , but not before learning he is not the mastermind behind the rush to war . Hitler passes away , leaving Heusmann in charge , and the new Chancellor is revealed to have orchestrated the looming conflict . 19 9 `` Detonation '' Chris Long Wesley Strick December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tagomi watches a film with his alternate family showing the recent test detonation of a hydrogen bomb at Bikini Atoll . Finally resolved to stop war between Japan and the Nazis , Tagomi takes the film and returns to his reality . Thomas confides to Juliana about his condition , unaware that their conversation is being recorded . Smith later learns of the tape and takes it to protect Thomas ' secret . In a televised address , Heusmann frames the Japanese for Hitler 's death by poison and promises retaliation much to Joe 's horror . Frank decides to assist the Resistance in assassinating Onoda using their homemade bombs . Before the operation , he convinces Ed and Childan to leave San Francisco . Frank and Sarah smuggle a car bomb into the Kempeitai HQ underground parking garage . They set the bomb timer and attempt to leave the building , but are spotted by Kido , which starts a gunfight in the lobby . Just as Tagomi arrives , the bomb detonates , killing General Onoda and his staff and collapsing most of the building . Frank and Sarah 's fate is not shown . 20 10 `` Fallout '' Daniel Percival Erik Oleson December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tagomi and Kido , who survived the bombing , deal with the aftermath of the destruction of the Kempeitai HQ . Afterwards , Kido travels to New York and plays the film for Smith appearing to provide evidence that the Japanese possess a hydrogen bomb . The resistance attempts to avenge Karen 's death by killing Juliana , but she escapes and kills Susan in the process . She then confronts and kills Dixon , who was threatening to expose Smith by broadcasting the tape of her conversation with Thomas . Smith travels to Berlin with the film to convince the Nazi higher - ups not to attack Japan out of fear of nuclear retaliation and meets privately with Himmler , exposing Heusmann as the traitor . After arresting Heusmann and Joe , Himmler addresses the worldwide public from the Volkshalle , possibly assuming control of the Reich , and rewards Smith for his service . The recognition Smith receives inspires Thomas to turn himself over to the Public Health Department to be euthanized . After traveling to the Neutral Zone , a bereft Juliana learns from Abendsen that hope remains and that her sister is alive . Finally , Lem hands over Abendsen 's remaining films to Tagomi . Production ( edit ) In 2010 , it was announced that the BBC would co-produce a four - part TV adaptation of The Man in the High Castle for BBC One together with Headline Pictures , FremantleMedia Enterprises and Scott Free Films . Director Ridley Scott was to act as executive producer of the adaptation by Howard Brenton . On February 11 , 2013 , Variety reported that Syfy was adapting the book as a four - part miniseries , with Ridley Scott and Frank Spotnitz as executive producers , co-produced with Scott Free Prods. , Headline Pictures and Electric Shepherd Prods . On October 1 , 2014 , Amazon.com began filming the pilot episode in Roslyn , Washington , for a new television drama to be aired on their Prime web video streaming service . This has been adapted by Frank Spotnitz and is being produced for Amazon by Ridley Scott , David Zucker and Jordan Sheehan for Scott Free , Stewart Mackinnon and Christian Baute for Headline Pictures , Isa Hackett and Kalen Egan for Electric Shepherd and Spotnitz 's Big Light Productions . The pilot episode was released by Amazon Studios on January 15 , 2015 . Amazon Studios ' production process is somewhat different from those of other conventional television channels . They produce pilot episodes of a number of different prospective programs , then release them and gather data on their success . The most promising shows are then picked up as regular series . On February 18 , 2015 , Amazon.com announced that The Man in the High Castle was given the green - light along with four other series , and a full season would be produced . Production for the pilot episode began in October 2014 . Principal filming took place in Seattle , with the city standing in for San Francisco and locations in New York City , as well as Roslyn , Washington , which was the long - time shooting location for Northern Exposure . Sites used in Seattle include the Seattle Center Monorail , the Paramount Theatre , a newspaper office in the Pike Place Market area , as well as various buildings in the city 's Capitol Hill , International District , and Georgetown neighborhoods . In Roslyn , the production used external shots of the Roslyn Cafe which featured prominently in Northern Exposure along with several local businesses and scenery . In April 2015 , filming took place in Vancouver , British Columbia , in the downtown area of West Georgia Street , along the promenade of the Coast Capital Savings building . In May and June 2015 filming also took place at the University of British Columbia . Exterior shots of Hohenwerfen Castle in Werfen , Austria , were filmed in September 2015 for the tenth episode of the first season . Amazon announced that they were bringing on new executive producer and showrunner Eric Overmyer for season three to replace Frank Spotnitz after his sudden departure from the show during the middle of season two . Reception ( edit ) The first season of The Man in the High Castle received acclaim from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives season 1 an approval rating of 95 % based on reviews from 58 critics , with an average rating of 7.54 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` By executive producer Ridley Scott , The Man in the High Castle is unlike anything else on TV , with an immediately engrossing plot driven by quickly developed characters in a fully realized post-WWII dystopia . '' Metacritic gives the first season a score of 77 out of 100 , based on reviews from 30 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Meredith Woerner from io9 wrote , `` I can honestly say I loved this pilot . It 's an impressive , streamlined undertaking of a fairly complicated and very beloved novel . '' Matt Fowler from IGN gave 9.2 out of 10 and described the series as a `` a superb , frightening experience filled with unexpected twists and ( some sci - fi ) turns . '' Brian Moylan of The Guardian was positive and praised the convincing depiction as well as the complex , and gripping , plot . The Los Angeles Times described the pilot as `` provocative '' and `` smartly adapted by The X-Files ' Frank Spotnitz . '' The Daily Telegraph said it was `` absorbing '' and Wired called it `` must - see viewing . '' Entertainment Weekly said it was `` engrossing '' and `` a triumph in world - building , '' cheering , `` The Man in the High Castle is king . '' After its first season , Rolling Stone included it on a list of the forty best science fiction television shows of all time . Amazon subsequently announced it was the service 's most - streamed original series and had been renewed for a second season . Season 2 was met with mixed reviews . Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 63 % based on reviews from 19 critics , with an average rating of 6.86 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Although its plot is admittedly unwieldy , The Man in the High Castle 's second season expands its fascinating premise in powerful new directions , bolstered by stunning visuals , strong performances , and intriguing new possibilities . '' Metacritic gives season 2 a score of 62 out of 100 , based on reviews from ten critics . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result 2015 IGN Awards Best New TV Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated South by Southwest Awards Excellence in Title Design Patrick Clair Nominated 2016 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Television Movie , Mini-Series or Pilot James Hawkinson ( Episode : `` The New World '' ) Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series James Hawkinson Won Outstanding Main Title Design Patrick Clair , Paul Kim , Jose Limon , Raoul Marks Won Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Drew Boughton , Linda King , Brenda Meyers - Ballard Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects The Man in the High Castle Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Rufus Sewell Nominated Monte - Carlo Television Festival Best TV Series Drama The Man in the High Castle Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated USC Scripter Awards Best Television Script Frank Spotnitz and Philip K. Dick Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Casi Blume , David Andrade , Nick Chamberlain , Lawson Deming Nominated Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Lawson Deming , Cory Jamieson , Casi Blume , Nick Chamberlain Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series -- Recurring Young Actor ( 14 -- 21 ) Quinn Lord Nominated 2017 Artios Awards Television Pilot And First Season - Drama Denise Chamian , Liz Ludwitzke , Candice Elzinga , Patti Kalles Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) James Hawkinson Nominated Outstanding Original Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program `` Resistance Radio '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Drew Boughton , Dawn Swiderski , Jon Lancaster Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects Lawson Deming , Cory Jamieson , Casi Blume , Nick Chamberlain , David Andrade , Bill Parker , Justin Fox , Danielle Malambri Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Fantasy Television Series J.R. Hawbaker Nominated Leo Awards Best Guest Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series Kurt Evans Nominated Best Supporting Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Chelah Horsdal Won Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in a Period TV Series Nicole Noelle Chartrand , Robert Murdoch Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated Advertising controversy ( edit ) As part of an advertising campaign for the release of the first season , one entire New York City Subway car was covered with Nazi and Imperial Japanese imagery as seen in the show , including multiple American flags with the Nazi eagle emblem in place of the 50 stars and multiple flags of the fictional Pacific States . In response to criticism from `` state lawmakers and city leaders '' , the Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) released a statement saying that there were no grounds to reject the ads due to the fact that neutral content subway ad standards only prohibit advertising that is a political advertisement or disparages an individual or group . MTA spokesperson Kevin Ortiz stated that , `` The MTA is a government agency and ca n't accept or reject ads based on how we feel about them ; we have to follow the standards approved by our board . Please note they 're commercial ads . '' Spokesperson Adam Lisberg said , `` This advertising , whether you find it distasteful or not , obviously they 're not advertising Nazism ; they 're advertising a TV show . '' After complaints from New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo and New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio , initial reports indicated that Amazon pulled the advertisement from the subway . It was later announced that it was the MTA , not Amazon , that pulled the ad , due to pressure from Governor Cuomo . See also ( edit ) SS - GB , 2017 TV series Fatherland , 1994 TV movie References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` TV Review : The Man in the High Castle '' . Variety . November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Amazon Prime . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy . `` Amazon orders 5 original series including Man in the High Castle , Mad Dogs '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spotnitz , Frank ( @ FrankSpotnitz ) ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` @ dlairman @ HighCastleTV Ten '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( @ TheFienPrint ) ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Time for ' Man in the High Castle , ' which premieres on November 20 on # Amazon . # TCA15 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ' The Man in the High Castle ' season 2 premiere date : Season releases Dec. 16 '' . Den of Geek . August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Man in the High Castle ' Gets Another Season and Another Showrunner '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP9wkTEgORI Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Callum Keith Rennie joins Amazon 's Man in the High Castle ; Rafael de la Fuente in When We Rise ABC Miniseries '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Bella Heathcote joins Man in the High Castle ; Warren Christie in Eyewitness '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FX 's Tyrant casts Annet Mahendru ; Sebastian Roché in Amazon 's Man in the High Castle '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` A New Trailer for The Man in the High Castle and Episode Two Preview '' . Newsweek . July 13 , 2015 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jarvey , Natalie ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` The Man in the High Castle Creator Frank Spotnitz on Creating Alternate Histories '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 2 Release Date , Trailer , and Review '' . Den of Geek . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Ridley Scott to return to work of sci - fi icon for BBC mini-series '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marechal , A.J. ( February 10 , 2013 ) . `` Syfy , Ridley Scott , Frank Spotnitz set miniseries '' . Variety . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Muir , Pat ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Roslyn hopes new TV show brings 15 more minutes of fame : The Man in the High Castle '' . Yakima Herald - Republic . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Amazon Studios adds drama The Man in the High Castle , comedy Just Add Magic to pilot slate '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1 , Episode 1 '' . Amazon.com . January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon greenlights full seasons of Mad Dogs , The Man in the High Castle , The New Yorker Presents , and children 's shows Just Add Magic and The Stinky & Dirty Show '' ( Press release ) . Amazon.com . February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon builds film sets around DJC Building '' . Daily Journal of Commerce . October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shoot : The Man in the High Castle 's American Nazi John Smith ( Rufus Sewell ) films at Vancouver 's Arthur Erickson - designed concrete tower '' . YVRShoots.com. April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hauen , Jack ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Man in the High Castle is filming at UBC '' . The Ubyssey . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hakenkreuzflagge flatterte auf der Burg Hohenwerfen '' ( Swastika flag flutters on Hohenwerfen Castle ) . Salzburger Nachrichten ( in German ) . September 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Man In the High Castle ' Renewed For Season 3 By Amazon , Gets A Showrunner '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Man in the High Castle is wildly different from the book but still great '' . io9 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Series 1 review '' . IGN . November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : the Nazis win , but so do viewers '' . The Guardian . November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adams , Sam ; Collins , Sean T. ; Fear , David ; Murray , Noel ; Scherer , Jenna ; Tobias , Scott ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` 40 Best Science Fiction TV Shows of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle is Amazon 's most - watched Original '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Original Series The Man in the High Castle , Recently Renewed for Season Two , Marks Biggest Launch Month in Prime Video History '' ( Press release ) . Amazon Studios . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best New Series - IGN 's Best of 2015 - IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The ASC -- Past ASC Awards '' . www.theasc.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Emmys . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Picture - Critics ' Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USC Scripter Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Young Artist Awards '' Young Artist Awards `` . web.archive.org. 30 October 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Casting Society of America '' . www.castingsociety.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Emmys . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Fantasy Television Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , Nominees by Name 2017 '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Locations in a Period TV Series - ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Subway pulls Nazi - themed ads for new show , Man in the High Castle '' . NPR . November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man in the High Castle subway ads , featuring Nazi symbols , removed from trains '' . CBS New York . November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) Official website The Man in the High Castle on IMDb Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Man in the High Castle . <Th_colspan="2"> Amazon Video original programming Original series Current Bosch ( 2014 -- present ) Mozart in the Jungle ( 2014 -- present ) Transparent ( 2014 -- present ) Just Add Magic ( 2015 -- present ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) One Mississippi ( 2015 -- present ) Patriot ( 2015 -- present ) Sneaky Pete ( 2015 -- present ) Kamen Rider Amazons ( 2016 -- present ) The Collection ( 2016 -- present ) Crayon Shin - chan Gaiden ( 2016 -- present ) Fleabag ( 2016 -- present ) Goliath ( 2016 -- present ) The Grand Tour ( 2016 -- present ) I Love Dick ( 2016 -- present ) Jean - Claude Van Johnson ( 2016 -- present ) The Tick ( 2016 -- present ) Inside Edge ( 2017 -- present ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ( 2017 -- present ) Comrade Detective ( 2017 -- present ) Lore ( 2017 -- present ) Former Alpha House ( 2013 -- 14 ) Betas ( 2013 -- 14 ) Hand of God ( 2014 -- 17 ) Red Oaks ( 2014 -- 17 ) Z : The Beginning of Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Mad Dogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Crisis in Six Scenes ( 2016 ) Good Girls Revolt ( 2015 -- 16 ) The New Yorker Presents ( 2016 ) The Last Tycoon ( 2016 -- 17 ) American Playboy : The Hugh Hefner Story ( 2017 ) The Idolmaster KR ( 2017 ) Continuations Ripper Street ( series 3 -- 5 ; 2014 -- 16 ) Children 's programming Creative Galaxy ( 2013 -- present ) Tumble Leaf ( 2014 -- present ) Gortimer Gibbon 's Life on Normal Street ( 2014 -- 16 ) Annedroids ( 2015 -- present ) Wishenpoof ! ( 2015 -- present ) Danger & Eggs ( 2015 -- present ) Niko and the Sword of Light ( 2015 -- present ) The Stinky & Dirty Show ( 2015 -- present ) The Kicks ( 2015 -- present ) Little Big Awesome ( 2016 -- present ) Lost In Oz ( 2017 -- present ) If You Give a Mouse a Cookie ( 2017 -- present ) Upcoming The Romanoffs ( 2018 ) Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ( 2018 ) Carnival Row ( 2019 ) Good Omens ( 2019 ) Homecoming ( TBA ) Tong Wars ( TBA ) <Th_colspan="2"> Works by Philip K. Dick Novels Gather Yourselves Together ( 1950 ) Voices from the Street ( 1952 ) Solar Lottery ( 1954 ) Mary and the Giant ( 1954 ) The World Jones Made ( 1954 ) Eye in the Sky ( 1955 ) The Man Who Japed ( 1955 ) A Time for George Stavros ( 1956 ) Pilgrim on the Hill ( 1956 ) The Broken Bubble ( 1956 ) The Cosmic Puppets ( 1957 ) Puttering About in a Small Land ( 1957 ) Nicholas and the Higs ( 1958 ) Time Out of Joint ( 1958 ) In Milton Lumky Territory ( 1958 ) Confessions of a Crap Artist ( 1959 ) The Man Whose Teeth Were All Exactly Alike ( 1960 ) Humpty Dumpty in Oakland ( 1960 ) Vulcan 's Hammer ( 1960 ) Dr. Futurity ( 1960 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 1961 ) We Can Build You ( 1962 ) Martian Time - Slip ( 1962 ) Dr. Bloodmoney , or How We Got Along After the Bomb ( 1963 ) The Game - Players of Titan ( 1963 ) The Simulacra ( 1963 ) The Crack in Space ( 1963 ) Clans of the Alphane Moon ( 1964 ) The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch ( 1964 ) The Zap Gun ( 1964 ) The Penultimate Truth ( 1964 ) The Unteleported Man ( 1964 ) The Ganymede Takeover ( 1965 ) Counter-Clock World ( 1965 ) Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? ( 1966 ) Nick and the Glimmung ( 1966 ) Now Wait for Last Year ( 1966 ) Ubik ( 1966 ) Galactic Pot - Healer ( 1968 ) A Maze of Death ( 1968 ) Our Friends from Frolix 8 ( 1969 ) Flow My Tears , the Policeman Said ( 1974 ) Deus Irae ( 1976 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 1976 ; published 1985 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 1977 ) VALIS ( 1981 ) The Divine Invasion ( 1981 ) The Transmigration of Timothy Archer ( 1982 ) The Owl in Daylight ( unfinished ) Collections A Handful of Darkness ( 1955 ) The Variable Man ( 1956 ) The Preserving Machine ( 1969 ) The Book of Philip K. Dick ( 1973 ) The Best of Philip K. Dick ( 1977 ) The Golden Man ( 1980 ) Robots , Androids , and Mechanical Oddities ( 1984 ) I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon ( 1985 ) The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 1987 ) Beyond Lies the Wub ( 1988 ) The Dark Haired Girl ( 1989 ) The Father - Thing ( 1989 ) Second Variety ( 1989 ) The Days of Perky Pat ( 1990 ) The Little Black Box ( 1990 ) The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford ( 1990 ) We Can Remember It for You Wholesale ( 1990 ) The Minority Report ( 1991 ) Second Variety ( 1991 ) The Eye of the Sibyl ( 1992 ) The Philip K. Dick Reader ( 1997 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Selected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2004 ) Vintage PKD ( 2006 ) Short stories `` Beyond Lies the Wub '' ( 1952 ) `` The Gun '' ( 1952 ) `` The Skull '' ( 1952 ) `` The Little Movement '' ( 1952 ) `` The Defenders '' ( 1953 ) `` Mr. Spaceship '' ( 1953 ) `` Piper in the Woods '' ( 1953 ) `` Roog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Infinites '' ( 1953 ) `` Second Variety '' ( 1953 ) `` Colony '' ( 1953 ) `` The Cookie Lady '' ( 1953 ) `` Impostor '' ( 1953 ) `` Paycheck '' ( 1953 ) `` The Preserving Machine '' ( 1953 ) `` Expendable '' ( 1953 ) `` The Indefatigable Frog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Commuter '' ( 1953 ) `` Out in the Garden '' ( 1953 ) `` The Great C '' ( 1953 ) `` The King of the Elves '' ( 1953 ) `` The Trouble with Bubbles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Variable Man '' ( 1953 ) `` Planet for Transients '' ( 1953 ) `` The Builder '' ( 1953 ) `` Tony and the Beetles '' ( 1953 ) `` Prize Ship '' ( 1954 ) `` Beyond the Door '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crystal Crypt '' ( 1954 ) `` The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford '' ( 1954 ) `` The Golden Man '' ( 1954 ) `` Sales Pitch '' ( 1954 ) `` Breakfast at Twilight '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crawlers '' ( 1954 ) `` Exhibit Piece '' ( 1954 ) `` Adjustment Team '' ( 1954 ) `` Shell Game '' ( 1954 ) `` Meddler '' ( 1954 ) `` A World of Talent '' ( 1954 ) `` The Last of the Masters '' ( 1954 ) `` Upon the Dull Earth '' ( 1954 ) `` The Father - thing '' ( 1954 ) `` Strange Eden '' ( 1954 ) `` The Turning Wheel '' ( 1954 ) `` Foster , You 're Dead ! '' ( 1955 ) `` Human Is '' ( 1955 ) `` War Veteran '' ( 1955 ) `` Captive Market '' ( 1955 ) `` Nanny '' ( 1955 ) `` The Chromium Fence '' ( 1955 ) `` Service Call '' ( 1955 ) `` The Mold of Yancy '' ( 1955 ) `` Autofac '' ( 1955 ) `` Psi - man Heal My Child ! '' ( 1955 ) `` The Minority Report '' ( 1956 ) `` Pay for the Printer '' ( 1956 ) `` A Glass of Darkness '' ( 1956 ) `` The Unreconstructed M '' ( 1957 ) `` Null - O '' ( 1958 ) `` Explorers We '' ( 1959 ) `` Recall Mechanism '' ( 1959 ) `` Fair Game '' ( 1959 ) `` War Game '' ( 1959 ) `` All We Marsmen '' ( 1963 ) `` What 'll We Do with Ragland Park ? '' ( 1963 ) `` The Days of Perky Pat '' ( 1963 ) `` If There Were No Benny Cemoli '' ( 1963 ) `` Waterspider '' ( 1964 ) `` Novelty Act '' ( 1964 ) `` Oh , to Be a Blobel ! '' ( 1964 ) `` The War with the Fnools '' ( 1964 ) `` What the Dead Men Say '' ( 1964 ) `` Orpheus with Clay Feet '' ( 1964 ) `` Cantata 140 '' ( 1964 ) `` The Unteleported Man '' ( 1964 ) `` Retreat Syndrome '' ( 1965 ) `` Project Plowshare '' ( 1965 ) `` We Can Remember It for You Wholesale '' ( 1966 ) `` Faith of Our Fathers '' ( 1967 ) `` Not by Its Cover '' ( 1968 ) `` The Electric Ant '' ( 1969 ) `` A. Lincoln , Simulacrum '' ( 1969 ) `` The Pre-persons '' ( 1974 ) `` A Little Something for Us Tempunauts '' ( 1974 ) `` The Exit Door Leads In '' ( 1979 ) `` Rautavaara 's Case '' ( 1980 ) `` I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon '' ( 1980 ) `` The Eye of the Sibyl '' ( 1987 ) `` Stability '' ( 1987 ) Adaptations Films Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Total Recall ( 1990 ) Confessions d'un Barjo ( 1992 ) Screamers ( 1995 ) Impostor ( 2002 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2003 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 2006 ) Next ( 2007 ) Screamers : The Hunting ( 2009 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 2010 ) The Adjustment Bureau ( 2011 ) Total Recall ( 2012 ) 2036 : Nexus Dawn ( 2017 ) 2048 : Nowhere to Run ( 2017 ) Blade Runner Black Out 2022 ( 2017 ) Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) TV series Total Recall 2070 ( 1999 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) Minority Report ( 2015 ) Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_in_the_High_Castle_(TV_series)&oldid=816091741 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2015 American television series debuts Alternate history television series Amazon Video original programming Dystopian television series Fictional states of the United States Nazism in fiction Television programs based on works by Philip K. Dick Television series by Scott Free Productions Television series produced in British Columbia Television series set in 1962 Television shows set in Colorado Television shows set in New York City Television shows set in San Francisco World War II alternate histories Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use American English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles containing German - language text Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 05 : 54 . 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1. The Man in the High Castle TV series
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who played trapper john in the tv series mash
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Wayne Rogers - wikipedia Wayne Rogers Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Wayne Rogers <Td_colspan="2"> Rogers as Trapper in M * A * S * H , 1972 William Wayne McMillan Rogers III ( 1933 - 04 - 07 ) April 7 , 1933 Birmingham , Alabama , U.S. December 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 31 ) ( aged 82 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S Cause of death Complications of pneumonia Resting place Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery Alma mater Princeton University Occupation Actor , director , screenwriter , investor , television personality Years active 1959 -- 2014 Spouse ( s ) Mitzi McWhorter ( m . 1960 ; div. 1983 ) Amy Hirsh ( m . 1988 ; his death 2015 ) William Wayne McMillan Rogers III ( April 7 , 1933 -- December 31 , 2015 ) was an American film and television actor , known for playing the role of Captain `` Trapper '' John McIntyre in the CBS television series , M * A * S * H . He was a regular panel member on the Fox News Channel stock investment television program Cashin ' In as a result of having built a career as an investor , investment strategist , advisor , and money manager . Wayne Rogers also studied acting at The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre in New York City . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 M * A * S * H ( 1972 -- 1975 ) 2.3 Post-M * A * S * H work 2.4 Financial career 2.5 Awards 3 Personal life and death 4 Selected Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Rogers was born in Birmingham , Alabama . He attended Ramsay High School in Birmingham and was a graduate of The Webb School in Bell Buckle , Tennessee . He graduated from Princeton University in 1954 with a history degree , and was a member of the Princeton Triangle Club and the eating club Tiger Inn . Rogers served in the United States Navy before he became an actor . Career ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) Rogers appeared on television in both dramas and sitcoms such as The Invaders , The F.B.I. , Combat ! , Gunsmoke , Have Gun Will Travel , Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. , The Fugitive , and had a small supporting role in the 1967 movie Cool Hand Luke . He played Slim Davis on the soap opera Search for Tomorrow in 1959 . Rogers also played a role in Odds Against Tomorrow , which was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 1960 as Best Film Promoting International Understanding . He guest starred on an episode of the CBS western Johnny Ringo . Rogers co-starred with Robert Bray and Richard Eyer in the western series Stagecoach West on ABC from 1960 to 1961 . Rogers was cast as United States Army Lieutenant Richard Henry Pratt in 1965 , later of the Carlisle Indian School , in the episode `` The Journey '' of the syndicated western series Death Valley Days . Robert J. Wilke played Sergeant Wilks , who advocates a more harsh treatment of Indian prisoners than does Pratt . Leonard Nimoy played Yellow Bear . M * a * S * H ( 1972 -- 1975 ) ( edit ) When Rogers was approached for M * A * S * H , he planned to audition for the role of Hawkeye Pierce . He found the character too cynical , however , and asked to screen test as Trapper John , whose outlook was brighter . Rogers was told that Trapper and Hawkeye would have equal importance as characters . This changed after Alan Alda , whose acting career and résumé up to that point had outshone that of Rogers , was cast as Hawkeye and proved to be more popular with the audience . Rogers enjoyed working with Alda and the rest of the cast as a whole ( Alda and Rogers quickly became close friends ) , but eventually chafed that the writers were devoting the show 's best humorous and dramatic moments to Alda . When the writers took the liberty of making Hawkeye a thoracic surgeon in the episode `` Dear Dad '' ( December 17 , 1972 ) , even though Trapper was the unit 's only thoracic surgeon in the movie and the novel , Rogers felt Trapper had been stripped of his credentials . On the M * A * S * H * 30th Anniversary Reunion Television Special aired by Fox - TV in 2002 , Rogers spoke on the differences between the Hawkeye and Trapper characters , saying , `` Alan ( Alda ) and I both used to discuss ways on how to distinguish the differences between the two characters as to where there would be a variance ... My character ( Trapper John McIntyre ) was a little more impulsive ( than Hawkeye ) . '' Rogers considerably reduced his Alabama accent for the character of Trapper . He succeeded Elliott Gould , who had played the character in the Robert Altman movie MASH , and was himself succeeded by Pernell Roberts on the M * A * S * H spin - off Trapper John , M.D. . After three seasons , Rogers left the show . Post-m * a * S * H work ( edit ) After leaving M * A * S * H , Rogers appeared as an FBI agent in the 1975 NBC - TV movie Attack on Terror : The FBI vs. the Ku Klux Klan , as Michael Stone in the 1980 miniseries Top of the Hill , and as civil rights attorney Morris Dees in 1996 's Ghosts of Mississippi . He also starred in the short - lived 1976 period detective series City of Angels and the 1979 -- 1982 CBS series House Calls , first with Lynn Redgrave ( both were nominated for Golden Globes in 1981 , as best actor and best actress in TV comedy , but did not win ) and then later with actress Sharon Gless ( coincidentally , one of the House Calls co-stars was Roger Bowen who played the original Colonel Henry Blake in the MASH movie ) . Rogers also appeared in the 1980s miniseries Chiefs . Rogers then guest - starred five times in a recurring role on CBS 's Murder , She Wrote . He has served as an executive producer and producer in both television and film , and as a screenwriter , and a director . Rogers also starred in several other movies . In 1981 he played the role of an art forger in Roger Vadim 's The Hot Touch . Then , in the movie The Gig ( 1985 ) , alongside Cleavon Little , as a jazz musician - hobbyist whose group has an opportunity to play a Catskills resort and must confront failure . Also in 1985 , he starred opposite Barbara Eden in the televised reunion movie I Dream of Jeannie ... Fifteen Years Later based on the 1960s situation comedy I Dream of Jeannie. Rogers took on the role of Major Tony Nelson which was originally portrayed by Larry Hagman in the television series when Hagman was unavailable to reprise the character he had originated . In 1986 , Rogers hosted the short - lived CBS television series High Risk . He also starred as Walter Duncan in the 1987 movie Race Against the Harvest . In 1990 Rogers co-starred with Connie Selleca in the CBS made - for - television movie `` Miracle Landing '' based on the true story of the 1988 Aloha Airlines Flight 243 crash landing after an explosive cabin depressurization . Financial career ( edit ) Rogers began to test the stock and real estate markets during his tenure as a M * A * S * H cast member and became a successful money manager and investor . In 1988 and 1990 , he appeared before the United States House Committee on the Judiciary as an expert witness , testifying in favor of retaining the banking laws enacted under the Glass -- Steagall Legislation act of 1933 . He appeared regularly as a panel member on the Fox Business Network cable TV stocks investment / stocks news program Cashin ' In , hosted since 2013 by Fox News anchor Eric Bolling . In August 2006 , Rogers was elected to the board of directors of Vishay Intertechnology , Inc. , a Fortune 1000 manufacturer of semiconductors and electronic components . He was also the head of Wayne Rogers & Co. , a stock trading investment corporation . On April 23 , 2012 , Rogers signed on as the new spokesman for Senior Home Loans , a direct reverse mortgage lender headquartered on Long Island , New York . Awards ( edit ) Rogers received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2005 . Personal life and Death ( edit ) As a young actor , Rogers met actress Mitzi McWhorter in New York in the late 1950s . They married in 1960 , had two children , and divorced in 1983 . They had been separated for almost four years prior to the divorce . Rogers married his second wife , Amy Hirsh , in 1988 . In 2001 , Rogers made Destin , Florida his home . Rogers died on December 31 , 2015 , from complications from pneumonia in Los Angeles , California , at the age of 82 . He died exactly one year before fellow M * A * S * H cast member William Christopher . Selected Filmography ( edit ) Odds Against Tomorrow ( 1959 ) - Soldier in Bar Dr. Sex ( 1964 ) - Raincoat Man ( uncredited ) The Glory Guys ( 1965 ) - Lt. Mike Moran Chamber of Horrors ( 1966 ) - Police Sgt . Jim Albertson Cool Hand Luke ( 1967 ) - Gambler WUSA ( 1970 ) - Minter Pocket Money ( 1972 ) - Stretch Russell M * A * S * H ( 1972 - 1975 , TV Series ) - Capt . ' Trapper John ' McIntyre / Man on P.A. in Kimpo Once in Paris ... ( 1978 ) - Michael Moore The Hot Touch ( 1981 ) - Danny Fairchild The Gig ( 1985 ) - Marty Flynn The Killing Time ( 1987 ) - Jake Winslow The Goodbye Bird ( 1993 ) - Ray Whitney Ghosts of Mississippi ( 1996 ) - Morris Dees Love Lies Bleeding ( 1999 ) - Inspector Abberline Coo Coo Cafe ( 2000 ) Frozen with Fear ( 2001 ) - Charles Sullivan Three Days of Rain ( 2002 ) - Business Man Nobody Knows Anything ! ( 2003 ) - Gun Schnook ( final film role ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rogers Biography ( 1933 - ) '' . Filmreference.com. April 7 , 1933 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Claire . `` Wayne Rogers Encyclopedia of Alabama '' . encyclopediaofalabama.org . The Encyclopedia of Alabama TM . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Journey '' . Internet Movie Data Base . March 29 , 1965 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Comments made by Rogers on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson . Jump up ^ lightninboy ( January 16 , 1987 ) . `` American Harvest ( TV Movie 1987 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Andrew Dalton -- AP ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Wayne Rogers , Trapper John on ' M.A.S.H. , ' dies at 82 '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Wayne M. Rogers Profile& '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' M-A-S-H ' star Wayne Rogers gets star on Hollywood walk of fame '' . USA Today . Associated Press . December 13 , 2005 . Retrieved August 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Scott . `` Wayne Rogers : Actor , Entrepreneur , Financial Pundit '' . Emerald Coast Magazine . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' MASH ' Star Wayne Rogers Dies at 82 '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` M * A * S * H star Wayne Rogers dead at 82 '' . BNO News . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rogers , Trapper John on ' M * A * S * H * , ' dies at 82 '' . Fox News . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wayne Rogers . Wayne Rogers on IMDb 84236 Wayne Rogers at the Internet Broadway Database Vishay Technology names Wayne Rogers to its Board , 8 / 10 / 2006 Wayne Rogers ( Aveleyman ) Wayne Rogers at Find a Grave Preceded by Elliott Gould `` Trapper John '' Actor September 17 , 1972 -- March 18 , 1975 Succeeded by Pernell Roberts VIAF : 53842392 LCCN : no2003075537 ISNI : 0000 0001 1472 7663 BNF : cb14221736n ( data ) IATH : w6989bv4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayne_Rogers&oldid=816475562 '' Categories : 1933 births 2015 deaths Male actors from Birmingham , Alabama American male film actors American investors American male stage actors American male television actors Deaths from pneumonia Infectious disease deaths in California Fox News people Webb School ( Bell Buckle , Tennessee ) alumni Princeton University alumni United States Navy officers American male soap opera actors 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors People from Destin , Florida Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2017 , at 16 : 03 . 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1. Wayne Rogers - American film and television actor
2. M*A*S*H - CBS television series
3. Investment career - money manager and investor
4. Personal life and death - marriages and cause of death
5. Selected filmography - notable movies and TV appearances
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name some tribal groups of india. write three features of tribal society
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Adivasi - wikipedia Adivasi Jump to : navigation , search Women in a tribal Gond adivasi village , Umaria district , Madhya Pradesh , India Adivasi are the tribal groups population of mainland South Asia . Adivasi make up 8.6 % of India 's population , or 104 million people , according to the 2011 census , and a large percentage of the Nepalese population . They comprise a substantial indigenous minority of the population of India and Nepal . The same term Adivasi is used for the ethnic minorities of Bangladesh and the native Tharu people of Nepal . The word is also used in the same sense in Nepal , as is another word , janajati ( Nepali : जनजाति ; janajāti ) , although the political context differed historically under the Shah and Rana dynasties . Adivasi societies are particularly prominent in Andhra Pradesh , Chhattisgarh , Gujarat , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , Odisha , West Bengal and some north - eastern states , and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Many smaller tribal groups are quite sensitive to ecological degradation caused by modernisation . Both commercial forestry and intensive agriculture have proved destructive to the forests that had endured swidden agriculture for many centuries . Adivasis in central part of India have been victims of the Salwa Judum campaign by the Government against the Naxalite insurgency . Contents ( hide ) 1 Connotations of the word adivāsi 2 Scheduled tribes 3 Particularly vulnerable tribal groups 4 Geographical overview 5 History 5.1 Ancient India 5.2 Period of Islamic Invasions 5.3 British period 5.3. 1 Participation in Indian independence movement 5.3. 1.1 List of rebellions 6 Tribal classification criteria and demands 6.1 Demands for tribal classification 6.2 Endogamy , exogamy and ethnogenesis 6.3 Other criteria 7 Religion 7.1 Animism 7.1. 1 Donyi - Polo 7.1. 1.1 Sanamahi 7.1. 1.2 Sarna 7.1. 2 Other tribal animist 7.2 Hinduism 7.2. 1 Adivasi roots of modern Hinduism 7.2. 2 Adivasi sants 7.2. 3 Sages 7.2. 4 Maharishis 7.2. 5 Avatars 7.2. 6 Other tribals and Hinduism 7.3 Demands for a separate religious code 8 Tribal system 9 Adivasi ( STs ) Demography in India 10 Education 11 Tribal languages 12 Economy 13 Notable Adivasis 13.1 Independence movement 13.2 Politics and social service 13.3 Art and literature 13.4 Administration 13.5 Sports 13.6 Military 13.7 Others 13.8 Tribal movement 13.9 Organisations 14 Gallery 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links Connotations of the word adivasi ( edit ) Women of Banni tribe in traditional attire from Gujarat Although terms such as atavika , vanavāsi ( `` forest dwellers '' ) , or girijan ( `` hill people '' ) are also used for the tribes of India , adivāsi carries the specific meaning of being the original and autochthonous inhabitants of a given region . It is a modern Sanskrit word specifically coined for that purpose in the 1930s , from ādi ' beginning , origin ' and vāsin ' dweller ' ( itself from vas ' to dwell ' ) , thus literally meaning ' original inhabitant ' . Over time , unlike the terms `` aborigines '' or `` tribes '' , the word `` adivasi '' has developed a connotation of past autonomy disrupted during the British colonial period in India and not yet having been restored . In India , opposition to usage of the term is varied . Critics argue that the `` original inhabitant '' contention is based on the fact that they have no land and are therefore asking for a land reform . The adivasis argue that they have been oppressed by the `` superior group '' and that they require and demand a reward , more specifically land reform . In Northeast India , the term adivāsi applies only to the Tea - tribes imported from Central India during colonial times . All tribal groups refer collectively to themselves by using the English word `` tribes '' . Scheduled tribes ( edit ) The Constitution of India , Article 366 ( 25 ) defines Scheduled Tribes as `` such tribes or tribal communities or part of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to the scheduled Tribes ( STs ) for the purposes of this Constitution '' . In Article 342 , the procedure to be followed for specification of a scheduled tribe is prescribed . However , it does not contain the criterion for the specification of any community as scheduled tribe . An often - used criterion is based on attributes such as : Geographical isolation -- they live in cloistered , exclusive , remote and inhospitable areas such as hills and forests . Backwardness -- their livelihood is based on primitive agriculture , a low - value closed economy with a low level of technology that leads to their poverty . They have low levels of literacy and health . Distinctive culture , language and religion -- communities have developed their own distinctive culture , language and religion . Shyness of contact -- they have a marginal degree of contact with other cultures and people . Particularly vulnerable tribal groups ( edit ) The Scheduled Tribe groups who were identified as more isolated from the wider community and who maintain a distinctive cultural identity have been categorised as ' Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups ' ( PTGs ) previously known as Primitive Tribal Groups ) by the Government at the Centre . So far seventy - five tribal communities have been identified as ' particularly vulnerable tribal groups ' in different States of India . These hunting , food - gathering , and some agricultural communities , have been identified as less acculturated tribes among the tribal population groups and in need of special programmes for their sustainable development . The tribes are awakening and demanding their rights for special reservation quota for them . Geographical overview ( edit ) Naga man dressed in traditional attire from Nagaland A substantial list of Scheduled Tribes in India are recognised as tribal under the Constitution of India . Tribal people constitute 8.6 % of the nation 's total population , over 104 million people according to the 2011 census . One concentration lives in a belt along the Himalayas stretching through Jammu and Kashmir , Himachal Pradesh , and Uttarakhand in the west , to Assam , Meghalaya , Tripura , Arunachal Pradesh , Mizoram , Manipur , and Nagaland in the northeast . In the northeastern states of Arunachal Pradesh , Meghalaya , Mizoram , and Nagaland , more than 90 % of the population is tribal . However , in the remaining northeast states of Assam , Manipur , Sikkim , and Tripura , tribal peoples form between 20 and 30 % of the population . Other tribal peoples , including the Santals , live in Jharkhand and West Bengal . Central Indian states have the country 's largest tribes , and , taken as a whole , roughly 75 % of the total tribal population live there , although the tribal population there accounts for only around 10 % of the region 's total population . Smaller numbers of tribal people are found in Odisha in eastern India ; Karnataka , Tamil Nadu , and Kerala in southern India ; in western India in Gujarat and Rajasthan , and in the union territories of Lakshadweep and the Andaman Islands and Nicobar Islands . About one percent of the populations of Kerala and Tamil Nadu are tribal , whereas about six percent in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka are members of tribes . History ( edit ) Ancient India ( edit ) Although considered uncivilised and primitive , adivasis were usually not held to be intrinsically impure by surrounding ( usually Dravidian or Aryan ) casted Hindu populations , unlike Dalits , who were . Thus , the adivasi origins of Valmiki , who composed the Ramayana , were acknowledged , as were the origins of adivasi tribes such as the Garasia and Bhilala , which descended from mixed Rajput and Bhil marriages . Unlike the subjugation of the Dalits , the adivasis often enjoyed autonomy and , depending on region , evolved mixed hunter - gatherer and farming economies , controlling their lands as a joint patrimony of the tribe . In some areas , securing adivasi approval and support was considered crucial by local rulers , and larger adivasi groups were able to sustain their own kingdoms in central India . The Gond Rajas of Garha - Mandla and Chanda are examples of an adivasi aristocracy that ruled in this region , and were `` not only the hereditary leaders of their Gond subjects , but also held sway over substantial communities of non-tribals who recognized them as their feudal lords . '' Period of islamic invasions ( edit ) This relative autonomy and collective ownership of adivasi land by adivasis was severely disrupted by the advent of the Mughals in the early 16th century . Rebellions against Mughal authority include the Bhil Rebellion of 1632 and the Bhil - Gond Insurrection of 1643 which were both pacified by Mughal soldiers . British period ( edit ) From the very early days of British rule , the tribesmen resented the British encroachments upon their tribal system . They were found resisting or supporting their brethren of Tamar and Jhalda in rebellion . Nor did their raja welcome the British administrative innovations . Beginning in the 18th century , the British added to the consolidation of feudalism in India , first under the Jagirdari system and then under the zamindari system . Beginning with the Permanent Settlement imposed by the British in Bengal and Bihar , which later became the template for a deepening of feudalism throughout India , the older social and economic system in the country began to alter radically . Land , both forest areas belonging to adivasis and settled farmland belonging to non-adivasi peasants , was rapidly made the legal property of British - designated zamindars ( landlords ) , who in turn moved to extract the maximum economic benefit possible from their newfound property and subjects . Adivasi lands sometimes experienced an influx of non-local settlers , often brought from far away ( as in the case of Muslims and Sikhs brought to Kol territory ) by the zamindars to better exploit local land , forest and labour . Deprived of the forests and resources they traditionally depended on and sometimes coerced to pay taxes , many adivasis were forced to borrow at usurious rates from moneylenders , often the zamindars themselves . When they were unable to pay , that forced them to become bonded labourers for the zamindars . Often , far from paying off the principal of their debt , they were unable even to offset the compounding interest , and this was made the justification for their children working for the zamindar after the death of the initial borrower . In the case of the Andamanese adivasis , long isolated from the outside world in autonomous societies , mere contact with outsiders was often sufficient to set off deadly epidemics in tribal populations , and it is alleged that some sections of the British government directly attempted to destroy some tribes . Land dispossession and subjugation by British and zamindar interests resulted in a number of adivasi revolts in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries , such as the Santal hul ( or Santhal rebellion ) of 1855 -- 56 . Although these were suppressed ruthlessly by the governing British authority ( the East India Company prior to 1858 , and the British government after 1858 ) , partial restoration of privileges to adivasi elites ( e.g. to Mankis , the leaders of Munda tribes ) and some leniency in tax burdens resulted in relative calm , despite continuing and widespread dispossession , from the late nineteenth century onwards . The economic deprivation , in some cases , triggered internal adivasi migrations within India that would continue for another century , including as labour for the emerging tea plantations in Assam . Participation in Indian independence movement ( edit ) There were tribal reform and rebellion movements during the period of the British Empire , some of which also participated in the Indian independence movement or attacked mission posts . There were several Adivasis in the Indian independence movement including Dharindhar Bhyuan , Laxman Naik , Jantya Bhil , Bangaru Devi and Rehma Vasave . List of rebellions ( edit ) Main article : Tribal revolts in India before Indian independence During the period of British rule , India saw the rebellions of several backward castes , mainly tribal peoples that revolted against British rule . These were : Great Kuki Invasion of 1860s Halba rebellion ( 1774 -- 79 ) Chakma rebellion ( 1776 -- 1787 ) Chuar rebellion in Bengal ( 1795 -- 1800 ) Bhopalpatnam Struggle ( 1795 ) Khurda Rebellion in Odisha ( 1817 ) Bhil rebellion ( 1822 -- 1857 ) Paralkot rebellion ( 1825 ) Tarapur rebellion ( 1842 -- 54 ) Maria rebellion ( 1842 -- 63 ) First Freedom Struggle By Sidu Murmu and Kanu Murmu ( 1856 -- 57 ) Bhil rebellion , begun by Tantya Tope in Banswara ( 1858 ) Koi revolt ( 1859 ) Gond rebellion , begun by Ramji Gond in Adilabad ( 1860 ) Muria rebellion ( 1876 ) Rani rebellion ( 1878 -- 82 ) Bhumkal ( 1910 ) The Kuki Uprising ( 1917 -- 1919 ) in Manipur Rampa Rebellion of 1879 , Vizagapatnam ( now Visakhapatnam district ) Rampa Rebellion ( 1922 -- 1924 ) , Visakhapatnam district Santhal Revolt ( 1885 -- 1886 ) Munda rebellion Yadav rebellion Tribal classification criteria and demands ( edit ) Scarification , a traditional symbol of Great Andamanese tribal identity ( 1901 photo ) Population complexities , and the controversies surrounding ethnicity and language in India , sometimes make the official recognition of groups as adivasis ( by way of inclusion in the Scheduled Tribes list ) political and contentious . However , regardless of their language family affiliations , Australoid and Negrito groups that have survived as distinct forest , mountain or island dwelling tribes in India and are often classified as adivasi . The relatively autonomous Mongoloid tribal groups of Northeastern India ( including Khasis , Apatani and Nagas ) , who are mostly Austro - Asiatic or Tibeto - Burman speakers , are also considered to be adivasis : this area comprises 7.5 % of India 's land area but 20 % of its adivasi population . However , not all autonomous northeastern groups are considered adivasis ; for instance , the Tibeto - Burman - speaking Meitei of Manipur were once tribal but , having been settled for many centuries , are caste Hindus . It is also difficult , for a given social grouping , to definitively decide whether it is a ' caste ' or a ' tribe ' . A combination of internal social organisation , relationship with other groups , self - classification and perception by other groups has to be taken into account to make a categorisation , which is at best inexact and open to doubt . These categorisations have been diffused for thousands of years , and even ancient formulators of caste - discriminatory legal codes ( which usually only applied to settled populations , and not adivasis ) were unable to come up with clean distinctions . Demands for tribal classification ( edit ) The additional difficulty in deciding whether a group meets the criteria to be adivasi or not are the aspirational movements created by the federal and state benefits , including job and educational reservations , enjoyed by groups listed as scheduled tribes ( STs ) . In Manipur , Meitei commentators have pointed to the lack of scheduled tribe status as a key economic disadvantage for Meiteis competing for jobs against groups that are classified as scheduled tribes . In Assam , Rajbongshi representatives have demanded scheduled tribe status as well . In Rajasthan , the Gujjar community has demanded ST status , even blockading the national capital of Delhi to press their demand . However , the Government of Rajasthan declined the Gujjars ' demand , stating the Gujjars are treated as upper caste and are by no means a tribe . In several cases , these claims to tribalhood are disputed by tribes who are already listed in the schedule and fear economic losses if more powerful groups are recognised as scheduled tribes ; for instance , the Rajbongshi demand faces resistance from the Bodo tribe , and the Meena tribe has vigorously opposed Gujjar aspirations to be recognised as a scheduled tribe . Endogamy , exogamy and ethnogenesis ( edit ) Part of the challenge is that the endogamous nature of tribes is also conformed to by the vast majority of Hindu castes . Indeed , many historians and anthropologists believe that caste endogamy reflects the once - tribal origins of the various groups who now constitute the settled Hindu castes . Another defining feature of caste Hindu society , which is often used to contrast them with Muslim and other social groupings , is lineage / clan ( or gotra ) and village exogamy . However , these in - marriage taboos are also held ubiquitously among tribal groups , and do not serve as reliable differentiating markers between caste and tribe . Again , this could be an ancient import from tribal society into settled Hindu castes . Interestingly , tribes such as the Muslim Gujjars of Kashmir and the Kalash of Pakistan observe these exogamous traditions in common with caste Hindus and non-Kashmiri adivasis , though their surrounding Muslim populations do not . Some anthropologists , however , draw a distinction between tribes who have continued to be tribal and tribes that have been absorbed into caste society in terms of the breakdown of tribal ( and therefore caste ) boundaries , and the proliferation of new mixed caste groups . In other words , ethnogenesis ( the construction of new ethnic identities ) in tribes occurs through a fission process ( where groups splinter - off as new tribes , which preserves endogamy ) , whereas with settled castes it usually occurs through intermixture ( in violation of strict endogamy ) . Other criteria ( edit ) Unlike castes , which form part of a complex and interrelated local economic exchange system , tribes tend to form self - sufficient economic units . For most tribal people , land - use rights traditionally derive simply from tribal membership . Tribal society tends to the egalitarian , with its leadership based on ties of kinship and personality rather than on hereditary status . Tribes typically consist of segmentary lineages whose extended families provide the basis for social organisation and control . Tribal religion recognises no authority outside the tribe . Any of these criteria may not apply in specific instances . Language does not always give an accurate indicator of tribal or caste status . Especially in regions of mixed population , many tribal groups have lost their original languages and simply speak local or regional languages . In parts of Assam -- an area historically divided between warring tribes and villages -- increased contact among villagers began during the colonial period , and has accelerated since independence in 1947 . A pidgin Assamese developed , whereas educated tribal members learnt Hindi and , in the late twentieth century , English . Self - identification and group loyalty do not provide unfailing markers of tribal identity either . In the case of stratified tribes , the loyalties of clan , kin , and family may well predominate over those of tribe . In addition , tribes can not always be viewed as people living apart ; the degree of isolation of various tribes has varied tremendously . The Gonds , Santals , and Bhils traditionally have dominated the regions in which they have lived . Moreover , tribal society is not always more egalitarian than the rest of the rural populace ; some of the larger tribes , such as the Gonds , are highly stratified . The apparently wide fluctuation in estimates of South Asia 's tribal population through the twentieth century gives a sense of how unclear the distinction between tribal and nontribal can be . India 's 1931 census enumerated 22 million tribal people , in 1941 only 10 million were counted , but by 1961 some 30 million and in 1991 nearly 68 million tribal members were included . The differences among the figures reflect changing census criteria and the economic incentives individuals have to maintain or reject classification as a tribal member . These gyrations of census data serve to underline the complex relationship between caste and tribe . Although , in theory , these terms represent different ways of life and ideal types , in reality they stand for a continuum of social groups . In areas of substantial contact between tribes and castes , social and cultural pressures have often tended to move tribes in the direction of becoming castes over a period of years . Tribal peoples with ambitions for social advancement in Indian society at large have tried to gain the classification of caste for their tribes . On occasion , an entire tribe or part of a tribe joined a Hindu sect and thus entered the caste system en masse . If a specific tribe engaged in practices that Hindus deemed polluting , the tribe 's status when it was assimilated into the caste hierarchy would be affected . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Tribal religions in India The majority of Adivasi practice Hinduism and Christianity . During the last two decades Adivasi from Odisha , Madhya Pradesh , Jharkhand have converted to Protestant groups . Adivasi beliefs vary by tribe , and are usually different from the historical Vedic religion , with its monistic underpinnings , Indo - European deities ( who are often cognates of ancient Iranian , Greek and Roman deities , e.g. Mitra / Mithra / Mithras ) , lack of idol worship and lack of a concept of reincarnation . Animism ( edit ) Animism ( from Latin animus , - i `` soul , life '' ) is the worldview that non-human entities ( animals , plants , and inanimate objects or phenomena ) possess a spiritual essence . Encyclopaedia of Religion and Society estimate 1 -- 5 % India 's population is animist . India 's government recognises India indigenous have pre-Hindu faith of animist - based religions . Animism is used in the anthropology of religion as a term for the belief system of some indigenous tribal peoples , especially prior to the development of organised religion . Although each culture has its own different mythologies and rituals , `` animism '' is said to describe the most common , foundational thread of indigenous peoples ' `` spiritual '' or `` supernatural '' perspectives . The animistic perspective is so fundamental , mundane , everyday and taken - for - granted that most animistic indigenous people do not even have a word in their languages that corresponds to `` animism '' ( or even `` religion '' ) ; the term is an anthropological construct rather than one designated by the people themselves . Donyi - Polo ( edit ) Main article : Donyi - Polo Donyi - Poloi the designation given to the indigenous religions , of animistic and shamanic type , of the Tani , from Arunachal Pradesh , in north - eastern India . The name `` Donyi - Polo '' means `` Sun - Moon '' . Sanamahi ( edit ) Main article : Sanamahism Sanamahism is the worship of Sanamahi , the eternal force / cells responsible for the continuity of living creations . Sanamahi referred here is not to be confused with Lainingthou Sanamahi ( The Supreme House - dwelling God of the Sanamahism ) . The religion has a great and unique traditional history which has been preserved till date for worshipping ancestors as almighty . Thus it signifies that Sanamahism is the worship of eternal force / cells present in living creations . Sidaba Mapu , the Creator God of Sanamahism . Sanamahism is one of the oldest religion of South East Asia . It originated in Manipur and is mainly practiced by the Meitei , Kabui , Zeliangrong and other communities who inhabit in Manipur , Assam , Tripura . Sarna ( edit ) Main article : Sarnaism Sarnaism or Sarna ( local languages : Sarna Dhorom , meaning `` religion of the holy woods '' ) defines the indigenous religions of the Adivasi populations of the states of Central - East India , such as the Munda , the Ho , the Santali , the Khuruk , and the others . The Munda , Ho , Santhal and Oraon tribe followed the Sarna religion , where Sarna means sacred grove . Their religion is based on the oral traditions passed from generation - to - generation . It strongly believes in one God , the Great Spirit . Other tribal animist ( edit ) Animist hunter gatherer Nayaka people of Nigrill 's hills of South India . Animism is the traditional religion of Nicobarese people ; their religion is marked by the dominance and interplay with spirit worship , witch doctors and animal sacrifice . Hinduism ( edit ) Adivasi roots of modern Hinduism ( edit ) Some historians and anthropologists assert that much of what constitutes folk Hinduism today is actually descended from an amalgamation of adivasi faiths , idol worship practices and deities , rather than the original Indo - Aryan faith . This also includes the sacred status of certain animals such as monkeys , cows , fish , matsya , peacocks , cobras ( nagas ) and elephants and plants such as the sacred fig ( pipal ) , Ocimum tenuiflorum ( tulsi ) and Azadirachta indica ( neem ) , which may once have held totemic importance for certain adivasi tribes . Adivasi sants ( edit ) A sant is an Indian holy man , and a title of a devotee or ascetic , especially in north and east India . Generally a holy or saintly person is referred to as a mahatma , paramahamsa , or swami , or given the prefix Sri or Srila before their name . The term is sometimes misrepresented in English as `` Hindu saint '' , although `` sant '' is unrelated to `` saint '' . Sant Buddhu Bhagat , led the Kol Insurrection ( 1831 -- 1832 ) aimed against tax imposed on Mundas by Muslim rulers . Sant Dhira or Kannappa Nayanar ( 2 ) , one of 63 Nayanar Shaivite sants , a hunter from whom Lord Shiva gladly accepted food offerings . It is said that he poured water from his mouth on the Shivlingam and offered the Lord swine flesh. ( 3 ) Sant Dhudhalinath , Gujarati , a 17th or 18th century devotee ( P. 4 , The Story of Historic People of India - The Kolis ) Sant Ganga Narain , led the Bhumij Revolt ( 1832 -- 1833 ) aimed against missionaries and British colonialists . Sant Girnari Velnathji , Gujarati of Junagadh , a 17th or 18th century devotee Sant Gurudev Kalicharan Brahma or Guru Brahma , a Bodo whose founded the Brahma Dharma aimed against missionaries and colonialists . The Brahma Dharma movement sought to unite peoples of all religions to worship God together and survives even today . Sant Kalu Dev , Punjab , related with Fishermen community Nishadha Sant Kubera , ethnic Gujarati , taught for over 35 years , and had 20,000 followers in his time . Sant Jatra Oraon , Oraon , led the Tana Bhagat Movement ( 1914 -- 1919 ) aimed against the missionaries and British colonialists Sant Sri Koya Bhagat , a 17th or 18th century devotee Sant Tantya Mama ( Bhil ) , a Bhil after whom a movement is named after -- the `` Jananayak Tantya Bhil '' Sant Tirumangai Alvar , Kallar , composed the six Vedangas in beautiful Tamil verse ( 4 ) Saint Kalean Guru ( Kalean Murmu ) is the most beloved person among Santal Tribes community who was widely popular ' Nagam Guru ' Guru of Early Histories in fourteen century by the references of their forefathers . Sages ( edit ) Bhaktaraj Bhadurdas , Gujarati , a 17th or 18th century devotee Bhakta Shabari , a Nishadha woman who offered Shri Rama and Shri Laxmana her half - eaten ber fruit , which they gratefully accepted when they were searching for Shri Sita Devi in the forest . Madan Bhagat , Gujarati , a 17th or 18th century devotee Sany Kanji Swami , Gujarati , a 17th or 18th century devotee Bhaktaraj Valram , Gujarati , a 17th or 18th century devotee Maharishis ( edit ) Maharshi Matanga , Matanga Bhil , Guru of Bhakta Shabari . In fact , Chandalas are often addressed as ' Matanga ' in passages like Varaha Purana 1.139. 91 Maharshi Valmiki , Kirata Bhil , composed the Ramayana . He is considered to be an avatar in the Balmiki community . Avatars ( edit ) Birsa Bhagwan or Birsa Munda , considered an avatar of Khasra Kora . People approached him as Singbonga , the Sun god . His sect included Christian converts. ( 5 ) He and his clan , the Mundas , were connected with Vaishnavite traditions as they were influenced by Sri Chaitanya. ( 6 ) Birsa was very close to the Panre brothers Vaishnavites . Kirata -- the form of Lord Shiva as a hunter . It is mentioned in the Mahabharata . The Karppillikkavu Sree Mahadeva Temple , Kerala adores Lord Shiva in this avatar and is known to be one of the oldest surviving temples in Bharat . Vettakkorumakan , the son of Lord Kirata . Kaladutaka or ' Vaikunthanatha ' , Kallar ( robber ) , avatar of Lord Vishnu. ( 7 ) Other tribals and Hinduism ( edit ) Some Hindus believe that Indian tribals are close to the romantic ideal of the ancient silvan culture of the Vedic people . Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar said : The tribals `` can be given yajñopavîta ( ... ) They should be given equal rights and footings in the matter of religious rights , in temple worship , in the study of Vedas , and in general , in all our social and religious affairs . This is the only right solution for all the problems of casteism found nowadays in our Hindu society . '' At the Lingaraj Temple in Bhubaneswar , there are Brahmin and Badu ( tribal ) priests . The Badus have the most intimate contact with the deity of the temple , and only they can bathe and adorn it . The Bhils are mentioned in the Mahabharata . The Bhil boy Ekalavya 's teacher was Drona , and he had the honour to be invited to Yudhishthira 's Rajasuya Yajna at Indraprastha . Indian tribals were also part of royal armies in the Ramayana and in the Arthashastra . Shabari was a Bhil woman who offered Rama and Lakshmana jujubes when they were searching for Sita in the forest . Matanga , a Bhil , became a Brahmana . ed against this custom . Demands for a separate religious code ( edit ) Some Adivasi organisations have demanded that a distinct religious code be listed for Adivasis in the 2011 census of India . The All India Adivasi Conference was held on 1 and 2 January 2011 at Burnpur , Asansol , West Bengal . 750 delegates were present from all parts of India and cast their votes for Religion code as follows : Sari Dhorom -- 632 , Sarna -- 51 , Kherwalism -- 14 and Other Religions -- 03 . Census of India . Tribal system ( edit ) Tribals are not part of the caste system , and usually constitute egalitarian societies . Christian tribals do not automatically lose their traditional tribal rules . When in 1891 a missionary asked 150 Munda Christians to `` inter-dine '' with people of different rank , only 20 Christians did so , and many converts lost their new faith . Father Haghenbeek concluded on this episode that these rules are not `` pagan '' , but a sign of `` national sentiment and pride '' , and wrote : `` On the contrary , while proclaiming the equality of all men before God , we now tell them : preserve your race pure , keep your customs , refrain from eating with Lohars ( blacksmiths ) , Turis ( bamboo workers ) and other people of lower rank . To become good Christians , it ( inter-dining ) is not required . '' However , many scholars argue that the claim that tribals are an egalitarian society in contrast to a caste - based society is a part of a larger political agenda by some to maximise any differences from tribal and urban societies . According to scholar Koenraad Elst , caste practices and social taboos among Indian tribals date back to antiquity : `` The Munda tribals not only practise tribal endogamy and commensality , but also observe a jâti division within the tribe , buttressed by notions of social pollution , a mythological explanation and harsh punishments . A Munda Catholic theologian testifies : The tribals of Chhotanagpur are an endogamous tribe . They usually do not marry outside the tribal community , because to them the tribe is sacred . The way to salvation is the tribe . Among the Santals , it is tabooed to marry outside the tribe or inside ones clan , just as Hindus marry inside their caste and outside their gotra . More precisely : To protect their tribal solidarity , the Santals have very stringent marriage laws . A Santal can not marry a non-Santal or a member of his own clan . The former is considered as a threat to the tribe 's integrity , while the latter is considered incestuous . Among the Ho of Chhotanagpur , the trespasses which occasion the exclusion from the tribe without chance of appeal , are essentially those concerning endogamy and exogamy . '' Inter-dining has also been prohibited by many Indian tribal peoples . Adivasi ( STs ) demography in India ( edit ) Scheduled Tribes distribution map in India by state and union territory according to 2011 Census . Mizoram and Lakshadweep had the highest % of its population as ST ( ~ 95 % ) , while Punjab and Haryana had 0 % . According to the Constitution ( Scheduled Castes ) Orders ( Amendment ) Act , 1990 , Scheduled Tribe can belong to any religion . The scheduled tribe population in Jharkhand constitutes 26.2 % of the state . Tribals in Jharkhand mainly follow Sarnaism , an animistic religion . Chhattisgarh has also 32 - 25 per cent scheduled tribe population . Assam has 40 lakh Adivasis . Adivasis in India mainly follow Animism , Hinduism and Christianity . Education ( edit ) Tribal communities in India are the least educationally developed . First generation learners have to face social , psychological and cultural barriers to get education . This has been one of the reason for poor performance of tribal students in schools . Poor literacy rate since independence has resulted in absence of tribals in academia and higher education . The literacy rate for STs has gone up from 8.5 % ( male -- 13.8 % , female -- 3.2 % ) in 1961 to 29.6 % ( male -- 40.6 % , female -- 18.2 % ) in 1991 and to 40 % ( male -- 59 % , female -- 37 % ) in 1999 -- 2000 . States with large proportion of STs like Mizoram , Nagaland and Meghalaya have high literacy rate while States with large number of tribals like Madhya Pradesh , Orissa , Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh have low tribal literacy rate . Tribal students have very high drop - out rates during school education . Extending the system of primary education into tribal areas and reserving places for needing them , they say , to work in the fields . On the other hand , in those parts of the northeast where tribes have generally been spared the wholesale onslaught of outsiders , schooling has helped tribal people to secure political and economic benefits . The education system there has provided a corps of highly trained tribal members in the professions and high - ranking administrative posts . tribal children in middle and high schools and higher education institutions are central to government policy , but efforts to improve a tribe 's educational status have had mixed results . Recruitment of qualified teachers and determination of the appropriate language of instruction also remain troublesome . Commission after commission on the `` language question '' has called for instruction , at least at the primary level , in the students ' native language . In some regions , tribal children entering school must begin by learning the official regional language , often one completely unrelated to their tribal language . Many tribal schools are plagued by high drop - out rates . Children attend for the first three to four years of primary school and gain a smattering of knowledge , only to lapse into illiteracy later . Few who enter continue up to the tenth grade ; of those who do , few manage to finish high school . Therefore , very few are eligible to attend institutions of higher education , where the high rate of attrition continues . Members of agrarian tribes like the Gonds often are reluctant to send their children to school , An academy for teaching and preserving Adivasi languages and culture was established in 1999 by the Bhasha Research and Publication Centre . The Adivasi Academy is located at Tejgadh in Gujarat . Tribal languages ( edit ) Mizo language Chakma language Kui Language Gondi language Ho language / Munda / Santali language Kukni language gamit language in south gujarat chaudhari languahe in south gujarat Economy ( edit ) Most tribes are concentrated in heavily forested areas that combine inaccessibility with limited political or economic significance . Historically , the economy of most tribes was subsistence agriculture or hunting and gathering . Tribal members traded with outsiders for the few necessities they lacked , such as salt and iron . A few local Hindu craftsmen might provide such items as cooking utensils . In the early 20th century , however , large areas fell into the hands of non-tribals , on account of improved transportation and communications . Around 1900 , many regions were opened by the government to settlement through a scheme by which inward migrants received ownership of land free in return for cultivating it . For tribal people , however , land was often viewed as a common resource , free to whoever needed it . By the time tribals accepted the necessity of obtaining formal land titles , they had lost the opportunity to lay claim to lands that might rightfully have been considered theirs . The colonial and post-independence regimes belatedly realised the necessity of protecting tribals from the predations of outsiders and prohibited the sale of tribal lands . Although an important loophole in the form of land leases was left open , tribes made some gains in the mid-twentieth century , and some land was returned to tribal peoples despite obstruction by local police and land officials . In the 1970s , tribal peoples came again under intense land pressure , especially in central India . Migration into tribal lands increased dramatically , as tribal people lost title to their lands in many ways -- lease , forfeiture from debts , or bribery of land registry officials . Other non-tribals simply squatted , or even lobbied governments to classify them as tribal to allow them to compete with the formerly established tribes . In any case , many tribal members became landless labourers in the 1960s and 1970s , and regions that a few years earlier had been the exclusive domain of tribes had an increasingly mixed population of tribals and non-tribals . Government efforts to evict nontribal members from illegal occupation have proceeded slowly ; when evictions occur at all , those ejected are usually members of poor , lower castes . Improved communications , roads with motorised traffic , and more frequent government intervention figured in the increased contact that tribal peoples had with outsiders . Commercial highways and cash crops frequently drew non-tribal people into remote areas . By the 1960s and 1970s , the resident nontribal shopkeeper was a permanent feature of many tribal villages . Since shopkeepers often sell goods on credit ( demanding high interest ) , many tribal members have been drawn deeply into debt or mortgaged their land . Merchants also encourage tribals to grow cash crops ( such as cotton or castor - oil plants ) , which increases tribal dependence on the market for necessities . Indebtedness is so extensive that although such transactions are illegal , traders sometimes ' sell ' their debtors to other merchants , much like indentured peons . The final blow for some tribes has come when nontribals , through political jockeying , have managed to gain legal tribal status , that is , to be listed as a Scheduled Tribe . Tribes in the Himalayan foothills have not been as hard - pressed by the intrusions of non-tribal . Historically , their political status was always distinct from the rest of India . Until the British colonial period , there was little effective control by any of the empires centred in peninsular India ; the region was populated by autonomous feuding tribes . The British , in efforts to protect the sensitive northeast frontier , followed a policy dubbed the `` Inner Line '' ; non-tribal people were allowed into the areas only with special permission . Postindependence governments have continued the policy , protecting the Himalayan tribes as part of the strategy to secure the border with China . Government policies on forest reserves have affected tribal peoples profoundly . Government efforts to reserve forests have precipitated armed ( if futile ) resistance on the part of the tribal peoples involved . Intensive exploitation of forests has often meant allowing outsiders to cut large areas of trees ( while the original tribal inhabitants were restricted from cutting ) , and ultimately replacing mixed forests capable of sustaining tribal life with single - product plantations . Nontribals have frequently bribed local officials to secure effective use of reserved forest lands . The northern tribes have thus been sheltered from the kind of exploitation that those elsewhere in South Asia have suffered . In Arunachal Pradesh ( formerly part of the North - East Frontier Agency ) , for example , tribal members control commerce and most lower - level administrative posts . Government construction projects in the region have provided tribes with a significant source of cash . Some tribes have made rapid progress through the education system ( the role of early missionaries was significant in this regard ) . Instruction was begun in Assamese but was eventually changed to Hindi ; by the early 1980s , English was taught at most levels . Northeastern tribal people have thus enjoyed a certain measure of social mobility . The continuing economic alienation and exploitation of many adivasis was highlighted as a `` systematic failure '' by the Indian prime minister Manmohan Singh in a 2009 conference of chief ministers of all 29 Indian states , where he also cited this as a major cause of the Naxalite unrest that has affected areas such as the Red Corridor . Mahua Notable adivasis ( edit ) Independence movement ( edit ) Sengya Sambudhan -- Political leader , Independence fighter Rani Gaidinliu -- Political leader , Independence fighter Birsa Munda -- Independence Fighter Laxman Nayak -- Independence fighter , activist Sanjibhai Rupjibhai Delkar - Freedom Fighter and First MP of Dadra & Nagar Haveli Komaram Bheem -- Independence fighter Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu -- Independence Fighters Baba Tilka Majhi -- Independence Fighter Rindo Majhi Politics and social Service ( edit ) Kantilal Bhuria - Lok Sabha MP , Tribal Rights Activist , Former Union Cabinet Minister of Tribal Affairs , Agriculture & Food , Veteran Congress Leader from Madhya Pradesh . Kishore Chandra Deo - Lok Sabha MP , Tribal Rights Activist , Former Union Cabinet Minister of Tribal Affairs , Steel & Mines , Tribal Chief of Kurupam , Veteran Congress Leader from Andhra Pradesh . Vincent Pala - Lok Sabha MP , Former Union Minister of Water Resources , Congress Leader . Kanjibhai Patel - Politician Lalthanhawla -- Politician Zoramthanga -- Politician Jual Oram -- Politician Ramvichar Netam -- Politician Mahendra Karma -- Politician Kartik Oraon -- Politician Neiphiu Rio -- Politician P.A. Sangma -- Politician Kariya Munda -- former Deputy Speaker , 15th Lok Sabha Harishankar Brahma -- former Chief Election Commissioner of India Soni Sori -- Political activist Dayamani Barla -- Journalist , activist Tulasi Munda -- Education activist CK Janu -- Social activist Jaipal Singh -- Hockey player , Adivasi activist . Sushila Kerketta -- member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India Sarbananda Sonowal -- 14th Chief Minister of Assam Chhotubhai vasava : - politician , leader of social movement in gujarat Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar 6 time member of the Lok Sabha of India from Dadra and Nagar Haveli . Tribal leader of southern Part of Gujarat , Tribal Robin Hood . Art and literature ( edit ) Lipika Singh Darai - Film Director Ram Dayal Munda -- Scholar , artist , Padma Sri awardee Teejan Bai -- Indian Pandavani performer Anuj Lugun -- Indian polymath Rupnath Brahma -- Poet Jangarh Singh Shyam -- Artist , founder of Jangarh Kalam Venkat Shyam -- Artist Bhajju Shyam -- Artist Temsula Ao -- Poet , writer Mamang Dai -- Journalist , author , former civil servant Administration ( edit ) Armstrong Pame -- IAS Swathi Lakra -- IPS Rajeev Topno -- IAS GC Murmu -- IAS Jagatsingh V Vasava - IAS Smbhaji M Sarkunde -- Rtd IAS Sports ( edit ) MC Mary Kom -- Boxer Malavath Purna -- Mountaineer Durga Boro -- Footballer Kavita Raut -- Athlete Limba Ram -- Archer Laxmirani Majhi -- Archer Munmun Lugun -- Footballer Lal Mohan Hansda -- Footballer Sanjay Balmuchu -- Footballer Baichung Bhutia -- Former captain , Indian football team Dilip Tirkey -- Former captain , Indian hockey team Birendra Lakra -- Indian hockey team Manohar Topno -- Indian hockey team Masira Surin -- Indian women 's hockey team Sunita Lakra -- Indian women 's hockey team Jyoti Sunita Kullu -- Former member , Indian women 's hockey team Michael Kindo - Former member , Indian men 's hockey team , Arjuna awardee Kisan Tadvi -- Athlete Shylo Malsawmtluanga -- Footballer Lalrindika Ralte -- Footballer Jeje Lalpekhlua -- Footballer Murli gavit : - athlete Military ( edit ) Albert Ekka -- Param Vir Chakra , Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Rani Durgavati -- Gond Queen Sangram Shah Others ( edit ) Boa Sr . Haipou Jadonang Bhima Bhoi Kalicharan Brahma Angami Zapu Phizo Shürhozelie Liezietsu Shabari Lako Bodra -- Varang Kshiti script creator , writer , activist Valmiki -- Composer of Ramayana Neiliezhü Üsou Tantia Bhīl Vir Budhu Bhagat -- Freedom fighter Kannappa Nayanar Pandit Raghunath Murmu -- Chiki script creator , writer , activist Thirumangai Alvar Tribal movement ( edit ) Chhotubhai vasava , gujarat -- Tribal leader Kaluram Kakadya Dhodade -- Tribal leader Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar - Tribal Leader Vaharu Sonavane -- Tribal leader Dr. Sunil Parhad -- Tribal Leader Sachin Satvi -- Social Entrepreneur Dr. Satish Pachpute -- Tribal Leader Organisations ( edit ) Adivasi Vikas Sangathan - Dadra and Nagar Haveli ( HQ ) , Gujarat . Adivasi Ekta Parishad -- Maharashtra , Gujarat , Rajasthan , MP , CG Bhumi Sena -- Maharashtra Adivasi Yuva Shakti -- Maharashtra , Gujarat , Rajasthan , MP , CG , Jharkhand , Odisha , Telangana , Andhra Pradesh Bhillisthan Tiger sena : - one of the most active organisation. always ready to help aadivasi people. Gujarat , Maharashtra , Mp , Rajasthan . Gallery ( edit ) Some portraits of adivasi people . Young Baiga women Saharia tribe Bhil tribe Bhil tribe Gondi tribe Gondi tribe Gondi tribe Gondi tribe Bhil tribe Bhil tribe Bhil tribe Bhil tribe Saharia tribe Kutia Kondh tribe in Odisha . Adivasi Children of Gujarat See also ( edit ) Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Dalit C.K. Janu Hanumappa Sudarshan Kumar Suresh Singh Caste system Chakma Great Andamanese Indian tribal belt Jarawa people ( Andaman Islands ) List of Scheduled Tribes in India Scheduled castes Shompen people Tribal religions in India Eklavya Model Residential School Patalkot Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ... Although regarded by some British scholars as inferior to caste Hindus , the status of `` adivasis '' in practice most often paralleled that of the Hindus ... In areas where they accounted for a large proportion of the population , adivasis often wielded considerable ritual and political power , being involved in investiture of various kings and rulers throughout central India and Rajasthan ... In central India there were numerous `` adivasi '' kingdoms , some of which survived from medieval times to the nineteenth century ... References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lok Sabha Debates ser. 10 Jun 41 -- 42 1995 v. 42 no. 41 - 42 , Lok Sabha Secretariat , Parliament of India , 1995 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 , ... Adivasis are the aborigines of India ... Jump up ^ Minocheher Rustom Masani ; Ramaswamy Srinivasan ( 1985 ) , Freedom and Dissent : Essays in Honour of Minoo Masani on His Eightieth Birthday , Democratic Research Service , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 , ... The Adivasis are the original inhabitants of India . That is what Adivasi means : the original inhabitant . They were the people who were there before the Dravidians . The tribals are the Gonds , the Bhils , the Murias , the Nagas and a hundred more ... Jump up ^ Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( 1968 ) , The Selected Works of Mahatma Gandhi : Satyagraha in South Africa , Navajivan Publishing House , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 , ... The Adivasis are the original inhabitants ... Jump up ^ 2011 Census Primary Census Abstract Jump up ^ `` Scheduled Tribes at 8.6 per cent '' . Jump up ^ `` 8.6 % for ST '' . Jump up ^ http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=256768 Jump up ^ http://genecampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Indigenous_knowledge_amongst_the_Tharus_of_the_Terai_Region_of_Uttar_Pradesh.pdf Jump up ^ Acharya , Deepak and Shrivastava Anshu ( 2008 ) : Indigenous Herbal Medicines : Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices , Aavishkar Publishers Distributor , Jaipur - India . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7910 - 252 - 7 . pp 440 Jump up ^ Salwa Judum Jump up ^ `` Bringing rural realities on stage in urban India -- The Hindu '' . thehindu.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Centre for Human Rights '' . achrweb.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Elst , Koenraad : ( 2001 ) ^ Jump up to : Robert Harrison Barnes ; Andrew Gray ; Benedict Kingsbury ( 1995 ) , Indigenous peoples of Asia , Association for Asian Studies , ISBN 0 - 924304 - 14 - 6 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 , The Concept of the Adivāsi : According to the political activists who coined the word in the 1930s , the `` adivāsis '' are the original inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent ... Jump up ^ `` Adivasi , n . and adj . '' OED Online . Oxford University Press , June 2017 . Web . 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Louise Waite ( 2006 ) , Embodied Working Lives : Work and Life in Maharashtra , India , Lexington Books , ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0876 - X , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 , The scheduled tribes themselves tend to refer to their ethnic grouping as adivāsis , which means ' original inhabitant . ' Hardiman continues to argue that the term adivāsi is preferable in India as it evokes a shared history of relative freedom in precolonial times ... Jump up ^ Govind Sadashiv Ghurye ( 1980 ) , The Scheduled Tribes of India , Transaction Publishers , ISBN 0 - 87855 - 692 - 3 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 , I have stated above , while ascertaining the general attitude of Mr. Jaipal Singh to tribal problems , his insistence on the term ' Adivāsi ' being used for Schedule Tribes ... Sir , myself I claim to an Adivāsi and an original inhabitant of the country as Mr. Jaipal Singh pal ... a pseudo-ethno - historical substantiation for the term ' Adivāsi ' . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA '' . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Labour Bureau , Government of India ( from here ) Jump up ^ New Book : Anthropology of Primitive Tribes in India ^ Jump up to : Aloysius Irudayam ; Jayshree P. Mangubhai ; India Village Reconstruction ; Development Project ( 2004 ) , Adivasis Speak Out : Atrocities Against Adivasis in Tamil Nadu , Books for Change , ISBN 81 - 87380 - 78 - 0 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... uncivilised ... These forests and land territories assume a territorial identity precisely because they are the extension of the Adivasis ' collective personality ... Jump up ^ C.R. Bijoy , Core Committee of the All India Coordinating Forum of Adivasis / Indigenous Peoples ( February 2003 ) , `` The Adivasis of India -- A History of Discrimination , Conflict , and Resistance '' , PUCL Bulletin , People 's Union for Civil Liberties , India , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 , ... Adivasis are not , as a general rule , regarded as unclean by caste Hindus in the same way as Dalits are . But they continue to face prejudice ( as lesser humans ) , they are socially distanced and often face violence from society ... ^ Jump up to : Thakorlal Bharabhai Naik ( 1956 ) , The Bhils : A Study , Bharatiya Adimjati Sevak Sangh , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 , ... Valmiki , from whose pen this great epic had its birth , was himself a Bhil named Valia , according to the traditional accounts of his life ... Jump up ^ Edward Balfour ( 1885 ) , The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia , Bernard Quaritch , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... In Mewar , the Grasia is of mixed Bhil and Rajput descent , paying tribute to the Rana of Udaipur ... Jump up ^ R.K. Sinha ( 1995 ) , The Bhilala of Malwa , Anthropological survey of India , ISBN 978 - 81 - 85579 - 08 - 5 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... the Bhilala are commonly considered to be a mixed group who sprung from the marriage alliances of the immigrant male Rajputs and the Bhil women of the central India ... ^ Jump up to : R. Singh ( 2000 ) , Tribal Beliefs , Practices and Insurrections , Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. , ISBN 81 - 261 - 0504 - 6 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... The Munda Parha was known as ' Manki ' , while his Oraon counterpart was called ' Parha Raja . ' The lands these adivasis occupied were regarded to be the village 's patrimony ... The Gond rajas of Chanda and Garha Mandla were not only the hereditary leaders of their Gond subjects , but also held sway over substantial communities of non-tribals who recognized them as their feudal lords ... Jump up ^ Milind Gunaji ( 2005 ) , Offbeat Tracks in Maharashtra : A Travel Guide , Popular Prakashan , ISBN 81 - 7154 - 669 - 2 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... The Navegaon is one of the forests in Maharashtra where the natives of this land still live and earn their livelihood by carrying out age old activities like hunting , gathering forest produce and ancient methods of farming . Beyond the Kamkazari lake is the Dhaavalghat , which is home to adivasis . They also have a temple here , the shrine of Lord Waghdev ... Jump up ^ Surajit Sinha , Centre for Studies in Social Sciences ( 1987 ) , Tribal polities and state systems in pre-colonial eastern and north eastern India , K.P. Bagchi & Co. , ISBN 81 - 7074 - 014 - 2 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... The way in which and the extent to which tribal support had been crucial in establishing a royal dynasty have been made quite clear ... tribal loyalty , help and support were essential in establishing a ruling family ... Jump up ^ Hugh Chisholm ( 1910 ) , The Encyclopædia Britannica , The Encyclopædia Britannica Co. , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... The 16th century saw the establishment of a powerful Gond kingdom by Sangram Sah , who succeeded in 1480 as the 47th of the petty Gond rajas of Garha - Mandla , and extended his dominions to include Saugor and Damoh on the Vindhyan plateau , Jubbulpore and Narsinghpur in the Nerbudda valley , and Seoni on the Satpura highlands ... Jump up ^ P. 27 Madhya Pradesh : Shajapur By Madhya Pradesh ( India ) Jump up ^ P. 219 Calcutta Review By University of Calcutta , 1964 ^ Jump up to : Piya Chatterjee ( 2001 ) , A Time for Tea : Women , Labor , and Post / colonial Politics on an Indian Plantation , Duke University Press , ISBN 0 - 8223 - 2674 - 4 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... Among the Munda , customary forms of land tenure known as khuntkatti stipulated that land belonged communally to the village , and customary rights of cultivation , branched from corporate ownership . Because of Mughal incursions , non-Jharkhandis began to dominate the agrarian landscape , and the finely wrought system of customary sharing of labor , produce and occupancy began to crumble . The process of dispossession and land alienation , in motion since the mid-eighteenth century , was given impetus by British policies that established both zamindari and ryotwari systems of land revenue administration . Colonial efforts toward efficient revenue collection hinged on determining legally who had proprietal rights to the land ... ^ Jump up to : Ulrich van der Heyden ; Holger Stoecker ( 2005 ) , Mission und macht im Wandel politischer Orientierungen : Europäische Missionsgesellschaften in politischen Spannungsfeldern in Afrika und Asien zwischen 1800 und 1945 , Franz Steiner Verlag , ISBN 3 - 515 - 08423 - 1 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... The permanent settlement Act had an adverse effect upon the fate of the Adivasis for , `` the land which the aboriginals had rested from the jungle and cultivated as free men from generation was , by a stroke of pen , declared to be the property of the Raja ( king ) and the Jagirdars . '' The alien became the Zamindars ( Landlords ) while the sons of the soil got reduced to mere tenants . Now , it was the turn of the Jagirdars - turned - Zamindars who further started leasing out land to the newcomers , who again started encroaching Adivasi land . The land grabbing thus went on unabated . By the year 1832 about 6,411 Adivasi villages were alienated in this process ... Jump up ^ O.P. Ralhan ( 2002 ) , Encyclopaedia of Political Parties , Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. , ISBN 81 - 7488 - 865 - 9 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... The Permanent Settlement was ' nothing short of the confiscation of raiyat lands in favor of the zamindars . ' ... Marx says ' ... in Bengal as in Madras and Bombay , under the zamindari as under the ryotwari , the raiyats who form 11 / 12ths of the whole Indian population have been wretchedly pauperised . ' To this may be added the inroads made by the Company 's Government upon the village community of the tribals ( the Santhals , Kols , Khasias etc . ) ... There was a wholesale destruction of ' the national tradition . ' Marx observes : ' England has broken down the entire framework of Indian society ... Jump up ^ Govind Kelkar ; Dev Nathan ( 1991 ) , Gender and Tribe : Women , Land and Forests in Jharkhand , Kali for Women , ISBN 1 - 85649 - 035 - 1 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... of the features of the adivasi land systems . These laws also showed that British colonial rule had passed on to a new stage of exploitation ... Forests were the property of the zamindar or the state ... ^ Jump up to : William Wilson Hunter ; Hermann Michael Kisch ; Andrew Wallace Mackie ; Charles James O'Donnell ; Herbert Hope Risley ( 1877 ) , A Statistical Account of Bengal , Trübner , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... The Kol insurrection of 1831 , though , no doubt , only the bursting forth of a fire that had long been smouldering , was fanned into flame by the following episode : - The brother of the Maharaja , who was holder of one of the maintenance grants which comprised Sonpur , a pargana in the southern portion of the estate , gave farms of some of the villages over the heads of the Mankis and Mundas , to certain Muhammadans , Sikhs and others , who has obtained his favour ... not only was the Manki dispossessed , but two of his sisters were seduced or ravished by these hated foreigners ... one of them ... , it was said , had abducted and dishonoured the Munda 's wife ... Jump up ^ Radhakanta Barik ( 2006 ) , Land and Caste Politics in Bihar , Shipra Publications , ISBN 81 - 7541 - 305 - 0 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... As usually the zamindars were the moneylenders , they could pressurize the tenants to concede to high rent ... Jump up ^ Shashank Shekhar Sinha ( 2005 ) , Restless Mothers and Turbulent Daughters : Situating Tribes in Gender Studies , Stree , ISBN 81 - 85604 - 73 - 8 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... In addition , many tribals were forced to pay private taxes ... ^ Jump up to : Economic and Political Weekly , No. 6 - 8 , V. 9 , Sameeksha Trust , 1974 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... The Adivasis spend their life - times working for the landlord - moneylenders and , in some cases , even their children are forced to work for considerable parts of their lives to pay off debts ... Jump up ^ Sita Venkateswar ( 2004 ) , Development and Ethnocide : Colonial Practices in the Andaman Islands , IWGIA , ISBN 87 - 91563 - 04 - 6 , ... As I have suggested previously , it is probable that some disease was introduced among the coastal groups by Lieutenant Colebrooke and Blair 's first settlement in 1789 , resulting in a marked reduction of their population . The four years that the British occupied their initial site on the south - east of South Andaman were sufficient to have decimated the coastal populations of the groups referred to as Jarawa by the Aka - bea - da ... Jump up ^ Luigi Luca Cavalli - Sforza ; Francesco Cavalli - Sforza ( 1995 ) , The Great Human Diasporas : The History of Diversity and Evolution , Basic Books , ISBN 0 - 201 - 44231 - 0 , ... Contact with whites , and the British in particular , has virtually destroyed them . Illness , alcohol , and the will of the colonials all played their part ; the British governor of the time mentions in his diary that he received instructions to destroy them with alcohol and opium . He succeeded completely with one group . The others reacted violently ... Jump up ^ Paramjit S. Judge ( 1992 ) , Insurrection to Agitation : The Naxalite Movement in Punjab , Popular Prakashan , ISBN 81 - 7154 - 527 - 0 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... The Santhal insurrection in 1855 -- 56 was a consequence of the establishment of the permanent Zamindari Settlement introduced by the British in 1793 as a result of which the Santhals had been dispossesed of the land that they had been cultivating for centuries . Zamindars , moneylenders , traders and government officials exploited them ruthlessly . The consequence was a violent revolt by the Santhals which could only be suppressed by the army ... Jump up ^ The Indian Journal of Social Work , v. 59 , Department of Publications , Tata Institute of Social Sciences , 1956 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... Revolts rose with unfailing regularity and were suppressed with treachery , brute force , tact , cooption and some reforms ... Jump up ^ Roy Moxham ( 2003 ) , Tea , Carroll & Graf Publishers , ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1227 - 9 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... many of the labourers came from Chota Nagpur District ... home to the Adivasis , the most popular workers with the planters -- the ' 1st class jungley . ' As one of the planters , David Crole , observed : ' planters , in a rough and ready way , judge the worth of a coolie by the darkness of the skin . ' In the last two decades of the nineteenth century 350,000 coolies went from Chota Nagpur to Assam ... Jump up ^ HEUZE , Gérard : Où Va l'Inde Moderne ? L'Harmattan , Paris 1993 . A. Tirkey : `` Evangelization among the Uraons '' , Indian Missiological Review , June 1997 , esp . p. 30 - 32 . Elst 2001 Jump up ^ Page 63 Tagore Without Illusions by Hitendra Mitra Jump up ^ Sameeksha Trust , P. 1229 Economic and Political Weekly Jump up ^ P. 4 `` Freedom Movement in Khurda '' Dr. Atul Chandra Pradhan Jump up ^ P. 111 The Freedom Struggle in Hyderabad : A Connected Account By Hyderabad ( India : State ) Jump up ^ P. 32 Social and Political Awakening Among the Tribals of Rajasthan By Gopi Nath Sharma Jump up ^ P. 420 Who 's who of Freedom Struggle in Andhra Pradesh By Sarojini Regani Jump up ^ James Minahan and Leonard W. Doob ( 1996 ) , Nations Without States : A Historical Dictionary of Contemporary National Movements , Greenwood Press , ISBN 0 - 313 - 28354 - 0 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 , ... The Adivasi tribes encompass the pre-Dravidian holdovers from ancient India ... Jump up ^ Sarina Singh ; Joe Bindloss ; Paul Clammer ; Janine Eberle ( 2005 ) , India , Lonely Planet , ISBN 1 - 74059 - 694 - 3 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 , ... Although the northeast states make up just 7.5 % of the geographical area of India , the region is home to 20 % of India 's Adivasis ( tribal people ) . The following are the main tribes ... Nagas ... Monpas ... Apatani & Adi ... Khasi ... ^ Jump up to : Moirangthem Kirti Singh ( 1988 ) , Religion and Culture of Manipur , Manas Publications , ISBN 81 - 7049 - 021 - 9 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... The Meiteis began to think that root cause of their present unrest was their contact with the Mayangs , the outsider from the rest of India in matters of trade , commerce , religious belief and the designation of the Meiteis as caste Hindus in the Constitution of India . The policy of reservations for the scheduled castes and tribes in key posts began to play havoc ... Jump up ^ Man , v. 7 , Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland , 1972 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... Nor , for that matter , does a traits approach to drawing distinctions between tribe and caste lead to any meaningful interpretation of social or civilizational processes . Social boundaries must be defined in each case ( community or regional society ) with reference to the modes of social classification , on the one hand , and processes of social interaction , on the other . It is in their inability to relate these two aspects of the social phenomenon through a model of social reality that most behavioural exercises come to grief ... Jump up ^ Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya ( 1959 ) , Lōkayata : A Study in Ancient Indian Materialism , People 's Publishing House , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... Even the authors of our traditional law - codes and other works did not know whether to call a particular group of backward people a caste or a tribe ... Jump up ^ Robert Goldmann ; A. Jeyaratnam Wilson ( 1984 ) , From Independence to Statehood : Managing Ethnic Conflict in Five African and Asian States , Pinter , ISBN 0 - 86187 - 354 - 8 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... Because the question of what groups are to be given preferences is constitutionally and politically open , the demand for preferences becomes a device for political mobilisation . Politicians can mobilise members of their caste , religious or linguistic community around the demand for inclusion on the list of those to be given preferences ... As preferences were extended to backward castes , and as more benefits were given to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes , the ' forward ' castes have ... ^ Jump up to : Col. Ved Prakash ( 2006 ) , Encyclopaedia of North - east India , Vol # 2 , Atlantic Publishers & Distributors , ISBN 81 - 269 - 0704 - 5 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... An angry mob of Koch - Rajbongshis ( KRs ) ransacked 4 - 8 - 03 the BJP office , Guwahati , demanding ST status for the KRs ... the KRs have been demanding the ST status for long , and the Bodos are stoutly opposed to it ... Jump up ^ `` Gujjars enforce blockade ; Delhi tense '' , The Times of India , 29 May 2008 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... Gujjars on Thursday blocked road and rail traffic in the capital and adjoining areas as part of their ' NCR rasta roko ' agitation ... The NCR agitation , called by All India Gujjar Mahasabha , is in support of the community 's demand for Scheduled Tribe status in Rajasthan ... Jump up ^ `` rajasthan - government - denies - st - status - to - gujjars '' , merinews Jump up ^ `` What the Meena - Gujjar conflict is about '' , Rediff , 1 June 2007 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... Rajasthan is sitting on a potential caste war between the Gujjars and Meenas with the former demanding their entry into the Schedule Tribes list while the Meenas are looking to keep their turf intact by resisting any tampering with the ST quota ... Jump up ^ Mamta Rajawat ( 2003 ) , Scheduled Castes in India : a Comprehensive Study , Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. , ISBN 81 - 261 - 1339 - 1 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... endogamy is basic to the morphology of caste but for its origin and sustenance one has to see beyond ... D.D. Kosambi says that the fusion of tribal elements into society at large lies at the foundation of the caste system ; Irfan Habib concurs , suggesting that when tribal people were absorbed they brought with them their endogamous customs ... ^ Jump up to : Mohammad Abbas Khan ( 2005 ) , Social Development in Twenty First Century , Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. , ISBN 81 - 261 - 2130 - 0 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... in North India , high caste Hindus regard the village as an exogamous unit . Girls born within the village are called ' village daughters ' and they do not cover their faces before local men , whereas girls who come into the village by marriage do so ... With Christians and Muslims , the elementary or nuclear family is the exogamous unit . Outside of it marriages are possible ... Lineage exogamy also exists among the Muslim Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir ... Jump up ^ Richard V. Weekes ( 1984 ) , Muslim Peoples : A World Ethnographic Survey , Greenwood Press , ISBN 0 - 313 - 24640 - 8 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... The preference for in - marriage produces the reticulated kinship system characteristic of Punjabi Muslim society , as opposed to Hindu lineage exogamy and preference for marriage outside one 's natal village ... Jump up ^ Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi ( 2004 ) , South Asian Culture : An Anthropological Perspective , Oriental Publishers & Distributors , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... The tribal communities , by and large , also practise clan exogamy , which means marrying outside the totemic division of a tribe ... Jump up ^ Georg Pfeffer ( 1982 ) , Status and Affinity in Middle India , F. Steiner , ISBN 3 - 515 - 03913 - 9 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... Elwin documents the strict observance of this rule : Out of 300 marriages recorded , not a single one broke the rule of village exogamy ... Jump up ^ Rajendra K. Sharma ( 2004 ) , Indian Society , Institutions and Change : Institutions and Change , Atlantic Publishers & Distributors , ISBN 81 - 7156 - 665 - 0 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... Among many Indian tribes it is the recognized custom to marry outside the village . This restriction is prevalent in the Munda and other tribes of Chhota Nagpur of Madhya Pradesh ... the Naga tribe of Assam is divided into Khels . Khel is the name given to the residents of the particular place , and people of one Khel can not marry each other ... Jump up ^ John Vincent Ferreira ( 1965 ) , Totemism in India , Oxford University Press , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... there is every reason to believe that the inspiration leading to the formation of exogamous gotras came from the aborigines ... Jump up ^ Monika Böck ; Aparna Rao ( 2000 ) , Culture , Creation , and Procreation : Concepts of Kinship in South Asian Practice , Berghahn Books , ISBN 1 - 57181 - 912 - 6 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... Kalasha kinship is indeed orchestrated through a rigorous system of patrilineal descent defined by lineage exogamy ... Lineage exogamy thus distinguishes Kalasha descent groups as discretely bounded corporations , in contrast to the nonexogamous ' sliding lineages ' ( Bacon 1956 ) of surrounding Muslims ... Jump up ^ Thomas R. Trautmann ( 1997 ) , Aryans and British India , University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 20546 - 4 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 , ... The radiating , segmentary character of the underlying genealogical figure requires that the specifications be unilineal ... we have in the Dharmasastra doctrine of jatis a theory of ethnogenesis through intermixture or marriage of persons of different varnas , and secondary and tertiary intermixtures of the original ones , leading to a multitude of units , rather than the radiating segmentary structure of ethnogenesis by fission or descent ... Jump up ^ Todd Scudiere ( 1997 ) , Aspects of Death and Bereavement Among Indian Hindus and American Christians : A Survey and Cross-cultural Comparison , University of Wisconsin -- Madison , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 , ... the Vedic Aryan was not particularly eager to enter heaven , he was too much this - worldly oriented . A notion of reincarnation was not introduced until later . However , there was a concept of a universal force -- an idea of an underlying monistic reality that was later called Brahman ... Jump up ^ ( http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Animism.htm ) Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS World Europe Indigenous people ' worst - off world over ' '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Chakma , S. ; Jensen , M. ; International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs ( 2001 ) . Racism Against Indigenous Peoples . IWGIA . p. 196 . ISBN 9788790730468 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Hicks , David ( 2010 ) . Ritual and Belief : Readings in the Anthropology of Religion ( 3 ed . ) . Rowman Altamira . p. 359 . Tylor 's notion of animism -- for him the first religion -- included the assumption that early Homo sapiens had invested animals and plants with souls ... Jump up ^ `` Animism '' . Contributed by Helen James ; coordinated by Dr. Elliott Shaw with assistance from Ian Favell . ELMAR Project ( University of Cumbria ) . 1998 -- 99 . Jump up ^ `` Native American Religious and Cultural Freedom : An Introductory Essay '' . The Pluralism Project . President and Fellows of Harvard College and Diana Eck. 2005 . Jump up ^ Rikam , 2005 . p. 117 Jump up ^ Mibang , Chaudhuri , 2004 . p. 47 Jump up ^ Dalmia , Sadana , 2012 . pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ Minahan , 2012 . p. 236 Jump up ^ Sachchidananda , 1980 . p. 235 Jump up ^ Srivastava , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ST panel for independent religion status to Sarna '' . articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature : K -- Z. 2 . Thoemmes Continuum. 2005 . p. 82 . ISBN 9781843711384 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Mann , R.S. ( 2005 ) . Andaman and Nicobar Tribes Restudied : Encounters and Concerns . Mittal Publications . p. 204 . ISBN 9788183240109 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ S.G. Sardesai ( 1986 ) , Progress and Conservatism in Ancient India , People 's Publishing House , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 , ... The centre of Rig Vedic religion was the Yajna , the sacrificial fire ... There is no Atma , no Brahma , no Moksha , no idol worship in the Rig Veda ... ^ Jump up to : Shiv Kumar Tiwari ( 2002 ) , Tribal Roots of Hinduism , Sarup & Sons , ISBN 81 - 7625 - 299 - 9 , retrieved 2008 - 12 - 12 Jump up ^ Kumar Suresh Singh ( 1985 ) , Tribal Society in India : An Anthropo - historical Perspective , Manohar , retrieved 2008 - 12 - 12 , ... Shiva was a `` tribal deity '' to begin with and forest - dwelling communities , including those who have ceased to be tribals and those who are tribals today ... ^ Jump up to : ( P. 4 , The Story of Historic People of India - The Kolis ) Jump up ^ P. 269 Brāhmanism and Hindūism , Or , Religious Thought and Life in India : As Based on the Veda and Other Sacred Books of the Hindūs ( Google eBook ) by Sir Monier Monier - Williams Jump up ^ Thomas Parkhill : The Forest Setting in Hindu Epics . Jump up ^ M.S. Golwalkar : Bunch of Thoughts , p. 479 . Jump up ^ JAIN , Girilal : The Hindu Phenomenon . UBSPD , Delhi 1994 . Jump up ^ Eschmann , Kulke and Tripathi , eds. : Cult of Jagannath , p. 97 . Elst 2001 Jump up ^ Mahabharata ( I. 31 -- 54 ) ( II. 37.47 ; II. 44.21 ) Elst 2001 Jump up ^ Kautilya : The Arthashastra 9 : 2 : 13 - 20 , Penguin edition , p. 685 . Elst 2001 Jump up ^ `` The Telegraph -- Calcutta : Jamshedpur Tribal groups on collision course '' . telegraphindia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://in.news.yahoo.com/43/20100224/812/tnl-tribals-appeal-for-separate-religion.html Jump up ^ `` Plight of India 's tribal peoples '' . BBC News . 10 December 2004 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ A. Van Exem : `` The Mistake , reviewed after a century '' , Sevartham 1991 . Elst 2001 Jump up ^ veddha ^ Jump up to : Census of India 2011 , Primary Census Abstract PPT , Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes , Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner , Government of India ( October 28 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ `` Marginal fall in tribal population in Jharkhand '' . Jump up ^ `` Jharkhand 's population rises , STs ' numbers decline '' . dailypioneer.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` In Jharkhand 's Singhbhum , religion census deepens divide among tribals '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Chhattisgarh needs a tribal Chief Minister ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Feature '' . pib.nic.in . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Population growth rate declines in Naxalite and tribal areas of Chhattisgarh '' . Jump up ^ `` Why Assam 's adivasis are soft targets '' . Jump up ^ `` Appendix F Adivasi vs Vanvasi : The Hinduization of Tribals in India '' . Jump up ^ `` In Jharkhand , tribes bear the cross of conversion politics '' . Jump up ^ `` India , largely a country of immigrants -- The Hindu '' . thehindu.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Education of Tribal Children in India -- Portal '' ( PDF ) . web.archive.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001202/120281e.pdf Jump up ^ `` School Dropout Rate Among Tribals Remains High - The New Indian Express '' . newindianexpress.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` PM 's snub to Maoists : Guns do n't ensure development of tribals '' . The Times of India . 4 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Indian PM reaches out to tribes '' . BBC News . 4 November 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Shrinivasan , Rukmini ( 16 January 2010 ) . `` Tribals make poor progress , stay at bottom of heap '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` The Tribune , Chandigarh , India -- Main News '' . tribuneindia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Dhar , Aarti ( 4 November 2009 ) . `` Sustained economic activity not possible under shadow of gun : PM '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress document : `` India : A country study '' . Federal Research Division . Tribes . Further reading ( edit ) Russell , R.V. , The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India , London , 1916 . Elst , Koenraad . Who is a Hindu ? ( 2001 ) ISBN 81 - 85990 - 74 - 3 Raj , Aditya & Papia Raj ( 2004 ) `` Linguistic Deculturation and the Importance of Popular Education among the Gonds in India '' Adult Education and Development 62 : 55 -- 61 Vindicated by Time : The Niyogi Committee Report ( edited by S.R. Goel , 1998 ) ( 1955 ) Tribal Heritage of India , by Shyama Charan Dube , Indian Institute of Advanced Study , Indian Council of Social Science Research , Anthropological Survey of India . Published by Vikas Pub . House , 1977 . ISBN 0 - 7069 - 0531 - 8 . Tribal Movements in India , by Kumar Suresh Singh . Published by Manohar , 1982 . Tribal Society in India : An Anthropo - historical Perspective , by Kumar Suresh Singh . Published by Manohar , 1985 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adivasi . Adivasi Coordination Group in Germany ( engl . website ) Adivasi Picture Collection at Kamat.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adivasi&oldid=804992889 '' Categories : Indigenous peoples of South Asia Social groups of India Ethnic groups in India Scheduled Tribes of India Political terminology in India Adivasi Hidden categories : Use British English from March 2013 Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles containing Nepali - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Eesti Español Français ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni हिन्दी Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 11 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Adivasi population in South Asia
2. Scheduled tribes in India
3. Particularly vulnerable tribal groups
4. Adivasi history and culture
5. Demands for tribal classification and rights
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-746,185,003,858,192,100 |
where did the term monkey bread come from
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Monkey bread - wikipedia Monkey bread Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the breakfast pastry . For the fruit , see Adansonia . Monkey bread <Td_colspan="2"> Alternative names Monkey puzzle bread , sticky bread , Hungarian coffee cake , golden dumpling coffee cake , pinch - me cake , bubble loaf , bubble bread , pull - apart bread , monkey brains Type Bread or pastry Course Breakfast Place of origin Hungary <Td_colspan="2"> Cookbook : Monkey bread Media : Monkey bread Another image of monkey bread Monkey bread , also called monkey puzzle bread , sticky bread , Hungarian coffee cake , golden dumpling coffee cake , pinch - me cake , and pluck - it cake is a soft , sweet , sticky pastry served in the United States for breakfast or as a treat . It consists of pieces of soft baked dough sprinkled with cinnamon . It is often served at fairs and festivals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Origins 3 See also 4 References Name ( edit ) The origin of the term `` monkey bread '' comes from the pastry being a finger food : the consumer would pick apart the bread as a monkey would . Origins ( edit ) The name aranygaluska ( monkey bread ) literally means `` golden dumpling '' and by the 1880s , this dessert was being referred to in Hungarian literature . Hungarian immigrants brought this dish with them when they immigrated to America and began introducing it into the country 's food landscape when Hungarian and Hungarian Jewish bakeries began selling it in the mid-twentieth century . In 1972 , a cookbook published by Betty Crocker included a recipe for aranygaluska , which they referred to as `` Hungarian Coffee Cake '' . As it became more popular in America , aranygaluska came to be confused with monkey bread in which the balls of dough are not dipped in cinnamon and sugar but only in butter . Monkey bread soon became the more common name for this Hungarian Jewish dessert and therefore what most people know as monkey bread today is actually aranygaluska . Recipes for the bread first appeared in American women 's magazines and community cookbooks in the 1950s , but the dish is still virtually unknown outside the United States . The bread is made with pieces of sweet yeast dough ( often frozen ) , which are baked in a cake pan at high heat after first being individually covered in melted butter , cinnamon , sugar , and chopped pecans . It is traditionally served hot so that the baked segments can be easily torn away with the fingers and eaten by hand . See also ( edit ) Food portal Arany galuska List of buns List of pastries References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : https://toriavey.com/toris-kitchen/american-cakes-monkey-bread Jump up ^ `` House of the Rising Bun '' . Good Eats . Season 10 . Episode EA1003. April 7 , 2006 . Food Network . Jump up ^ `` The Food Timeline : history notes '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brown , Alton ( 2006 ) . `` Overnight Monkey Bread '' . `` Good Eats '' Recipes . Food Network . Retrieved September 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Boodro , Michael ( 2003 ) . `` Just Say Dough '' . `` FOOD '' Magazine . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monkey_bread&oldid=838229071 '' Categories : Food and drink introduced in the 19th - century Breads Pastries Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 18 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Monkey bread - a sweet breakfast pastry
2. Origins of monkey bread in Hungary
3. Variations and alternative names for monkey bread
4. Monkey bread as a popular treat in the United States
5. Recipe and serving suggestions for monkey bread
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7,945,534,779,853,045,000 |
fe is the chemical symbol for what element
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Iron - wikipedia Iron This article is about the metallic element . For other uses , see Iron ( disambiguation ) . chemical element with atomic number 26 Iron , Fe <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> General properties Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight ( A ) 7001558450000000000 ♠ 55.845 ( 2 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Iron in the periodic table <Td_colspan="2"> Hydrogen <Td_colspan="30"> Helium Lithium Beryllium <Td_colspan="24"> Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium <Td_colspan="24"> Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium <Td_colspan="14"> Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium <Td_colspan="13"> Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson -- ↑ Fe ↓ Ru <Td_colspan="2"> manganese ← iron → cobalt Atomic number ( Z ) 26 Group group 8 Period period 4 Element category transition metal Block d - block Electron configuration ( Ar ) 3d 4s Electrons per shell 2 , 8 , 14 , 2 <Th_colspan="2"> Physical properties Phase at STP solid Melting point 1811 K ( 1538 ° C , 2800 ° F ) Boiling point 3134 K ( 2862 ° C , 5182 ° F ) Density ( near r.t. ) 7.874 g / cm when liquid ( at m.p. ) 6.98 g / cm Heat of fusion 13.81 kJ / mol Heat of vaporization 340 kJ / mol Molar heat capacity 25.10 J / ( mol K ) <Td_colspan="2"> Vapor pressure P ( Pa ) 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T ( K ) 1728 1890 2091 2346 2679 3132 <Th_colspan="2"> Atomic properties Oxidation states − 4 , − 2 , − 1 , + 1 , + 2 , + 3 , + 4 , + 5 , + 6 , + 7 ( an amphoteric oxide ) Electronegativity Pauling scale : 1.83 Ionization energies 1st : 762.5 kJ / mol 2nd : 1561.9 kJ / mol 3rd : 2957 kJ / mol ( more ) Atomic radius empirical : 126 pm Covalent radius Low spin : 132 ± 3 pm High spin : 152 ± 6 pm <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Spectral lines <Th_colspan="2"> Miscellanea Crystal structure body - centered cubic ( bcc ) a = 286.65 pm Crystal structure face - centered cubic ( fcc ) between 1185 -- 1667 K Speed of sound thin rod 5120 m / s ( at r.t. ) ( electrolytic ) Thermal expansion 11.8 μm / ( m K ) ( at 25 ° C ) Thermal conductivity 80.4 W / ( m K ) Electrical resistivity 96.1 nΩ m ( at 20 ° C ) Curie point 1043 K Magnetic ordering ferromagnetic Young 's modulus 211 GPa Shear modulus 82 GPa Bulk modulus 170 GPa Poisson ratio 0.29 Mohs hardness Vickers hardness 608 MPa Brinell hardness 200 -- 1180 MPa CAS Number 7439 - 89 - 6 <Th_colspan="2"> History Discovery before 5000 BC <Th_colspan="2"> Main isotopes of iron <Td_colspan="2"> Isotope Abundance Half - life ( t ) Decay mode Product Fe 5.85 % <Td_colspan="3"> stable Fe syn 2.73 y ε Mn Fe 91.75 % <Td_colspan="3"> stable Fe 2.12 % <Td_colspan="3"> stable Fe 0.28 % <Td_colspan="3"> stable Fe syn 44.6 d β Co Fe trace 2.6 × 10 y β Co <Td_colspan="2"> view talk references in Wikidata Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe ( from Latin : ferrum ) and atomic number 26 . It is a metal in the first transition series . It is by mass the most common element on Earth , forming much of Earth 's outer and inner core . It is the fourth most common element in the Earth 's crust . Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production by fusion in high - mass stars , where it is the last element to be produced with release of energy before the violent collapse of a supernova , which scatters the iron into space . Like the other group 8 elements , ruthenium and osmium , iron exists in a wide range of oxidation states , − 2 to + 7 , although + 2 and + 3 are the most common . Elemental iron occurs in meteoroids and other low oxygen environments , but is reactive to oxygen and water . Fresh iron surfaces appear lustrous silvery - gray , but oxidize in normal air to give hydrated iron oxides , commonly known as rust . Unlike the metals that form passivating oxide layers , iron oxides occupy more volume than the metal and thus flake off , exposing fresh surfaces for corrosion . Iron metal has been used since ancient times , although copper alloys , which have lower melting temperatures , were used even earlier in human history . Pure iron is relatively soft , but is unobtainable by smelting because it is significantly hardened and strengthened by impurities , in particular carbon , from the smelting process . A certain proportion of carbon ( between 0.002 % and 2.1 % ) produces steel , which may be up to 1000 times harder than pure iron . Crude iron metal is produced in blast furnaces , where ore is reduced by coke to pig iron , which has a high carbon content . Further refinement with oxygen reduces the carbon content to the correct proportion to make steel . Steels and iron alloys formed with other metals ( alloy steels ) are by far the most common industrial metals because they have a great range of desirable properties and iron - bearing rock is abundant . Iron chemical compounds have many uses . Iron oxide mixed with aluminium powder can be ignited to create a thermite reaction , used in welding and purifying ores . Iron forms binary compounds with the halogens and the chalcogens . Among its organometallic compounds is ferrocene , the first sandwich compound discovered . Iron plays an important role in biology , forming complexes with molecular oxygen in hemoglobin and myoglobin ; these two compounds are common oxygen transport proteins in vertebrates . Iron is also the metal at the active site of many important redox enzymes dealing with cellular respiration and oxidation and reduction in plants and animals . In adult human males are some 3.8 grams of iron , and 2.3 grams in females , for whom iron is distributed in hemoglobin and throughout the body . Iron is a critical element in the metabolism of hundreds of proteins and enzymes involved in diverse body functions , such as oxygen transport , DNA synthesis , and cell growth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 1.1 Mechanical properties 1.2 Phase diagram and allotropes 1.3 Isotopes 1.4 Occurrence 2 Chemistry and compounds 2.1 Binary compounds 2.2 Solution chemistry 2.3 Coordination compounds 2.4 Organometallic compounds 3 Etymology 4 History 4.1 Wrought iron 4.2 Cast iron 4.3 Steel 4.4 Foundations of modern chemistry 5 Symbolic role 6 Production of metallic iron 6.1 Industrial routes 6.1. 1 Blast furnace processing 6.1. 2 Direct iron reduction 6.1. 3 Thermite 6.1. 4 Further processes 7 Applications 7.1 Metallurgical 7.2 Iron compounds 8 Biological and pathological role 8.1 Biochemistry 8.2 Health and diet 8.3 Dietary recommendations 8.4 Deficiency 8.5 Excess 8.6 Cancer 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links Characteristics Mechanical properties Characteristic values of tensile strength ( TS ) and Brinell hardness ( BH ) of different forms of iron . Material TS ( MPa ) BH ( Brinell ) Iron whiskers 11000 Ausformed ( hardened ) steel 2930 850 -- 1200 Martensitic steel 2070 600 Bainitic steel 1380 400 Pearlitic steel 1200 350 Cold - worked iron 690 200 Small - grain iron 340 100 Carbon - containing iron 140 40 Pure , single - crystal iron 10 The mechanical properties of iron and its alloys can be evaluated using a variety of tests , including the Brinell test , Rockwell test and the Vickers hardness test . The data on iron is so consistent that it is often used to calibrate measurements or to compare tests . However , the mechanical properties of iron are significantly affected by the sample 's purity : pure , single crystals of iron are actually softer than aluminium , and the purest industrially produced iron ( 99.99 % ) has a hardness of 20 -- 30 Brinell . An increase in the carbon content will cause a significant increase in the hardness and tensile strength of iron . Maximum hardness of 65 R is achieved with a 0.6 % carbon content , although the alloy has low tensile strength . Because of the softness of iron , it is much easier to work with than its heavier congeners ruthenium and osmium . Molar volume vs. pressure for α iron at room temperature Because of its significance for planetary cores , the physical properties of iron at high pressures and temperatures have also been studied extensively . The form of iron that is stable under standard conditions can be subjected to pressures up to ca . 15 GPa before transforming into a high - pressure form , as described in the next section . Phase diagram and allotropes Main article : Allotropes of iron Iron represents an example of allotropy in a metal . At least four allotropic forms of iron are known as α , γ , δ , and ε ; at very high pressures and temperatures , some controversial experimental evidence exists for a stable β phase . Low - pressure phase diagram of pure iron As molten iron cools past its freezing point of 1538 ° C , it crystallizes into its δ allotrope , which has a body - centered cubic ( bcc ) crystal structure . As it cools further to 1394 ° C , it changes to its γ - iron allotrope , a face - centered cubic ( fcc ) crystal structure , or austenite . At 912 ° C and below , the crystal structure again becomes the bcc α - iron allotrope . Finally , at 770 ° C ( the Curie point , T ) iron 's magnetic ordering changes from paramagnetic to ferromagnetic . As is passes through the Curie temperature , iron does not change its structure , but `` magnetic domains '' appear , where each domain contains iron atoms with a particular electronic spin . In unmagnetized iron , all the electronic spins of the atoms within one domain have the same axis orientation ; however , the electrons of neighboring domains have other orientations with the result of mutual cancellation and no magnetic field . In magnetized iron , the electronic spins of the domains are aligned and the magnetic effects are reinforced . Although each domain contains billions of atoms , they are very small , about 10 micrometres across . This happens because the two unpaired electrons on each iron atom are in the d and d orbitals , which do not point directly at the nearest neighbors in the body - centered cubic lattice and therefore do not participate in metallic bonding ; thus , they can interact magnetically with each other so that their spins align . At pressures above approximately 10 GPa and temperatures of a few hundred kelvin or less , α - iron changes into a hexagonal close - packed ( hcp ) structure , which is also known as ε - iron ; the higher - temperature γ - phase also changes into ε - iron , but does so at higher pressure . The β - phase , if it exists , would appear at pressures of at least 50 GPa and temperatures of at least 1500 K and have an orthorhombic or a double hcp structure . These high - pressure phases of iron are important as endmember models for the solid parts of planetary cores . The inner core of the Earth is generally presumed to be an iron - nickel alloy with ε ( or β ) structure . Somewhat confusingly , the term `` β - iron '' is sometimes also used to refer to α - iron above its Curie point , when it changes from being ferromagnetic to paramagnetic , even though its crystal structure has not changed . The melting point of iron is experimentally well defined for pressures less than 50 GPa . For greater pressures , studies put the γ - ε - liquid triple point at pressures that differ by tens of gigapascals and 1000 K in the melting point . Generally speaking , molecular dynamics computer simulations of iron melting and shock wave experiments suggest higher melting points and a much steeper slope of the melting curve than static experiments carried out in diamond anvil cells . The melting and boiling points of iron , along with its enthalpy of atomization , are lower than those of the earlier 3d elements from scandium to chromium , showing the lessened contribution of the 3d electrons to metallic bonding as they are attracted more and more into the inert core by the nucleus ; however , they are higher than the values for the previous element manganese because that element has a half - filled 3d subshell and consequently its d - electrons are not easily delocalized . This same trend appears for ruthenium but not osmium . Isotopes Main article : Isotopes of iron Naturally occurring iron consists of four stable isotopes : 5.845 % of Fe , 91.754 % of Fe , 2.119 % of Fe and 0.282 % of Fe . Of these stable isotopes , only Fe has a nuclear spin ( − ⁄ ) . The nuclide Fe theoretically can undergo double electron capture to Cr , but the process has never been observed and only a lower limit on the half - life of 3.1 × 10 years has been established . Fe is an extinct radionuclide of long half - life ( 2.6 million years ) . It is not found on Earth , but its ultimate decay product is its granddaughter , the stable nuclide Ni . Much of the past work on isotopic composition of iron has focused on the nucleosynthesis of Fe through studies of meteorite s and ore formation . In the last decade , advances in mass spectrometry have allowed the detection and quantification of minute , naturally occurring variations in the ratios of the stable isotopes of iron . Much of this work is driven by the Earth and planetary science communities , although applications to biological and industrial systems are emerging . In phases of the meteorites Semarkona and Chervony Kut , a correlation between the concentration of Ni , the granddaughter of Fe , and the abundance of the stable iron isotopes provided evidence for the existence of Fe at the time of formation of the Solar System . Possibly the energy released by the decay of Fe , along with that released by Al , contributed to the remelting and differentiation of asteroids after their formation 4.6 billion years ago . The abundance of Ni present in extraterrestrial material may bring further insight into the origin and early history of the Solar System . The most abundant iron isotope Fe is of particular interest to nuclear scientists because it represents the most common endpoint of nucleosynthesis . Since Ni ( 14 alpha particles ) is easily produced from lighter nuclei in the alpha process in nuclear reactions in supernovae ( see silicon burning process ) , it is the endpoint of fusion chains inside extremely massive stars , since addition of another alpha particle , resulting in Zn , requires a great deal more energy . This Ni , which has a half - life of about 6 days , is created in quantity in these stars , but soon decays by two successive positron emissions within supernova decay products in the supernova remnant gas cloud , first to radioactive Co , and then to stable Fe . As such , iron is the most abundant element in the core of red giants , and is the most abundant metal in iron meteorites and in the dense metal cores of planets such as Earth . It is also very common in the universe , relative to other stable metals of approximately the same atomic weight . Iron is the sixth most abundant element in the Universe , and the most common refractory element . Although a further tiny energy gain could be extracted by synthesizing Ni , which has a marginally higher binding energy than Fe , conditions in stars are unsuitable for this process . Element production in supernovas and distribution on Earth greatly favor iron over nickel , and in any case , Fe still has a lower mass per nucleon than Ni due to its higher fraction of lighter protons . Hence , elements heavier than iron require a supernova for their formation , involving rapid neutron capture by starting Fe nuclei . In the far future of the universe , assuming that proton decay does not occur , cold fusion occurring via quantum tunnelling would cause the light nuclei in ordinary matter to fuse into Fe nuclei . Fission and alpha - particle emission would then make heavy nuclei decay into iron , converting all stellar - mass objects to cold spheres of pure iron . Iron meteorites , similar in composition to the Earth 's inner - and outer core Occurrence See also : Category : Iron minerals Ochre path in the Roussillon Metallic or native iron is rarely found on the surface of the Earth because it tends to oxidize , but its oxides are pervasive and represent the primary ores . While it makes up about 5 % of the Earth 's crust , both the Earth 's inner and outer core are believed to consist largely of an iron - nickel alloy constituting 35 % of the mass of the Earth as a whole . Iron is consequently the most abundant element on Earth , but only the fourth most abundant element in the Earth 's crust , after oxygen , silicon , and aluminium . Most of the iron in the crust is found combined with oxygen as iron oxide minerals such as hematite ( Fe O ) , magnetite ( Fe O ) , and siderite ( FeCO ) . Many igneous rocks also contain the sulfide minerals pyrrhotite and pentlandite . Ferropericlase ( Mg , Fe ) O , a solid solution of periclase ( MgO ) and wüstite ( FeO ) , makes up about 20 % of the volume of the lower mantle of the Earth , which makes it the second most abundant mineral phase in that region after silicate perovskite ( Mg , Fe ) SiO ; it also is the major host for iron in the lower mantle . At the bottom of the transition zone of the mantle , the reaction γ - ( Mg , Fe ) ( SiO ) ↔ ( Mg , Fe ) ( SiO ) + ( Mg , Fe ) O transforms γ - olivine into a mixture of perovskite and ferropericlase and vice versa . In the literature , this mineral phase of the lower mantle is also often called magnesiowüstite . Silicate perovskite may form up to 93 % of the lower mantle , and the magnesium iron form , ( Mg , Fe ) SiO , is considered to be the most abundant mineral in the Earth , making up 38 % of its volume . Large deposits of iron are found in banded iron formations . These geological formations are a type of rock consisting of repeated thin layers of iron oxides alternating with bands of iron - poor shale and chert . The banded iron formations were laid down in the time between 3,700 million years ago and 1,800 million years ago . The mentioned iron compounds have been used as pigment s ( compare ochre ) since historical time and contribute as well to the color of various geological formations , e.g. the Buntsandstein ( British Bunter , colored sandstein ) . In the case of the Eisensandstein ( a jurassic ' iron sandstone ' , e.g. from Donzdorf ) in Germany and Bath stone in the UK , iron pigments contribute to the yellowish color of large amounts of historical buildings and sculptures . The proverbial red color of the surface of Mars is derived from an iron oxide - rich regolith . Significant amounts of iron occur in the iron sulfide mineral pyrite ( FeS ) , but it is difficult to extract iron from it and it is therefore not used . In fact , iron is so common that production generally focuses only on ores with very high quantities of it . During weathering , iron tends to leach from sulfide deposits as the sulfate and from silicate deposits as the bicarbonate . Both of these are oxidized in aqueous solution and precipitate in even mildly elevated pH as iron ( III ) oxide . About 1 in 20 meteorites consist of the unique iron - nickel minerals taenite ( 35 -- 80 % iron ) and kamacite ( 90 -- 95 % iron ) . Although rare , iron meteorites are the main form of natural metallic iron on the Earth 's surface . According to the International Resource Panel 's Metal Stocks in Society report , the global stock of iron in use in society is 2200 kg per capita . More - developed countries differ in this respect from less - developed countries ( 7000 -- 14000 vs 2000 kg per capita ) . Chemistry and compounds See also : Category : Iron compounds . Oxidation state Representative compound − 2 ( d ) Disodium tetracarbonylferrate ( Collman 's reagent ) − 1 ( d ) Fe ( CO ) 0 ( d ) Iron pentacarbonyl 1 ( d ) Cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer ( `` Fp '' ) 2 ( d ) Ferrous sulfate , ferrocene 3 ( d ) Ferric chloride , ferrocenium tetrafluoroborate 4 ( d ) Fe ( diars ) Cl 5 ( d ) FeO 6 ( d ) Potassium ferrate 7 ( d ) ( FeO ) ( matrix isolation , 4K ) Iron shows the characteristic chemical properties of the transition metals , namely the ability to form variable oxidation states differing by steps of one and a very large coordination and organometallic chemistry : indeed , it was the discovery of an iron compound , ferrocene , that revolutionalized the latter field in the 1950s . Iron is sometimes considered as a prototype for the entire block of transition metals , due to its abundance and the immense role it has played in the technological progress of humanity . Its 26 electrons are arranged in the configuration ( Ar ) 3d 4s , of which the 3d and 4s electrons are relatively close in energy , and thus it can lose a variable number of electrons and there is no clear point where further ionization becomes unprofitable . Iron forms compounds mainly in the + 2 and + 3 oxidation states . Traditionally , iron ( II ) compounds are called ferrous , and iron ( III ) compounds ferric . Iron also occurs in higher oxidation states , e.g. the purple potassium ferrate ( K FeO ) , which contains iron in its + 6 oxidation state . Although iron ( VIII ) oxide ( FeO ) has been claimed , the report could not be reproduced and such a species ( at least with iron in its + 8 oxidation state ) has been found to be improbable computationally . However , one form of anionic ( FeO ) with iron in its + 7 oxidation state , along with an iron ( V ) - peroxo isomer , has been detected by infrared spectroscopy at 4 K after cocondensation of laser - ablated Fe atoms with a mixture of O / Ar . Iron ( IV ) is a common intermediate in many biochemical oxidation reactions . Numerous organoiron compounds contain formal oxidation states of + 1 , 0 , − 1 , or even − 2 . The oxidation states and other bonding properties are often assessed using the technique of Mössbauer spectroscopy . Many mixed valence compounds contain both iron ( II ) and iron ( III ) centers , such as magnetite and Prussian blue ( Fe ( Fe ( CN ) ) ) . The latter is used as the traditional `` blue '' in blueprints . Iron is the first of the transition metals that can not reach its group oxidation state of + 8 , although its heavier congeners ruthenium and osmium can , with ruthenium having more difficulty than osmium . Ruthenium exhibits an aqueous cationic chemistry in its low oxidation states similar to that of iron , but osmium does not , favoring high oxidation states in which it forms anionic complexes . In the second half of the 3d transition series , vertical similarities down the groups compete with the horizontal similarities of iron with its neighbors cobalt and nickel in the periodic table , which are also ferromagnetic at room temperature and share similar chemistry . As such , iron , cobalt , and nickel are sometimes grouped together as the iron triad . Hydrated iron ( III ) chloride , also known as ferric chloride The iron compounds produced on the largest scale in industry are iron ( II ) sulfate ( FeSO 7 H O ) and iron ( III ) chloride ( FeCl ) . The former is one of the most readily available sources of iron ( II ) , but is less stable to aerial oxidation than Mohr 's salt ( ( NH ) Fe ( SO ) 6H O ) . Iron ( II ) compounds tend to be oxidized to iron ( III ) compounds in the air . Unlike many other metals , iron does not form amalgams with mercury . As a result , mercury is traded in standardized 76 pound flasks ( 34 kg ) made of iron . Iron is by far the most reactive element in its group ; it is pyrophoric when finely divided and dissolves easily in dilute acids , giving Fe . However , it does not react with concentrated nitric acid and other oxidizing acids due to the formation of an impervious oxide layer , which can nevertheless react with hydrochloric acid . Binary compounds Iron reacts with oxygen in the air to form various oxide and hydroxide compounds ; the most common are iron ( II , III ) oxide ( Fe O ) , and iron ( III ) oxide ( Fe O ) . Iron ( II ) oxide also exists , though it is unstable at room temperature . Despite their names , they are actually all non-stoichiometric compounds whose compositions may vary . These oxides are the principal ores for the production of iron ( see bloomery and blast furnace ) . They are also used in the production of ferrites , useful magnetic storage media in computers , and pigments . The best known sulfide is iron pyrite ( FeS ) , also known as fool 's gold owing to its golden luster . It is not an iron ( IV ) compound , but is actually an iron ( II ) polysulfide containing Fe and S ions in a distorted sodium chloride structure . Pourbaix diagram of iron The binary ferrous and ferric halides are well - known , with the exception of ferric iodide . The ferrous halides typically arise from treating iron metal with the corresponding hydrohalic acid to give the corresponding hydrated salts . Fe + 2 HX → FeX + H ( X = F , Cl , Br , I ) Iron reacts with fluorine , chlorine , and bromine to give the corresponding ferric halides , ferric chloride being the most common . 2 Fe + 3 X → 2 FeX ( X = F , Cl , Br ) Ferric iodide is an exception , being thermodynamically unstable due to the oxidizing power of Fe and the high reducing power of I : 2 I + 2 Fe → I + 2 Fe ( E = + 0.23 V ) Nevertheless , milligram amounts of ferric iodide , a black solid , may still be prepared through the reaction of iron pentacarbonyl with iodine and carbon monoxide in the presence of hexane and light at the temperature of − 20 ° C , making sure that the system is well sealed off from air and water . Solution Chemistry Comparison of colors of solutions of ferrate ( left ) and permanganate ( right ) The standard reduction potentials in acidic aqueous solution for some common iron ions are given below : Fe + 2 e ⇌ Fe E = − 0.447 V Fe + 3 e ⇌ Fe E = − 0.037 V FeO + 8 H + 3 e ⇌ Fe + 4 H O E = + 2.20 V The red - purple tetrahedral ferrate ( VI ) anion is such a strong oxidizing agent that it oxidizes nitrogen and ammonia at room temperature , and even water itself in acidic or neutral solutions : 4 FeO + 10 H O → 4 Fe + 20 OH + 3 O The Fe ion has a large simple cationic chemistry , although the pale - violet hexaquo ion ( Fe ( H O ) ) is very readily hydrolyzed when pH increases above 0 as follows : ( Fe ( H O ) ) ⇌ ( Fe ( H O ) ( OH ) ) + H K = 10 mol dm ( Fe ( H O ) ( OH ) ) ⇌ ( Fe ( H O ) ( OH ) ) + H K = 10 mol dm 2 ( Fe ( H O ) ) ⇌ ( Fe ( H O ) ( OH ) ) + 2 H + 2 H O K = 10 mol dm Dark red iron ( III ) oxide Blue - green iron ( II ) sulfate heptahydrate As pH rises above 0 the above yellow hydrolyzed species form and as it rises above 2 -- 3 , reddish - brown hydrous iron ( III ) oxide precipitates out of solution . Although Fe has an d configuration , its absorption spectrum is not like that of Mn with its weak , spin - forbidden d -- d bands , because Fe has higher positive charge and is more polarizing , lowering the energy of its ligand - to - metal charge transfer absorptions . Thus , all the above complexes are rather strongly colored , with the single exception of the hexaquo ion -- and even that has a spectrum dominated by charge transfer in the near ultraviolet region . On the other hand , the pale green iron ( II ) hexaquo ion ( Fe ( H O ) ) does not undergo appreciable hydrolysis . Carbon dioxide is not evolved when carbonate anions are added , which instead results in white iron ( II ) carbonate being precipitated out . In excess carbon dioxide this forms the slightly soluble bicarbonate , which occurs commonly in groundwater , but it oxidises quickly in air to form iron ( III ) oxide that accounts for the brown deposits present in a sizeable number of streams . Coordination compounds The two enantiomorphs of the ferrioxalate ion Many coordination compounds of iron are known . A typical six - coordinate anion is hexachloroferrate ( III ) , ( FeCl ) , found in the mixed salt tetrakis ( methylammonium ) hexachloroferrate ( III ) chloride . Complexes with multiple bidentate ligands have geometric isomers . For example , the trans - chlorohydridobis ( bis - 1 , 2 - ( diphenylphosphino ) ethane ) iron ( II ) complex is used as a starting material for compounds with the Fe ( dppe ) moiety . The ferrioxalate ion with three oxalate ligands ( shown at right ) displays helical chirality with its two non-superposable geometries labelled Λ ( lambda ) for the left - handed screw axis and Δ ( delta ) for the right - handed screw axis , in line with IUPAC conventions . Potassium ferrioxalate is used in chemical actinometry and along with its sodium salt undergoes photoreduction applied in old - style photographic processes . The dihydrate of iron ( II ) oxalate has a polymeric structure with co-planar oxalate ions bridging between iron centres with the water of crystallisation located forming the caps of each octahedron , as illustrated below . Ball - and - stick model of a chain in the crystal structure of iron ( II ) oxalate dihydrate Prussian blue Prussian blue , Fe ( Fe ( CN ) ) , is the most famous of the cyanide complexes of iron . Its formation can be used as a simple wet chemistry test to distinguish between aqueous solutions of Fe and Fe as they react ( respectively ) with potassium ferricyanide and potassium ferrocyanide to form Prussian blue . Blood - red positive thiocyanate test for iron ( III ) Iron ( III ) complexes are quite similar to those of chromium ( III ) with the exception of iron ( III ) 's preference for O - donor instead of N - donor ligands . The latter tend to be rather more unstable than iron ( II ) complexes and often dissociate in water . Many Fe -- O complexes show intense colors and are used as tests for phenols or enols . For example , in the ferric chloride test , used to determine the presence of phenols , iron ( III ) chloride reacts with a phenol to form a deep violet complex : 3 ArOH + FeCl → Fe ( OAr ) + 3 HCl ( Ar = aryl ) Among the halide and pseudohalide complexes , fluoro complexes of iron ( III ) are the most stable , with the colorless ( FeF ( H O ) ) being the most stable in aqueous solution . Chloro complexes are less stable and favor tetrahedral coordination as in ( FeCl ) ; ( FeBr ) and ( FeI ) are reduced easily to iron ( II ) . Thiocyanate is a common test for the presence of iron ( III ) as it forms the blood - red ( Fe ( SCN ) ( H O ) ) . Like manganese ( II ) , most iron ( III ) complexes are high - spin , the exceptions being those with ligands that are high in the spectrochemical series such as cyanide . An example of a low - spin iron ( III ) complex is ( Fe ( CN ) ) . The cyanide ligands may easily be detached in ( Fe ( CN ) ) , and hence this complex is poisonous , unlike the iron ( II ) complex ( Fe ( CN ) ) found in Prussian blue , which does not release hydrogen cyanide except when dilute acids are added . Iron shows a great variety of electronic spin states , including every possible spin quantum number value for a d - block element from 0 ( diamagnetic ) to ⁄ ( 5 unpaired electrons ) . This value is always half the number of unpaired electrons . Complexes with zero to two unpaired electrons are considered low - spin and those with four or five are considered high - spin . Iron ( II ) complexes are less stable than iron ( III ) complexes but the preference for O - donor ligands is less marked , so that for example ( Fe ( NH ) ) is known while ( Fe ( NH ) ) is not . They have a tendency to be oxidized to iron ( III ) but this can be moderated by low pH and the specific ligands used . Organometallic compounds Iron pentacarbonyl Fulvalene , which Pauson and Kealy sought to prepare The ( incorrect ) structure for ferrocene that Pauson and Kealy proposed The structural formula of ferrocene Powdered ferrocene See also : Organoiron chemistry Cyanide complexes are technically organometallic but more important are carbonyl complexes and sandwich and half - sandwich compounds . The premier iron ( 0 ) compound is iron pentacarbonyl , Fe ( CO ) , which is used to produce carbonyl iron powder , a highly reactive form of metallic iron . Thermolysis of iron pentacarbonyl gives the trinuclear cluster , triiron dodecacarbonyl . Collman 's reagent , disodium tetracarbonylferrate , is a useful reagent for organic chemistry ; it contains iron in the − 2 oxidation state . Cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer contains iron in the rare + 1 oxidation state . Ferrocene was an extremely important compound in the early history of the branch of organometallic chemistry , and to this day iron is still one of the most important metals in this field . It was first synthesised in 1951 during an attempt to prepare the fulvalene ( C H ) by oxidative dimerization of cyclopentadiene ; the resultant product was found to have molecular formula C H Fe and reported to exhibit `` remarkable stability '' . The discovery sparked substantial interest in the field of organometallic chemistry , in part because the structure proposed by Pauson and Kealy ( shown at right ) was inconsistent with then - existing bonding models and did not explain its unexpected stability . Consequently , the initial challenge was to definitively determine the structure of ferrocene in the hope that its bonding and properties would then be understood . The shockingly novel sandwich structure , ( Fe ( η - C H ) ) , was deduced and reported independently by three groups in 1952 : Robert Burns Woodward and Geoffrey Wilkinson investigated the reactivity in order to determine the structure and demonstrated that ferrocene undergoes similar reactions to a typical aromatic molecule ( such as benzene ) , Ernst Otto Fischer deduced the sandwich structure and also began synthesising other metallocenes including cobaltocene ; Eiland and Pepinsky provided X-ray crystallographic confirmation of the sandwich structure . Applying valence bond theory to ferrocene by considering an Fe centre and two cyclopentadienide anions ( C H ) , which are known to be aromatic according to Hückel 's rule and hence highly stable , allowed correct prediction of the geometry of the molecule . Once molecular orbital theory was successfully applied and the Dewar - Chatt - Duncanson model proposed , the reasons for ferrocene 's remarkable stability became clear . Ferrocene was not the first organometallic compound known -- Zeise 's salt , K ( PtCl ( C H ) ) H O was reported in 1831 and Mond 's discovery of Ni ( CO ) occurred in 1888 , but it was ferrocene 's discovery that began organometallic chemistry as a separate area of chemistry . It was so important that Wilkinson and Fischer shared the 1973 Nobel Prize for Chemistry `` for their pioneering work , performed independently , on the chemistry of the organometallic , so called sandwich compounds '' . Ferrocene itself can be used as the backbone of a ligand , e.g. 1 , 1 ' - bis ( diphenylphosphino ) ferrocene ( dppf ) . Ferrocene can itself be oxidized to the ferrocenium cation ( Fc ) ; the ferrocene / ferrocenium couple is often used as a reference in electrochemistry . Metallocenes like ferrocene can be prepared by reaction of freshly - cracked cyclopentadiene with iron ( II ) chloride and base . It is an aromatic substance and undergoes substitution reactions rather than addition reactions on the cyclopentadienyl ligands . For example , Friedel - Crafts acylation of ferrocene with acetic anhydride yields acetylferrocene just as acylation of benzene yields acetophenone under similar conditions . Iron - centered organometallic species are used as catalysts . The Knölker complex , for example , is a transfer hydrogenation catalyst for ketones . Etymology As iron has been in use for such a long time , it has many different names in different languages . The source of its chemical symbol Fe is the Latin word ferrum , and its descendants are the names of the element in the Romance languages ( for example , French fer , Spanish hierro , and Italian and Portuguese ferro ) . The word ferrum itself possibly comes from the Semitic languages , via Etruscan , from a root that also gave rise to Old English bræs `` brass '' . The English word iron derives ultimately from Proto - Germanic * isarnan , which is also the source of the German name Eisen . It was most likely borrowed from Celtic * isarnon , which ultimately comes from Proto - Indo - European * is - ( e ) ro - `` powerful , holy '' and finally * eis `` strong '' , referencing iron 's strength as a metal . Kluge relates * isarnon to Illyric and Latin ira , ' wrath ' ) . The Balto - Slavic names for iron ( for example , Russian железо ( zhelezo ) , Polish żelazo , Lithuanian geležis ) are the only ones to come directly from the Proto - Indo - European * g elg - `` iron '' . In many of these languages , the word for iron may also be used to denote other objects made of iron or steel , or figuratively because of the hardness and strength of the metal . The Chinese tiě ( traditional 鐵 ; simplified 铁 ) derives from Proto - Sino - Tibetan * hliek , and was borrowed into Japanese as 鉄 tetsu , which also has the native reading kurogane `` black metal '' ( similar to how iron is referenced in the English word blacksmith ) . History Main article : History of ferrous metallurgy Wrought iron Further information : Ancient iron production The symbol for Mars has been used since antiquity to represent iron . The iron pillar of Delhi is an example of the iron extraction and processing methodologies of early India . Iron is one of the elements undoubtedly known to the ancient world . It has been worked , or wrought , for millennia . However , iron objects of great age are much rarer than objects made of gold or silver due to the ease with which iron corrodes . Iron harpoon head from Greenland . The iron edge covers a narwhal tusk harpoon using meteorite iron from the Cape York meteorite , one of the largest iron meteorites known . Beads made from meteoric iron in 3500 BC or earlier were found in Gerzah , Egypt by G.A. Wainwright . The beads contain 7.5 % nickel , which is a signature of meteoric origin since iron found in the Earth 's crust generally has only minuscule nickel impurities . Meteoric iron was highly regarded due to its origin in the heavens and was often used to forge weapons and tools . For example , a dagger made of meteoric iron was found in the tomb of Tutankhamun , containing similar proportions of iron , cobalt , and nickel to a meteorite discovered in the area , deposited by an ancient meteor shower . Items that were likely made of iron by Egyptians date from 3000 to 2500 BC . Meteoritic iron is comparably soft and ductile and easily forged by cold working but may get brittle when heated because of the nickel content . The first iron production started in the Middle Bronze Age but it took several centuries before iron displaced bronze . Samples of smelted iron from Asmar , Mesopotamia and Tall Chagar Bazaar in northern Syria were made sometime between 3000 and 2700 BC . The Hittites established an empire in north - central Anatolia around 1600 BC . They appear to be the first to understand the production of iron from its ores and regard it highly in their society . The Hittites began to smelt iron between 1500 and 1200 BC and the practice spread to the rest of the Near East after their empire fell in 1180 BC . The subsequent period is called the Iron Age . Artifacts of smelted iron are found in India dating from 1800 to 1200 BC , and in the Levant from about 1500 BC ( suggesting smelting in Anatolia or the Caucasus ) . Alleged references ( compare history of metallurgy in South Asia ) to iron in the Indian Vedas have been used for claims of a very early usage of iron in India respectively to date the texts as such . The rigveda term ayas ( metal ) probably refers to copper and bronze , while iron or śyāma ayas , literally `` black metal '' , first is mentioned in the post-rigvedic Atharvaveda . Some archaeological evidence suggests iron was smelted in Zimbabwe and southeast Africa as early as the eighth century BC . Iron working was introduced to Greece in the late 11th century BC , from which it spread quickly throughout Europe . The spread of ironworking in Central and Western Europe is associated with Celtic expansion . According to Pliny the Elder , iron use was common in the Roman era . The annual iron output of the Roman Empire is estimated at 84750 t , while the similarly populous and contemporary Han China produced around 5000 t . In China , iron only appears circa 700 -- 500 BC . Iron smelting may have been introduced into China through Central Asia . The earliest evidence of the use of a blast furnace in China dates to the 1st century AD , and cupola furnaces were used as early as the Warring States period ( 403 -- 221 BC ) . Usage of the blast and cupola furnace remained widespread during the Song and Tang Dynasties . During the Industrial Revolution in Britain , Henry Cort began refining iron from pig iron to wrought iron ( or bar iron ) using innovative production systems . In 1783 he patented the puddling process for refining iron ore . It was later improved by others , including Joseph Hall . Cast iron Cast iron was first produced in China during 5th century BC , but was hardly in Europe until the medieval period . The earliest cast iron artifacts were discovered by archaeologists in what is now modern Luhe County , Jiangsu in China . Cast iron was used in ancient China for warfare , agriculture , and architecture . During the medieval period , means were found in Europe of producing wrought iron from cast iron ( in this context known as pig iron ) using finery forges . For all these processes , charcoal was required as fuel . Coalbrookdale by Night , 1801 . Blast furnaces light the iron making town of Coalbrookdale . Medieval blast furnaces were about 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) tall and made of fireproof brick ; forced air was usually provided by hand - operated bellows . Modern blast furnaces have grown much bigger , with hearths fourteen meters in diameter that allow them to produce thousands of tons of iron each day , but essentially operate in much the same way as they did during medieval times . In 1709 , Abraham Darby I established a coke - fired blast furnace to produce cast iron , replacing charcoal , although continuing to use blast furnaces . The ensuing availability of inexpensive iron was one of the factors leading to the Industrial Revolution . Toward the end of the 18th century , cast iron began to replace wrought iron for certain purposes , because it was cheaper . Carbon content in iron was not implicated as the reason for the differences in properties of wrought iron , cast iron , and steel until the 18th century . Since iron was becoming cheaper and more plentiful , it also became a major structural material following the building of the innovative first iron bridge in 1778 . This bridge still stands today as a monument to the role iron played in the Industrial Revolution . Following this , iron was used in rails , boats , ships , aqueducts , and buildings , as well as in iron cylinders in steam engines . Railways have been central to the formation of modernity and ideas of progress and various languages ( e.g. French , Spanish , Italian and German ) refer to railways as iron road . Steel See also : Steelmaking Steel ( with smaller carbon content than pig iron but more than wrought iron ) was first produced in antiquity by using a bloomery . Blacksmiths in Luristan in western Persia were making good steel by 1000 BC . Then improved versions , Wootz steel by India and Damascus steel were developed around 300 BC and AD 500 respectively . These methods were specialized , and so steel did not become a major commodity until the 1850s . New methods of producing it by carburizing bars of iron in the cementation process were devised in the 17th century . In the Industrial Revolution , new methods of producing bar iron without charcoal were devised and these were later applied to produce steel . In the late 1850s , Henry Bessemer invented a new steelmaking process , involving blowing air through molten pig iron , to produce mild steel . This made steel much more economical , thereby leading to wrought iron no longer being produced in large quantities . Foundations of modern Chemistry In 1774 , Antoine Lavoisier used the reaction of water steam with metallic iron inside an incandescent iron tube to produce hydrogen in his experiments leading to the demonstration of the conservation of mass , which was instrumental in changing chemistry from a qualitative science to a quantitative one . Symbolic role `` Gold gab ich für Eisen '' -- `` I gave gold for iron '' . German - American brooch from WWI . Iron plays a certain role in mythology and has found various usage as a metaphor and in folklore . The Greek poet Hesiod 's Works and Days ( lines 109 -- 201 ) lists different ages of man named after metals like gold , silver , bronze and iron to account for successive ages of humanity . The iron age was closely related with Rome , and in Ovid 's Metamorphoses The Virtues , in despair , quit the earth ; and the depravity of man becomes universal and complete . Hard steel succeeded then . -- Ovid , Metamorphoses , Book I , Iron age , line 160 ff An example of the importance of iron 's symbolic role may be found in the German Campaign of 1813 . Frederick William III commissioned then the first Iron Cross as military decoration . Berlin iron jewellery reached its peak production between 1813 and 1815 , when the Prussian royal family urged citizens to donate gold and silver jewellery for military funding . The inscription Gold gab ich für Eisen ( I gave gold for iron ) was used as well in later war efforts . Production of metallic iron Iron powder Industrial routes See also : Iron ore The production of iron or steel is a process consisting of two main stages . In the first stage pig iron is produced in a blast furnace . Alternatively , it may be directly reduced . In the second stage , pig iron is converted to wrought iron , steel , or cast iron . The fining process of smelting iron ore to make wrought iron from pig iron , with the right illustration displaying men working a blast furnace , from the Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia , published in 1637 by Song Yingxing . How iron was extracted in the 19th century For a few limited purposes when it is needed , pure iron is produced in the laboratory in small quantities by reducing the pure oxide or hydroxide with hydrogen , or forming iron pentacarbonyl and heating it to 250 ° C so that it decomposes to form pure iron powder . Another method is electrolysis of ferrous chloride onto an iron cathode . Blast furnace processing Main article : Blast furnace Industrial iron production starts with iron ores , principally hematite , which has a nominal formula Fe O , and magnetite , with the formula Fe O. These ores are reduced to the metal in a carbothermic reaction , i.e. by treatment with carbon . The conversion is typically conducted in a blast furnace at temperatures of about 2000 ° C. Carbon is provided in the form of coke . The process also contains a flux such as limestone , which is used to remove silicaceous minerals in the ore , which would otherwise clog the furnace . The coke and limestone are fed into the top of the furnace , while a massive blast of air heated to 900 ° C , about 4 tons per ton of iron , is forced into the furnace at the bottom . In the furnace , the coke reacts with oxygen in the air blast to produce carbon monoxide : 2 C + O → 2 CO The carbon monoxide reduces the iron ore ( in the chemical equation below , hematite ) to molten iron , becoming carbon dioxide in the process : Fe O + 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3 CO Some iron in the high - temperature lower region of the furnace reacts directly with the coke : 2 Fe O + 3 C → 4 Fe + 3 CO The flux present to melt impurities in the ore is principally limestone ( calcium carbonate ) and dolomite ( calcium - magnesium carbonate ) . Other specialized fluxes are used depending on the details of the ore . In the heat of the furnace the limestone flux decomposes to calcium oxide ( also known as quicklime ) : CaCO → CaO + CO Then calcium oxide combines with silicon dioxide to form a liquid slag . CaO + SiO → CaSiO The slag melts in the heat of the furnace . In the bottom of the furnace , the molten slag floats on top of the denser molten iron , and apertures in the side of the furnace are opened to run off the iron and the slag separately . The iron , once cooled , is called pig iron , while the slag can be used as a material in road construction or to improve mineral - poor soils for agriculture . This heap of iron ore pellets will be used in steel production . Direct iron reduction Owing to environmental concerns , alternative methods of processing iron have been developed . `` Direct iron reduction '' reduces iron ore to a ferrous lump called `` sponge '' iron or `` direct '' iron that is suitable for steelmaking . Two main reactions comprise the direct reduction process : Natural gas is partially oxidized ( with heat and a catalyst ) : 2 CH + O → 2 CO + 4 H These gases are then treated with iron ore in a furnace , producing solid sponge iron : Fe O + CO + 2 H → 2 Fe + CO + 2 H O Silica is removed by adding a limestone flux as described above . Thermite Main article : Thermite Iron is a byproduct of burning a mixture of aluminum powder and rust powder . Fe O + 2 Al → 2 Fe + Al O Further processes Main articles : Steelmaking and Ironworks A pot of molten iron being used to make steel Pig iron is not pure iron , but has 4 -- 5 % carbon dissolved in it with small amounts of other impurities like sulfur , magnesium , phosphorus and manganese . As the carbon is the major impurity , the iron ( pig iron ) becomes brittle and hard . Removing the other impurities results in cast iron , which is used to cast articles in foundries such as stoves , pipes , radiators , lamp - posts and rails . Alternatively pig iron may be made into steel ( with up to about 2 % carbon ) or wrought iron ( commercially pure iron ) . Various processes have been used for this , including finery forges , puddling furnaces , Bessemer converters , open hearth furnaces , basic oxygen furnaces , and electric arc furnaces . In all cases , the objective is to oxidize some or all of the carbon , together with other impurities . On the other hand , other metals may be added to make alloy steels . Annealing involves the heating of a piece of steel to 700 -- 800 ° C for several hours and then gradual cooling . It makes the steel softer and more workable . Applications Iron - carbon phase diagram Metallurgical See also : Steel Iron is the most widely used of all the metals , accounting for over 90 % of worldwide metal production . Its low cost and high strength make it indispensable in engineering applications such as the construction of machinery and machine tools , automobiles , the hulls of large ships , and structural components for buildings . Since pure iron is quite soft , it is most commonly combined with alloying elements to make steel . α - Iron is a fairly soft metal that can dissolve only a small concentration of carbon ( no more than 0.021 % by mass at 910 ° C ) . Austenite ( γ - iron ) is similarly soft and metallic but can dissolve considerably more carbon ( as much as 2.04 % by mass at 1146 ° C ) . This form of iron is used in the type of stainless steel used for making cutlery , and hospital and food - service equipment . Commercially available iron is classified based on purity and the abundance of additives . Pig iron has 3.5 -- 4.5 % carbon and contains varying amounts of contaminants such as sulfur , silicon and phosphorus . Pig iron is not a saleable product , but rather an intermediate step in the production of cast iron and steel . The reduction of contaminants in pig iron that negatively affect material properties , such as sulfur and phosphorus , yields cast iron containing 2 -- 4 % carbon , 1 -- 6 % silicon , and small amounts of manganese . Pig iron has a melting point in the range of 1420 -- 1470 K , which is lower than either of its two main components , and makes it the first product to be melted when carbon and iron are heated together . Its mechanical properties vary greatly and depend on the form the carbon takes in the alloy . `` White '' cast irons contain their carbon in the form of cementite , or iron carbide ( Fe C ) . This hard , brittle compound dominates the mechanical properties of white cast irons , rendering them hard , but unresistant to shock . The broken surface of a white cast iron is full of fine facets of the broken iron - carbide , a very pale , silvery , shiny material , hence the appellation . Cooling a mixture of iron with 0.8 % carbon slowly below 723 ° C to room temperature results in separate , alternating layers of cementite and α - iron , which is soft and malleable and is called pearlite for its appearance . Rapid cooling , on the other hand , does not allow time for this separation and creates hard and brittle martensite . The steel can then be tempered by reheating to a temperature in between , changing the proportions of pearlite and martensite . The end product below 0.8 % carbon content is a pearlite - αFe mixture , and that above 0.8 % carbon content is a pearlite - cementite mixture . In gray iron the carbon exists as separate , fine flakes of graphite , and also renders the material brittle due to the sharp edged flakes of graphite that produce stress concentration sites within the material . A newer variant of gray iron , referred to as ductile iron is specially treated with trace amounts of magnesium to alter the shape of graphite to spheroids , or nodules , reducing the stress concentrations and vastly increasing the toughness and strength of the material . Wrought iron contains less than 0.25 % carbon but large amounts of slag that give it a fibrous characteristic . It is a tough , malleable product , but not as fusible as pig iron . If honed to an edge , it loses it quickly . Wrought iron is characterized by the presence of fine fibers of slag entrapped within the metal . Wrought iron is more corrosion resistant than steel . It has been almost completely replaced by mild steel for traditional `` wrought iron '' products and blacksmithing . Iron production 2009 ( million tonnes ) Country Iron ore Pig iron Direct iron Steel China 1,114.9 549.4 573.6 Australia 393.9 4.4 5.2 Brazil 305.0 25.1 0.011 26.5 Japan 66.9 87.5 India 257.4 38.2 23.4 63.5 Russia 92.1 43.9 4.7 60.0 Ukraine 65.8 25.7 29.9 South Korea 0.1 27.3 48.6 Germany 0.4 20.1 0.38 32.7 World 1,594.9 914.0 64.5 1,232.4 Mild steel corrodes more readily than wrought iron , but is cheaper and more widely available . Carbon steel contains 2.0 % carbon or less , with small amounts of manganese , sulfur , phosphorus , and silicon . Alloy steels contain varying amounts of carbon as well as other metals , such as chromium , vanadium , molybdenum , nickel , tungsten , etc . Their alloy content raises their cost , and so they are usually only employed for specialist uses . One common alloy steel , though , is stainless steel . Recent developments in ferrous metallurgy have produced a growing range of microalloyed steels , also termed ' HSLA ' or high - strength , low alloy steels , containing tiny additions to produce high strengths and often spectacular toughness at minimal cost . Photon mass attenuation coefficient for iron . Apart from traditional applications , iron is also used for protection from ionizing radiation . Although it is lighter than another traditional protection material , lead , it is much stronger mechanically . The attenuation of radiation as a function of energy is shown in the graph . The main disadvantage of iron and steel is that pure iron , and most of its alloys , suffer badly from rust if not protected in some way , a cost amounting to over 1 % of the world 's economy . Painting , galvanization , passivation , plastic coating and bluing are all used to protect iron from rust by excluding water and oxygen or by cathodic protection . The mechanism of the rusting of iron is as follows : Cathode : 3 O + 6 H O + 12 e → 12 OH Anode : 4 Fe → 4 Fe + 8 e ; 4 Fe → 4 Fe + 4 e Overall : 4 Fe + 3 O + 6 H O → 4 Fe + 12 OH → 4 Fe ( OH ) or 4 FeO ( OH ) + 4 H O The electrolyte is usually iron ( II ) sulfate in urban areas ( formed when atmospheric sulfur dioxide attacks iron ) , and salt particles in the atmosphere in seaside areas . Iron compounds Although the dominant use of iron is in metallurgy , iron compounds are also pervasive in industry . Iron catalysts are traditionally used in the Haber - Bosch process for the production of ammonia and the Fischer - Tropsch process for conversion of carbon monoxide to hydrocarbons for fuels and lubricants . Powdered iron in an acidic solvent was used in the Bechamp reduction the reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline . Iron ( III ) chloride finds use in water purification and sewage treatment , in the dyeing of cloth , as a coloring agent in paints , as an additive in animal feed , and as an etchant for copper in the manufacture of printed circuit boards . It can also be dissolved in alcohol to form tincture of iron , which is used as a medicine to stop bleeding in canaries . Iron ( II ) sulfate is used as a precursor to other iron compounds . It is also used to reduce chromate in cement . It is used to fortify foods and treat iron deficiency anemia . Iron ( III ) sulfate is used in settling minute sewage particles in tank water . Iron ( II ) chloride is used as a reducing flocculating agent , in the formation of iron complexes and magnetic iron oxides , and as a reducing agent in organic synthesis . Biological and pathological role Main article : Human iron metabolism Iron is required for life . The iron -- sulfur clusters are pervasive and include nitrogenase , the enzymes responsible for biological nitrogen fixation . Iron - containing proteins participate in transport , storage and used of oxygen . Iron proteins are involved in electron transfer . Structure of Heme b ; in the protein additional ligand ( s ) would be attached to Fe . Examples of iron - containing proteins in higher organisms include hemoglobin , cytochrome ( see high - valent iron ) , and catalase . The average adult human contains about 0.005 % body weight of iron , or about four grams , of which three quarters is in hemoglobin -- a level that remains constant despite only about one milligram of iron being absorbed each day , because the human body recycles its hemoglobin for the iron content . Biochemistry Iron acquisition poses a problem for aerobic organisms because ferric iron is poorly soluble near neutral pH . Thus , these organisms have developed means to absorb iron as complexes , sometimes taking up ferrous iron before oxidising it back to ferric iron . In particular , bacteria have evolved very high - affinity sequestering agents called siderophores . After uptake in human cells , iron storage is precisely regulated . A major component of this regulation is the protein transferrin , which binds iron ions absorbed from the duodenum and carries it in the blood to cells . Transferrin contains Fe in the middle of a distorted octahedron , bonded to one nitrogen , three oxygens and a chelating carbonate anion that traps the Fe ion : it has such a high stability constant that it is very effective at taking up Fe ions even from the most stable complexes . At the bone marrow , transferrin is reduced from Fe and Fe and stored as ferritin to be incorporated into hemoglobin . The most commonly known and studied bioinorganic iron compounds ( biological iron molecules ) are the heme proteins : examples are hemoglobin , myoglobin , and cytochrome P450 . These compounds participate in transporting gases , building enzymes , and transferring electrons . Metalloproteins are a group of proteins with metal ion cofactors . Some examples of iron metalloproteins are ferritin and rubredoxin . Many enzymes vital to life contain iron , such as catalase , lipoxygenases , and IRE - BP . Hemoglobin is an oxygen carrier that occurs in red blood cells and contributes their color , transporting oxygen in the arteries from the lungs to the muscles where it is transferred to myoglobin , which stores it until it is needed for the metabolic oxidation of glucose , generating energy . Here the hemoglobin binds to carbon dioxide , produced when glucose is oxidized , which is transported through the veins by hemoglobin ( predominantly as bicarbonate anions ) back to the lungs where it is exhaled . In hemoglobin , the iron is in one of four heme groups and has six possible coordination sites ; four are occupied by nitrogen atoms in a porphyrin ring , the fifth by an imidazole nitrogen in a histidine residue of one of the protein chains attached to the heme group , and the sixth is reserved for the oxygen molecule it can reversibly bind to . When hemoglobin is not attached to oxygen ( and is then called deoxyhemoglobin ) , the Fe ion at the center of the heme group ( in the hydrophobic protein interior ) is in a high - spin configuration . It is thus too large to fit inside the porphyrin ring , which bends instead into a dome with the Fe ion about 55 picometers above it . In this configuration , the sixth coordination site reserved for the oxygen is blocked by another histidine residue . When deoxyhemoglobin picks up an oxygen molecule , this histidine residue moves away and returns once the oxygen is securely attached to form a hydrogen bond with it . This results in the Fe ion switching to a low - spin configuration , resulting in a 20 % decrease in ionic radius so that now it can fit into the porphyrin ring , which becomes planar . ( Additionally , this hydrogen bonding results in the tilting of the oxygen molecule , resulting in a Fe -- O -- O bond angle of around 120 ° that avoids the formation of Fe -- O -- Fe or Fe -- O -- Fe bridges that would lead to electron transfer , the oxidation of Fe to Fe , and the destruction of hemoglobin . ) This results in a movement of all the protein chains that leads to the other subunits of hemoglobin changing shape to a form with larger oxygen affinity . Thus , when deoxyhemoglobin takes up oxygen , its affinity for more oxygen increases , and vice versa . Myoglobin , on the other hand , contains only one heme group and hence this cooperative effect can not occur . Thus , while hemoglobin is almost saturated with oxygen in the high partial pressures of oxygen found in the lungs , its affinity for oxygen is much lower than that of myoglobin , which oxygenates even at low partial pressures of oxygen found in muscle tissue . As described by the Bohr effect ( named after Christian Bohr , the father of Niels Bohr ) , the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin diminishes in the presence of carbon dioxide . A heme unit of human carboxyhemoglobin , showing the carbonyl ligand at the apical position , trans to the histidine residue . Carbon monoxide and phosphorus trifluoride are poisonous to humans because they bind to hemoglobin similarly to oxygen , but with much more strength , so that oxygen can no longer be transported throughout the body . Hemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide is known as carboxyhemoglobin . This effect also plays a minor role in the toxicity of cyanide , but there the major effect is by far its interference with the proper functioning of the electron transport protein cytochrome a . The cytochrome proteins also involve heme groups and are involved in the metabolic oxidation of glucose by oxygen . The sixth coordination site is then occupied by either another imidazole nitrogen or a methionine sulfur , so that these proteins are largely inert to oxygen -- with the exception of cytochrome a , which bonds directly to oxygen and thus is very easily poisoned by cyanide . Here , the electron transfer takes place as the iron remains in low spin but changes between the + 2 and + 3 oxidation states . Since the reduction potential of each step is slightly greater than the previous one , the energy is released step - by - step and can thus be stored in adenosine triphosphate . Cytochrome a is slightly distinct , as it occurs at the mitochondrial membrane , binds directly to oxygen , and transports protons as well as electrons , as follows : 4 Cytc + O + 8H → 4 Cytc + 2 H O + 4H Although the heme proteins are the most important class of iron - containing proteins , the iron - sulfur proteins are also very important , being involved in electron transfer , which is possible since iron can exist stably in either the + 2 or + 3 oxidation states . These have one , two , four , or eight iron atoms that are each approximately tetrahedrally coordinated to four sulfur atoms ; because of this tetrahedral coordination , they always have high - spin iron . The simplest of such compounds is rubredoxin , which has only one iron atom coordinated to four sulfur atoms from cysteine residues in the surrounding peptide chains . Another important class of iron - sulfur proteins is the ferredoxins , which have multiple iron atoms . Transferrin does not belong to either of these classes . The ability of sea mussels to maintain their grip on rocks in the ocean is facilitated by their use of organometallic iron - based bonds in their protein - rich cuticles . Based on synthetic replicas , the presence of iron in these structures increased elastic modulus 770 times , tensile strength 58 times , and toughness 92 times . The amount of stress required to permanently damage them increased 76 times . Health and diet Iron is pervasive , but particularly rich sources of dietary iron include red meat , oysters , lentils , beans , poultry , fish , leaf vegetables , watercress , tofu , chickpeas , black - eyed peas , and blackstrap molasses . Bread and breakfast cereals are sometimes specifically fortified with iron . Iron provided by dietary supplements is often found as iron ( II ) fumarate , although iron ( II ) sulfate is cheaper and is absorbed equally well . Elemental iron , or reduced iron , despite being absorbed at only one - third to two - thirds the efficiency ( relative to iron sulfate ) , is often added to foods such as breakfast cereals or enriched wheat flour . Iron is most available to the body when chelated to amino acids and is also available for use as a common iron supplement . Glycine , the cheapest and most common amino acid is most often used to produce iron glycinate supplements . Dietary recommendations The U.S. Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) updated Estimated Average Requirements ( EARs ) and Recommended Dietary Allowances ( RDAs ) for iron in 2001 . The current EAR for iron for women ages 14 -- 18 is 7.9 mg / day , 8.1 for ages 19 -- 50 and 5.0 thereafter ( post menopause ) . For men the EAR is 6.0 mg / day for ages 19 and up . The RDA is 15.0 mg / day for women ages 15 -- 18 , 18.0 for 19 -- 50 and 8.0 thereafter . For men , 8.0 mg / day for ages 19 and up . RDAs are higher than EARs so as to identify amounts that will cover people with higher than average requirements . RDA for pregnancy is 27 mg / day and , for lactation , 9 mg / day . For children ages 1 -- 3 years 7 mg / day , 10 for ages 4 -- 8 and 8 for ages 9 -- 13 . As for safety , the IOM also sets Tolerable upper intake levels ( ULs ) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient . In the case of iron the UL is set at 45 mg / day . Collectively the EARs , RDAs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes . The European Food Safety Authority ( EFSA ) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values , with Population Reference Intake ( PRI ) instead of RDA , and Average Requirement instead of EAR . AI and UL defined the same as in United States . For women the PRI is 13 mg / day ages 15 -- 17 years , 16 mg / day for women ages 18 and up who are premenopausal and 11 mg / day postmenopausal . For pregnancy and lactation , 16 mg / day . For men the PRI is 11 mg / day ages 15 and older . For children ages 1 to 14 the PRI increases from 7 to 11 mg / day . The PRIs are higher than the U.S. RDAs , with the exception of pregnancy . The EFSA reviewed the same safety question did not establish a UL . Infants may require iron supplements if they are bottle - fed cow 's milk . Frequent blood donors are at risk of low iron levels and are often advised to supplement their iron intake . For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value ( % DV ) . For iron labeling purposes 100 % of the Daily Value was 18 mg , and as of May 27 , 2016 remained unchanged at 18 mg . A table of all of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake . The original deadline to be in compliance was July 28 , 2018 , but on September 29 , 2017 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration released a proposed rule that extended the deadline to January 1 , 2020 for large companies and January 1 , 2021 for small companies . Deficiency Main article : Iron deficiency Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world . When loss of iron is not adequately compensated by adequate dietary iron intake , a state of latent iron deficiency occurs , which over time leads to iron - deficiency anemia if left untreated , which is characterised by an insufficient number of red blood cells and an insufficient amount of hemoglobin . Children , pre-menopausal women ( women of child - bearing age ) , and people with poor diet are most susceptible to the disease . Most cases of iron - deficiency anemia are mild , but if not treated can cause problems like fast or irregular heartbeat , complications during pregnancy , and delayed growth in infants and children . Excess Main article : Iron overload NFPA 704 fire diamond 0 Fire diamond hazard sign for metallic iron Iron uptake is tightly regulated by the human body , which has no regulated physiological means of excreting iron . Only small amounts of iron are lost daily due to mucosal and skin epithelial cell sloughing , so control of iron levels is primarily accomplished by regulating uptake . Regulation of iron uptake is impaired in some people as a result of a genetic defect that maps to the HLA - H gene region on chromosome 6 and leads to abnormally low levels of hepcidin , a key regulator of the entry of iron into the circulatory system in mammals . In these people , excessive iron intake can result in iron overload disorders , known medically as hemochromatosis . Many people have an undiagnosed genetic susceptibility to iron overload , and are not aware of a family history of the problem . For this reason , people should not take iron supplements unless they suffer from iron deficiency and have consulted a doctor . Hemochromatosis is estimated to be the cause of 0.3 to 0.8 % of all metabolic diseases of Caucasians . Overdoses of ingested iron can cause excessive levels of free iron in the blood . High blood levels of free ferrous iron react with peroxides to produce highly reactive free radicals that can damage DNA , proteins , lipids , and other cellular components . Iron toxicity occurs when the cell contains free iron , which generally occurs when iron levels exceed the availability of transferrin to bind the iron . Damage to the cells of the gastrointestinal tract can also prevent them from regulating iron absorption , leading to further increases in blood levels . Iron typically damages cells in the heart , liver and elsewhere , causing adverse effects that include coma , metabolic acidosis , shock , liver failure , coagulopathy , adult respiratory distress syndrome , long - term organ damage , and even death . Humans experience iron toxicity when the iron exceeds 20 milligrams for every kilogram of body mass ; 60 milligrams per kilogram is considered a lethal dose . Overconsumption of iron , often the result of children eating large quantities of ferrous sulfate tablets intended for adult consumption , is one of the most common toxicological causes of death in children under six . The Dietary Reference Intake ( DRI ) sets the Tolerable Upper Intake Level ( UL ) for adults at 45 mg / day . For children under fourteen years old the UL is 40 mg / day . The medical management of iron toxicity is complicated , and can include use of a specific chelating agent called deferoxamine to bind and expel excess iron from the body . Cancer The role of iron in cancer defense can be described as a `` double - edged sword '' because of its pervasive presence in non-pathological processes . People having chemotherapy may develop iron deficiency and anemia , for which intravenous iron therapy is used to restore iron levels . Iron overload , which may occur from high consumption of red meat , may initiate tumor growth and increase susceptibility to cancer onset , particularly for colorectal cancer . See also Chemistry portal El Mutún in Bolivia , where 10 % of the world 's accessible iron ore is located Iron nanoparticle Iron -- platinum nanoparticle Iron fertilization -- proposed fertilization of oceans to stimulate phytoplankton growth Iron - oxidizing bacteria List of countries by iron production Pelletising -- process of creation of iron ore pellets Rustproof iron Steel References Jump up ^ Meija , J. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2013 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . 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Jump up ^ Neilands , J.B. ( 1995 ) . `` Siderophores : structure and function of microbial iron transport compounds '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 270 ( 45 ) : 26723 -- 6 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 270.45. 26723 . PMID 7592901 . Jump up ^ Neilands , J.B. ( 1981 ) . `` Microbial Iron Compounds '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 50 ( 1 ) : 715 -- 31 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. bi. 50.070181. 003435 . PMID 6455965 . Jump up ^ Boukhalfa , Hakim ; Crumbliss , Alvin L. ( 2002 ) . `` Chemical aspects of siderophore mediated iron transport '' . BioMetals. 15 ( 4 ) : 325 -- 39 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1020218608266 . PMID 12405526 . Jump up ^ Nanami , M. ; Ookawara , T. ; Otaki , Y. ; Ito , K. ; Moriguchi , R. ; Miyagawa , K. ; Hasuike , Y. ; Izumi , M. ; Eguchi , H. ; Suzuki , K. ; Nakanishi , T. ( 2005 ) . `` Tumor necrosis factor - α - induced iron sequestration and oxidative stress in human endothelial cells '' . Arteriosclerosis , Thrombosis , and Vascular Biology . 25 ( 12 ) : 2495 -- 2501 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. ATV. 0000190610.63878. 20 . PMID 16224057 . Jump up ^ Rouault , Tracey A. ( 2003 ) . `` How Mammals Acquire and Distribute Iron Needed for Oxygen - Based Metabolism '' . PLoS Biology . 1 ( 3 ) : e9 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0000079 . PMC 300689 . PMID 14691550 . Jump up ^ Boon EM , Downs A , Marcey D. `` Proposed Mechanism of Catalase '' . Catalase : H O : H O Oxidoreductase : Catalase Structural Tutorial . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Boyington JC , Gaffney BJ , Amzel LM ( 1993 ) . `` The three - dimensional structure of an arachidonic acid 15 - lipoxygenase '' . Science . 260 ( 5113 ) : 1482 -- 1486 . Bibcode : 1993Sci ... 260.1482 B . doi : 10.1126 / science. 8502991 . PMID 8502991 . Jump up ^ Gray , N.K. ; Hentze , M.W. ( Aug 1994 ) . `` Iron regulatory protein prevents binding of the 43S translation pre-initiation complex to ferritin and eALAS mRNAs '' . EMBO J. 13 ( 16 ) : 3882 -- 3891 . PMC 395301 . PMID 8070415 . Jump up ^ Gregory B. Vásquez ; Xinhua Ji ; Clara Fronticelli ; Gary L. Gilliland ( 1998 ) . `` Human Carboxyhemoglobin at 2.2 Å Resolution : Structure and Solvent Comparisons of R - State , R2 - State and T - State Hemoglobins '' . Acta Crystallogr . D. 54 ( 3 ) : 355 -- 366 . doi : 10.1107 / S0907444997012250 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , K ( 2017 ) . `` Mussels ' iron grip inspires strong and stretchy polymer '' . Chemical & Engineering News . American Chemical Society . 95 ( 44 ) : 8 . doi : 10.1021 / cen - 09544 - notw3 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Food Standards Agency -- Eat well , be well -- Iron deficiency Archived 8 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine ... Eatwell.gov.uk ( 5 March 2012 ) . Retrieved on 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoppe , M. ; Hulthén , L. ; Hallberg , L. ( 2005 ) . `` The relative bioavailability in humans of elemental iron powders for use in food fortification '' . European Journal of Nutrition. 45 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 44 . doi : 10.1007 / s00394 - 005 - 0560 - 0 . PMID 15864409 . Jump up ^ Pineda , O. ; Ashmead , H.D. ( 2001 ) . `` Effectiveness of treatment of iron - deficiency anemia in infants and young children with ferrous bis - glycinate chelate '' . Nutrition. 17 ( 5 ) : 381 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / S0899 - 9007 ( 01 ) 00519 - 6 . PMID 11377130 . Jump up ^ Ashmead , H. DeWayne ( 1989 ) . Conversations on Chelation and Mineral Nutrition . Keats Publishing . ISBN 0 - 87983 - 501 - X . Jump up ^ `` Iron '' . Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A , Vitamin K , Arsenic , Boron , Chromium , Copper , Iodine , Iron , Manganese , Molybdenum , Nickel , Silicon , Vanadium , and Iron ( PDF ) . National Academy Press . 2001 . pp. 290 -- 393 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 07279 - 4 . PMID 25057538 . Jump up ^ `` Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products , Nutrition and Allergies '' ( PDF ) . European Food Safety Authority . 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals '' ( PDF ) . European Food Safety Authority . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Deficiency Anemia '' . MediResource . Retrieved 17 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Milman , N. ( 1996 ) . `` Serum ferritin in Danes : studies of iron status from infancy to old age , during blood donation and pregnancy '' . International Journal of Hematology. 63 ( 2 ) : 103 -- 35 . doi : 10.1016 / 0925 - 5710 ( 95 ) 00426 - 2 . PMID 8867722 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Register May 27 , 2016 Food Labeling : Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels . FR page 33982 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Changes to the Nutrition Facts Panel -- Compliance Date '' . U.S. Food and Drug Administration Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( 2002 ) . `` Iron deficiency -- United States , 1999 -- 2000 '' . MMWR. 51 ( 40 ) : 897 -- 9 . PMID 12418542 . Jump up ^ Hider , Robert C. ; Kong , Xiaole ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter 8 . Iron : Effect of Overload and Deficiency '' . In Astrid Sigel , Helmut Sigel and Roland K.O. Sigel . Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 13 . Springer . pp. 229 -- 294 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 7500 - 8_8 . Jump up ^ Dlouhy , Adrienne C. ; Outten , Caryn E. ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter 8.4 Iron Uptake , Trafficking and Storage '' . In Banci , Lucia ( Ed . ) . Metallomics and the Cell. Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 12 . Springer . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 5561 - 1_8 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 5560 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) electronic - book ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 5561 - 1 Jump up ^ CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( 3 April 1998 ) . `` Recommendations to Prevent and Control Iron Deficiency in the United States '' . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report ( MMWR ) . 47 ( RR3 ) : 1 . Retrieved 12 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . `` Iron and Iron Deficiency '' . Retrieved 12 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Technical data for Iron . periodictable.com Jump up ^ Ramzi S. Cotran ; Vinay Kumar ; Tucker Collins ; Stanley Leonard Robbins ( 1999 ) . Robbins pathologic basis of disease . Saunders . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7216 - 7335 - 6 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Ganz T ( August 2003 ) . `` Hepcidin , a key regulator of iron metabolism and mediator of anemia of inflammation '' . Blood . 102 ( 3 ) : 783 -- 8 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2003 - 03 - 0672 . PMID 12663437 . Jump up ^ Durupt , S. ; Durieu , I. ; Nové - Josserand , R. ; Bencharif , L. ; Rousset , H. ; Vital Durand , D. ( 2000 ) . `` Hereditary hemochromatosis '' . Rev Med Interne. 21 ( 11 ) : 961 -- 71 . doi : 10.1016 / S0248 - 8663 ( 00 ) 00252 - 6 . PMID 11109593 . ^ Jump up to : Cheney , K. ; Gumbiner , C. ; Benson , B. ; Tenenbein , M. ( 1995 ) . `` Survival after a severe iron poisoning treated with intermittent infusions of deferoxamine '' . J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 33 ( 1 ) : 61 -- 6 . doi : 10.3109 / 15563659509020217 . PMID 7837315 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toxicity , Iron '' . Medscape . Retrieved 23 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Dietary Reference Intakes ( DRIs ) : Recommended Intakes for Individuals ( PDF ) , Food and Nutrition Board , Institute of Medicine , National Academies , 2004 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 March 2013 , retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09 Jump up ^ Tenenbein , M. ( 1996 ) . `` Benefits of parenteral deferoxamine for acute iron poisoning '' . J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 34 ( 5 ) : 485 -- 489 . doi : 10.3109 / 15563659609028005 . PMID 8800185 . Jump up ^ Wu H , Wu T , Xu X , Wang J , Wang J ( May 2011 ) . `` Iron toxicity in mice with collagenase - induced intracerebral hemorrhage '' . J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 31 ( 5 ) : 1243 -- 50 . doi : 10.1038 / jcbfm. 2010.209 . PMC 3099628 . PMID 21102602 . Jump up ^ Thévenod , Frank ( 2018 ) . `` Chapter 15 . Iron and Its Role in Cancer Defense : A Double - Edged Sword '' . In Sigel , Astrid ; Sigel , Helmut ; Freisinger , Eva ; Sigel , Roland K.O. Metallo - Drugs : Development and Action of Anticancer Agents . 18 . Berlin : de Gruyter GmbH . pp. 437 -- 467 . doi : 10.1515 / 9783110470734 - 021 . ^ Jump up to : Beguin , Y ; Aapro , M ; Ludwig , H ; Mizzen , L ; Osterborg , A ( 2014 ) . `` Epidemiological and nonclinical studies investigating effects of iron in carcinogenesis -- a critical review '' . Critical Reviews in Oncology / Hematology. 89 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 15 . doi : 10.1016 / j. critrevonc. 2013.10. 008 . PMID 24275533 . Bibliography Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . Weeks , Mary Elvira ; Leichester , Henry M. ( 1968 ) . `` Elements Known to the Ancients '' . Discovery of the Elements . Easton , PA : Journal of Chemical Education . pp. 29 -- 40 . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 3872 - 0 . LCCN 68 - 15217 . Further reading H.R. Schubert , History of the British Iron and Steel Industry ... to 1775 AD ( Routledge , London , 1957 ) R.F. Tylecote , History of Metallurgy ( Institute of Materials , London 1992 ) . R.F. Tylecote , `` Iron in the Industrial Revolution '' in J. Day and R.F. Tylecote , The Industrial Revolution in Metals ( Institute of Materials 1991 ) , 200 -- 60 . External links Look up iron in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iron . Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Iron . It 's Elemental -- Iron Iron at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) Metallurgy for the non-Metallurgist Iron by J.B. Calvert <Th_colspan="2"> hide Periodic table ( Large cells ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="14"> 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 <Td_colspan="30"> He Li Be <Td_colspan="24"> O Ne Na Mg <Td_colspan="24"> Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc <Td_colspan="14"> Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y <Td_colspan="14"> Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og <Td_colspan="2"> Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Metalloid Reactive nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties <Th_colspan="2"> Iron compounds Fe ( - II ) Na Fe ( CO ) Fe ( 0 ) Fe ( CO ) Fe ( CO ) Fe ( CO ) Fe ( CO ) CH COC H C H Fe ( I ) FeH Organoiron ( I ) compounds ( C H FeCO ) ( CO ) Fe ( 0 , II ) Fe C Fe ( II ) FeBr FeCl FeF FeI FeH FeMoO FeO Fe ( OH ) FeS FeSO FeSe FeSeO FeSi FeTiO FeCO FeC O Fe ( C H O ) Fe ( C H O ) FeC H O FeC H O Fe CrO Fe ( PO ) FeH ( CO ) Fe ( HCO ) Mg FeH Organoiron ( II ) compounds Fe ( C H ) Fe ( C H P ( C H ) ) C H Fe ( CO ) Fe ( 0 , III ) Fe P Fe ( II , III ) Fe O Fe S Fe ( III ) FeBr FeCl FeF FeI Fe ( NO ) Fe ( acac ) FeOCl FeO ( OH ) FePO Fe ( P O ) Fe ( CrO ) Fe ( C O ) Fe O Fe S Fe ( SO ) FeBO FeB Organoiron ( III ) compounds Fe ( C H ) BF C H O ⋅ xFe ⋅ yNH Fe ( VI ) K FeO BaFeO BNE : XX524497 BNF : cb11975665r ( data ) GND : 4014002 - 7 HDS : 26231 LCCN : sh85068131 NDL : 00572915 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron&oldid=842026981 '' Categories : Iron Chemical elements Transition metals Ferromagnetic materials Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements Dietary minerals Cubic minerals Building materials Pyrotechnic fuels Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2014 Articles with short description Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Good articles Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bislama Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лакку Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . 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1. Chemical element with atomic number 26
2. Properties and characteristics of iron
3. Allotropes and phases of iron
4. Isotopes of iron and their abundance
5. Production and applications of iron
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when was the fort in st augustine built
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Castillo de San Marcos - Wikipedia Castillo de San Marcos Not to be confused with Castle of San Marcos ( El Puerto de Santa María ) . <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Castillo de San Marcos National Monument <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. National Monument <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Aerial view of Castillo De San Marcos Location 11 South Castillo Drive St. Augustine , Florida Coordinates 29 ° 53 ′ 52 '' N 81 ° 18 ′ 41 '' W / 29.89778 ° N 81.31139 ° W / 29.89778 ; - 81.31139 Coordinates : 29 ° 53 ′ 52 '' N 81 ° 18 ′ 41 '' W / 29.89778 ° N 81.31139 ° W / 29.89778 ; - 81.31139 Area 320 acres ( 1.29 km2 ) Built 1672 -- 1695 Website Castillo de San Marcos National Monument NRHP reference # 66000062 <Th_colspan="2"> Significant dates Added to NRHP October 15 , 1966 Designated NMON October 15 , 1924 Aerial view photo taken from northwest . Although the fort had a water - filled moat at the time , it was originally a dry moat . The Castillo de San Marcos is the oldest masonry fort in the continental United States . Located on the western shore of Matanzas Bay in the city of St. Augustine , Florida , the fort was designed by the Spanish engineer Ignacio Daza . Construction began in 1672 , 107 years after the city 's founding by Spanish Admiral and conquistador Pedro Menéndez de Avilés , when Florida was part of the Spanish Empire . The fort 's construction was ordered by Governor Francisco de la Guerra y de la Vega after the destructive raid by the English privateer Robert Searles in 1668 . Work proceeded under the administration of Guerra 's successor , Manuel de Cendoya in 1671 , and the first coquina stones were laid in 1672 . The construction of the core of the current fortress was completed in 1695 , though it would undergo many alterations and renovations over the centuries . When Britain gained control of Florida in 1763 pursuant to the Treaty of Paris , St. Augustine became the capital of British East Florida , and the fort was renamed Fort St. Mark until the Peace of Paris ( 1783 ) when Florida was transferred back to Spain and the fort 's original name restored . In 1819 , Spain signed the Adams -- Onís Treaty which ceded Florida to the United States in 1821 ; consequently the fort was designated a United States Army base and renamed Fort Marion , in honor of American Revolutionary War hero Francis Marion . The fort was declared a National Monument in 1924 , and after 251 years of continuous military possession , was deactivated in 1933 . The 20.48 - acre ( 8.29 ha ) site was subsequently turned over to the United States National Park Service . In 1942 the original name , Castillo de San Marcos , was restored by an Act of Congress . Castillo de San Marcos was twice besieged : first by English colonial forces led by Carolina Colony Governor James Moore in 1702 , and then by Georgia colonial Governor James Oglethorpe in 1740 . Possession of the fort has changed six times , all peaceful , among four different governments : Spain , 1695 -- 1863 and 1783 -- 1821 , Kingdom of Great Britain , 1763 -- 1783 , and the United States of America ) , 1821 -- date ( during 1861 -- 1865 , under control of the Confederate States of America ) . Under United States control the fort was used as a military prison to incarcerate members of Native American tribes starting with the Seminole -- including the famous war chief , Osceola , in the Second Seminole War -- and members of western tribes , including Geronimo 's band of Chiricahua Apache . The Native American art form known as Ledger Art had its origins at the fort during the imprisonment of members of the Plains tribes such as Howling Wolf of the southern Cheyenne . Ownership of the Castillo was transferred to the National Park Service in 1933 , and it has been a popular tourist destination since then . Contents 1 Construction 2 First English siege 3 Second period of construction 4 Second British Siege 5 British occupation 6 Second Spanish period 7 First United States period 8 Confederate States period 9 Second United States period 10 Gallery 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Construction ( edit ) Construction plan of the Castillo de San Marcos from 1677 The European city of St. Augustine was founded by the admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés for the Spanish Crown in 1565 on the site of a former Native American village called Seloy . The need for fortifications was recognized after it was attacked by Sir Francis Drake and his fleet of 22 ships in 1586 , and over the next 80 years , a succession of nine wooden forts were built in various locations along the coastline . However , after a 1668 attack by the English pirate Robert Searle during which the town of St. Augustine was burned to the ground , wooden forts were deemed inadequate , and Mariana , Queen Regent of Spain , approved the construction of a masonry fortification to protect the city . The Castillo is a masonry star fort made of a stone called coquina ( Spanish for `` small shells '' ) , which consists of ancient shells that have bonded together to form a sedimentary rock similar to limestone . Native Americans from Spain 's nearby missions did most of the labor , with additional skilled workers brought in from Havana , Cuba . The coquina was quarried from the ' King 's Quarry ' on Anastasia Island in what is today Anastasia State Park across Matanzas Bay from the Castillo , and ferried across to the construction site . Construction began on October 2 , 1672 and lasted twenty - three years , with completion in 1695 . The barrels of cannons deployed on the terreplein project outward through multiple embrasures located along the curtain wall between San Pedro and San Agustín bastions . To the left of center is the sallyport -- the only entrance to the fort , reached via drawbridge from the ravelin , which is located within the moat . The fort has four bastions named San Pedro , San Agustín , San Carlos and San Pablo with a ravelin protecting the sally port . On the two landward sides a large glacis was constructed which would force any attackers to advance upward toward the fort 's cannon and allow the cannon shot to proceed downslope for greater efficiency in hitting multiple targets . Immediately surrounding the fort was a moat which was usually kept dry , but that could be flooded with seawater to a depth of about a foot in case of attack by land . Multiple embrasures were built into the curtain wall along the top of the fort as well as into the bastions for the deployment of cannon of various calibers . Infantry embrasures were also built into the walls below the level of the terreplein for the deployment of muskets by the fort 's defenders . It was through one of these embrasures that twenty Seminoles held as prisoners would escape in 1837 . First English siege ( edit ) View of the Plaza de Armas within Castillo de San Marcos . Main article : Siege of St. Augustine ( 1702 ) In 1670 , Charles Town ( modern - day Charleston , South Carolina ) was founded by English colonists . As it was just two days ' sail from St. Augustine , the English settlement and encroachment of English traders into Spanish territory spurred the Spanish in their construction of a fort . In 1702 , English colonial forces under the command of Carolina Governor Governor James Moore embarked on an expedition to capture St. Augustine early in Queen Anne 's War . The English laid siege to St. Augustine in November 1702 . About 1,500 town residents and soldiers were crammed into the fort during the two - month siege . The small English cannon had little effect on the walls of the fort , because the coquina was very effective at absorbing the impact of the shells . The siege was broken when the Spanish fleet from Havana arrived , trapping some English vessels in the bay . The English were defeated and decided to burn their ships to prevent them from falling under Spanish control , and then marched overland back to Carolina . The town of St. Augustine was destroyed , in part by the Spanish and in part by the English , as a result of the siege . Second period of construction ( edit ) Interior vaulted ceiling . Beginning in 1738 , under the supervision of Spanish engineer Pedro Ruiz de Olano , the interior of the fort was redesigned and rebuilt . Interior rooms were made deeper , and vaulted ceilings replaced the original wooden ones . The vaulted ceilings allowed for better protection from bombardments and allowed for cannon to be placed along the gun deck , not just at the corner bastions . The new ceilings required the height of the exterior wall to be increased from 26 to 33 feet ( 10 m ) . Second British siege ( edit ) Main article : Siege of St. Augustine ( 1740 ) The tallest watchtower at the fort is at the corner facing the outlet to the Atlantic Ocean Spain and Britain were rivals in Europe , and since the two countries had both founded empires in the New World , their rivalry continued there as well . In 1733 a British vessel , the Rebecca , commanded by Captain Robert Jenkins , was seized in the Caribbean by the Spanish coast guard . Suspecting that the British had been trading illegally with Spanish colonies ( which was forbidden by both Spain and Britain ) , the Spanish searched the ship . A fight broke out between the Spanish and British sailors . In the skirmish , Jenkins had his ear cut off by a Spanish officer , who picked it up and said `` Take this to your king and tell him that if he were here I would serve him in the same manner ! '' When Jenkins reported the incident to British authorities , they used it as a pretext to declare war on Spain in 1739 . The war was called the War of Jenkins ' Ear . After British Admiral Edward Vernon won a huge victory at Portobelo , General James Oglethorpe , the founder of Georgia , was quick to imitate him in North America . In June 1740 , Oglethorpe and an English fleet of seven ships appeared off St. Augustine . As in the 1702 siege , three hundred soldiers and 1,300 residents found refuge within the Castillo 's walls . For 27 days the British bombarded the Castillo and St. Augustine . Realizing his cannon were not affecting the Castillo 's walls , Oglethorpe decided to starve the people of St. Augustine by blockading the inlet at the Matanzas River and all roads into St. Augustine . However , some supplies were able to reach the city via the river , and with morale and supplies low for the English forces , Oglethorpe had to retreat . In order to protect the city from future blockades and sieges , the Spanish built Fort Matanzas to guard the river , which could be used as a rear entrance to avoid St. Augustine 's primary defense system . British occupation ( edit ) The San Pablo Bastion at night In 1763 , the British managed to take control of the Castillo but not by force . As a provision of the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) after the Seven Years ' War , Britain gained all of Spanish Florida in exchange for returning Havana and Manila to Spain . On July 21 , 1763 , the Spanish governor turned the Castillo over to the British , who established St. Augustine as the capital of the province of East Florida , established by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 . The British made some changes to the fort , and renamed it Fort St. Mark . As Great Britain was the dominant power in North America , they were not worried about keeping the fort in top condition . This attitude prevailed until the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . The fort was used as a military prison during the war . Among those imprisoned was Christopher Gadsden , the Lieutenant governor of South Carolina . He was also a delegate to the Continental Congress and a brigadier general in the Continental Army during the war . He was released after 11 months . Improvements were begun on the fort , in keeping with its new role as a base of operations for the British in the South . The gates and walls were repaired , and second floors were added to several rooms to increase the housing capacity of the fort . The Castillo saw action during the American Revolution mainly as a prison , although St. Augustine was targeted by several aborted expeditions from Georgia . Several revolutionary fighters who had been captured in Charleston were held there when it was taken by the British . The Spanish declared war on Britain in 1779 , drawing off forces from Fort St. Mark and keeping the British occupied . Bernardo de Gálvez , governor of Spanish Louisiana , attacked several British - held cities in West Florida , capturing all of them . The only major British operation that used troops from St. Augustine was the poorly coordinated but successful capture of Savannah , Georgia ; the city was taken by troops from New York before those from St. Augustine arrived . At the end of the war , the 1783 Treaty of Paris called for the return of Florida to Spain . On July 12 , 1784 , Spanish troops returned to St. Augustine . Second Spanish period ( edit ) Reenactment of Spanish soldiers firing cannons . When Spain regained control over Florida they found a much - changed territory . Many Spaniards had left Florida after the hand over to Britain , and many British citizens stayed after it was returned to Spain . Many border problems arose between Spanish Florida and the new United States . Spain changed the name of the fort back to the Castillo de San Marcos , and continued to build upon the improvements that Britain had made to the fort in an effort to strengthen Spain 's hold on the territory . However , due to increased pressure from the United States and several other factors , in 1819 Spain signed the Adams -- Onís Treaty , ceding Florida to the United States , which was transferred in 1821 . First United States period ( edit ) Hotshot furnace used to heat cannonballs to shoot at wooden enemy ships . Upon receiving the fort from Spain , the Americans changed its name to Fort Marion . It was named to honor General Francis Marion , an American Revolutionary War hero nicknamed `` The Swamp Fox . '' Structurally , the Americans made few changes to the fort during this time . Many storerooms were converted to prison cells on account of their heavy doors and barred windows . Also , part of the moat was filled in and transformed into an artillery battery as part of the American coastal defense system . The original Spanish seawall was dismantled to ground level and a new seawall constructed immediately adjacent to the seaward side of the original . At this time a hotshot furnace was also built in the filled - in section of the moat behind the newly built water battery . Cannonballs were heated in the furnace to fire at wooden enemy ships . In October 1837 , during the Second Seminole War , Seminole chief Osceola was taken prisoner by the Americans while attending a peace conference near Fort Peyton under a flag of truce . He was imprisoned in Fort Marion along with his followers , including Uchee Billy , King Philip and his son Coacoochee ( Wild Cat ) , and then transported to Fort Moultrie on Sullivan 's Island in Charleston 's harbor . Uchee Billy was captured on September 10 , 1837 , and he died at the fort on November 29 . His skull was kept as a curio by Dr. Frederick Weedon , who also decapitated Osceola after his death in Fort Moultrie and kept the head in preservative . On the night of November 19 , 1837 , Coacoochee and nineteen other Seminoles , including two women , escaped from Fort Marion . Coacoochee , known for fabricating entertaining stories , later told the tale that only he and his friend Talmus Hadjo had escaped by squeezing through the eight - inch ( 203 mm ) opening of the embrasure located high in their cell and sliding down a makeshift rope into the dry moat . Talmus Hadjo , however , was not on the official list of prisoners . By whatever means the escape was actually effected , the escapees made their way to their band 's encampment at the headwaters of the Tomoka River , about forty miles south of St. Augustine . Because of their ill treatment , they vowed to continue fighting , and the war was prolonged for four more years . The cell from which Coacoochee escaped was long part of the official lore of the fort . Confederate States period ( edit ) See also : St. Augustine in the American Civil War In January 1861 , Florida seceded from the United States in the opening months of the American Civil War . Union troops had withdrawn from the fort , leaving only one man behind as caretaker . In January 1861 , Florida troops marched on the fort . The Union soldier manning the fort refused to surrender it unless he was given a receipt for it from the Confederacy . He was given the receipt and the fort was taken by the Confederacy without a shot . Most of the artillery in the fort was sent to other forts , leaving only five cannons in the water battery to defend the fort . The Saint Augustine Blues , a militia unit formed in St Augustine were enrolled into the Confederate Army at Ft . Marion on August 5 , 1861 . They were assigned to the recently organized Third Florida Infantry as its Company B. More than a dozen former members of the St. Augustine Blues are buried in a row at the city 's Tolomato Cemetery . The fort along with the rest of the city of St Augustine was reoccupied by Union troops after acting mayor Cristobal Bravo officially surrendered the city to Union Navy fleet commander C.R.P Rodgers on March 11 , 1862 . The Confederate forces left the city the previous evening in anticipation of the arrival of the Union fleet under the command of Commodore Dupont . Second United States period ( edit ) National Park Service brochure showing an exploded view drawing of fort . The fort was taken back by Union forces on March 11 , 1862 , when the USS Wabash entered the bay , finding the city evacuated by Confederate troops . The city leaders were willing to surrender in order to preserve the town , and the city and the fort were retaken without firing a shot . Throughout the rest of the fort 's operational history , it was used as a military prison . Beginning in 1875 , numerous Native American prisoners were held at the fort in the aftermath of the Indian Wars in the west . Many would die at the fort . Among the captives were Chief White Horse of the Kiowa , and Chief Grey Beard of the southern Cheyenne . During this period , Richard Henry Pratt , a Civil War veteran , supervised the prisoners and upgraded the conditions for them . He removed the prisoners ' shackles and allowed them out of the casemates where they had been confined He developed ways to give the men more autonomy and attempted to organize educational and cultural programs for them . They became a center of interest to northerners vacationing in St. Augustine , who included teachers and missionaries . Pratt recruited volunteers to teach the Indian prisoners English , the Christian religion , and elements of American culture . He and most US officials believed that such assimilation was needed for the Indians ' survival in the changing society . The men were also encouraged to make art ; they created hundreds of drawings . Some of the collection of Ledger Art by Fort Marion artists is held by the Smithsonian Institution . It may be viewed online . Encouraged by the men 's progress in education , citizens raised funds to send nearly 20 of the prisoners to college after they were released from Ft . Marion . Seventeen men went to the Hampton Institute , a historically black college . Others were sponsored and educated in New York state at private colleges . Among the latter were David Pendleton Oakerhater , as he became known , who was sponsored by US Senator Pendleton and his wife . He studied and later was ordained as an Episcopal priest . He returned to the West to work as a missionary with Indian tribes . He was later recognized by the Episcopal Church as a saint . Pratt 's experiences at Fort Marion became the basis for his campaign to create American Indian boarding schools . Although these schools were supposedly for the purpose of educating native people , they became sites where native children were prohibited from speaking their languages or practicing their own religion . Many children were removed from their families forcibly or under threat of withholding food rations . Children 's letters home were censored , and many children were taken to agricultural labor camps over the summer , instead of being allowed to visit home . Many have accused American Indian boarding schools of countless abuses and violations of child labor laws , in addition to accusations of cultural genocide . Pratt 's campaign began with the creation of the Carlisle Barracks , which was the first of over 450 American Indian boarding schools . From 1886 -- 1887 , approximately 491 Apaches were held prisoner at Fort Marion ; many were of the Chiricahua and Warm Springs Apache bands from Arizona . There were 82 men and the rest were women and children . Among the men , 14 , including Chatto , had previously been paid scouts for the US Army . Among the Chiricahua were members of the notable chief Geronimo 's band , including his wife . Geronimo was sent to Fort Pickens , in violation of his agreed terms of surrender . While at the fort , many of the prisoners had to camp in tents , as there was not sufficient space for them . At least 24 Apaches died as prisoners and were buried in North Beach . Apache prisoners at Ft . Marion In 1898 , over 200 deserters from the Spanish -- American War were imprisoned at the fort . This marked one of the last uses of the fort as an operational base . In 1900 , the fort was taken off the active duty rolls after 205 years of service under five different flags . In 1924 , the fort was designated a National Monument . In 1933 it was transferred to the National Park Service from the War Department . In 1942 , in honor of its Spanish heritage , Congress authorized renaming the fort as Castillo de San Marcos . As an historic property of the National Park Service , the National Monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) on October 15 , 1966 . The National Park Service manages the Castillo together with Fort Matanzas National Monument . In 1975 , the Castillo was designated an Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers . Since being transferred to the Park Service , the Castillo has become a popular tourist attraction . It occupies 2.5 acres ( 10,100 m2 ) in downtown St. Augustine , Florida . The fort has been featured on many television shows including Monumental Mysteries and Ghost Adventures , as well as the 1951 film Distant Drums . Gallery ( edit ) Castillo de San Marcos map Entrance to fort , Civil War era Entrance to fort , Sally port , Civil War era Captain Pratt with Native American captives at Fort Marion Howling Wolf , of the southern Cheyenne , photographed while imprisoned at Fort Marion The north wall of the Castillo Castillo De San Marcos from the west , looking east . Fort Marion , St. Augustine and harbor , 1898 The side of Castillo de San Marcos in St. Augustine , FL . A picture of a cannon on Castillo de San Marcos References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( 2008 - 04 - 15 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Marcus Whiffen ; Frederick Koeper ( January 1983 ) . American Architecture : 1607 - 1860 . MIT Press . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 73069 - 3 . Jump up ^ Spanish Colonial Fortifications in North America 1565 -- 1822 . Osprey Publishing . 2010 . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 507 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Sanders Rowland ; Alexander Moore ; George C. Rogers ( 1996 ) . The History of Beaufort County , South Carolina : 1514 -- 1861 . Univ of South Carolina Press . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 090 - 1 . Jump up ^ The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale . University of Georgia Press . 1994 . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 1712 - 0 . Jump up ^ James D. Kornwolf . Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 1569 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5986 - 1 . Jump up ^ Albert C. Manucy . The Building of Castello de San Marcos : National Park Service Interpretive Series , History No. 1 . United States Government Printing Office Washington . p. 18 . GGKEY : R1D08K7CWUJ . Jump up ^ Frances H. Kennedy ( 13 May 2014 ) . The American Revolution : A Historical Guidebook . Oxford University Press . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 932423 - 1 . Jump up ^ John W. Griffin ; Patricia C. Griffin ( 1996 ) . Fifty Years of Southeastern Archaeology : Selected Works of John W. Griffin . University Press of Florida . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 1420 - 3 . Jump up ^ United States . National Park Service . Division of Publications ( 1993 ) . Castillo de San Marcos : a guide to the Castillo de San Marcos National Monument , Florida . U.S. Dept. of the Interior . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 912627 - 59 - 5 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . `` Castillo de San Marcos brochure '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Arnade , Charles W ( 1962 ) . `` The English Invasion of Spanish Florida , 1700 -- 1706 '' . The Florida Historical Quarterly ( Florida Historical Society ) ( Volume 41 Number 1 , July 1962 ) : p. 31 . JSTOR 30139893 Jump up ^ Arnade , Charles ( 1959 ) . The Siege of Saint Augustine 1702 . University of Florida Monographs : Social Sciences # 3 . Gainesville , FL : University of Florida Press . OCLC 1447747 . pp. 5 , 14 . Jump up ^ Jay Higginbotham ( 1991 ) . Old Mobile : Fort Louis de la Louisiane , 1702 - 1711 . University of Alabama Press . pp. 114 -- 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 0528 - 4 . Jump up ^ Arnade ( 1959 ) , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bushnell , Amy Turner ( 1994 ) . The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale , Volume 3 . New York : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 1712 - 0 . OCLC 60107034 . p. 192 Jump up ^ Arnade ( 1959 ) , pp. 55 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Arnade ( 1962 ) , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Arnade ( 1959 ) , pp. 41 -- 43 , 47 , 56 . Jump up ^ David J. Weber ( 17 March 2009 ) . Spanish Frontier in North America . Yale University Press . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 15621 - 8 . Jump up ^ Daniel J. McDonough : Christopher Gadsden and Henry Laurens : The Parallel Lives of Two American Patriots p. 241 ( 2000 ) ; Publisher : Susquehanna Univ Pr ( 2000 ) ISBN 1 - 57591 - 039 - X Jump up ^ Thom Hatch ( 17 July 2012 ) . Osceola and the Great Seminole War : A Struggle for Justice and Freedom . St. Martin 's Press . pp. 214 -- 215 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4668 - 0454 - 8 . Jump up ^ Patricia Riles Wickman ( 27 August 2006 ) . Osceola 's Legacy . University of Alabama Press . p. 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 5332 - 2 . Jump up ^ Simon Harrison ( 15 June 2012 ) . Dark Trophies : Hunting and the Enemy Body in Modern War . Berghahn Books . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85745 - 499 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wickman 2006 , p. 187 -- 188 Jump up ^ Charles Bingham Reynolds ( 1885 ) . Old Saint Augustine : A Story of Three Centuries . E.H. Reynolds . pp. 130 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Wickman 2006 , p. 105 -- 106 Jump up ^ Gene M. Burnett ( 1 July 1997 ) . Florida 's Past : People and Events That Shaped the State . Pineapple Press Inc . pp. 112 -- 114 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56164 - 139 - 0 . Jump up ^ William Jewett Tenney : The military and naval history of the rebellion in the United States : With Biographical Sketches Of Deceased Officers ( 1866 ) reprint ; ( 2003 ) , Stackpole Books ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 0028 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Removing Classrooms from the Battlefield : Liberty , Paternalism , and the Redemptive Promise of Educational Choice '' , BYU Law Review , 2008 , p. 377 Archived 2010 - 02 - 25 at WebCite Jump up ^ Hilton Crowe ( December 1940 ) . `` Indian Prisoner - Students at Fort Marion : The Founding of Carlisle Was Dreamed in St. Augustine '' . the Regional Review ( United States National Park Service ) . Jump up ^ Fear - Segal , Jacqueline ( 2007 ) . White Man 's Club : Schools , Race , and the Struggle of Indian Acculturation . University of Nebraska Press . p. 14 . ISBN 0803220243 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Marion Artists '' , Smithsonian Institution , accessed 4 Dec 2008 Jump up ^ K.B. Kueteman . `` From Warrior to Saint : The life of David Pendelton Oakerhater '' . Oklahoma State University . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ The Ziibiwing Center , `` American Indian Boarding Schools : An Exploration of Global Ethnic & Cultural Cleansing '' , pp. 2 - 15 Jump up ^ Brad D. Lookingbill , War Dance at Fort Marion : Plains Indian War Prisoners , p. 200 Jump up ^ Herbert Welsh , The Apache prisoners in Fort Marion , St. Augustine , FL : 1887 Further reading ( edit ) Diane Glancy , Fort Marion Prisoners and the Trauma of Native Education . Lincoln , NE : University of Nebraska Press , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Florida portal New Spain portal Media related to Castillo de San Marcos National Monument at Wikimedia Commons Official website Description of `` Fort Marion '' from an 1867 travelers guide Castillo 's Historic Civil Engineering Landmark information Detailed history of the Castillo Take a 3D Tour of the Castillo , right in your browser Pictorial history of Fort Marion , 1925 Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) No . FL - 17 , `` Castillo de San Marcos , 1 Castillo Drive , Saint Augustine , St. Johns County , FL '' , 41 photos , 21 measured drawings , 4 data pages , 2 photo caption pages , supplemental material HABS No . 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1. Castillo de San Marcos National Monument
2. Oldest masonry fort in the continental United States
3. Spanish Empire and British occupation
4. American Revolutionary War and Second Seminole War
5. Confederate States period and Union occupation
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1,452,634,571,214,281,200 |
alcohol content of german beer vs american beer
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Beer in Germany - wikipedia Beer in Germany Jump to : navigation , search A Kranz ( wreath ) of fresh Kölsch beer that is typically carried by a server ( `` Köbes '' ) , containing traditional Stange glasses and , in the center , larger modern glasses Beer is a major part of German culture . German beer is brewed according to the Reinheitsgebot , which permits only water , hops , and malt as ingredients and stipulates that beers , not exclusively using barley - malt such as wheat beer , must be top - fermented . In 2012 , Germany ranked third in terms of per - capita beer consumption , behind the Czech Republic and Austria . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reinheitsgebot 2 Styles 2.1 Wheat beers 2.2 Pale beers 2.3 Dark beers 2.4 Unfiltered beer 3 Brands and breweries 4 Alcohol content 5 Drinkware 5.1 Weizen glass 5.2 Beer stein 5.3 Maß 5.4 Stange and Becher 5.5 Pilstulpe 5.6 Beer boot 6 Beer festivals 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Reinheitsgebot ( edit ) Main article : Reinheitsgebot The Reinheitsgebot ( `` purity decree '' ) , sometimes called the `` German Beer Purity Law '' or the `` Bavarian Purity Law '' in English , was a regulation concerning the production of beer in Germany . In the original text , the only ingredients that could be used in the production of beer were water , barley , and hops , which had to be added only while the wort was boiling . After its discovery , yeast became the fourth legal ingredient . For top - fermenting beers , the use of sugar is also permitted . There is a dispute as to where the Reinheitsgebot originated . Some Bavarians point out that the law originated in the city of Ingolstadt in the duchy of Bavaria on 23 April 1516 , although first put forward in 1487 , concerning standards for the sale and composition of beer . Thuringians point to a document which states the ingredients of beer as water , hops , and barley only , and was written in 1434 in Weißensee ( Thuringia ) . It was discovered in the medieval Runneburg near Erfurt in 1999 . Before its official repeal in 1987 , it was the oldest food - quality regulation in the world . Styles ( edit ) Wheat beers ( edit ) Unfiltered and filtered German wheat beers Weizenbier and Weißbier are the standard German names for wheat beer -- `` Weizen '' is German for `` wheat '' , and `` weiß '' is German for `` white '' . Weizenbock is the name for a strong beer or bock made with wheat . 16 - 17 ° Plato , 6.5 - 8 % ABV . Roggenbier -- a fairly dark beer made with rye , somewhat grainy flavour similar to bread , 4.5 - 6 % ABV . Berliner Weisse -- a pale , very sour , wheat beer brewed in Berlin . 9 ° Plato , 2.5 - 5 % ABV . The beer is typically served with raspberry or woodruff flavoured syrup . Leipziger Gose -- an amber , mildly sour , wheat beer with an addition of salt , brewed around Leipzig . 10 - 12 ° Plato , 4 - 5 % ABV . Hefeweizen -- an unfiltered wheat beer . `` Hefe '' is German for yeast . Kristallweizen -- a filtered wheat beer . Characterized by a clear appearance as opposed to the cloudy look of a typical Hefeweizen . Kottbusser -- an heirloom style originating in the city of Cottbus , typically containing oats , honey and molasses in addition to wheat and barley malts . Pale beers ( edit ) Export -- a pale lager brewed around Dortmund that is fuller , maltier and less hoppy than Pilsner. 12 - 12.5 ° Plato , 5 - 5.5 % ABV . Germany 's most popular style in the 1950s and 1960s , it is now becoming increasingly rare . Helles -- a malty pale lager from Bavaria of 11 - 12 ° Plato , 4.5 - 5 % ABV . Kölsch -- pale , light - bodied , top - fermented , beer which , when brewed in Germany , can only legally be brewed in the Cologne region . 11 - 12 ° Plato , 4.5 - 5 % ABV . Maibock -- a pale , strong lager brewed in the Spring . 16 - 17 ° Plato , 6.5 - 7 % ABV . Märzen at Oktoberfest , served in the traditional 1 - litre Maß . Märzen -- medium body , malty lagers that come in pale , amber and dark varieties . 13 - 14 ° Plato , 5.2 - 6 % ABV . The type of beer traditionally served at the Munich Oktoberfest . Pilsener -- a pale lager with a light body and a more prominent hop character . 11 - 12 ° Plato , 4.5 - 5 % ABV . By far the most popular style , with around two thirds of the market . Spezial -- a pale , full , bitter - sweet and delicately hopped lager. 13 - 13.5 ° Plato , 5.5 - 5.7 % ABV . Dark beers ( edit ) Altbier -- a top - fermented , lagered beer . It is brewed only in Düsseldorf and in the Lower Rhine region . Its origins lie in Westphalia , and there are still a few Altbier breweries in this region . Tastes range from mildly bitter and hoppy to exceptionally bitter . About ten breweries in the Düsseldorf region brew Altbier at 5 % - 6.5 % ABV . Bock -- a heavy - bodied , bitter - sweet lager darkened by high - coloured malts. 16 - 17 ° Plato , 6.5 - 7 % ABV . Doppelbock -- a very strong , very full - bodied lager darkened by high - coloured malts. 18 - 28 ° Plato , 8 - 12 % ABV . Dunkel -- a dark lager which comes in two main varieties : the sweetish , malty Munich style and the drier , hoppy Franconian style . Schwarzbier -- a bottom - fermented , dark lager beer with a full , roasty , chocolatey flavor . 11 - 12 ° Plato , 4.5 - 5 % ABV . Unfiltered beer ( edit ) A glass stein of unfiltered Eichbaum Kellerbier Kellerbiers are unfiltered lagers which are conditioned in a similar manner to cask ales . Strength and colour will vary , though in the Franconia region where these cask conditioned lagers are still popular , the strength will tend to be 5 % abv or slightly higher , and the colour will tend to be a deep amber , but the defining characteristic is the cask conditioning . Kellerbier is German for `` cellar beer '' . Zwickelbier was originally a sample amount of beer taken by a brewery boss from the barrel with the help of a special pipe called a `` Zwickelhahn '' . Zwickelbiers are unfiltered lagers like Kellerbier , though with a slightly different conditioning process which gives the lager more carbonation . Zwickelbiers tend to be younger , lower in alcohol and less hoppy than Kellerbiers . A very similar beer is Zoiglbier , which in the Upper Palatinate 's brewing practice is advertised with a `` Zoiglstern '' ( i.e. , sign ) -- a six - pointed blue - and - white symbol made from wooden slats , similar to a Star of David . Brands and breweries ( edit ) See also : List of brewing companies in Germany While the beer market is weaker but more centralized in northern Germany , southern Germany has many smaller , local breweries . Almost half of all German breweries are in Bavaria . In total , there are approximately 1,300 breweries in Germany producing over 5,000 brands of beer . The highest density of breweries in the world is found in Aufseß near the city of Bamberg , in the Franconia region of Bavaria with four breweries and only 1,352 citizens . The Benedictine abbey Weihenstephan brewery ( established in 725 ) is reputedly the oldest existing brewery in the world ( brewing since 1040 ) . In 2004 , Oettinger replaced Krombacher as the best selling brand in Germany . Top ten best - selling German beer brands in million hectolitres Brewery Location Output in 2012 Output in 2015 Oettinger Oettingen 5.89 5.39 Krombacher Kreuztal 5.46 5.49 Bitburger Bitburg 4.07 3.84 Beck 's Bremen 2.78 2.59 Warsteiner Warstein 2.77 2.34 Hasseröder Wernigerode 2.75 2.25 Veltins Meschede 2.72 2.79 Paulaner Munich 2.30 2.42 Radeberger Radeberg 1.91 1.90 Erdinger Erding 1.72 1.80 Alcohol content ( edit ) The alcohol - by - volume , or ABV , content of beers in Germany is usually between 4.7 % and 5.4 % for most traditional brews . Bockbier or Doppelbock ( double Bockbier ) can have an alcohol content of up to 16 % , making it stronger than many wines . Drinkware ( edit ) Further information : Beer glassware An ornate stoneware beer stein . A common half - litre Humpen mug . A Weizen beer glass . A Pilsner beer glass Dunkel , pictured here in a Stange glass . A Maßkrug is the style of glassware featured at German Oktoberfest celebrations . A German bierstiefel ( beer boot ) . A Berliner Weisse glass . Weizen glass ( edit ) A glass of Weizen A Weizen glass is used to serve Weizenbier . Originating in Germany , the glass is narrow at the bottom and slightly wider at the top ; the width both releasing aroma , and providing room for the often thick , fluffy heads produced by wheat beer . It tends to be taller than a pint glass , and generally holds 500 millilitres with room for foam or `` head '' . In some countries , such as Belgium , the glass may be 250 ml or 330 ml . Wheat beers tend to foam a lot , especially if poured incorrectly . In pubs , if the bottle is handed to the patron for self pouring , it is customary for the glass to be taken to the patron wet or with a bit of water in the bottom to be swirled around to wet the entire glass to keep the beer from foaming excessively . Beer stein ( edit ) A beer stein ( or simply a stein / ˈstaɪn / STYNE ) is an English neologism for a traditional type of beer mug . Steins may be made of stoneware ( rarely the inferior earthenware ) , pewter , porcelain , silver , glass , or wood . They may have open tops or may have hinged pewter lids with a thumb - lever . Steins usually come in sizes of a half litre or full litre ( or comparable historical sizes ) . Like decorative tankards , they are often decorated in nostalgic themes , generally showing allusions to Germany or Bavaria . It is believed by some that the lid was implemented during the time of the Black Plague to prevent diseased flies from getting into the beer . Maß ( edit ) The Maß ( pronounced ( mas ) ) is a term used in German - speaking countries for a unit of volume , now typically used only for measuring beer sold for immediate on - site consumption . In modern times , a Maß is defined as exactly 1 litre . As a maß is a unit of measure , various designs are possible : modern maß krugs are often handled glass tankards , although they may also be in the form of steins . At the Octoberfest beer is only available in maß krugs . Stange and Becher ( edit ) A Stange ( stick or rod ) is a cylindrical glass that is traditionally used for Kölsch beer . A Becher ( tumbler ) , traditionally used for Altbier , is similar to a Stange but is slightly shorter and much thicker . Stangen are carried by placing them into holes in a special tray called a Kranz ( wreath ) . In Cologne Stanges are usually served by traditional waiters called Köbes . Pilstulpe ( edit ) Traditional German Pilstulpen The Pilstulpe ( `` Pilsner Tulip '' ) or Biertulpe ( `` Beer tulip '' ) is the tradition glass for German pilsner beers . Sizes are typically around 300 millilitres ( 11 imp fl oz ; 10 US fl oz ) , but can be as large as 500 millilitres ( 18 imp fl oz ; 17 US fl oz ) . When used in restaurant settings , a small piece of absorbent paper is placed around the base to absorb any drips from spilling or condensation . Beer boot ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Beer boots ( Bierstiefel in German ) have over a century of history and culture behind them . It is commonly believed that a general somewhere promised his troops to drink beer from his boot if they were successful in battle . When the troops prevailed , the general had a glassmaker fashion a boot from glass to fulfill his promise without tasting his own feet and to avoid spoiling the beer in his leather boot . Since then , soldiers have enjoyed toasting to their victories with a beer boot . At gatherings in Germany , Austria , and Switzerland , beer boots are often passed among the guests for a festive drinking challenge . Since the movie Beerfest appeared in 2006 , beer boots have become increasingly popular in the United States . Glass beer boots are either manufactured using a mold or from mouth - blown glass by skilled artisans . In Germany , beer boots usually contain between 2 and 4 litres and are passed from one guest at the table to the next one clockwise . When almost reaching the bottom of the boot , it suddenly starts bubbling . The drinker who caused the bubbling has to order the next boot . There are also boots known with 6 and 8 litres . Beer festivals ( edit ) Main article : Beer festival Inside a tent at Munich 's Oktoberfest - the world 's largest beer festival Oktoberfest is a 16 - to 18 - day festival held annually in Munich , Bavaria , Germany , running from late September to the first weekend in October . Only beer which is brewed within the city limits of Munich with a minimum of 13.5 % Stammwürze ( approximately 6 % alcohol by volume ) is allowed to be served in this festival . Upon passing this criterion , a beer is designated Oktoberfest Beer . Large quantities of German beer are consumed , with almost 7 million liters served during the 16 - day festival in 2007 . Recently in 2015 the festival officially served 7.3 million liters of beer . Other festivals include The Cannstatter Volksfest in Stuttgart . The Gäubodenvolksfest in Straubing The Bergkirchweih in Erlangen The Hanover Schützenfest The Freimarkt in Bremen The Volksfest at the Hamburger Dom The Augsburger Plärrer in Augsburg The Nockherberg Starkbierfest in Munich In many cases , the beer festival is part of a general funfair or volksfest . See also ( edit ) Beer portal Germany portal Beer and breweries by region List of brewing companies in Germany Reinheitsgebot , German Beer Purity Order References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Vorläufiges Biergesetz '' . Archived from the original on 9 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 492 Years of Good Beer '' . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Kirin Beer University Report , Global Beer Consumption by Country in 2012 '' . Table 3 . See also : List of countries by beer consumption per capita Jump up ^ `` Bavaria '' ; Bolt , Rodney ; Globe Pequot Press ; Connecticut ; 2005 ; pg 37 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived March 20 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 492 Years of Good Beer : Germans Toast the Anniversary of Their Beer Purity Law - International - SPIEGEL ONLINE - News '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Weissbier '' . German Beer Institute . Archived from the original on 24 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ M. Gibson ( 2010 ) . The Sommelier Prep Course : An Introduction to the Wines , Beers , and Spirits . John Wiley and Sons . p. 364 . ISBN 9780470283189 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived April 24 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson 's Beer Hunter - Beer Styles : Kellerbier '' . Beer Hunter . Archived from the original on 5 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kellerbier German Beer Institute Jump up ^ Zwickelbier Jump up ^ About the history of Zoiglbier Jump up ^ Pronunciation and definition of Zoiglbier Jump up ^ Quoted in Sonntag Aktuell Newspaper ( Stuttgart ) , 28.09. 2008 Jump up ^ World 's Best Beers : One Thousand Craft Brews from Cask to Glass by Ben McFarland Jump up ^ Cited news from Financial Times Germany on oettinger.de Jump up ^ Table Statista , 2013 . Jump up ^ FAZ.net Bierblog Jump up ^ Ben McFarland , World 's Best Beers : One Thousand Craft Brews from Cask to Glass , page 27 . Sterling Publishing Company , Inc. , 2009 , ISBN 1 - 4027 - 6694 - 7 . 2009 - 10 - 06 . ISBN 9781402766947 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ The Beer Journal . Google Books . 2007 - 08 - 30 . ISBN 9781430312468 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Gary Kirsner ( 1999 ) . `` A Brief History of Beer Steins '' . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History of Oktoberfest - How It Began in Munich Germany '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 07 . Further reading ( edit ) Prost ! : The Story of German Beer , Horst D. Dornbusch , Brewers Publications ( 1997 ) , ISBN 0 - 937381 - 55 - 1 Good Beer Guide Germany , Steve Thomas , CAMRA Books ( 17 May 2006 ) , ISBN 1 - 85249 - 219 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to German beers . EuropeanBeerGuide.net <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Beers of the world Africa Cape Verde Egypt Kenya Morocco Nigeria South Africa Tanzania Asia Azerbaijan China Tibet Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Malaysia Myanmar North Korea Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Thailand Turkey Vietnam Europe Albania Armenia Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany List of brewing companies in Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland North America Caribbean countries Canada Quebec Central American countries Costa Rica Mexico Panama United States Puerto Rico Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Brazil Chile Colombia Venezuela <Td_colspan="3"> Alcohol belts of Europe List of countries by beer consumption per capita List of microbreweries Beer portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beer_in_Germany&oldid=800953617 '' Categories : Beer in Germany German cuisine Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing German - language text Articles needing additional references from March 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Svenska Українська 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 19 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. German beer culture
2. Reinheitsgebot (German Beer Purity Law)
3. Different styles of German beer
4. Brands and breweries in Germany
5. Beer festivals in Germany
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9,102,599,640,838,448,000 |
when would an anti-lock braking system start to work
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Anti-lock braking system - wikipedia Anti-lock braking system Symbol for ABS ABS brakes on a BMW motorcycle An anti-lock braking system ( ABS ) is a safety anti-skid braking system used on aircraft and on land vehicles , such as cars , motorcycles , trucks and buses . ABS operates by preventing the wheels from locking up during braking , thereby maintaining tractive contact with the road surface . ABS is an automated system that uses the principles of threshold braking and cadence braking which were once practised by skilful drivers with earlier non-ABS braking systems . ABS operates at a very much faster rate and more effectively than most drivers could manage . Although ABS generally offers improved vehicle control and decreases stopping distances on dry and slippery surfaces , on loose gravel or snow - covered surfaces , ABS may significantly increase braking distance , while still improving steering control . Since ABS was introduced in production vehicles , such systems have become increasingly sophisticated and effective . Modern versions may only prevent wheel lock under braking , but may also alter the front - to - rear brake bias . This latter function , depending on its specific capabilities and implementation , is known variously as electronic brakeforce distribution , traction control system , emergency brake assist , or electronic stability control ( ESC ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early systems 1.2 Modern systems 2 Operation 3 Components 4 Use 5 Brake types 6 Effectiveness 7 ABS on motorcycles 7.1 History of motorcycle ABS 8 System and functions 8.1 Basic principle 8.2 Anti-lock Braking System ( ABS ) 8.3 Combined Braking System ( CBS ) 8.4 CBS and ABS 9 Perception and legislation 10 See also 11 Further reading 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Early systems ( edit ) The concept for ABS predates the modern systems that were introduced in the 1950s . In 1908 , for example , J.E. Francis introduced his ' Slip Prevention Regulator for Rail Vehicles ' . In 1920 the French automobile and aircraft pioneer Gabriel Voisin experimented with systems that modulated the hydraulic braking pressure on his aircraft brakes to reduce the risk of tire slippage . These systems used a flywheel and valve attached to a hydraulic line that feeds the brake cylinders . The flywheel is attached to a drum that runs at the same speed as the wheel . In normal braking , the drum and flywheel should spin at the same speed . However , when a wheel slows down , then the drum would do the same , leaving the flywheel spinning at a faster rate . This causes the valve to open , allowing a small amount of brake fluid to bypass the master cylinder into a local reservoir , lowering the pressure on the cylinder and releasing the brakes . The use of the drum and flywheel meant the valve only opened when the wheel was turning . In testing , a 30 % improvement in braking performance was noted , because the pilots immediately applied full brakes instead of slowly increasing pressure in order to find the skid point . An additional benefit was the elimination of burned or burst tires . The first patented system was created by German engineer Karl Wessel in 1928 . Wessel , however , never developed a working product and neither did Robert Bosch who produced a similar patent eight years later . By the early 1950s , the Dunlop Maxaret anti-skid system was in widespread aviation use in the UK , with aircraft such as the Avro Vulcan and Handley Page Victor , Vickers Viscount , Vickers Valiant , English Electric Lightning , de Havilland Comet 2c , de Havilland Sea Vixen , and later aircraft , such as the Vickers VC10 , Hawker Siddeley Trident , Hawker Siddeley 125 , Hawker Siddeley HS 748 and derived British Aerospace ATP , and BAC One - Eleven being fitted with Maxaret as standard . Maxaret , while reducing braking distances by up to 30 % in icy or wet conditions , also increased tire life , and had the additional advantage of allowing take - offs and landings in conditions that would preclude flying at all in non-Maxaret equipped aircraft . In 1958 , a Royal Enfield Super Meteor motorcycle was used by the Road Research Laboratory to test the Maxaret anti-lock brake . The experiments demonstrated that anti-lock brakes can be of great value to motorcycles , for which skidding is involved in a high proportion of accidents . Stopping distances were reduced in most of the tests compared with locked wheel braking , particularly on slippery surfaces , in which the improvement could be as much as 30 percent . Enfield 's technical director at the time , Tony Wilson - Jones , saw little future in the system , however , and it was not put into production by the company . A fully mechanical system saw limited automobile use in the 1960s in the Ferguson P99 racing car , the Jensen FF , and the experimental all wheel drive Ford Zodiac , but saw no further use ; the system proved expensive and unreliable . The first fully electronic anti lock system was developed in the late 1960s for the Concorde aircraft . Modern systems ( edit ) Chrysler , together with the Bendix Corporation , introduced a computerized , three - channel , four - sensor all - wheel ABS called `` Sure Brake '' for its 1971 Imperial . It was available for several years thereafter , functioned as intended , and proved reliable . In 1970 , Ford added an antilock braking system called `` Sure - track '' to the rear wheels of Lincoln Continentals as an option ; it became standard in 1971 . In 1971 , General Motors introduced the `` Trackmaster '' rear - wheel only ABS as an option on their rear - wheel drive Cadillac models and the Oldsmobile Toronado . In the same year , Nissan offered an EAL ( Electro Anti-lock System ) developed by Japanese company Denso as an option on the Nissan President , which became Japan 's first electronic ABS . 1971 : Electronically controlled anti-skid brakes on Toyota Crown In 1972 , four wheel drive Triumph 2500 Estates were fitted with Mullard electronic systems as standard . Such cars were very rare however and very few survive today . 1971 : First truck application : `` Antislittamento '' system developed by Fiat Veicoli Industriali and installed on Fiat truck model 691N1 . 1976 : WABCO began the development of anti-locking braking system on commercial vehicles to prevent locking on slippery roads , followed in 1986 by the electronic braking system ( EBS ) for heavy duty vehicles . 1978 : Mercedes - Benz W116 became the first production car to use an electronic four - wheel multi-channel anti-lock braking system ( ABS ) from Bosch as an option from 1978 on . 1982 : Honda introduced electronically controlled multi-channel ALB ( Anti Locking Brakes ) as an option for the second generation of Prelude , launched worldwide in 1982 . Additional info : The general agent for Honda in Norway required all Preludes for the Norwegian market to have the ALB - system as a standard feature , making Honda Prelude to be the first car delivered in Europe with ABS as a standard feature . The Norwegian general agent also included sun roof and other options to be standard equipment in Norway , adding more luxury to the Honda brand . However , the Norwegian tax system made the well - equipped car very expensive , and the sales suffered from high cost . From 1984 the ALB - system , as well as the other optional features from Honda , was no longer a standard feature in Norway . In 1985 the Ford Scorpio was introduced to European market with a Teves electronic system throughout the range as standard . For this the model was awarded the coveted European Car of the Year Award in 1986 , with very favourable praise from motoring journalists . After this success Ford began research into Anti-Lock systems for the rest of their range , which encouraged other manufacturers to follow suit . In 1988 , BMW introduced the first motorcycle with an electronic - hydraulic ABS : the BMW K100 . Yamaha Introduced the FJ1200 model with optional ABS in 1991 . Honda followed suit in 1992 with the launch of its first motorcycle ABS on the ST1100 Pan European . In 2007 , Suzuki launched its GSF1200SA ( Bandit ) with an ABS . In 2005 , Harley - Davidson began offering an ABS option on police bikes . In 1993 , Lincoln became one of the first automobile companies to provide standard four - wheel anti-lock brakes on all of their vehicles . Operation ( edit ) The anti-lock brake controller is also known as the CAB ( Controller Anti-lock Brake ) . Typically ABS includes a central electronic control unit ( ECU ) , four wheel speed sensors , and at least two hydraulic valves within the brake hydraulics . The ECU constantly monitors the rotational speed of each wheel ; if it detects the wheel rotating significantly slower than the speed of the vehicle , a condition indicative of impending wheel lock , it actuates the valves to reduce hydraulic pressure to the brake at the affected wheel , thus reducing the braking force on that wheel ; the wheel then turns faster . Conversely , if the ECU detects a wheel turning significantly faster than the others , brake hydraulic pressure to the wheel is increased so the braking force is reapplied , slowing down the wheel . This process is repeated continuously and can be detected by the driver via brake pedal pulsation . Some anti-lock systems can apply or release braking pressure 15 times per second . Because of this , the wheels of cars equipped with ABS are practically impossible to lock even during panic braking in extreme conditions . The ECU is programmed to disregard differences in wheel rotative speed below a critical threshold , because when the car is turning , the two wheels towards the center of the curve turn slower than the outer two . For this same reason , a differential is used in virtually all roadgoing vehicles . If a fault develops in any part of the ABS , a warning light will usually be illuminated on the vehicle instrument panel , and the ABS will be disabled until the fault is rectified . Modern ABS applies individual brake pressure to all four wheels through a control system of hub - mounted sensors and a dedicated micro-controller . ABS is offered or comes standard on most road vehicles produced today and is the foundation for electronic stability control systems , which are rapidly increasing in popularity due to the vast reduction in price of vehicle electronics over the years . Modern electronic stability control systems are an evolution of the ABS concept . Here , a minimum of two additional sensors are added to help the system work : these are a steering wheel angle sensor , and a gyroscopic sensor . The theory of operation is simple : when the gyroscopic sensor detects that the direction taken by the car does not coincide with what the steering wheel sensor reports , the ESC software will brake the necessary individual wheel ( s ) ( up to three with the most sophisticated systems ) , so that the vehicle goes the way the driver intends . The steering wheel sensor also helps in the operation of Cornering Brake Control ( CBC ) , since this will tell the ABS that wheels on the inside of the curve should brake more than wheels on the outside , and by how much . ABS equipment may also be used to implement a traction control system ( TCS ) on acceleration of the vehicle . If , when accelerating , the tire loses traction , the ABS controller can detect the situation and take suitable action so that traction is regained . More sophisticated versions of this can also control throttle levels and brakes simultaneously . The speed sensors of ABS are sometimes used in indirect tire pressure monitoring system ( TPMS ) , which can detect under - inflation of tire ( s ) by difference in rotational speed of wheels . Components ( edit ) There are four main components of ABS : wheel speed sensors , valves , a pump , and a controller . ABS speed sensors Speed sensors A speed sensor is used to determine the acceleration or deceleration of the wheel . These sensors use a magnet and a Hall effect sensor , or a toothed wheel and an electromagnetic coil to generate a signal . The rotation of the wheel or differential induces a magnetic field around the sensor . The fluctuations of this magnetic field generate a voltage in the sensor . Since the voltage induced in the sensor is a result of the rotating wheel , this sensor can become inaccurate at slow speeds . The slower rotation of the wheel can cause inaccurate fluctuations in the magnetic field and thus cause inaccurate readings to the controller . Valves There is a valve in the brake line of each brake controlled by the ABS . On some systems , the valve has three positions : In position one , the valve is open ; pressure from the master cylinder is passed right through to the brake . In position two , the valve blocks the line , isolating that brake from the master cylinder . This prevents the pressure from rising further should the driver push the brake pedal harder . In position three , the valve releases some of the pressure from the brake . Partialy disassembled four - channel hydraulic control unit containing motor , pump and valves The majority of problems with the valve system occur due to clogged valves . When a valve is clogged it is unable to open , close , or change position . An inoperable valve will prevent the system from modulating the valves and controlling pressure supplied to the brakes . Electronic control module Pump The pump in the ABS is used to restore the pressure to the hydraulic brakes after the valves have released it . A signal from the controller will release the valve at the detection of wheel slip . After a valve releases the pressure supplied from the user , the pump is used to restore a desired amount of pressure to the braking system . The controller will modulate the pump 's status in order to provide the desired amount of pressure and reduce slipping . Controller The controller is an ECU type unit in the car which receives information from each individual wheel speed sensor . If a wheel loses traction , the signal is sent to the controller . The controller will then limit the brake force ( EBD ) and activate the ABS modulator which actuates the braking valves on and off . Use ( edit ) There are many different variations and control algorithms for use in ABS . One of the simpler systems works as follows : The controller monitors the speed sensors at all times . It is looking for decelerations in the wheel that are out of the ordinary . Right before a wheel locks up , it will experience a rapid deceleration . If left unchecked , the wheel would stop much more quickly than any car could . It might take a car five seconds to stop from 60 mph ( 96.6 km / h ) under ideal conditions , but a wheel that locks up could stop spinning in less than a second . The ABS controller ' knows ' that such a rapid deceleration is impossible , so it reduces the pressure to that brake until it sees an acceleration , then it increases the pressure until it sees the deceleration again . It can do this very quickly , before the wheel can actually significantly change speed . The result is that the wheel slows down at the same rate as the car , with the brakes keeping the wheels very near the point at which they will start to lock up . This gives the system maximum braking power . This replaces the need to manually pump the brakes while driving on a slippery or a low traction surface , allowing to steer even in most emergency braking conditions . When the ABS is in operation the driver will feel a pulsing in the brake pedal ; this comes from the rapid opening and closing of the valves . This pulsing also tells the driver that the ABS has been triggered . Brake types ( edit ) Anti-lock braking systems use different schemes depending on the type of brakes in use . They can be differentiated by the number of channels : that is , how many valves that are individually controlled -- and the number of speed sensors . 1 ) Four - channel , four - sensor ABS There is a speed sensor on all four wheels and a separate valve for all four wheels . With this setup , the controller monitors each wheel individually to make sure it is achieving maximum braking force . 2 ) Three - channel , four - sensor ABS There is a speed sensor on all four wheels and a separate valve for each of the front wheels , but only one valve for both of the rear wheels . Older vehicles with four - wheel ABS usually use this type . 3 ) Three - channel , three - sensor ABS This scheme , commonly found on pickup trucks with four - wheel ABS , has a speed sensor and a valve for each of the front wheels , with one valve and one sensor for both rear wheels . The speed sensor for the rear wheels is located in the rear axle . This system provides individual control of the front wheels , so they can both achieve maximum braking force . The rear wheels , however , are monitored together ; they both have to start to lock up before the ABS will activate on the rear . With this system , it is possible that one of the rear wheels will lock during a stop , reducing brake effectiveness . This system is easy to identify , as there are no individual speed sensors for the rear wheels . 4 ) Two - channel , four sensor ABS This system , commonly found on passenger cars from the late ' 80s through the mid 1990s , uses a speed sensor at each wheel , with one control valve each for the front and rear wheels as a pair . If the speed sensor detects lock up at any individual wheel , the control module pulses the valve for both wheels on that end of the car . 5 ) One - channel , one - sensor ABS This system is commonly found on pickup trucks , SUVs , and vans with rear - wheel ABS . It has one valve , which controls both rear wheels , and one speed sensor , located in the rear axle . This system operates the same as the rear end of a three - channel system . The rear wheels are monitored together and they both have to start to lock up before the ABS kicks in . In this system it is also possible that one of the rear wheels will lock , reducing brake effectiveness . This system is also easy to identify , as there are no individual speed sensors for any of the wheels . Effectiveness ( edit ) A 2004 Australian study by Monash University Accident Research Centre found that ABS : Reduced the risk of multiple vehicle crashes by 18 percent , Increased the risk of run - off - road crashes by 35 percent . On high - traction surfaces such as bitumen , or concrete , many ( though not all ) ABS - equipped cars are able to attain braking distances better ( i.e. shorter ) than those that would be possible without the benefit of ABS . In real world conditions , even an alert and experienced driver without ABS would find it difficult to match or improve on the performance of a typical driver with a modern ABS - equipped vehicle . ABS reduces chances of crashing , and / or the severity of impact . The recommended technique for non-expert drivers in an ABS - equipped car , in a typical full - braking emergency , is to press the brake pedal as firmly as possible and , where appropriate , to steer around obstructions . In such situations , ABS will significantly reduce the chances of a skid and subsequent loss of control . In gravel , sand and deep snow , ABS tends to increase braking distances . On these surfaces , locked wheels dig in and stop the vehicle more quickly . ABS prevents this from occurring . Some ABS calibrations reduce this problem by slowing the cycling time , thus letting the wheels repeatedly briefly lock and unlock . Some vehicle manufacturers provide an `` off - road '' button to turn ABS function off . The primary benefit of ABS on such surfaces is to increase the ability of the driver to maintain control of the car rather than go into a skid , though loss of control remains more likely on soft surfaces such as gravel or on slippery surfaces such as snow or ice . On a very slippery surface such as sheet ice or gravel , it is possible to lock multiple wheels at once , and this can defeat ABS ( which relies on comparing all four wheels , and detecting individual wheels skidding ) . Availability of ABS relieves most drivers from learning threshold braking . A June 1999 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) study found that ABS increased stopping distances on loose gravel by an average of 27.2 percent . According to the NHTSA , `` ABS works with your regular braking system by automatically pumping them . In vehicles not equipped with ABS , the driver has to manually pump the brakes to prevent wheel lockup . In vehicles equipped with ABS , your foot should remain firmly planted on the brake pedal , while ABS pumps the brakes for you so you can concentrate on steering to safety . '' When activated , some earlier ABS systems caused the brake pedal to pulse noticeably . As most drivers rarely or do not brake hard enough to cause brake lock - up , and drivers typically do not read the vehicle 's owners manual , this may not be noticeable until an emergency . Some manufacturers have therefore implemented a brake assist system that determines that the driver is attempting a `` panic stop '' ( by detecting that the brake pedal was depressed very fast , unlike a normal stop where the pedal pressure would usually be gradually increased , Some systems additionally monitor the rate at the accelerator was released ) and the system automatically increases braking force where not enough pressure is applied . Hard or panic braking on bumpy surfaces , because of the bumps causing the speed of the wheel ( s ) to become erratic may also trigger the ABS , sometimes causing the system to enter its ice mode , where the system severely limits maximum available braking power . Nevertheless , ABS significantly improves safety and control for drivers in most on - road situations . Anti-lock brakes are the subject of some experiments centred around risk compensation theory , which asserts that drivers adapt to the safety benefit of ABS by driving more aggressively . In a Munich study , half a fleet of taxicabs was equipped with anti-lock brakes , while the other half had conventional brake systems . The crash rate was substantially the same for both types of cab , and Wilde concludes this was due to drivers of ABS - equipped cabs taking more risks , assuming that ABS would take care of them , while the non-ABS drivers drove more carefully since ABS would not be there to help in case of a dangerous situation . The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety released a study in 2010 that found motorcycles with ABS 37 % less likely to be involved in a fatal crash than models without ABS . ABS on motorcycles ( edit ) The ABS sensor of a BMW K 1100 LT A toothed - wheel ABS sensor . These are the front brake discs on a BMW R1150GS . The toothed ABS ring indicates that this bike was manufactured before November 2002 . Another toothed - wheel ABS sensor . This is on a BMW K75 motorcycle . On a motorcycle , an anti-lock brake system prevents the wheels of a powered two wheeler from locking during braking situations . Based on information from wheel speed sensors the ABS unit adjusts the pressure of the brake fluid in order to keep traction during deceleration to avoid accidents . Motorcycle ABS helps the rider to maintain stability during braking and to decrease the stopping distance . It provides traction even on low friction surfaces . While older ABS models are derived from cars , recent ABS are the result of research , oriented on the specifics of motorcycles in case of size , weight and functionality . National and international organizations evaluate Motorcycle ABS as an important factor to increase safety and reduce motorcycle accident numbers . The European Commission passed legislation in 2012 that made the fitment with ABS for all new motorcycles above 125 cm to be mandatory from 1 January 2016 . Consumer Reports said in 2016 that `` ABS is commonly offered on large , expensive models , but it has been spreading to several entry - level sport bikes and midsized bikes '' . History of motorcycle ABS ( edit ) In 1988 , BMW introduced an electronic / hydraulic ABS for motorcycles , ten years after Daimler Benz and Bosch released the first four - wheel vehicle ABS for series production . Motorcycles of BMW K100 series were optionally equipped with the ABS , which added 11 kg to the bike . It was developed together with FAG Kugelfischer and regulated the pressure in the braking circuits via a plunger piston . Japanese manufacturers followed with an ABS option by 1992 on the Honda ST1100 and the Yamaha FJ1200 . Continental presented its first Motorcycle Integral ABS ( MIB ) in 2006 . It has been developed in cooperation with BMW and weighed 2.3 kg . While the first generation of motorcycle ABS weighed around 11 kg . The current generation ( 2011 ) presented by Bosch in 2009 weighs 0.7 kg ( ABS base ) and 1.6 kg ( ABS enhanced ) with integral braking . System and functions ( edit ) Basic principle ( edit ) Wheel speed sensors mounted on front and rear wheel constantly measure the rotational speed of each wheel and deliver this information to an Electronic Control Unit ( ECU ) . The ECU detects on the one hand if the deceleration of one wheel exceeds a fixed threshold and on the other hand whether the brake slip , calculated based on information of both wheels , rises above a certain percentage and enters an unstable zone . These are indicators for a high possibility of a locking wheel . To countermeasure these irregularities the ECU signals the hydraulic unit to hold or to release pressure . After signals show the return to the stable zone , pressure is increased again . Past models used a piston for the control of the fluid pressure . Most recent models regulate the pressure by rapidly opening and closing solenoid valves . While the basic principle and architecture has been carried over from passenger car ABS , typical motorcycle characteristics have to be considered during the development and application processes . One characteristic is the change of the dynamic wheel load during braking . Compared to cars , the wheel load changes are more drastic , which can lead to a wheel lift up and a fall over . This can be intensified by a soft suspension . Some systems are equipped with a rear wheel lift off mitigation functionality . When the indicators of a possible rear lift off are detected , the system releases brake pressure on the front wheel to counter this behavior . Another difference is that in case of the motorcycle the front wheel is much more important for stability than the rear wheel . If the front wheel locks up between 0.2 - 0.7 s , it loses gyrostatic forces and the motorcycle starts to oscillate because the increased influence of side forces operating on the wheel contact line . The motorcycle becomes unstable and falls . Anti-lock braking system ( ABS ) ( edit ) Piston Systems The pressure release in this system is realized through movement of a spring - tensioned piston . When pressure should be released , a linear motor pulls back the plunger piston and opens up more space for the fluid . The system was used for example in the ABS I ( 1988 ) and ABS II ( 1993 ) of BMW . The ABS II differed in size and an electronically controlled friction clutch was mounted on the shaft instead of a plunger . Further displacement sensors record the travel distance of the piston to allow the control unit a more precise regulation . Honda also uses this system of pressure modulation for big sports and touring bikes . Valve and Pump Systems The main parts which are part of the pressure modulation system are solenoid inlet and outlet valves , a pump , motor and accumulators / reservoirs . The number of the valves differs from model to model due to additional functionalities and the number of brake channels . Based on the input of the ECU , coils operate the in - and outlet valves . During pressure release the brake fluid is stored in accumulators . In this open system approach the fluid is then brought back in the brake circuit via a pump operated by a motor which is felt through pulsation on the brake lever . Combined braking system ( CBS ) ( edit ) Different from cars , planes or trains , motorcycle rear and front wheels are controlled separately . If the rider only brakes with one wheel , this braked wheel tends to lock up faster than if both brakes had been applied . A Combined Braking System therefore distributes the brake force also to the non-braked wheel to lower the possibility of a lock up , increase deceleration and reduce suspension pitch . With a single ( rear ) CBS the brake pressure applied on the rear brake ( pedal ) is simultaneously distributed to the front wheel . A delay valve cuts the hydraulic pressure to assure that only when strong braking is applied , pressure is also created at the front wheel . Honda 's first street motorcycle with a combined braking system ( then called Unified Braking ) was the 1983 GL1100 . This system was derived from a 1970s RCB1000 world endurance race bike . Larger models with two front discs use a dual CBS System . The system was first installed by Moto Guzzi in 1975 . Here , applied brake pressure at the front is also applied to the rear wheel and vice versa . If the front lever is applied , pressure is built up at 4 of the 6 pots in the 2 calipers at the front . A secondary master cylinder at the front wheel distributes remaining pressure to the rear wheel through a proportional control valve and acts on 2 of the 3 calipers . If strong brake force is applied at the rear wheel force is also distributed to 2 of the 6 pots of the front wheel . More modern dual CBS use front and rear calipers ( and all pots ) according to a preset load ratio of front to rear . The proportioning was originally controlled by complex all - hydraulic systems interlinking the front and rear , with a fixed delay or by sensing weight distribution changes . As early as 2001 an electrohydraulic system was introduced by BMW . CBS and ABS ( edit ) CBS helps to reduce the danger of wheel locks and fall downs but in certain situations it is possible that CBS causes a fall down . If brake pressure is distributed from the rear wheel to the front wheel and the friction of the surfaces changes suddenly ( puddle , ice on the street ) the front wheel might lock even if only the rear brake has been applied . This would lead to a loss of stability and a fall down . CBS is therefore combined with ABS to avoid this on a motorcycle . Different approaches are possible to realize this combination : Without active pressure Build up Single Version : A third additional channel links the rear wheel circuit through a delay valve to the front brake . Strong brake pressure at the rear wheel ( or both wheels ) pressurises both brake circuits however this pressure is adjusted according to wheel speed and brake slip . The dual version combines Hondas Dual CBS with a secondary master cylinder and a proportional control valve ( with Piston ABS ) A modulator regulates the pressure for each With Active Pressure Build up In 2009 , Honda introduced the electronic controlled combined ABS for its high performance sports bikes which utilizes brake by wire technology . The brake input of the rider is measured by pressure sensors and the information is provided to an ECU . Together with the information of the wheel speed sensors the ECU calculates the optimal distribution of pressure to prevent lockups and to provide best possible deceleration . Based on this output a motor for each wheel operates a pump which builds up and regulates the brake pressure on the wheel . This system offers a fast reaction time because of the brake by wire functionality . The MIB ( Motorcycle integral Braking system ) from Continental Teves and the eCBS ( electronic CBS ) in the enhanced Motorcycle ABS from Bosch are results of another approach . These systems are based on the pump and valve approach . Through additional valves , stronger pumps and a more powerful motor the system can actively build up pressure . The input pressure of the rider is measured with pressure sensors at the lever and pedal . The pump then builds up additional pressure adjusted to riding conditions . A partial integral System is designed for working in one direction only : front → rear or rear → front . A fully integral system works in both directions . Because these systems are electronically controlled and are able to build up pressure actively , they offer the opportunity to adjust the motorcycle braking behavior to the rider . CBS and ABS can be switched off by experienced riders and also different regulation modes with higher and lower thresholds can be chosen . Like the rain or slick mode in the BMW S1000RR . Perception and legislation ( edit ) A report of the European Transport Safety council showed that riding a motorcycle is 20 times more dangerous than driving a car the same distance . And the accidents situation in Germany from 1990 to 2011 showed that total traffic fatalities decreased drastically ( 11 000 to 4 009 ) but motorcycle fatalities remained constant . The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) conducted a study on the effectiveness of ABS for motorcycles and came to the conclusion that motorcycles above 250 cm without ABS are 37 percent more likely to be involved in fatal crashes and a study of the Swedish Road Administration came to the conclusion that 48 percent of all severe and fatal motorcycle accidents above 125 cm could be avoided due to motorcycle ABS These studies caused the EU commission to initiate a legislative process in 2010 that was passed in 2012 and led to ABS for motorcycles above 125 cm becoming mandatory from 2016 onwards . Organizations like the Federation International de l'Automobile and the Institute of advanced Motorists ( IAM ) demanded the implementation of this legislation already for 2015 . On the other hand , some motorcycle riders are protesting against a compulsory ABS for all bikes because they call for a possibility to switch the system off , for off road usage or for other reasons . In 2011 the United Nations ( UN ) started the Decade of Action for Road Safety . The main goal is to save 5 million lives until 2020 through global cooperation . One part of their global plan is to : Encourage universal deployment of crash avoidance technologies with proven effectiveness such as Electronic Stability Control and Anti-Lock Braking Systems in motorcycles . ABS are required on all new passenger cars sold in the EU since 2004 . In the United States , the NHTSA has mandated ABS in conjunction with Electronic Stability Control under the provisions of FMVSS 126 as of September 1 , 2013 . See also ( edit ) Technology portal Left - foot braking Further reading ( edit ) Mayersohn , Norman S. ( August 1988 ) . Antilock Brakes At Last . Popular Mechanics . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 18 . Brown , Stuart F. ( May 1987 ) . Anti-lock Brakes for Motorcycles . Popular Science . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 18 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Toyota Prius c features safety anti-skid braking system ( ABS ) '' . Toyota Motor Corporation Australia . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Prius c is equipped with Toyota 's Anti-skid Braking System ( ABS ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Effectiveness of ABS and Vehicle Stability Control Systems '' ( PDF ) . Royal Automobile Club of Victoria . April 2004 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Heißing , Bernd ( 2011 ) , Chassis Handbook , Springer , ISBN 9783834897893 , retrieved February 19 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Speed With Style '' , Cycle World , June 1992 , ISSN 0011 - 4286 , retrieved February 19 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Jon Lawes ( 31 January 2014 ) . Car Brakes : A Guide to Upgrading , Repair and Maintenance . Crowood . pp. 207 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84797 - 675 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Skid Braking '' . Flight International . 30 October 1953 . pp. 587 -- 588 . Jump up ^ `` Browse Flight 's archive of Historic Aviation '' . Flightglobal.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Jim ( 1990 ) . Best of British Bikes . Patrick Stephens Ltd . ISBN 1 - 85260 - 033 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Directory Index : Chrysler_and_Imperial / 1972 Chrysler / 1972_Imperial_Press_Kit '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Imperial Sure Brake system description '' . ImperialClub.org . Jump up ^ `` Directory Index : Lincoln / 1970_Lincoln / 1970 Lincoln Continental Brochure '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Directory Index : Lincoln / 1971_Lincoln / 1971_Lincoln_Continental_Brochure '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Directory Index : Cadillac / 1972_Cadillac / 1972_Cadillac_Brochure_1 '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . We Love Cadillacs . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 , First Automotive Anti-lock Brake System ( ABS ) '' . gmheritagecenter.com . Jump up ^ `` Directory Index : Oldsmobile / 1971 Oldsmobile / album '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Electro antilock system ( installed in Nissan President ) '' . 240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology . Society of Automotive Engineers in Japan , Inc . Jump up ^ `` TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION GLOBAL WEBSITE - 75 Years of TOYOTA - Technical Development - Chassis '' . toyota-global.com . Jump up ^ `` Sistema antislittamento Sicurezza frenata - Centro Storico FIAT - Archivio Nazionale del Cinema d'Impresa , 1971 '' . Jump up ^ `` WABCO GLOBAL WEBSITE - 150 Years of WABCO '' . Jump up ^ Anthony Slanda ( 15 July 2007 ) . `` 1993 Lincoln safety ad '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ KI4CY ( 2003 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Ram Glossary of abbreviations and terms '' . Dodgeram.org . Archived from the original on 22 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Nice , Karim . How `` Anti-Lock Brakes Work '' . howstuffworks . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABS Frequently Asked Questions '' . ABS Education Alliance . 2004 - 05 - 03 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ NHTSA Light Vehicle Antilock Brake System Research Program Task 4 : A Test Track Study of Light Vehicle ABS Performance Over a Broad Range of Surfaces and Maneuvers , Jan 1999 PDF Jump up ^ Gerald J.S. Wilde ( 1994 ) . `` 7 . Remedy by engineering ? '' . Psyc.queensu.ca . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Motorcycle ABS : Skepticism Debunked '' . Ultimate Motorcycling. 2012 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Motorcycle Buying Guide '' . official website . Consumer Reports . April 2016 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` DER SPIEGEL 26 / 1978 - Nachschlag für Abs '' . Spiegel.de. 1978 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - Benz und die Erfindung des Anti-Blockier - Systems : 1978 ist ABS serienreif Daimler Global Media Site > Classic > Daimler AG > Technologie > Sicherheit '' . Media.daimler.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Speed with style : GT bikes , backroads and anti-lock braking '' , Cycle World , Newport Beach , California : Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S. , pp. 48 -- 55 , July 1992 , ISSN 0011 - 4286 , retrieved June 5 , 2015 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Honda Worldwide Technology Close - up '' . World.honda.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://www.bmbikes.co.uk/photos/press%20PDF/1988%20ABS%20Press.pdf Jump up ^ `` ABS - Spezial - Die Geschichte - Motorräder - MOTORRAD online '' . Motorradonline.de . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ The most - valuable motorcycle feature : antilock brakes Jump up ^ `` BMW description of ABS2 '' . Largiader.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Worldwide Technology Close - up '' . World.honda.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Matthias Becker . `` ABS / ASR - Systemerklδrung '' . Biat.uni-flensburg.de . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Advanced brake introduced for motorcycles by Honda ahead of others '' . Honda Worldwide . Honda Motor Co . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Combined Braking System ( CBS ) '' . Honda Powersports . American Honda Motor Co. 9 December 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foale , Tony ( 2006 ) , Motorcycle Handling and Chassis Design : The Art and Science ( Second ed . ) , pp. 12 -- 16 , ISBN 8493328634 Jump up ^ Braunsperger , M. ; Beulich , S. ; Wagner , HA ( 2001 ) , `` New integral ABS from BMW Motorrad '' , ATZ Worldw , 103 ( 5 ) , doi : 10.1007 / BF03226430 Jump up ^ `` Honda Worldwide Technology Close - up '' . World.honda.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Wirtschaftsbereiche - Verkehrsunfälle - Polizeilich erfasste Unfälle - Statistisches Bundesamt ( Destatis ) '' ( in German ) . Destatis.de . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` EU - Road safety - Motorcycles '' . Ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` ABS ' should be compulsory on new motorcycles by 2015 ' - Latest Transport News - Transport News - TRL News Hub '' . TRL . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-bike legislation demo . 25 / 09 / 11 - Motorcycle news : General news '' . Visordown . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Show of strength ( From Basingstoke Gazette ) '' . Basingstokegazette.co.uk. 2011 - 09 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Madnessphotography - 40,000 bikers ride in anti-EU protest '' . Madnessphotography.eu. 2006 - 05 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011 - 2020 : saving millions of lives '' . Who.int. 2012 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Electronic Stability Control ( ESC ) '' . nhtsa.gov . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Anti-lock braking systems at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&oldid=850204966 '' Categories : Automotive safety technologies Mechanical power control Motorcycle technology Vehicle braking technologies Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2013 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 11 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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1. Anti-lock braking system (ABS)
2. Safety braking system
3. Wheel lock prevention
4. Vehicle control and stopping distances
5. Electronic stability control (ESC)
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till the end of time song george michael
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Father Figure ( song ) - wikipedia Father Figure ( song ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Father Figure '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by George Michael <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Faith B - side `` Love 's In Need Of Love Today '' ( live at Wembley Arena ) Released 28 December 1987 ( 1987 - 12 - 28 ) Format 7 '' 12 '' CD Cassette Recorded Length 5 : 40 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) George Michael Producer ( s ) George Michael <Th_colspan="2"> George Michael singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Hard Day '' ( 1987 ) `` Father Figure '' ( 1987 ) `` One More Try '' ( 1988 ) `` Father Figure '' is a song by English singer George Michael from his debut studio album , Faith ( 1987 ) . It was released on 28 December 1987 as the album 's fourth single by Columbia Records . The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 11 on the UK Singles Chart . Additionally it was a top 5 hit in Australia , Belgium , Canada , Iceland , Ireland , the Netherlands and Spain . Contents 1 Music video 2 Chart performance 3 Track listings 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Certifications and sales 5 Cover versions 6 Samples 7 References 8 External links Music Video ( edit ) The music video depicts a relationship between a cab driver ( Michael ) and a high - fashion model ( Tania Coleridge ) . Various intercut flashbacks tell a backstory . Michael and Andy Morahan won `` Best Direction of a Video '' at the 1988 MTV Video Music Awards for the video . Chart performance ( edit ) Released in the United Kingdom in December 1987 , `` Father Figure '' reached number eleven on the UK Singles Chart -- the first time Michael had failed to reach the top ten in his home country . The song remained a live favourite at Michael 's concerts for many years and is also one of his most frequently aired songs on the radio in the United Kingdom . In the United States , `` Father Figure '' became George Michael 's sixth number one single ( including three number one singles garnered as half of Wham ! ) . `` Father Figure '' debuted at number 49 on 16 January 1988 , while `` Faith '' was still prominent ( at number nine ) in the top ten of the chart . In the subsequent weeks , `` Father Figure '' was a surefire hit , reaching number one by its seventh week , 27 February 1988 , staying at the top for two weeks . Altogether , the single spent six weeks in the top ten , nine weeks in the top twenty , and 14 weeks in the top forty . Track listings ( edit ) UK single ( 7 `` ) `` Father Figure '' -- 5 : 40 `` Love 's In Need Of Love Today '' ( Live at Wembley Arena , 1 Apr ' 87 ) -- 4 : 42 US single ( CD and cassette ) `` Father Figure '' -- 5 : 40 `` Look at Your Hands '' -- 4 : 37 International single ( CD and cassette maxi single ) `` Father Figure '' -- 5 : 28 `` Love 's In Need Of Love Today '' ( Live at Wembley Arena , 1 Apr ' 87 ) -- 4 : 42 `` Father Figure '' ( Instrumental version ) -- 5 : 28 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 -- 2016 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 5 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 23 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 9 France ( SNEP ) 37 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 18 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 33 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 10 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( Hit Parade ) 14 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 13 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 13 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 6 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 <Td_colspan="3"> shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) Ace Young covered the song during top 24 week on the fifth season of American Idol in 2006 . It was included on the compilation album American Idol Season 5 : Encores . The song was covered by Noah Guthrie ( as his character Roderick Meeks ) in the fifth episode of the sixth and final season of Glee . Samples ( edit ) P.M. Dawn - Looking Through Patient Eyes ( 1993 ) L.L. Cool J - Father ( 1997 ) Destiny 's Child - Winter Paradise ( 2001 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Profile of Andy Morahan ; www.andymorahan.com . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Top 50 Chart Week Ending 23rd September , 1984 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- George Michael -- Father Figure '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- George Michael -- Father Figure '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 0950 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 8885 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 20 February 1988 . p. 69 . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Singlet 1988 - 01 tammikuu '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- George Michael -- Father Figure '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- George Michael -- Faith '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 10 ( 18 . mars 1988 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Icelandic ) . Dagblaðið Vísir . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Father Figure '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indice per Interprete : M : Michael , George '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 6 , 1988 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- George Michael -- Father Figure '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- George Michael -- Father Figure '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- George Michael -- Father Figure '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernando Salaverri ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- George Michael -- Father Figure '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George Michael Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George Michael Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George Michael Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George Michael Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> George Michael <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Awards Live performances Studio albums Faith Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1 Older Songs from the Last Century Patience Live albums MTV Unplugged Symphonica Compilations Ladies & Gentlemen : The Best of George Michael Twenty Five Extended plays Five Live Singles <Td_colspan="2"> `` Careless Whisper '' `` A Different Corner '' `` I Want Your Sex '' `` Hard Day '' `` Faith '' `` Father Figure '' `` One More Try '' `` Monkey '' `` Kissing a Fool '' `` Praying for Time '' `` Waiting for That Day '' `` Mother 's Pride '' `` Freedom ! ' 90 '' `` Heal the Pain '' `` Cowboys and Angels '' `` Too Funky '' `` Killer '' / `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' `` Jesus to a Child '' `` Fastlove '' `` Spinning the Wheel '' `` Older '' `` Star People ' 97 '' `` You Have Been Loved '' / `` The Strangest Thing ' 97 '' `` Outside '' `` Freeek ! '' `` Shoot the Dog '' `` Amazing '' `` Flawless ( Go to the City ) '' `` Round Here '' `` John and Elvis Are Dead '' `` An Easier Affair '' `` December Song ( I Dreamed of Christmas ) '' `` True Faith '' `` You and I '' `` White Light '' `` Let Her Down Easy '' `` Going to a Town '' `` Feeling Good '' `` Fantasy '' Duets `` Wrap Her Up '' `` I Knew You Were Waiting ( For Me ) '' `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' `` Waltz Away Dreaming '' `` As '' `` If I Told You That '' `` This Is Not Real Love '' Videos Faith Ladies & Gentlemen : The Best of George Michael Twenty Five George Michael Live in London Tours The Faith Tour Cover to Cover tour 25 Live Live in Australia Symphonica Tour Related articles Wham ! Panayiotou v Sony Music Entertainment ( UK ) Ltd Aegean Records <Td_colspan="2"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Father_Figure_(song)&oldid=862208812 '' Categories : 1987 songs 1987 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Columbia Records singles George Michael songs Music videos directed by George Michael Music videos directed by Andy Morahan Song recordings produced by George Michael Songs written by George Michael MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use British English from December 2016 Use dmy dates from December 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2018 , at 21 : 22 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. "Father Figure" - George Michael's song from his album Faith
2. Billboard Hot 100 - the chart where the song reached number one
3. Music video - depicts a relationship between a cab driver and a high-fashion model
4. Chart performance - reached number 11 on the UK Singles Chart
5. Cover versions - Ace Young and Noah Guthrie covered the song
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what the bible says about the tree of life
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Tree of life ( biblical ) - wikipedia Tree of life ( biblical ) Jump to : navigation , search See also Tree of life for other cultural interpretations , and Tree of life ( disambiguation ) for other meanings . The Fall of Man by Lucas Cranach , a 16th - century German depiction of Eden , with the tree of life ( left ) and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil The tree of life ( Hebrew : עֵץ הַחַיִּים , Standard : Etz haChayim ) is a term used in the Hebrew Bible that is a component of the world tree motif . In the Book of Genesis , the tree of life is first described in chapter 2 , verse 9 as being planted with the tree of the knowledge of good and evil ( Hebrew : עֵץ הַדַּעַת ) `` in the midst of the Garden of Eden '' by God . In Genesis 3 : 24 cherubim guard the way to the tree of life at the east end of the Garden . The tree of life has become the subject of some debate as to whether or not the tree of the knowledge of good and evil is the same tree . In the Bible outside of Genesis , the term `` tree of life '' appears in Proverbs ( 3 : 18 ; 11 : 30 ; 13 : 12 ; 15 : 4 ) and Revelation ( 2 : 7 ; 22 : 2 , 14 , 19 ) . It also appears in 2 Esdras ( 2 : 12 ; 8 : 52 ) and 4 Maccabees ( 18 : 16 ) , which are included among the Jewish apocrypha . Contents ( hide ) 1 Genesis debate 2 Religious uses 2.1 Judaism 2.2 Christianity 2.2. 1 Eastern Christianity 2.2. 2 Western Christianity 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Genesis debate ( edit ) According to the one - tree theory proposed by Karl Budde , in his critical research of 1883 , he outlined that there was only one tree in the body of the Genesis narrative and it qualified in two ways : one as the tree in the middle of the Garden , and two as the forbidden tree . Claus Westermann gave recognition to Budde 's theory in 1976 . Ellen van Wolde noted in her 1994 survey that among Bible scholars `` the trees are almost always dealt with separately and not related to each other '' and that `` attention is almost exclusively directed to the tree of knowledge of good and evil , whereas the tree of life is paid hardly any attention . '' Religious uses ( edit ) Judaism ( edit ) The tree of life is represented in several examples of sacred geometry and is central in particular to the Kabbalah ( the mystic study of the Torah ) , where it is represented as a diagram of ten points . Christianity ( edit ) Gilded royal doors carved to represent the tree of life ( old wooden church in Chotyniec , Poland ) . Eastern christianity ( edit ) The tree of life , a print from the Phillip Medhurst Collection of Bible illustrations in the possession of Revd . Philip De Vere at St. George 's Court , Kidderminster , England . The Eastern Orthodox Church has traditionally understood the tree of life in Genesis as a prefiguration of the Cross , which humanity could not partake of until after the incarnation , death and resurrection of Jesus . One of the hymns chanted during the forefeast of the nativity of Christ says : Make ready , O Bethlehem , for Eden hath been opened for all . Prepare , O Ephratha , for the tree of life hath blossomed forth in the cave from the Virgin ; for her womb did appear as a spiritual paradise in which is planted the divine Plant , whereof eating we shall live and not die as did Adam . Christ shall be born , raising the image that fell of old . The cross of Christ is also referred to as the tree of life , and in the service books , Jesus is sometimes likened to a `` divine cluster '' of grapes hanging on the `` Tree of the Cross '' from which all partake in Holy Communion . This theme is also found in Western Christianity . By way of an archetypal example consider Bonaventure 's `` biography '' of the second person of the Trinity , entitled `` The Tree of Life . '' ( see Cousins , The Classics of Western Spirituality Series ) Western christianity ( edit ) In The City of God ( xiii. 20 - 21 ) , Augustine of Hippo offers great allowance for `` spiritual '' interpretations of the events in the garden , so long as such allegories do not rob the narrative of its historical reality . Enlightenment theologians ( culminating perhaps in Brunner and Niebuhr in the twentieth century ) sought for figurative interpretations because they had already dismissed the historical possibility of the story . Others sought very pragmatic understandings of the tree . In the Summa Theologica ( Q97 ) , Thomas Aquinas argued that the tree served to maintain Adam 's biological processes for an extended earthly animal life . It did not provide immortality as such , for the tree , being finite , could not grant infinite life . Hence after a period of time , the man and woman would need to eat again from the tree or else be `` transported to the spiritual life . '' The common fruit trees of the garden were given to offset the effects of `` loss of moisture '' ( note the doctrine of the humors at work ) , while the tree of life was intended to offset the inefficiencies of the body . Following Augustine in the City of God ( xiv. 26 ) , `` man was furnished with food against hunger , with drink against thirst , and with the tree of life against the ravages of old age . '' John Calvin ( Commentary on Genesis 2 : 8 ) , following a different thread in Augustine ( City of God , xiii. 20 ) , understood the tree in sacramental language . Given that humanity can not exist except within a covenantal relationship with God , and all covenants use symbols to give us `` the attestation of his grace '' , he gives the tree , `` not because it could confer on man that life with which he had been previously endued , but in order that it might be a symbol and memorial of the life which he had received from God . '' God often uses symbols - He does n't transfer his power into these outward signs , but `` by them He stretches out His hand to us , because , without assistance , we can not ascend to Him . '' Thus he intends man , as often as he eats the fruit , to remember the source of his life , and acknowledge that he lives not by his own power , but by God 's kindness . Calvin denies ( contra Aquinas and without mentioning his name ) that the tree served as a biological defense against physical aging . This is the standing interpretation in modern Reformed theology as well . See also ( edit ) Religion portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tree of life ( biblical ) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tree of life ( Christian ) . Adam and Eve al - Qurnah Garden of Eden Genesis Lote tree Sephirot Sidrat al - Muntaha The Fountain Treeman Tree of life Tree of life ( Kabbalah ) Tree of the knowledge of good and evil Trees in mythology Tree of Jesse World tree Yggdrasil References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lizorkin - Eyzenberg , Eli ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Power of Hebrew '' . Israel Study Center . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` world tree '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . July 20 , 1998 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mettinger 2007 , pp. 5 -- 11 Jump up ^ Mettinger 2007 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Mettinger 2007 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Roman , Dr. Alexander , Tree of Life in the Garden of Eden , Ukrainian Orthodoxy , archived from the original ( -- ) on February 27 , 2007 Jump up ^ ORTHODIXIE ... Southern , Orthodox , Convert , Etc. : Word & Virgin , Mary & Child Mettinger , Tryggve ( 2007 ) . The Eden Narrative : A Literary and Religio - historical Study of Genesis 2 - 3 . Eisenbrauns . ISBN 9781575061412 . External links ( edit ) Entheomedia.org Chrismons and fleur de lis Ancient Egypt , the tree of life Jewish and Non-Jewish views Colin Low 's Notes on Kabbalah - The Tree of Life Donmeh West Kheper 's Kabbalah Page Work of the Chariot The Isometric Sephiroth : The Forgotten Correspondences Etz Hhaim : The Tree of Life : The Original Tree of the Sepher Yetsira <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Adam and Eve Source Genesis creation narrative in the Book of Genesis Adam Eve Offspring Cain and Abel Aclima Seth Awan Azura Television `` Probe 7 , Over and Out '' ( 1963 ) Film Mama 's Affair ( 1921 ) Good Morning , Eve ! ( 1934 ) The Broken Jug ( 1937 ) The Original Sin ( 1948 ) The Private Lives of Adam and Eve ( 1960 ) El pecado de Adán y Eva ( 1969 ) La Biblia en pasta ( 1984 ) The Annunciation ( 1984 ) Adipapam ( 1988 ) Adam ( 1992 ) Man 's Best Friend ( 1998 ) Babs ( 2000 ) The Last Eve ( 2005 ) Year One ( 2009 ) The Tragedy of Man ( 2011 ) Adam and Dog ( 2011 ) Tropico ( 2013 ) Plays Le Jeu d'Adam ( 12th century ) The Broken Jug ( 1808 ) The Tragedy of Man ( 1861 ) The Creation of the World and Other Business ( 1972 ) Musicals The Apple Tree ( 1966 ) Dude ( 1972 ) Up from Paradise ( 1973 ) Children of Eden ( 1991 ) Compositions The Creation ( 1798 ) structure La mort d'Adam ( 1809 ) Ève ( 1875 ) Genesis Suite ( 1945 ) Lilith ( 2001 ) Literature Apocalypse of Adam Book of Moses Book of Abraham Books of Adam Book of the Penitence of Adam Cave of Treasures `` El y Ella '' Genesis A and Genesis B Harrowing of Hell Life of Adam and Eve Testament of Adam Testimony of Truth ( 3rd century ) Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan ( 6th century ) `` Old Saxon Genesis '' ( 9th century ) `` Adam lay ybounden '' ( 15th century ) Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) Le Dernier Homme ( 1805 ) Extracts from Adam 's Diary ( 1904 ) Eve 's Diary ( 1905 ) The Book of Genesis ( 2009 ) Art Bernward Doors ( 1015 ) Tapestry of Creation ( 11th century ) Expulsion from the Garden of Eden ( 1425 ) Vienna Diptych ( 15th century ) The Last Judgment ( 1482 ) The Garden of Earthly Delights ( 1504 ) Adam and Eve ( 1507 ) Paradise and Hell ( 1510 ) The Creation of Adam ( 1512 ) The Haywain Triptych ( 1516 ) Eve , the Serpent and Death ( 1510s or 1520s ) Adam and Eve ( 1528 ) The Fall of Man ( 1550 ) Maps of ancient Israel The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man ( 1617 ) The Fall of Man ( 1628 ) The Four Seasons ( 1660s ) The Koren Picture - Bible ( 1692 -- 1696 ) The First Mourning ( 1888 ) Eve ( 1931 ) Adam and Eve ( 1932 ) The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve ( 1958 ) Adam and Eve ( 1992 ) Songs `` Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again '' `` Adam - ondi - Ahman '' ( 1835 ) `` Forbidden Fruit '' ( 1915 ) `` The Garden of Eden '' ( 1956 ) `` Let 's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance '' ( 1970 ) `` Man Gave Names to All the Animals '' ( 1979 ) Albums The Cainian Chronicle ( 1996 ) Visions of Eden ( 2006 ) Other cultures Adam -- God doctrine Adam and Eve ( LDS Church ) Adam in Islam Adam in rabbinic literature Al - A'raf Book of Moses Endowment Manu ( Hinduism ) Mashya and Mashyana Serpent seed Tree of Jiva and Atman Tree of life ( Quran ) Our Lady of Endor Coven Geography Adam - ondi - Ahman Tomb of Eve Biology Mitochondrial Eve Y - chromosomal Adam The Real Eve Story within a story Doraemon : Nobita 's Diary of the Creation of the World Island of Love The Visitors Games Demon : The Fallen ( 2002 ) Related theology Fall of man Original sin Garden of Eden Tree of the knowledge of good and evil Serpents in the Bible Forbidden fruit Apple Fig leaf Figs in the Bible Adam 's ale Adamic language Rosh Hashanah Camael Shamsiel Tree of life Allegorical interpretations of Genesis Other Pre-Adamite Generations of Adam Cave of the Patriarchs `` In - A-Gadda - Da - Leela '' `` Simpsons Bible Stories '' Second Time Lucky Adam and Eve cylinder seal Timeline of Genesis patriarchs Genealogies of Genesis Carnal knowledge Legend of the Rood Ystorya Adaf Snakes for the Divine Ransom theory of atonement Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tree_of_life_(biblical)&oldid=832102776 '' Categories : Adam and Eve Biblical phrases Book of Revelation Christian mythology Esoteric cosmology Jewish mysticism Jewish mythology Kabbalah Religious cosmologies Trees in mythology Garden of Eden Bereshit ( parsha ) Sacred trees Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Esperanto Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Lietuvių Nederlands Polski Português Русский Slovenčina 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 21 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Tree of life in the Hebrew Bible
2. Biblical interpretation of the tree of life
3. Tree of life in Judaism and Christianity
4. Symbolism of the tree of life in religious traditions
5. Debate on the relationship between the tree of life and the tree of knowledge of good and evil
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the most important invention in the spinning of textiles into cloth was which of these
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History of clothing and textiles - wikipedia History of clothing and textiles Jump to : navigation , search `` Textile history '' redirects here . For the academic journal , see Textile History . Ladies making silk , early 12th - century painting by Emperor Huizong of Song ( a remake of an 8th - century original by artist Zhang Xuan ) , illustrates silk fabric manufacture in China . A woman in Dhaka clad in fine Bengali muslin , 18th century . The study of the history of clothing and textiles traces the availability and use of textiles and other materials . At the same time , the study also helps in tracing the development of technology for the making of clothing over human history . The wearing of clothing is exclusively a human characteristic and is a feature of most human societies . It is not known when humans began wearing clothes but anthropologists believe that animal skins and vegetation were adapted into coverings as protection from cold , heat and rain , especially as humans migrated to new climates . Clothing and textiles have been important in human history . They reflect the materials available in different civilizations at different times . They also reflect upon the technologies that had been mastered in due course of time . The social significance of the finished product reflects their culture . Textiles can be felt or spun fibers made into yarn and subsequently netted , looped , knit or woven to make fabrics , which appeared in the Middle East during the late stone age . From the ancient times to the present day , methods of textile production have continually evolved , and the choices of textiles available have influenced how people carried their possessions , clothed themselves , and decorated their surroundings . Sources available for the study of clothing and textiles include material remains discovered via archaeology ; representation of textiles and their manufacture in art ; and documents concerning the manufacture , acquisition , use , and trade of fabrics , tools , and finished garments . Scholarship of textile history , especially its earlier stages , is part of material culture studies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistoric development 1.1 Early adoption of apparel 2 Ancient textiles and clothing 2.1 Ancient Near East 2.2 Ancient India 2.3 Ancient Egypt 2.4 Ancient China 2.5 Ancient Thailand 2.6 Ancient Japan 2.7 Classical Period of the Philippines 2.8 The textile trade in the ancient world 2.9 Classical antiquity 2.10 Iron age Europe 3 Medieval clothing and textiles 3.1 Byzantium 3.2 Early medieval Europe 3.3 High middle ages and the rise of fashion 4 Renaissance and early modern period 4.1 Renaissance Europe 4.2 Early Modern Europe 5 Mughal India 6 Enlightenment and the Colonial period 7 Industrial revolution 8 Contemporary technology 9 21st century 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading 14 External links Prehistoric development ( edit ) Human timeline view discuss edit - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- Human - like apes Nakalipithecus Ouranopithecus Sahelanthropus Orrorin Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus Neanderthal Homo sapiens ← Earlier apes ← LCA - Gorilla separation ← Possibly bipedal ← LCA - Chimpanzee separation ← Earliest bipedal ← Earliest stone tools ← Earliest exit from Africa ← Earliest fire use ← Earliest in Europe ← Earliest cooking ← Earliest clothes ← Modern speech ← Modern humans l i s o n l i o n i o n o m i n i d s Axis scale : millions of years ago . Also see : Life timeline and Nature timeline The development of textile and clothing manufacture in prehistory has been the subject of a number of scholarly studies since the late 20th century . These sources have helped to provide a coherent history of these prehistoric developments . Evidence suggests that humans may have begun wearing clothing as far back as 100,000 to 500,000 years ago . Early adoption of apparel ( edit ) Genetic analysis suggests that the human body louse , which lives in clothing , may only have diverged from the head louse some 170,000 years ago , which supports evidence that humans began wearing clothing at around this time . These estimates predate the first known human exodus from Africa , although other hominid species who may have worn clothes -- and shared these louse infestations -- appear to have migrated earlier . Sewing needles have been dated to at least 50,000 years ago ( Denisova Cave , Siberia ) -- and uniquely associated with a human species other than modern humans , ie H. Denisova / H. Altai . The oldest possible example is 60,000 years ago , a needle point ( missing stem and eye ) found in Sibudu Cave , South Africa . Other early examples of needles dating from 41,000 - 15,000 years ago are found in multiple locations , eg . Slovenia , Russia , China , Spain and France . The earliest dyed flax fibres have been found in a prehistoric cave in the Georgia and date back to 36,000 . The 25,000 year old Venus Figurine `` Venus of Lespugue '' , found in southern France in the Pyrenees , depicts a cloth or twisted fibre skirt . Other figurines from western Europe were adorned with basket hats or caps , belts worn at the waist , and a strap of cloth that wrapped around the body right above the breast . Eastern European figurines wore belts , hung low on the hips and sometimes string skirts . Archaeologists have discovered artifacts from the same period that appear to have been used in the textile arts : ( 5000 BC ) net gauges , spindle needles and weaving sticks . Ancient textiles and clothing ( edit ) The first actual textile , as opposed to skins sewn together , was probably felt . Surviving examples of Nålebinding , another early textile method , date from 6500 BC . Our knowledge of ancient textiles and clothing has expanded in the recent past thanks to modern technological developments . Our knowledge of cultures varies greatly with the climatic conditions to which archeological deposits are exposed ; the Middle East and the arid fringes of China have provided many very early samples in good condition , but the early development of textiles in the Indian subcontinent , sub-Saharan Africa and other moist parts of the world remains unclear . In northern Eurasia peat bogs can also preserve textiles very well . From pre-history through the early middle ages , for most of Europe , the Near East and North Africa , two main types of loom dominate textile production . These are the warp - weighted loom and the two - beam loom . The length of the cloth beam determined the width of the cloth woven upon it , and could be as wide as 2 -- 3 meters . The second loom type is the two - beam loom . Early woven clothing was often made of full loom widths draped , tied , or pinned in place . Ancient Near East ( edit ) The earliest known woven textiles of the Near East may be fabrics used to wrap the dead , excavated at a Neolithic site at Çatalhöyük in Anatolia , carbonized in a fire and radiocarbon dated to c. 6000 BC . Evidence exists of flax cultivation from c. 8000 BC in the Near East , but the breeding of sheep with a wooly fleece rather than hair occurs much later , c. 3000 BC . Ancient India ( edit ) Main article : History of clothing in India Statue of `` Priest King '' , Mohenjo - daro , Indus Valley Civilization We do not know what the people who constituted the Indus Valley Civilization , one of the earliest civilizations of the world actually wore . The cloth disintegrated and we have not been able to decipher the Indus script as of now . But historians and archaeologists have managed to piece together some bits of information from clues found in sculptures and figurines . Terracotta figurines uncovered at Mehrgarh show the male figurine as wearing what is commonly interpreted to be a turban . Whereas female figurines are depicted with elaborate headgears and intricate hairstyles . In certain cases , these elaborate headgears have lead historians to attach a religious connotation to the figurines . Historians have attributed the elaborate headgears as a symbol of the mother Goddess . One of the most important structures that have been recovered is that of the `` Priest King '' from the city of Mohenjodaro in present - day Pakistan . It is not only important because scholars have called it a representation of the assumed authority or head of the state but also because of what it is wearing . The Priest - King as it is called is depicted sitting in a very calm position wearing a shawl with floral patterns etched all over it . This has been the only sculpture to show some form of clothing in such explicit detail . It , however , does not provide any concrete proof to legitimize the history of clothing in the Harappan times . Harappans may even have used natural colours to dye their fabric . Research shows that indigo plantation was also prevalent . The other important and probably one of its kind of sculpture is the dancing girl , also excavated from Mohenjodaro in present - day Pakistan . Even though she has no signs of clothing upon her , she wears these bangles in the entirety of her arm . B.B. Lal has managed draw parallels between the dancing girl and women today in parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat . He notices how contemporary women continue wearing those bangles even today . Harappans may not have left any evidence of what clothing or textiles they had at that time but they did leave remains of jewellery and beads in humongous amounts . For instance , the graves of Harappans have yielded various forms of jewellery such as neckpieces , bracelets , rings , head ornaments etc . Multiple beads of varying shapes and sizes have also been recovered . Various materials and metals such as gold , bronze , terra - cotta , fiance , shell etc were being used to craft the jewellery and the beads . Materials such as turquoise and lapis lazuli were even imported from outside regions . This also hints at the possibility of a long - distance trade that Harappans would have engaged in . The long slender carnelian beads were highly prized by the Harappans . They were also experts in the manufacture of microbeads which have been found in various locations from hearths and graves . These beads were extremely hard to work with and needed an extra amount of precision to be produced . A special drill has been found both at Lothal and Chanhudaro . Chanhudaro was a centre exclusively devoted to craft production . Ancient Egypt ( edit ) Main article : Clothing in ancient Egypt Queen Nefertari in a sheer , pleated linen garment , Egypt , c. 1298 -- 1235 BC Woven silk textile from the Mawangdui in Changsha , Hunan province , China , 2nd century BC Evidence exists for production of linen cloth in Ancient Egypt in the Neolithic period , c. 5500 BC . Cultivation of domesticated wild flax , probably an import from the Levant , is documented as early as c. 6000 BC Other bast fibers including rush , reed , palm , and papyrus were used alone or with linen to make rope and other textiles . Evidence for wool production in Egypt is scanty at this period . Spinning techniques included the drop spindle , hand - to - hand spinning , and rolling on the thigh ; yarn was also spliced . A horizontal ground loom was used prior to the New Kingdom , when a vertical two - beam loom was introduced , probably from Asia . Linen bandages were used in the burial custom of mummification , and art depicts Egyptian men wearing linen kilts and women in narrow dresses with various forms of shirts and jackets , often of sheer pleated fabric . Ancient China ( edit ) Main articles : History of silk and Hanfu The earliest evidence of silk production in China was found at the sites of Yangshao culture in Xia , Shanxi , where a cocoon of bombyx mori , the domesticated silkworm , cut in half by a sharp knife is dated to between 5000 and 3000 BC . Fragments of primitive looms are also seen from the sites of Hemudu culture in Yuyao , Zhejiang , dated to about 4000 BC . Scraps of silk were found in a Liangzhu culture site at Qianshanyang in Huzhou , Zhejiang , dating back to 2700 BC . Other fragments have been recovered from royal tombs in the ( Shang Dynasty ) ( c. 1600 -- c. 1046 BC ) . Under the Shang Dynasty , Han Chinese clothing or Hanfu consisted of a yi , a narrow - cuffed , knee - length tunic tied with a sash , and a narrow , ankle - length skirt , called shang , worn with a bixi , a length of fabric that reached the knees . Clothing of the elite was made of silk in vivid primary colours . Ancient Thailand ( edit ) The earliest evidence of spinning in Thailand can be found at the archaeological site of Tha Kae located in Central Thailand . Tha Kae was inhabited during the end of the first millennium BC to the late first millennium AD . Here , archaeologists discovered 90 fragments of spindle whorl dated from 3rd century BC to 3rd century AD . And the shape of these finds indicate the connections with south China and India . A spindle whorl is a disc or spherical object that fits onto the spindle to increase as well as maintain the speed of spinning . Ancient Japan ( edit ) The earliest evidence of weaving in Japan is associated with the Jōmon period . This culture is defined by pottery decorated with cord patterns . In a shell mound in the Miyagi Prefecture , dating back about 5,500 , some cloth fragments were discovered made from bark fibers . Hemp fibers were also discovered in the Torihama shell mound , Fukui Prefecture , dating back to the Jōmon period , suggesting that these plants could also have been used for clothing . Some pottery pattern imprints depict also fine mat designs , proving their weaving techniques . The patterns on the Jōmon pottery show people wearing short upper garments , close - fitting trousers , funnel - sleeves , and rope - like belts . The depictions also show clothing with patterns that are embroidered or painted arched designs , though it is not apparent whether this indicates what the clothes look like or whether that simply happens to be the style of representation used . It is interesting to note that the pottery also shows no distinction between male and female garments . This may have been true because during that time period clothing was more for decoration than social distinction , but it might also just be because of the representation on the pottery rather than how people actually dressed at the time . Since bone needles were also found , it is assumed that they wore dresses that were sewn together . Next was the Yayoi period , during which rice cultivation was developed . This led to a shift from hunter - gatherer communities to agrarian societies which had a large impact on clothing . According to Chinese literature from that time period , clothing more appropriate to agriculture began to be worn . For example , unsewn fabric wrapper around the body and poncho - type garments with head - holes cut into them . This same literature also indicates that pink or scarlet makeup was worn but also that mannerisms between people of all ages and genders were not very different . However , this is debatable as there were probably cultural prejudices in the Chinese document . There is a common Japanese belief that the Yayoi time period was quite utopian before Chinese influence began to promote the use of clothing to indicate age and gender . From 300 to 550 AD was the Yamato period , and here much of the clothing style can be derived from the artifacts of the time . The tomb statues ( haniwa ) especially tell us that the clothing style changed from the ones according to the Chinese accounts from the previous age . The statues are usually wearing a two piece outfit that has an upper piece with a front opening and close - cut sleeves with loose trousers for men and a pleated skirt for women . Silk farming had been introduced by the Chinese by this time period but due to silk 's cost it would only be used by people of certain classes or ranks . The following periods were the Asuka ( 550 to 646 AD ) and Nara ( 646 to 794 AD ) when Japan developed a more unified government and began to use Chinese laws and social rankings . These new laws required people to wear different styles and colors to indicate social status . Clothing became longer and wider in general and sewing methods were more advanced . Classical period of the philippines ( edit ) The Boxer Codex , showing the attire of a Classical period Filipino , made of silk and cotton . The classical Filipino clothing varied according to cost and current fashions and so indicated social standing . The basic garments were the Bahag and the tube skirt -- what the Maranao call malong -- or a light blanket wrapped around instead . But more prestigious clothes , lihin - lihin , were added for public appearances and especially on formal occasions -- blouses and tunics , loose smocks with s leeves , capes , or ankle - length robes . The textiles of which they were made were similarly varied . In ascending order of value , they were abaca , abaca decorated with colored cotton thread , cotton , cotton decorated with silk thread , silk , imported printstuff , and an elegant abaca woven of selected fibers almost as thin as silk . In addition , Pigafetta mentioned both G - strings and skirts of bark cloth . Untailored clothes , however had no particular names . Pandong , a lady 's cloak , simply meant any natural covering , like the growth on banana trunk 's or a natal caul . In Panay , the word kurong , meaning curly hair , was applied to any short skirt or blouse ; and some better ones made of imported chintz or calico were simply called by the name of the cloth itself , tabas . So , too , the wraparound skirt the Tagalogs called tapis was hardly considered a skirt at all : Visayans just called it habul ( woven stuff ) or halong ( abaca ) or even hulun ( sash ) . The usual male headdress was the pudong , a turban , though in Panay both men and women also wore a head cloth or bandana called saplung . Commoners wore pudong of rough abaca cloth wrapped around only a few turns so that it was more of a headband than a turban and was therefore called pudong - pudong -- as the crowns and diadems on Christian images were later called . A red pudong was called magalong , and was the insignia of braves who had killed an enemy . The most prestigious kind of pudong , limited to the most valiant , was , like their G - strings , made of pinayusan , a gauze - thin abaca of fibers selected for their whiteness , tie - dyed a deep scarlet in patterns as fine as embroidery , and burnished to a silky sheen . Such pudong were lengthened with each additional feat of valor : real heroes therefore let one end hang loose with affected carelessness . Women generally wore a kerchief , called tubatub if it was pulled tight over the whole head ; but they also had a broad - brimmed hat called sayap or tarindak , woven of sago - palm leaves . Some were evidently signs of rank : when Humabon 's queen went to hear mass during Magellan 's visit , she was preceded by three girls carrying one of her hats . A headdress from Cebu with a deep crown , used by both sexes for travel on foot or by boat , was called sarok , which actually meant to go for water . The textile trade in the ancient world ( edit ) Main article : Silk Road The exchange of luxury textiles was predominant on the Silk Road , a series of ancient trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting East and West by linking traders , merchants , pilgrims , monks , soldiers , nomads and urban dwellers from China to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time . The trade route was initiated around 114 BC by the Han Dynasty , although earlier trade across the continents had already existed . Geographically , the Silk Road or Silk Route is an interconnected series of ancient trade routes between Chang'an ( today 's Xi'an ) in China , with Asia Minor and the Mediterranean extending over 8,000 km ( 5,000 mi ) on land and sea . Trade on the Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the great civilizations of China , Egypt , Mesopotamia , Persia , the Indian subcontinent , and Rome , and helped to lay the foundations for the modern world . Classical antiquity ( edit ) Main articles : Clothing in the ancient world , Clothing in ancient Greece , and Clothing in ancient Rome Greek chiton ( left ) and chiton worn under himation Fabric in Ancient Greece was woven on a warp - weighted loom . The first extant image of weaving in western art is from a terracotta lekythos in the Metropolitan Museum of Art , NY . The vase , c. 550 - 530 B.C.E. , depicts two women weaving at an upright loom . The warp threads , which run vertically to a bar at the top , are tied together with weights at the bottom , which hold them taut . The woman on the right runs the shuttle containing the weaving thread across the middle of the warp . The woman on the left uses a beater to consolidate the already - woven threads . Dress in classical antiquity favored wide , unsewn lengths of fabric , pinned and draped to the body in various ways . Ancient Greek clothing consisted of lengths of wool or linen , generally rectangular and secured at the shoulders with ornamented pins called fibulae and belted with a sash . Typical garments were the peplos , a loose robe worn by women ; the chlamys , a cloak worn by men ; and the chiton , a tunic worn by both men and women . Men 's chitons hung to the knees , whereas women 's chitons fell to their ankles . A long cloak called a himation was worn over the peplos or chlamys . The toga of ancient Rome was also an unsewn length of wool cloth , worn by male citizens draped around the body in various fashions , over a simple tunic . Early tunics were two simple rectangles joined at the shoulders and sides ; later tunics had sewn sleeves . Women wore the draped stola or an ankle - length tunic , with a shawl - like palla as an outer garment . Wool was the preferred fabric , although linen , hemp , and small amounts of expensive imported silk and cotton were also worn . Iron age Europe ( edit ) The Iron Age is broadly identified as stretching from the end of the Bronze Age around 1200 BC to 500 AD and the beginning of the Medieval period . Bodies and clothing have been found from this period , preserved by the anaerobic and acidic conditions of peat bogs in northwestern Europe . A Danish recreation of clothing found with such bodies indicates woven wool dresses , tunics and skirts . These were largely unshaped and held in place with leather belts and metal brooches or pins . Garments were not always plain , but incorporated decoration with contrasting colours , particularly at the ends and edges of the garment . Men wore breeches , possibly with lower legs wrapped for protection , although Boucher states that long trousers have also been found . Warmth came from woollen shawls and capes of animal skin , probably worn with the fur facing inwards for added comfort . Caps were worn , also made from skins , and there was an emphasis on hair arrangements , from braids to elaborate Suebian knots . Soft laced shoes made from leather protected the foot . Medieval clothing and textiles ( edit ) The history of Medieval European clothing and textiles has inspired a good deal of scholarly interest in the 21st century . Elisabeth Crowfoot , Frances Pritchard , and Kay Staniland authored Textiles and Clothing : Medieval Finds from Excavations in London , c. 1150 - c. 1450 ( Boydell Press , 2001 ) . The topic is also the subject of an annual series , Medieval Clothing and Textiles ( Boydell Press ) , edited by Robin Netherton and Gale R. Owen - Crocker , Emeritus Professor of Anglo - Saxon Culture at the University of Manchester . Byzantium ( edit ) Main articles : Byzantine dress and Byzantine silk The Byzantines made and exported very richly patterned cloth , woven and embroidered for the upper classes , and resist - dyed and printed for the lower . By Justinian 's time the Roman toga had been replaced by the tunica , or long chiton , for both sexes , over which the upper classes wore various other garments , like a dalmatica ( dalmatic ) , a heavier and shorter type of tunica ; short and long cloaks were fastened on the right shoulder . Leggings and hose were often worn , but are not prominent in depictions of the wealthy ; they were associated with barbarians , whether European or Persian . Early Medieval Europe ( edit ) Edgar I of England in short tunic , hose , and cloak , 966 Main articles : Early medieval European dress , Anglo - Saxon dress , and English Medieval fashion European dress changed gradually in the years 400 to 1100 . People in many countries dressed differently depending on whether they identified with the old Romanised population , or the new invading populations such as Franks , Anglo - Saxons , and Visigoths . Men of the invading peoples generally wore short tunics , with belts , and visible trousers , hose or leggings . The Romanised populations , and the Church , remained faithful to the longer tunics of Roman formal costume . The elite imported silk cloth from the Byzantine , and later Muslim , worlds , and also probably cotton . They also could afford bleached linen and dyed and simply patterned wool woven in Europe itself . But embroidered decoration was probably very widespread , though not usually detectable in art . Lower classes wore local or homespun wool , often undyed , trimmed with bands of decoration , variously embroidery , tablet - woven bands , or colorful borders woven into the fabric in the loom . High middle ages and the rise of fashion ( edit ) Main articles : 1100 -- 1200 in fashion , 1200 -- 1300 in fashion , and 1300 -- 1400 in fashion 14th - century Italian silk damasks Clothing in 12th and 13th century Europe remained very simple for both men and women , and quite uniform across the subcontinent . The traditional combination of short tunic with hose for working - class men and long tunic with overgown for women and upper class men remained the norm . Most clothing , especially outside the wealthier classes , remained little changed from three or four centuries earlier . The 13th century saw great progress in the dyeing and working of wool , which was by far the most important material for outerwear . Linen was increasingly used for clothing that was directly in contact with the skin . Unlike wool , linen could be laundered and bleached in the sun . Cotton , imported raw from Egypt and elsewhere , was used for padding and quilting , and cloths such as buckram and fustian . Crusaders returning from the Levant brought knowledge of its fine textiles , including light silks , to Western Europe . In Northern Europe , silk was an imported and very expensive luxury . The well - off could afford woven brocades from Italy or even further afield . Fashionable Italian silks of this period featured repeating patterns of roundels and animals , deriving from Ottoman silk - weaving centres in Bursa , and ultimately from Yuan Dynasty China via the Silk Road . Cultural and costume historians agree that the mid-14th century marks the emergence of recognizable `` fashion '' in Europe . From this century onwards , Western fashion changed at a pace quite unknown to other civilizations , whether ancient or contemporary . In most other cultures , only major political changes , such as the Muslim conquest of India , produced radical changes in clothing , and in China , Japan , and the Ottoman Empire fashion changed only slightly over periods of several centuries . In this period , the draped garments and straight seams of previous centuries were replaced by curved seams and the beginnings of tailoring , which allowed clothing to more closely fit the human form , as did the use of lacing and buttons . A fashion for mi - parti or parti - coloured garments made of two contrasting fabrics , one on each side , arose for men in mid-century , and was especially popular at the English court . Sometimes just the hose would have different colours on each leg . Renaissance and early modern period ( edit ) See also : Jewish textile industry in 16th - century Safed Renaissance Europe ( edit ) Bold floral patterned silks , 15th century . Main article : 1400 -- 1500 in fashion Wool remained the most popular fabric for all classes , followed by linen and hemp . Wool fabrics were available in a wide range of qualities , from rough undyed cloth to fine , dense broadcloth with a velvety nap ; high - value broadcloth was a backbone of the English economy and was exported throughout Europe . Wool fabrics were dyed in rich colours , notably reds , greens , golds , and blues . Silk - weaving was well established around the Mediterranean by the beginning of the 15th century , and figured silks , often silk velvets with silver - gilt wefts , are increasingly seen in Italian dress and in the dress of the wealthy throughout Europe . Stately floral designs featuring a pomegranate or artichoke motif had reached Europe from China in the previous century and became a dominant design in the Ottoman silk - producing cities of Istanbul and Bursa , and spread to silk weavers in Florence , Genoa , Venice , Valencia and Seville in this period . As prosperity grew in the 15th century , the urban middle classes , including skilled workers , began to wear more complex clothes that followed , at a distance , the fashions set by the elites . National variations in clothing increased over the century . Early modern Europe ( edit ) Main articles : 1500 -- 1550 in fashion , 1550 -- 1600 in fashion , 1600 -- 1650 in fashion , and 1650 -- 1700 in fashion Slashing at its height : Henry IV , Duke of Saxony , c. 1514 . A French reinterpretation of Spanish fashion , with elaborate reticella ruff , 1609 By the first half of the 16th century , the clothing of the Low Countries , German states , and Scandinavia had developed in a different direction than that of England , France , and Italy , although all absorbed the sobering and formal influence of Spanish dress after the mid-1520s . Elaborate slashing was popular , especially in Germany . Black was increasingly worn for the most formal occasions . Bobbin lace arose from passementerie in the mid-16th century , probably in Flanders . This century also saw the rise of the ruff , which grew from a mere ruffle at the neckline of the shirt or chemise to immense cartwheel shapes . At their most extravagant , ruffs required wire supports and were made of fine Italian reticella , a cutwork linen lace . By the turn of the 17th century , a sharp distinction could be seen between the sober fashions favored by Protestants in England and the Netherlands , which still showed heavy Spanish influence , and the light , revealing fashions of the French and Italian courts . The great flowering of needlelace occurred in this period . Geometric reticella deriving from cutwork was elaborated into true needlelace or punto in aria ( called in England `` point lace '' ) , which reflected the scrolling floral designs popular for embroidery . Lacemaking centers were established in France to reduce the outflow of cash to Italy . According to Dr. Wolf D. Fuhrig , `` By the second half of the 17th century , Silesia had become an important economic pillar of the Habsburg monarchy , largely on the strength of its textile industry . '' Mughal India ( edit ) Main articles : Mughal Empire and Muslin trade in Bengal Further information : Economic history of India Mughal India ( 16th to 18th centuries ) was the most important center of manufacturing in international trade up until the 18th century . Up until 1750 , India produced about 25 % of the world 's industrial output . The largest manufacturing industry in Mughal India was textile manufacturing , particularly cotton textile manufacturing , which included the production of piece goods , calicos , and muslins , available unbleached and in a variety of colours . The cotton textile industry was responsible for a large part of India 's international trade . India had a 25 % share of the global textile trade in the early 18th century . Indian cotton textiles were the most important manufactured goods in world trade in the 18th century , consumed across the world from the Americas to Japan . The most important center of cotton production was the Bengal Subah province , particularly around its capital city of Dhaka . Bengal accounted for more than 50 % of textiles and around 80 % of silks imported by the Dutch from Asia , Bengali silk and cotton textiles were exported in large quantities to Europe , Indonesia , and Japan , and Bengali muslin textiles from Dhaka were sold in Central Asia , where they were known as `` daka '' textiles . Indian textiles dominated the Indian Ocean trade for centuries , were sold in the Atlantic Ocean trade , and had a 38 % share of the West African trade in the early 18th century , while Indian calicos were major force in Europe , and Indian textiles accounted for 20 % of total English trade with Southern Europe in the early 18th century . In early modern Europe , there was significant demand for textiles from Mughal India , including cotton textiles and silk products . European fashion , for example , became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles and silks . In the late 17th and early 18th centuries , Mughal India accounted for 95 % of British imports from Asia . Emphasis was placed on the adornment of women . Even though the purdah was made compulsory for the Mughal women , we see that this did not stop themselves from experimenting in style and attire . Abul Fazal mentions that there were sixteen components that adorned a woman . These not only included clothing but also other aspects like that of oiling the body and iqtar . Mughal women wore long loose jamas with full sleeves and in winters it was accompanied by a Qaba or a Kashmir shawl used as a coat . Women were very fond of their perfumes and scents . Jewellery in the Mughal tradition signified not only religious values but also style statements . Enlightenment and the colonial period ( edit ) Main articles : 1700 -- 1750 in fashion and 1750 -- 1795 in fashion During the 18th century , distinction was made between full dress worn at Court and for formal occasions , and undress or everyday , daytime clothes . As the decades progressed , fewer and fewer occasions called for full dress which had all but disappeared by the end of the century . Full dress followed the styles of the French court , where rich silks and elaborate embroidery reigned . Men continued to wear the coat , waistcoat and breeches for both full dress and undress ; these were now sometimes made of the same fabric and trim , signalling the birth of the three - piece suit . Women 's silhouettes featured small , domed hoops in the 1730s and early 1740s , which were displaced for formal court wear by side hoops or panniers which later widened to as much as three feet to either side at the court of Marie Antoinette . Fashion reached heights of fantasy and abundant ornamentation , before new enthusiasms for outdoor sports and country pursuits and a long - simmering movement toward simplicity and democratization of dress under the influence of Jean - Jacques Rousseau and the American Revolution led to an entirely new mode and the triumph of British woollen tailoring following the French Revolution . For women 's dresses , Indian cottons , especially printed chintzes , were imported to Europe in large numbers , and towards the end of the period simple white muslin gowns were in fashion . Industrial revolution ( edit ) Textile machinery at the Cambrian Factory , Llanwrtyd , Wales in the 1940s . Estonian national clothes are a fine example of change in clothing after the industrial revolution . They changed a lot during 18th and 19th of century with the addition of new types of colors ( like aniline dyes ) , placement of colors ( like lengthwise stripes ) and with the addition of new elements ( like waistcoats ) . By the end of the 19th century they went out of use in most of the country ( except more remote places as in Kihnu island ) and it was only in mid 20th century when they once again gained popularity and now as a formal clothing . Members of University of Tartu Folk Art Ensemble wearing clothes specific to Kihnu island , Tori Parish ( women in red skirts ) and Tõstamaa area ( men in brown clothing ) . Main article : Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution During the industrial revolution , fabric production was mechanised with machines powered by waterwheels and steam - engines . Production shifted from small cottage based production to mass production based on assembly line organisation . Clothing production , on the other hand , continued to be made by hand . Sewing machines emerged in the 19th century streamlining clothing production . In the early 20th century , workers in the clothing and textile industries became unionised . Later in the 20th century , the industry had expanded to such a degree that such educational institutions as UC Davis established a Division of Textiles and Clothing , The University of Nebraska - Lincoln also created a Department of Textiles , Clothing and Design that offers a Masters of Arts in Textile History , and Iowa State University established a Department of Textiles and Clothing that features a History of costume collection , 1865 -- 1948 . Even high school libraries have collections on the history of clothing and textiles . Alongside these developments were changes in the types and style of clothing produced . During the 1960s , had a major influence on subsequent developments in the industry . Textiles were not only made in factories . Before this , they were made in local and national markets . Dramatic change in transportation throughout the nation is one source that encouraged the use of factories . New advances such as steamboats , canals , and railroads lowered shipping costs which caused people to buy cheap goods that were produced in other places instead of more expensive goods that were produced locally . Between 1810 and 1840 , the development of a national market prompted manufacturing which tripled the output 's worth . This increase in production created a change in industrial methods , such as the use of factories instead of hand made woven materials that families usually made . The vast majority of the people who worked in the factories were women . Women went to work in textile factories for a number of reasons . Some women left home to live on their own because of crowding at home ; or to save for future marriage portions . The work enabled them to see more of the world , to earn something in anticipation of marriage , and to ease the crowding within the home . They also did it to make money for family back home . The money they sent home was to help out with the trouble some of the farmers were having . They also worked in the millhouses because they could gain a sense of independence and growth as a personal goal . Contemporary technology ( edit ) Synthetic fibers such as nylon were invented during the 20th century and synthetic fibers have been added to many natural fibers . 21st century ( edit ) See also : Textile industry , Bangladesh textile industry , Textile industry of China , and Textile industry in India The worldwide market for textiles and apparel exports in 2013 according to United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database stood at $772 billion . In 2016 , the largest apparel exporting nations were China ( $161 billion ) , Bangladesh ( $28 billion ) , Vietnam ( $25 billion ) , India ( $18 billion ) , Hong Kong ( $16 billion ) , Turkey ( $15 billion ) and Indonesia ( $7 billion ) . See also ( edit ) History of fashion design History of hide materials History of silk History of Western fashion Otzi 's clothing and shoes Timeline of clothing and textiles technology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Creativity In The Textile Industries : A Story From Pre-History To The 21st century . Textileinstitutebooks.com . Retrieved on 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , pp. 1 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Barber , Elizabeth Wayland ( 1992 ) Prehistoric Textiles : The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean , Princeton University Press ISBN 0 - 691 - 00224 - X Jump up ^ Barber , Elizabeth Wayland ( 1995 ) Women 's Work : The First 20,000 Years : Women , Cloth , and Society in Early Times , W.W. 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Greenwood Press , London , 2005 ISBN 0 - 313 - 29375 - 9 Jump up ^ Black , J. Anderson , and Madge Garland : A History of Fashion , Morrow , 1975 , ISBN 0 - 688 - 02893 - 4 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Crowfoot , Elizabeth , Frances Prichard and Kay Staniland , Textiles and Clothing c. 1150 - c. 1450 , Museum of London , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 11 - 290445 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Length of Velvet , Late 15th century '' . Archived from the original on 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . the Metropolitan Museum of Art . New York Jump up ^ Boucher Jump up ^ Boucher , pp. 219 , 244 ^ Jump up to : Montupet , Janine , and Ghislaine Schoeller : Lace : The Elegant Web , ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3553 - 8 Jump up ^ Berry , Robin L. : `` Reticella : a walk through the beginnings of Lace '' ( 2004 ) ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Kliot , Jules and Kaethe : The Needle - Made Lace of Reticella , Lacis Publications , Berkeley , CA , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 916896 - 57 - 9 . Jump up ^ Dr. Wolf D. Fuhrig , `` German Silesia : Doomed to Extinction , '' Heritage : For German - Americans who want to be informed ( May 2007 ) : 1 . ^ Jump up to : Parthasarathi , Prasannan ( 2011 ) , Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not : Global Economic Divergence , 1600 -- 1850 , Cambridge University Press , p. 2 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 49889 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey G. Williamson , David Clingingsmith ( August 2005 ) . `` India 's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries '' ( PDF ) . Harvard University . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Karl J. Schmidt ( 2015 ) , An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History , page 100 , Routledge Jump up ^ Angus Maddison ( 1995 ) , Monitoring the World Economy , 1820 - 1992 , OECD , p. 30 ^ Jump up to : Richard Maxwell Eaton ( 1996 ) , The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier , 1204 - 1760 , page 202 , University of California Press ^ Jump up to : Om Prakash , `` Empire , Mughal '' , History of World Trade Since 1450 , edited by John J. McCusker , vol. 1 , Macmillan Reference USA , 2006 , pp. 237 - 240 , World History in Context , accessed 3 August 2017 Jump up ^ John F. Richards ( 1995 ) , The Mughal Empire , page 202 , Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ http://irjims.com/files/S-Dey.pdf Jump up ^ Spindel , Loom , and Needle -- History of the Textile Industry Jump up ^ Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union . Womenshistory.about.com ( 2010 - 06 - 19 ) . Retrieved on 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ UC Davis Department of Textiles and Clothing Archived 27 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . History Jump up ^ University of Nebraska - Lincoln Department of Textiles , Clothing and Design M.A. in Textile History Archived 19 October 2010 at WebCite . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Iowa State University Archived 15 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . College of Family and Consumer Sciences . Department of Textiles and Clothing History of costume collection , 1865 -- 1948 , n.d. Jump up ^ Union - Endicott High School Library Archived 5 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Clothing and Textiles -- Fashion History Jump up ^ History of 1960s Fashion and Textiles . Vam.ac.uk . Retrieved on 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ W.J. Rorabaugh ( 17 September 1981 ) . The Alcoholic Republic : An American Tradition . Oxford University Press . pp. 129 -- 131 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 502990 - 1 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas Dublin ( August 1995 ) . Transforming women 's work : New England lives in the industrial revolution . Cornell University Press . pp. 82 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 8090 - 4 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` India world 's second largest textiles exporter : UN Comtrade '' . Economic Times . June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.thedailystar.net/business/exporters-hardly-grab-orders-diverted-china-1446907 Bibliography ( edit ) Boucher , François . 20,000 Years of Fashion : The history of costume and personal adornment . New York : Harry N. Abrams , 1987 ISBN 0 - 8109 - 1693 - 2 Jenkins , David , ed. : The Cambridge History of Western Textiles , Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 34107 - 8 Payne , Blanche ; Winakor , Geitel ; Farrell - Beck Jane ( 1992 ) The History of Costume , from the Ancient Mesopotamia to the Twentieth Century , 2nd Edn , HarperCollins ISBN 0 - 06 - 047141 - 7 Piponnier , Françoise , and Perrine Mane ; Dress in the Middle Ages ; Yale UP ; 1997 ; ISBN 0 - 300 - 06906 - 5 Further reading ( edit ) Ashelford , Jane : The Art of Dress : Clothing and Society 1500 -- 1914 , Abrams , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 6317 - 5 Arnold , Janet : Patterns of Fashion : the cut and construction of clothes for men and women 1560 -- 1620 , Macmillan 1985 . Revised edition 1986 . ( ISBN 0 - 89676 - 083 - 9 ) Arnold , Janet : Queen Elizabeth 's Wardrobe Unlock 'd , WS Maney and Son Ltd , Leeds 1988 . ISBN 0 - 901286 - 20 - 6 Braudel , Fernand , Civilization and Capitalism , 15th -- 18th centuries , Vol 1 : The Structures of Everyday Life , William Collins & Sons , London 1981 Darwin , George H. , `` Development in Dress '' , Macmillan 's magazine , vol. 26 , May to Oct. 1872 , pages 410 -- 416 Favier , Jean , Gold and Spices : The Rise of Commerce in the Middle Ages , London , Holmes and Meier , 1998 , ISBN 0 - 8419 - 1232 - 7 Gordenker , Emilie E.S. : Van Dyck and the Representation of Dress in Seventeenth - Century Portraiture , Brepols , 2001 , ISBN 2 - 503 - 50880 - 4 Kõhler , Carl : A History of Costume , Dover Publications reprint , 1963 , from 1928 Harrap translation from the German , ISBN 0 - 486 - 21030 - 8 Lefébure , Ernest : Embroidery and Lace : Their Manufacture and History from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Day , London , H. Grevel and Co. , 1888 , ed. by Alan S. Cole , at Online Books , retrieved 14 October 2007 Netherton , Robin , and Gale R. Owen - Crocker , editors , Medieval Clothing and Textiles , Volume 1 , Woodbridge , Suffolk , UK , and Rochester , NY , the Boydell Press , 2005 , ISBN 1 - 84383 - 123 - 6 Netherton , Robin , and Gale R. Owen - Crocker , editors , Medieval Clothing and Textiles , Volume 2 , Woodbridge , Suffolk , UK , and Rochester , NY , the Boydell Press , 2006 , ISBN 1 - 84383 - 203 - 8 Netherton , Robin , and Gale R. Owen - Crocker , editors , Medieval Clothing and Textiles , Volume 3 , Woodbridge , Suffolk , UK , and Rochester , NY , the Boydell Press 2007 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 291 - 1 Payne , Blanche : History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century , Harper & Row , 1965 . No ISBN for this edition ; ASIN B0006BMNFS Sylvester , Louise M. , Mark C. Chambers and Gale R. Owen - Crocker , editors , Medieval Dress and Textiles in Britain : A Multilingual Sourcebook , Woodbridge , Suffolk , UK , and Rochester , NY , Boydell Press , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 932 - 3 Watt , James C.Y. ; Wardwell , Anne E. ( 1997 ) . When silk was gold : Central Asian and Chinese textiles . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 0870998250 . External links ( edit ) Textile production in Europe , 1600 -- 1800 , at the Metropolitan Museum of Art Spindle , Loom , and Needle -- History of the Textile Industry Australian Museum of Clothing And Textiles Inc. at the Wayback Machine ( archived 27 October 2009 ) -- Why have a Museum of Clothing and Textiles ? Linking Anthropology and History in Textiles and Clothing Research : The Ethnohistorical Method by Rachel K. Pannabecker -- from Clothing and Textiles Research Journal , Vol. 8 , No. 3 , 14 -- 18 ( 1990 ) The drafting history of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing American Women 's History : A Research Guide Clothing and Fashion Historical Clothing / Fabric All Sewn Up : Millinery , Dressmaking , Clothing and Costume Gallery of English Medieval Clothing from 1906 by Dion Clayton Calthrop <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Historical clothing Periods Ancient Egyptian Biblical Greek Roman Han Chinese Indian Middle Ages Anglo - Saxon Byzantine English Europe 400s -- 1000s 1100s 1200s 1300s 1400s Ottoman 1500s -- 1820s Western fashion 1500 -- 1550 1550 -- 1600 1600 -- 1650 1650 -- 1700 1700 -- 1750 1750 -- 1775 1775 -- 1795 1795 -- 1820 1820s 1830s -- 1910s Western fashion Victorian 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s -- 1980s Western fashion 1920s 1930 -- 1945 1945 -- 1959 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990 -- present 1990s 2000s 2010s Body - length Banyan Brunswick Chiton Frock Hanfu Peplos Stola Toga Tunic Tops Basque Bedgown Bodice Court dress ( Empire of Japan ) Doublet Peascod belly Poet shirt Trousers Braccae Breeches Culottes Harem pants Knickerbockers Pedal pushers Skirts Ballerina skirt Harem skirt Hobble skirt Poodle skirt Train Dresses Bliaut Close - bodied gown Débutante dress Gown Kirtle Mantua Polonaise Sack - back gown Sailor dress Tea gown Outerwear Caraco Chlamys Cloak Dolman Doublet Duster Exomis Frock coat Greatcoat Himation Houppelande Inverness cape Jerkin Justacorps Kandys Palla Pallium Pelisse Redingote Smock - frock Surcoat Ulster coat Visite Witzchoura Underwear Basque Bustle Chausses Chemise Codpiece Corselet Corset Waist cincher Dickey Garter Hoop skirt Crinoline Farthingale Pannier Hose Liberty bodice Loincloth Open drawers Pantalettes Petticoat Peignoir Pettipants Union suit Yếm Headwear Albanian Apex Arakhchin Attifet Aviator Bergère Blessed hat Bonnet Capotain Cavalier Coif Coonskin Cornette Crown Dunce Fillet French hood Fontange Gable hood Hennin Jeongjagwan Jewish Kausia Kokoshnik Llawt'u Matron 's badge Miner 's Ming Mob Modius Monmouth Mooskappe Motoring hood Mounteere Nemes Nightcap Nón quai thao Ochipok Pahlavi Petasos Phrygian Pileus Printer 's Pudding Qing Snood Smoking Tainia Taranga Wimple Footwear Buskins Caligae Chopines Crakow Episcopal sandals Hessians Pampooties Sabatons Accessories Ascot tie Belt hook Cointoise Cravat Hairpin Hatpin Muff Partlet Ruff Shoe buckle See also Timeline of clothing Clothing terminology Costume Dress code Fashion Formal wear Sumptuary law <Th_colspan="2"> Clothing <Td_colspan="2"> Historical clothing Traditional and national clothing Tops Blouse Cache - cœur Cardigan Crop top Dress shirt Guayabera Guernsey Halterneck Henley shirt Hoodie Jersey Polo shirt Shirt Sleeveless shirt Sweater Sweater vest T - shirt Tube top Turtleneck Twinset Trousers Bell - bottoms Bermuda shorts Bondage pants Capri pants Cargo pants Chaps Cycling shorts Dress pants High water pants Hotpants Lowrise pants Jeans Jodhpurs Leggings Overall Palazzo pants Parachute pants Pedal pushers Phat pants Shorts Slim - fit pants Sweatpants Windpants Yoga pants Skirts A-line skirt Ballerina skirt Denim skirt Men 's skirts Miniskirt Pencil skirt Prairie skirt Rah - rah skirt Sarong Skort Tutu Wrap Dresses Ball gown Bouffant gown Coatdress Cocktail dress Débutante dress Formal wear Frock Evening gown Gown House dress Jumper Little black dress Princess line Sheath dress Shirtdress Slip dress Strapless dress Sundress Wedding dress Wrap dress Suits and uniforms Academic dress Ball dress Black tie Boilersuit Cleanroom suit Clerical clothing Court dress Gymslip Hazmat suit Jumpsuit Kasaya Lab coat Military uniform Morning dress Onesie Pantsuit Red Sea rig Romper suit School uniform Scrubs Stroller Tuxedo Vestment White tie Outerwear Apron Blazer British Warm Cagoule Cape Chesterfield Coat Covert coat Cut - off Duffel coat Flight jacket Gilet Goggle jacket Guards coat Harrington jacket Hoodie Jacket Jerkin Leather jacket Mess jacket Opera coat Overcoat Parka Paletot Pea coat Poncho Raincoat Robe Safari jacket Shawl Shrug Ski suit Sleeved blanket Smoking jacket Sport coat Trench coat Ulster coat Waistcoat Windbreaker Underwear ( lingerie ) Top Bra Camisole Undershirt Bottom Diaper Panties Plastic pants Slip Thong Underpants Boxer briefs Boxer shorts Midway briefs Briefs Full Adult bodysuit Infant bodysuit Long underwear Playsuit Teddy Footwear Boot Court shoe Dress shoe Flip - flops Hosiery Sandal Shoe Spats Slipper Sneakers Sock Stocking Tights Headwear Baseball cap Beret Cap Fedora Hat Helmet Hood Kerchief Knit cap Toque Turban Veil Neckwear Ascot tie Bow tie Cravat Neckerchief Necktie Scarf Nightwear Babydoll Blanket sleeper Negligee Nightgown Nightshirt Pajamas Swimwear Bikini Burkini Boardshorts Dry suit Monokini One - piece Rash guard Square leg suit Swim briefs Swim diaper Trunks Wetsuit Accessories Belt Coin purse Cufflink Cummerbund Gaiters Glasses Gloves Headband Handbag Jewellery Muff Pocket protector Pocket watch Sash Sunglasses Suspenders Umbrella Wallet Wristwatch See also Activewear Clothing fetish Clothing terminology Costume Cross-dressing Dress code Fashion Haute couture History of clothing See - through clothing <Th_colspan="3"> Textile arts Fundamentals Applique Beadwork Crochet Dyeing Embroidery Fabric Felting Fiber Knitting Lace Macramé Nålebinding Needlework Patchwork Passementerie Plying Quilting Rope Rug making Sewing Stitch Textile printing Weaving Yarn History of ... Byzantine silk Clothing and textiles Silk Quilting Silk in the Indian subcontinent Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods Textiles in the Industrial Revolution Modern Industrial Textile Production Timeline of textile technology Regional and ethnic African Andean Australian Aboriginal Hmong Indigenous peoples of the Americas Korean Māori Mapuche Maya Mexican Navajo Oaxacan Related Blocking Fiber art Mathematics and fiber arts Manufacturing Preservation Recycling Textile industry Textile museums Units of measurement Wearable fiber art Glossaries Dyeing terms Sewing terms Textile terms <Th_colspan="2"> Prehistoric technology <Td_colspan="2"> Prehistory timeline outline Stone Age subdivisions New Stone Age Technology history <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Tools <Td_colspan="2"> Farming Neolithic Revolution founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem Cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern - stone Storage pit Hunting <Td_colspan="2"> Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear Spear - thrower baton harpoon woomera Schöningen Spears Projectile points Arrowhead Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Site Plano Transverse arrowhead Systems Game drive system Buffalo jump Toolmaking Earliest toolmaking Oldowan Acheulean Mousterian Clovis culture Cupstone Fire hardening Gravettian culture Hafting Hand axe Grooves Langdale axe industry Levallois technique Lithic core Lithic reduction analysis debitage flake Lithic technology Magdalenian culture Metallurgy Microblade technology Mining Prepared - core technique Solutrean industry Striking platform Tool stone Uniface Yubetsu technique Other tools Adze Awl bone Axe Bannerstone Blade prismatic Bone tool Bow drill Burin Canoe Oar Pesse canoe Chopper tool Cleaver Denticulate tool Fire plough Fire - saw Hammerstone Knife Microlith Quern - stone Racloir Rope Scraper side Stone tool Tally stick Weapons Wheel illustration <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Architecture <Td_colspan="2"> Ceremonial Göbekli Tepe Kiva Standing stones megalith row Stonehenge Pyramid Dwellings Neolithic architecture British megalith architecture Nordic megalith architecture Burdei Cave Cliff dwelling Dugout Hut Quiggly hole Jacal Longhouse Mud brick Mehrgarh Neolithic long house Pit - house Pueblitos Pueblo Rock shelter Blombos Cave Abri de la Madeleine Sibudu Cave Stone roof Roundhouse Stilt house Alp pile dwellings Wattle and daub Water management Check dam Cistern Flush toilet Reservoir Water well Other architecture Archaeological features Broch Burnt mound fulacht fiadh Causewayed enclosure Tor enclosure Circular enclosure Goseck Cursus Henge Thornborough Oldest buildings Megalithic architectural elements Midden Timber circle Timber trackway Sweet Track <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Arts and culture <Td_colspan="2"> Material goods Baskets Beadwork Beds Chalcolithic Clothing / textiles timeline Cosmetics Glue Hides shoes Ötzi Jewelry amber use Mirrors Pottery Cardium Grooved ware Linear Jōmon Unstan ware Sewing needle Weaving Wine Winery wine press Prehist Art Art of the Upper Paleolithic Art of the Middle Paleolithic Blombos Cave List of Stone Age art Bird stone Bradshaw rock paintings Cairn Carved Stone Balls Cave paintings painting pigment Cup and ring mark Geoglyph Golden hats Guardian stones Megalithic art Petroform Petroglyph Petrosomatoglyph Pictogram Rock art Stone carving Sculpture Statue menhir Stone circle list British Isles and Brittany Venus figurines Burial Burial mounds Bowl barrow Round barrow Mound Builders culture U.S. sites Chamber tomb Severn - Cotswold Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court tomb Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge - shaped Grave goods Jar burial Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Tumulus Unchambered long cairn Other cultural Astronomy sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Origin of language trepanning Prehistoric medicine Evolutionary musicology music archaeology Prehistoric music Alligator drum flutes Divje Babe flute gudi Prehistoric numerals Origin of religion Paleolithic religion Prehistoric religion Spiritual drug use Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_clothing_and_textiles&oldid=823879059 '' Categories : History of clothing History of the textile industry Textiles History of industries Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with French - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. History of clothing and textiles
2. Ancient textiles and clothing
3. Prehistoric development of clothing
4. Clothing in ancient civilizations
5. Evolution of textile production methods
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who did robin stalk in how i met your mother
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PS I Love You ( How I Met Your Mother ) - Wikipedia PS I Love You ( How I Met Your Mother ) Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( December 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` P.S. I Love You '' <Td_colspan="2"> How I Met Your Mother episode Episode no . Season 8 Episode 15 Directed by Pamela Fryman Written by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Original air date February 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 04 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) <Td_colspan="2"> James van der Beek as Simon Tremblay Abby Elliott as Jeannette Dave Thomas as Chuck `` Chuck '' Gerussi Jason Priestley as himself Geddy Lee as himself Alex Trebek as himself Paul Shaffer as himself Luc Robitaille as himself Dave Coulier as himself K.d. Lang as herself Steven Page as himself Alan Thicke as himself <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous `` Ring Up ! '' Next → `` Bad Crazy '' `` P.S. I Love You '' is the 15th episode of the eighth season of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother , and the 175th episode overall . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Development 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Critical reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ted tells the gang that he found his destined love on the subway -- they were both reading One Hundred Years of Solitude -- but lost her at the next stop . Ted hopes to find her again , but Marshall and Lily are unsure of this ; especially when he reveals he has written details he remembered about her . However , Ted indeed reunites with the woman , Jeanette , after a fire alarm at his Columbia building . He believes that it was destiny , since Jeanette had written down details she remembered about him ; but could n't figure out which class he was at until the fire alarm rang . Skeptical of Jeanette 's intentions toward Ted , Marshall explains that you ca n't force destiny , but instead let it happen , and he describes Lily 's seemingly random choice of picking his door to knock on in 1996 at Wesleyan University . Marshall gets Ted to realise that it was unlikely Jeanette just happened to be at the fire alarm , so she must 've been stalking him at that point and pulled it in order to meet him . Charmed by the sentiment , Ted explains his theory that a romantic advance could be `` Dobler or Dahmer '' ; an act is only charming if the recipient finds it charming , making it `` Dobler '' ( a reference to Lloyd Dobler in Say Anything ) , but if the recipient is creeped out by it , it 's `` Dahmer '' . He is charmed by Jeanette , therefore , her pulling the fire alarm is charming . Robin admits to the gang that she was once a stalker . When she refuses to tell Barney with whom she was obsessed until he admits that anyone can become obsessed , he breaks into her apartment and reads her teenage journals , and is puzzled by the cryptic phrase `` PS I Love You '' . While Barney flies to Robin 's hometown of Vancouver , British Columbia to interview her ex-boyfriends , Ted asks Jeanette about her pulling the fire alarm to force them to meet , and she says it was because she `` could n't stand the idea of not meeting you '' , leaving Ted once again charmed at her . Marshall makes Ted realise that the fire alarm is actually a smoke detector , meaning to set it off , she would have to start a fire ; Jeanette admits to this but still , Ted finds it charming . Meanwhile , Robin 's co-star on the `` Sandcastles in the Sand '' video , Simon , reveals to Barney that a MuchMusic documentary show about musicians ' lives off the stage , Underneath The Tunes , discussed Robin 's career in an episode . Marshall gets increasingly irritated that Ted has found Jeanette 's behaviour attractive , and that their `` destiny '' was forced . Barney returns with a copy of the Underneath The Tunes episode and shows it to Ted , Marshall , and Lily . Using interviews with many Canadian celebrities , the documentary depicts a picture of Robin 's musical career different from that she described in Slap Bet . She originally described `` Let 's Go to the Mall '' as a minor hit , and `` Sandcastles in the Sand '' as her artistic follow - up and a total flop , possibly to stop the group finding out more . However , the documentary reveals both were hits that `` went Maple '' , but her musical career declined in the mid-1990s . Dissatisfied with the bubblegum pop - star persona that made her popular , Robin reinvented herself as a grunge singer named Robin Daggers . She made a music video of a song , `` PS I Love You '' , that her record company refused to release . Robin 's career ended after a disastrous 84th Grey Cup halftime show at which she revealed her new persona as soon as she appeared on stage . When the show speculates that Robin 's occasional costar Alan Thicke is the subject of the song , Barney visits him and violently demands the truth ; Thicke easily defeats Barney and denies that he was the song 's subject . The badly bruised Barney returns to the others , claiming that he fought Thicke to a draw . The situation forces him to admit that it was easy to end up obsessed over romantic interests . Robin comforts him and reveals that the `` PS '' in the song was Paul Shaffer . Barney admits that his jealousy made him a total `` Dahmer '' , but Robin assures him , saying he is her `` Dahmer '' , making him a `` Dobler '' . Ted still insists that his and Jeanette 's relationship is likewise , frustrating Marshall , but he is angered when Lily admits that their chance encounter was not chance at all ; she had seen him during the freshman orientation and , under the pretense of needing someone to fix her radio , knocked on all doors in Marshall 's dorm building until she found him . Despite it being creepy , Marshall slowly finds it charming and concedes to Ted . When Ted is with Jeanette and finds her copy of One Hundred Years of Solitude , he learns that the book was bought within minutes after he bought his copy . Jeanette admits that she has been stalking him since he appeared on the cover of New York magazine in fall 2011 . Even still , Ted finds her confession charming and the two start kissing passionately , as Future Ted tells his kids that Jeanette was the last mistake he made before he met his future wife . Development ( edit ) The episode describes the ultimate decline of Robin 's career as Robin Sparkles , who first appeared in the season 2 episode `` Slap Bet '' , returning in the season 3 episode Sandcastles in the Sand ( also the name of Sparkles ' music video ) and the season 6 episode Glitter . Series co-creator Craig Thomas said it would be a `` fitting end '' to the show tackling Robin 's music past . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) In Canada , the episode was watched by 890,000 viewers through City . Critical reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2015 ) The episode received positive reviews . Donna Bowman of the A.V. Club gave the episode an A − . Bill Kuchman of TV.com said the episode provided some of the season 's funniest moments . IGN 's Max Nicholson said the episode was `` redemption '' for some of the show 's rough patches this season . Alan Sepinwall of Uproxx stated that the episode 's plot on Robin Sparkles was a `` genuine idea '' almost as big as her introduction in Slap Bet . Jason Priestley 's line about making a Tim Horton 's donut named after him the night of Robin 's debacle inspired the fast food chain to make an actual `` The Priestley '' donut . An in - house food scientist who was a fan of the show developed the item as Priestley described - a Timbit inside a strawberry vanilla donut - within hours of the broadcast . A small batch was eventually made , but the company does not intend to make it part of the menu . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marisa Roffman ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER 's Craig Thomas and Cobie Smulders Tease the Return of Robin Sparkles '' . GiveMeMyRemote.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bill Brioux ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` TV Feeds My Family : Getting to the root of Seed 's slow start '' . Tvfeedsmyfamily.blogspot.ca . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Donna Bowman ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` P.S. I Love You '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bill Kuchman ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother `` P.S. I Love You '' Review : Oh , Canada `` . TV.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Max Nicholson ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER : `` P.S. I LOVE YOU '' REVIEW `` . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alan Sepinwall ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Review : ' How I Met Your Mother ' - ' P.S. I Love You ' : Robin Sparkles vs. Robin Daggers '' . Uproxx . Uproxx Media Group . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Dekel ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Tim Hortons creates The Priestley after How I Met Your Mother joke '' . Canada.com . Postmedia News . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) `` P.S. I Love You '' on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother episodes <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Season 8 `` Farhampton '' `` The Pre-Nup '' `` Nannies '' `` Who Wants to Be a Godparent ? '' `` The Autumn of Break - Ups '' `` Splitsville '' `` The Stamp Tramp '' `` Twelve Horny Women '' `` Lobster Crawl '' `` The Over-Correction '' `` The Final Page '' `` Band or DJ ? '' `` Ring Up ! '' `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Bad Crazy '' `` The Ashtray '' `` Weekend at Barney 's '' `` The Fortress '' `` The Time Travelers '' `` Romeward Bound '' `` The Bro Mitzvah '' `` Something Old '' `` Something New '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P.S._I_Love_You_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=811122956 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother ( season 8 ) episodes 2013 American television episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2013 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2015 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles to be expanded from December 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 November 2017 , at 17 : 38 . About Wikipedia
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1. How I Met Your Mother episode
2. Robin Sparkles
3. Ted's destined love
4. Jeanette and Ted's relationship
5. Barney's obsession with Robin
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-2,383,171,766,432,262,000 |
when are wales playing in the world cup
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2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- UEFA group D - Wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- UEFA group D The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification UEFA Group D was one of the nine UEFA groups for 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification . The group consisted of six teams : Wales , Austria , Serbia , Republic of Ireland , Moldova , and Georgia . The draw for the first round ( group stage ) was held as part of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Preliminary Draw on 25 July 2015 , starting 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) , at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , Russia . The group winners , Serbia , qualified directly for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . The group runners - up , Republic of Ireland , advanced to the play - offs as one of the best 8 runners - up , where they lost to Denmark and thus failed to qualify . Serbia - Georgia 1 - 0 , World Cup 2018 qualification match at Red Star Stadium Contents 1 Standings 2 Matches 3 Goalscorers 4 Discipline 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Standings ( edit ) show 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification tiebreakers In league format , the ranking of teams in each group is based on the following criteria ( regulations Articles 20.6 and 20.7 ) : Points ( 3 points for a win , 1 point for a draw , 0 points for a loss ) Overall goal difference Overall goals scored Points in matches between tied teams Goal difference in matches between tied teams Goals scored in matches between tied teams Away goals scored in matches between tied teams ( if the tie is only between two teams in home - and - away league format ) Fair play points first yellow card : minus 1 point indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points direct red card : minus 4 points yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points Drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Serbia 10 6 20 10 + 10 21 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 Republic of Ireland 10 5 12 6 + 6 19 Advance to second round 0 -- 1 -- 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 Wales 10 5 13 6 + 7 17 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 -- 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 4 -- 0 Austria 10 14 12 + 2 15 3 -- 2 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 5 Georgia 10 0 5 5 8 14 − 6 5 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 6 Moldova 10 0 8 23 − 19 0 -- 3 1 -- 3 0 -- 2 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Matches ( edit ) The fixture list was confirmed by UEFA on 26 July 2015 , the day following the draw . Times are CET / CEST , as listed by UEFA ( local times are in parentheses ) . 5 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) 18 : 00 ( 20 : 00 UTC + 4 ) Georgia 1 -- 2 Austria Ananidze 78 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Hinteregger 16 ' Janko 42 ' Boris Paichadze Dinamo Arena , Tbilisi Attendance : 28,500 Referee : Aleksei Kulbakov ( Belarus ) 5 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Serbia 2 -- 2 Republic of Ireland Kostić 62 ' Tadić 69 ' ( pen . ) Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Hendrick 3 ' Murphy 80 ' Red Star Stadium , Belgrade Attendance : 7,896 Referee : Viktor Kassai ( Hungary ) 5 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC + 1 ) Wales 4 -- 0 Moldova Vokes 38 ' Allen 44 ' Bale 51 ' , 90 + 5 ' ( pen . ) Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Cardiff City Stadium , Cardiff Attendance : 31,731 Referee : Liran Liany ( Israel ) 6 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Austria 2 -- 2 Wales Arnautović 28 ' , 48 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Allen 22 ' Wimmer 45 + 1 ' ( o.g. ) Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna Attendance : 44,200 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) 6 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 45 ( 21 : 45 UTC + 3 ) Moldova 0 -- 3 Serbia Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Kostić 19 ' Ivanović 37 ' Tadić 59 ' Zimbru Stadium , Chișinău Attendance : 6,192 Referee : Aleksei Kulbakov ( Belarus ) 6 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC + 1 ) Republic of Ireland 1 -- 0 Georgia Coleman 56 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Aviva Stadium , Dublin Attendance : 39,793 Referee : Tony Chapron ( France ) 9 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) 18 : 00 ( 17 : 00 UTC + 1 ) Wales 1 -- 1 Georgia Bale 10 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Okriashvili 57 ' Cardiff City Stadium , Cardiff Attendance : 32,652 Referee : Paolo Mazzoleni ( Italy ) 9 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 45 ( 21 : 45 UTC + 3 ) Moldova 1 -- 3 Republic of Ireland Bugaiov 45 + 1 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Long 2 ' McClean 69 ' , 76 ' Zimbru Stadium , Chișinău Attendance : 6,089 Referee : Jakob Kehlet ( Denmark ) 9 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Serbia 3 -- 2 Austria A. Mitrović 6 ' , 23 ' Tadić 74 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Sabitzer 16 ' Janko 62 ' Red Star Stadium , Belgrade Attendance : 14,200 Referee : Jonas Eriksson ( Sweden ) 12 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 12 ) 18 : 00 ( 18 : 00 UTC + 1 ) Austria 0 -- 1 Republic of Ireland Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) McClean 48 ' Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna Attendance : 48,500 Referee : Sergei Karasev ( Russia ) 12 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 12 ) 18 : 00 ( 21 : 00 UTC + 4 ) Georgia 1 -- 1 Moldova Qazaishvili 16 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Gațcan 78 ' Boris Paichadze Dinamo Arena , Tbilisi Attendance : 40,642 Referee : Georgi Kabakov ( Bulgaria ) 12 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 12 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC ± 0 ) Wales 1 -- 1 Serbia Bale 30 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) A. Mitrović 86 ' Cardiff City Stadium , Cardiff Attendance : 32,879 Referee : Alberto Undiano Mallenco ( Spain ) 24 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 18 : 00 ( 21 : 00 UTC + 4 ) Georgia 1 -- 3 Serbia Kacharava 6 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Tadić 45 ' ( pen . ) A. Mitrović 64 ' Gaćinović 86 ' Boris Paichadze Dinamo Arena , Tbilisi Attendance : 31,328 Referee : Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) 24 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 1 ) Austria 2 -- 0 Moldova Arnautović 75 ' Harnik 90 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna Attendance : 21,000 Referee : István Vad ( Hungary ) 24 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC ± 0 ) Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 Wales Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Aviva Stadium , Dublin Attendance : 49,989 Referee : Nicola Rizzoli ( Italy ) 11 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) 18 : 00 ( 19 : 00 UTC + 3 ) Moldova 2 -- 2 Georgia Gînsari 15 ' Dedov 36 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Merebashvili 66 ' Qazaishvili 70 ' Zimbru Stadium , Chișinău Attendance : 4,803 Referee : Andreas Ekberg ( Sweden ) 11 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) 18 : 00 ( 17 : 00 UTC + 1 ) Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Austria Walters 85 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Hinteregger 31 ' Aviva Stadium , Dublin Attendance : 50,000 Referee : David Fernández Borbalán ( Spain ) 11 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Serbia 1 -- 1 Wales A. Mitrović 74 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Ramsey 35 ' ( pen . ) Red Star Stadium , Belgrade Attendance : 46,673 Referee : Jorge Sousa ( Portugal ) 2 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 02 ) 18 : 00 ( 20 : 00 UTC + 4 ) Georgia 1 -- 1 Republic of Ireland Qazaishvili 34 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Duffy 4 ' Boris Paichadze Dinamo Arena , Tbilisi Attendance : 19,669 Referee : Ivan Kružliak ( Slovakia ) 2 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 02 ) 18 : 00 ( 18 : 00 UTC + 2 ) Serbia 3 -- 0 Moldova Gaćinović 20 ' Kolarov 30 ' A. Mitrović 81 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Partizan Stadium , Belgrade Attendance : 9,974 Referee : Tamás Bognár ( Hungary ) 2 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 02 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC + 1 ) Wales 1 -- 0 Austria Woodburn 74 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Cardiff City Stadium , Cardiff Attendance : 32,633 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) 5 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Austria 1 -- 1 Georgia Schaub 43 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Gvilia 8 ' Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna Attendance : 13,400 Referee : Orel Grinfeeld ( Israel ) 5 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 20 : 45 ( 21 : 45 UTC + 3 ) Moldova 0 -- 2 Wales Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Robson - Kanu 80 ' Ramsey 90 + 3 ' Zimbru Stadium , Chișinău Attendance : 10,272 Referee : Paweł Raczkowski ( Poland ) 5 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC + 1 ) Republic of Ireland 0 -- 1 Serbia Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Kolarov 55 ' Aviva Stadium , Dublin Attendance : 50,153 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 18 : 00 ( 20 : 00 UTC + 4 ) Georgia 0 -- 1 Wales Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Lawrence 49 ' Boris Paichadze Dinamo Arena , Tbilisi Attendance : 22,290 Referee : Jesús Gil Manzano ( Spain ) 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Austria 3 -- 2 Serbia Burgstaller 25 ' Arnautović 76 ' Schaub 89 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Milivojević 11 ' Matić 83 ' Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna Attendance : 42,400 Referee : Pavel Královec ( Czech Republic ) 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC + 1 ) Republic of Ireland 2 -- 0 Moldova Murphy 2 ' , 19 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Aviva Stadium , Dublin Attendance : 50,560 Referee : Bas Nijhuis ( Netherlands ) 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 45 ( 21 : 45 UTC + 3 ) Moldova 0 -- 1 Austria Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Schaub 69 ' Zimbru Stadium , Chișinău Attendance : 5,542 Referee : Bart Vertenten ( Belgium ) 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Serbia 1 -- 0 Georgia Prijović 74 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Red Star Stadium , Belgrade Attendance : 42,000 Referee : Paweł Gil ( Poland ) 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC + 1 ) Wales 0 -- 1 Republic of Ireland Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) McClean 57 ' Cardiff City Stadium , Cardiff Attendance : 32,711 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) Goalscorers ( edit ) There were 71 goals scored in 30 matches , for an average of 2.37 goals per match . 6 goals Aleksandar Mitrović 4 goals Marko Arnautović James McClean Dušan Tadić Gareth Bale 3 goals Louis Schaub Valeri Qazaishvili Daryl Murphy 2 goals Martin Hinteregger Marc Janko Mijat Gaćinović Aleksandar Kolarov Filip Kostić Joe Allen Aaron Ramsey 1 goal Guido Burgstaller Martin Harnik Marcel Sabitzer Jano Ananidze Valerian Gvilia Nika Kacharava Giorgi Merebashvili Tornike Okriashvili Igor Bugaiov Alexandru Dedov Alexandru Gațcan Radu Gînsari Séamus Coleman Shane Duffy Jeff Hendrick Shane Long Jonathan Walters Branislav Ivanović Nemanja Matić Luka Milivojević Aleksandar Prijović Tom Lawrence Hal Robson - Kanu Sam Vokes Ben Woodburn 1 own goal Kevin Wimmer ( against Wales ) Discipline ( edit ) A player is automatically suspended for the next match for the following offences : Receiving a red card ( red card suspensions may be extended for serious offences ) Receiving two yellow cards in two different matches ( yellow card suspensions are carried forward to the play - offs , but not the finals or any other future international matches ) The following suspensions were served during the qualifying matches : Player Team Offence ( s ) Suspended for match ( es ) Aleksandar Kolarov Serbia vs Portugal in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying ( 11 October 2015 ) vs Republic of Ireland ( 5 September 2016 ) Nemanja Matić Serbia vs Portugal in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying ( 11 October 2015 ) vs Republic of Ireland ( 5 September 2016 ) vs Moldova ( 6 October 2016 ) vs Austria ( 9 October 2016 ) Shane Duffy Republic of Ireland vs France in UEFA Euro 2016 ( 26 June 2016 ) vs Serbia ( 5 September 2016 ) Jeff Hendrick Republic of Ireland vs Serbia ( 5 September 2016 ) vs Georgia ( 6 October 2016 ) vs Moldova ( 9 October 2016 ) Andrei Cojocari Moldova vs Serbia ( 6 October 2016 ) vs Republic of Ireland ( 9 October 2016 ) vs Georgia ( 12 November 2016 ) Alexandru Dedov Moldova vs Wales ( 5 September 2016 ) vs Republic of Ireland ( 9 October 2016 ) vs Georgia ( 12 November 2016 ) Aleksandar Kolarov Serbia vs Moldova ( 6 October 2016 ) vs Austria ( 9 October 2016 ) vs Wales ( 12 November 2016 ) Julian Baumgartlinger Austria vs Serbia ( 9 November 2016 ) vs Republic of Ireland ( 12 November 2016 ) vs Moldova ( 24 March 2017 ) Murtaz Daushvili Georgia vs Wales ( 9 October 2016 ) vs Moldova ( 12 November 2016 ) vs Serbia ( 24 March 2017 ) Tornike Okriashvili Georgia vs Wales ( 9 October 2016 ) vs Moldova ( 12 November 2016 ) vs Serbia ( 24 March 2017 ) Robbie Brady Republic of Ireland vs Serbia ( 5 September 2016 ) vs Austria ( 12 November 2016 ) vs Wales ( 24 March 2017 ) Aleksandar Katai Serbia vs Republic of Ireland ( 5 September 2016 ) vs Wales ( 12 November 2016 ) vs Georgia ( 24 March 2017 ) Matija Nastasić Serbia vs Republic of Ireland ( 5 September 2016 ) vs Wales ( 12 November 2016 ) vs Georgia ( 24 March 2017 ) Marko Arnautović Austria vs Wales ( 6 October 2016 ) vs Moldova ( 24 March 2017 ) vs Republic of Ireland ( 11 June 2017 ) Stefan Ilsanker Austria vs Serbia ( 9 October 2016 ) vs Moldova ( 24 March 2017 ) vs Republic of Ireland ( 11 June 2017 ) Alexandru Gațcan Moldova vs Republic of Ireland ( 9 October 2016 ) vs Austria ( 24 March 2017 ) vs Georgia ( 11 June 2017 ) Gareth Bale Wales vs Serbia ( 12 November 2016 ) vs Republic of Ireland ( 24 March 2017 ) vs Serbia ( 11 June 2017 ) Neil Taylor Wales vs Republic of Ireland ( 24 March 2017 ) vs Serbia ( 11 June 2017 ) vs Austria ( 2 September 2017 ) Jaba Kankava Georgia vs Serbia ( 24 March 2017 ) vs Moldova ( 11 June 2017 ) vs Republic of Ireland ( 2 September 2017 ) Vitalie Bordian Moldova vs Georgia ( 12 November 2016 ) vs Georgia ( 11 June 2017 ) vs Serbia ( 2 September 2017 ) Luka Milivojević Serbia vs Austria ( 9 October 2016 ) vs Wales ( 11 June 2017 ) vs Moldova ( 2 September 2017 ) Vladimir Stojković Serbia vs Wales ( 12 November 2016 ) vs Wales ( 11 June 2017 ) vs Moldova ( 2 September 2017 ) Joe Allen Wales vs Serbia ( 12 November 2016 ) vs Serbia ( 11 June 2017 ) vs Austria ( 2 September 2017 ) Robbie Brady Republic of Ireland vs Austria ( 11 June 2017 ) vs Serbia ( 5 September 2017 ) vs Moldova ( 6 October 2017 ) James McClean Republic of Ireland vs Georgia ( 2 September 2017 ) vs Serbia ( 5 September 2017 ) vs Moldova ( 6 October 2017 ) Nikola Maksimović Serbia vs Republic of Ireland ( 5 September 2017 ) vs Austria ( 6 October 2017 ) Aleksandar Dragović Austria vs Republic of Ireland ( 12 November 2016 ) vs Serbia ( 6 October 2017 ) vs Moldova ( 9 October 2017 ) Alexandru Gațcan Moldova vs Republic of Ireland ( 6 October 2017 ) vs Austria ( 9 October 2017 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ CET ( UTC + 1 ) for matches on 12 November 2016 and 24 March 2017 , and CEST ( UTC + 2 ) for all other matches . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup qualifying draw format '' . UEFA.com. 16 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` European teams learn World Cup qualifying fate '' . UEFA.com. 25 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` World Cup European Qualifiers fixtures confirmed '' . UEFA.com. 26 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fixture List -- 2018 FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Republic of Ireland held to draw in Georgia '' . 2 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 5 September 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . External links ( edit ) Official FIFA World Cup website Qualifiers -- Europe : Round 1 , FIFA.com FIFA World Cup , UEFA.com Standings -- Qualifying round : Group D , UEFA.com <Th_colspan="2"> 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification AFC First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round ( play - off ) CAF First Round Second Round Third Round CONCACAF First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round Fifth Round CONMEBOL Round Robin OFC First Round Second Round ( Nations Cup ) Third Round UEFA First Round Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Group I Second Round ( play - offs ) Play - offs CONCACAF v AFC OFC v CONMEBOL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_ -- _UEFA_Group_D&oldid = 841108276 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( UEFA ) Serbia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 03 : 38 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification UEFA Group D
2. Teams: Wales, Austria, Serbia, Republic of Ireland, Moldova, Georgia
3. Group winners: Serbia
4. Republic of Ireland in the play-offs
5. Goalscorers and discipline in the group
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what are some examples of file formats that can store metadata
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Metadata - wikipedia Metadata Jump to : navigation , search In the 2010s , metadata typically refers to digital forms , but traditional card catalogues contain metadata , with cards holding information about books in a library ( author , title , subject , etc . ) . Metadata is `` data ( information ) that provides information about other data '' . Three distinct types of metadata exist : descriptive metadata , structural metadata , and administrative metadata . Descriptive metadata describes a resource for purposes such as discovery and identification . It can include elements such as title , abstract , author , and keywords . Structural metadata is metadata about containers of data and indicates how compound objects are put together , for example , how pages are ordered to form chapters . It describes the types , versions , relationships and other characteristics of digital materials . Administrative metadata provides information to help manage a resource , such as when and how it was created , file type and other technical information , and who can access it . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Definition 3 Types 4 Structures 4.1 Syntax 4.2 Hierarchical , linear and planar schemata 4.3 Hypermapping 4.4 Granularity 5 Standards 6 Use 6.1 Photographs 6.2 Telecommunications 6.3 Video 7 Creation 7.1 Data virtualization 7.2 Statistics and census services 7.3 Library and information science 7.4 In museums 7.4. 1 Usage 7.4. 2 Standards 7.4. 3 Cultural objects and art works 7.4. 4 Museums and the Internet 7.5 Law 7.5. 1 India 7.5. 2 Australia 7.6 In healthcare 7.7 Data warehousing 7.8 On the Internet 7.9 In broadcast industry 7.10 Geospatial 7.11 Ecological and environmental 7.12 Digital music 7.13 Cloud applications 8 Administration and management 8.1 Storage 8.2 Database management 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Metadata was traditionally used in the card catalogs of libraries until the 1980s , when libraries converted their catalog data to digital databases . In the 2000s , as digital formats were becoming the prevalent way of storing data and information , metadata was also used to describe digital data using metadata standards . The first description of `` meta data '' for computer systems is purportedly noted by MIT 's Center for International Studies experts David Griffel and Stuart McIntosh in 1967 : `` In summary then , we have statements in an object language about subject descriptions of data and token codes for the data . We also have statements in a meta language describing the data relationships and transformations , and ought / is relations between norm and data . '' There are different metadata standards for each different discipline ( e.g. , museum collections , digital audio files , websites , etc . ) . Describing the contents and context of data or data files increases its usefulness . For example , a web page may include metadata specifying what software language the page is written in ( e.g. , HTML ) , what tools were used to create it , what subjects the page is about , and where to find more information about the subject . This metadata can automatically improve the reader 's experience and make it easier for users to find the web page online . A CD may include metadata providing information about the musicians , singers and songwriters whose work appears on the disc . A principal purpose of metadata is to help users find relevant information and discover resources . Metadata also helps to organize electronic resources , provide digital identification , and support the archiving and preservation of resources . Metadata assists users in resource discovery by `` allowing resources to be found by relevant criteria , identifying resources , bringing similar resources together , distinguishing dissimilar resources , and giving location information . '' Metadata of telecommunication activities including Internet traffic is very widely collected by various national governmental organizations . This data is used for the purposes of traffic analysis and can be used for mass surveillance . In many countries , the metadata relating to emails , telephone calls , web pages , video traffic , IP connections and cell phone locations are routinely stored by government organizations . Definition ( edit ) Metadata means `` data about data '' . Although the `` meta '' prefix ( from the Greek preposition and prefix μετά - ) means `` after '' or `` beyond '' , it is used to mean `` about '' in epistemology . Metadata is defined as the data providing information about one or more aspects of the data ; it is used to summarize basic information about data which can make tracking and working with specific data easier . Some examples include : Means of creation of the data Purpose of the data Time and date of creation Creator or author of the data Location on a computer network where the data was created Standards used File size For example , a digital image may include metadata that describes how large the picture is , the color depth , the image resolution , when the image was created , the shutter speed , and other data . A text document 's metadata may contain information about how long the document is , who the author is , when the document was written , and a short summary of the document . Metadata within web pages can also contain descriptions of page content , as well as key words linked to the content . These links are often called `` Metatags '' , which were used as the primary factor in determining order for a web search until the late 1990s . The reliance of metatags in web searches was decreased in the late 1990s because of `` keyword stuffing '' . Metatags were being largely misused to trick search engines into thinking some websites had more relevance in the search than they really did . Metadata can be stored and managed in a database , often called a metadata registry or metadata repository . However , without context and a point of reference , it might be impossible to identify metadata just by looking at it . For example : by itself , a database containing several numbers , all 13 digits long could be the results of calculations or a list of numbers to plug into an equation - without any other context , the numbers themselves can be perceived as the data . But if given the context that this database is a log of a book collection , those 13 - digit numbers may now be identified as ISBNs - information that refers to the book , but is not itself the information within the book . The term `` metadata '' was coined in 1968 by Philip Bagley , in his book `` Extension of Programming Language Concepts '' where it is clear that he uses the term in the ISO 11179 `` traditional '' sense , which is `` structural metadata '' i.e. `` data about the containers of data '' ; rather than the alternative sense `` content about individual instances of data content '' or metacontent , the type of data usually found in library catalogues . Since then the fields of information management , information science , information technology , librarianship , and GIS have widely adopted the term . In these fields the word metadata is defined as `` data about data '' . While this is the generally accepted definition , various disciplines have adopted their own more specific explanation and uses of the term . Types ( edit ) While the metadata application is manifold , covering a large variety of fields , there are specialized and well - accepted models to specify types of metadata . Bretherton & Singley ( 1994 ) distinguish between two distinct classes : structural / control metadata and guide metadata . Structural metadata describes the structure of database objects such as tables , columns , keys and indexes . Guide metadata helps humans find specific items and are usually expressed as a set of keywords in a natural language . According to Ralph Kimball metadata can be divided into 2 similar categories : technical metadata and business metadata . Technical metadata corresponds to internal metadata , and business metadata corresponds to external metadata . Kimball adds a third category , process metadata . On the other hand , NISO distinguishes among three types of metadata : descriptive , structural , and administrative . Descriptive metadata is typically used for discovery and identification , as information to search and locate an object , such as title , author , subjects , keywords , publisher . Structural metadata describes how the components of an object are organized . An example of structural metadata would be how pages are ordered to form chapters of a book . Finally , administrative metadata gives information to help manage the source . Administrative metadata refers to the technical information , including file type , or when and how the file was created . Two sub-types of administrative metadata are rights management metadata and preservation metadata . Rights management metadata explains intellectual property rights , while preservation metadata contains information to preserve and save a resource . An additional type of metadata beginning to be more developed is accessibility metadata . Accessibility metadata is not a new concept to libraries ; however , advances in universal design have raised its profile . Projects like Cloud4All and GPII identified the lack of common terminologies and models to describe the needs and preferences of users and information that fits those needs as a major gap in providing universal access solutions. . Those types of information are accessibility metadata . Schema.org has incorporated several accessibility properties based on IMS Global Access for All Information Model Data Element Specification . The Wiki page WebSchemas / Accessibility lists several properties and their values . While the efforts to describe and standardize the varied accessibility needs of information seekers are beginning to become more robust their adoption into established metadata schemas has not been as developed . For example , while Dublin Core ( DC ) 's `` audience '' and MARC 21 's `` reading level '' could be used to identify resources suitable for users with dyslexia and DC 's `` Format '' could be used to identify resources available in braille , audio , or large print formats , there is more work to be done . Structures ( edit ) Metadata ( metacontent ) or , more correctly , the vocabularies used to assemble metadata ( metacontent ) statements , is typically structured according to a standardized concept using a well - defined metadata scheme , including : metadata standards and metadata models . Tools such as controlled vocabularies , taxonomies , thesauri , data dictionaries , and metadata registries can be used to apply further standardization to the metadata . Structural metadata commonality is also of paramount importance in data model development and in database design . Syntax ( edit ) Metadata ( metacontent ) syntax refers to the rules created to structure the fields or elements of metadata ( metacontent ) . A single metadata scheme may be expressed in a number of different markup or programming languages , each of which requires a different syntax . For example , Dublin Core may be expressed in plain text , HTML , XML , and RDF . A common example of ( guide ) metacontent is the bibliographic classification , the subject , the Dewey Decimal class number . There is always an implied statement in any `` classification '' of some object . To classify an object as , for example , Dewey class number 514 ( Topology ) ( i.e. books having the number 514 on their spine ) the implied statement is : `` < subject heading > . This is a subject - predicate - object triple , or more importantly , a class - attribute - value triple . The first two elements of the triple ( class , attribute ) are pieces of some structural metadata having a defined semantic . The third element is a value , preferably from some controlled vocabulary , some reference ( master ) data . The combination of the metadata and master data elements results in a statement which is a metacontent statement i.e. `` metacontent = metadata + master data '' . All of these elements can be thought of as `` vocabulary '' . Both metadata and master data are vocabularies which can be assembled into metacontent statements . There are many sources of these vocabularies , both meta and master data : UML , EDIFACT , XSD , Dewey / UDC / LoC , SKOS , ISO - 25964 , Pantone , Linnaean Binomial Nomenclature , etc . Using controlled vocabularies for the components of metacontent statements , whether for indexing or finding , is endorsed by ISO 25964 : `` If both the indexer and the searcher are guided to choose the same term for the same concept , then relevant documents will be retrieved . '' This is particularly relevant when considering search engines of the internet , such as Google . The process indexes pages then matches text strings using its complex algorithm ; there is no intelligence or `` inferencing '' occurring , just the illusion thereof . Hierarchical , linear and planar schemata ( edit ) Metadata schemata can be hierarchical in nature where relationships exist between metadata elements and elements are nested so that parent - child relationships exist between the elements . An example of a hierarchical metadata schema is the IEEE LOM schema , in which metadata elements may belong to a parent metadata element . Metadata schemata can also be one - dimensional , or linear , where each element is completely discrete from other elements and classified according to one dimension only . An example of a linear metadata schema is the Dublin Core schema , which is one dimensional . Metadata schemata are often two dimensional , or planar , where each element is completely discrete from other elements but classified according to two orthogonal dimensions . Hypermapping ( edit ) In all cases where the metadata schemata exceed the planar depiction , some type of hypermapping is required to enable display and view of metadata according to chosen aspect and to serve special views . Hypermapping frequently applies to layering of geographical and geological information overlays . Granularity ( edit ) The degree to which the data or metadata is structured is referred to as its `` granularity '' . `` Granularity '' refers to how much detail is provided . Metadata with a high granularity allows for deeper , more detailed , and more structured information and enables greater level of technical manipulation . A lower level of granularity means that metadata can be created for considerably lower costs but will not provide as detailed information . The major impact of granularity is not only on creation and capture , but moreover on maintenance costs . As soon as the metadata structures become outdated , so too is the access to the referred data . Hence granularity must take into account the effort to create the metadata as well as the effort to maintain it . Standards ( edit ) International standards apply to metadata . Much work is being accomplished in the national and international standards communities , especially ANSI ( American National Standards Institute ) and ISO ( International Organization for Standardization ) to reach consensus on standardizing metadata and registries . The core metadata registry standard is ISO / IEC 11179 Metadata Registries ( MDR ) , the framework for the standard is described in ISO / IEC 11179 - 1 : 2004 . A new edition of Part 1 is in its final stage for publication in 2015 or early 2016 . It has been revised to align with the current edition of Part 3 , ISO / IEC 11179 - 3 : 2013 which extends the MDR to support registration of Concept Systems . ( see ISO / IEC 11179 ) . This standard specifies a schema for recording both the meaning and technical structure of the data for unambiguous usage by humans and computers . ISO / IEC 11179 standard refers to metadata as information objects about data , or `` data about data '' . In ISO / IEC 11179 Part - 3 , the information objects are data about Data Elements , Value Domains , and other reusable semantic and representational information objects that describe the meaning and technical details of a data item . This standard also prescribes the details for a metadata registry , and for registering and administering the information objects within a Metadata Registry . ISO / IEC 11179 Part 3 also has provisions for describing compound structures that are derivations of other data elements , for example through calculations , collections of one or more data elements , or other forms of derived data . While this standard describes itself originally as a `` data element '' registry , its purpose is to support describing and registering metadata content independently of any particular application , lending the descriptions to being discovered and reused by humans or computers in developing new applications , databases , or for analysis of data collected in accordance with the registered metadata content . This standard has become the general basis for other kinds of metadata registries , reusing and extending the registration and administration portion of the standard . The Geospatial community has a tradition of specialized geospatial metadata standards , particularly building on traditions of map - and image - libraries and catalogues . Formal metadata is usually essential for geospatial data , as common text - processing approaches are not applicable . The Dublin Core metadata terms are a set of vocabulary terms which can be used to describe resources for the purposes of discovery . The original set of 15 classic metadata terms , known as the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set are endorsed in the following standards documents : IETF RFC 5013 ISO Standard 15836 - 2009 NISO Standard Z39. 85 . Although not a standard , Microformat ( also mentioned in the section metadata on the internet below ) is a web - based approach to semantic markup which seeks to re-use existing HTML / XHTML tags to convey metadata . Microformat follows XHTML and HTML standards but is not a standard in itself . One advocate of microformats , Tantek Çelik , characterized a problem with alternative approaches : `` Here 's a new language we want you to learn , and now you need to output these additional files on your server . It 's a hassle . ( Microformats ) lower the barrier to entry . '' Use ( edit ) Photographs ( edit ) Metadata may be written into a digital photo file that will identify who owns it , copyright and contact information , what brand or model of camera created the file , along with exposure information ( shutter speed , f - stop , etc . ) and descriptive information , such as keywords about the photo , making the file or image searchable on a computer and / or the Internet . Some metadata is created by the camera and some is input by the photographer and / or software after downloading to a computer . Most digital cameras write metadata about model number , shutter speed , etc. , and some enable you to edit it ; this functionality has been available on most Nikon DSLRs since the Nikon D3 , on most new Canon cameras since the Canon EOS 7D , and on most Pentax DSLRs since the Pentax K - 3 . Metadata can be used to make organizing in post-production easier with the use of key - wording . Filters can be used to analyze a specific set of photographs and create selections on criteria like rating or capture time . Photographic Metadata Standards are governed by organizations that develop the following standards . They include , but are not limited to : IPTC Information Interchange Model IIM ( International Press Telecommunications Council ) , IPTC Core Schema for XMP XMP -- Extensible Metadata Platform ( an ISO standard ) Exif -- Exchangeable image file format , Maintained by CIPA ( Camera & Imaging Products Association ) and published by JEITA ( Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association ) Dublin Core ( Dublin Core Metadata Initiative -- DCMI ) PLUS ( Picture Licensing Universal System ) . VRA Core ( Visual Resource Association ) Telecommunications ( edit ) Information on the times , origins and destinations of phone calls , electronic messages , instant messages and other modes of telecommunication , as opposed to message content , is another form of metadata . Bulk collection of this call detail record metadata by intelligence agencies has proven controversial after disclosures by Edward Snowden Intelligence agencies such as the NSA are keeping online metadata of millions of internet user for up to a year , regardless of whether or not they are persons of interest to the agency . Video ( edit ) Metadata is particularly useful in video , where information about its contents ( such as transcripts of conversations and text descriptions of its scenes ) is not directly understandable by a computer , but where efficient search of the content is desirable . This is particularly useful in video applications such as Automatic Number Plate Recognition software , wherein license plate data is saved and used to create reports and alerts . There are two sources in which video metadata is derived : ( 1 ) operational gathered metadata , that is information about the content produced , such as the type of equipment , software , date , and location ; ( 2 ) human - authored metadata , to improve search engine visibility , discoverability , audience engagement , and providing advertising opportunities to video publishers . In today 's society most professional video editing software has access to metadata . Avid 's MetaSync and Adobe 's Bridge are two prime examples of this . Creation ( edit ) Metadata can be created either by automated information processing or by manual work . Elementary metadata captured by computers can include information about when an object was created , who created it , when it was last updated , file size , and file extension . In this context an object refers to any of the following : A physical item such as a book , CD , DVD , a paper map , chair , table , flower pot , etc . An electronic file such as a digital image , digital photo , electronic document , program file , database table , etc . Data virtualization ( edit ) Main article : Data virtualization Data virtualization has emerged in the 2000s as the new software technology to complete the virtualization `` stack '' in the enterprise . Metadata is used in data virtualization servers which are enterprise infrastructure components , alongside database and application servers . Metadata in these servers is saved as persistent repository and describe business objects in various enterprise systems and applications . Structural metadata commonality is also important to support data virtualization . Statistics and Census services ( edit ) Standardization work has had a large impact on efforts to build metadata systems in the statistical community . Several metadata standards are described , and their importance to statistical agencies is discussed . Applications of the standards at the Census Bureau , Environmental Protection Agency , Bureau of Labor Statistics , Statistics Canada , and many others are described . Emphasis is on the impact a metadata registry can have in a statistical agency . Library and information Science ( edit ) Metadata has been used in various ways as a means of cataloging items in libraries in both digital and analog format . Such data helps classify , aggregate , identify , and locate a particular book , DVD , magazine or any object a library might hold in its collection . Until the 1980s , many library catalogues used 3x5 inch cards in file drawers to display a book 's title , author , subject matter , and an abbreviated alpha - numeric string ( call number ) which indicated the physical location of the book within the library 's shelves . The Dewey Decimal System employed by libraries for the classification of library materials by subject is an early example of metadata usage . Beginning in the 1980s and 1990s , many libraries replaced these paper file cards with computer databases . These computer databases make it much easier and faster for users to do keyword searches . Another form of older metadata collection is the use by US Census Bureau of what is known as the `` Long Form . '' The Long Form asks questions that are used to create demographic data to find patterns of distribution . Libraries employ metadata in library catalogues , most commonly as part of an Integrated Library Management System . Metadata is obtained by cataloguing resources such as books , periodicals , DVDs , web pages or digital images . This data is stored in the integrated library management system , ILMS , using the MARC metadata standard . The purpose is to direct patrons to the physical or electronic location of items or areas they seek as well as to provide a description of the item / s in question . More recent and specialized instances of library metadata include the establishment of digital libraries including e-print repositories and digital image libraries . While often based on library principles , the focus on non-librarian use , especially in providing metadata , means they do not follow traditional or common cataloging approaches . Given the custom nature of included materials , metadata fields are often specially created e.g. taxonomic classification fields , location fields , keywords or copyright statement . Standard file information such as file size and format are usually automatically included . Library operation has for decades been a key topic in efforts toward international standardization . Standards for metadata in digital libraries include Dublin Core , METS , MODS , DDI , DOI , URN , PREMIS schema , EML , and OAI - PMH . Leading libraries in the world give hints on their metadata standards strategies . In museums ( edit ) Metadata in a museum context is the information that trained cultural documentation specialists , such as archivists , librarians , museum registrars and curators , create to index , structure , describe , identify , or otherwise specify works of art , architecture , cultural objects and their images . Descriptive metadata is most commonly used in museum contexts for object identification and resource recovery purposes . Usage ( edit ) Metadata is developed and applied within collecting institutions and museums in order to : Facilitate resource discovery and execute search queries . Create digital archives that store information relating to various aspects of museum collections and cultural objects , and serves for archival and managerial purposes . Provide public audiences access to cultural objects through publishing digital content online . Standards ( edit ) Many museums and cultural heritage centers recognize that given the diversity of art works and cultural objects , no single model or standard suffices to describe and catalogue cultural works . For example , a sculpted Indigenous artifact could be classified as an artwork , an archaeological artifact , or an Indigenous heritage item . The early stages of standardization in archiving , description and cataloging within the museum community began in the late 1990s with the development of standards such as Categories for the Description of Works of Art ( CDWA ) , Spectrum , CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model ( CRM ) , Cataloging Cultural Objects ( CCO ) and the CDWA Lite XML schema . These standards use HTML and XML markup languages for machine processing , publication and implementation . The Anglo - American Cataloguing Rules ( AACR ) , originally developed for characterizing books , have also been applied to cultural objects , works of art and architecture . Standards , such as the CCO , are integrated within a Museum 's Collections Management System ( CMS ) , a database through which museums are able to manage their collections , acquisitions , loans and conservation . Scholars and professionals in the field note that the `` quickly evolving landscape of standards and technologies '' create challenges for cultural documentarians , specifically non-technically trained professionals . Most collecting institutions and museums use a relational database to categorize cultural works and their images . Relational databases and metadata work to document and describe the complex relationships amongst cultural objects and multi-faceted works of art , as well as between objects and places , people and artistic movements . Relational database structures are also beneficial within collecting institutions and museums because they allow for archivists to make a clear distinction between cultural objects and their images ; an unclear distinction could lead to confusing and inaccurate searches . Cultural objects and art works ( edit ) An object 's materiality , function and purpose , as well as the size ( e.g. , measurements , such as height , width , weight ) , storage requirements ( e.g. , climate - controlled environment ) and focus of the museum and collection , influence the descriptive depth of the data attributed to the object by cultural documentarians . The established institutional cataloging practices , goals and expertise of cultural documentarians and database structure also influence the information ascribed to cultural objects , and the ways in which cultural objects are categorized . Additionally , museums often employ standardized commercial collection management software that prescribes and limits the ways in which archivists can describe artworks and cultural objects . As well , collecting institutions and museums use Controlled Vocabularies to describe cultural objects and artworks in their collections . Getty Vocabularies and the Library of Congress Controlled Vocabularies are reputable within the museum community and are recommended by CCO standards . Museums are encouraged to use controlled vocabularies that are contextual and relevant to their collections and enhance the functionality of their digital information systems . Controlled Vocabularies are beneficial within databases because they provide a high level of consistency , improving resource retrieval . Metadata structures , including controlled vocabularies , reflect the ontologies of the systems from which they were created . Often the processes through which cultural objects are described and categorized through metadata in museums do not reflect the perspectives of the maker communities . Museums and the Internet ( edit ) Metadata has been instrumental in the creation of digital information systems and archives within museums , and has made it easier for museums to publish digital content online . This has enabled audiences who might not have had access to cultural objects due to geographic or economic barriers to have access to them . In the 2000s , as more museums have adopted archival standards and created intricate databases , discussions about Linked Data between museum databases have come up in the museum , archival and library science communities . Collection Management Systems ( CMS ) and Digital Asset Management tools can be local or shared systems . Digital Humanities scholars note many benefits of interoperability between museum databases and collections , while also acknowledging the difficulties achieving such interoperability . Law ( edit ) India The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Problems involving metadata in litigation in the United States are becoming widespread . Courts have looked at various questions involving metadata , including the discoverability of metadata by parties . Although the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure have only specified rules about electronic documents , subsequent case law has elaborated on the requirement of parties to reveal metadata . In October 2009 , the Arizona Supreme Court has ruled that metadata records are public record . Document metadata have proven particularly important in legal environments in which litigation has requested metadata , which can include sensitive information detrimental to a certain party in court . Using metadata removal tools to `` clean '' or redact documents can mitigate the risks of unwittingly sending sensitive data . This process partially ( see data remanence ) protects law firms from potentially damaging leaking of sensitive data through electronic discovery . India ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Problems involving metadata in litigation in the United States are becoming widespread . Courts have looked at various questions involving metadata , including the discoverability of metadata by parties . Although the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure have only specified rules about electronic documents , subsequent case law has elaborated on the requirement of parties to reveal metadata . In October 2009 , the Arizona Supreme Court has ruled that metadata records are public record . Document metadata have proven particularly important in legal environments in which litigation has requested metadata , which can include sensitive information detrimental to a certain party in court . Using metadata removal tools to `` clean '' or redact documents can mitigate the risks of unwittingly sending sensitive data . This process partially ( see data remanence ) protects law firms from potentially damaging leaking of sensitive data through electronic discovery . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , the need to strengthen national security has resulted in the introduction of a new metadata storage law . This new law means that both security and policing agencies will be allowed to access up to two years of an individual 's metadata , with the aim of making it easier to stop any terrorist attacks and serious crimes from happening . In healthcare ( edit ) Australian medical research pioneered the definition of metadata for applications in health care . That approach offers the first recognized attempt to adhere to international standards in medical sciences instead of defining a proprietary standard under the World Health Organization ( WHO ) umbrella . The medical community yet did not approve the need to follow metadata standards despite research that supported these standards . Data warehousing ( edit ) A data warehouse ( DW ) is a repository of an organization 's electronically stored data . Data warehouses are designed to manage and store the data . Data warehouses differ from business intelligence ( BI ) systems , because BI systems are designed to use data to create reports and analyze the information , to provide strategic guidance to management . Metadata is an important tool in how data is stored in data warehouses . The purpose of a data warehouse is to house standardized , structured , consistent , integrated , correct , `` cleaned '' and timely data , extracted from various operational systems in an organization . The extracted data are integrated in the data warehouse environment to provide an enterprise - wide perspective . Data are structured in a way to serve the reporting and analytic requirements . The design of structural metadata commonality using a data modeling method such as entity relationship model diagramming is important in any data warehouse development effort . They detail metadata on each piece of data in the data warehouse . An essential component of a data warehouse / business intelligence system is the metadata and tools to manage and retrieve the metadata . Ralph Kimball describes metadata as the DNA of the data warehouse as metadata defines the elements of the data warehouse and how they work together . Kimball et al. refers to three main categories of metadata : Technical metadata , business metadata and process metadata . Technical metadata is primarily definitional , while business metadata and process metadata is primarily descriptive . The categories sometimes overlap . Technical metadata defines the objects and processes in a DW / BI system , as seen from a technical point of view . The technical metadata includes the system metadata , which defines the data structures such as tables , fields , data types , indexes and partitions in the relational engine , as well as databases , dimensions , measures , and data mining models . Technical metadata defines the data model and the way it is displayed for the users , with the reports , schedules , distribution lists , and user security rights . Business metadata is content from the data warehouse described in more user - friendly terms . The business metadata tells you what data you have , where they come from , what they mean and what their relationship is to other data in the data warehouse . Business metadata may also serve as a documentation for the DW / BI system . Users who browse the data warehouse are primarily viewing the business metadata . Process metadata is used to describe the results of various operations in the data warehouse . Within the ETL process , all key data from tasks is logged on execution . This includes start time , end time , CPU seconds used , disk reads , disk writes , and rows processed . When troubleshooting the ETL or query process , this sort of data becomes valuable . Process metadata is the fact measurement when building and using a DW / BI system . Some organizations make a living out of collecting and selling this sort of data to companies - in that case the process metadata becomes the business metadata for the fact and dimension tables . Collecting process metadata is in the interest of business people who can use the data to identify the users of their products , which products they are using , and what level of service they are receiving . On the Internet ( edit ) The HTML format used to define web pages allows for the inclusion of a variety of types of metadata , from basic descriptive text , dates and keywords to further advanced metadata schemes such as the Dublin Core , e-GMS , and AGLS standards . Pages can also be geotagged with coordinates . Metadata may be included in the page 's header or in a separate file . Microformats allow metadata to be added to on - page data in a way that regular web users do not see , but computers , web crawlers and search engines can readily access . Many search engines are cautious about using metadata in their ranking algorithms due to exploitation of metadata and the practice of search engine optimization , SEO , to improve rankings . See Meta element article for further discussion . This cautious attitude may be justified as people , according to Doctorow , are not executing care and diligence when creating their own metadata and that metadata is part of a competitive environment where the metadata is used to promote the metadata creators own purposes . Studies show that search engines respond to web pages with metadata implementations , and Google has an announcement on its site showing the meta tags that its search engine understands . Enterprise search startup Swiftype recognizes metadata as a relevance signal that webmasters can implement for their website - specific search engine , even releasing their own extension , known as Meta Tags 2 . In broadcast industry ( edit ) In broadcast industry , metadata is linked to audio and video broadcast media to : identify the media : clip or playlist names , duration , timecode , etc . describe the content : notes regarding the quality of video content , rating , description ( for example , during a sport event , keywords like goal , red card will be associated to some clips ) classify media : metadata allows producers to sort the media or to easily and quickly find a video content ( a TV news could urgently need some archive content for a subject ) . For example , the BBC have a large subject classification system , Lonclass , a customized version of the more general - purpose Universal Decimal Classification . This metadata can be linked to the video media thanks to the video servers . Most major broadcast sport events like FIFA World Cup or the Olympic Games use this metadata to distribute their video content to TV stations through keywords . It is often the host broadcaster who is in charge of organizing metadata through its International Broadcast Centre and its video servers . This metadata is recorded with the images and are entered by metadata operators ( loggers ) who associate in live metadata available in metadata grids through software ( such as Multicam ( LSM ) or IPDirector used during the FIFA World Cup or Olympic Games ) . Geospatial ( edit ) Metadata that describes geographic objects in electronic storage or format ( such as datasets , maps , features , or documents with a geospatial component ) has a history dating back to at least 1994 ( refer MIT Library page on FGDC Metadata ) . This class of metadata is described more fully on the geospatial metadata article . Ecological and environmental ( edit ) Ecological and environmental metadata is intended to document the `` who , what , when , where , why , and how '' of data collection for a particular study . This typically means which organization or institution collected the data , what type of data , which date ( s ) the data was collected , the rationale for the data collection , and the methodology used for the data collection . Metadata should be generated in a format commonly used by the most relevant science community , such as Darwin Core , Ecological Metadata Language , or Dublin Core . Metadata editing tools exist to facilitate metadata generation ( e.g. Metavist , Mercury : Metadata Search System , Morpho ) . Metadata should describe provenance of the data ( where they originated , as well as any transformations the data underwent ) and how to give credit for ( cite ) the data products . Digital music ( edit ) When first released in 1982 , Compact Discs only contained a Table Of Contents ( TOC ) with the number of tracks on the disc and their length in samples. ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Fourteen years later in 1996 , a revision of the CD Red Book standard added CD - Text to carry additional metadata. ( 4 ) But CD - Text was not widely adopted . Shortly thereafter , it became common for personal computers to retrieve metadata from external sources ( e.g. CDDB , Gracenote ) based on the TOC . Digital audio formats such as digital audio files superseded music formats such as cassette tapes and CDs in the 2000s . Digital audio files could be labelled with more information than could be contained in just the file name . That descriptive information is called the audio tag or audio metadata in general . Computer programs specializing in adding or modifying this information are called tag editors . Metadata can be used to name , describe , catalogue and indicate ownership or copyright for a digital audio file , and its presence makes it much easier to locate a specific audio file within a group , typically through use of a search engine that accesses the metadata . As different digital audio formats were developed , attempts were made to standardize a specific location within the digital files where this information could be stored . As a result , almost all digital audio formats , including mp3 , broadcast wav and AIFF files , have similar standardized locations that can be populated with metadata . The metadata for compressed and uncompressed digital music is often encoded in the ID3 tag . Common editors such as TagLib support MP3 , Ogg Vorbis , FLAC , MPC , Speex , WavPack TrueAudio , WAV , AIFF , MP4 , and ASF file formats . Cloud applications ( edit ) With the availability of cloud applications , which include those to add metadata to content , metadata is increasingly available over the Internet . Administration and management ( edit ) Storage ( edit ) Metadata can be stored either internally , in the same file or structure as the data ( this is also called embedded metadata ) , or externally , in a separate file or field from the described data . A data repository typically stores the metadata detached from the data , but can be designed to support embedded metadata approaches . Each option has advantages and disadvantages : Internal storage means metadata always travels as part of the data they describe ; thus , metadata is always available with the data , and can be manipulated locally . This method creates redundancy ( precluding normalization ) , and does not allow managing all of a system 's metadata in one place . It arguably increases consistency , since the metadata is readily changed whenever the data is changed . External storage allows collocating metadata for all the contents , for example in a database , for more efficient searching and management . Redundancy can be avoided by normalizing the metadata 's organization . In this approach , metadata can be united with the content when information is transferred , for example in Streaming media ; or can be referenced ( for example , as a web link ) from the transferred content . On the down side , the division of the metadata from the data content , especially in standalone files that refer to their source metadata elsewhere , increases the opportunities for misalignments between the two , as changes to either may not be reflected in the other . Metadata can be stored in either human - readable or binary form . Storing metadata in a human - readable format such as XML can be useful because users can understand and edit it without specialized tools . However , text - based formats are rarely optimized for storage capacity , communication time , or processing speed . A binary metadata format enables efficiency in all these respects , but requires special software to convert the binary information into human - readable content . Database management ( edit ) Each relational database system has its own mechanisms for storing metadata . Examples of relational - database metadata include : Tables of all tables in a database , their names , sizes , and number of rows in each table . Tables of columns in each database , what tables they are used in , and the type of data stored in each column . In database terminology , this set of metadata is referred to as the catalog . The SQL standard specifies a uniform means to access the catalog , called the information schema , but not all databases implement it , even if they implement other aspects of the SQL standard . For an example of database - specific metadata access methods , see Oracle metadata . Programmatic access to metadata is possible using APIs such as JDBC , or SchemaCrawler . In popular culture ( edit ) One of the first satirical examinations of the concept of Metadata as we understand it today is American Science Fiction author Hal Draper 's short story , MS_Fnd_in_a_Lbry ( 1961 ) . Here , the knowledge of all Mankind is condensed into an object the size of a desk drawer , however the magnitude of the metadata ( e.g. catalog of catalogs of ... , as well as indexes and histories ) eventually leads to dire yet humorous consequence for the human race . The story prefigures the modern consequences of allowing metadata to become more important than the real data it is concerned with , and the risks inherent in that eventuality as a cautionary tale . See also ( edit ) Agris : International Information System for the Agricultural Sciences and Technology Classification scheme Crosswalk ( metadata ) DataONE Data Dictionary ( aka metadata repository ) Dublin Core Folksonomy GEOMS -- Generic Earth Observation Metadata Standard Geospatial metadata IPDirector ISO / IEC 11179 Knowledge tag Mercury : Metadata Search System Meta element Metadata Access Point Interface Metadata discovery Metadata facility for Java Metadata from Wikiversity Metadata publishing Metadata registry Metamathematics METAFOR Common Metadata for Climate Modelling Digital Repositories Microcontent Microformat Multicam ( LSM ) Observations and Measurements Ontology ( computer science ) Official statistics Paratext Preservation Metadata SDMX Semantic Web SGML The Metadata Company Universal Data Element Framework Vocabulary OneSource XSD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . 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( February 2008 ) . `` Metadata , Law , and the Real World : Slowly , the Three Are Merging '' . Journal of AHIMA . American Health Information Management Association . 79 ( 2 ) : 56 -- 57 , 64 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2010 . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Jim ( 30 October 2009 ) . `` Ariz . Supreme Court rules electronic data is public record '' . The Arizona Republic . Phoenix , Arizona . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Senate passes controversial metadata laws Jump up ^ M. Löbe , M. Knuth , R. Mücke TIM : A Semantic Web Application for the Specification of Metadata Items in Clinical Research Archived 11 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , CEUR-WS.org , urn : nbn : de : 0074 - 559 - 9 Jump up ^ Inmon , W.H. Tech Topic : What is a Data Warehouse ? Prism Solutions . Volume 1 . 1995 . Jump up ^ Kimball , Ralph ( 2008 ) . The Data Warehouse Lifecycle Toolkit ( Second ed . ) . New York : Wiley . pp. 10 , 115 -- 117 , 131 -- 132 , 140 , 154 -- 155 . 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Hbs.tv. 6 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2012 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Host Broadcast Media Server and Related Applications '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 November 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` logs during sport events '' . Broadcastengineering.com . Archived from the original on 16 November 2011 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 23 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Metavist 2 '' . Metavist.djames.net . Archived from the original on 21 August 2011 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` KNB Data : : Morpho '' . Knb.ecoinformatics.org. 20 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 13 January 2012 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Dan . `` ID3.org '' . Archived from the original on 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ De Sutter , Robbie ; Notebaert , Stijn ; Van de Walle , Rik ( September 2006 ) . `` Evaluation of Metadata Standards in the Context of Digital Audio - Visual Libraries '' . In Gonzalo , Julio ; Thanos , Constantino ; Verdejo , M. Felisa ; Carrasco , Rafael . Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries : 10th European Conference , EDCL 2006 . Springer . p. 226 . ISBN 978 - 3540446361 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Sualeh Fatehi . `` SchemaCrawler '' . SourceForge . Archived from the original on 3 September 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Gartner , Richard . 2016 . Metadata : Shaping Knowledge from Antiquity to the Semantic Web . Springer . ISBN 9783319408910 . Zeng , Marcia & Qin , Jian. 2016 . Metadata . Facet . ISBN 9781783300525 . External links ( edit ) Look up metadata in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . 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is savoy cabbage the same as napa cabbage
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Napa cabbage - wikipedia Napa cabbage `` Hakusai '' redirects here . For the Japanese artist , see Hokusai . `` Won bok '' redirects here . For the Korean cartoonist , see Rhie Won - bok . <Th_colspan="2"> Napa cabbage <Td_colspan="2"> Species Brassica rapa Cultivar group Pekinensis Group Origin China , before the 15th century Napa or nappa cabbage ( Brassica rapa subsp . pekinensis or Brassica rapa Pekinensis Group ) is a type of Chinese cabbage originating near the Beijing region of China , and is widely used in East Asian cuisine . Since the 20th century , it is also a widespread crop in Europe , the Americas and Australia . In much of the world , this is the vegetable referred to as `` Chinese cabbage '' . In Australia it is referred to as ' wombok ' . Contents 1 Names 2 Origin 3 Description 4 As a vegetable 5 Cultivation 5.1 Soil requirements 5.2 Climate requirements 5.3 Seedbed requirements & sowing 5.4 Fertilization , field management 5.5 Harvest , storage and yield 5.6 Breeding 6 Pests and diseases 6.1 Fungal diseases 6.2 Bacterial diseases 6.3 Virus diseases 6.4 Insect pests 6.5 Other pests and diseases 7 References Names ( edit ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Regional names <Td_colspan="2"> Napa cabbages <Th_colspan="2"> Chinese name Chinese 大 白菜 Literal meaning big white vegetable <Td_colspan="2"> Hanyu Pinyin dàbáicài Wade -- Giles ta - pai - ts'ai <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Cantonese name Traditional Chinese 紹 菜 <Td_colspan="2"> Yale Romanization siuh choi Jyutping siu coi <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Korean name Hangul 배추 Revised Romanization baechu McCune -- Reischauer paech'u <Th_colspan="2"> Japanese name Kanji 白菜 Hiragana はくさい <Td_colspan="2"> Revised Hepburn hakusai <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> The word `` napa '' in the name napa cabbage comes from colloquial and regional Japanese , where nappa ( 菜っ葉 ) refers to the leaves of any vegetable , especially when used as food . The Japanese name for this specific variety of cabbage is hakusai ( 白菜 ) , a Sino - Japanese reading of the Chinese name báicài ( 白菜 ) , literally `` white vegetable '' . The Korean name for napa cabbage , baechu ( 배추 ) , is a nativized word from the Sino - Korean reading , baekchae , of the same Chinese character sets . Today in Mandarin Chinese , napa cabbage is known as dàbáicài ( 大 白菜 ) , literally `` big white vegetable '' , as opposed to the `` small white vegetable '' that is known in English as bok choy . Outside of Asia , this vegetable is also referred to as Chinese cabbage . Regionally , it is also known as sui choy ( from the Cantonese name , 紹 菜 ) , and celery cabbage . In the United Kingdom this vegetable is known as Chinese leaf , in New Zealand as wong bok or won bok , and in the Philippines as wombok or pechay baguio . The name wombok is also used in Australia . Another name used in English is petsai or pe - tsai . In Russia it 's called pekinskaya kapusta ( пекинская капуста ) , literally `` Peking cabbage '' . Origin ( edit ) The first notation of Napa cabbage cultivation date from the 15th Century in the Yangtze River region in China . Then it spread to Korea and Japan . Beginning in the 19th Century with the Chinese diaspora , it was distributed to the rest of Asia , Europe , America as well as Australia . During the 16th century cabbage was first introduced to America from Europe and supply of seed materials from Europe continued till World War I. After the blockade of European seed supply the US Government research institutes and people in the seeds business developed superior seed stocks for every vegetable crop . Oregon and California were the cabbage seed production areas during that time . Today it is cultivated and eaten throughout the world . Napa cabbage might have originated from natural hybridization between turnip ( Brassica rapa subsp . rapa ) and pak - choi ( Brassica rapa subsp . chinensis ) . Artificial crosses between these two species and also molecular data strengthened this suggestion . Description ( edit ) The leaves , which are the harvested organ , lay side by side densely , are lime green coloured with white leaf veins and have a smooth surface . The vegetable has an oval form and weights 1 -- 3 kg . The leaves are organized in basal rosettes . The flowers are yellow and have a for Brassicaceae typical cross-linked arrangement , hence the name Crucifereae , which means `` cross-bearing '' . Because the plant is harvested in an earlier stage than flowering , normally the flowers are not visible on the field . It develops similar to other head - forming leaf vegetables , for example cabbage lettuce . The chronological stages on the BBCH - scale are germination , leaf formation , vegetative growth ( head - forming ) , appearance of the sprout that bears the flowers , flowering , fruit development , seed ripening and senescence . Napa cabbage is an annual plant that reaches the generative period in the first year . It must be consumed in its vegetative period , so there is a challenge in cultivation not to reach the stadium of flowering . The stadium of flowering can be initiated by cold temperatures or the length of the day . Napa cabbage reproduces mainly by allogamy . Napa cabbage produces more leaves , bigger leaves and a higher biomass under long day conditions than under short day conditions . As a vegetable ( edit ) Chinese cabbage , raw <Th_colspan="2"> Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 68 kJ ( 16 kcal ) <Td_colspan="2"> Carbohydrates 3.2 g Dietary fiber 1.2 g <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Fat 0.2 g <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Protein 1.2 g <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Vitamins Quantity % DV Vitamin C 33 % 27 mg <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Minerals Quantity % DV Calcium 8 % 77 mg Iron 2 % 0.31 mg Magnesium 4 % 13 mg Sodium 1 % 9 mg <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units <Td_colspan="2"> Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database Napa cabbage is a cool season annual vegetable which grows best when the days are short and mild . The plant grows to an oblong shaped head consisting of tightly arranged crinkly , thick , light - green leaves with white prominent veins . Innermost layer leaves feature light yellow color . Napa cabbage belongs to the family of Brassicaceae ( Cruciferae , cabbage family ) , the Genus of Brassica and the subspecies pekinensis . As a cruciferous plant ( Brassicaceae ) it is closely related to species like broccoli , pak choi or cauliflower . Napa cabbage is widely used in China , Japan , and Korea . Napa cabbage is used as a sign of prosperity in China , and often appears as a symbol in glass and porcelain figures . The Jadeite Cabbage sculpture of Taiwan 's National Palace Museum is a carving of a napa cabbage variety . It is also found in North American , European and Australian cities after Asian immigrants settled in the regions . In Korean cuisine , napa cabbage is the main ingredient of baechu - kimchi , the most common type of kimchi , but is also eaten raw as a wrap for pork or oysters , dipped in gochujang . The outer , tougher leaves are used in soups . It can be used in stir - fry with other ingredients such as tofu , mushroom and zucchini . It is also eaten with hot pot meals . Napa cabbage is particularly popular in South Korea 's northern Gangwon Province . In the European , American and Australian kitchen it is more common to eat it cooked or raw as salad . The vegetable is rich in Vitamin C ( 26 mg / 100g ) and has a fair amount of calcium ( 40 mg / 100g ) . It tastes mild aromatic . Cultivation ( edit ) Napa cabbage can be cultivated in many different areas of the world , the main area of diversification represents Asia . Soil requirements ( edit ) Napa cabbage requires deeply loosened medium heavy soil . There must not be any compaction due to plowing . The crop achieves particularly high yields on sandy loam . Extremely sandy or claylike soils are not suitable . The crop prefers a pH range from 6.0 to 6.2 , a high organic matter content and good moisture holding capacity of the soil . Lower pH or droughty soil can lead to calcium or magnesium deficiency and internal quality defects . Climate requirements ( edit ) Napa cabbage needs much water during the whole growth period . Often an irrigation system is needed , especially for August and September . The required amount of water depends on the stage of crop growth , weather conditions , and soil type . The most critical stage after establishment is when the head is forming . Inadequate water at this time will result in reduced uptake of calcium . This condition causes dead leaf tips within the head what makes it unmarketable . During head formation , 1 to 1 1⁄2 inches of water per week is needed to maintain sustained growth rates . Temperature requirements are low . Temperatures below zero degrees are tolerated for short time periods ; persistent frosts below - 5 ° C are not endured . Too low temperature can induce premature bolting . The plants perform best under temperatures between 13 ° C and 21 ° C , but depending on the cultivar . Seedbed requirements & sowing ( edit ) Napa cabbage has very small seeds with a thousand kernel weight of about 2.5 -- 2.8 g . For professional cultivation it is recommended to use disinfected seeds to prevent onset diseases . With the single grain seed technique , about 400 -- 500 g seeds per hectare is required , for normal seed technique about 1 kg per hectare . If normal seed technique is used , the seedlings must be thinned out after 2 -- 4 weeks . The seeds should be deposited 1 -- 2 cm deep , with a row width of 40 -- 45 cm and 25 -- 30 cm distance between the seeds . The seedlings can be grown in the greenhouse and then transplanted into the field after 2 -- 3 weeks . Earlier harvest can be achieved with this method . Seventy thousand to 80,000 seedlings per hectare are required . The transplanting method is normally used for the spring crop and the seeding technique for the fall crop . Fertilization , field management ( edit ) The nutrient removal of napa cabbage is high : 150 -- 200 kg N per hectare 80 -- 120 kg P O per hectare 180 -- 250 kg K O per hectare 110 -- 150 kg Ca per hectare 20 -- 40 kg Mg per hectare Fertilizer recommendations are in the range of the nutrient removal . Organic fertilizer must be applied before sowing due to the short cultivation time of napa cabbage and the slow availability of organic fertilizers . Synthetic N fertilizer should be applied in 3 equal doses . The last application must happen before 2 / 3 of the cultivation time is over to avoid quality losses during storage . Weeds should be controlled mechanically or chemically . Harvest , storage and yield ( edit ) Harvested napa cabbage being loaded on a truck in Tonghai County , Yunnan Napa cabbage can be harvested 8 -- 12 weeks after sowing . The harvest work is mostly done by hand . The plant is cut 2.5 cm above the ground . It is usual to harvest several times per field to achieve constant quality of the napa cabbage . Storage of napa cabbage is possible for 3 -- 4 months in cool stores with 0 - 1 ° C and 85 - 90 percent relative humidity . Napa cabbage achieves a yield of 4 -- 5 kg per m . Breeding ( edit ) Brassica rapa species are diploid and have 10 chromosomes . A challenge for breeding of napa cabbage is the variable self - incompatibility . The self - incompatibility activity was reported to change by temperature and humidity . In vitro pollination with 98 % relative humidity proved to be the most reliable as compared to greenhouse pollination . A lot of work has already been done on breeding of napa cabbage . In the 21st century , 880 varieties of Napa cabbage were registered by the Korea Seed and Variety Service . Breeding of napa cabbage was started by the Korean government research station of horticultural demonstration in 1906 to overcome starvation . As napa cabbage and radish are the main vegetables for `` Kimchi '' research focused on increasing yield . The most important person for this process was Dr. Woo Jang - choon who bred hybrid cultivars with self - incompatibility and contributed to commercial breeding by developing valuable materials and educating students . The main purpose of the hybrid cultivar was high yield and year - round production of napa cabbage after 1960 . To enable year round production of napa cabbage , it has to be modified to tolerate high and low temperatures . Normally sowing in the late summer and harvesting in late autumn can produce high quality vegetables . As an example , a summer cultivar called `` Nae - Seo - beak - ro '' was developed 1973 by a commercial seed company . It tolerates high temperatures , could endure high humidity in the monsoon , and showed resistance to viral disease , soft rot and downy mildew . The low temperature in early spring reduces the quality of the vegetable and it can not be used for `` Kimchi '' . In the 1970s the developing of winter cultivars started . The majority of new cultivars could not endure the cold winter conditions and disappeared . The cultivar `` Dong - Pung '' ( meaning `` east wind '' ) was developed 1992 and showed a high resistance to cold temperature . It is mostly used in Korea , where fresh napa cabbage is nowadays cultivated all year round . In the 70s , one seed company developed the rose - shape heading variety while other seed companies focused on semi-folded heading type . As a result of continuous breeding in the commercial seed companies and the government research stations , farmers could now select what they wanted from among various high quality hybrids of Chinese cabbage . In 1988 , the first cultivar with yellow inner leaf was introduced . This trait has prevailed until today . A very important breeding aim is to get varieties with resistance to pests and diseases . There exist varieties with resistance to turnip mosaic virus but as mentioned above , there exist numerous other diseases . There have been attempts to breed varieties with clubroot resistance or powdery mildew resistance but the varieties failed due to bad leaf texture traits or broken resistances . Pests and diseases ( edit ) Fungal diseases ( edit ) Alternaria diseases are caused by the organisms Alternaria brassicae , Alternaria brassicicola and Alternaria japonica . Their English names are black spot , pod spot , gray leaf spot , dark leaf spot or Alternaria blight . The symptoms can be seen on all aboveground plant parts as dark spots . The infected plants are shrivelled and smaller than normal . Alternaria diseases infect almost all brassica plants , the most important hosts are oilseed brassicas . The fungus is a facultative parasite , what means that it can survive on living hosts as well as on dead plant tissue . Infected plant debris is in most circumstances the primary source of inoculum . The spores can be dispersed by wind to host plants in the field or to neighbouring brassica crops . This is why cross infections often occur in areas where different brassica crops are cultivated in close proximity . The disease spreads especially fast when the weather is wet and the plants have reached maturity . Alternaria brassicae is well adapted to temperate regions while Alternaria brassicicola occurs primarily in warmer parts of the world . Temperature requirement for Alternaria japonica is intermediate . There exist some wild accessions of Brassica rapa subsp . pekinensis with resistance to Alternaria brassicae but not on commercial cultivars . These resistances should be included to breeding programmes . Alternaria epicemics are best avoided by management practices like at least 3 years non-host crops between brassica crops , incorporation of plant debris into the soil to accelerate decomposition and usage of disease - free seeds . Anhracnose is a brassica disease caused by Colletotrichum higginsianum that is especially damaging on napa cabbage , pak choi , turnip , rutabaga and tender green mustard . The symptoms are dry pale gray to straw spots or lesions on the leaves . The recommended management practices are the same as for Alternaria diseases . Black root is a disease that infects mainly radish , but it also occurs on many other brassica vegetables inclusively napa cabbage . It caused by the fungus Aphanomyces raphani . The pathogen can persist for long times in the soil , therefore crop rotations are an essential management tool . White leaf spot is found primarily in temperate climate regions and is important on vegetable brassicas and oilseed rape . The causal organism is Mycosphaerella capsellae . The symptoms are white spots on leaves , stems and pods and can thus easily be confused with those of downy mildew . The disease spreads especially fast with rain or moisture and temperature is between 10 and 15 ° C . Yellows , also called Fusarium wilt , is another brassica disease that infects oilseed rape , cabbage , mustards , Napa cabbage and other vegetable brassicas . It is only a problem in regions with warm growing seasons where soil temperatures are in the range of 18 to 32 ° C. The causal organism is Fusarium oxysporum f. sp . conlutinans . Napa cabbage is relatively tolerant to the disease ; mostly the only external symptoms are yellowing of lower , older leaves . The disease is soil borne and can survive for many years in the absence of a host . Most cruciferous weeds can serve as alternate hosts . Damping - Off is a disease in temperate areas caused by soil inhabiting oomycetes like Phytophthora cactorum and Pythium spp . The disease concerns seedlings , which often collapse and die . Links to other diseases that infect napa cabbage : black leg or phoma stem cancer : Leptosphaeria maculans clubroot : Plasmodiophora brassicae Downy mildew : Hyaloperonospora brassicae Powdery mildew : Erysiphe cruciferarum Rhizoctonia solani Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Bacterial diseases ( edit ) Bacterial soft rot is considered one of the most important diseases of vegetable brassicas . The disease is particularly damaging in warm humid climate . The causal organisms are Erwinia carotovora var . carotovora and Pseudomonas marginalis pv . marginalis . The rot symptoms can occur in the field , on produce transit or in storage . Bacteria survive mainly on plant residues in the soil . They are spread by insects and by cultural practices , such as irrigation water and farm machinery . The disease is tolerant to low temperatures ; it can spread in storages close to 0 ° C , by direct contact and by drippint onto the plants below . Bacterial soft rot is more severe on crops which have been fertilized too heavily with nitrogen , had late nitrogen applications , or are allowed to become over-mature before harvesting . Black rot , the most important disease of vegetable brassicas , is caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv . campestris . Virus diseases ( edit ) Cucumber mosaic virus Radish mosaic virus Ribgrass mosaic virus Turnip crincle virus Caradamine chlorotic fleck virus Turnip mosaic virus Turnip yellow mosaic virus Insect pests ( edit ) large white butterfly ( Pieris brassicae ) cabbage root fly ( Delia radicum ) cabbage seed weevil ( Ceutorhynchus assimilis ) cabbage looper diamondback moth small white butterfly ( Pieris rapae ) aphids cucumber beetles stink bugs Vegetable weevils Mole crickets cutworms Other pests and diseases ( edit ) Aster yellows is a disease caused by a phytoplasm . Nematodes are disease agents that are often overlooked but they can cause considerable yield losses . The adult nematodes have limited active movement but their eggs contained within cysts ( dead females ) are readily spread with soil , water , equipment or seedlings . Parasitic nematode species that cause damage on napa cabbage : Heterodera schachtii Meloidogyne hapla Nacobbus batatiformis Rotylenchulus reniformis References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brassica rapa subsp . pekinensis . Jump up ^ `` Oxford English Dictionary nappa , n. 2 '' . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Cabbage '' . chinesefood.about.com . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chi ′ nese cab ′ bage '' . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Afable , Patricia O. ( 2004 ) . Japanese pioneers in the northern Philippine highlands : a centennial tribute , 1903 - 2003 . Filipino - Japanese Foundation of Northern Luzon , Inc. p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 971 - 92973 - 0 - 7 . Jump up ^ Toxopeus , H & Baas , J ( 2004 ) Brassica rapa L ... - In : Grubben , G.J.H. & Denton , O.A. ( 2004 ) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2 . Vegetables . PROTA Foundation , Wageningen ; Backhuys , Leiden ; CTA , Wageningen . - p. 146 - 151 . Jump up ^ Growing the Peking cabbage ( in Russian ) ^ Jump up to : Genetics , Genomics and Breeding of Crop Plants ( 2011 ) N. Ramchiary , S. Park , X.P. Lim : Classical Breeding and Genetic Analysis of Vegetable Brassicas . Book 2. Clemson University , USA ^ Jump up to : Sadowski , J. , & Kole , C. ( 2011 ) . Genetics , genomics and breeding of vegetable brassicas . Enfield : Science Publishers . Jump up ^ W. Franke ( 1976 ) Nutzpflanzenkunde . - Georg Thieme Verlag , Stuttgart , Germany Jump up ^ Feller , C. , Bleiholder , H. , Buhr , L. , Hack , H. , Hess , M. , Klose , R. , et al. ( 1995 ) . BBCH - Codierung der phänologischen Entwicklungsstadien von Blattgemüse ( kopfbildend ) . In U. Meier , Entwicklungsstadien mono - und dikotyler Pflanzen : BBCH Monografie ( S. 120 ) . Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land und Forstwirtschaft . ^ Jump up to : Buschbaum , H. , & Heinen , B. ( 1978 ) . Chinakohl . Bonn : Rheinischer Landwirtschafts - Verlag . Jump up ^ Nerlich , K. , Pfennig , J. , Kleemann , G. , Feike , T. , Graeff , S. , Claupein , W. , et al. ( 2009 ) . Beschreibung von Wachstum und Entwicklung bei Chinakohl ( Brassica rapa L. var . pekinensis ) in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Tageslänge - Basisdaten zur Modellierung mit DSSAT. 45 . Gartenbauwissenschaftliche Tagung , ( S. 158 ) . Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin . Jump up ^ `` Napa cabbage nutrition facts '' . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Cartea , M.E. ( 2011 ) . `` Genetics , Genomics and Breeding of Crop Plants '' . Clemson University . ^ Jump up to : Genetics , Genomics and Breeding of Crop Plants ( 2011 ) Clemson University , USA Cartea M.E. , Lema M. , Francisco M , Velasco P . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Cecilia Hae - Jin ( 22 May 2012 ) . Frommer 's South Korea . John Wiley & Sons . p. 326 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 33363 - 1 . Jump up ^ Klein , Donna ( 4 December 2012 ) . The Chinese Vegan Kitchen : More Than 225 Meat - free , Egg - free , Dairy - free Dishes from the Culinary Regions of China . Penguin Group US . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 61361 - 0 . Jump up ^ Vongerichten , Marja ( 2 August 2011 ) . The Kimchi Chronicles : Korean Cooking for an American Kitchen . Rodale . pp. 37 -- 42 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60961 - 128 - 6 . Jump up ^ Michael Todt ( 1989 ) Untersuchungen zur Mikroflora des lagernden Chinakohls ( Brassica pekinensis Rupr . ) . Dissertation , University Kiel , Germany Jump up ^ Deutschen Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie , 5 . Auflage , ( 1994 ) Souci / Fachmann / Kraut . ^ Jump up to : Cook , W.P. , & Smith , P. ( February 1996 ) . Oriental Cabbage Production . Hort . Leaflet 68 , S. 1 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Baggaley , A. , Barter , G. , Caldon , H. , Rosenfeld , R.L. , Ruch , P. , Vowles , D. , et al. ( 2011 ) . RHS Good fruit & veg guide . London : Dorling Kindersley Limited . ^ Jump up to : Rimmer , R.S. , Shattuck , V.I. , & Buchwaldt , L. ( 2007 ) . Compendium of Brassica Diseases . St. Paul : American Phytopathological Society . Jump up ^ Ackermann , I. , Funk , M. , Hintze , C. , Joachimi , A. , Potzkai , G. , Rieger , W. , et al. ( 1993 ) . Feldgemüsebau : Buschbohnen , Chinakohl , Dicke Bohnen , Erbsen , Einlegegurken , Grünkohl , Knollensellerie , Kohlrabi , Kopfkohl , Kopfsalat , Möhren , Porree , Rote Beete , Schälgurken , Spargel , Spinat , Zwiebeln . Münster - Hiltrup : Landwirtschaftsverlag . Jump up ^ Kirk , W.D. ( 1992 ) . Insects on cabbages and oilseed rape . Richmond Publishing . <Th_colspan="2"> Brassica <Td_colspan="2"> Brassica carinata Brassica elongata Brassica fruticulosa Brassica hilarionis Brassica juncea Brassica napus Brassica nigra Brassica oleracea Brassica rapa Brassica tournefortii Bomdong Canola Chinese cabbage Bok choy Napa cabbage Choy sum Collard greens Kohlrabi Mustard plant Rapeseed Rapini Rutabaga Spring greens Tatsoi Triangle of U Turnip <Td_colspan="2"> Brassicaceae ( Cruciferous vegetables ) : Brassica Raphanus Cruciferous Biochemistry genera ( list ) Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q13360268 EoL : 1283629 GBIF : 3042735 GRIN : 319636 NCBI : 51351 NZOR : 6c711304 - 97f3 - 417e - b4c7 - fb5426b4e5c0 uBio : 610921 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&oldid=856541339 '' Categories : Asian vegetables Brassica Chinese cuisine Leaf vegetables Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing Korean - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing Yue Chinese - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 23 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Napa cabbage cultivation
2. Napa cabbage as a vegetable
3. Napa cabbage varieties and breeding
4. Pests and diseases of napa cabbage
5. Soil and climate requirements for napa cabbage cultivation
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3,537,756,961,156,257,300 |
who has the most career home runs at kauffman stadium
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List of kansas City Royals team records - wikipedia List of kansas City Royals team records Jump to : navigation , search Contents ( hide ) 1 Single Season Records 1.1 Batting 1.2 Pitching 2 Career Records 2.1 Batting 2.2 Pitching 3 Team Records 3.1 Batting 3.2 Pitching 4 Single Game Records 4.1 Batting 4.1. 1 Team 4.1. 2 Individual 4.2 Pitching 4.2. 1 Team 4.2. 2 Individual 5 References Single Season Records ( edit ) Batting ( edit ) Batting Average : George Brett , . 390 ( 1980 ) On - base percentage : George Brett , . 454 ( 1980 ) Slugging Percentage : George Brett , . 664 ( 1980 ) OPS : George Brett , 1.118 ( 1980 ) At Bats : Willie Wilson , 705 ( 1980 ) Runs : Johnny Damon , 136 ( 2000 ) Hits : Willie Wilson , 230 ( 1980 ) Total Bases : George Brett , 363 ( 1979 ) Doubles : Hal McRae , 54 ( 1977 ) Triples : Willie Wilson , 21 ( 1985 ) Home Runs : Mike Moustakas , 37 ( 2017 ) RBI : Mike Sweeney , 144 ( 2000 ) Walks : John Mayberry , 122 ( 1973 ) Strikeouts : Bo Jackson , 172 ( 1989 ) Stolen Bases : Willie Wilson , 83 ( 1979 ) Singles : Willie Wilson , 184 ( 1980 ) Runs Created : George Brett , 142 ( 1985 ) Extra-Base Hits : Hal McRae , 86 ( 1977 ) Times on Base : Mike Sweeney , 292 ( 2000 ) Sacrifice Hits : Tom Goodwin , 21 ( 1996 ) Intentional Walks : George Brett , 31 ( 1985 ) Grounded into Double Plays : Billy Butler , 32 ( 2010 ) At Bats per Strikeout : George Brett , 23.5 ( 1977 ) At Bats per Home Run : Bob Hamelin , 13.0 ( 1994 ) Outs : Carlos Beltrán , 504 ( 1999 ) Most times Hit By Pitch : David DeJesus , 23 ( 2007 ) Pitching ( edit ) ERA : Roger Nelson , 2.08 ( 1972 ) Wins : Bret Saberhagen , 23 ( 1989 ) Losses : Paul Splittorff and Darrell May , 19 ( 1974 , 2004 ) Won - Loss % : Larry Gura , . 800 ( 1978 ) Saves : Greg Holland 47 2013 WHIP : Roger Nelson , . 871 ( 1972 ) Hits Allowed / 9IP : Roger Nelson , 6.23 ( 1972 ) Walks / 9IP : Doug Bird , 1.41 ( 1976 ) Strikeouts / 9IP : Kevin Appier , 8.82 ( 1996 ) Games : Dan Quisenberry , 84 ( 1985 ) Innings : Dennis Leonard , 294 2⁄3 ( 1978 ) Strikeouts : Dennis Leonard , 244 ( 1977 ) Games Started : Dennis Leonard , 40 ( 1978 ) Complete Games : Dennis Leonard , 21 ( 1977 ) Shutouts : Roger Nelson , 6 ( 1972 ) Home Runs Allowed : Darrell May , 38 ( 2004 ) Walks Allowed : Mark Gubicza , 120 ( 1987 ) Hits Allowed : Steve Busby , 284 ( 1974 ) Strikeout to Walk : Bret Saberhagen , 4.49 ( 1989 ) Earned Runs Allowed : José Lima , 131 ( 2005 ) Wild Pitches : Dan Reichert , 18 ( 2000 ) Batters Faced : Steve Busby , 1,220 ( 1974 ) Games Finished : Dan Quisenberry , 76 ( 1985 ) Career Records ( edit ) Batting ( edit ) Batting Average : George Brett , . 305 On - base percentage : Kevin Seitzer , . 380 Slugging Percentage : Danny Tartabull , . 518 OPS : Danny Tartabull , . 894 Games : George Brett , 2,707 At Bats : George Brett , 10,349 Runs : George Brett , 1,583 Hits : George Brett , 3,154 Total Bases : George Brett , 5,044 Doubles : George Brett , 665 Triples : George Brett , 137 Home Runs : George Brett , 317 RBI : George Brett , 1,595 Walks : George Brett , 1,096 Strikeouts : Frank White , 1,035 Stolen Bases : Willie Wilson , 612 Singles : George Brett , 2,035 Runs Created : George Brett , 1,892 Extra-Base Hits : George Brett , 1,119 Times on Base : George Brett , 4,283 Hit By Pitch : Mike Macfarlane , 78 Sacrifice Hits : Frank White , 101 Sacrifice Flies : George Brett , 120 Intentional Walks : George Brett , 229 Grounded into Double Plays : George Brett , 235 At Bats per Strikeout : Cookie Rojas , 13.0 At Bats per Home Run : Steve Balboni , 16.8 Outs : George Brett , 7,673 Pitching ( edit ) ERA : Dan Quisenberry , 2.55 Wins : Paul Splittorff , 166 Won - Loss % : Al Fitzmorris , . 593 WHIP : Bret Saberhagen , 1.134 Hits Allowed / 9IP : Jeff Montgomery , 8.05 Walks / 9IP : Dan Quisenberry , 1.36 Strikeouts / 9IP : Tom Gordon , 7.82 Games : Jeff Montgomery , 686 Saves : Jeff Montgomery , 304 Innings : Paul Splittorff , 2,554 2⁄3 Strikeouts : Kevin Appier , 1,458 Games Started : Paul Splittorff , 392 Complete Games : Dennis Leonard , 103 Shutouts : Dennis Leonard , 23 Home Runs Allowed : Dennis Leonard , 202 Walks Allowed : Mark Gubicza , 783 Hits Allowed : Paul Splittorff , 2,644 Strikeout to Walk : Bret Saberhagen , 3.30 Losses : Paul Splittorff , 143 Earned Runs Allowed : Paul Splittorff , 1,082 Wild Pitches : Mark Gubicza , 107 Hit Batsmen : Mark Gubicza , 58 Batters Faced : Paul Splittorff , 10,824 Games Finished : Jeff Montgomery , 543 Team Records ( edit ) Batting ( edit ) Highest team batting average : . 288 in 2000 Lowest team batting average : . 240 in 1969 Highest team slugging average : . 436 in 1977 Highest team on - base percentage : . 348 in 1999 and Total Hits : 1,644 in 2000 Extra-base hits : 522 in 1977 Hits in a game : 26 vs. Detroit on September 9 , 2004 ( first game ) Longest individual hitting streak : 30 , George Brett 1980 Most . 300 hitters in a single season : 4 in 2000 Home runs : 168 in 1987 Home runs in a month : 12 , John Mayberry , July 1975 and Chili Davis , August 1997 Most strikeouts : 1,091 in 2009 Pitching ( edit ) Lowest team ERA : 3.21 in 1976 Highest team ERA : 5.65 in 2006 Most complete games : 54 in 1974 Fewest complete games : 2 in 2007 , 2008 , and 2011 Most strikeouts : 1,153 in 2009 Fewest strikeouts : 593 in 1983 Most walks : 693 in 2000 Fewest walks : 433 in 1984 Games no walks : 17 in 1992 and 1996 Most hits : 1,648 in 2006 Fewest hits : 1,301 in 1971 Most runs : 971 in 2006 Fewest runs : 566 in 1971 Most saves : 50 in 1984 Fewest saves : 17 in 1974 Single Game Records ( edit ) Batting ( edit ) Team ( edit ) Most Hits : 26 on September 9 , 2004 Runs Scored : 26 on September 9 , 2004 Most Home Runs : 6 on July 14 , 1991 and May 21 , 2003 Most Total Bases : 37 on September 12 , 1982 Walks Recorded : 15 on September 4 , 1975 Most Strikeouts : 18 on August 25 , 1998 Most Stolen Bases : 8 on August 1 , 1998 Individual ( edit ) Most Hits : 6 by Bob Oliver ( 1969 ) , Kevin Seitzer ( 1987 ) , and Joe Randa ( 2004 ) Most Runs Scored : 6 by Joe Randa on September 9 , 2004 Most Home Runs : 3 ( 8 times ) Most RBI : 9 by Mike Moustakas on September 12 , 2015 Most Walks : 5 by Alex Gordon on July 30 , 2008 Most Strikeouts : 5 by Bo Jackson ( 1987 ) , Greg Gagne ( 1993 ) , and Bob Hamelin ( 1995 ) Most Stolen Bases : 5 by Amos Otis on September 7 , 1971 Most Total Bases : 15 by Kendrys Morales on September 20 , 2015 Pitching ( edit ) Team ( edit ) Most Pitchers Used : 8 on September 7 , 1975 Most Strikeouts : 17 on August 1 , 2016 Most Walks : 14 ( 4 times ) Most Home Runs Allowed : 6 ( 8 times ) Most Hit Batsmen : 4 ( 5 times ) Individual ( edit ) Most Strikeouts : 16 by Danny Duffy on August 1 , 2016 Most Walks : 9 ( 3 times ) Most Home Runs Allowed : 5 by Sean O'Sullivan on May 28 , 2011 Most Innings Pitched : 13 by Larry Gura on May 21 , 1980 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Team by Team Encyclopedia of Major League Baseball , Workman Publishing , New York ; 2006 , Dennis Purdy Jump up ^ Royals Season Records , MLB Advanced Media , L.P. , http://kansascity.royals.mlb.com/kc/history/season_records.jsp Jump up ^ Royals Single Game Records , MLB Advanced Media , L.P. , http://mlb.mlb.com/kc/history/single_game_records.jsp <Th_colspan="2"> Kansas City Royals <Td_colspan="2"> Established in 1969 Based in Kansas City , Missouri Franchise History Expansion and draft Seasons Current roster Owners and executives Managers Opening Day starting pitchers All - time roster First - round draft picks Records No - hitters Awards and league leaders Broadcasters Kansas City Royals Baseball Academy Fox Sports Kansas City Royals Sports Television Network Ballparks Municipal Stadium Kauffman Stadium Spring training Terry Park Baseball City Stadium Surprise Stadium Culture Sluggerrr Denny Matthews Ryan Lefebvre American Royal `` Royals ( song ) '' Lore Pine Tar Incident The Call 2014 AL Wild Card Game Miracle at Minute Maid Hosmer 's Mad Dash Rivalries St. Louis Cardinals Team Hall of Fame Steve Busby Amos Otis Dick Howser Cookie Rojas Paul Splittorff Dennis Leonard Hal McRae Joe Burke Larry Gura Freddie Patek Ewing Kauffman George Brett Frank White Muriel Kauffman John Mayberry Dan Quisenberry Whitey Herzog Willie Wilson Jeff Montgomery Denny Matthews Bret Saberhagen Mark Gubicza Art Stewart Kevin Appier Mike Sweeney Minor league affiliates AAA Omaha Storm Chasers AA Northwest Arkansas Naturals A Adv . Wilmington Blue Rocks Lexington Legends Rookie Adv . Idaho Falls Chukars Burlington Royals Rookie AZL Royals DSL Royals 1 DSL Royals 2 Key personnel Owner : David Glass General Manager : Dayton Moore Manager : Ned Yost World Series championships ( 2 ) 1985 2015 American League pennants ( 4 ) 1980 1985 2014 2015 Division titles West 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 ( second half ) 1984 1985 Central 2015 Wild Card 2014 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Seasons ( 50 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 <Th_colspan="2"> Franchise records of Major League Baseball American League East Division Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Division Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Division Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Division Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Division Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Division Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Kansas_City_Royals_team_records&oldid=801779033 '' Categories : Kansas City Royals lists Major League Baseball team records Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 20 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Kansas City Royals team records
2. Single season batting records
3. Single season pitching records
4. Career batting records
5. Career pitching records
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-3,766,235,652,654,996,000 |
aerosmith songs don't want to miss a thing
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I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing - wikipedia I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing For the 1999 Mark Chesnutt album , see I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ( album ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Aerosmith <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Armageddon : The Album B - side `` Animal Crackers '' `` Taste of India '' Released August 18 , 1998 ( US ) August 31 , 1998 ( UK ) Format Cassette single CD single Recorded Genre Hard rock Length 4 : 58 Label Columbia Hollywood Epic Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Matt Serletic <Th_colspan="2"> Aerosmith singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Full Circle '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1998 ) `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' ( 1998 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> file help <Td_colspan="2"> `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' is a power ballad performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith for the 1998 film Armageddon which Steven Tyler 's daughter Liv Tyler starred in . Written by Diane Warren , the song debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 ( the first # 1 for the band after 28 years together ) . It is one of three songs performed by the band for the film , the other two being `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' and `` Sweet Emotion '' . The song stayed at number one for four weeks from September 5 to 26 , 1998 . The song also stayed at number 1 for several weeks in several other countries . It sold over a million copies in the UK and reached number four on the UK Singles Chart . Contents 1 Inspiration 2 Reception 3 Track listing 4 Music video 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Decade - end charts 6 Certifications 7 Mark Chesnutt version 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Other appearances 9 References 10 External links Inspiration ( edit ) In 1997 , Diane Warren was watching Barbara Walters interview James Brolin and Barbra Streisand . Brolin said he missed Streisand when they were asleep , and Warren wrote down the words `` I do n't want to miss a thing '' , before there was even a song . Reception ( edit ) `` When I first heard it , '' recalled drummer Joey Kramer , `` it was just a demo with piano and singing . It was difficult to imagine what kind of touch Aerosmith could put on it and make it our own ... As soon as we began playing it as a band , then it instantly became an Aerosmith song . '' This song was Aerosmith 's biggest hit , debuting at number 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , where it stayed for four weeks in September , and reaching number 1 around the world , including Australia , the Philippines , Germany , Greece , Ireland , Austria , Norway , Italy , the Netherlands , and Switzerland . The song helped introduce Aerosmith to a new generation and remains a slow dance staple . It was one of many songs written by Warren in that period . The original version was a collaboration between Chicago musician Phil Kosch of Treaty of Paris and Super Happy Fun Club , and nephew of chart topping writer Lou Bega . Bega introduced the two and they penned the initial track , but ultimately Kosch was uncredited . The song was nominated for both an Academy Award for Best Original Song and a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song . Track listing ( edit ) CD single `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' -- 4 : 57 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Rock Mix ) -- 4 : 30 `` Taste of India '' ( Rock Remix ) -- 5 : 52 `` Animal Crackers '' -- 2 : 35 The song appeared on the Argentine version and a European re-released version of the album Nine Lives . It also appeared on the Japanese version of Just Push Play . CD single 2 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Pop Mix ) -- 5 : 03 `` Pink '' ( live ) -- 3 : 48 `` Crash '' -- 4 : 30 `` Crash '' and the original `` Pink '' appeared as tracks 9 and 11 , respectively , on all versions of Nine Lives . CD single 3 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' -- 4 : 57 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Rock Mix ) -- 4 : 30 `` Crash '' -- 4 : 30 `` Animal Crackers '' -- 2 : 35 Music video ( edit ) The music video for this song was shot at the Minneapolis Armory in 1998 and was directed by Francis Lawrence . It features the band playing the song intertwined with scenes from the film Armageddon . It features an appearance by Steven Tyler 's daughter Liv , who plays Grace Stamper in the film . Steven Tyler injured his knee the day before the shoot , so they used many close - up shots due to his limited movement . The video begins with shots of the moon in orbit and several asteroids passing by safely and then a view of Earth before zooming in to show Steven Tyler singing . The shots interchange between the band and Mission Control viewing the band singing via their monitors . As the video progresses it reveals that the band is playing in front of what appears to be the fictional Space Shuttle Freedom . Along with Aerosmith , a full hand orchestra plays in sync with the melody . Then smoke surrounds the orchestra and the members of Aerosmith as Freedom takes off from the launch pad . Finally , the screen goes out as a tearful Grace touches one of the monitors to reach out to her father ( real life father Steven Tyler in the video ; on - screen father Harry Stamper , played by Bruce Willis , in the film ) . The video was highly successful and greatly contributed to the song 's success , receiving heavy airplay on MTV and went on to become the second most popular video of 1998 , only behind Brandy and Monica 's `` The Boy is Mine '' . It also won awards for MTV Video Music Award for Best Video from a Film , and Best Video at Boston Music Awards . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Europe ( Music & Media ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece ( IFPI ) Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( Hit Parade Italia ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 96 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 25 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 13 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 27 Dutch Singles Chart 23 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 14 Swiss Singles Chart 5 US Billboard Hot 100 23 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 73 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 125,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 Norway ( IFPI ) Platinum 7,500 Sweden ( IFPI ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Switzerland ( IFPI ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Mark Chesnutt version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Mark Chesnutt <Th_colspan="2"> from the album I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing B - side `` Wherever You Are '' Released November 1998 Format CD single Recorded 1998 Genre Country Length 4 : 10 Label Decca Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Mark Wright <Th_colspan="2"> Mark Chesnutt singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Wherever You Are '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1998 ) `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' ( 1999 ) In late 1998 , country music artist Mark Chesnutt recorded a cover version of the song . His rendition is the first single and title track from his 1999 album of the same name . Chesnutt 's cover spent two weeks at number one on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts in early 1999 , and is the last of his eight number ones on that chart . It is also the first of only two singles in his career to reach the Billboard Hot 100 , where it peaked at number 17 in early 1999 . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 67 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 9 Other appearances ( edit ) In the 2002 film The Sweetest Thing , the song is sung in a scene where a crowd of people are helping Selma Blair 's character relax her throat while in the friends ' apartment . The song features in the 2007 comedy film Blades of Glory as the backing track to one of the skating routines performed by Will Ferrell and Jon Heder 's characters . In a later scene in the same film , the former ( while under the influence ) sings it when leaving a message for the latter as an apology . In 2011 Michael Guy Bowman covered the song for the webcomic Homestuck . It appeared in a flash animation on the webcomic in June 2012 . The song was released on Homestuck Vol. 6 : Heir Transparent in January 2011 . The song is featured in the 2013 video game Saints Row IV . In 2013 another country version of the song was released , this time by Derek Ryan . In 2014 Maltese child singer Veronica Rotin covered the song on her debut album , Veronica Rotin . In 2014 , as part of their album , Just The Tip ... , comedy rock lounge act The Lounge Kittens covered the song . AT&T / DirecTV introduced a series of advertisements for the 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament featuring CBS Sports personality Greg Gumbel and comedian Dan Finnerty , the latter performing the song with lyrics tailored to the scene ( generally people at work while March Madness games are occurring ) . In 2018 , Filipino pop star Sarah Geronimo performed the song on her 15th anniversary concert This 15 Me in Manila , Philippines . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Armageddon ( 1998 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` The 21 best power ballads '' . Jump up ^ Ami Sedghi ( November 4 , 2012 ) . `` UK 's million - selling singles : the full list '' . Guardian . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Valiente , Alexa ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Surprising story of the song from ' Dirty Dancing ' and some of the other iconic love songs from movies '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain , Rich ( May 2017 ) . `` The stories behind the songs : Aerosmith -- I do n't want to miss a thing '' . Classic Rock . No. 235 . p. 26 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ' - The Vault on EN '' . EntertainmentNutz.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone : Rock List : The 25 Greatest Slow Dance Songs Ever '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing on IMDb : Filming location Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 7054 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved October 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard. 110 ( 43 ) : 60 , 61 . October 24 , 1998 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith : I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Greece '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ( NR. 285 Vikuna 13.8 . - 20.8. 1998 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Icelandic ) . Dagblaðið Vísir . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indice per Interprete : A '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved October 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . VG - lista . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Hot Latin Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Latin Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 1998 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . Ultratop ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . Ultratop ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Charts Portal '' . GfK Dutch Charts ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - end Charts 1998 '' . Swiss Music Charts . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 : The Year in Music -- Hot 100 Singles '' . Billboard. 110 ( 52 ) : YE - 42 . December 26 , 1998 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 : The Year in Music -- Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s '' . Billboard. 111 ( 52 ) : YE - 20 . December 25 , 1999 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1998 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platin '' . IFPI Austria ( in German ) . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2010 . Type `` Aerosmith '' under Interpret to see search results . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Singles Argent - année 1998 '' . SNEP ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank '' ( Gold - / Platinum - Database ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( in German ) . Type `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' under Titel to see search results . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Japanese single certifications -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Select 2015 年 11 月 on the drop - down menu Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norsk Platebransje '' . IFPI Norway ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2007 . `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' was certified platinum in 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Guld & Platinum 1987 -- 1998 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden ( in Swedish ) . p. 29 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( ' I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Type I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database '' ( PHP ) . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 93 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ Monkman , Martin . `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 7470 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . March 8 , 1999 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Chesnutt Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Mark Chesnutt Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1999 '' . RPM . December 13 , 1999 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1999 '' . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1999 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1999 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Michael . `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . Bandcamp . Homestuck . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hussey , Andrew . `` Homestuck '' . MSPaint Adventures . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hussey , Andrew . `` Homestuck Vol. 6 : Heir Transparent '' . Bandcamp . Homestuck . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bayliss , Marc Calleja . `` Malta : Veronica Rotin in Debut Collection of Songs '' . escflashmalta . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baar , Aaron . `` AT&T Customers Wo n't ' Miss A Thing ' For Tournament '' . MarketingDaily . MediaPost . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ aPieceOfMyk ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) , Fans went wild ! Sarah G 's Concert Finale Front Row This15Me Concert , retrieved 2018 - 06 - 09 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Official music video on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> Aerosmith <Td_colspan="2"> Steven Tyler Tom Hamilton Joey Kramer Joe Perry Brad Whitford Ray Tabano Jimmy Crespo Rick Dufay Studio albums Aerosmith Get Your Wings Toys in the Attic Rocks Draw the Line Night in the Ruts Rock in a Hard Place Done with Mirrors Permanent Vacation Pump Get a Grip Nine Lives Just Push Play Honkin ' on Bobo Music from Another Dimension ! Live albums Live ! Bootleg Classics Live I and II A Little South of Sanity Rockin ' the Joint Extended plays Vacation Club Made in America Singles `` Mama Kin '' `` Dream On '' `` Same Old Song and Dance '' `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' `` S.O.S. ( Too Bad ) '' `` Sweet Emotion '' `` Toys in the Attic '' `` Walk This Way '' `` You See Me Crying '' `` Last Child '' `` Home Tonight '' `` Back in the Saddle '' `` Draw the Line '' `` Kings and Queens '' `` Get It Up '' `` Come Together '' `` Chip Away the Stone '' `` Remember ( Walking in the Sand ) '' `` Lightning Strikes '' `` Bitch 's Brew '' `` Let the Music Do the Talking '' `` Shela '' `` My Fist Your Face '' `` Darkness '' `` Dude ( Looks Like a Lady ) '' `` Hangman Jury '' ( promo ) `` Angel '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Love in an Elevator '' `` F.I.N.E. * '' ( promo ) `` Janie 's Got a Gun '' `` What It Takes '' `` The Other Side '' `` Monkey on My Back '' `` Love Me Two Times '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Livin ' on the Edge '' `` Eat the Rich '' `` Fever '' ( promo ) `` Cryin ' '' `` Amazing '' `` Shut Up and Dance '' ( UK ) `` Deuces Are Wild '' ( promo ) `` Crazy '' `` Blind Man '' `` Walk on Water '' `` Nine Lives '' `` Falling in Love ( Is Hard on the Knees ) '' `` Hole in My Soul '' `` Pink '' `` Taste of India '' `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' `` Angel 's Eye '' `` Jaded '' `` Fly Away from Here '' `` Sunshine '' `` Just Push Play '' `` Girls of Summer '' `` Baby , Please Do n't Go '' `` Devil 's Got a New Disguise '' `` Legendary Child '' `` Lover Alot '' `` What Could Have Been Love '' `` Ca n't Stop Lovin ' You '' Compilations Greatest Hits Gems Pandora 's Box Big Ones Pandora 's Toys Box of Fire Young Lust : The Aerosmith Anthology Classic Aerosmith : The Universal Masters Collection O , Yeah ! Ultimate Aerosmith Hits Devil 's Got a New Disguise : The Very Best of Aerosmith Tough Love : Best of the Ballads Videos and DVDs Aerosmith Video Scrapbook Permanent Vacation 3x5 Live Texxas Jam ' 78 Things That Go Pump in the Night The Making of Pump Big Ones You Can Look At You Gotta Move Rock for the Rising Sun Concert tours Rocks Tour Live Bootleg ! Tour Back in the Saddle Tour Done with Mirrors Tour Permanent Vacation Tour Pump Tour Get a Grip Tour Nine Lives Tour Roar of the Dragon Tour Just Push Play Tour Girls of Summer Tour Rocksimus Maximus Tour Honkin ' on Bobo Tour Rockin ' the Joint Tour Route of All Evil Tour Aerosmith World Tour 2007 Aerosmith / ZZ Top Tour Cocked , Locked , Ready to Rock Tour Back On the Road Tour Global Warming Tour Let Rock Rule Tour Blue Army Tour Rock ' N ' Roll Rumble Tour Aero - Vederci Baby ! Tour Related articles Album discography Singles discography Videography Songs Band members Concert tours Awards Toxic Twins The Strangeurs / Chain Reaction Whitford / St. Holmes The Joe Perry Project Walk This Way : The Autobiography of Aerosmith Wherehouse Aero Force One Blue Army Rock ' n ' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith Quest for Fame Revolution X Guitar Hero : Aerosmith songs Toxic Twin Towers Ball <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Mark Chesnutt Studio albums Too Cold at Home Longnecks & Short Stories Almost Goodbye What a Way to Live Wings Thank God for Believers I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing Lost in the Feeling Mark Chesnutt Savin ' the Honky Tonk Heard It in a Love Song Rollin ' with the Flow Outlaw Compilation albums Greatest Hits Notable singles `` Too Cold at Home '' `` Brother Jukebox '' `` Blame It on Texas '' `` Your Love Is a Miracle '' `` Broken Promise Land '' `` Old Flames Have New Names '' `` I 'll Think of Something '' `` Bubba Shot the Jukebox '' `` Ol ' Country '' `` It Sure Is Monday '' `` Almost Goodbye '' `` I Just Wanted You to Know '' `` Woman , Sensuous Woman '' `` She Dreams '' `` Goin ' Through the Big D '' `` Gonna Get a Life '' `` Down in Tennessee '' `` Trouble '' `` It Would n't Hurt to Have Wings '' `` Wrong Place , Wrong Time '' `` It 's a Little Too Late '' `` Let It Rain '' `` Thank God for Believers '' `` It 's Not Over '' `` I Might Even Quit Lovin ' You '' `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' `` Fallin ' Never Felt So Good '' `` Lost in the Feeling '' `` She Was '' `` The Lord Loves the Drinkin ' Man '' `` I 'm a Saint '' `` Heard It in a Love Song '' `` Rollin ' with the Flow '' `` Lovin ' Her Was Easier ( Than Anything I 'll Ever Do Again ) '' Guest singles `` A Good Way to Get on My Bad Side '' ( with Tracy Byrd ) Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Want_to_Miss_a_Thing&oldid=864267515 '' Categories : 1998 singles 1999 singles 1998 songs Aerosmith songs Mark Chesnutt songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Greece Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Switzerland Number - one singles in Norway Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Diane Warren 1990s ballads Rock ballads Music videos directed by Francis Lawrence RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Columbia Records singles Hollywood Records singles Epic Records singles Decca Records singles Song recordings produced by Matt Serletic Song recordings produced by Mark Wright ( record producer ) Hidden categories : CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 05 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" - Aerosmith
2. Power ballad
3. Armageddon soundtrack
4. Diane Warren
5. Mark Chesnutt version
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8,144,683,578,618,456,000 |
in the us public health services are found only at the state and federal level
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Wikipedia Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Jump to : navigation , search `` Centers for Disease Control '' redirects here . For the Centers for Disease Control in Taiwan , see Centers for Disease Control ( Taiwan ) . For the European Union agency , see European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Agency overview Formed July 1 , 1946 ; 71 years ago ( 1946 - 07 - 01 ) Preceding agencies Office of National Defense Malaria Control Activities ( 1942 ) Office of Malaria Control in War Areas ( 1942 -- 1946 ) Communicable Disease Center ( 1946 -- 1967 ) National Communicable Disease Center ( 1967 -- 1970 ) Center for Disease Control ( 1970 -- 1980 ) Centers for Disease Control ( 1980 -- 1992 ) Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States Headquarters Atlanta , Georgia , U.S. Employees 15,000 Annual budget US $7.010 billion ( 2016 FY ) Agency executive Brenda Fitzgerald , Director Parent agency United States Department of Health and Human Services Website www.cdc.gov The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) is the leading national public health institute of the United States . The CDC is a United States federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services , headquartered near Atlanta , Georgia . Its main goal is to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease , injury , and disability in the US and internationally . The CDC focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control and prevention . It especially focuses its attention on infectious disease , food borne pathogens , environmental health , occupational safety and health , health promotion , injury prevention and educational activities designed to improve the health of United States citizens . In addition , the CDC researches and provides information on non-infectious diseases such as obesity and diabetes and is a founding member of the International Association of National Public Health Institutes . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Organization 2.1 Global health 2.2 Travelers ' Health 3 Budget and workforce 3.1 Directors 4 Data and survey systems 5 Diseases 5.1 Influenza 5.2 Other infectious diseases 5.3 Non-infectious diseases 5.4 Antibiotic resistance 6 Epidemic Intelligence Service 6.1 Epidemiologic Assistance 7 Foundation 8 Popular culture and controversies 8.1 Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male 8.2 CDC zombie apocalypse outreach campaign 8.3 Gun violence 9 Publications 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) See also : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention timeline CDC headquarters in Druid Hills , Georgia , as seen from Emory University CDC 's Roybal campus in Atlanta , Georgia Arlen Specter Headquarters and Emergency Operations Center Tom Harkin Global Communications Center CDC and MSF staff preparing to enter an Ebola treatment unit in Liberia , August 2014 The Communicable Disease Center was founded July 1 , 1946 , as the successor to the World War II Malaria Control in War Areas program of the Office of National Defense Malaria Control Activities . Preceding its founding , organizations with global influence in malaria control were the Malaria Commission of the League of Nations and the Rockefeller Foundation . The Rockefeller Foundation greatly supported malaria control , sought to have the governments take over some of its efforts , and collaborated with the agency . The new agency was a branch of the U.S. Public Health Service and Atlanta was chosen as the location because malaria was endemic in the Southern United States . The agency changed names ( see infobox on top ) before adopting the name Communicable Disease Center in 1946 . Offices were located on the sixth floor of the Volunteer Building on Peachtree Street . With a budget at the time of about $1 million , 59 percent of its personnel were engaged in mosquito abatement and habitat control with the objective of control and eradication of malaria in the United States ( see National Malaria Eradication Program ) . Among its 369 employees , the main jobs at CDC were originally entomology and engineering . In CDC 's initial years , more than six and a half million homes were sprayed , mostly with DDT . In 1946 , there were only seven medical officers on duty and an early organization chart was drawn , somewhat fancifully , in the shape of a mosquito . Under Joseph Walter Mountin , the CDC continued to advocate for public health issues and pushed to extend its responsibilities to many other communicable diseases . In 1947 , the CDC made a token payment of $10 to Emory University for 15 acres ( 61,000 m ) of land on Clifton Road in DeKalb County , still the home of CDC headquarters today . CDC employees collected the money to make the purchase . The benefactor behind the `` gift '' was Robert W. Woodruff , chairman of the board of The Coca - Cola Company . Woodruff had a long - time interest in malaria control , which had been a problem in areas where he went hunting . The same year , the PHS transferred its San Francisco based plague laboratory into the CDC as the Epidemiology Division , and a new Veterinary Diseases Division was established . An Epidemic Intelligence Service ( EIS ) was established in 1951 , originally due to biological warfare concerns arising from the Korean War ; it evolved into two - year postgraduate training program in epidemiology , and a prototype for Field Epidemiology Training Programs ( FETP ) , now found in numerous countries , reflecting CDC 's influence in promoting this model internationally . The mission of CDC expanded beyond its original focus on malaria to include sexually transmitted diseases when the Venereal Disease Division of the U.S. Public Health Service ( PHS ) was transferred to the CDC in 1957 . Shortly thereafter , Tuberculosis Control was transferred ( in 1960 ) to the CDC from PHS , and then in 1963 the Immunization program was established . It became the National Communicable Disease Center ( NCDC ) effective July 1 , 1967 . The organization was renamed the Center for Disease Control ( CDC ) on June 24 , 1970 , and Centers for Disease Control effective October 14 , 1980 . An act of the United States Congress appended the words `` and Prevention '' to the name effective October 27 , 1992 . However , Congress directed that the initialism CDC be retained because of its name recognition . Currently the CDC focus has broadened to include chronic diseases , disabilities , injury control , workplace hazards , environmental health threats , and terrorism preparedness . CDC combats emerging diseases and other health risks , including birth defects , West Nile virus , obesity , avian , swine , and pandemic flu , E. coli , and bioterrorism , to name a few . The organization would also prove to be an important factor in preventing the abuse of penicillin . In May 1994 the CDC admitted having sent several biological warfare agents to the Iraqi government from 1984 through 1989 , including Botulinum toxin , West Nile virus , Yersinia pestis and Dengue fever virus . On April 21 , 2005 , then -- CDC Director Julie Gerberding , formally announced the reorganization of CDC to `` confront the challenges of 21st - century health threats '' . The four Coordinating Centers -- established under the G.W. Bush Administration and Gerberding -- `` diminished the influence of national centers under ( their ) umbrella '' , and were ordered cut under the Obama Administration in 2009 . The CDC 's Biosafety Level 4 laboratories are among the few that exist in the world , as well as one of only two official repositories of smallpox in the world . The second smallpox store resides at the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR in the Russian Federation . The CDC revealed in 2014 that it had discovered several misplaced smallpox samples and also that lab workers had potentially been infected with anthrax . Organization ( edit ) The CDC is organized into `` Centers , Institutes , and Offices '' ( CIOs ) which allow it to be responsive and effective in its interface with public health concerns . Each organizational unit implements the agency 's response in a particular area of expertise . Within `` Offices '' are Centers , Divisions , and Branches . CIOs are : CDC Washington Office Center for Global Health National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Office for State , Tribal , Local and Territorial Support Office of Equal Employment Opportunity Office of Infectious Diseases National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Division of High - Consequence Pathogens and Pathology ( DHCPP ) Viral Special Pathogens Branch ( VSPB ) National Center for HIV / AIDS , Viral Hepatitis , STD , and TB Prevention National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases Office of Minority Health and Health Equity Office of Noncommunicable Diseases , Injury and Environmental Health National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion National Center for Environmental Health / Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry National Center for Injury Prevention and Control National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response Division of Emergency Operations Emergency Operations Center ( EOC ) Office of Public Health Science Services Center for Surveillance , Epidemiology and Laboratory Services National Center for Health Statistics Office of the Associate Director for Communication Office of the Associate Director for Policy Office of the Associate Director for Science Office of the Chief of Staff Office of the Chief Operating Officer Global Health ( edit ) The CDC partners with many international organizations such as the World Health Organization ( WHO ) and global divisions include : Division of Global HIV & TB ( DGHT ) , Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria ( DPDM ) , Division of Global Health Protection ( DGHP ) , and Global Immunization Division ( GID ) . The CDC is integral in working with WHO in establishing the International Health Regulations ( IHR ) , that is binding on 194 member countries , through the Global Disease Detection Program ( GDD ) and the WHO and CDC Global Surveillance Systems . Travelers ' Health ( edit ) For travelers , the CDC publishes the book , CDC Health Information for International Travel , available online and in print as a new edition every other year . Known as the `` yellow book '' , it includes current travel health guidelines , recommendations for vaccination , and information on specific travel destinations . The CDC website on travelers ' health includes travel health notices consisting of three levels : Watch Level 1 ( practice usual precautions ) , Alert Level 2 ( practice enhanced precautions ) , and Warning Level 3 ( avoid nonessential travel ) . Budget and Workforce ( edit ) CDC 's Fiscal Year 2014 budget was $6.9 billion . As of 2008 , staff numbered approximately 15,000 ( including 6,000 contractors and 840 Commissioned Corps officers ) in 170 occupations . Eighty percent have earned bachelor 's degrees or higher ; almost half have advanced degrees ( a master 's degree or a doctorate such as a PhD , D.O. , or M.D. ) . CDC job titles include engineer , entomologist , epidemiologist , biologist , physician , veterinarian , behavioral scientist , nurse , medical technologist , economist , public health advisor , health communicator , toxicologist , chemist , computer scientist , and statistician . In addition to its Atlanta headquarters , the CDC has other locations in the United States and Puerto Rico . Those locations include Anchorage ; Cleveland ; Cincinnati ; Detroit ; Fort Collins ; Hyattsville ; Morgantown ; Pittsburgh ; Research Triangle Park ; San Juan , Puerto Rico ; Spokane , Washington ; and Washington , D.C. The CDC also conducts the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System , the world 's largest , ongoing telephone health - survey system . The CDC offers grants that help many organizations each year bring health , safety and awareness to surrounding communities throughout the entire United States . As a government - run department , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention awards over 85 percent of its annual budget through these grants to accomplish its ultimate goal of disease control and quality health for all . The CDC operates the Public Health Associate Program ( PHAP ) , a two - year paid fellowship for recent college graduates to work in public health agencies all over the United States . PHAP was founded in 2007 and currently has 159 associates in 34 states . Directors ( edit ) David Sencer points to a depiction of Triatomine sp. , which transmits Chagas disease . The President of the United States appoints the director of the CDC and the appointment does not require Senate confirmation . The director serves at the pleasure of the President and may be fired at any time . Sixteen directors have served the CDC or its predecessor agencies . Louis L. Williams Jr. , MD ( 1942 -- 1943 ) Mark D. Hollis , ScD ( 1944 -- 1946 ) Raymond A. Vonderlehr , MD ( 1947 -- 1951 ) Justin M. Andrews , ScD ( 1952 -- 1953 ) Theodore J. Bauer , MD ( 1953 -- 1956 ) Robert J. Anderson , MD , MPH ( 1956 -- 1960 ) Clarence A. Smith , MD , MPH ( 1960 -- 1962 ) James L. Goddard , MD , MPH ( 1962 -- 1966 ) David J. Sencer , MD , MPH ( 1966 -- 1977 ) William H. Foege , MD , MPH ( 1977 -- 1983 ) James O. Mason , MD , MPH ( 1983 -- 1989 ) William L. Roper , MD , MPH ( 1990 -- 1993 ) David Satcher , MD , PhD ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Jeffrey P. Koplan , MD , MPH ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Julie Gerberding , MD , MPH ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Thomas R. Frieden , MD , MPH ( 2009 -- Jan 2017 ) Anne Schuchat , MD ( RADM , USPHS ) Brenda Fitzgerald , MD ( 2017 - present ) Data and survey Systems ( edit ) CDC Scientific Data , Surveillance , Health Statistics , and Laboratory Information . Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System . Mortality Medical Data System . Abortion statistics in the United States Diseases ( edit ) Donald Henderson as part of the CDC 's smallpox eradication team in 1966 . Influenza ( edit ) The CDC has launched campaigns targeting the transmission of influenza , including the H1N1 swine flu . The CDC has launched websites including Flu.gov to educate people in proper hygiene . Other infectious diseases ( edit ) The CDC 's website ( see below ) has information on other infectious diseases , including smallpox , measles , and others . The CDC runs a program that protects the public from rare and dangerous substances such as anthrax and the Ebola virus . The program , called the Select Agents Program , calls for inspections of labs in the U.S. that work with dangerous pathogens . During the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa , the CDC helped coordinate the return of two infected American aid workers for treatment at Emory University Hospital , the home of a special unit to handle highly infectious diseases . As a response to the 2014 Ebola outbreak , Congress passed a Continuing Appropriations Resolution allocating $30,000,000 towards CDC 's efforts to fight the virus . Non-infectious diseases ( edit ) The CDC also works on non-infectious diseases , including chronic diseases caused by obesity , physical inactivity and tobacco - use . Antibiotic Resistance ( edit ) The CDC implemented their National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria as a measure against the spread of antibiotic resistance in the United States . This initiative has a budget of $161 million and includes the development of the Antibiotic Resistance Lab Network . Epidemic Intelligence Service ( edit ) The Epidemic Intelligence Service ( EIS ) provides `` Boots - on - the - ground disease detectives , '' which investigate public health problems . Epidemiologic Assistance ( edit ) Within the EIS , the Epidemiologic Assistance ( Epi - Aids ) provides short - term epidemiologic assistance when asked by a governmental body . Foundation ( edit ) The CDC Foundation operates independently from CDC as a private , nonprofit 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) organization incorporated in the State of Georgia . The creation of the Foundation was authorized by section 399F of the Public Health Service Act to support the mission of CDC in partnership with the private sector , including organizations , foundations , businesses , educational groups , and individuals . Popular culture and controversies ( edit ) Historically , the CDC has been relatively free of political manipulation . Tuskegee study of untreated syphilis in the negro male ( edit ) For 15 years , the CDC had direct oversight over the Tuskegee syphilis experiment . In the study , which lasted from 1932 to 1972 , a group of African American men ( nearly 400 of whom had syphilis ) were studied to learn more about the disease . Notably , the disease was left untreated in the research subjects and they never gave their informed consent to serve as research subjects . The Tuskegee Study was initiated in 1932 by the Public Health Service . The CDC took over the study in 1957 . The CDC 's response to the AIDS crisis in the 1980s has been criticized for promoting some public health policies that harmed HIV+ people and for providing ineffective public education . The agency 's response to the 2001 anthrax attacks was also criticized for ineffective communication with other public health agencies and with the public . CDC Zombie apocalypse outreach campaign ( edit ) On May 16 , 2011 , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 's blog published an article instructing the public on what to do to prepare for a zombie invasion . While the article did not claim that such a scenario was possible , it did use the popular culture appeal as a means of urging citizens to prepare for all potential hazards , such as earthquakes , tornadoes , and floods . According to David Daigle , the Associate Director for Communications , Public Health Preparedness and Response , the idea arose when his team was discussing their upcoming hurricane - information campaign and Daigle mused that `` we say pretty much the same things every year , in the same way , and I just wonder how many people are paying attention . '' A social - media employee mentioned that the subject of zombies had come up a lot on Twitter when she had been tweeting about the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster and radiation . The team realized that a campaign like this would most likely reach a different audience from the one that normally pays attention to hurricane - preparedness warnings and went to work on the zombie campaign , launching it right before hurricane season began . `` The whole idea was , if you 're prepared for a zombie apocalypse , you 're prepared for pretty much anything , '' said Daigle . Once the blog article became popular , the CDC announced an open contest for YouTube submissions of the most creative and effective videos covering preparedness for a zombie apocalypse ( or apocalypse of any kind ) , to be judged by the `` CDC Zombie Task Force '' . Submissions were open until October 11 , 2011 . They also released a zombie - themed graphic novella available on their website . Zombie - themed educational materials for teachers are available on the site . Gun violence ( edit ) One area of current partisan dispute related to CDC funding is studying gun violence . The 1996 Dickey Amendment states `` none of the funds made available for injury prevention and control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention may be used to advocate or promote gun control '' . Advocates for gun control oppose the amendment and have tried to overturn it . The American Medical Association , the American Psychological Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics sent a letter to the leaders of the Senate Appropriations Committee in 2013 asking them `` to support at least $10 million within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) in FY 2014 along with sufficient new funding at the National Institutes of Health to support research into the causes and prevention of gun violence . Furthermore , we urge Members to oppose any efforts to reduce , eliminate , or condition CDC funding related to gun violence prevention research . '' Congress maintained the ban in subsequent budgets . Publications ( edit ) CDC publications State of CDC report CDC Programs in Brief Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Emerging Infectious Diseases ( monthly journal ) Preventing Chronic Disease Vital statistics See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Health and fitness portal Medicine portal For similar agencies elsewhere , see the list of national public health agencies . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : CDC Home Page , cdc.gov ; retrieved November 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Groundbreaking held for new CDC virus research labs '' , Atlanta Journal - Constitution , December 3 , 1985 , p . A21 ; retrieved February 5 , 2011 . `` The new facility will sit behind and be connected to CDC 's red - brick complex of buildings on Clifton Road in DeKalb County ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ `` Druid Hills CDP , GA '' Archived November 25 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , United States Census Bureau ; retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mission , Role and Pledge '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Parascandola J ( November -- December 1996 ) . `` From MCWA to CDC -- origins of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention '' . Public Health Reports . 111 ( 6 ) : 549 -- 51 . PMC 1381908 . PMID 8955706 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( Record Group 442 ) 1921 -- 2004 '' . Guide to Federal Records . United States : National Archives and Records Administration . November 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Nájera JA ( June 2001 ) . `` Malaria control : achievements , problems and strategies '' . Parassitologia. 43 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 1 -- 89 . PMID 11921521 . Jump up ^ Stapleton DH ( 2004 ) . `` Lessons of history ? Anti-malaria strategies of the International Health Board and the Rockefeller Foundation from the 1920s to the era of DDT '' . Public Health Rep. 119 ( 2 ) : 206 -- 15 . PMC 1497608 . PMID 15192908 . Jump up ^ Sledge , Daniel ( 2012 ) . `` War , Tropical Disease , and the Emergence of National Public Health Capacity in the United States '' . Studies in American Political Development . Jump up ^ Division of Parasitic Diseases ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` Malaria Control in War Areas ( 1942 -- 1945 ) '' . The History of Malaria , an Ancient Disease ( 2004 ) . Atlanta , Georgia : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Joseph W. Mountin , pioneer in public health , 1891 - 1952 '' . Public Health Rep. 67 : 425 . 1952 . PMC 2030772 . PMID 14930166 . Jump up ^ White , Mark ; McDonnell , Sharon M. ; Werker , Denise H. ; Cardenas , Victor M. ; Thacker , Stephen B. ( 2001 ) . `` Partnerships in International Applied Epidemiology Training and Service '' . American Journal of Epidemiology. 154 ( 11 ) : 993 -- 999 . doi : 10.1093 / aje / 154.11. 993 . Jump up ^ Beth E. Meyerson ; Fred A. Martich ; Gerald P. Naehr ( 2008 ) . Ready to Go : The History and Contributions of U.S. Public Health Advisors . Research Triangle Park : American Social Health Association . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ CDC ( 1992 ) . `` CDC : the nation 's prevention agency '' . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 41 ( 44 ) : 833 . PMID 1331740 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The eleventh plague : the politics of biological and chemical warfare '' ( pp. 84 - 86 ) by Leonard A. Cole ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ `` CDC Office of Director , The Futures Initiative '' . CDC -- National Center for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Koenig , Robert . `` New Chief Orders CDC to Cut Management Layers '' . Blogs.sciencemag.org . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Viral Special Pathogens Branch '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Scutti , Susan ( 2014 - 07 - 16 ) . `` CDC Smallpox and Anthrax Mishaps Signal Other Potential Dangers '' . Newsweek.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Parascandola , J. `` From MCWA to CDC -- origins of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention '' . Public Health Reports . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ CDC and global health , cdc.gov ; retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Unite for Sight , uniteforsight.org ; retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Yellow Book Home Travelers ' Health CDC '' . wwwnc.cdc.gov . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Travel Health Notices Travelers ' Health CDC '' . wwwnc.cdc.gov . Jump up ^ `` CDC wins in budget deal '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Budget Request Summary -- Fiscal Year 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Jump up ^ Office of the Associate Director for Communication ( May 19 , 2010 ) . `` State of CDC : Budget and Workforce '' ( XHTML ) . CDC Impact Story Topics . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . For more data on 2008 , click on the `` 2008 '' link . Jump up ^ `` Top Jobs at the CDC '' . Employment Information Homepage . CDC. April 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System '' . CDC : National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` CDC Grants at LoveToKnow Charity '' . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Public Health Associate Program website , Cdc.gov ; retrieved 2014 - 04 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Wilgoren , Debbi and Shear , Michael D. `` Obama Chooses NYC Health Chief to Head CDC '' , Washington Post , May 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Etheridge , Elizabeth W. Sentinel for Health : A History of the Centers for Disease Control . Berkeley , Calif. : University of California Press , 1992 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 07107 - 0 ; Patel , Kant ; Rushefsky , Mark E. ; and McFarlane , Deborah R . The Politics of Public Health in the United States . M.E. Sharpe , 2005 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1135 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Past CDC Directors / Administrators '' . Office of Enterprise Communication . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ) . February 19 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Records of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Administrative History ; retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` National Public Health Institute , NPHI Advocacy '' . IANPHI . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Anne Schuchat , MD profile , cdc.gov ; accessed January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CDC Data and Statistics '' . CDC -- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System '' . CDC -- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` NCHS -- Mortality Data -- About the Mortality Medical Data System '' . CDC -- National Center for Health Statistics . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` CDC -- Data and Statistics -- Reproductive Health '' . Cdc.gov. April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ CDC Health Topics A to Z , cdc.gov ; accessed April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Bryan . `` CDC 's Select Agents Program protects against bioterror threats '' , BioPrepWatch , February 10 , 2014 ; accessed October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Achenbach , Joel ; Dennis , Brady ; Hogan , Caelainn . `` American doctor infected with Ebola returns to U.S '' . washingtonpost.com . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Continuing Appropriations Resolution , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . congress.gov . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Overweight & Obesity '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Antibiotic Resistance Lab Network Antibiotic / Antimicrobial Resistance CDC '' . Cdc.gov. 2017 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Epidemic Intelligence Service '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Epidemiologic Assistance '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cliff , A.D. ( 2009 ) . Infectious diseases : emergence and re-emergence : a geographical analysis . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0199244731 . Jump up ^ Koplan , Jeffrey P. ; Foege , William H. ( 2011 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Introduction : the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 's Epi - Aids -- a fond recollection '' . American Journal of Epidemiology. 174 ( 11 Suppl ) : S1 - 3 . doi : 10.1093 / aje / kwr303 . ISSN 1476 - 6256 . PMID 22135388 . Jump up ^ `` 42 U.S. Code § 280e -- 11 - Establishment and duties of Foundation '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CDCfoundation.org '' . CDCfoundation.org . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Patel , Kant ; Rushefsky , Mark E. ( 2015 - 05 - 20 ) . The Politics of Public Health in the United States . Routledge . pp. 94 -- 95 . ISBN 9781317455264 . Jump up ^ `` Tuskegee Study - Timeline - CDC - NCHHSTP '' . Jump up ^ `` CDC Ran the Tuskegee Experiment for 15 Years : Any Connection To Operation Paperclip ? '' . exopolitics.blogs.com . August 27 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Khan , Ali S. ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) . `` CDC Zombie Warning '' . `` Preparedness 101 : Zombie Apocalypse '' . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Skepticality Podcast '' . Centers for Zombie Control and Prevention . 2011 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Are You Prepared ? Video Contest '' . Prepare.challenge.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Zombie Novella Zombie Preparedness Are We Prepared ? '' . Cdc.gov. 2015 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Zombie Preparedness Are We Prepared ? PHPR '' . Cdc.gov. 2015 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Public Law 104 -- 208 '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Record . September 30 , 1996 ... none of the funds made available for injury prevention and control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention may be used to advocate or promote gun control . ^ Jump up to : `` Quietly , Congress extends a ban on CDC research on gun violence '' . Pri.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Democrats push to restart CDC funding for gun violence research '' . Philly.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` CDC -- Publications '' . CDC -- National Center for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` State of CDC Report '' . CDC -- National Center for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Programs in Brief : Home Page '' . CDC -- National Center for Disease Control and Prevention . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report '' . CDC -- National Center for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Emerging Infectious Diseases '' . CDC -- National Center for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` CDC / National Center for Health Statistics '' . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Wikinews has news related to : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC in the Federal Register CDC Online Newsroom CDC Public Health Image Library CDC Global Communications Center CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory -- Atlanta , Georgia <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Agencies of the United States Department of Health and Human Services <Td_colspan="3"> Headquarters : Hubert H. 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when did adelaide crows win there last premiership
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Adelaide Football club - Wikipedia Adelaide Football club Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Australian rules football club . For the association football club , see Adelaide United FC . For the unaffiliated 19th century club , see Adelaide Football Club ( SAFA ) . For the club 's SANFL team , see Adelaide Football Club ( SANFL ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Adelaide Football Club <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Names Full name Adelaide Football Club Nickname ( s ) Crows Motto Natus Ad Magna Gerenda ( `` Born to Great Things '' ) , `` We Fly As One '' <Th_colspan="2"> 2017 season After finals 2nd Home - and - away season 1st Leading goalkicker Eddie Betts ( 55 ) Malcolm Blight Medal Matt Crouch <Th_colspan="2"> Club details Founded Colours Navy blue Red Gold Competition Australian Football League Senior Men 's Competition AFL Women 's Senior Women 's Competition South Australian National Football League Men 's Reserves Team Chairman Rob Chapman CEO Andrew Fagan Coach AFL : Don Pyke AFLW : Bec Goddard SANFL : Ryan O'Keefe Captain ( s ) AFL : Taylor Walker AFLW : Erin Phillips and Chelsea Randall SANFL : Hugh Greenwood and Alex Keath Premierships AFL : 2 ( 1997 , 1998 ) AFLW : 1 ( 2017 ) Ground ( s ) Adelaide Oval Former ground ( s ) Football Park ( 1991 -- 2013 ) Training ground ( s ) Football Park <Th_colspan="2"> Uniforms <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Home Away Alternate <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Other information Official website afc.com.au The Adelaide Football Club , nicknamed the Crows , is a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club is based in Adelaide , South Australia , playing its home matches at Adelaide Oval . The club has its training and administration base at Football Park in West Lakes , where it previously played home matches between 1991 and 2013 . The club song is `` The Pride of South Australia '' , to the tune of the Marines ' Hymn . The Crows were formed in 1990 after a supreme court injunction to halt The Port Adelaide Football Club from entering the AFL . They are a composite team originally owned by the SANFL ( later gaining independence ) and played their first season in 1991 . They won both the 1997 and 1998 Grand Finals , and have appeared in 14 finals series in their 26 - year history . The club is currently captained by Taylor Walker and coached by Don Pyke . Walker was appointed captain prior to the 2015 season , while Pyke permanently succeeded the late Phil Walsh as head coach in October 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1990s : Foundation and back - to - back triumph 1.1. 1 Premiership glory in 1997 and 1998 1.2 2000s : Finals and near misses 1.3 2010s : Rebuilding and tragedy 1.3. 1 2012 : Scandal and Investigation 1.3. 2 2014 : Transfer of SANFL licence 1.3. 3 2015 : Death of Phil Walsh 1.3. 4 2016 -- present : Don Pyke era 2 Club symbols 2.1 Club guernsey 2.1. 1 Present 2.1. 2 Past 3 Membership base and sponsorship 4 Club honour board 4.1 Club achievements 4.2 Records 4.3 Premierships 4.3. 1 Premiership teams 4.4 `` Team of the Decade '' 4.5 Coaches 4.6 Captains 4.7 Current playing list and coaching staff 4.8 Past players 5 Pre-season competition 6 AFL Women 's team 6.1 Premiership 6.2 Current squad 6.3 Club Champion winners 7 SANFL team 8 Other ventures 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Adelaide Football Club 1990s : Foundation and back - to - back triumph ( edit ) After the VFL was renamed the AFL for the 1990 season , the SANFL clubs unanimously resolved , in May 1990 , that a team would not be entered into the AFL until season 1993 . The AFL refused to accept this , and revised negotiations with individual clubs Port Adelaide and Norwood . Two months later , the Port Adelaide Football Club reached terms of agreement with the AFL to enter a team into its competition in season 1991 . The other nine SANFL clubs reacted strongly and entered into litigation in an endeavour to halt Port 's bid . As the terms offered were more favourable than previously offered , talks were resumed . On 19 September 1990 , the AFL approved the bid for a new South Australian club to enter to the league , rather than a single existing SANFL club . The Adelaide Crows played their first season in the AFL in 1991 . Inaugural coach Graham Cornes and captain Chris McDermott led Adelaide to a respectable ninth place out of 15 in the league , with 10 wins and 12 losses and a percentage of 89.44 . Adelaide 's first AFL game was against Hawthorn on Friday 22 March at their then home ground , Football Park . The Crows defeated the eventual premiers by a hefty 86 - point margin , winning 24.11 ( 155 ) to 9.15 ( 69 ) . The club reached its first finals series in 1993 AFL season , eventually losing to Essendon in the preliminary final . Premiership glory in 1997 and 1998 ( edit ) The year 1997 marked the entry of a second South Australian club , Port Adelaide . The Crows easily qualified for the finals series and hosted fifth - placed West Coast in the First Elimination Final . In the first final ever to be played at Football Park , the Crows won 14.15 ( 99 ) to 9.12 ( 66 ) . The next week , Adelaide hosted Geelong , who had come second but lost the previous week to North Melbourne , in the Second Semi Final , winning narrowly : 11.10 ( 76 ) to 9.14 ( 68 ) . This set up an away Preliminary Final against the Western Bulldogs at the MCG . Despite losing Coleman Medallist Tony Modra , who had kicked 84 goals for the season , to an ACL injury in the first quarter and trailing by 31 points at half time , the Crows kicked four unanswered goals in the last quarter to record a two - point victory , 12.21 ( 93 ) to 13.13 ( 91 ) , with Darren Jarman kicking a goal to put Adelaide in front with less than two minutes remaining . This allowed the Crows to qualify for their first AFL Grand Final , to be played against St Kilda at the MCG a week later . St Kilda , chasing their second Premiership in VFL / AFL history , were warm favourites to win the Grand Final , having come first in the minor round and won both of their finals by margins of 46 and 31 points , against an Adelaide side without Tony Modra , Mark Ricciuto and goalsneak Peter Vardy due to injury. ( 1 ) However , the Crows again overcame a half - time deficit , kicking 14 second - half goals to win by 31 points , 19.11 ( 125 ) to 13.16 ( 94 ) . Darren Jarman kicked six goals , five of which came in the last quarter , whilst utility Shane Ellen kicked a career - best five and Troy Bond kicked four . Andrew McLeod , who gathered 31 possessions across half - back and in the midfield , won the Norm Smith Medal for the best player on - field in the Grand Final . The win is arguably one of the finest moments in South Australian sporting history . Adelaide often struggled in close matches during the 1998 AFL season ; seven of their nine losses were by 13 points or less , compared to only three wins by corresponding margins ( they finished the regular season 13 - 9 ) . The Crows showed mixed form in their opening two finals matches , though they were good enough to , for the second year in a row , play the Western Bulldogs in a Preliminary Final at the MCG . In contrast to the thriller that took place the previous year , however , the Crows defeated the Bulldogs soundly , 24.17 ( 161 ) to 13.15 ( 93 ) . Matthew Robran kicked six goals and Andrew McLeod , opposed to renowned tagger Tony Liberatore , booted seven . Like the previous year , Adelaide went into the Grand Final as underdogs , playing against North Melbourne , who had won the Premiership in 1996 and had won eleven consecutive matches leading up to the Grand Final . North Melbourne led by 24 points at half - time , 6.15 ( 51 ) to 4.3 ( 27 ) , with only their inaccurate goalkicking keeping Adelaide in the contest . However , as they had in the previous year , Adelaide dominated the second half to win by 35 points , 15.15 ( 105 ) to 8.22 ( 70 ) . Darren Jarman kicked five goals , while Andrew McLeod won his second successive Norm Smith Medal , an unprecedented feat . Club legend Mark Ricciuto won the Crows ' Club Champion award in 1998 . Following a disappointing year in 1999 , premiership coach Malcolm Blight resigned from the role and the Crows entered the new millennium with two premierships under their belt . 2000s : finals and near misses ( edit ) The Crows next made the finals in 2001 AFL season , this after losing their opening three matches for the season . Adelaide played fifth - placed Carlton at the MCG in the First Elimination Final and were roundly defeated , 17.16 ( 118 ) to 6.14 ( 50 ) . High - profile forward Darren Jarman announced his retirement after the match . Adelaide 's impressive 2002 AFL season ( in which they achieved a 15 - 7 win - loss record ) came undone at the penultimate stage , losing the Collingwood in the Preliminary Final at the MCG . Ben Hart won his second Malcolm Blight Medal in 2002 , with Tyson Edwards finishing runner - up . Brett Burton led the Crows ' goalkickers with 51 . Hart and Mark Ricciuto were both named as All - Australians . Adelaide then extracted some revenge by defeating Collingwood in the pre-season competition in 2003 , a first win of its kind for the club . The Crows ' impressive 2003 season was eventually halted by the Brisbane Lions at the Gabba in the semi-finals . That season Adelaide captain Mark Ricciuto became the first Crow to win the Brownlow Medal for the best and fairest player in the AFL in a three - way tie with Adam Goodes and Nathan Buckley . The Crows returned to finals in 2005 and recorded a famous win in what to this day remains the only Showdown match against rivals Port Adelaide in the semi-finals . They then lost once more at the penultimate stage ( preliminary final ) , to West Coast at Subiaco Oval by 16 points . This was a feat the club unfortunately repeated in 2006 when they again lost to West Coast in the preliminary final , this time at home and by an even smaller margin . Remarkably , Adelaide went on to qualify for finals for each of the remaining seasons in the 2000s , falling short at the elimination or semi-final on each occasion . Collingwood proved to be the most obvious of villains , knocking the Crows out of the finals race successively in 2008 and 2009 . Andrew McLeod and Bernie Vince won club best and fairest awards in that time . Adelaide 's finals runs in the 2000s Year Lost in Opponent Margin of defeat 2001 Elimination Final Carlton 68 points 2002 Preliminary Final Collingwood 28 points 2003 Semi Final Brisbane Lions 42 points 2005 Preliminary Final West Coast 16 points 2006 Preliminary Final West Coast 10 points 2007 Elimination Final Hawthorn 3 points 2008 Elimination Final Collingwood 31 points 2009 Semi Final Collingwood 5 points 2010s : rebuilding and tragedy ( edit ) Adelaide had a disastrous start to the 2010 season , losing their first six matches of the home and away season . They did recover to some extent in the back half of the year , finishing 11th with nine wins and thirteen losses , the first time under coach Neil Craig that the team did not make the finals . The season marked a turning point , with the likes of McLeod , Simon Goodwin and fellow stars Brett Burton , Tyson Edwards and Trent Hentschel all announcing their retirements during the season . Long - term defender and club stalwart Nathan Bock announced he was leaving the club to join new side Gold Coast . These changes led to a disastrous 2011 campaign , which proved to be the worst season in the club 's history . After a 103 - point loss to fading champions St Kilda , the club 's longest - serving coach Neil Craig stepped down , handing the reins to assistant coach and former premiership captain Mark Bickley as caretaker for the remainder of the season . Under Bickley the club won three of their next four games , but lost their final two to Richmond and West Coast , finishing in 14th place with 7 wins and 15 losses , both club worsts . Scott Thompson won the Malcolm Blight Medal ( best and fairest award ) for the season . New coach Brenton Sanderson began his era at the club with a pre-season premiership in 2012 and followed up that success with an above - expectations regular season ; the Crows finishing 17 - 5 and never once losing consecutive matches . Adelaide eventually qualified to face minor premiers Hawthorn at the MCG in the First Preliminary Final . Hawthorn led for most of the match and despite Adelaide taking the lead with five minutes remaining , the Hawks responded to win the match by five points , yet another heartbreaking finals series loss for the Crows . Adelaide would then fall under the weight of expectations to some degree in the 2013 and 2014 seasons , narrowly missing the top 8 on both occasions . This led to Sanderson being sacked at the end of the 2014 season . The club moved home matches to the newly redeveloped Adelaide Oval at the start of the 2014 season , though to this day the Crows retain their training and administrative headquarters at their old home stadium , Football Park . 2012 : scandal and investigation ( edit ) At the end of 2012 , it was revealed that Adelaide had been found guilty of breaching the salary cap and tampering with the draft . As a sign of cooperation with the AFL , Adelaide forfeited themselves from the first two rounds of the 2012 draft . At a hearing at AFL House in Melbourne , both the Adelaide Crows and current CEO at the time , Steven Trigg , were both fined $300,000 and $50,000 respectively . The Adelaide Football Club were also suspended from participating in the first two rounds of the 2013 draft . It 's widely accepted to be the leagues biggest salary cap and list management scandal since Carlton in 2002 . 2014 : transfer of SANFL licence ( edit ) In March 2014 , on the eve of the new season , the South Australian Football Commission announced it had struck a deal with the Adelaide Football Club which required the SANFL to transfer its ownership of the Crows ' licence to the club , in exchange for payments totalling $11.326 million between 2013 and 2028 . The arrangement marked the first time the Adelaide Football Club had independent control of its own administration and came in conjunction with measures designed to solidify the SANFL 's control of game development and the sport in South Australia . 2015 : death of Phil Walsh ( edit ) The 2015 season started successfully for the Adelaide Football Club with a 77 - point win over reigning preliminary finalists North Melbourne . Newly appointed coach Phil Walsh oversaw a rapidly improving team that became known for their skilled ball use and ability to grind out wins . During the season , Adelaide was cleared of any wrongdoing by the AFL in the Eddie Betts affair , which became newsworthy following an allegation that Betts 's transfer to the Crows from Carlton had been illegally signed and approved as much as 18 months prior to his move . Fans gather at Adelaide Oval to pay tribute to Phil Walsh . On 3 July , two days prior to Adelaide 's then - scheduled round 14 match against Geelong , coach Phil Walsh was the victim of murder by his son and died from multiple stab wounds at the age of 55 . The tragedy was followed by an outpouring of sympathy and tributes from the club 's fans and the wider AFL community . The match against the Cats was cancelled , with both teams receiving two premiership points each . Adelaide 's SANFL team 's match against South Adelaide , scheduled for the next day , was postponed until later in the season . On 6 July , assistant coach Scott Camporeale was appointed interim coach for the remainder of the season , while West Coast premiership coach John Worsfold was hired as coaching director to support Camporeale . Inspiringly , the team rebounded to win six of their next seven games and qualify for the 2015 finals series , where they defeated the Western Bulldogs by seven points in a thrilling elimination final at the MCG . Their season ended when they lost to eventual premiers Hawthorn the next week . 2016 -- present : Don Pyke era ( edit ) Star midfielder for many years Patrick Dangerfield left the club at the end of the 2015 season ( a season in which he won the club 's best and fairest ) and Don Pyke , a former premiership player and assistant coach with West Coast who had also been an assistant coach at Adelaide from 2005 to 2006 , was appointed Adelaide 's senior coach for at least three years . Adelaide was widely tipped to slide out of the finals in 2016 but the Crows proved to be one of the successes of the season , comfortably qualifying for a home elimination final and defeating North Melbourne by 62 points , before being eliminated the next week by eventual beaten grand finalists , Sydney in the semi-finals . The club had a dominant 2017 season , winning their opening six games and never falling below second place for the entire season . Adelaide claimed their second McClelland Trophy as minor premiers . The Adelaide Crows entered the 2017 finals series as favourites for the premiership ; they defeated Greater Western Sydney and Geelong by 36 and 61 points respectively to qualify for the Grand Final , their first since 1998 , where they faced Richmond . Despite starting as favourites , the Crows lost the match by 48 points . Club symbols ( edit ) Club guernsey ( edit ) Adelaide currently has three guernsey designs which are used in different matches throughout the season . Present ( edit ) Home guernsey The home guernsey features navy blue , red and gold hoops . It is worn at all matches designated as home games for the club as well as in selected away games ( currently only Geelong , Port Adelaide and Sydney ) . The jumper is worn with navy shorts at all home and away games , except for away Showdowns , where it is paired with white shorts . It has had minor variations through its history since debuting with the club in 1991 , including adding a white outline to the numbers in 1996 , and the removal of yellow cuffs and addition of navy blue panels down the sides ( due to manufacturers template design ) in 2006 . In 2009 the yellow cuffs and full hoops returned . In 2010 the hoops were cut off again at the sides . For 2016 , the club removed the side panels , returning to the full hoops of the original design . The original base design / idea has never changed in the clubs 27 - year history . Clash guernsey The clash guernsey is a predominantly white based design , worn in away games where the standard home guernsey may cause a clash of colours with the home team . It features three hoops around the sternum in the clubs colours of red , yellow and navy blue , and is always worn with white shorts . The current clash guernsey was introduced in 2016 , and is more similar to the home strip than those of previous years . Alternative guernsey The alternative guernsey is the same design as the clash guernsey , but with a gold base instead of white . It is worn in away games in which it provides a greater contrast with the home team than either the home or white clash guernseys . These team are North Melbourne , Carlton , Fremantle and Western Bulldogs football clubs . It is always worn with white shorts . Past ( edit ) In previous seasons , the Crows have had variations of alternate guernseys . Pre-season guernsey ( 1996 -- 98 ) The club briefly used an alternate design in the pre-season competition . It was still in the club colours , but featured the club logo prominently on the front and continuing over onto the back . Away guernsey ( 1999 -- 2009 ) The away guernsey was originally intended for use in all matches designated as away games , except finals . The design had changed several times over the years since it was first used in 1999 . From 2006 the red was removed from the top of the guernsey , moving it closer to the home guernsey . Its usage had waned since the introduction of the `` clash '' guernsey , to the point where it was only used twice in 2007 , against the Western Bulldogs in round 2 and Collingwood in round 22 . In a few away matches that year , the club also continued to use the traditional `` home '' guernsey , something which had rarely been done since the away strip was introduced . In response to this , a new away guernsey was introduced in 2008 featuring more red and yellow with a flying crow on the front -- similar in design to the mid-90s pre-season jumper . Clash guernsey ( 2006 -- 2012 ) The clash guernsey was first introduced for season 2006 and was radically different from the `` home '' and `` away '' designs at the time . It was worn at all away games where the AFL deemed there to be a clash with the home team 's guernsey design . Those clubs officially on the `` clash list '' included Carlton , Essendon , Fremantle , Melbourne and Richmond . Despite this , the AFL forced the club to wear it against other teams , such as Hawthorn and St Kilda in 2007 , West Coast in 2008 and the Brisbane Lions in 2008 and 2009 . The first clash guernsey was red , and was worn from 2006 - 2009 . The club first adopted a white clash guernsey in 2010 , which is worn in the majority of away games , meaning the traditional home jumper was rarely worn away from home . It featured the club logo on the front with stylised curves in club colours on the front and back with navy stripes down the sides . The design has been changed a number of times over the years , but has remained predominately white . The club now wears the clash guernsey in away games against all clubs aside from the Sydney , Geelong and Port Adelaide football clubs . Membership base and sponsorship ( edit ) In 2006 , the club made history becoming the first club in VFL / AFL history to have more than 50,000 members . They broke that record in 2007 , signing up 50,146 members after only round one of the season . The club failed to continue this record run and subsequently signed 48,720 members in 2008 . The club has enjoyed a long - standing partnership with the Toyota Camry brand since its inception , leading the club to be known in promotional materials as the `` Camry Crows '' . Two - time Grand Slam tennis champion Lleyton Hewitt has been the club 's number one ticket holder since December 2002 . Federal politician Kate Ellis is the number 1 female ticket holder and Greg Champion , a musician and radio broadcaster , is the Melbourne number 1 ticket holder . Australian golfer Adam Scott is also an honorary member of the club . Inaugural Australian idol winner and musician Guy Sebastian is also a supporter of the crows . Year Members Change Home & Away Finish Finish after finals Average home crowd ^ Change Major sponsor Kit sponsor 1991 25,087 - 9th - 40,479 - Toyota Sekem 1992 38,673 9th - 38,275 2,204 1993 40,100 5th 3rd 46,128 7,853 1994 40,611 11th - 42,864 3,264 1995 41,654 11th - 38,552 4,312 42,283 12th - 39,428 876 Puma 1997 41,395 4th Premiers 40,116 688 Adidas 1998 41,985 5th Premiers 41,203 1,087 1999 42,120 13th - 39,386 1,817 2000 42,896 11th - 38,447 939 2001 42,014 8th 8th 39,627 1,180 Fila 2002 46,620 3rd 3rd 43,068 3,441 2003 47,097 6th 5th 44,524 1,456 Russell Athletic 45,642 12th - 39,879 4,645 2005 43,256 1st 3rd 42,336 2,457 2006 50,138 2nd 3rd 42,329 7 Adidas 2007 50,976 8th 8th 42,042 287 2008 48,720 5th 7th 40,678 1,364 2009 46,472 5th 5th 38,801 1,877 45,545 11th - 35,773 3,028 Reebok 2011 46,520 14th - 35,020 753 2012 45,105 2nd 3rd 36,829 1,809 2013 46,405 11th - 33,703 3,126 Puma 2014 54,249 10th - 48,046 14,343 2015 52,920 7th 6th 46,487 1,569 BLK 2016 54,307 5th 6th 47,056 569 2017 56,865 1st Runners Up 47,675 619 ISC Club honour board ( edit ) Club achievements ( edit ) <Td_colspan="4"> Club achievements Competition Level Wins Year won AFL Premiers 1997 , 1998 Runners up 2017 McClelland Trophy 2005 , 2017 Records ( edit ) Highest score for : 30.8 ( 188 ) -- vs Essendon at Football Park on 2 June 2006 ( Round 10 ) Lowest score for : 3.6 ( 24 ) -- vs St Kilda at Etihad Stadium on 22 July 2011 ( Round 18 ) Highest score against : 32.18 ( 210 ) -- Geelong at Kardinia Park on 9 May 1992 ( Round 8 ) Lowest score against : 1.7 ( 13 ) -- Fremantle at Football Park on 11 July 2009 ( Round 15 ) Highest aggregate score : 44.33 ( 297 ) -- vs Geelong at Kardinia Park on 9 May 1992 ( Round 8 ) Lowest aggregate score : 11.19 ( 85 ) -- vs Melbourne at the MCG on 26 April 2009 ( Round 5 ) Lowest winning score : 6.12 ( 48 ) -- vs Collingwood at Football Park on 25 August 1997 ( Round 21 ) Highest losing score : 19.11 ( 125 ) -- vs Kangaroos at Football Park on 6 May 2000 ( Round 9 ) Highest quarter score : 14.2 ( 86 ) -- vs Fitzroy at Football Park on 28 July 1996 ( Round 17 , second quarter ) Greatest winning margin : 139 points -- vs Richmond at Football Park on 16 July 1993 ( Round 16 ) Greatest losing margin : 141 points -- vs Brisbane Lions at the Gabba on 24 July 2004 ( Round 17 ) Longest winning streak : 10 matches -- from 18 June 2005 ( Round 13 , vs Richmond at Telstra Dome ) to 27 August 2005 ( Round 22 , vs West Coast at Subiaco Oval ) Longest losing streak : 9 matches -- from 8 August 1999 ( Round 19 , vs Brisbane Lions at Football Park ) to 8 April 2000 ( Round 5 , vs Brisbane Lions at the Gabba ) Longest winning streak against an opponent : 10 matches -- vs Gold Coast from 14 May 2011 ( Round 8 , at Football Park ) to 22 April 2017 ( Round 5 , at Metricon Stadium ; streak ongoing ) Longest losing streak against an opponent : 7 matches -- vs Port Adelaide from 6 August 2000 ( Round 22 , at Football Park ) to 31 August 2003 ( Round 22 , at Football Park ) , vs Hawthorn from 15 April 2012 ( Round 3 , at the MCG ) to 22 April 2016 ( Round 5 , at the MCG ) Largest home attendance : 53,817 -- vs Geelong at the Adelaide Oval on 22 September 2017 ( Preliminary Final ) Largest non-finals attendance : 54,790 -- vs Collingwood at the MCG on 12 July 2013 ( Round 16 ) Largest attendance : 100,021 -- vs Richmond at the MCG on 30 September 2017 ( Grand Final ) Most goals in a match by an individual : 13 -- Tony Modra vs Richmond at Football Park on 16 July 1993 ( Round 16 ) , Tony Modra vs Carlton at Football Park on 27 March 1994 ( Round 1 ) Most disposals in a match by an individual : 51 -- Scott Thompson vs Gold Coast at Metricon Stadium on 20 August 2011 ( Round 22 ) Premierships ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> 1997 AFL Grand Final Saturday , 27 September ( 2 : 30 pm ) St Kilda def. by Adelaide MCG ( crowd : 99,645 ) 3.6 ( 24 ) 7.11 ( 53 ) 9.13 ( 67 ) 13.16 ( 94 ) Q1 Q2 Q3 Final 3.8 ( 26 ) 5.10 ( 40 ) 11.11 ( 77 ) 19.11 ( 125 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Umpires : Kennedy ( 7 ) , Sheehan ( 9 ) , Nash ( 14 ) Norm Smith Medal : Andrew McLeod ( Adelaide ) Television broadcast : Seven Network National anthem : Marina Prior <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Heatley 3 , Hall 3 , Loewe 2 , Jones , Burke , Winmar , Peckett , Harvey Goals <Td_colspan="2"> Jarman 6 , Ellen 5 , Bond 4 , Smart , Goodwin , Rintoul , Caven <Td_colspan="2"> Harvey , Jones , Burke , Hall , Cook , Keogh Best <Td_colspan="2"> McLeod , Jarman , Johnson , Ellen , Goodwin , Caven <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> St Kilda won the coin toss and kicked to the Punt Road end in the first quarter . <Th_colspan="3"> 1998 AFL Grand Final Saturday , 26 September ( 2 : 30pm ) Adelaide def . North Melbourne MCG ( crowd : 94,431 ) 3.2 ( 20 ) 4.3 ( 27 ) 9.11 ( 65 ) 15.15 ( 105 ) Q1 Q2 Q3 Final 4.4 ( 28 ) 6.15 ( 51 ) 8.15 ( 63 ) 8.22 ( 70 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Umpires : Coates ( 6 ) , Kennedy ( 7 ) , Goldspink ( 32 ) Norm Smith Medal : Andrew McLeod Television broadcast : Seven Network National anthem : Rob Guest <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Jarman 5 , Smart 3 , Vardy 2 , James , Pittman , Johnson , Thiessen , Ricciuto Goals <Td_colspan="2"> Blakey , Pike , Abraham , Carey , Roberts , Bell , Allison , Simpson <Td_colspan="2"> McLeod , Hart , Jarman , Johnson , Rehn , Caven , Bickley Best <Td_colspan="2"> Pickett , Stevens , Martyn , Abraham <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> North Melbourne won the coin toss and kicked to the Punt Road end in the first quarter . Premiership teams ( edit ) <Td_colspan="4"> 1997 Premiership Team B : Ben Hart Rod Jameson Peter Caven HB : Andrew McLeod David Pittman Simon Goodwin C : Kym Koster Kane Johnson Matthew Connell HF : Troy Bond Matthew Robran Nigel Smart F : Chad Rintoul Shane Ellen Clay Sampson Foll : Shaun Rehn Mark Bickley ( Capt . ) Darren Jarman Int : Tyson Edwards Aaron Keating Brett James Coach : <Td_colspan="3"> Malcolm Blight <Td_colspan="4"> 1998 Premiership Team B : Tyson Edwards Ben Hart David Pittman HB : Simon Goodwin Peter Caven Nigel Smart C : Kym Koster Darren Jarman Andrew Eccles HF : Peter Vardy Matthew Robran Andrew McLeod F : Mark Bickley ( Capt . ) Mark Stevens Shane Ellen Foll : Shaun Rehn Mark Ricciuto Kane Johnson Int : Matthew Connell Brett James Ben Marsh James Thiessen Coach : <Td_colspan="3"> Malcolm Blight `` Team of the Decade '' ( edit ) While some sides named their `` Team of the Century '' to coincide with the AFL centenary celebrations in 1996 , Adelaide only joined the league in 1991 , and so later on named their `` Team of the Decade '' , covering the period from 1991 to 2000 . As well as earning selection in the team , Mark Ricciuto was named ' Player of the Decade ' and Mark Bickley ' Team Man of the Decade . ' <Td_colspan="4"> Adelaide Team of the Decade B : Ben Hart Rod Jameson Mark Bickley HB : Nigel Smart Peter Caven Andrew McLeod C : Greg Anderson Andrew Jarman Simon Tregenza HF : Kane Johnson Matthew Robran Mark Ricciuto F : Darren Jarman Tony Modra Matthew Liptak Foll : Shaun Rehn Chris McDermott Tony McGuinness Int : Mark Mickan Simon Goodwin Rodney Maynard David Pittman Coach : <Td_colspan="3"> Malcolm Blight Coaches ( edit ) Graham Cornes , 1991 -- 1994 Robert Shaw , 1995 -- 1996 Malcolm Blight , 1997 -- 1999 Gary Ayres , 2000 -- 2004 * Neil Craig , 2004 -- 2011 * * Mark Bickley , 2011 ( interim ) Brenton Sanderson , 2012 -- 2014 Phil Walsh , 2015 * * * Scott Camporeale , 2015 ( interim ) Don Pyke , 2016 -- present * Gary Ayres was told that his contract would not be extended when it expired after the 2004 season , and he decided to quit immediately . Assistant coach Neil Craig took over from round 14 as a caretaker coach and was later appointed senior coach for 2005 and beyond . * * Neil Craig resigned the day after a 103 - point loss to St Kilda , allowing assistant coach Mark Bickley to coach the remaining six games in the season . Post-season , the club underwent a search for a new coach and hired Brenton Sanderson for the role from 2012 . * * * Phil Walsh died midway through his first year as coach , the victim of stab wounds in a domestic incident . Assistant coach Scott Camporeale was appointed interim coach for the remainder of the season . After the season , Don Pyke was appointed senior coach from 2016 . Captains ( edit ) Chris McDermott , 1991 -- 1994 Tony McGuinness , 1995 -- 1996 Mark Bickley , 1997 -- 2000 Mark Ricciuto , 2001 -- 2007 Simon Goodwin , 2008 -- 2010 Nathan van Berlo , 2011 -- 2014 * Taylor Walker , 2015 -- present * Nathan van Berlo missed the entire 2014 season after injuring his right Achilles tendon in pre-season training . Rory Sloane and Patrick Dangerfield acted as co-captains during his absence . Current playing list and coaching staff ( edit ) <Th_colspan="10"> Adelaide Football Club view talk <Th_colspan="6"> Senior list <Th_colspan="2"> Rookie list <Th_colspan="2"> Coaching staff 1 Hugh Greenwood 2 Brad Crouch 3 Riley Knight 4 Josh Jenkins 5 Matt Crouch 6 Bryce Gibbs 7 Jordan Gallucci 8 Jake Kelly 9 Rory Sloane ( vc ) 10 Myles Poholke 11 Paul Seedsman 12 Daniel Talia 13 Taylor Walker ( c ) 14 David Mackay 15 Kyle Hartigan 16 Luke Brown 17 Curtly Hampton 18 Eddie Betts 20 Sam Gibson 21 Rory Atkins 22 Andy Otten 24 Sam Jacobs 25 Kyle Cheney 26 Richard Douglas 27 Tom Lynch 29 Rory Laird 30 Wayne Milera 32 Darcy Fogarty 33 Brodie Smith 34 Elliot Himmelberg 35 Matthew Signorello 36 Andrew McPherson 38 Harry Dear 39 Tom Doedee 40 Ben Davis 41 Mitch McGovern 42 Alex Keath 43 Reilly O'Brien 19 Jackson Edwards 28 Cameron Ellis - Yolmen 31 Patrick Wilson 37 Paul Hunter 44 Lachlan Murphy 45 Ben Jarman Head coach Don Pyke Assistant coaches Scott Camporeale ( midfield ) Matthew Clarke ( ruck ) Ben Hart ( defensive ) Josh Francou Heath Younie ( development manager ) Ryan O'Keefe ( SANFL coach and midfield development ) Tate Kaesler ( team defence specialist coach ) Paul Thomas ( defensive development ) Brent Reilly ( midfield and stoppage development ) Legend : ( c ) Captain ( vc ) Vice captain ( B ) Category B rookie Updated : 1 December 2017 Source ( s ) : Senior list , Rookie list , Coaches Past players ( edit ) See List of Adelaide Football Club players Pre-season competition ( edit ) 2003 Wizard Cup Grand Final SG Total Adelaide 13 8 104 Collingwood 9 10 73 Venue : Telstra Dome , Melbourne <Td_colspan="4"> Crowd : 43,571 2012 NAB Cup Grand Final SG Total Adelaide 10 17 95 West Coast 5 13 61 Venue : Football Park , Adelaide <Td_colspan="4"> Crowd : 27,376 AFL women 's team ( edit ) Adelaide AFLW team running out prior to the round 6 , 2017 match against Melbourne . In April 2016 , the football club launched a bid to enter a team in the inaugural AFL Women 's season in 2017 . The bid was constructed in partnership with AFLNT , with the club to share resources and facilities between its Adelaide base and AFLNT 's Darwin location The bid became a success in June of that year when the league announced they had been awarded one of eight inaugural licences . Chelsea Randall and Kellie Gibson were the club 's first two signings , announced as marquee players on 27 July 2016 . The inaugural team list was completed in October 's signing and drafting period . Former Woodville - West Torrens development coach Bec Goddard was announced as the team 's inaugural head coach in August 2016 . Harris Scarfe was the team 's major sponsor in season 2017 . The team played 3 home games in Adelaide and 1 Darwin in 2017 . Premiership ( edit ) Adelaide secured their place in the grand final against undefeated Brisbane with a come - from - behind victory against Collingwood , noted for Sarah Perkins ' four - goal performance . The only match between Adelaide and Brisbane before the grand final was Adelaide 's 3 - point loss to Brisbane in round five , which knocked Adelaide off the top of the ladder . Effectively the visiting team at Metricon Stadium , Adelaide took an early lead which they never relinquished . They withstood a fourth quarter burst by Brisbane to win by six points , 4.11 ( 35 ) to 4.5 ( 29 ) , and took the trophy as 2017 AFL Women 's Premiers . Co-captain Erin Phillips stood out , kicking two goals alongside 26 touches in a best - on - ground performance . Current squad ( edit ) <Th_colspan="10"> Adelaide Football Club ( AFL Women 's ) view talk <Th_colspan="6"> Senior list <Th_colspan="2"> Rookie list <Th_colspan="2"> Coaching staff 1 Abbey Holmes 3 Angela Foley ( vc ) 4 Georgia Bevan 5 Jenna McCormick 6 Talia Radan 7 Rachael Killian 8 Sally Riley ( vc ) 9 Deni Varnhagen 10 Ebony Marinoff 11 Rhiannon Metcalfe 13 Erin Phillips ( c ) 14 Stevie - Lee Thompson 16 Sophie Armitstead 17 Jessica Sedunary 22 Courtney Cramey 23 Justine Mules 26 Chelsea Randall ( c ) 28 Sarah Perkins 31 Dayna Cox 33 Anne Hatchard 39 Sarah Allan Jessica Allan Jasmyn Hewett Eloise Jones Rheanna Lugg Marijana Rajcic Ruth Wallace Calista Boyd Becchara Palmer Brianna Walling Head coach Bec Goddard Assistant coach Andrew Hodges Legend : ( c ) Captain ( vc ) Vice captain Updated : 28 December 2017 Source ( s ) : Players , Coaches Club Champion winners ( edit ) Season Recipient Ref . 2017 Erin Phillips SANFL team ( edit ) Main article : Adelaide Football Club ( SANFL ) The Adelaide Crows entered a team in the local South Australian National Football League in 2014 under a 15 - year commitment . The team is made up of AFL senior listed players and SANFL top up players . Season Ladder Win - Loss Finals Coach Captain Best and Fairest Leading Goalkicker 2014 8th 7 - 11 DNQ Heath Younie Ian Callinan Ian Callinan Ian Callinan ( 27 ) 2015 7th 8 - 9 ( 1 draw ) DNQ Heath Younie Ian Callinan Ian Callinan James Podsiadly ( 46 ) 2016 4th 11 - 7 Preliminary Finalist Heath Younie Luke Carey Jonathon Beech Harry Dear ( 37 ) 2017 8th 7 - 11 DNQ Ryan O'Keefe Alex Keath & Hugh Greenwood Scott Thompson Troy Menzel ( 24 ) Other ventures ( edit ) In May 2017 , Adelaide announced that they had acquired Australian E-Sports team Legacy eSports , whose divisions include League of Legends and Rocket League . See also ( edit ) Adelaide portal Sports and games portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adelaide Football Club . Adelaide Football Club coaches History of the Adelaide Football Club List of Adelaide Football Club players Australian rules football in South Australia Sport in Australia Sport in South Australia Wikipedia listing of Adelaide players References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Your Club 's Leadership In 2017 '' . AFL Players Association . 14 March 2017 . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Walker - AFC.com.au '' . Adelaide Football Club . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of the SANFL '' . SANFL.com.au . Archived from the original on 19 June 2010 . Retrieved 9 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Adelaide Oval news hub '' . AFC.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Club '' . Official AFL Website of the Adelaide Football Club . Archived from the original on 27 July 2010 . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About the SANFL '' . SANFL.com.au . Archived from the original on 13 July 2010 . Retrieved 9 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adelaide Crows -- A Short History '' . Official website of the Adelaide Football Club . Archived from the original on 27 July 2010 . Retrieved 9 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Thring , Harry ( 3 July 2015 ) . `` Phil Walsh dead after domestic dispute '' . Australian Football League . AAP . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pyke named new Crows coach '' . afc.com.au . Adelaide Crows . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Past Senior Coaches '' . AFC.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Adelaide - Season Summary '' . AFL Tables . Jump up ^ `` Adelaide 's first game , 1991 '' . AFC.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Brownlow Medal 2003 - 2003 Brownlow won by Nathan Buckley , Adam Goodes and Mark Ricciuto '' . Droppunt.com . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Rucci , Michelangelo ; AAP ( 27 May 2010 ) . `` Tyson Edwards walks out on Crows '' . Herald Sun . Herald Sun . Jump up ^ Capel , Andrew ( 26 August 2010 ) . `` Nathan Bock confirms Gold Coast move '' . Herald Sun . Herald Sun . ^ Jump up to : `` Neil Craig quits as Adelaide Crows coach '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 25 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pragmatic ' Crows surrender draft picks '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 21 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tippett , Crows found guilty over salary cap breach '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 30 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Scott ; Fjeldstad , Jesper ( 30 November 2012 ) . `` Adelaide Crows lose draft picks , fined $300,000 and Kurt Tippett receives 11 - match suspension '' . Adelaide Now . The Advertiser . Archived from the original on 13 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SA Football Commission and AFL agree to transfer of Crows and Power licences '' . sanfl.com.au. 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adelaide Crows , Port Adelaide Power handed control of operations by SANFL '' . ABC News . 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFL Statement : Crows cleared '' . AFC.com.au . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Distraught Crows fans declare # weflyasone with scarves and guernseys tribute '' . 9news.com.au. 3 July 2015 . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Ralph , Jon ( 3 July 2015 ) . `` Phil Walsh murdered : AFL confirms cancellation of Adelaide v Geelong , rest of Round 14 to go ahead '' . Geelong Advertiser . Herald Sun . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` No games for Crows '' . AFC.com.au. 3 July 2015 . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Camporeale to coach , Worsfold joins nest '' . AFC.com.au. 6 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crystal ball : AFL. com. au 's predictions for 2016 '' . AFL.com.au . Australian Football League . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Morris , Tom . `` Adelaide 2016 preview : Can the Crows cover loss of Patrick Dangerfield ? '' . FoxSports.com.au . Fox Sports . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Croker , Nick . `` Adelaide Crows : 2016 AFL season preview '' . TheRoar.com.au . The Roar . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adelaide are the 2017 AFL Minor Premiers '' . Reddit AFL . 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://footyjumpers.com/images/Adelaide-2017.gif Jump up ^ http://footyjumpers.com/adelaidehome.htm Jump up ^ http://footyjumpers.com/images/Adelaide-Clash-2017.gif Jump up ^ http://footyjumpers.com/images/Adelaide-Alt-2017.gif Jump up ^ `` Adelaide Pre-Season Jumpers '' . FootyJumpers.com . Archived from the original on 15 September 2017 . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adelaide Away Jumpers '' . FootyJumpers.com . Archived from the original on 15 September 2017 . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Stab kicks Jump up ^ Recruiting Operatives Archived 12 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Golf can wait as Scott jumps on the Crows ' bandwagon - AFL - Sport - smh.com.au Jump up ^ http://afltables.com/afl/stats/games/1997/011519970927.html Jump up ^ `` ' Team of the Decade ' '' . Official Website of the Adelaide Football Club . 17 March 2005 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2010 . Retrieved 2 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Bednall , Jai ; The Advertiser ( 24 January 2014 ) . `` Patrick Dangerfield and Rory Sloane will co-captain the Adelaide Crows '' . Herald Sun . Herald Sun . Archived from the original on 15 September 2017 . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Burtenshaw , David ( 29 April 2016 ) . `` Women 's bid lodged with AFL '' . Adelaide FC . Bigpond . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Bruce ( 15 June 2016 ) . `` Eight teams named for inaugural women 's league '' . AFL Media . Bigpond . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Bruce ( 27 July 2016 ) . `` Sixteen of the best : women 's marquees named '' . AFL Media . Bigpond . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Goddard to coach women 's team '' . Adelaide FC . Bigpond. 25 August 2016 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harris Scarfe sign as women 's partner '' . Adelaide FC . Bigpond. 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Wood , Lauren ( 19 March 2017 ) . `` Adelaide Crows book place in AFLW Grand Final after come - from - behind win over Collingwood '' . Herald Sun . The Herald and Weekly Times ( News Corp Australia ) . Archived from the original on 19 March 2017 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Cherny , Daniel ( 19 March 2017 ) . `` AFLW : Adelaide book grand final place after Sarah Perkins stars with four goals '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on 19 March 2017 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Australian Associated Press ( 5 March 2017 ) . `` Unbeaten Brisbane Lions top AFL Women 's table after beating Adelaide Crows '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on 20 March 2017 . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Bruce ( 25 March 2017 ) . `` Match report : Crows soar to flag in thriller - AFL.com.au '' . AFL.com.au . BigPond . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Rucci , Michelangelo ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` AFLW star Erin Phillips wins Crows club champion award to complete perfect season '' . The Advertiser . News Corp Australia . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Potential Crows SANFL guernseys - vote for the one you think Adelaide reserves should wear next season '' . Adelaide Advertiser. 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Callinan crowned state league club champion , goal kicking winner Jump up ^ Alleway wins Ken Farmer Medal ahead of Podsiadly Jump up ^ Adelaide Crows Football Club acquires Legacy eSports League of Legends Oceania External links ( edit ) Official website of the Adelaide Football Club Official website of the AFL <Th_colspan="2"> Adelaide Football Club <Td_colspan="2"> History Premierships and records Players Captains Coaches Awards Malcolm Blight Medal Leading goalkickers Captain : Taylor Walker Coach : Don Pyke Nickname : Crows Stadiums Football Park ( 1991 -- 2013 ) Adelaide Oval ( 2014 -- ) AFL premierships ( 2 ) 1997 1998 AFLW premierships ( 1 ) 2017 Seasons ( 28 ) 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related articles Showdown SANFL club <Th_colspan="2"> Clubs in the Australian Football League Clubs Adelaide Brisbane Lions Carlton Collingwood Essendon Fremantle Geelong Gold Coast Greater Western Sydney Hawthorn Melbourne North Melbourne Port Adelaide Richmond St Kilda Sydney West Coast Western Bulldogs Former clubs Brisbane Bears ( 1987 -- 1996 ) Fitzroy ( 1897 -- 1996 ) University ( 1908 -- 1914 ) <Th_colspan="2"> AFL Women 's Clubs Adelaide Brisbane Lions Carlton Collingwood Fremantle Greater Western Sydney Melbourne Western Bulldogs Seasons 2017 2018 Grand Finals 2017 2018 Related topics AFL Women 's National Championships Current AFLW team squads Hampson - Hardeman Cup <Th_colspan="2"> Australian rules football in South Australia Governing body South Australian Football Commission Representative side South Australia Professional clubs ( AFL ) Adelaide Football Club Port Adelaide Football Club Semi-professional league SANFL Metropolitan league Adelaide Footy League Metropolitan junior leagues SANFL Juniors Current regional leagues Adelaide Plains Barossa Light & Gawler Broken Hill Eastern Eyre Far North Far North West Far West Great Flinders Great Southern Hills Kangaroo Island Kowree - Naracoorte - Tatiara Mallee Mid South East Mid West North Eastern Northern Areas Port Lincoln Riverland Riverland Independent River Murray Southern Spencer Gulf Western Border Whyalla Yorke Peninsula Former metropolitan leagues SAFA Adelaide Metropolitan Adelaide Suburban CYMS East Torrens North Adelaide District Northern Metropolitan Norwood - North Port Adelaide and District Southern Metropolitan United Church West Torrens District YMCA Former regional leagues Mid Murray Stanley List of former South Australian regional football leagues Representative competitions Current : SA Country Football Championships City v Country Landmark Cup Mortlock Shield Pilmore Cup Former : Advertiser Shield Lovelock Shield Women 's leagues South Australian Women 's Football League Principal venues AAMI Stadium Adelaide Oval Significant events Showdown Norwood -- Port Adelaide rivalry Australian Champions League Major individual awards Magarey Medal Ken Farmer Medal Jack Oatey Medal Fos Williams Medal Reserves Magarey Medal McCallum -- Tomkins Medal Mail Medal Eric Pfitzner Memorial Medal Don McSweeny Medal Former individual awards Tomkins Medal McCallum Medal <Th_colspan="2"> Professional sports teams based in Adelaide Australian rules football AFL Adelaide Port Adelaide AFLW Adelaide Baseball ABL Adelaide Bite Claxton Shield South Australia Basketball NBL Adelaide 36ers WNBL Adelaide Lightning Cricket Sheffield Shield / 50 overs Southern Redbacks 20 overs Adelaide Strikers WNCL South Australian Scorpions Women 's Big Bash League Adelaide Strikers Field hockey AHL ( men ) Southern Hotshots AHL ( women ) Southern Suns Ice hockey AIHL Adelaide Adrenaline AWIHL Adelaide Rush Netball Suncorp Super Netball Adelaide Thunderbirds Soccer A-League Adelaide United FC W - League Adelaide United WFC Water polo ANWPL Adelaide Jets <Td_colspan="2"> Main Article : Sport in South Australia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adelaide_Football_Club&oldid=819111770 '' Categories : Sports clubs established in 1990 Adelaide Football Club Sporting clubs in Adelaide Australian Football League clubs Australian rules football clubs in South Australia 1990 establishments in Australia AFL Women 's clubs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from April 2014 Use Australian English from April 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 14 : 27 . 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who's playing college football on thanksgiving day
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NFL on Thanksgiving Day - wikipedia NFL on Thanksgiving Day Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the series of National Football League games . For the Canadian Football League games , see Thanksgiving Day Classic . For the black college football rivalry , see Turkey Day Classic . The NFL Thanksgiving logo used for 2016 ; the year is updated annually , with the new NFL shield being used for the first time in 2008 . The National Football League ( NFL ) on Thanksgiving Day is a traditional series of games played during the Thanksgiving holiday in the United States . It has been a regular occurrence since the league 's inception in 1920 . Currently , three NFL games are played every Thanksgiving . The first two are hosted by the Detroit Lions and the Dallas Cowboys ; a third game , with no fixed opponents , has been played annually since 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Throwback uniforms 1.2 Memorable games 1.3 Home team controversy 2 Game results 2.1 1920 -- 1940 2.2 1945 -- 1959 2.3 1960 -- 1969 2.4 1970 -- 2005 2.5 2006 -- present 3 Thanksgiving Day standings 3.1 Notable appearance droughts 3.2 Thanksgiving Day records of defunct teams 4 Game MVPs 4.1 Turkey Leg Award ( CBS & FOX ) 4.2 Galloping Gobbler / Game Ball ( FOX ) 4.3 All - Iron Award ( CBS ) 4.4 Prime time games ( NFLN & NBC ) 4.5 Complete list 5 Broadcasting 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links History ( edit ) The concept of American football games being played on Thanksgiving Day dates back to 1876 , shortly after the game had been invented , as it was a day that most people had off from work . In that year , the college football teams at Yale and Princeton began an annual tradition of playing each other on Thanksgiving Day . The University of Michigan also made it a tradition to play annual Thanksgiving games , holding 19 such games from 1885 to 1905 . The Thanksgiving Day games between Michigan and the Chicago Maroons in the 1890s have been cited as `` The Beginning of Thanksgiving Day Football . '' In some areas , high - school teams play on Thanksgiving , usually to wrap - up the regular - season . By the time football had become a professional event , playing on Thanksgiving had already become an institution . Records of pro football being played on Thanksgiving date back to as early as the 1890s , with the first pro -- am team , the Allegheny Athletic Association of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . In 1902 , the `` National '' Football League , a Major League Baseball - backed organization based entirely in Pennsylvania and unrelated to the current NFL , attempted to settle its championship over Thanksgiving weekend ; after the game ended in a tie , eventually all three teams in the league claimed to have won the title . Members of the Ohio League , during its early years , usually placed their marquee matchups on Thanksgiving Day . For instance , in 1905 and 1906 the Latrobe Athletic Association and Canton Bulldogs , considered at the time to be two of the best teams in professional football ( along with the Massillon Tigers ) , played on Thanksgiving . A rigging scandal with the Tigers leading up to the 1906 game led to severe drops in attendance for the Bulldogs and ultimately led to their suspension of operations . During the 1910s , the Ohio League stopped holding Thanksgiving games because many of its players coached high school teams and were unavailable . This was not the case in other regional circuits : in 1919 , the New York Pro Football League featured a Thanksgiving matchup between the Buffalo Prospects and the Rochester Jeffersons . The game ended in a scoreless tie , leading to a rematch the next Sunday for the league championship . Several other NFL teams played regularly on Thanksgiving in the first eighteen years of the league , including the Chicago Bears and Chicago Cardinals ( 1922 -- 33 ; the Bears played the Lions from 1934 to 1938 while the Cardinals switched to the Green Bay Packers for 1934 and 1935 ) , Frankford Yellow Jackets , Pottsville Maroons , Buffalo All - Americans , Canton Bulldogs ( even after the team moved to Cleveland they played the 1924 Thanksgiving game in Canton ) , and the New York Giants ( 1929 -- 38 , who always played a crosstown rival ) . The first owner of the Lions , George A. Richards , started the tradition of the Thanksgiving Day game as a gimmick to get people to go to Lions football games , and to continue a tradition begun by the city 's previous NFL teams . What differentiated the Lions ' efforts from other teams that played on the holiday was that Richards owned radio station WJR , a major affiliate of the NBC Blue Network ; he was able to negotiate an agreement with NBC to carry his Thanksgiving games live across the network . During the Franksgiving controversy in 1939 and 1940 , the only two teams to play the game were the Pittsburgh Steelers and Philadelphia Eagles , as both teams were in the same state ( Pennsylvania ) . ( At the time , then - president Franklin Roosevelt wanted to move the holiday for economic reasons and many states were resistant to the move ; half the states recognized the move and the other half did not . This complicated scheduling for Thanksgiving games . Incidentally , the two teams were also exploring the possibility of a merger at the time . ) Because of the looming World War II and the resulting shorter seasons , the NFL did not schedule any Thanksgiving games in 1941 , nor did it schedule any in the subsequent years until the war ended in 1945 . When the Thanksgiving games resumed in 1945 , only the Lions ' annual home game would remain on the Thanksgiving holiday . In 1951 , the Packers began a thirteen - season run as the perpetual opponent to the Lions each year through 1963 . The All - America Football Conference and American Football League , both of which would later be absorbed into the NFL , also held Thanksgiving contests , although neither of those leagues had permanent hosts . Likewise , the AFL of 1926 also played two Thanksgiving games in its lone season of existence , while the AFL of 1936 hosted one in its first season , which featured the Cleveland Rams , a future NFL team , and the 1940 -- 41 incarnation of the American Football League played two games in 1940 on the earlier `` Franksgiving '' date . In 1966 , the Dallas Cowboys , who had been founded six years earlier , adopted the practice of hosting Thanksgiving games . It is widely rumored that the Cowboys sought a guarantee that they would regularly host Thanksgiving games as a condition of their very first one ( since games on days other than Sunday were uncommon at the time and thus high attendance was not a certainty ) . This is only partly true ; Dallas had in fact decided to host games on Thanksgiving by their own decision because there was nothing else to do or watch on that day . In 1975 and 1977 , at the behest of then - Commissioner Pete Rozelle , the St. Louis Cardinals replaced Dallas as a host team ( Dallas then hosted St. Louis in 1976 ) . Although the Cardinals , at the time known as the `` Cardiac Cards '' due to their propensity for winning very close games , were a modest success at the time , they were nowhere near as popular nationwide as the Cowboys , who were regular Super Bowl contenders during this era . This , combined with St. Louis 's consistently weak attendance , a series of ugly Cardinals losses in the three - game stretch , and opposition from the Kirkwood -- Webster Groves Turkey Day Game ( a local high school football contest ) led to Dallas resuming regular hosting duties in 1978 ; it was then , after Rozelle asked Dallas to resume hosting Thanksgiving games , that the Cowboys requested ( and received ) an agreement guaranteeing the Cowboys a spot on Thanksgiving Day forever . Notwithstanding the aforementioned St. Louis - hosted games in 1975 and 1977 , the two `` traditional '' Thanksgiving Day pro football games since the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger have then been in Detroit and Dallas . Because of TV network commitments in place through the 2013 season , to make sure that both the AFC - carrying network ( NBC from the 1970 merger to 1997 , and CBS since 1998 ) and the NFC - carrying network ( CBS from the 1970 merger to 1993 , and Fox since 1994 ) got at least one game each , one of these games was between NFC opponents , and one featured AFC - NFC opponents . Thus , the AFC could showcase only one team on Thanksgiving , and the AFC team was always the visiting team . Since 2006 , a third NFL game on Thanksgiving has been played at night . It originally aired on the NFL Network as part of its Thursday Night Football package until 2011 ; NBC began carrying the night game in 2012 . The Thanksgiving night game has no fixed opponents or conferences , enabling the league to freely choose whatever marquee match - up to feature on that night . The 2012 changes also allowed both Dallas and Detroit in the future to offer NFC games ( one would be played at night ) , and CBS can offer a game with two AFC teams . In 2014 , the NFL added the cross-flex rule , allowing CBS to televise NFC away games , and Fox to broadcast AFC away games , under select circumstances on Sunday afternoons ; however , this did not cover the Thanksgiving contests . CBS also signed a separate contract to carry Thursday Night Football from the 2014 season onward , which allowed that network to carry games from either conference on Thursdays ; from that year through 2016 , CBS carried all - NFC contests every year on Thanksgiving , and in 2014 and 2015 , no AFC teams played in any of the Thanksgiving games . The NFL 's flexible scheduling rule currently does not apply for Thanksgiving games ; however , the NFL in theory could in the future apply the rule to change start times and networks for the three games . Throwback uniforms ( edit ) Since 2001 teams playing on Thanksgiving have worn throwback uniforms on numerous occasions . In some years ( namely 2002 ) , it extended to nearly all games of the weekend , and in some cases also involved classic field logos at the respective stadiums . In 2001 -- 2004 , and again in 2008 , 2010 , and 2017 the Detroit Lions have worn throwback uniforms based on their very early years . From 2001 to 2003 , Dallas chose to represent the 1990s Cowboys dynasty by wearing the navy `` Double - Star '' jersey not seen since 1995 . In 2004 , the team wore uniforms not seen since 1963 . In 2009 , to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the AFL , both Dallas and Oakland played in a `` AFL Legacy Game . '' In 2013 , the Cowboys intended to wear their 1960s throwbacks , but chose not to do so after the NFL adopted a new policy requiring players and teams to utilize only one helmet a season to address the league 's new concussion protocol ; rather than sport an incomplete throwback look , the Cowboys instead wore their standard blue jerseys at home for the first time since 1963 . In 2015 , the Cowboys resurrected their 1994 white `` Double - Star '' jerseys only this time wore them with white pants as part of the league 's `` Color Rush '' , a trial run of specially - designed , monochromatic jerseys to be worn during Thursday games . Memorable games ( edit ) 1920 : An urban legend states that the Chicago Tigers and Decatur Staleys challenged each other to a Thanksgiving duel , in Chicago , in the league 's inaugural season , with the loser being relegated out of the league at the end of the season , purportedly explaining why the Tigers were the only NFL team to fold after the 1920 season ( no other team would fold until 1921 ) . The claims of it being a duel are unsubstantiated and no evidence exists that the Tigers were ever officially league members ; nevertheless , the Tigers , after a 27 -- 0 win over the non-league Thorn Tornadoes the next week , never played football again . The Staleys would move to Chicago during the next season , later renaming themselves the Bears . 1921 : In a matchup of two of the league 's best teams , the Staleys lose to the Buffalo All - Americans at home . The Staleys demand a rematch , with Buffalo agreeing to a December match only on the terms of it being considered an off - the - record exhibition game . That later match , which Chicago won , ended up counting despite the All - Americans ' insistence , controversially handing Chicago the championship . 1952 : The Dallas Texans are forced to move their lone remaining home game to the Rubber Bowl in Akron , Ohio as the undercard to a high school football contest . Their opponent for that game , the Chicago Bears , underestimated the then - winless Texans and sent their second string team to the game ; the Texans scored a 27 -- 23 upset over the Bears for their only win of their existence . 1962 : The Lions handed the 10 -- 0 Green Bay Packers their lone defeat of the season . 1964 -- 65 : The 1964 and 1965 AFL contests featured the Buffalo Bills and San Diego Chargers , the two teams that would eventually meet in those years ' American Football League Championship Games . 1974 : Unknown Cowboys backup quarterback Clint Longley took over for an injured Roger Staubach with the team down 16 -- 3 and rallied them to an improbable victory over Washington on two deep passes . 1976 : The Bills offense put forth one of the best and the worst performances in Thanksgiving history . O.J. Simpson set the NFL record for most rushing yards in a single game , with 273 . However , Bills backup quarterback Gary Marangi completed only 4 of 21 pass attempts , for 29 yards passing , and a rating of 19.7 . The Lions defeated the Bills 27 - 14 . 1980 : With the Lions and Bears tied 17 - 17 at the end of regulation , the game went to overtime , the first Thanksgiving game to do so ( overtime was not added to the NFL regular season until 1974 ) , and the first overtime game at the Silverdome . Bears running back Dave Williams returned the fifth - quarter opening kickoff 95 yards for a game - winning touchdown , ending the shortest overtime period in NFL history at the time . 1986 : The Lions and the Packers had the highest scoring game in Thanksgiving history . It was the best day of receiver Walter Stanley 's career ; Stanley netted 207 all - purpose yards and three touchdowns , including an 83 - yard punt return to win the game for Green Bay , 44 -- 40 . Stanley had an otherwise undistinguished career in the NFL . 1989 : Known as the `` Bounty Bowl '' , the Eagles crushed the Cowboys by a score of 27 -- 0 . Allegations surfaced that the Eagles had placed a bounty on the Cowboys kicker , thus becoming the first of a string of three bitterly contested games between the two teams , the other two being Bounty Bowl II and the Porkchop Bowl a year later . 1993 : In one of the more famous Thanksgiving Day games in recent history , the Cowboys led the Dolphins 14 -- 13 with just seconds remaining in a rare , snow - filled Texas Stadium . Miami 's Pete Stoyanovich attempted a game winning 40 - yard field goal that was blocked by the Cowboys ' Jimmie Jones . Dick Enberg of NBC proclaimed `` The Cowboys will win . '' Indeed , since the kick landed beyond the line of scrimmage , once the ball stopped moving the play would be declared dead and Dallas would gain possession . However , the ball landed and began spinning on its tip , leading Cowboys lineman Leon Lett to try to gain possession . Lett slipped , fell , and knocked the ball forward . By rule , the ball was live and the Dolphins fell on it at the two yard line . With the recovery , Stoyanovich got a second chance to win the game and hit the much shorter field goal . The Dolphins won 16 -- 14 . 1994 : Troy Aikman was injured and third - string quarterback Jason Garrett was forced to start for Dallas against the Green Bay Packers . The Cowboys won a 42 -- 31 shoot - out against Brett Favre . 1998 : In another controversial Thanksgiving Day game , the Steelers and Lions went to overtime tied 16 -- 16 . Pittsburgh 's Jerome Bettis called the coin toss in the air , but head referee Phil Luckett awarded Detroit the ball after Bettis tried to call both heads and tails at the same time . The Lions went on to kick a field goal on the first possession , winning 19 -- 16 . As a result of the fiasco , team captains are now required to call the coin toss before the coin is tossed , and a later rule change now prevents teams from automatically winning a game by scoring a field goal on the first possession . The day also saw a memorable performance by the Minnesota Vikings in a 46 -- 36 win over the Dallas Cowboys as Vikings rookie Randy Moss caught three touchdowns , all of over 50 yards . 2008 : The 10 -- 1 Titans routed the 0 -- 11 Lions by a score of 47 -- 10 , one of the most lopsided results in history on Thanksgiving . The Lions would go on to finish the season 0 -- 16 . 2011 : The trio of games was lauded as one of the better Thanksgiving Day slates of games in NFL history . The night game between Baltimore and San Francisco pitted head coaches and brothers John and Jim Harbaugh against each other -- a preview of Super Bowl XLVII . 2012 : The prime time contest became infamous for the `` Butt fumble '' , an incident in which Jets quarterback Mark Sanchez ran headfirst into the buttocks of his own offensive lineman . He subsequently fumbled the ball ; it was recovered by New England , who returned it for a touchdown . In the earlier game , one of the NFL 's most infamous rule changes came when former Lions coach Jim Schwartz challenged a play in which Texans running back Justin Forsett 's knee clearly touched the ground before sprinting for an 81 - yard touchdown . Referee Walt Coleman stated that , by rule , scoring plays are automatically reviewed and the play was not challengeable by a coach . Because of the improper attempted challenge , the review was cancelled and Coleman assessed a 15 - yard kickoff penalty for unsportsmanlike conduct . The NFL then passed a new rule that stated that if a coach attempted to challenge a play that is automatically reviewed , the review would continue . It was called the ' Jim Schwartz rule ' . Home team controversy ( edit ) It has remained a tradition for Dallas and Detroit to host the afternoon games dating back several decades . However , in recent years , other teams have expressed interest in hosting Thanksgiving games . Lamar Hunt , the former owner of the Chiefs ( who had hosted Thanksgiving games from 1967 -- 69 as an AFL team prior to the merger ) , lobbied heavily in favor of his team hosting a game on the holiday . When the NFL adopted a third , prime time game , the Chiefs were selected as the first team to host such a contest , but the team was not made a permanent host , and Hunt 's death shortly after the 2006 contest ended the lobbying on behalf of that team . The host issue came to a head in 2008 , focusing particularly on the winless Lions . Going into the game , Detroit had lost their last four Thanksgiving games , and opinions amongst the media had suggested removing Detroit and replacing them with a more attractive matchup . The team also required an extension to prevent a local television blackout . The Lions were routed by Tennessee 47 -- 10 , en route to the team 's 0 -- 16 season . NFL commissioner Roger Goodell confirmed that the Lions would stay on Thanksgiving for the 2009 season , but kept the issue open to revisit in the future . Conversely , the Dallas Cowboys , who typically represent a larger television draw , have had much fewer public calls to be replaced on Thanksgiving . One issue that has been debated is a perceived unfair advantage of playing at home on Thanksgiving . The advantage is given in the form of an extra day of practice for the home team while the road team has to travel to the game site . This is true for most Thursday games , but with the night games , the visitor can travel to the game site after practice and hold the final walk - thru the following morning . With the introduction of the prime time game , which effectively allows all teams in the league an opportunity to play on Thanksgiving , along with the introduction of year - long Thursday Night Football ensuring all teams have one Thursday game during the regular season ( thus negating any on - field advantages or disadvantages to being selected for Thanksgiving ) , the calls for Detroit and Dallas to be removed have curtailed . Game results ( edit ) ( Winning teams are denoted by boldface type ; tie games are italicized . ) 1920 -- 1940 ( edit ) All three of the generally recognized iterations of the American Football League that played during this era ( AFL I in 1926 , AFL II in 1936 and AFL III in 1940 ) played Thanksgiving games , which are also listed as indicated . Non-NFL team games between league teams and non league teams counted in the 1920 standings . The All - Tonawanda Lumberjacks later joined the league as the Tonawanda Kardex , albeit only for one game . Thanksgiving fell on the final Thursday in November until 1938 and was held on two conflicting days from 1939 to 1941 . Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 25 , 1920 Canton Bulldogs 0 Akron Pros 7 Decatur Staleys 6 Chicago Tigers 0 Detroit Heralds 0 Dayton Triangles 28 Columbus Panhandles 0 Elyria Athletics * 0 Hammond Pros 0 Chicago Boosters * 27 All - Tonawanda * 14 Rochester Jeffersons Nov. 24 , 1921 Canton Bulldogs 14 Akron Pros 0 Buffalo All - Americans 7 Chicago Staleys 6 Nov. 30 , 1922 Buffalo All - Americans 21 Rochester Jeffersons 0 Chicago Bears 0 Chicago Cardinals 6 Milwaukee Badgers 0 Racine Legion Oorang Indians 18 Columbus Panhandles 6 Akron Pros 0 Canton Bulldogs 14 Nov. 29 , 1923 Toledo Maroons 0 Canton Bulldogs 28 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears Hammond Pros 0 Green Bay Packers 19 Milwaukee Badgers 16 Racine Legion 0 Nov. 27 , 1924 Buffalo Bisons 0 Akron Pros 22 Chicago Bears 21 Chicago Cardinals 0 Dayton Triangles 7 Frankford Yellowjackets 32 Milwaukee Badgers 10 Cleveland Bulldogs ( at Canton ) 53 Green Bay Packers 17 Kansas City Blues 6 Nov. 26 , 1925 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 0 Kansas City Cowboys 17 Cleveland Bulldogs ( at Hartford ) 0 Rock Island Independents 6 Detroit Panthers Green Bay Packers 0 Pottsville Maroons 31 Nov. 25 , 1926 New York Giants 17 Brooklyn Lions 0 Los Angeles Buccaneers 9 Detroit Panthers 6 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 0 Green Bay Packers 14 Frankford Yellowjackets 20 Providence Steam Roller 0 Pottsville Maroons 8 Akron Pros 0 Canton Bulldogs 0 ( AFL I ) Los Angeles Wildcats 0 Chicago Bulls 0 ( AFL I ) Philadelphia Quakers 13 New York Yankees 10 Nov. 24 , 1927 Chicago Cardinals Chicago Bears 0 Providence Steam Roller 0 Pottsville Maroons 6 Green Bay Packers 17 Frankford Yellowjackets 9 Cleveland Bulldogs 30 New York Yankees 19 Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 29 , 1928 Providence Steam Roller 7 Pottsville Maroons 0 Dayton Triangles 0 Detroit Wolverines 33 Green Bay Packers 0 Frankford Yellow Jackets Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 34 Nov. 28 , 1929 New York Giants 21 Staten Island Stapletons 7 Green Bay Packers 0 Frankford Yellow Jackets 0 Chicago Cardinals 40 Chicago Bears 6 Nov. 27 , 1930 New York Giants 6 Staten Island Stapletons 7 Providence Steam Roller 12 Brooklyn Dodgers 33 Green Bay Packers 25 Frankford Yellowjackets 7 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 6 Nov. 26 , 1931 Green Bay Packers 38 Providence Steam Roller 7 New York Giants 6 Staten Island Stapletons 9 Chicago Cardinals 7 Chicago Bears 18 Nov. 24 , 1932 Green Bay Packers 7 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 New York Giants 13 Staten Island Stapletons 13 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 24 Nov. 30 , 1933 New York Giants 10 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 Chicago Bears 22 Chicago Cardinals 6 Nov. 29 , 1934 Green Bay Packers 0 Chicago Cardinals 6 New York Giants 27 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 Chicago Bears 19 Detroit Lions 16 Nov. 28 , 1935 Green Bay Packers 7 Chicago Cardinals 9 New York Giants 21 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 Chicago Bears Detroit Lions 14 Nov. 26 , 1936 Chicago Bears 7 Detroit Lions 13 New York Giants 14 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 ( AFL II ) Cleveland Rams 7 Rochester Tigers 6 Nov. 25 , 1937 Chicago Bears 13 Detroit Lions 0 New York Giants 13 Brooklyn Dodgers 13 Nov. 24 , 1938 Chicago Bears 7 Detroit Lions 14 New York Giants 7 Brooklyn Dodgers 7 Nov. 23 , 1939 Pittsburgh Pirates 14 Philadelphia Eagles 17 Nov. 21 , 1940 ( AFL III ) New York Yankees 16 Columbus Bullies 17 ( AFL III ) Buffalo Tigers 13 Milwaukee Chiefs 30 Nov. 28 , 1940 Pittsburgh Steelers 0 Philadelphia Eagles 7 1945 -- 1959 ( edit ) No Thanksgiving games were held from 1941 to 1944 due to World War II . Thanksgiving games were played on the fourth Thursday in November from 1945 onward . The All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) also played Thanksgiving games from 1946 to 1949 . Season League Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 22 , 1945 NFL Cleveland Rams 28 Detroit Lions 21 Nov. 28 , 1946 NFL Boston Yanks 34 Detroit Lions 10 AAFC New York Yankees 21 Brooklyn Dodgers 7 Nov. 27 , 1947 NFL Chicago Bears 34 Detroit Lions 14 AAFC Cleveland Browns 27 Los Angeles Dons 17 AAFC San Francisco 49ers 21 Brooklyn Dodgers 7 Nov. 25 , 1948 NFL Chicago Cardinals 28 Detroit Lions 14 AAFC Cleveland Browns 31 Los Angeles Dons 14 AAFC Buffalo Bills 39 Chicago Rockets 35 Nov. 24 , 1949 NFL Chicago Bears 28 Detroit Lions 7 AAFC New York Yankees 17 Los Angeles Dons 16 AAFC Cleveland Browns 14 Chicago Hornets 6 Nov. 23 , 1950 NFL New York Yanks 14 Detroit Lions 49 Pittsburgh Steelers 28 Chicago Cardinals 17 Nov. 22 , 1951 NFL Green Bay Packers 35 Detroit Lions 52 Nov. 27 , 1952 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 48 Chicago Bears 23 Dallas Texans ( at Akron , Ohio ) 27 Nov. 26 , 1953 NFL Green Bay Packers 15 Detroit Lions 34 Nov. 25 , 1954 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 28 Nov. 24 , 1955 NFL Green Bay Packers 10 Detroit Lions 24 Nov. 22 , 1956 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 20 Nov. 28 , 1957 NFL Green Bay Packers 6 Detroit Lions 18 Nov. 27 , 1958 NFL Green Bay Packers 14 Detroit Lions 24 Nov. 26 , 1959 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 17 1960 -- 1969 ( edit ) The American Football League ( AFL ) also played Thanksgiving Day games during this decade . The Dallas Cowboys started playing their traditional series in 1966 . Season League Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 24 , 1960 NFL Green Bay Packers 10 Detroit Lions 23 AFL Dallas Texans 35 New York Titans 41 Nov. 23 , 1961 NFL Green Bay Packers 17 Detroit Lions 9 AFL Buffalo Bills 14 New York Titans 21 Nov. 22 , 1962 NFL Green Bay Packers 14 Detroit Lions 26 AFL New York Titans 46 Denver Broncos 45 Nov. 28 , 1963 NFL Green Bay Packers 13 Detroit Lions 13 AFL Oakland Raiders 26 Denver Broncos 10 Nov. 26 , 1964 NFL Chicago Bears 27 Detroit Lions 24 AFL Buffalo Bills 27 San Diego Chargers 24 Nov. 25 , 1965 NFL Baltimore Colts 24 Detroit Lions 24 AFL Buffalo Bills 20 San Diego Chargers 20 Nov. 24 , 1966 NFL San Francisco 49ers 41 Detroit Lions 14 Cleveland Browns 14 Dallas Cowboys 26 AFL Buffalo Bills 31 Oakland Raiders 10 Nov. 23 , 1967 NFL Los Angeles Rams 31 Detroit Lions 7 St. Louis Cardinals 21 Dallas Cowboys 46 AFL Oakland Raiders 44 Kansas City Chiefs 22 Denver Broncos 20 San Diego Chargers 24 Nov. 28 , 1968 NFL Philadelphia Eagles 12 Detroit Lions 0 Washington Redskins 20 Dallas Cowboys 29 AFL Buffalo Bills 10 Oakland Raiders 13 Houston Oilers 10 Kansas City Chiefs 24 Nov. 27 , 1969 NFL Minnesota Vikings 27 Detroit Lions 0 San Francisco 49ers 24 Dallas Cowboys 24 AFL Denver Broncos 17 Kansas City Chiefs 31 San Diego Chargers 21 Houston Oilers 17 1970 -- 2005 ( edit ) From 1970 to 2005 , three NFC teams and one AFC team played each Thanksgiving . The two afternoon games were held at Detroit ( 12 : 30 p.m. EST ) and Dallas ( 4 : 15 p.m. EST ) , respectively . Detroit always hosts the `` early '' game because a 12 : 30 p.m. EST kick - off at Dallas would be 11 : 30 a.m. local time ( CST ) , and the NFL avoids starting games before noon locally . The two games rotate annually as intra-conference ( NFC vs. NFC ) and inter-conference ( AFC vs. NFC ) games . This is to satisfy the television contract balance between CBS ( which broadcasts games in which the visiting team is from the AFC ) and Fox ( which broadcasts games in which the visiting team is from the NFC ) . The `` early '' game kicks off at a special time of 12 : 30 p.m. EST as opposed to the typical afternoon start time of 1 p.m. This provides an additional 30 minutes to prevent overlapping of the `` late '' game , and also gave the network time for a pregame show and some additional time for an expanded halftime show ( selected years ) . When Fox carries the `` early '' game , they typically start their pregame coverage ( Fox NFL Sunday ) at 11 : 30 a.m. ( with the addition of Fox NFL Kickoff to the Fox lineup , its pregame will begin at 10 : 30 a.m. for 2015 ) . When CBS carries the `` early '' game , they start their pregame coverage ( The NFL Today ) at 12 : 00 p.m. , due to the fact that their morning parade coverage runs until noon . The network with the 4 : 15 `` late '' game begins pregame coverage at 3 : 30 p.m. EST . Dallas was replaced by the St. Louis Cardinals as a host team in 1975 and 1977 ; Dallas and St. Louis faced each other at Texas Stadium in 1976 . Because of the Missouri Turkey Day Game , the long - established Kirkwood -- Webster Groves high school football game that takes place on Thanksgiving in St. Louis , weak fan support in St. Louis , and general national preference of the Cowboys over the historically weaker Cardinals , the Cardinals ' hosting of the Thanksgiving game was not popular . Dallas returned to hosting the game in 1978 and has hosted since . Likewise , the Rams never played on Thanksgiving while in St. Louis , in part because of the Turkey Day Game and also because the Missouri State High School Activities Association has held its state football championship games on Thanksgiving weekend at The Dome at America 's Center since 1996 . Since the time NFL began its current alignment in 2002 , no team from the AFC North can play a Thanksgiving Day game against the traditional hosts . This is because under the current rotation , the Cowboys and the Lions each play AFC North teams in years that FOX is scheduled to broadcast its Thanksgiving Day game , requiring an NFC opponent . To date , the last game to feature a team currently in the AFC North was the Lions matchup against the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1998 . AFC North teams can play in the prime time game , as the Cincinnati Bengals did in 2010 . Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score OT Nov. 26 , 1970 Oakland Raiders 14 Detroit Lions 28 Green Bay Packers Dallas Cowboys 16 Nov. 25 , 1971 Kansas City Chiefs 21 Detroit Lions 32 Los Angeles Rams 21 Dallas Cowboys 28 Nov. 23 , 1972 New York Jets 20 Detroit Lions 37 San Francisco 49ers 31 Dallas Cowboys 10 Nov. 22 , 1973 Washington Redskins 20 Detroit Lions 0 Miami Dolphins 14 Dallas Cowboys 7 Nov. 28 , 1974 Denver Broncos 31 Detroit Lions 27 Washington Redskins 23 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 27 , 1975 Los Angeles Rams 20 Detroit Lions 0 Buffalo Bills 32 St. Louis Cardinals 14 Nov. 25 , 1976 Buffalo Bills 14 Detroit Lions 27 St. Louis Cardinals 14 Dallas Cowboys 19 Nov. 24 , 1977 Chicago Bears 31 Detroit Lions 14 Miami Dolphins 55 St. Louis Cardinals 14 Nov. 23 , 1978 Denver Broncos 14 Detroit Lions 17 Washington Redskins 10 Dallas Cowboys 37 Nov. 22 , 1979 Chicago Bears 0 Detroit Lions 20 Houston Oilers 30 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 27 , 1980 Chicago Bears 23 Detroit Lions 17 ( OT ) Seattle Seahawks 7 Dallas Cowboys 51 Nov. 26 , 1981 Kansas City Chiefs 10 Detroit Lions 27 Chicago Bears 9 Dallas Cowboys 10 Nov. 25 , 1982 New York Giants 13 Detroit Lions 6 Cleveland Browns 14 Dallas Cowboys 31 Nov. 24 , 1983 Pittsburgh Steelers Detroit Lions 45 St. Louis Cardinals 17 Dallas Cowboys 35 Nov. 22 , 1984 Green Bay Packers 28 Detroit Lions 31 New England Patriots 17 Dallas Cowboys 20 Nov. 28 , 1985 New York Jets 20 Detroit Lions 31 St. Louis Cardinals 17 Dallas Cowboys 35 Nov. 27 , 1986 Green Bay Packers 44 Detroit Lions 40 Seattle Seahawks 31 Dallas Cowboys 14 Nov. 26 , 1987 Kansas City Chiefs 27 Detroit Lions 20 Minnesota Vikings 44 Dallas Cowboys 38 ( OT ) Nov. 24 , 1988 Minnesota Vikings 23 Detroit Lions 0 Houston Oilers 25 Dallas Cowboys 17 Nov. 23 , 1989 Cleveland Browns 10 Detroit Lions 13 Philadelphia Eagles 27 Dallas Cowboys 0 Nov. 22 , 1990 Denver Broncos 27 Detroit Lions 40 Washington Redskins 17 Dallas Cowboys 27 Nov. 28 , 1991 Chicago Bears 6 Detroit Lions 16 Pittsburgh Steelers 10 Dallas Cowboys 20 Nov. 26 , 1992 Houston Oilers 24 Detroit Lions 21 New York Giants Dallas Cowboys 30 Nov. 25 , 1993 Chicago Bears 10 Detroit Lions 6 Miami Dolphins 16 Dallas Cowboys 14 Nov. 24 , 1994 Buffalo Bills 21 Detroit Lions 35 Green Bay Packers 31 Dallas Cowboys 42 Nov. 23 , 1995 Minnesota Vikings 38 Detroit Lions 44 Kansas City Chiefs 12 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 28 , 1996 Kansas City Chiefs 28 Detroit Lions 24 Washington Redskins 10 Dallas Cowboys 21 Nov. 27 , 1997 Chicago Bears 20 Detroit Lions 55 Tennessee Oilers 27 Dallas Cowboys 14 Nov. 26 , 1998 Pittsburgh Steelers 16 Detroit Lions 19 ( OT ) Minnesota Vikings 46 Dallas Cowboys 36 Nov. 25 , 1999 Chicago Bears 17 Detroit Lions 21 Miami Dolphins 0 Dallas Cowboys 20 Nov. 23 , 2000 New England Patriots 9 Detroit Lions 34 Minnesota Vikings 27 Dallas Cowboys 15 Nov. 22 , 2001 Green Bay Packers 29 Detroit Lions 27 Denver Broncos 26 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 28 , 2002 New England Patriots 20 Detroit Lions 12 Washington Redskins 20 Dallas Cowboys 27 Nov. 27 , 2003 Green Bay Packers 14 Detroit Lions 22 Miami Dolphins 40 Dallas Cowboys 21 Nov. 25 , 2004 Indianapolis Colts 41 Detroit Lions 9 Chicago Bears 7 Dallas Cowboys 21 Nov. 24 , 2005 Atlanta Falcons 27 Detroit Lions 7 Denver Broncos 24 Dallas Cowboys 21 ( OT ) 2006 -- present ( edit ) Since 2006 , three contests have been played on Thanksgiving . In addition to the traditional Detroit and Dallas home afternoon games , a third game is now played in primetime and televised by NFL Network ( 2006 -- 2011 ) or NBC ( since 2012 ) . Current plans call for the various NFL teams ( other than the Lions and Cowboys ) to take turns hosting the night game on a rotation basis . In 2006 , Kansas City hosted the first prime time Thanksgiving game . The game marked a new `` Thanksgiving Tripleheader '' tradition . The Denver / Kansas City game marked the first time more than two games were played on Thanksgiving ( as well as the first all - AFC holiday matchup ) since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 . Rule changes in the 2012 -- 2022 television contracts permit `` cross flexing '' , whereby selected games can be switched between CBS and FOX , effectively allowing CBS to schedule an NFC vs. NFC matchup on Thanksgiving Day rather than an AFC at NFC game . The 2014 season was the first in which all three games feature NFC vs. NFC opponents under these rules ; the league again scheduled an all - NFC Thanksgiving for 2015 . Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score OT Nov. 23 , 2006 Miami Dolphins 27 Detroit Lions 10 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 10 Dallas Cowboys 38 Denver Broncos 10 Kansas City Chiefs 19 Nov. 22 , 2007 Green Bay Packers 37 Detroit Lions 26 New York Jets Dallas Cowboys 34 Indianapolis Colts 31 Atlanta Falcons 13 Nov. 27 , 2008 Tennessee Titans 47 Detroit Lions 10 Seattle Seahawks 9 Dallas Cowboys 34 Arizona Cardinals 20 Philadelphia Eagles 48 Nov. 26 , 2009 Green Bay Packers 34 Detroit Lions 12 Oakland Raiders 7 Dallas Cowboys 24 New York Giants 6 Denver Broncos 26 Nov. 25 , 2010 New England Patriots 45 Detroit Lions 24 New Orleans Saints 30 Dallas Cowboys 27 Cincinnati Bengals 10 New York Jets 26 Nov. 24 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 27 Detroit Lions 15 Miami Dolphins 19 Dallas Cowboys 20 San Francisco 49ers 6 Baltimore Ravens 16 Nov. 22 , 2012 Houston Texans 34 Detroit Lions 31 ( OT ) Washington Redskins 38 Dallas Cowboys 31 New England Patriots 49 New York Jets 19 Nov. 28 , 2013 Green Bay Packers 10 Detroit Lions 40 Oakland Raiders 24 Dallas Cowboys 31 Pittsburgh Steelers 20 Baltimore Ravens 22 Nov. 27 , 2014 Chicago Bears 17 Detroit Lions 34 Philadelphia Eagles 33 Dallas Cowboys 10 Seattle Seahawks 19 San Francisco 49ers Nov. 26 , 2015 Philadelphia Eagles 14 Detroit Lions 45 Carolina Panthers 33 Dallas Cowboys 14 Chicago Bears 17 Green Bay Packers 13 Nov. 24 , 2016 Minnesota Vikings 13 Detroit Lions 16 Washington Redskins 26 Dallas Cowboys 31 Pittsburgh Steelers 28 Indianapolis Colts 7 Nov. 23 , 2017 Minnesota Vikings 30 Detroit Lions 23 Los Angeles Chargers 28 Dallas Cowboys 6 New York Giants 10 Washington Redskins 20 Thanksgiving Day standings ( edit ) Of current NFL franchises . This includes American Football League ( AFL ) games ; however , it does not include All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) games . Team Last Game Wins Losses Ties Win % Other names appeared under Baltimore Ravens 2013 0 1.000 Carolina Panthers 2015 0 1.000 Houston Texans 2012 0 1.000 New Orleans Saints 0 1.000 Philadelphia Eagles 2015 7 . 875 Minnesota Vikings 2017 6 . 750 Los Angeles Rams . 750 Cleveland Rams ( 1937 -- 1945 ) , does not include 1936 AFL 's Cleveland Rams Miami Dolphins 2011 5 . 714 Tennessee Titans 2008 5 . 714 Houston Oilers ( 1960 -- 1996 ) Tennessee Oilers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Indianapolis Colts 2016 . 625 Baltimore Colts ( 1953 -- 1983 ) Los Angeles Chargers 2017 . 625 San Diego Chargers ( 1961 -- 2016 ) Dallas Cowboys 2017 30 19 . 622 New York Giants 2017 7 6 . 607 New England Patriots 2012 . 600 Chicago Bears 2015 17 15 . 529 Decatur Staleys ( 1920 ) Chicago Staleys ( 1921 ) Kansas City Chiefs 2006 5 5 . 500 Dallas Texans ( 1960 -- 1962 ) , does not include 1 -- 0 record of unrelated NFL Dallas Texans . New York Jets 2012 . 500 New York Titans ( 1960 -- 1962 ) San Francisco 49ers 2014 . 500 Does not include 1 -- 0 record when team was a member of the AAFC . Seattle Seahawks 2014 . 500 Atlanta Falcons 2007 . 500 Detroit Lions 2017 37 39 . 494 Buffalo Bills 1994 . 438 Does not include 1 -- 0 record of unrelated AAFC team of same name . Oakland Raiders 2013 . 429 Green Bay Packers 2015 14 20 . 417 Denver Broncos 2009 7 . 364 Arizona Cardinals 2008 6 15 . 304 Chicago Cardinals ( 1920 -- 1959 ) St. Louis Cardinals ( 1960 -- 1987 ) Phoenix Cardinals ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 6 . 250 Washington Redskins 2017 7 . 364 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 000 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2006 0 . 000 Cleveland Browns 1989 0 . 000 Does not include 3 -- 0 record when team was a member of the AAFC . Jacksonville Jaguars None 0 0 -- Only active franchise to have never played on Thanksgiving . Notable appearance droughts ( edit ) The last currently active franchise to have never played on Thanksgiving through 2017 is the Jacksonville Jaguars , who joined the league in 1995 . An idiosyncrasy in the NFL 's current scheduling formula , which has been in effect since 2002 and revised in 2010 , effectively prevents teams from the AFC North from playing the Lions or Cowboys on Thanksgiving , as the formula has the AFC North playing in Dallas or Detroit in years when the other team is slated to play the AFC game on Thanksgiving . These teams can , under the 2014 television contracts , play only in the third ( night ) game ; should cross-flex be expanded to Thursdays or Fox win the Thursday Night contract in 2018 ( either scenario would allow both Fox and CBS to carry AFC games ) , this idiosyncrasy will be eliminated . The Los Angeles Rams have the longest active appearance drought of any team , with their last appearance coming in 1975 . Among current NFL markets , Cleveland has had the longest wait to have a team from its city play on Thanksgiving ; the Browns last appeared in 1989 , several years before being suspended in the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , and have not appeared in the game since rejoining the league as an expansion team . Since 2010 , the league has made efforts to end the longest droughts . New Orleans , Cincinnati , Baltimore , Houston , and Carolina all played their first Thanksgiving games during this time frame . San Francisco likewise played their first Thanksgiving game since 1972 in 2011 , and the Los Angeles Chargers , who last played on the holiday in 1969 ( while the team was still an AFL franchise in San Diego ) before actually joining the league , appeared for the first time as an NFL member in 2017 . Thanksgiving Day records of defunct teams ( edit ) League teams only , since 1920 . Team Wins Losses Ties Win Pct . Other names appeared under Frankford Yellow Jackets 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1931 ) New York Yankees 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1949 ) Pottsville Maroons 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1928 ) Boston Yanks 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1948 ) Buffalo Bills 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1949 ) , unrelated to current NFL team with this name Dallas Texans 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1952 ) , does not count AFL 's Dallas Texans , which are now the Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Buccaneers 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Oorang Indians 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1923 ) Rock Island Independents 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1925 ) All - Tonawanda Lumberjacks 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1921 ) Akron Pros . 700 Defunct ( 1926 ) Buffalo Bisons . 500 Buffalo All - Americans ( 1920 -- 1923 ) , Defunct ( 1929 ) Canton Bulldogs . 500 Defunct ( 1926 ) Cleveland Bulldogs . 500 Defunct ( 1927 ) Dayton Triangles . 500 Defunct ( 1929 ) Kansas City Cowboys . 500 Kansas City Blues ( 1924 ) , Defunct ( 1926 ) Milwaukee Badgers . 500 Defunct ( 1926 ) Brooklyn Lions 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Chicago Tigers 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1920 ) Detroit Heralds 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1920 ) New York Yanks 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1950 ) Providence Steam Roller 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1931 ) Racine Legion 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Toledo Maroons 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1923 ) Brooklyn Dodgers 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1949 ) Chicago Hornets 0 . 000 Chicago Rockets ( 1946 -- 1948 ) , Defunct ( 1949 ) Columbus Panhandles 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Detroit Panthers 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Hammond Pros 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Rochester Jeffersons 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1925 ) Los Angeles Dons 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1949 ) * All - America Football Conference team . Game MVPs ( edit ) Since 1989 , informal and sometimes lighthearted Man of the Match awards have been issued by the networks broadcasting the respective games . Running back Emmitt Smith holds the record for most Thanksgiving MVPs with five ( 1990 , 1992 , 1994 , 1996 and 2002 ) . Voting on the respective awards is typically done informally by the announcing crew themselves , and criteria are loose . Noteworthy statistical accomplishments weigh heavily , and `` group '' awards are common . The announcement of the winner ( s ) , and the presentation of the award is normally done immediately following the game , during post-game network coverage . Turkey Leg award ( CBS & Fox ) ( edit ) In 1989 , John Madden of CBS awarded the first `` Turkey Leg Award '' , for the game 's most valuable player . Pursuant to its name , it was an actual cooked turkey leg , and players typically took a celebratory bite out of the leg for the cameras during post-game interviews . Reggie White of the Eagles was the first recipient . The gesture was seen mostly as a humorous gimmick relating to Madden 's famous multi-legged turkey , cooked and delivered by local restaurant owner Joe Pat Fieseler of Harvey 's Barbecue ( located less than a mile from Texas Stadium ) . Since then , however , the award has gained subtle notoriety . Madden brought the award to FOX in 1994 , and it continued through 2001 . Because of the loose and informal nature of the award , at times it has been awarded to multiple players . On one occasion in 1994 , it was given to players of both teams . Galloping Gobbler / game ball ( Fox ) ( edit ) When John Madden left FOX after 2001 , the network introduced a new award starting in 2002 , named the `` Galloping Gobbler . '' It was represented by a small figurine of a silver turkey wearing a football helmet striking a Heisman - like pose . Much like Cleatus and Digger , the original Galloping Gobbler trophy reflected Fox 's irreverent mascots , and went through several iterations . Unimpressed by its tackiness , 2002 winner Emmitt Smith ( who holds the record for most Thanksgiving MVP awards and had won the Turkey Leg Award four previous times ) famously threw his in a trash can . In 2007 , the kitschy statuette was replaced with a bronze - colored statue of a nondescript turkey holding a football . In 2011 , the trophies were discarded altogether and replaced by an attractive plaque . Unlike the aforementioned `` Turkey Leg Award '' , the `` Galloping Gobbler '' is normally awarded to only one player annually , however in 2016 , co-winners were honored . For 2017 , the Galloping Gobbler was permanently retired , and replaced with the `` Game Ball , '' an stylish , ornate football - shaped trophy , reminiscent of the tradition where game - used balls are typically awarded to players of the game . No one at Fox seemed to notice the first ball awarded has the stripe markings of a college ball . All - Iron award ( CBS ) ( edit ) When the NFL returned to CBS in 1998 , they introduced their own award , the `` All - Iron Award '' , which is , suitably enough , a small silver iron , a reference to Phil Simms ' All - Iron team for toughness . The All - Iron winner also receives a skillet of blackberry cobbler made by Simms ' mother . Through 2006 , the trophy was only awarded to one player annually . Occasionally , it has been issued as a `` group award '' in addition to a single player award . In 2008 , Simms stated it was `` too close to call '' and named four players to the trophy ; he then gave the award to several people every year until 2013 , after which he reverted to a single MVP in 2014 . Simms was removed from the broadcast booth for the 2017 season and no player of the game was chosen that year . Prime time games ( nfln & NBC ) ( edit ) During the time when NFL Network held the broadcast rights the prime time game , from 2007 to 2011 they gave out the `` Pudding Pie Award '' for MVPs . The award was an actual pie . In 2009 , NFL Network gave Brandon Marshall a pumpkin pie rather than the chocolate pudding pie of the previous two years . NBC , which carried Thanksgiving afternoon games through 1997 , did not issue an MVP award during that time . NBC began broadcasting the Thanksgiving prime time game in 2012 , at which point the MVP award was added . The award is currently called the Sunday Night Football on Thanksgiving Night Player of the Game , and is typically awarded to multiple players on the winning team . From 2012 to 2015 , the NBC award was referred to as the `` Madden Thanksgiving Player - of - the - Game '' , honoring John Madden ( who announced NBC games from 2006 to 2008 ) . In the first few years , the award specifically went to players on both offense and defense , but in recent years , defensive players have not necessarily been recognized . The winning players are presented with ceremonial game balls and , as a gesture to Madden , a cooked turkey leg . Complete list ( edit ) <Td_colspan="2"> CBS Turkey Leg Award Year MVP ( Team ) 1989 Reggie White ( Phi ) 1990 Troy Aikman & Emmitt Smith ( Dal ) 1991 Barry Sanders ( Det ) 1992 Emmitt Smith & Cowboys Offensive line 1993 Richard Dent ( Chi ) <Td_colspan="2"> CBS All - Iron Award 1998 Stephen Boyd ( Det ) 1999 Dexter Coakley ( Dal ) 2000 Charlie Batch ( Det ) 2001 Mike Anderson ( Den ) 2002 Troy Brown ( NE ) 2003 Jay Fiedler & Chris Chambers ( Mia ) Peyton Manning & Colts Offensive line 2005 Ron Dayne ( Den ) 2006 Joey Harrington ( Mia ) 2007 Tony Romo & Cowboys defense * 2008 Albert Haynesworth ( Ten ) Chris Johnson ( Ten ) Kevin Mawae ( Ten ) LenDale White ( Ten ) 2009 Miles Austin ( Dal ) Tony Romo ( Dal ) Jason Witten ( Dal ) Tom Brady ( NE ) 2011 DeMarcus Ware ( Dal ) 2012 Andre Johnson ( Hou ) Matt Schaub ( Hou ) J.J. Watt ( Hou ) 2013 Tony Romo ( Dal ) DeMarco Murray ( Dal ) Lance Dunbar ( Dal ) HM : Matthew McGloin ( Oak ) 2014 Calvin Johnson ( Det ) 2015 Luke Kuechly ( Car ) Jerricho Cotchery ( Car ) Kurt Coleman ( Car ) Cam Newton ( Car ) 2016 Matt Prater ( Det ) Darius Slay ( Det ) Matthew Stafford ( Det ) 2017 no award <Td_colspan="2"> FOX Turkey Leg Award Year MVP ( Team ) 1994 Emmitt Smith & Jason Garrett ( Dal ) Brett Favre & Sterling Sharpe ( GB ) 1995 Herman Moore ( Det ) Brett Perriman ( Det ) Johnnie Morton ( Det ) Emmitt Smith ( Dal ) 1997 Luther Ellis ( Det ) 1998 Randy Moss ( Min ) 1999 Gus Frerotte ( Det ) Greg Hill ( Det ) Johnnie Morton ( Det ) Robert Porcher ( Det ) 2000 Robert Smith ( Min ) Randy Moss ( Min ) Daunte Culpepper ( Min ) Cris Carter ( Min ) 2001 Brett Favre & Ahman Green ( GB ) <Td_colspan="2"> FOX Galloping Gobbler Award 2002 Emmitt Smith ( Dal ) 2003 Dré Bly ( Det ) Julius Jones ( Dal ) 2005 Michael Vick ( Atl ) 2006 Tony Romo ( Dal ) 2007 Brett Favre ( GB ) 2008 DeMarcus Ware ( Dal ) 2009 Donald Driver ( GB ) Drew Brees ( NO ) 2011 Aaron Rodgers ( GB ) 2012 Robert Griffin III ( Was ) 2013 Reggie Bush ( Det ) 2014 LeSean McCoy ( Phi ) 2015 Matthew Stafford ( Det ) 2016 Dak Prescott & Ezekiel Elliott ( Dal ) <Td_colspan="2"> FOX Game Ball 2017 Case Keenum ( Min ) <Td_colspan="2"> NFLN Pudding Pie Award Year MVP ( Team ) 2006 Not given 2007 Reggie Wayne ( Ind ) 2008 Donovan McNabb & Brian Westbrook ( Phi ) 2009 Brandon Marshall ( Den ) Brad Smith & Darrelle Revis ( NYJ ) 2011 Terrell Suggs ( Bal ) <Td_colspan="2"> NBC Player of the Game 2012 Tom Brady ( NE ) Vince Wilfork ( NE ) Steve Gregory ( NE ) 2013 Jacoby Jones ( Bal ) Justin Tucker ( Bal ) 2014 Russell Wilson ( Sea ) Richard Sherman ( Sea ) 2015 Jay Cutler ( Chi ) Tracy Porter ( Chi ) 2016 Le'Veon Bell ( Pit ) Ben Roethlisberger ( Pit ) Antonio Brown ( Pit ) 2017 Kirk Cousins ( Was ) Jamison Crowder ( Was ) Ryan Kerrigan ( Was ) Of the members of the 2007 Cowboys defense , Chris Canty , DeMarcus Ware , Terence Newman and Greg Ellis were particularly noted . In 2017 no official CBS award was handed out , though Phillip Rivers and Keenan Allen ( both of the Chargers ) was interviewed after the game during post-game coverage . Broadcasting ( edit ) DuMont was the first network to televise Thanksgiving games in 1953 ; CBS took over in 1956 , and in 1965 , the first ever color television broadcast of an NFL game was the Thanksgiving match between the Lions and the Baltimore Colts . Starting in 2012 , all three broadcast networks with NFL rights will carry one game apiece . The first two games are split between CBS and Fox . These games are rotated annually , with CBS getting the 12 : 30 p.m. ( EST ) `` early '' game , and Fox getting the 4 : 25 p.m. `` late '' game in even - numbered years , while Fox likewise gets the `` early '' game and CBS the `` late '' game in odd - numbered years . The third game , with a prime time 8 : 30 p.m. start , is carried by NBC . The NFL may involve the Flexible Scheduling rule in the future to reassign games if the night game has less importance than the Dallas or Detroit game . Westwood One holds national radio broadcast rights to all three games , with Compass Media Networks sharing rights to the Cowboys contest . ( Under league rules , only radio stations that carry at least 12 Cowboys games in a season are allowed to carry the Compass broadcast . ) The participating teams also air the games on their local flagship stations and regional radio networks . The Cowboys Thanksgiving game has regularly been the most watched NFL regular season telecast each year , with the Lions Thanksgiving game usually in the top five . See also ( edit ) American football on Thanksgiving References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Navy vs Michigan st ( NJ ) '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1885 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1887 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1888 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1889 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1891 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` Football on Thanksgiving : A Brief But Comprehensive History '' . Midwest Sports Fans . November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Origins of the Thanksgiving Day Tradition '' . Detroit Lions . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jaworowski , Matt ( November 24 , 2016 ) . Timeline : How football became a Thanksgiving tradition . WIVB - TV . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ See also : Pennsylvania Keystoners Jump up ^ Scales , Kristi ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Why Do the Cowboys Play on Thanksgiving Day ? '' . 5 Points Blue ( Dallas Cowboys ) . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McManaman , Bob ( November 22 , 2017 ) . Cardinals , not Cowboys , could have been an NFL Thanksgiving Day staple . azcentral.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL announces Week 13 flex plan '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Best , Neil ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` NFL renews lucrative TV deals '' . Newsday . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 NFL Schedule : Flex games can now start in Week 5 '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Thursday , Saturday , and Monday games are not affected . Jump up ^ `` CBS to broadcast eight Thursday night football games in 2014 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eatman , Nick ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cowboys To Wear Blue Jerseys At Home Thursday '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Splash of color for Thursday Night teams . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buffalo Bills at Detroit Lions - November 25th , 1976 Pro-Football-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1993 - Dolphins @ Cowboys - Leon Lett Opps - YouTube Jump up ^ Miami Dolphins at Dallas Cowboys - November 25th , 1993 Pro-Football-Reference.com Jump up ^ `` NFL Thanksgiving Day Football Preview : Games , TV Schedule , Point Spreads , Picks and Predictions '' . Midwestsportsfans.com. 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Silver , Michael ( 2011 - 11 - 21 ) . `` NFL Thanksgiving games are appealing , for once -- NFL -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bakay , Nick ( 12 November 2008 ) . `` Manly House of Football : Another helping of Lions football for the holiday ? No , thanks ! '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Kulfan , Ted . Annual Lions game is roasted . The Detroit News . 25 November 2008 Jump up ^ Slevin , Peter ( November 27 , 2008 ) . `` In Detroit , Tradition Takes a Hike ; Annual Thanksgiving Football Game Offers Little Joy for Troubled City '' . Washington Post . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Lage , Larry ( November 28 , 2008 ) . `` Once - beaten Titans dominate winless Lions 47 -- 10 '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Niyo , John ( 31 January 2009 ) . `` Turkey game safe ... for now '' . Detroit Free Press . p . C6 . Jump up ^ Kowalski , Tom ( 22 March 2009 ) . `` Lions president says NFL will not take away team 's Thanksgiving Day game '' . mlive.com . Jump up ^ Horn , Barry ( 10 March 2009 ) . `` Networks vie for Dallas Cowboys ' home opener '' . Dallas Morning News . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` The best football writer of our time '' . si.com . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` 2014 NFL Schedule : No AFC teams on Thanksgiving Day '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . 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who inspired berlioz to compose his symphonie fantastique
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Symphonie fantastique - wikipedia Symphonie fantastique Jump to : navigation , search Hector Berlioz by Pierre Petit Symphonie fantastique : Épisode de la vie d'un artiste ... en cinq parties ( Fantastical Symphony : An Episode in the Life of an Artist , in Five Parts ) Op. 14 , is a program symphony written by the French composer Hector Berlioz in 1830 . It is an important piece of the early Romantic period . The first performance was at the Paris Conservatoire on 5 December 1830 . Franz Liszt made a piano transcription of the symphony in 1833 ( S. 470 ) . Leonard Bernstein described the symphony as the first musical expedition into psychedelia because of its hallucinatory and dream - like nature , and because history suggests Berlioz composed at least a portion of it under the influence of opium . According to Bernstein , `` Berlioz tells it like it is . You take a trip , you wind up screaming at your own funeral . '' In 1831 , Berlioz wrote a lesser known sequel to the work , Lélio , for actor , orchestra and chorus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Instrumentation 2 Outline 2.1 First movement : `` Rêveries -- Passions '' ( Reveries -- Passions ) 2.2 Second movement : `` Un bal '' ( A Ball ) 2.3 Third movement : `` Scène aux champs '' ( Scene in the Fields ) 2.4 Fourth movement : `` Marche au supplice '' ( March to the Scaffold ) 2.5 Fifth movement : `` Songe d'une nuit du sabbat '' ( Dream of the Night of the Sabbath ) 3 Harriet Smithson 4 References 5 External links Instrumentation ( edit ) The score calls for a total of over 90 instruments : Woodwinds 2 flutes ( one doubling piccolo ) 2 oboes ( one doubling cor anglais ) ( in movement 3 , the first oboist plays briefly offstage ) 2 clarinets ( one doubling E ♭ clarinet ) 4 bassoons Brass 4 horns 2 cornets 2 trumpets 3 trombones 2 ophicleides ( modern performances have tubas playing these parts ) Percussion 4 timpani ( played by two players ) cymbals snare drum ( used in 4th movement ) bass drum bells in C and G Strings 2 harps ( used in movement 2 ) Violins I , II Violas Celli Double basses Berlioz specified at least 15 1st violins , 15 2nd violins , 10 violas , 11 celli and 9 basses on the score . Outline ( edit ) The symphony is a piece of program music that tells the story of an artist gifted with a lively imagination who has poisoned himself with opium in the depths of despair because of hopeless , unrequited love . Berlioz provided his own preface and program notes for each movement of the work . They exist in two principal versions -- one from 1845 in the first score of the work and the second from 1855 . From the revised preface and notes , it can be seen how Berlioz , later in his life , downplayed the programmatic aspect of the work . In the first score from 1845 , he writes : The composer 's intention has been to develop various episodes in the life of an artist , in so far as they lend themselves to musical treatment . As the work can not rely on the assistance of speech , the plan of the instrumental drama needs to be set out in advance . The following programme must therefore be considered as the spoken text of an opera , which serves to introduce musical movements and to motivate their character and expression . In the 1855 preface , a different outlook towards the work 's programmatic undertones is established by Berlioz : The following programme should be distributed to the audience every time the Symphonie fantastique is performed dramatically and thus followed by the monodrama of Lélio which concludes and completes the episode in the life of an artist . In this case the invisible orchestra is placed on the stage of a theatre behind the lowered curtain . If the symphony is performed on its own as a concert piece this arrangement is no longer necessary : one may even dispense with distributing the programme and keep only the title of the five movements . The author hopes that the symphony provides on its own sufficient musical interest independently of any dramatic intention . There are five movements instead of four that were conventional for symphonies at the time : Rêveries -- Passions ( Reveries -- Passions ) -- C minor / C major Un bal ( A Ball ) -- A major Scène aux champs ( Scene in the Fields ) -- F major Marche au supplice ( March to the Scaffold ) -- G minor Songe d'une nuit du sabbat ( Dream of the Night of the Sabbath ) -- C major First movement : `` Reveries -- passions '' ( Reveries -- passions ) ( edit ) `` Rêveries -- Passions '' In program notes from 1845 , the composer writes : The author imagines that a young musician , afflicted by the sickness of spirit which a famous writer has called the vagueness of passions ( le vague des passions ) , sees for the first time a woman who unites all the charms of the ideal person his imagination was dreaming of , and falls desperately in love with her . By a strange anomaly , the beloved image never presents itself to the artist 's mind without being associated with a musical idea , in which he recognizes a certain quality of passion , but endowed with the nobility and shyness which he credits to the object of his love . This melodic image and its model keep haunting him ceaselessly like a double idée fixe . This explains the constant recurrence in all the movements of the symphony of the melody which launches the first allegro . The transitions from this state of dreamy melancholy , interrupted by occasional upsurges of aimless joy , to delirious passion , with its outbursts of fury and jealousy , its returns of tenderness , its tears , its religious consolations -- all this forms the subject of the first movement . Berlioz writes in the program notes from 1855 : He remembers first the uneasiness of spirit , the indefinable passion , the melancholy , the aimless joys he felt even before seeing his beloved ; then the explosive love she suddenly inspired in him , his delirious anguish , his fits of jealous fury , his returns of tenderness , his religious consolations . The first movement is radical in its harmonic outline , building a vast arch back to the home key ; while similar to the sonata form of the classical period , Parisian critics regarded this as unconventional . It is here that the listener is introduced to the theme of the artist 's beloved , or the idée fixe . Throughout the movement there is a simplicity in the way melodies and themes are presented , which Robert Schumann likened to Beethoven 's epigrams ' ideas that could be extended had the composer chosen to . In part , it is because Berlioz rejected writing the more symmetrical melodies then in academic fashion , and instead looked for melodies that were `` so intense in every note as to defy normal harmonization '' , as Schumann put it . The theme itself was taken from Berlioz 's scène lyrique `` Herminie '' , composed in 1828 . Second movement : `` un bal '' ( a ball ) ( edit ) `` Un bal '' In the first edition of the score from 1845 , he writes : The artist finds himself in the most diverse situations in life , in the tumult of a festive party , in the peaceful contemplation of the beautiful sights of nature , yet everywhere , whether in town or in the countryside , the beloved image keeps haunting him and throws his spirit into confusion . The revised program notes from 1855 state : He meets again his beloved in a ball during a glittering fête . The second movement has a mysterious - sounding introduction that creates an atmosphere of impending excitement , followed by a passage dominated by two harps ; then the flowing waltz theme appears , derived from the idée fixe at first , then transforming it . More formal statements of the idée fixe twice interrupt the waltz . The movement is the only one to feature the two harps , providing the glamour and sensual richness of the ball , and may also symbolize the object of the young man 's affection . Berlioz wrote extensively in his memoirs of his trials and tribulations in having this symphony performed , due to a lack of capable harpists and harps , especially in Germany . Another feature of this movement is that Berlioz added a part for solo cornet to his autograph score , although it was not included in the score published in his lifetime . The work has most often been played and recorded without the solo cornet part . Conductors Jean Martinon , Colin Davis , Otto Klemperer , Gustavo Dudamel and Leonard Slatkin have employed this part for cornet in performances of the symphony . Third movement : `` scène aux champs '' ( scène in the Fields ) ( edit ) `` Scène aux champs '' Berlioz 's program notes from the first score : One evening in the countryside he hears two shepherds in the distance dialoguing with their ranz des vaches ; this pastoral duet , the setting , the gentle rustling of the trees in the wind , some causes for hope that he has recently conceived , all conspire to restore to his heart an unaccustomed feeling of calm and to give to his thoughts a happier colouring . He broods on his loneliness , and hopes that soon he will no longer be on his own ... But what if she betrayed him ! ... This mingled hope and fear , these ideas of happiness , disturbed by dark premonitions , form the subject of the adagio . At the end one of the shepherds resumes his ranz des vaches ; the other one no longer answers . Distant sound of thunder ... solitude ... silence . In the 1855 program notes , Berlioz writes : One summer evening in the countryside he hears two shepherds dialoguing with their ranz des vaches ; this pastoral duet , the setting , the gentle rustling of the trees in the light wind , some causes for hope that he has recently conceived , all conspire to restore to his heart an unaccustomed feeling of calm and to give to his thoughts a happier colouring ; but she reappears , he feels a pang of anguish , and painful thoughts disturb him : what if she betrayed him ... One of the shepherds resumes his simple melody , the other one no longer answers . The sun sets ... distant sound of thunder ... solitude ... silence ... The two `` shepherds '' Berlioz mentions in the notes are depicted with a cor anglais and an offstage oboe tossing an evocative melody back and forth . After the cor anglais -- oboe conversation , the principal theme of the movement appears on solo flute and violins . Berlioz salvaged this theme from his abandoned Messe solennelle . The idée fixe returns in the middle of the movement , played by oboe and flute . The sound of distant thunder at the end of the movement is a striking passage for four timpani . Fourth movement : `` marche au supplice '' ( march to the scaffold ) ( edit ) `` Marche au supplice '' From Berlioz 's program notes in 1845 : Convinced that his love is spurned , the artist poisons himself with opium . The dose of narcotic , while too weak to cause his death , plunges him into a heavy sleep accompanied by the strangest of visions . He dreams that he has killed his beloved , that he is condemned , led to the scaffold and is witnessing his own execution . The procession advances to the sound of a march that is sometimes sombre and wild , and sometimes brilliant and solemn , in which a dull sound of heavy footsteps follows without transition the loudest outbursts . At the end of the march , the first four bars of the idée fixe reappear like a final thought of love interrupted by the fatal blow . Description of the movement by Berlioz in 1855 : He dreams that he has killed his beloved , that he is condemned to death and led to execution . The procession advances to the sound of a march that is sometimes sombre and wild , and sometimes brilliant and solemn , in which a dull sound of heavy footsteps follows without transition the loudest outbursts . At the end , the idée fixe reappears for a moment like a final thought of love interrupted by the fatal blow . Berlioz claimed to have written the fourth movement in a single night , reconstructing music from an unfinished project -- the opera Les francs - juges . The movement begins with timpani sextuplets in thirds , for which he directs : `` The first quaver of each half - bar is to be played with two drumsticks , and the other five with the right hand drumsticks '' . The movement proceeds as a march filled with blaring horns and rushing passages , and scurrying figures that later show up in the last movement . Before the musical depiction of his execution , there is a brief , nostalgic recollection of the idée fixe in a solo clarinet , as though representing the last conscious thought of the soon - to - be-executed man . Fifth movement : `` songe d'une nuit du Sabbat '' ( dream of the night of the sabbath ) ( edit ) In both the program notes , Berlioz wrote : He sees himself at a witches ' sabbath , in the midst of a hideous gathering of shades , sorcerers and monsters of every kind who have come together for his funeral . Strange sounds , groans , outbursts of laughter ; distant shouts which seem to be answered by more shouts . The beloved melody appears once more , but has now lost its noble and shy character ; it is now no more than a vulgar dance tune , trivial and grotesque : it is she who is coming to the sabbath ... Roar of delight at her arrival ... She joins the diabolical orgy ... The funeral knell tolls , burlesque parody of the Dies irae , the dance of the witches . The dance of the witches combined with the Dies irae . This movement can be divided into sections according to tempo changes : Idée fixe melody The introduction is Largo , in common time , creating an ominous quality through dynamic variations and instrumental effects , particularly in the strings ( tremolos , pizz , sf ) . At bar 21 the tempo changes to Allegro and the metre to 6 / 8 . The return of the idée fixe as a `` vulgar dance tune '' is depicted by the C clarinet . This is interrupted by an Allegro Assai section in cut common at bar 29 . The idée fixe then returns as a prominent E-flat clarinet solo at bar 40 , in 6 / 8 and Allegro . The E-flat clarinet contributes a sharper , more shrill timbre than the C clarinet . At bar 80 , there is one bar of alla breve , with descending crotchets in unison through the entire orchestra . Again in 6 / 8 , this section sees the introduction of the bells and fragments of the `` witches ' round dance '' . The `` Dies irae '' begins at bar 127 , the motif derived from the 13th - century Latin sequence . It is initially stated in unison between the unusual combination of four bassoons and two ophicleides . At bar 222 , the `` witches ' round dance '' motif is repeatedly stated in the strings , to be interrupted by three syncopated notes in the brass . This leads into the Ronde du Sabbat ( Sabbath Round ) at bar 241 , where the motif is finally expressed in full . The Dies irae et Ronde du Sabbat Ensemble section is at bar 414 . There are a host of effects , including eerie col legno in the strings -- the bubbling of the witches ' cauldron to the blasts of wind . The climactic finale combines the somber Dies Irae melody with the wild fugue of the Ronde du Sabbat . Harriet Smithson ( edit ) After attending a performance of Shakespeare 's Hamlet on 11 September 1827 , Berlioz fell in love with the Irish actress Harriet Smithson who had played the role of Ophelia . He sent her numerous love letters , all of which went unanswered . When she left Paris they had still not met . He then wrote the symphony as a way to express his unrequited love . It premiered in Paris on 5 December 1830 ; Harriet was not present . She eventually heard the work in 1832 and realized his genius . The two finally met , and they were married on 3 October 1833 . Their marriage became increasingly bitter , and eventually they separated after several years of unhappiness . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Howard , Leslie ( 1991 ) . `` History of Liszt 's Transcription of Symphonie fantastique '' . Hyperion Records . ^ Jump up to : `` Leonard Bernstein -- Young People 's Concerts '' . leonardbernstein.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Leonard ( 2006 ) . Young People 's Concerts . Cleckheaton , West Yorkshire : Amadeus Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5746 - 7102 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Translation of Berlioz 's program notes to the Symphonie fantastique ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Michael . `` The Symphony : A Listener 's Guide '' . pp. 61 -- 66 . Oxford University Press , 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Hector Berlioz -- Discussion on Symphonie fantastique '' . ugcs.caltech.edu . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ The Hector Berlioz Website : Berlioz Music Scores . Retrieved 26 July 2014 Jump up ^ Bernstein , Leonard . `` Berlioz Takes a Trip '' : Commentary on Berlioz 's Symphonie fantastique Jump up ^ Dallas County Community College District ( 2014 ) . `` Analysis of Berlioz 's Symphonie fantastique '' . Course Hero . Jump up ^ `` Hector Berlioz : Mémoires -- Chapitre 51 '' . hberlioz.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 30 . Holoman , D. Kern , Berlioz ( Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University press , 1989 ) . ISBN 0 - 674 - 06778 - 9 . Oxford Companion to Music , Oxford University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 866212 - 2 . Wright , Craig , `` The Essential Listening to Music '' ( Schirmer , Cengage Learning 2013 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 111 - 34202 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Symphonie fantastique Symphonie fantastique on the Hector Berlioz Website , with links to Scorch full score and program note written by the composer . Symphonie fantastique : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) Keeping Score : Berlioz Symphonie fantastique , multimedia website with interactive score produced by the San Francisco Symphony European Archive . A copyright - free LP recording of the Symphonie fantastique by Willem van Otterloo ( conductor ) and the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra at the European Archive Beyond the Score . A concert - hall dramatized documentary and performance with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra Symphonie fantastique at the Internet Archive , performed by the Cleveland Orchestra , Artur Rodzinski conducting Complete performance of the symphony by the London Symphony Orchestra accompanied by visual illustrations of the symphony 's programme <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Compositions by Hector Berlioz Operas Les francs - juges , Op. 3 Benvenuto Cellini , Op. 23 Les Troyens , Op. 29 Béatrice et Bénédict , Op. 27 Symphonies and overtures Symphonie fantastique , Op. 14 Harold en Italie , Op. 16 Roméo et Juliette , Op. 17 Grand symphonie funèbre et triomphale , Op. 15 Overtures Liturgical works Messe solennelle Requiem , Op. 5 Te Deum , Op. 22 Other choral works Lélio , Op . 14b Tristia , Op. 18 La damnation de Faust , Op. 24 L'enfance du Christ , Op. 25 Songs and cantatas Prix de Rome cantatas Les nuits d'été , Op. 7 Other Mémoires Treatise on Instrumentation Classical music portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Symphonie fantastique . VIAF : 22145304740878610345 GND : 300019416 SELIBR : 214901 BNF : cb13908482b ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symphonie_fantastique&oldid=819550201 '' Categories : Compositions by Hector Berlioz Romantic symphonies 1830 compositions Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles containing French - language text Works with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2018 , at 00 : 06 . 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1. Symphonie fantastique
2. Hector Berlioz
3. Program symphony
4. Romantic period
5. Harriet Smithson
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when did we start using the electoral college
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Electoral College ( United states ) - wikipedia Electoral College ( United states ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the United States Electoral College . For electoral colleges in general , see Electoral college . For other uses and regions , see Electoral college ( disambiguation ) . Map of the Electoral College 2016 presidential election The United States Electoral College is the mechanism established by the United States Constitution for the election of the president and vice president of the United States by small groups of appointed representatives , electors , from each state and the District of Columbia . The Constitution specifies that each state legislature individually determines its own process for appointing electors . In practice , all state legislatures use popular voting to choose a slate of electors who are pledged to vote for a particular party 's candidate . Thus , today the president and vice president are effectively chosen through indirect election by the citizens . The Twelfth Amendment requires each elector to cast one vote for president and another vote for vice president . In each state and the District of Columbia , electors are chosen every four years on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November , and then meet to cast ballots on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December . The candidates who receive a majority of electoral votes among the states are elected president and vice president of the United States when the Electoral College vote is certified by Congress in early January . Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment , the terms for president and vice president end at noon on January 20 following an election for those offices ; the new terms for those offices then begin . Each state chooses electors , equal in number to that state 's combined total of senators and representatives . There are a total of 538 electors , corresponding to the 435 representatives and 100 senators , plus the three electors for the District of Columbia as provided by the Twenty - third Amendment . The Constitution bars any federal official , elected or appointed , from being an elector . The Office of the Federal Register is charged with administering the Electoral College . Since the mid-19th century when all electors have been popularly chosen , the Electoral College has elected the candidate who received the most popular votes nationwide , except in four elections : 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so the true national popular vote is uncertain ; the electors failed to select a winning candidate , so the matter was decided by the House of Representatives . All states except California ( before 1913 ) , Maine , and Nebraska have chosen electors on a `` winner - take - all '' basis since the 1880s . Under the winner - take - all system , the state 's electors are awarded to the candidate with the most votes in that state , thus maximizing the state 's influence in the national election . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method , '' selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and awarding two electors by a statewide popular vote . Although no elector is required by federal law to honor his pledge , there have been very few occasions when an elector voted contrary to a pledge , and not once has it impacted the final outcome of a national election . If no candidate for president receives a majority of electoral votes for president , the Twelfth Amendment provides that the House of Representatives will select the president , with each of the fifty state delegations casting one vote . If no candidate for vice president receives a majority of electoral votes for vice president , then the Senate will select the vice president , with each of the 100 senators having one vote . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 2.1 Original plan 2.2 Breakdown and revision 2.3 Evolution to the general ticket 2.4 Evolution of selection plans 2.5 Fourteenth Amendment 2.6 Meeting of electors date over the years 3 Modern mechanics 3.1 Summary 3.2 Electors 3.2. 1 Apportionment 3.2. 2 Nomination 3.2. 3 Selection 3.2. 4 Meetings 3.2. 5 Faithlessness 3.3 Joint session of Congress and contingencies 3.3. 1 Contingent presidential election by House 3.3. 2 Contingent vice presidential election by Senate 3.3. 3 Deadlocked election 3.4 Current electoral vote distribution 4 Chronological table 5 Alternative methods of choosing electors 5.1 Appointment by state legislature 5.2 Electoral districts 5.3 Proportional vote 5.4 Congressional district method 5.4. 1 Implementation 6 Contemporary issues 6.1 Criticism 6.1. 1 Nondeterminacy of popular vote 6.1. 2 Exclusive focus on large swing states 6.1. 3 Discouragement of turnout and participation 6.1. 4 Obscuring disenfranchisement within states 6.1. 5 Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories 6.1. 6 Advantage based on state population 6.1. 7 Disadvantage for third parties 6.1. 8 Inadequate means for electors to vote conscience and prevent the election of demagogues 6.2 Support 6.2. 1 Prevention of an urban - centric victory 6.2. 2 Maintenance of the federal character of the nation 6.2. 3 Enhancement of the status of minority groups 6.2. 4 Encouragement of stability through the two - party system 6.2. 5 Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies 6.2. 6 Isolation of election problems 7 Efforts to abolish 7.1 Bayh -- Celler amendment 7.2 Carter proposal 7.3 Cohen proposal 7.4 National Popular Vote Interstate Compact 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) The Constitutional Convention in 1787 used the Virginia Plan as the basis for discussions , as the Virginia delegation had proposed it first . The Virginia Plan called for the Congress to elect the president . Delegates from a majority of states agreed to this mode of election . However , a committee formed to work out various details including the mode of election of the president , recommended instead the election be by a group of people apportioned among the states in the same numbers as their representatives in Congress ( the formula for which had been resolved in lengthy debates resulting in the Connecticut Compromise and Three - Fifths Compromise ) , but chosen by each state `` in such manner as its Legislature may direct . '' Committee member Gouverneur Morris explained the reasons for the change ; among others , there were fears of `` intrigue '' if the president were chosen by a small group of men who met together regularly , as well as concerns for the independence of the president if he were elected by the Congress . However , once the Electoral College had been decided on , several delegates ( Mason , Butler , Morris , Wilson , and Madison ) openly recognized its ability to protect the election process from cabal , corruption , intrigue , and faction . Some delegates , including James Wilson and James Madison , preferred popular election of the executive . Madison acknowledged that while a popular vote would be ideal , it would be difficult to get consensus on the proposal given the prevalence of slavery in the South : There was one difficulty however of a serious nature attending an immediate choice by the people . The right of suffrage was much more diffusive in the Northern than the Southern States ; and the latter could have no influence in the election on the score of Negroes . The substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . The Convention approved the Committee 's Electoral College proposal , with minor modifications , on September 6 , 1787 . Delegates from states with smaller populations or limited land area such as Connecticut , New Jersey , and Maryland generally favored the Electoral College with some consideration for states . At the compromise providing for a runoff among the top five candidates , the small states supposed that the House of Representatives with each state delegation casting one vote would decide most elections . In The Federalist Papers , James Madison explained his views on the selection of the president and the Constitution . In Federalist No. 39 , Madison argued the Constitution was designed to be a mixture of state - based and population - based government . Congress would have two houses : the state - based Senate and the population - based House of Representatives . Meanwhile , the president would be elected by a mixture of the two modes . Alexander Hamilton in Federalist No. 68 laid out what he believed were the key advantages to the Electoral College . The electors come directly from the people and them alone for that purpose only , and for that time only . This avoided a party - run legislature , or a permanent body that could be influenced by foreign interests before each election . Hamilton explained the election was to take place among all the states , so no corruption in any state could taint `` the great body of the people '' in their selection . The choice was to be made by a majority of the Electoral College , as majority rule is critical to the principles of republican government . Hamilton argued that electors meeting in the state capitals were able to have information unavailable to the general public . Hamilton also argued that since no federal officeholder could be an elector , none of the electors would be beholden to any presidential candidate . Another consideration was the decision would be made without `` tumult and disorder , '' as it would be a broad - based one made simultaneously in various locales where the decision - makers could deliberate reasonably , not in one place where decision - makers could be threatened or intimidated . If the Electoral College did not achieve a decisive majority , then the House of Representatives was to choose the president from among the top five candidates , ensuring selection of a presiding officer administering the laws would have both ability and good character . Hamilton was also concerned about somebody unqualified , but with a talent for `` low intrigue , and the little arts of popularity , '' attaining high office . Additionally , in the Federalist No. 10 , James Madison argued against `` an interested and overbearing majority '' and the `` mischiefs of faction '' in an electoral system . He defined a faction as `` a number of citizens whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole , who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion , or of interest , adverse to the rights of other citizens , or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community . '' What was then called republican government ( i.e. , federalism , as opposed to direct democracy ) , with its varied distribution of voter rights and powers , would countervail against factions . Madison further postulated in the Federalist No. 10 that the greater the population and expanse of the Republic , the more difficulty factions would face in organizing due to such issues as sectionalism . Although the United States Constitution refers to `` Electors '' and `` electors , '' neither the phrase `` Electoral College '' nor any other name is used to describe the electors collectively . It was not until the early 19th century the name `` Electoral College '' came into general usage as the collective designation for the electors selected to cast votes for president and vice president . The phrase was first written into federal law in 1845 and today the term appears in 3 U.S.C. § 4 , in the section heading and in the text as `` college of electors . '' History ( edit ) Original plan ( edit ) Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution states : Each State shall appoint , in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct , a Number of Electors , equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no Senator or Representative , or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States , shall be appointed an Elector . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 4 of the Constitution states : The Congress may determine the Time of chusing ( sic ) the Electors , and the Day on which they shall give their Votes ; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 of the Constitution provided the original plan by which the electors chose the president and vice president . Under the original plan , the candidate who received a majority of votes from the electors would become president ; the candidate receiving the second most votes would become vice president . The original plan of the Electoral College was based upon several assumptions and anticipations of the Framers of the Constitution : Individual electors would be elected by citizens on a district - by - district basis . Each presidential elector would exercise independent judgment when voting . Candidates would not pair together on the same ticket with assumed placements toward each office of president and vice president . The system as designed would rarely produce a winner , thus sending the election to Congress . According to the text of Article II , however , each state government was free to have its own plan for selecting its electors , and the Constitution does not explicitly require states to popularly elect their electors . Several different methods for selecting electors are described at length below . Breakdown and revision ( edit ) The emergence of political parties and nationally coordinated election campaigns soon complicated matters in the elections of 1796 and 1800 . In 1796 , Federalist Party candidate John Adams won the presidential election . Finishing in second place was Democratic - Republican Party candidate Thomas Jefferson , the Federalists ' opponent , who became the vice president . This resulted in the president and vice president being of different political parties . In 1800 , the Democratic - Republican Party again nominated Jefferson for president and also nominated Aaron Burr for vice president . After the election , Jefferson and Burr both obtained a majority of electoral votes , but tied one another with 73 votes each . Since ballots did not distinguish between votes for president and votes for vice president , every ballot cast for Burr technically counted as a vote for him to become president , despite Jefferson clearly being his party 's first choice . Lacking a clear winner by constitutional standards , the election had to be decided by the House of Representatives pursuant to the Constitution 's contingency election provision . Having already lost the presidential contest , Federalist Party representatives in the lame duck House session seized upon the opportunity to embarrass their opposition by attempting to elect Burr over Jefferson . The House deadlocked for 35 ballots as neither candidate received the necessary majority vote of the state delegations in the House ( the votes of nine states were needed for a conclusive election ) . Jefferson achieved electoral victory on the 36th ballot , but only after Federalist Party leader Alexander Hamilton -- who disfavored Burr 's personal character more than Jefferson 's policies -- had made known his preference for Jefferson . Responding to the problems from those elections , the Congress proposed on December 9 , 1803 , and three - fourths of the states ratified by June 15 , 1804 , the Twelfth Amendment . Starting with the 1804 election , the amendment requires electors cast separate ballots for president and vice president , replacing the system outlined in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 . Evolution to the general ticket ( edit ) Alexander Hamilton described the framers ' view of how electors would be chosen : `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated ( tasks ) . '' The founders assumed this would take place district by district . That plan was carried out by many states until the 1880s . For example , in Massachusetts in 1820 , the rule stated `` the people shall vote by ballot , on which shall be designated who is voted for as an Elector for the district . '' In other words , the people did not place the name of a candidate for a president on the ballot , instead they voted for their local elector , whom they trusted later to cast a responsible vote for president . Some states reasoned that the favorite presidential candidate among the people in their state would have a much better chance if all of the electors selected by their state were sure to vote the same way -- a `` general ticket '' of electors pledged to a party candidate . So the slate of electors chosen by the state were no longer free agents , independent thinkers , or deliberative representatives . They became `` voluntary party lackeys and intellectual non-entities . '' Once one state took that strategy , the others felt compelled to follow suit in order to compete for the strongest influence on the election . When James Madison and Hamilton , two of the most important architects of the Electoral College , saw this strategy being taken by some states , they protested strongly . Madison and Hamilton both made it clear this approach violated the spirit of the Constitution . According to Hamilton , the selection of the president should be `` made by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station ( of president ) . '' According to Hamilton , the electors were to analyze the list of potential presidents and select the best one . He also used the term `` deliberate . '' Hamilton considered a pre-pledged elector to violate the spirit of Article II of the Constitution insofar as such electors could make no `` analysis '' or `` deliberate '' concerning the candidates . Madison agreed entirely , saying that when the Constitution was written , all of its authors assumed individual electors would be elected in their districts and it was inconceivable a `` general ticket '' of electors dictated by a state would supplant the concept . Madison wrote to George Hay , The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted ; & was exchanged for the general ticket ( many years later ) . The Founders assumed that electors would be elected by the citizens of their district and that elector was to be free to analyze and deliberate regarding who is best suited to be president . Madison and Hamilton were so upset by what they saw as a distortion of the framers ' original intent that they advocated a constitutional amendment to prevent anything other than the district plan : `` the election of Presidential Electors by districts , is an amendment very proper to be brought forward , '' Madison told George Hay in 1823 . Hamilton went further . He actually drafted an amendment to the Constitution mandating the district plan for selecting electors . Evolution of selection plans ( edit ) In 1789 , at - large popular vote , the winner - take - all method , began with Pennsylvania and Maryland ; Virginia and Delaware used a district plan by popular vote , and in the five other states participating in the election ( Connecticut , Georgia , Maryland , New Hampshire New Jersey and South Carolina ) , state legislatures chose . By 1800 , Virginia and Rhode Island voted at - large , Kentucky , Maryland and North Carolina voted popularly by district , and eleven states voted by state legislature . Beginning in 1804 there was a definite trend towards the winner - take - all system for statewide popular vote . States using their state legislature to choose presidential electors have included fourteen states from all regions of the country . By 1832 , only South Carolina used the state legislature , and it abandoned the method after 1860 . States using popular vote by district have included ten states from all regions of the country . By 1832 there was only Maryland , and from 1836 district plans fell out of use until the 20th century , though Michigan used a district plan for 1892 only . Since 1836 , statewide , winner - take - all popular voting for electors has been the almost universal practice . As of 2016 , Maine ( from 1972 ) and Nebraska ( from 1996 ) use the district plan , with two at - large electors assigned to support the winner of the statewide popular vote . Fourteenth Amendment ( edit ) Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment allows for a state 's representation in the House of Representatives to be reduced if a state unconstitutionally denies people the right to vote . The reduction is in keeping with the proportion of people denied a vote . This amendment refers to `` the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States , '' among other elections , the only place in the Constitution mentioning electors being selected by popular vote . On May 8 , 1866 , during a debate on the Fourteenth Amendment , Thaddeus Stevens , the leader of the Republicans in the House of Representatives , delivered a speech on the amendment 's intent . Regarding Section 2 , he said : The second section I consider the most important in the article . It fixes the basis of representation in Congress . If any State shall exclude any of her adult male citizens from the elective franchise , or abridge that right , she shall forfeit her right to representation in the same proportion . The effect of this provision will be either to compel the States to grant universal suffrage or so shear them of their power as to keep them forever in a hopeless minority in the national Government , both legislative and executive . Federal law ( 2 U.S.C. § 6 ) implements Section 2 's mandate . Meeting of electors date over the years ( edit ) For 1789 , the first Wednesday in February next be the day for the Electors to assemble in their respective States and vote for a President from Resolution of 13 September 1788 by the Confederation ( Continental ) Congress . For 1792 through 1884 , the Electors shall meet and give their votes on the first Wednesday in December from 1 Stat. 239 , Section 2 . For 1889 through 1933 , the Electors of each State shall meet and give their votes on the second Monday in January next following their appointment from 24 Stat. 373 , Section 1. For 1936 to the present , the Electors of President and Vice President of each State shall meet and give their votes on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December next following their appointment from 62 Stat. 673 , now codified as United States Code : Title 3 , Section 7 ( 3 USC 7 ) . Modern mechanics ( edit ) The 2012 Certificate of Vote issued by Maryland 's delegation to the Electoral College . Summary ( edit ) Even though the aggregate national popular vote is calculated by state officials , media organizations , and the Federal Election Commission , the people only indirectly elect the president , as the national popular vote is not the basis for electing the president or vice president . The president and vice president of the United States are elected by the Electoral College , which consists of 538 presidential electors from the fifty states and Washington , D.C. Presidential electors are selected on a state - by - state basis , as determined by the laws of each state . Since the election of 1824 , most states have appointed their electors on a winner - take - all basis , based on the statewide popular vote on Election Day . Maine and Nebraska are the only two current exceptions , as both states use the congressional district method . Although ballots list the names of the presidential and vice presidential candidates ( who run on a ticket ) , voters actually choose electors when they vote for president and vice president . These presidential electors in turn cast electoral votes for those two offices . Electors usually pledge to vote for their party 's nominee , but some `` faithless electors '' have voted for other candidates or refrained from voting . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of electoral votes ( currently 270 ) to win the presidency or the vice presidency . If no candidate receives a majority in the election for president or vice president , the election is determined via a contingency procedure established by the Twelfth Amendment . In such a situation , the House chooses one of the top three presidential electoral vote - winners as the president , while the Senate chooses one of the top two vice presidential electoral vote - winners as vice president . Electors ( edit ) Apportionment. ( edit ) Further information : United States congressional apportionment State population per electoral vote for the 50 states and Washington D.C. A state 's number of electors equals the number of representatives plus two electors for both senators the state has in the United States Congress . The number of representatives is based on the respective populations , determined every 10 years by the United States Census . Each representative represents on average 711,000 persons . Under the Twenty - third Amendment , Washington , D.C. , is allocated as many electors as it would have if it were a state , but no more electors than the least populous state . The least populous state ( which is Wyoming , according to the 2010 census ) has three electors ; thus , D.C. can not have more than three electors . Even if D.C. were a state , its population would entitle it to only three electors ; based on its population per electoral vote , D.C. has the second highest per capita Electoral College representation , after Wyoming . Currently , there is a total of 538 electors , there being 435 representatives and 100 senators , plus the three electors allocated to Washington , D.C. The six states with the most electors are California ( 55 ) , Texas ( 38 ) , New York ( 29 ) , Florida ( 29 ) , Illinois ( 20 ) , and Pennsylvania ( 20 ) . The seven smallest states by population -- Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming -- have three electors each . This is because each of these states is entitled to one representative and two senators . Nomination ( edit ) Candidates for elector are nominated by state chapters of nationally oriented political parties in the months prior to Election Day . In some states , the electors are nominated by voters in primaries , the same way other presidential candidates are nominated . In some states , such as Oklahoma , Virginia and North Carolina , electors are nominated in party conventions . In Pennsylvania , the campaign committee of each candidate names their respective electoral college candidates ( an attempt to discourage faithless electors ) . Varying by state , electors may also be elected by state legislatures , or appointed by the parties themselves . Selection ( edit ) Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution requires each state legislature to determine how electors for the state are to be chosen , but it disqualifies any person holding a federal office , either elected or appointed , from being an elector . Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment , any person who has sworn an oath to support the United States Constitution in order to hold either a state or federal office , and later rebelled against the United States directly or by giving assistance to those doing so , is disqualified from being an elector . However , the Congress may remove this disqualification by a two - thirds vote in each House . Since the Civil War , all states have chosen presidential electors by popular vote . This process has been normalized to the point the names of the electors appear on the ballot in only eight states : Rhode Island , Tennessee , Louisiana , Arizona , Idaho , Oklahoma , North Dakota and South Dakota . The Tuesday following the first Monday in November has been fixed as the day for holding federal elections , called the Election Day . In 48 states and Washington , D.C. , the `` winner - takes - all method '' is used ( electors selected as a single bloc ) . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method '' , selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and selecting the remaining two electors by a statewide popular vote . This method has been used in Maine since 1972 and in Nebraska since 1996 . The current system of choosing electors is called the `` short ballot '' . In most states , voters choose a slate of electors , and only a few states list on the ballot the names of proposed electors . In some states , if a voter wants to write in a candidate for president , the voter is also required to write in the names of proposed electors . After the election , each state prepares seven Certificates of Ascertainment , each listing the candidates for president and vice president , their pledged electors , and the total votes each candidacy received . One certificate is sent , as soon after Election Day as practicable , to the National Archivist in Washington D.C. The Certificates of Ascertainment are mandated to carry the State Seal , and the signature of the Governor ( in the case of the District of Columbia , the Certificate is signed by the Mayor of the District of Columbia . ) Meetings ( edit ) Certificate for the electoral votes for Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler for the State of Louisiana ( 1876 ) . The Electoral College never meets as one body . Electors meet in their respective state capitals ( electors for the District of Columbia meet within the District ) on the Monday after the second Wednesday in December , at which time they cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for president and vice president . Although procedures in each state vary slightly , the electors generally follow a similar series of steps , and the Congress has constitutional authority to regulate the procedures the states follow . The meeting is opened by the election certification official -- often that state 's secretary of state or equivalent -- who reads the Certificate of Ascertainment . This document sets forth who was chosen to cast the electoral votes . The attendance of the electors is taken and any vacancies are noted in writing . The next step is the selection of a president or chairman of the meeting , sometimes also with a vice chairman . The electors sometimes choose a secretary , often not himself an elector , to take the minutes of the meeting . In many states , political officials give short speeches at this point in the proceedings . When the time for balloting arrives , the electors choose one or two people to act as tellers . Some states provide for the placing in nomination of a candidate to receive the electoral votes ( the candidate for president of the political party of the electors ) . Each elector submits a written ballot with the name of a candidate for president . In New Jersey , the electors cast ballots by checking the name of the candidate on a pre-printed card ; in North Carolina , the electors write the name of the candidate on a blank card . The tellers count the ballots and announce the result . The next step is the casting of the vote for vice president , which follows a similar pattern . Each state 's electors must complete six Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must be signed by all of the electors and a Certificate of Ascertainment must be attached to each of the Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must include the names of those who received an electoral vote for either the office of president or of vice president . The electors certify the Certificates of Vote and copies of the Certificates are then sent in the following fashion : One is sent by registered mail to the President of the Senate ( who usually is the incumbent Vice President of the United States ) ; Two are sent by registered mail to the Archivist of the United States ; Two are sent to the state 's Secretary of State ; and One is sent to the chief judge of the United States district court where those electors met . A staff member of the President of the Senate collects the Certificates of Vote as they arrive and prepares them for the joint session of the Congress . The Certificates are arranged -- unopened -- in alphabetical order and placed in two special mahogany boxes . Alabama through Missouri ( including the District of Columbia ) are placed in one box and Montana through Wyoming are placed in the other box . Before 1950 , the Secretary of State 's office oversaw the certifications , but since then the Office of Federal Register in the Archivist 's office reviews them to make sure the documents sent to the archive and Congress match and that all formalities have been followed , sometimes requiring states to correct the documents . Faithlessness ( edit ) Main article : Faithless elector Faithless electors are those who either cast electoral votes for someone other than the candidate of the party that they pledged to vote for or who abstain . Twenty - nine states plus the District of Columbia have passed laws to punish faithless electors , although none have ever been enforced . Many constitutional scholars claim that state restrictions would be struck down if challenged based on Article II and the Twelfth Amendment . In 1952 , the constitutionality of state pledge laws was brought before the Supreme Court in Ray v. Blair , 343 U.S. 214 ( 1952 ) . The Court ruled in favor of state laws requiring electors to pledge to vote for the winning candidate , as well as removing electors who refuse to pledge . As stated in the ruling , electors are acting as a functionary of the state , not the federal government . Therefore , states have the right to govern the process of choosing electors . The constitutionality of state laws punishing electors for actually casting a faithless vote , rather than refusing to pledge , has never been decided by the Supreme Court . However , in his dissent in Ray v. Blair , Justice Robert Jackson wrote : `` no one faithful to our history can deny that the plan originally contemplated what is implicit in its text -- that electors would be free agents , to exercise an independent and nonpartisan judgment as to the men best qualified for the Nation 's highest offices . '' While many laws punish a faithless elector only after the fact , states like Michigan also specify a faithless elector 's vote be voided . As electoral slates are typically chosen by the political party or the party 's presidential nominee , electors usually have high loyalty to the party and its candidate : a faithless elector runs a greater risk of party censure than of criminal charges . In 2000 , elector Barbara Lett - Simmons of Washington , D.C. , chose not to vote , rather than voting for Al Gore as she had pledged to do . In 2016 , seven electors voted contrary to their pledges . Faithless electors have never changed the outcome of any presidential election . Joint session of Congress and contingencies ( edit ) Further information : Contingent election The Twelfth Amendment mandates Congress assemble in joint session to count the electoral votes and declare the winners of the election . The session is ordinarily required to take place on January 6 in the calendar year immediately following the meetings of the presidential electors . Since the Twentieth Amendment , the newly elected Congress declares the winner of the election ; all elections before 1936 were determined by the outgoing House . The meeting is held at 1 p.m. in the Chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives . The sitting vice president is expected to preside , but in several cases the president pro tempore of the Senate has chaired the proceedings . The vice president and the Speaker of the House sit at the podium , with the vice president in the seat of the Speaker of the House . Senate pages bring in the two mahogany boxes containing each state 's certified vote and place them on tables in front of the senators and representatives . Each house appoints two tellers to count the vote ( normally one member of each political party ) . Relevant portions of the Certificate of Vote are read for each state , in alphabetical order . Members of Congress can object to any state 's vote count , provided objection is presented in writing and is signed by at least one member of each house of Congress . An objection supported by at least one senator and one representative will be followed by the suspension of the joint session and by separate debates and votes in each House of Congress ; after both Houses deliberate on the objection , the joint session is resumed . A state 's certificate of vote can be rejected only if both Houses of Congress vote to accept the objection . In that case , the votes from the State in question are simply ignored . The votes of Arkansas and Louisiana were rejected in the presidential election of 1872 . Objections to the electoral vote count are rarely raised , although it did occur during the vote count in 2001 after the close 2000 presidential election between Governor George W. Bush of Texas and the vice president of the United States , Al Gore . Gore , who as vice president was required to preside over his own Electoral College defeat ( by five electoral votes ) , denied the objections , all of which were raised by only several representatives and would have favored his candidacy , after no senators would agree to jointly object . Objections were again raised in the vote count of the 2004 elections , and on that occasion the document was presented by one representative and one senator . Although the joint session was suspended , the objections were quickly disposed of and rejected by both Houses of Congress . If there are no objections or all objections are overruled , the presiding officer simply includes a state 's votes , as declared in the certificate of vote , in the official tally . After the certificates from all states are read and the respective votes are counted , the presiding officer simply announces the final result of the vote and , provided the required absolute majority of votes was achieved , declares the names of the persons elected president and vice president . This announcement concludes the joint session and formalizes the recognition of the president - elect and of the vice president - elect . The senators then depart from the House Chamber . The final tally is printed in the Senate and House journals . Contingent presidential election by House ( edit ) The Twelfth Amendment requires the House of Representatives to go into session immediately to vote for a president if no candidate for president receives a majority of the electoral votes ( since 1964 , 270 of the 538 electoral votes ) . In this event , the House of Representatives is limited to choosing from among the three candidates who received the most electoral votes for president . Each state delegation votes en bloc -- each delegation having a single vote ; the District of Columbia does not receive a vote . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of state delegation votes ( i.e. , at present , a minimum of 26 votes ) in order for that candidate to become the president - elect . Additionally , delegations from at least two thirds of all the states must be present for voting to take place . The House continues balloting until it elects a president . The House of Representatives has chosen the president only twice : in 1801 under Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 ; and in 1825 under the Twelfth Amendment . Contingent vice presidential election by Senate ( edit ) If no candidate for vice president receives an absolute majority of electoral votes , then the Senate must go into session to elect a vice president . The Senate is limited to choosing from the two candidates who received the most electoral votes for vice president . Normally this would mean two candidates , one less than the number of candidates available in the House vote . However , the text is written in such a way that all candidates with the most and second most electoral votes are eligible for the Senate election -- this number could theoretically be larger than two . The Senate votes in the normal manner in this case ( i.e. , ballots are individually cast by each senator , not by state delegations ) . However , two - thirds of the senators must be present for voting to take place . Additionally , the Twelfth Amendment states a `` majority of the whole number '' of senators ( currently 51 of 100 ) is necessary for election . Further , the language requiring an absolute majority of Senate votes precludes the sitting vice president from breaking any tie that might occur , although some academics and journalists have speculated to the contrary . The only time the Senate chose the vice president was in 1837 . In that instance , the Senate adopted an alphabetical roll call and voting aloud . The rules further stated , `` ( I ) fa majority of the number of senators shall vote for either the said Richard M. Johnson or Francis Granger , he shall be declared by the presiding officer of the Senate constitutionally elected Vice President of the United States '' ; the Senate chose Johnson . Deadlocked election ( edit ) Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment specifies if the House of Representatives has not chosen a president - elect in time for the inauguration ( noon EST on January 20 ) , then the vice president - elect becomes acting president until the House selects a president . Section 3 also specifies Congress may statutorily provide for who will be acting president if there is neither a president - elect nor a vice president - elect in time for the inauguration . Under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , the Speaker of the House would become acting president until either the House selects a president or the Senate selects a vice president . Neither of these situations has ever occurred . Current Electoral vote distribution ( edit ) See also : Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections Electoral votes ( EV ) allocations for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . Triangular markers ( ) indicate gains or losses following the 2010 Census . EV × States States 3 × 8 = 24 Alaska , Delaware , District of Columbia * , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , Wyoming 4 × 5 = 20 Hawaii , Idaho , Maine * * , New Hampshire , Rhode Island 5 × 3 = 15 Nebraska * * , New Mexico , West Virginia 6 × 6 = 36 Arkansas , Iowa , Kansas , Mississippi , Nevada , Utah 7 × 3 = 21 Connecticut , Oklahoma , Oregon 8 × 2 = 16 Kentucky , Louisiana 9 × 3 = 27 Alabama , Colorado , South Carolina 10 × 4 = 40 Maryland , Minnesota , Missouri , Wisconsin 11 × 4 = 44 Arizona , Indiana , Massachusetts , Tennessee 12 × 1 = 12 Washington 13 × 1 = 13 Virginia 14 × 1 = 14 New Jersey 15 × 1 = 15 North Carolina 16 × 2 = 32 Georgia , Michigan 18 × 1 = 18 Ohio 20 × 2 = 40 Illinois , Pennsylvania 29 × 2 = 58 Florida , New York 38 × 1 = 38 Texas 55 × 1 = 55 California = 538 Total electors * The Twenty - third Amendment grants electors to DC as if it were a state , but not more than the least populous state . This has always been three . * * Maine 's four electors and Nebraska 's five are distributed using the Congressional district method . Chronological Table ( edit ) Number of presidential electors by state and year <Th_colspan="2"> Election year <Th_colspan="3"> 1788 -- 1800 <Th_colspan="18"> 1804 -- 1900 <Th_colspan="11"> 1904 -- 2000 <Th_colspan="2"> 2004 -- ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 <Th_colspan="4"> 531 537 <Th_colspan="6"> 538 State 22 Alabama 5 7 7 9 9 9 9 0.1 ! 0 8 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 9 9 9 9 9 49 Alaska 48 Arizona 5 6 7 8 10 11 25 Arkansas 0.1 ! 0 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 31 California 05 ! 5 5 6 6 8 9 9 10 10 13 22 25 32 32 40 45 47 54 55 55 38 Colorado 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 5 Connecticut 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 06 ! 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 51 ! - D.C. Delaware 03 ! 3 27 Florida 0.1 ! 0 5 5 6 7 8 10 10 14 17 21 25 27 29 Georgia 5 6 8 8 8 9 11 11 10 10 10 10 0.1 ! 0 9 11 11 12 13 13 13 13 14 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 15 16 50 Hawaii 43 Idaho 21 Illinois 5 5 9 9 11 11 16 16 21 21 22 24 24 27 27 29 29 28 27 27 26 26 24 22 21 20 19 Indiana 5 9 9 12 12 13 13 13 13 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 11 11 29 Iowa 08 ! 8 8 11 11 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 10 10 10 9 8 8 7 7 6 34 Kansas 03 ! 3 5 5 9 10 10 10 10 10 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 15 Kentucky 8 12 12 12 14 15 15 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 11 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 18 Louisiana 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 0.1 ! 0 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 8 23 Maine 9 9 10 10 9 9 8 8 07 ! 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 7 Maryland 8 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 8 8 8 8 07 ! 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 Massachusetts 10 16 16 19 22 22 15 15 14 14 12 12 13 13 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 18 17 16 16 16 14 14 13 12 12 11 26 Michigan 5 5 6 6 08 ! 8 8 11 11 13 14 14 14 14 15 19 19 20 20 21 21 20 18 17 16 32 Minnesota 04 ! 4 5 5 7 9 9 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 Mississippi 6 6 7 7 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 24 Missouri 7 7 9 9 11 11 15 15 16 17 17 18 18 18 15 15 13 13 12 12 11 11 11 10 41 Montana 37 Nebraska 5 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 36 Nevada 03 ! 3 5 6 9 New Hampshire 5 6 6 7 8 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 05 ! 5 5 5 5 New Jersey 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 07 ! 7 7 9 9 9 10 10 12 12 14 16 16 16 16 17 17 16 15 15 14 47 New Mexico 5 5 5 5 11 New York 8 12 12 19 29 29 29 36 42 42 36 36 35 35 33 33 35 35 36 36 36 39 39 45 47 47 45 45 43 41 36 33 31 29 12 North Carolina 12 12 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 11 11 10 10 0.1 ! 0 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 14 14 14 13 13 13 14 15 15 39 North Dakota 5 17 Ohio 8 8 8 16 21 21 23 23 23 23 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 24 26 25 25 25 26 25 23 21 20 18 46 Oklahoma 7 10 11 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 33 Oregon 03 ! 3 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 Pennsylvania 10 15 15 20 25 25 25 28 30 30 26 26 27 27 26 26 29 29 30 32 32 34 34 38 36 35 32 32 29 27 25 23 21 20 13 Rhode Island 04 ! 4 5 8 South Carolina 7 8 8 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 9 9 8 8 0.1 ! 0 6 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 40 South Dakota 5 16 Tennessee 5 8 8 8 11 15 15 13 13 12 12 0.1 ! 0 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 12 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 11 28 Texas 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 8 8 13 15 15 18 18 20 23 23 24 24 25 26 29 32 34 38 45 Utah 5 5 5 6 14 Vermont 6 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 05 ! 5 5 5 5 10 Virginia 12 21 21 24 25 25 25 24 23 23 17 17 15 15 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 42 Washington 5 5 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 11 11 12 35 West Virginia 05 ! 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 5 5 5 30 Wisconsin 5 5 08 ! 8 8 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 44 Wyoming # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 <Th_colspan="4"> 531 537 <Th_colspan="6"> 538 Source : Presidential Elections 1789 -- 2000 at Psephos ( Adam Carr 's Election Archive ) Note : In 1788 , 1792 , 1796 , and 1800 , each elector cast two votes for president . Number of electors from each state for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . 12 electoral votes changed between 18 states , based on the 2010 census . Eight states lost one electoral vote and two ( New York & Ohio ) each lost two electoral votes . Eight states gained electoral votes , six gained one electoral vote , Florida gained two & Texas gained four . Alternative methods of choosing electors ( edit ) Methods of presidential elector selection , by state , 1789 -- 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA 1789 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1792 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1796 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1800 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1804 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1808 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1812 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1816 -- -- -- -- -- 1820 1824 1828 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA Key Popular vote , At - large Popular vote , Districting Legislative selection Hybrid system Before the advent of the short ballot in the early 20th century , as described above , the most common means of electing the presidential electors was through the general ticket . The general ticket is quite similar to the current system and is often confused with it . In the general ticket , voters cast ballots for individuals running for presidential elector ( while in the short ballot , voters cast ballots for an entire slate of electors ) . In the general ticket , the state canvass would report the number of votes cast for each candidate for elector , a complicated process in states like New York with multiple positions to fill . Both the general ticket and the short ballot are often considered at - large or winner - takes - all voting . The short ballot was adopted by the various states at different times ; it was adopted for use by North Carolina and Ohio in 1932 . Alabama was still using the general ticket as late as 1960 and was one of the last states to switch to the short ballot . The question of the extent to which state constitutions may constrain the legislature 's choice of a method of choosing electors has been touched on in two U.S. Supreme Court cases . In McPherson v. Blacker , 146 U.S. 1 ( 1892 ) , the Court cited Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 which states that a state 's electors are selected `` in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct '' and wrote these words `` operat ( e ) as a limitation upon the state in respect of any attempt to circumscribe the legislative power '' . In Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board , 531 U.S. 70 ( 2000 ) , a Florida Supreme Court decision was vacated ( not reversed ) based on McPherson . On the other hand , three dissenting justices in Bush v. Gore , 531 U.S. 98 ( 2000 ) , wrote : `` ( N ) othing in Article II of the Federal Constitution frees the state legislature from the constraints in the State Constitution that created it . '' Appointment by state legislature ( edit ) In the earliest presidential elections , state legislative choice was the most common method of choosing electors . A majority of the state legislatures selected presidential electors in both 1792 ( 9 of 15 ) and 1800 ( 10 of 16 ) , and half of them did so in 1812 . Even in the 1824 election , a quarter of state legislatures ( 6 of 24 ) chose electors . In that election , Andrew Jackson lost in spite of having pluralities of both the popular and electoral votes , with the outcome being decided by the six state legislatures choosing the electors . Some state legislatures simply chose electors , while other states used a hybrid method in which state legislatures chose from a group of electors elected by popular vote . By 1828 , with the rise of Jacksonian democracy , only Delaware and South Carolina used legislative choice . Delaware ended its practice the following election ( 1832 ) , while South Carolina continued using the method until it seceded from the Union in December 1860 . South Carolina used the popular vote for the first time in the 1868 election . Excluding South Carolina , legislative appointment was used in only four situations after 1832 : In 1848 , Massachusetts statute awarded the state 's electoral votes to the winner of the at - large popular vote , but only if that candidate won an absolute majority . When the vote produced no winner between the Democratic , Free Soil , and Whig parties , the state legislature selected the electors , giving all 12 electoral votes to the Whigs . In 1864 , Nevada , having joined the Union only a few days prior to Election Day , had no choice but to legislatively appoint . In 1868 , the newly reconstructed state of Florida legislatively appointed its electors , having been readmitted too late to hold elections . Finally , in 1876 , the legislature of the newly admitted state of Colorado used legislative choice due to a lack of time and money to hold a popular election . Legislative appointment was brandished as a possibility in the 2000 election . Had the recount continued , the Florida legislature was prepared to appoint the Republican slate of electors to avoid missing the federal safe - harbor deadline for choosing electors . The Constitution gives each state legislature the power to decide how its state 's electors are chosen and it can be easier and cheaper for a state legislature to simply appoint a slate of electors than to create a legislative framework for holding elections to determine the electors . As noted above , the two situations in which legislative choice has been used since the Civil War have both been because there was not enough time or money to prepare for an election . However , appointment by state legislature can have negative consequences : bicameral legislatures can deadlock more easily than the electorate . This is precisely what happened to New York in 1789 when the legislature failed to appoint any electors . Electoral districts ( edit ) Another method used early in U.S. history was to divide the state into electoral districts . By this method , voters in each district would cast their ballots for the electors they supported and the winner in each district would become the elector . This was similar to how states are currently separated by congressional districts . However , the difference stems from the fact every state always had two more electoral districts than congressional districts . As with congressional districts , moreover , this method is vulnerable to gerrymandering . Proportional vote ( edit ) Under such a system , electors would be selected in proportion to the votes cast for their candidate or party , rather than being selected by the statewide plurality vote . Congressional district method ( edit ) There are two versions of the congressional district method : one has been implemented in Maine and Nebraska ; another has been proposed in Virginia . Under the implemented congressional district method , the electoral votes are distributed based on the popular vote winner within each of the states ' congressional districts ; the statewide popular vote winner receives two additional electoral votes . In 2013 , a different version of the congressional district method was proposed in Virginia . This version would distribute Virginia 's electoral votes based on the popular vote winner within each of Virginia 's congressional districts ; the two statewide electoral votes would be awarded based on which candidate won the most congressional districts , rather than on who won Virginia 's statewide popular vote . The congressional district method can more easily be implemented than other alternatives to the winner - takes - all method , in view of major party resistance to relatively enabling third parties under the proportional method . State legislation is sufficient to use this method . Advocates of the congressional district method believe the system would encourage higher voter turnout and incentivize presidential candidates to broaden their campaigns in non-competitive states . Winner - take - all systems ignore thousands of popular votes ; in Democratic California there are Republican districts , in Republican Texas there are Democratic districts . Because candidates have an incentive to campaign in competitive districts , with a district plan , candidates have an incentive to actively campaign in over thirty states versus seven `` swing '' states . Opponents of the system , however , argue candidates might only spend time in certain battleground districts instead of the entire state and cases of gerrymandering could become exacerbated as political parties attempt to draw as many safe districts as they can . Unlike simple congressional district comparisons , the district plan popular vote bonus in the 2008 election would have given Obama 56 % of the Electoral College versus the 68 % he did win , it `` would have more closely approximated the percentage of the popular vote won ( 53 % ) '' . Implementation ( edit ) Of the 43 states whose electoral votes could be affected by the congressional district method , only Maine and Nebraska apply it today . Maine has four electoral votes , based on its two representatives and two senators . Nebraska has two senators and three representatives , giving it five electoral votes . Maine began using the congressional district method in the election of 1972 . Nebraska has used the congressional district method since the election of 1992 . Michigan used the system for the 1892 presidential election , and several other states used various forms of the district plan before 1840 : Virginia , Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , North Carolina , Massachusetts , Illinois , Maine , Missouri , and New York . The congressional district method allows a state the chance to split its electoral votes between multiple candidates . Prior to 2008 , neither Maine nor Nebraska had ever split their electoral votes . Nebraska split its electoral votes for the first time in 2008 , giving John McCain its statewide electors and those of two congressional districts , while Barack Obama won the electoral vote of Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district . Following the 2008 split , some Nebraska Republicans made efforts to discard the congressional district method and return to the winner - takes - all system . In January 2010 , a bill was introduced in the Nebraska legislature to revert to a winner - take - all system ; the bill died in committee in March 2011 . Republicans had also passed bills in 1995 and 1997 to eliminate the congressional district method in Nebraska , but those bills were vetoed by Democratic Governor Ben Nelson . In 2010 , Republicans in Pennsylvania , who controlled both houses of the legislature as well as the governorship , put forward a plan to change the state 's winner - takes - all system to a congressional district method system . Pennsylvania had voted for the Democratic candidate in the five previous presidential elections , so some saw this as an attempt to take away Democratic electoral votes . Although Democrat Barack Obama won Pennsylvania in 2008 , he won only 55 % of Pennsylvania 's popular vote . The district plan would have awarded him 11 of its 21 electoral votes , a 52.4 % that is closer to the popular vote yet still overcoming Republican gerrymandering . The plan later lost support . Other Republicans , including Michigan state representative Pete Lund , RNC Chairman Reince Priebus , and Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker , have floated similar ideas . Contemporary issues ( edit ) Arguments between proponents and opponents of the current electoral system include four separate but related topics : indirect election , disproportionate voting power by some states , the winner - takes - all distribution method ( as chosen by 48 of the 50 states ) , and federalism . Arguments against the Electoral College in common discussion focus mostly on the allocation of the voting power among the states . Gary Bugh 's research of congressional debates over proposed constitutional amendments to abolish the Electoral College reveals reform opponents have often appealed to a traditional version of representation , whereas reform advocates have tended to reference a more democratic view . Criticism ( edit ) Nondeterminacy of popular vote ( edit ) See also : United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote This graphic demonstrates how the winner of the popular vote can still lose in a hypothetical electoral college system . A bar graph of popular votes in presidential elections ( through 2016 ) , with blue stars marking the five elections in which the winner did not have the plurality of the popular vote . Black squares mark the cases where the electoral vote resulted in a tie , or the winner did not have the majority of electoral votes . An ' H ' marks the two cases where the election was decided by the House , and an ' S ' marks the one case where the election was finalized by the Supreme Court . The elections of 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 produced an Electoral College winner who did not receive at least a plurality of the nationwide popular vote . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so it is uncertain what the national popular vote would have been if all presidential electors had been popularly elected . When no candidate received a majority of electoral votes in 1824 , the election was decided by the House of Representatives and so could be considered distinct from the latter four elections in which all of the states had popular selection of electors . The true national popular vote was also uncertain in the 1960 election , and the plurality for the winner depends on how votes for Alabama electors are allocated . Opponents of the Electoral College claim such outcomes do not logically follow the normative concept of how a democratic system should function . One view is the Electoral College violates the principle of political equality , since presidential elections are not decided by the one - person one - vote principle . Outcomes of this sort are attributable to the federal nature of the system . Supporters of the Electoral College argue candidates must build a popular base that is geographically broader and more diverse in voter interests than either a simple national plurality or majority . Neither is this feature attributable to having intermediate elections of presidents , caused instead by the winner - takes - all method of allocating each state 's slate of electors . Allocation of electors in proportion to the state 's popular vote could reduce this effect . Proponents of a national popular vote point out combined population of the 50 biggest cities ( not including metropolitan areas ) only amounts to 15 % of the population , and that candidates in popular vote elections for governor and U.S. Senate , and for statewide allocation of electoral votes , do not ignore voters in less populated areas . In addition , it is already possible to win the required 270 electoral votes by winning only the 11 most populous states ; what currently prevents such a result is the organic political diversity between those states ( three reliably Republican states , four swing states , and four reliably Democratic states ) , not any inherent quality of the Electoral College itself . If all of those states came to lean reliably for one party , then the Electoral College itself would bring about an urban - centric victory . Comparison of the four elections in which the Electoral College winner ( projected winner in the 2016 election ) lost the popular vote . Elections where the winning candidate loses the national popular vote typically result when the winner builds the requisite configuration of states ( and thus captures their electoral votes ) by small margins , but the losing candidate secures large voter margins in the remaining states . In this case , the very large margins secured by the losing candidate in the other states would aggregate to a plurality of the ballots cast nationally . However , commentators question the legitimacy of this national popular vote ; pointing out that the national popular vote observed under the Electoral College system does not reflect the popular vote observed under a National Popular Vote system ; as each electoral institution produces different incentives for , and strategy choices by , presidential campaigns . Because the national popular vote is irrelevant under the electoral college system , it is generally presumed candidates base their campaign strategies around the existence of the Electoral College ; any close race has candidates campaigning to maximize electoral votes by focusing their get - out - the - vote efforts in crucially needed swing states and not attempting to maximize national popular vote totals by using limited campaign resources to run up margins or close up gaps in states considered `` safe '' for themselves or their opponents , respectively . Conversely , the institutional structure of a national popular vote system would encourage candidates to pursue voter turnout wherever votes could be found , even in `` safe '' states they are already expected to win , and in `` safe '' states they have no hope of winning . Educational YouTuber CGP Grey , who has produced several short videos criticizing the Electoral College , has illustrated how it is technically possible to win the necessary 270 electoral votes while winning only 22 % of the overall popular vote , by winning the barest simple majority of the 39 smallest states and the District of Columbia . Though the current political geography of the United States makes such an election unlikely ( it would require winning both reliably Democratic jurisdictions like Massachusetts and D.C. and reliably Republican states like Utah and Alaska ) , he argues that a system in which such a result is even remotely possible is `` indefensible . '' The United States is the only country that elects a politically powerful president via an electoral college and the only one in which a candidate can become president without having obtained the highest number of votes in the sole or final round of popular voting . -- George C. Edwards III , 2011 Exclusive focus on large swing states ( edit ) Main article : Swing state These maps show the amount of attention given to each state by the Bush and Kerry campaigns during the final five weeks of the 2004 election . At the top , each waving hand represents a visit from a presidential or vice presidential candidate during the final five weeks . At the bottom , each dollar sign represents one million dollars spent on TV advertising by the campaigns during the same time period . According to this criticism , the Electoral College encourages political campaigners to focus on a few so - called `` swing states '' while ignoring the rest of the country . Populous states in which pre-election poll results show no clear favorite are inundated with campaign visits , saturation television advertising , get - out - the - vote efforts by party organizers and debates , while `` four out of five '' voters in the national election are `` absolutely ignored '' , according to one assessment . Since most states use a winner - takes - all arrangement in which the candidate with the most votes in that state receives all of the state 's electoral votes , there is a clear incentive to focus almost exclusively on only a few key undecided states ; in recent elections , these states have included Pennsylvania , Ohio , and Florida in 2004 and 2008 , and also Colorado in 2012 . In contrast , states with large populations such as California , Texas , and New York , have in recent elections been considered `` safe '' for a particular party -- Democratic for California and New York and Republican for Texas -- and therefore campaigns spend less time and money there . Many small states are also considered to be `` safe '' for one of the two political parties and are also generally ignored by campaigners : of the 13 smallest states , six are reliably Democratic , six are reliably Republican , and only New Hampshire is considered as a swing state , according to critic George C. Edwards III . In the 2008 election , campaigns did not mount nationwide efforts but rather focused on select states . Discouragement of turnout and participation ( edit ) Except in closely fought swing states , voter turnout is largely insignificant due to entrenched political party domination in most states . The Electoral College decreases the advantage a political party or campaign might gain for encouraging voters to turn out , except in those swing states . If the presidential election were decided by a national popular vote , in contrast , campaigns and parties would have a strong incentive to work to increase turnout everywhere . Individuals would similarly have a stronger incentive to persuade their friends and neighbors to turn out to vote . The differences in turnout between swing states and non-swing states under the current electoral college system suggest that replacing the Electoral College with direct election by popular vote would likely increase turnout and participation significantly . Obscuring disenfranchisement within states ( edit ) According to this criticism , the electoral college reduces elections to a mere count of electors for a particular state , and , as a result , it obscures any voting problems within a particular state . For example , if a particular state blocks some groups from voting , perhaps by voter suppression methods such as imposing reading tests , poll taxes , registration requirements , or legally disfranchising specific minority groups , then voting inside that state would be reduced , but as the state 's electoral count would be the same , disenfranchisement has no effect on the overall electoral tally . Critics contend that such disenfranchisement is partially obscured by the Electoral College . A related argument is the Electoral College may have a dampening effect on voter turnout : there is no incentive for states to reach out to more of its citizens to include them in elections because the state 's electoral count remains fixed in any event . According to this view , if elections were by popular vote , then states would be motivated to include more citizens in elections since the state would then have more political clout nationally . Critics contend the electoral college system insulates states from negative publicity as well as possible federal penalties for disenfranching subgroups of citizens . Legal scholars Akhil Amar and Vikram Amar have argued the original Electoral College compromise was enacted partially because it enabled the southern states to disenfranchise its slave populations . It permitted southern states to disfranchise large numbers of slaves while allowing these states to maintain political clout within the federation by using the three - fifths compromise . They noted that constitutional Framer James Madison believed the question of counting slaves had presented a serious challenge but that `` the substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . '' Akhil and Vikram Amar added that The founders ' system also encouraged the continued disfranchisement of women . In a direct national election system , any state that gave women the vote would automatically have doubled its national clout . Under the Electoral College , however , a state had no such incentive to increase the franchise ; as with slaves , what mattered was how many women lived in a state , not how many were empowered ... a state with low voter turnout gets precisely the same number of electoral votes as if it had a high turnout . By contrast , a well - designed direct election system could spur states to get out the vote . -- Akhil and Vikram Amar Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories ( edit ) See also : Voting rights in the United States § Overseas and nonresident citizens Territories of the United States , such as Puerto Rico , the Northern Mariana Islands , the U.S. Virgin Islands , American Samoa , and Guam , are not entitled to electors in presidential elections . Constitutionally , only U.S. states ( per Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 ) and Washington , D.C. ( per the Twenty - third Amendment ) are entitled to electors . Guam has held non-binding straw polls for president since the 1980s to draw attention to this fact . This means that roughly 4 million Americans do not have the right to vote in presidential elections . Various scholars consequently conclude that the U.S. national - electoral process is not fully democratic . Half of the population lives in these counties Advantage based on state population ( edit ) Researchers have variously attempted to measure which states ' voters have the greatest impact in such an indirect election . Each state gets a minimum of three electoral votes , regardless of population , which gives low - population states a disproportionate number of electors per capita . For example , an electoral vote represents nearly four times as many people in California as in Wyoming . Sparsely populated states are likely to be increasingly overrepresented in the electoral college over time , because Americans are increasingly moving to big cities , most of which are in big states . This analysis gives a strong advantage to the smallest states , but ignores any extra influence that comes from larger states ' ability to deliver their votes as a single bloc . Countervailing analyses which do take into consideration the sizes of the electoral voting blocs , such as the Banzhaf power index ( BPI ) model based on probability theory lead to very different conclusions about voters relative power . In 1968 , John F. Banzhaf III ( who developed the Banzhaf power index ) determined that a voter in the state of New York had , on average , 3.312 times as much voting power in presidential elections as a voter in any other U.S. state . It was found that based on 1990 census and districting , individual voters in California , the largest state , had 3.3 times more individual power to choose a President than voters of Montana , the largest of the minimum 3 elector states . Because Banzhaf 's method ignores the demographic makeup of the states , it has been criticized for treating votes like independent coin - flips . More empirically based models of voting yield results that seem to favor larger states less . Disadvantage for third parties ( edit ) See also : Duverger 's law and Causes of a two - party system In practice , the winner - take - all manner of allocating a state 's electors generally decreases the importance of minor parties . However , it has been argued the Electoral College is not a cause of the two - party system , and that it had a tendency to improve the chances of third - party candidates in some situations . Inadequate means for electors to vote conscience and prevent the election of demagogues ( edit ) While many of the critics of the Electoral College wish to abolish or weaken it , others are seeking to strengthen it , at least in regard to its original aim of preventing the election of demagogues by too direct of a system of election . Allowing for representatives to vote their conscience dispassionately for the good of the country is considered hampered by the potential for legal consequences in some states at being a faithless elector ( though the Constitutionality of these laws have to date not been challenged ) and the lack of secret ballot by electors in the voting process itself may lead to a consequent stigma and even death threats for those voting against the electorate . Support ( edit ) Prevention of an urban - centric victory ( edit ) Proponents of the Electoral College claim that it prevents a candidate from winning the presidency by simply winning in heavily populated urban areas , and pushes candidates to make a wider geographic appeal than they would if they simply had to win the national popular vote . They believe that adoption of the popular vote would shift the disproportionate focus to large cities at the expense of rural areas . Maintenance of the federal character of the Nation ( edit ) The United States of America is a federal coalition that consists of component states . Proponents of the current system argue the collective opinion of even a small state merits attention at the federal level greater than that given to a small , though numerically equivalent , portion of a very populous state . The system also allows each state the freedom , within constitutional bounds , to design its own laws on voting and enfranchisement without an undue incentive to maximize the number of votes cast . For many years early in the nation 's history , up until the Jacksonian Era , many states appointed their electors by a vote of the state legislature , and proponents argue that , in the end , the election of the president must still come down to the decisions of each state , or the federal nature of the United States will give way to a single massive , centralized government . In his book A More Perfect Constitution , Professor Larry Sabato elaborated on this advantage of the Electoral College , arguing to `` mend it , do n't end it , '' in part because of its usefulness in forcing candidates to pay attention to lightly populated states and reinforcing the role of the state in federalism . Enhancement of the status of minority groups ( edit ) Instead of decreasing the power of minority groups by depressing voter turnout , proponents argue that by making the votes of a given state an all - or - nothing affair , minority groups can provide the critical edge that allows a candidate to win . This encourages candidates to court a wide variety of such minorities and advocacy groups . Encouragement of stability through the two - party system ( edit ) Proponents of the Electoral College see its negative effect on third parties as beneficial . They argue the two party system has provided stability because it encourages a delayed adjustment during times of rapid political and cultural change . They believe it protects the most powerful office in the country from control by what these proponents view as regional minorities until they can moderate their views to win broad , long - term support across the nation . Advocates of a national popular vote for president suggest that this effect would also be true in popular vote elections . Of 918 elections for governor between 1948 and 2009 , for example , more than 90 % were won by candidates securing more than 50 % of the vote , and none have been won with less than 35 % of the vote . Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies ( edit ) According to this argument , the fact the Electoral College is made up of real people instead of mere numbers allows for human judgment and flexibility to make a decision , if it happens that a candidate dies or becomes legally disabled around the time of the election . Advocates of the current system argue that human electors would be in a better position to choose a suitable replacement than the general voting public . According to this view , electors could act decisively during the critical time interval between when ballot choices become fixed in state ballots until mid-December when the electors formally cast their ballots . In the election of 1872 , losing Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley died during this time interval , which resulted in disarray for the Democratic Party , who also supported Greeley , but the Greeley electors were able to split their votes for different alternate candidates . A situation in which the winning candidate died has never happened . In the election of 1912 , Vice President Sherman died shortly before the election when it was too late for states to remove his name from their ballots ; accordingly , Sherman was listed posthumously , but the eight electoral votes that Sherman would have received were cast instead for Nicholas Murray Butler . Isolation of election problems ( edit ) Some supporters of the Electoral College note that it isolates the impact of any election fraud , or other such problems , to the state where it occurs . It prevents instances where a party dominant in one state may dishonestly inflate the votes for a candidate and thereby affect the election outcome . For instance , recounts occur only on a state - by - state basis , not nationwide . Results in a single state where the popular vote is very close -- such as Florida in 2000 -- can decide the national election . Efforts to abolish ( edit ) Bayh -- Celler Amendment ( edit ) The closest the United States has come to abolishing the Electoral College occurred during the 91st Congress ( 1969 -- 1971 ) . The presidential election of 1968 resulted in Richard Nixon receiving 301 electoral votes ( 56 % of electors ) , Hubert Humphrey 191 ( 35.5 % ) , and George Wallace 46 ( 8.5 % ) with 13.5 % of the popular vote . However , Nixon had received only 511,944 more popular votes than Humphrey , 43.5 % to 42.9 % , less than 1 % of the national total . Representative Emanuel Celler ( D -- New York ) , chairman of the House Judiciary Committee , responded to public concerns over the disparity between the popular vote and electoral vote by introducing House Joint Resolution 681 , a proposed Constitutional amendment that would have replaced the Electoral College with a simpler plurality system based on the national popular vote . With this system , the pair of candidates who had received the highest number of votes would win the presidency and vice presidency provided they won at least 40 % of the national popular vote . If no pair received 40 % of the popular vote , a runoff election would be held in which the choice of president and vice president would be made from the two pairs of persons who had received the highest number of votes in the first election . The word `` pair '' was defined as `` two persons who shall have consented to the joining of their names as candidates for the offices of President and Vice President . '' On April 29 , 1969 , the House Judiciary Committee voted 28 to 6 to approve the proposal . Debate on the proposal before the full House of Representatives ended on September 11 , 1969 and was eventually passed with bipartisan support on September 18 , 1969 , by a vote of 339 to 70 . On September 30 , 1969 , President Richard Nixon gave his endorsement for adoption of the proposal , encouraging the Senate to pass its version of the proposal , which had been sponsored as Senate Joint Resolution 1 by Senator Birch Bayh ( D -- Indiana ) . On October 8 , 1969 , the New York Times reported that 30 state legislatures were `` either certain or likely to approve a constitutional amendment embodying the direct election plan if it passes its final Congressional test in the Senate . '' Ratification of 38 state legislatures would have been needed for adoption . The paper also reported that six other states had yet to state a preference , six were leaning toward opposition and eight were solidly opposed . On August 14 , 1970 , the Senate Judiciary Committee sent its report advocating passage of the proposal to the full Senate . The Judiciary Committee had approved the proposal by a vote of 11 to 6 . The six members who opposed the plan , Democratic Senators James Eastland of Mississippi , John Little McClellan of Arkansas , and Sam Ervin of North Carolina , along with Republican Senators Roman Hruska of Nebraska , Hiram Fong of Hawaii , and Strom Thurmond of South Carolina , all argued that although the present system had potential loopholes , it had worked well throughout the years . Senator Bayh indicated that supporters of the measure were about a dozen votes shy from the 67 needed for the proposal to pass the full Senate . He called upon President Nixon to attempt to persuade undecided Republican senators to support the proposal . However , Nixon , while not reneging on his previous endorsement , chose not to make any further personal appeals to back the proposal . On September 8 , 1970 , the Senate commenced openly debating the proposal and the proposal was quickly filibustered . The lead objectors to the proposal were mostly Southern senators and conservatives from small states , both Democrats and Republicans , who argued abolishing the Electoral College would reduce their states ' political influence . On September 17 , 1970 , a motion for cloture , which would have ended the filibuster , received 54 votes to 36 for cloture , failing to receive the then required a two - thirds majority of senators voting . A second motion for cloture on September 29 , 1970 , also failed , by 53 to 34 . Thereafter , the Senate majority leader , Mike Mansfield of Montana , moved to lay the proposal aside so the Senate could attend to other business . However , the proposal was never considered again and died when the 91st Congress ended on January 3 , 1971 . Carter proposal ( edit ) On March 22 , 1977 , President Jimmy Carter wrote a letter of reform to Congress that also included his expression of essentially abolishing the Electoral College . The letter read in part : My fourth recommendation is that the Congress adopt a Constitutional amendment to provide for direct popular election of the President . Such an amendment , which would abolish the Electoral College , will ensure that the candidate chosen by the voters actually becomes President . Under the Electoral College , it is always possible that the winner of the popular vote will not be elected . This has already happened in three elections , 1824 , 1876 , and 1888 . In the last election , the result could have been changed by a small shift of votes in Ohio and Hawaii , despite a popular vote difference of 1.7 million . I do not recommend a Constitutional amendment lightly . I think the amendment process must be reserved for an issue of overriding governmental significance . But the method by which we elect our President is such an issue . I will not be proposing a specific direct election amendment . I prefer to allow the Congress to proceed with its work without the interruption of a new proposal . President Carter 's proposed program for the reform of the Electoral College was very liberal for a modern president during this time , and in some aspects of the package , it went beyond original expectations . Newspapers like The New York Times saw President Carter 's proposal at that time as `` a modest surprise '' because of the indication of Carter that he would be interested in only eliminating the electors but retaining the electoral vote system in a modified form . Newspaper reaction to Carter 's proposal ranged from some editorials praising the proposal to other editorials , like that in the Chicago Tribune , criticizing the president for proposing the end of the Electoral College . In a letter to The New York Times , Representative Jonathan B. Bingham ( D - New York ) highlighted the danger of the `` flawed , outdated mechanism of the Electoral College '' by underscoring how a shift of fewer than 10,000 votes in two key states would have led to President Gerald Ford being reelected despite Jimmy Carter 's nationwide 1.7 million - vote margin . Cohen proposal ( edit ) On January 5 , 2017 , Representative Steve Cohen ( D - Tennessee ) introduced a joint resolution proposing a constitutional amendment that would replace the Electoral College with the popular election of the President and Vice President . Unlike the Bayh -- Celler amendment 40 % threshold for election , Cohen 's proposal only requires a candidate to have the `` greatest number of votes '' to be elected . National popular vote Interstate compact ( edit ) Main article : National Popular Vote Interstate Compact Several states plus the District of Columbia have joined the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact . The compact is based on the current rule in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , which gives each state legislature the plenary power to determine how it chooses its electors . Those jurisdictions joining the compact agree to eventually pledge their electors to the winner of the national popular vote . The compact will not go into effect until the number of states agreeing to the compact form a majority ( at least 270 ) of all electors . Some scholars have suggested that Article I , Section 10 , Clause 3 of the Constitution requires congressional consent before the compact could be enforceable ; thus , any attempted implementation of the compact without congressional consent could face court challenges to its constitutionality . As of 2018 , 11 states and the District of Columbia have joined the compact ; collectively , these jurisdictions control 172 electoral votes , which is 64 % of the 270 required for the compact to take effect . Only strongly `` blue '' states have joined the compact , each of which returned large victory margins for Barack Obama in the 2012 election and for Hillary Clinton in 2016 . See also ( edit ) County Unit System Lists of United States presidential electors : 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 List of United States presidential electors from North Dakota United States presidential elections : 1824 , 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , 2016 United States presidential election maps Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections List of U.S. states and territories by population Number of Electoral Votes Per Popular Vote References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Openshaw , Pamela Romney ( 2014 ) . Promises Of The Constitution : Yesterday Today Tomorrow . BookBaby . p. 10.3 . ASIN B00LEWCS4E . Jump up ^ Ross , Tara ( 2017 ) . The Indispensable Electoral College : How the Founders ' Plan Saves Our Country from Mob Rule . Gateway Editions . p. 26 . ASIN B072FK8W7X . Jump up ^ Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` How Does the Electoral College Work ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Black , Eric ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Why the Constitution 's Framers did n't want us to directly elect the president '' . MinnPost . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1994 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic , 1787 -- 1804 . Greenwood . p. 168 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29151 - 7 . OCLC 29518703 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Roles and Responsibilities '' . Jump up ^ Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution ^ Jump up to : Zak , Dan ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The electoral college is n't a real place . But someone has to answer all the angry phone calls these days '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gore , D'Angelo ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Presidents Winning Without Popular Vote '' . FactCheck.org . Jump up ^ Morris , Irwin L. ( 2010 ) . The American Presidency : An Analytical Approach . Cambridge University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 49162 - 4 . OCLC 607985767 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Electoral College -- Maine and Nebraska '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Appointment of 2004 Electors for President and Vice President of the United States '' . Jump up ^ Many states have laws designed to ensure electors vote for their pledged candidate , but the constitutionality of these laws has never been positively established . See The Green Papers Jump up ^ Library of Congress -- Election Process Archived April 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Fast Facts -- US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives '' . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : May 29 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : June 2 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : September 4 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Records of the Federal Convention , p. 57 Farrand 's Records , Volume 2 , A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 , Library of Congress Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : September 6 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 1966 ) . Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 . The Norton Library . p. 294 . ASIN B003G6AKX2 . Jump up ^ Patrick , John J. ; Pious , Richard M. ; Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Guide to the United States Government . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514273 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Federalist 39 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton . The Federalist Papers : No. 68 The Avalon Project , Yale Law School . viewed November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Twelfth Amendment changed this to the top three candidates Jump up ^ The Federalist Papers : Alexander Hamilton , James Madison , John Jay The New American Library , 1961 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Jump up ^ Chang , Stanley ( 2007 ) . `` Updating the Electoral College : The National Popular Vote Legislation '' . Harvard Journal on Legislation . Cambridge , MA : President and Fellows of Harvard College . 44 ( 205 , at 208 ) . Jump up ^ Describing how the Electoral College was designed to work , Alexander Hamilton wrote , `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations ( decisions regarding the selection of a president ) . '' ( Hamilton , Federalist 68 ) . Hamilton so strongly believed this was to be done district by district , and when states began doing otherwise , he proposed a constitutional amendment to mandate the district system ( Hamilton , Draft of a Constitutional Amendment ) . Madison concurred , `` The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted . '' ( Madison to Hay , 1823 Archived May 25 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Avalon Project : Federalist No 68 '' . Jump up ^ `` Resolves of the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts : Passed at Their Session , which Commenced on Wednesday , the Thirty First of May , and Ended on the Seventeenth of June , One Thousand Eight Hundred and Twenty . Published Agreeably to Resolve of 16th January , 1812 . Boston , Russell & Gardner , for B. Russell , 1820 ; ( repr '' . Boston Book Company . January 1 , 1820 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Devin McCarthy ( Ph. D. Polysci , Duke ) , `` How the Electoral College Became Winner - Take - All '' Jump up ^ Chief Justice Robert Jackson , Ray v. Blair , dissent , 1952 ^ Jump up to : `` Founders Online : James Madison to George Hay , 23 August 1823 '' . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Founders Online : Draft of a Resolution for the Legislature of New York for the ... '' . Jump up ^ `` 1788 Election For the First Term , 1789 - 1793 '' . U.S. Electoral College . U.S. National Archives . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . New York , North Carolina and Rhode Island did not participate in the election . New York 's electors deadlocked and abstained ; North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the Constitution . `` United States presidential election of 1789 '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 9 - 10 Jump up ^ Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 10 - 11 Jump up ^ Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 11 Jump up ^ THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT from America Book 9 ( archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 27 ) Jump up ^ The selected papers of Thaddeus Stevens , v. 2 , Stevens , Thaddeus , 1792 -- 1868 , Palmer , Beverly Wilson , 1936 , Ochoa , Holly Byers , 1951 , Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh , Digital Research Library , 2011 , pp. 135 -- 36 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ McCarthy , Devin . `` How the Electoral College Became Winner - Take - All '' . Fairvote . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ The present allotment of electors by state is shown in the Electoral vote distribution section . Jump up ^ The number of electors allocated to each state is based on Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , subject to being reduced pursuant to Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment . Jump up ^ Congressional Apportionment. 2010 Census Briefs U.S. Census . Jump up ^ Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2011 Archived November 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . in State Totals : Vintage 2011 Archived August 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` How is the president elected ? Here is a basic guide to the electoral college system '' . Jump up ^ Sabrina Eaton ( October 29 , 2004 ) . `` Brown learns he ca n't serve as Kerry elector , steps down '' ( PDF ) . Cleveland Plain Dealer ( reprint at Edison Research ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Darrell J. Kozlowski ( 2010 ) . Federalism . Infobase Publishing . pp. 33 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 218 - 2 . Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 1 A uniform national date for presidential elections was not set until 1845 , although the Congress always had constitutional authority to do so . -- Kimberling , William C. ( 1992 ) The Electoral College , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Instructions to State Officials '' ( PDF ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ District of Columbia Certificate of Ascertainment ( archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 05 ) Jump up ^ `` Twelfth Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - third Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S.C. § 7 : US Code -- Section 7 : Meeting and vote of electors '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College -- For State Officials '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Congress meets to count electoral votes '' . MSNBC . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barrow , Bill ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Q&A : Electors almost always follow the vote in their state '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Election Law Section 168.47 '' . Legislature.mi.gov . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Papers '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boccagno , Julia ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Which candidates did the seven `` faithless '' electors support ? `` . CBS News . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The President of the Senate shall , in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives , open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted . '' Constitution of the United States : Amendments 11 -- 27 , National Archives and Records Administration ^ Jump up to : 3 U.S.C. § 15 , Counting electoral votes in Congress Jump up ^ David A. McKnight ( 1878 ) . The Electoral System of the United States : A Critical and Historical Exposition of Its Fundamental Principles in the Constitution and the Acts and Proceedings of Congress Enforcing It . Wm . S. Hein Publishing . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8377 - 2446 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` RL30804 : The Electoral College : An Overview and Analysis of Reform Proposals , L. Paige Whitaker and Thomas H. Neale , January 16 , 2001 '' . Ncseonline.org . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Longley , Lawrence D. ; Pierce , Neal R. ( 1999 ) . `` The Electoral College Primer 2000 '' . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press : 13 . Jump up ^ `` Election evolves into ' perfect ' electoral storm '' . USA Today . December 12 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2006 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Journal from 1837 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apportionment of the U.S. House of Representatives Based on the 2010 Census '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Census Bureau . December 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Each state 's number of electoral votes is equal to its total congressional representation ( its number of Representatives plus its two Senators ) . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census : State Population and the Distribution of Electoral Votes and Representatives '' . The Green Papers . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc . pp. 254 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Bush v. Gore , ( Justice Stevens dissenting ) ( quote in second paragraph ) Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Kolodny , Robin ( 1996 ) . `` The Several Elections of 1824 '' . Congress & the Presidency. 23 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 64 . doi : 10.1080 / 07343469609507834 . Jump up ^ `` Election 101 '' ( PDF ) . Princeton Press . Princeton University Press . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Black , Eric ( 14 October 2012 ) . `` Our Electoral College system is weird -- and not in a good way '' . MinnPost . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 266 . Jump up ^ `` Legislative Action ? , The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer , November 30 , 2000 '' . Pbs.org . Archived from the original on 2001 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 254 . Jump up ^ `` FairVote '' . FairVote . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fiddling with the Rules '' . Franklin & Marshall College . March 9 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2006 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Nia - Malika ; Haines , Errin ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Republicans in Virginia , other states seeking electoral college changes '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Election Reform '' ( PDF ) . Dos.state.pa.us . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Timothy ( December 23 , 2012 ) . `` Pennsylvania looks to alter state 's electoral vote system '' . Pittsburgh Post Gazette . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry . `` A more perfect Constitution '' viewed November 22 , 2014 . ( archiveed from the original on 2016 - 01 - 02 ) Jump up ^ Levy , Robert A. , Should we reform the Electoral College ? Cato Institute , viewed November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Electoral College -- Reform Options '' . Fairvote.org . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Services Electoral College , p. 15 , viewed November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Articles -- Upgrading The College '' . President Elect . September 5 , 2004 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Methods of Choosing Presidential Electors '' . Uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Maralee ( April 7 , 1991 ) . `` Nebraska 's Vote Change '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Skelley , Geoffrey ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` What Goes Around Comes Around ? '' . Sabato 's Crystal Ball . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Egan , Paul ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` Michigan split its electoral votes in 1892 election '' . Lansing State Journal . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Quarterly Books , `` Presidential Elections : 1789 -- 1996 '' , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Tysver , Robynn ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` Obama wins electoral vote in Nebraska '' . Omaha World Herald . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Molai , Nabil ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` Republicans Push to Change Electoral Vote System '' . KPTM Fox 42 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jean ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` Bill targets Neb. ability to split electoral votes '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kleeb , Jane ( March 10 , 2011 ) . `` Fail : Sen. McCoy 's Partisan Electoral College Bill '' . Bold Nebraska . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Pennsylvania Republicans Weigh Electoral Vote Changes '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Pennsylvania Ponders Bold Democrat - Screwing Electoral Plan '' -- via Slate . Jump up ^ GOP Pennsylvania electoral vote plan might be out of steam -- The York Daily Record ( archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 31 ) Jump up ^ Gray , Kathleen ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` Bill to change Michigan 's electoral vote gets hearing '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Louis ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Ramifications of Changing the Electoral College '' . Governing Magazine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` The GOP 's Electoral College Scheme '' . National Journal . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Bugh , Gary E. ( 2016 ) . `` Representation in Congressional Efforts to Amend the Presidential Election System '' . In Bugh , Gary . Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities . Routledge . pp. 5 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 14527 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Op - Chart : How Much Is Your Vote Worth ? Op - Chart '' . November 2 , 2008 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ FairVote.org . `` Problems with the Electoral College -- Fairvote '' . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards III , George C. ( 2011 ) . Why the Electoral College is Bad for America ( Second ed . ) . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . pp. 1 , 37 , 61 , 176 -- 77 , 193 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16649 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Mischief , The Wall Street Journal , September 8 , 2004 '' . Opinionjournal.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Did JFK Lose the Popular Vote ? '' . RealClearPolitics . October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Carlos Felipe . `` National Popular Vote -- Electoral college reform by direct election of the President '' . archive.nationalpopularvote.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ See also List of United States cities by population Jump up ^ Myths about Big Cities and Big States by National Popular Vote ( archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 05 ) Jump up ^ CGP Grey ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) , Re : The Trouble With The Electoral College -- Cities , Metro Areas , Elections and The United States , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ Jonathan H. Adler . `` Your candidate got more of the popular vote ? Irrelevant '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashe Schow . `` Why the popular vote is a meaningless statistic '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CGP Grey ( 2011 - 11 - 07 ) , The Trouble with the Electoral College , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ Pearson , Christopher ; Richie , Rob ; Johnson , Adam ( November 3 , 2005 ) . `` Who Picks the President ? '' ( PDF ) . FairVote -- The Center for Voting and Democracy . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Time to End the Electoral College : Here 's how '' . The Nation . November 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nivola , Pietro ( January 2005 ) . `` Thinking About Political Polarization '' ( 139 ) . Brookings Institution Policy Brief . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Koza , John ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Every Vote Equal : A State - Based Plan for Electing the President by National Popular Vote '' ( PDF ) . p. xvii . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Amar , Akhil ; Amar , Vikram ( September 9 , 2004 ) . `` The Electoral College Votes Against Equality '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Katrina vanden Heuvel ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` It 's Time to End the Electoral College '' . The Nation . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Electoral college defenders offer a range of arguments , from the openly anti-democratic ( direct election equals mob rule ) , to the nostalgic ( we 've always done it this way ) , to the opportunistic ( your little state will get ignored ! More vote - counting means more controversies ! The Electoral College protects hurricane victims ! ) . But none of those arguments overcome this one : One person , one vote . Jump up ^ `` Guam Legislature Moves General Election Presidential Vote to the September Primary '' . Ballot-Access.org. 2008 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` In Guam , ' Non-Binding Straw Poll ' Gives Obama A Commanding Win '' . NPR. 2012 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The electoral college badly distorts the vote . And it 's going to get worse '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Torruella , Juan R. ( 1985 ) , The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico : The Doctrine of Separate and Unequal , University of Puerto Rico Press , ISBN 0 - 8477 - 3031 - X Jump up ^ José D. Román . `` Puerto Rico and a Constitutional Right to vote '' . University of Dayton . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02 . ( excerpted from : José D. Román , `` Trying to Fit an Oval Shaped Island into a Square Constitution : Arguments for Puerto Rican Statehood '' , 29 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1681 -- 1713 , 1697 -- 1713 ( April 2002 ) ( 316 Footnotes Omitted ) ) Jump up ^ Miroff , Bruce ; Seidelman , Raymond ; Swanstrom , Todd ( November 2001 ) . The Democratic Debate : An Introduction to American Politics ( Third ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05452 - 9 . Jump up ^ Banzhaf , John ( 1968 ) . `` One Man , 3.312 Votes : A Mathematical Analysis of the Electoral College '' . Villanova Law Review . 13 . Jump up ^ Mark Livingston , Department of Computer Science . `` Banzhaf Power Index '' . University of North Carolina . Jump up ^ Gelman , Andrew ; Katz , Jonathan ; Tuerlinckx , Francis ( 2002 ) . `` The Mathematics and Statistics of Voting Power '' ( PDF ) . Statistical Science . 17 ( 4 ) : 420 -- @ 35 . doi : 10.1214 / ss / 1049993201 . Jump up ^ Jerry Fresia ( February 28 , 2006 ) . `` Third Parties ? '' . Zmag.org . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/electoral-college-electors-232791 Jump up ^ http://www.houstonpress.com/news/despite-two-faithless-electors-in-texas-trump-wins-the-electoral-college-9040222 Jump up ^ P. Andrew Sandlin ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Why the Electoral College '' . Lewrockwell.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hands Off the Electoral College by Rep. Ron Paul , MD , December 28 , 2004 ^ Jump up to : Kimberling , William C. ( May 1992 ) . `` The Electoral College '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry ( 2007 ) . A More Perfect Constitution ( First U.S. ed . ) . Walker Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1621 - 0 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Majority and Plurality in U.S. Gubernatorial Elections . FairVote.org ( 2010 - 04 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Note : this may be a few days or even weeks before an election ; many states can not change ballots at a late stage . Jump up ^ Note : the day when the electors cast their votes is the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December . Jump up ^ Note : three electoral votes were still cast for Greeley despite being dead . Jump up ^ Ethan Trex ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` Electoral College for dummies '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... In 1872 , though , Democrat Horace Greeley died just over three weeks after Ulysses S. Grant thumped him in the election ... electors who would have voted for Greeley simply spread their 66 votes among other Democratic candidates ... Thomas Andrews Hendricks actually came in second in the election with 42 electoral votes despite not campaigning for the presidency ... Jump up ^ SHELLY FREIERMAN ( November 2 , 2000 ) . `` NEWS WATCH ; Looking for Comic Relief ? Then Consider the Duke '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... ( In 1872 , Horace Greeley , opposing Ulysses S. Grant , got zero electoral votes to Grant 's 286 , but five other candidates received from one to 42 votes each ) . Jump up ^ JAMES BARRON ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` When the Vice Presidency Was a Job for New Yorkers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... But Sherman died in office , less than a month before the election of 1912 ... The Republican Party designated Nicholas Murray Butler ... as the candidate to receive Sherman 's votes in the Electoral College ... Jump up ^ Darlington , Richard B . `` The Electoral College : Bulwark Against Fraud '' . Cornell University Department of Psychology . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2000 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Myths about Recounts '' . National Popular Vote . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ For a more detailed account of this proposal read The Politics of Electoral College Reform by Lawrence D. Longley and Alan G. Braun ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ 1968 Electoral College Results , National Archives and Records Administration Jump up ^ `` Text of Proposed Amendment on Voting '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` House Unit Votes To Drop Electors '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Election of President Is Gaining in the House '' . The New York Times . September 12 , 1969 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` House Approves Direct Election of The President '' . The New York Times . September 19 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon Comes Out For Direct Vote On Presidency '' . The New York Times . October 1 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` A Survey Finds 30 Legislatures Favor Direct Vote For President '' . The New York Times . October 8 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Warren ( April 24 , 1970 ) . `` Senate Unit Asks Popular Election of the President '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Bayh Calls for Nixon 's Support As Senate Gets Electoral Plan '' . The New York Times . August 15 , 1970 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , Warren ( September 18 , 1970 ) . `` Senate Refuses To Halt Debate On Direct Voting '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Debating Direct Election '' . The New York Times . September 9 , 1970 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ The Senate in 1975 reduced the required vote for cloture from two thirds of those voting ( 66 votes ) to three fifths ( 60 votes ) . See United States Senate website . Jump up ^ `` Senate Puts Off Direct Vote Plan '' . The New York Times . September 30 , 1970 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Carter Letter to Congress , Jimmy Carter : `` Election reform Message to the Congress '' , Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project . ^ Jump up to : `` Carter Proposes End Of Electoral College In Presidential Votes '' , The New York Times , March 23 , 1977 , Pages 1 , 18 . Jump up ^ `` Carter v . The Electoral College '' , Chicago Tribune , March 24 , 1977 , Section 3 , Page 2 Jump up ^ `` Letters '' . The New York Times . 15 March 1979 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , George ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman Cohen proposes elimination of Electoral College '' . WREG - TV . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 19 Jump up ^ Text of the compact Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. Electoral College Reform Congressional Research Service pp. 21 -- 22 , viewed November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Avery Anapol . `` Connecticut state Senate passes bill giving electoral votes to presidential candidate who wins popular vote '' . The Hill . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Why a Plan to Circumvent the Electoral College Is Probably Doomed '' . FiveThirtyEight . ESPN . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alex Pappas ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Blue states rally to upend Electoral College , with addition of Connecticut '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Electoral College . U.S. Electoral College FAQ ( www.archives.gov ) Interactive U.S. Electoral Map Historical Documents on the Electoral College Electoral Vote 270 to win Winning The Electoral College `` Math Against Tyranny '' The Green Papers : More detailed description of reform proposals The Electoral College : How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections Congressional Research Service Electoral College Reform : Contemporary Issues for Congress Congressional Research Service Office of the Federal Register Joint Session of the 111th Congress for the purpose of certifying the Electoral College ballot count , January 9 , 2009 ( C - Span video ) Introductory chapter of Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities Voter Turnout Data - United States Election Project <Th_colspan="2"> Voting rights in the United States Constitutional provisions Article I Voter Qualifications Clause Elections Clause 1st Amendment 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause 15th Amendment 17th Amendment 19th Amendment 23rd Amendment 24th Amendment 26th Amendment Federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965 Amendments List of covered jurisdictions Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act National Voter Registration Act of 1993 Help America Vote Act of 2002 State laws Voter access Absentee ballot Early voting Postal voting Provisional ballot Voter registration in the U.S. Initiatives and referendums Recall election Vote denial Electoral fraud Grandfather clause Literacy test Poll tax Voter caging Voter ID laws Vote dilution Gerrymandering Plurality - at - large voting One man , one vote By group Women Youth Felons Foreigners Transgender people District of Columbia residents Puerto Rico residents Guam residents History Timeline Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Selma to Montgomery marches Timeline of women 's suffrage Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Silent Sentinels U.S. suffragists publications History of direct democracy Related Ballot access Campaign finance Citizenship Native Americans Disfranchisement Election Election law Elections Electoral reform Electoral College Redistricting Secret ballot Suffrage Voting Voting system Voter registration National Voting Rights Museum <Th_colspan="2"> United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. 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harry potter and the cursed child part 1 and 2 book
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Harry Potter and the Cursed Child - wikipedia Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Parts I & II <Td_colspan="2"> Official banner of the 2018 West End production Written by Jack Thorne ( script ) J.K. Rowling , Jack Thorne & John Tiffany ( story ) Characters Harry Potter Albus Severus Potter Scorpius Malfoy Delphini Ginny Weasley - Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Rose Granger - Weasley Draco Malfoy Amos Diggory Severus Snape Minerva McGonagall Dolores Umbridge Lord Voldemort Date premiered 30 July 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 30 ) Place premiered Palace Theatre , London Original language English Series Harry Potter Subject Harry Potter and his son Albus Severus Potter Genre Fantasy Adventure Drama Setting Wizarding world <Td_colspan="2"> Official site Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a two - part stage play written by Jack Thorne based on an original new story by Thorne , J.K. Rowling and John Tiffany . Previews of the play began at the Palace Theatre , London on 7 June 2016 , and it officially premiered on 30 July 2016 . The play will officially open on Broadway on 25 April 2018 at the Lyric Theatre in New York , although previews began on 16 March 2018 . Its cast will be similar to that of the first year on West End , with returning actors Sam Clemmett , Jamie Parker , Anthony Boyle , Noma Dumezweni , and Paul Thornley . The rehearsal script , which was not a novelisation of the play , was published . The story begins nineteen years after the events of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and follows Harry Potter , now a Ministry of Magic employee , and his younger son Albus Severus Potter , who is about to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . At the 2017 Laurence Olivier Awards , the London production received a record - breaking eleven nominations and an again record - breaking nine awards , including Best New Play , Best Actor , Best Actor in a Supporting Role , Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Best Director . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Act 1 1.2 Act 2 1.3 Act 3 1.4 Act 4 2 Background 3 Production 3.1 West End 3.2 Broadway 3.3 Melbourne 4 Cast and principal roles 4.1 West End cast replacements 5 Script publication 5.1 Editions 5.2 Sales 6 Critical reception 6.1 Response within the Harry Potter fandom 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Original London Production 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The play 's official summary was released by the publisher ( Pottermore ) on 23 October 2015 : It was always difficult being Harry Potter and it is n't much easier now that he is an overworked employee of the Ministry of Magic , a husband , and the father of three school - age children . While Harry grapples with a past that refuses to stay where it belongs , his youngest son Albus must struggle with the weight of a family legacy he never wanted . As past and present fuse ominously , both father and son learn the uncomfortable truth : sometimes , darkness comes from unexpected places . Act 1 ( edit ) In the opening scene , set during the final chapter of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in the year 2017 , Harry Potter and Ginny Weasley send their second son , Albus Severus Potter , on the Hogwarts Express to begin his first year at Hogwarts . Harry is now working in a desk job as the Head of Magical Law Enforcement at the Ministry of Magic , while Ginny is the editor of the sports section of the Daily Prophet . Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger also send their daughter Rose Granger - Weasley on the train . Hermione is now Minister for Magic , while Ron manages Weasley 's Wizard Wheezes in Diagon Alley . Albus makes an unlikely friend in Slytherin with Scorpius Malfoy , the son of Harry 's former nemesis Draco Malfoy and Astoria Greengrass . The school is stunned when , in a break with the tradition of Potters being sorted into Gryffindor , Albus is sorted into Slytherin house alongside Scorpius . Both boys are bullied by other students over the next few years , Albus due to his perceived failure to live up to his parents , Scorpius due to unproven rumours that he is the son of Lord Voldemort . In addition , Albus and Harry begin to drift apart , owing to Albus 's struggles with his father 's shadow and Harry 's uncertainty on how to deal with his son 's issues . Albus also drifts apart from Rose , with whom he was friends before meeting Scorpius . Prior to Albus and Scorpius 's fourth year , Albus gets into a fight with his father after he is given Harry 's baby blanket and a love potion from Ron . During the fight , Harry accidentally says that he sometimes wishes Albus was not his son , and Albus spills potion on the blanket . Harry obtains a prototype of a more powerful version of the Time Turner that allows one to travel back several years into the past and change history . Simultaneously , Harry 's scar begins to hurt again , causing him to become concerned that Voldemort may somehow be returning . Amos Diggory , who has become old and is cared for by his niece , Delphi Diggory , asks Harry to use the Time Turner to prevent Cedric Diggory 's death . After overhearing Harry refuse to help the Diggorys , Albus is inspired to do so himself , and convinces Scorpius to help him . The two escape from the Hogwarts Express and the trolley operator , who is revealed to be a monster placed on the train to prevent students from escaping . The two arrive at St. Oswald 's Home for Old Witches and Wizards in Yorkshire , where Amos lives , and team up with Delphi to steal the Time Turner from Hermione 's office while disguised with Polyjuice Potion . Act 2 ( edit ) Knowing that Cedric 's death was the result of him winning the Triwizard Tournament alongside Harry , the boys use the Time Turner to travel back to the first challenge of the Triwizard Tournament in 1994 , and sabotage Cedric during the tournament 's first task in the hope of preventing his victory . Instead , they only succeed in creating an alternate reality in which Ron and Hermione never married , and thus Rose was never born , and Albus was sorted into Gryffindor . Albus discovers that this was because they chose to disguise themselves as Durmstrang students , causing Hermione to become suspicious of Viktor Krum and go to the Yule Ball with Ron instead of Viktor . As a result , Ron never experienced the jealousy fundamental to his relationship with Hermione , fell in love with Padma Patil at the Ball , and eventually became married to her , having a son named Panju . Hermione , in turn , became a frustrated and mean professor at Hogwarts . At around the same time , Harry 's fear that Voldemort may return increases as his scar continues to hurt and as he has Voldemort - related nightmares . After speaking with a portrait of Dumbledore , he becomes convinced that Scorpius is a threat to Albus and tries to have the boys kept apart at Hogwarts by forcing McGonagall to keep tabs on Albus using the Marauders ' Map . Albus and Scorpius 's friendship is destroyed , but the two eventually reconcile after Albus steals Harry 's old Invisibility Cloak from James Sirius Potter ( Albus ' older brother ) , and after McGonagall refuses to enforce Harry 's request . Harry himself is persuaded to relent after a conversation with Draco and Ginny . Meanwhile , Albus and Scorpius decide to make another attempt to use the Time Turner to change Cedric 's fate , this time by humiliating him during the Triwizard Tournament 's second task . When Scorpius returns to the present day however , Albus is not with him , and Scorpius finds himself in a reality in which Harry is dead and Voldemort rules the wizarding world . Act 3 ( edit ) Scorpius discovers that - as a result of his actions - an embittered Cedric joined the Death Eaters and killed Neville Longbottom during the events of Deathly Hallows , preventing him from killing Nagini and allowing Voldemort to win the Battle of Hogwarts . With Harry now dead , Albus subsequently never existed , while Voldemort was able to completely consolidate power and transform the Ministry of Magic into a dictatorial regime . In the new timeline , Scorpius became a popular Head Boy and Quidditch star , helping the staff and students torment Muggle - borns . Dolores Umbridge became the new Headmistress of Hogwarts , and patrols the school with Dementors and a revived Inquisitorial Squad led by Scorpius . Draco Malfoy occupies Harry 's old position as the Head of Magical Law Enforcement , using his post to encourage routine attacks on Muggles and bribe the Prime Minister to remain silent on the actions of the Death Eaters . With help from Ron , Hermione , and Severus Snape , now the final members of a dwindling anti-Voldemort resistance movement , Scorpius is able to use the Time Turner to prevent the interference of Albus and his past self and restore the events of the original timeline , the alternate Ron , Hermione , and Snape sacrificing themselves to the Dementors in order to allow him to do so . Scorpius reunites with Albus , and the two boys are eventually found by their parents , as well as Ron and Hermione . Following these events , Harry scolds Albus for his actions , but the two nevertheless begin to reconcile . Realising the danger the Time Turner poses , and deciding their parents will continue to keep it , Scorpius and Albus attempt to destroy it themselves , but they are joined by Delphi . Scorpius realizes Delphi was in charge of the Ministry of Magic in the alternate timeline , and she takes them captive , later revealing her intention of restoring the alternate timeline . After the adults learn Albus and Scorpius were seen disappearing with Delphi , they confront Amos , only to discover Delphi is not his niece , but the daughter of Voldemort and Bellatrix Lestrange . Searching her room , they discover she is following a prophecy that , if fulfilled , would lead to Voldemort 's return . Delphi takes the boys to the final challenge of the Triwizard Tournament , but Albus and Scorpius prevent her from acting , and Delphi uses the Time Turner to travel further back in time . She inadvertently takes the boys with her , and destroys the Time Turner to leave them stranded in time . Act 4 ( edit ) Abandoned by Delphi , Albus and Scorpius discover they have been taken back to the night Harry 's parents were killed , and assume Delphi is planning to kill Harry before Voldemort can do so . Albus and Scorpius write an invisible message on Harry 's baby blanket , knowing in the present , the blanket would become stained with love potion and expose the message to Harry . Meanwhile , Draco reveals the Time - Turner was actually a prototype for a perfected model owned by him , but they remain unable to rescue the boys due to their uncertainty over which time period they have entered . After Harry receives the message from the boys , he and his allies use Draco 's Time Turner to travel back in time to save them and stop Delphi . While waiting for Delphi , they deduce she intends to convince Voldemort to abandon his doomed attempt to kill Harry , ensuring her father 's survival and allowing her to be with him . Harry disguises himself as Voldemort using Transfiguration to distract Delphi , and the group subdues her . They allow the murder of Harry 's parents to play out , unwilling to risk the consequences of altering the past . After returning to the present day , Delphi is sent to Azkaban Prison . Albus and Scorpius now decide to be more active at Hogwarts , with Scorpius expressing interest in trying out for Quidditch and asking Rose on a date . Harry and Albus visit Cedric 's grave , with Harry apologizing for his role in Cedric 's death . Background ( edit ) In December 2013 , it was revealed that a stage play based on Harry Potter had been in development for around a year , with the view to bringing it to the stage sometime in 2016 . At the time of the announcement , Rowling revealed that the play would `` explore the previously untold story of Harry 's early years as an orphan and outcast '' . The following May , Rowling began establishing the creative team for the project . On 26 June 2015 , the project was officially confirmed under the title of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , and it was revealed it would receive its world premiere in mid-2016 at London 's Palace Theatre . The announcement marked the eighteenth anniversary of the publication of the first Harry Potter novel , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , published on 26 June 1997 . On announcing plans for the project , Rowling stated that the play would not be a prequel . In response to queries regarding the choice of a play rather than a new novel , Rowling has stated that she `` is confident that when audiences see the play they will agree that it is the only proper medium for the story '' . Rowling has also assured audiences that the play will contain an entirely new story and will not be a rehashing of previously explored content . On 24 September 2015 , Rowling announced that the play had been split into two parts . The parts are designed to be viewed on the same day or consecutively over two evenings . On 23 October , it was confirmed the plays were set nineteen years after the conclusion of the final novel Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , and would open at London 's Palace Theatre in July 2016 . The plays principally follow Harry , now Head of the Department of Magical Law Enforcement , and his younger son Albus Severus Potter . As of 22 July , little more had been revealed about the plot even by those who had attended the previews since 7 June . Production ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , a two - part play , was written by British playwright Jack Thorne based on an original story by Thorne , John Tiffany and Rowling . Some websites were listing all three as authors of the script but by 26 July 2016 , the official web site for the play and many others ( including the BBC ) were listing Thorne as the sole script writer . Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is directed by John Tiffany with choreography by Steven Hoggett , set design by Christine Jones , costume design by Katrina Lindsay , lighting design by Neil Austin , music by Imogen Heap , and sound design by Gareth Fry . In addition , special effects were created by Jeremy Chernick , with illusions by Jamie Harrison , and musical supervision by Martin Lowe . West End ( edit ) Previews at the West End Palace Theatre , London began on 7 June 2016 , with the official opening night for both parts on 30 July , and originally booking until 18 September 2016 . Tickets went on sale to pre-registered priority bookers on 28 October 2015 , with a public sale scheduled to commence on 30 October . In just under 8 hours of priority booking 175,000 tickets were sold for the world premiere production , with the play 's booking period extended to January 2017 . On commencement of the public sale booking was extended until 30 April 2017 , with a further extension issued the same day to 27 May 2017 . At opening tickets were priced from £ 30 up to £ 130 for a ticket for both parts , although ticket resale agencies were selling seats for up to £ 3,000 . Ticket resale has been banned by the producers , with tickets no longer valid if sold on . In mid-July 2016 , the theatre began holding a ticket lottery at 1pm each Friday , releasing 40 for sale on their website for ' some of the best seats ' in the theatre for the lowest price , advertised at £ 20 per part . For example , the `` Friday Forty '' tickets sold on 29 July 2016 were for performances on 3 , 5 , 6 and 7 August . On 20 December 2015 , initial casting was announced with Jamie Parker playing Harry Potter , Noma Dumezweni playing Hermione Granger and Paul Thornley playing Ron Weasley . The casting of the dark - skinned Noma Dumezweni as Hermione sparked fervent discussion , to which Rowling responded that Hermione 's skin was never specified as white . Further notable casting includes Poppy Miller as Ginny Potter and Sam Clemmett as Albus Severus Potter . The production features an overall cast of 42 . Broadway ( edit ) The production will open at the Lyric Theatre on 25 April 2018 , although previews began on 16 March . Clemmett , Boyle , Dumezweni , Parker , Thornley , and Miller will reprise their roles . The theatre removed 400 seats from the auditorium and moved the entrance to 43rd Street . The production is produced by Sonia Friedman Productions , Sir Colin Callender , and Harry Potter Theatrical Productions . The initial ticket block went on sale through Ticketmaster Verified Fan on 18 October 2017 for performances from 16 March through 18 November 2018 . Melbourne ( edit ) On 24 October 2017 , the Michael Cassel Group announced that it will be producing the Australian premiere of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child . The production will begin performances early 2019 in Melbourne 's Princess Theatre . No casting or ticketing information has been announced . Cast and principal roles ( edit ) Character Original West End Cast ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Original Broadway Cast ( 2018 ) Harry Potter <Td_colspan="2"> Jamie Parker Ron Weasley <Td_colspan="2"> Paul Thornley Hermione Granger <Td_colspan="2"> Noma Dumezweni Ginny Potter <Td_colspan="2"> Poppy Miller Draco Malfoy <Td_colspan="2"> Alex Price Albus Severus Potter <Td_colspan="2"> Sam Clemmett Scorpius Malfoy <Td_colspan="2"> Anthony Boyle Rose Granger - Weasley Cherrelle Skeete Susan Heyward Young Hermione Delphi Diggory Esther Smith Jessie Fisher Craig Bowker Jr . Jeremy Ang Jones Joshua DeJesus Moaning Myrtle Annabel Baldwin Lauren Nicole Cipoletti Lily Potter Sr . Polly Chapman Claudia Grant Madeline Weinstein Vernon Dursley Paul Bentall Byron Jennings Severus Snape Lord Voldemort Rubeus Hagrid Chris Jarman Brian Abraham Sorting Hat Yann Fredericks James Le Lacheur Jess Barbagallo Petunia Dursley Helena Lymbery Kathryn Meisle Madam Hooch Dolores Umbridge Amos Diggory Barry McCarthy Edward James Hyland Albus Dumbledore Trolley Witch Sandy McDade Geraldine Hughes Minerva McGonagall Cedric Diggory Tom Milligan Benjamin Wheelwright James Sirius Potter James Potter Sr . Dudley Dursley Jack North Joey LaBrasca Karl Jenkins Viktor Krum Bane Nuno Silva David St. Louis Young Harry Potter Rudi Goodman Alfred Jones Bili Keogh Ewan Rutherford Nathaniel Smith Dylan Standen Will Coombs Landon Maas Lily Luna Potter Zoe Brough Cristina Fray Christiana Hutchings Olivia Bond Brooklyn Shuck West End cast replacements ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jamie Glover took over from Jamie Parker as Harry Potter , while Emma Lowndes will play his wife Ginny Potter . Thomas Aldridge is to play Ron Weasley , replacing Paul Thornley , while Rakie Ayola will play Hermione Granger , replacing Noma Dumezweni . Annabel Baldwin , previously playing Moaning Myrtle will take over from Esther Smith as Delphi . Original cast members Helen Aluko and James Howard will play Rose Granger - Weasley and Draco Malfoy respectively . Samuel Blenkin and Theo Ancient - making their professional debut - will play Scorpius Malfoy and Albus Potter , respectively . The lead cast are joined by new cast members David Annen , Ruthxjiah Bellenea , Danny Dalton , Leah Haile , Rupert Henderson , Elizabeth Hill , April Hughes , James McGregor , Sarah Miele , Jordan Paris , James Phoon , Henry Rundle , Ged Simmons , Mark Theodore , Gideon Turner and Ed White . Original cast members who will continue include Nicola Alexis , Rosemary Annabella , Phoebe Austen , Annabel Baldwin , Jabez Cheeseman , Morag Cross , Esme Grace , Lowri James , Martin Johnston , Alfred Jones , Barry McCarthy , Sandy McDade , Tom Mackley , Harrison Noble , Ben Roberts , Nuno Silva , Hope Sizer and Joshua Wyatt . The new cast took over on 24 May , with the original cast having their final performance on 21 May . Script publication ( edit ) Editions ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Cursed Child <Td_colspan="2"> Special Rehearsal Edition cover Author Jack Thorne ( script ) J.K. Rowling , John Tiffany & Jack Thorne ( story ) Country United Kingdom Language English Series Harry Potter Genre Fantasy , Drama Published 31 July 2016 ( Special Rehearsal Edition ) 25 July 2017 ( `` Definitive Collector 's Edition '' ) Publisher Little , Brown and Company ( UK ) Scholastic ( US ) Pottermore ( digital ) Publication date 31 July 2016 Pages 328 ( Special Rehearsal Edition ) 321 ( `` Definitive Collector 's Edition '' ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 338 - 09913 - 3 ( US ) ; 978 - 0 - 7515 - 6535 - 5 ( UK ) Both parts of the stage play 's script have been released in print and digital formats as Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Parts I & II . The first edition , entitled `` Special Rehearsal Edition '' , corresponded to the script used in the preview shows and was scheduled to be published on 31 July 2016 , the date of Harry 's birthday in the series and Rowling 's birthday , as well . Since revisions to the script continued after the book was printed , an edited version was released on 25 July 2017 , as the `` Definitive Collector 's Edition '' . According to CNN , this was the most preordered book of 2016 . Sales ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , the book sold over 2 million copies in its first two days of release . 847,885 copies were sold during the book 's first week of release in the United Kingdom . By June 2017 , the book had sold over 4.5 million copies in the United States . Critical reception ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Cursed Child has received extremely positive reviews from critics . Audiences and critics have complimented the casting and performances , while many debate the quality of the piece and how it compares to entries in the main Harry Potter series . Publications awarding five star ratings included The Independent , the London Evening Standard , The Stage and WhatsOnStage.com . The Telegraph also gave five , although `` there are some quibbles , '' while The Guardian 's Michael Billington awarded four stars . Anthony Boyle 's performance as Scorpius Malfoy garnered particular acclaim . WhatsOnStage.com wrote that `` Boyle gives a career - making performance , '' while The Wall Street Journal described him as `` the break - out performance . '' Variety 's critic , Matt Trueman , agreed , writing , `` it 's Boyle who really stands out '' , and both Trueman and Henry Hitchings , in the Evening Standard , noted that his performance was sure to be a fan favourite . Response within the Harry Potter fandom ( edit ) The response to the play within the Harry Potter fandom was mixed , although many have called it unquestionably negative , some even calling it ' like a work of fan fiction ' . Some fans claim that the story diverged from previously established rules of the universe , criticising the play 's characterization . Some also took issue with the style and plot of the play , with some complaining that the Time Turner storylines had already been used , as had Cedric Diggory 's death , and that the writers were merely using old storylines . These criticisms have led much of the fandom to reject the play as separate from the Potter canon . Many have noticed significant plot holes to be found in the story , such as the likelihood of Lord Voldemort 's infertility , the speed at which Polyjuice Potion is created , the unexplained non-operation of the Fidelius Charm , Cedric Diggory 's supposedly nonsensical turn to becoming a Death Eater ( in addition to other character flaws noted , such as in Ron , Hermione and Albus ) and Dolores Umbridge 's support of dark magic , amongst others . Others have argued that the play is successful on stage owing to its special effects , yet does not succeed on paper owing to the above reasons . However , some fans responded positively to the play and its characters , with Scorpius Malfoy being particularly popular . Notably , the published script was voted Best Fantasy in Good Reads Choice Awards 2016 . Some fans commented that the dialogue between the familiar characters was `` spot on . '' Others celebrated it as a faithful continuation of the books . Others have noted that the play sheds light on some of the relationships between the characters , such as Harry and Dumbledore 's . The response had been particularly positive among fans who watched the play on stage . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original London Production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 2016 Evening Standard Theatre Awards <Td_colspan="2"> Best Play Won Best Director John Tiffany Nominated Best Design Christine Jones Nominated Emerging Talent Award Anthony Boyle Nominated Critics ' Circle Theatre Awards Best Director John Tiffany Won Best Designer Christine Jones Won Most Promising Newcomer Anthony Boyle Won 2017 WhatsOnStage Awards <Td_colspan="2"> Best New Play Won Best Actor in a Play Jamie Parker Won Best Supporting Actor in a Play Anthony Boyle Won Paul Thornley Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Play Poppy Miller Nominated Noma Dumezweni Won Best Direction John Tiffany Won Best Costume Design Katrina Lindsay Nominated Best Set Design Christine Jones Won Best Lighting Design Neil Austin Won Best Video Design Finn Ross and Ash Woodward Won Laurence Olivier Awards <Td_colspan="2"> Best New Play Won Best Director John Tiffany Won Best Actor Jamie Parker Won Best Actress in a Supporting Role Noma Dumezweni Won Best Actor in a Supporting Role Anthony Boyle Won Best Costume Design Katrina Lindsay Won Best Set Design Christine Jones Won Best Sound Design Gareth Fry Won Best Lighting Design Neil Austin Won Best Theatre Choreographer Steven Hoggett Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Music Imogen Heap Nominated 2018 WhatsOnStage Awards <Td_colspan="2"> Best West End Show Won <Td_colspan="2"> Best Show Poster Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . Harry Potter The Play . harrypottertheplaylondon.com. 2016 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lyall , Sarah ( 7 June 2016 ) . `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' Begins Previews in London , as Magic Continues '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Grice , Elizabeth ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child exclusive cast interview : ' Being a wizard is the best job ever ' '' . The Telegraph . London , UK . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About The Show '' . Harrypottertheplay.com. 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling 's `` Harry Potter '' in Development for West End Stage Premiere `` . Playbill. 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter turned into stage play '' . The Guardian . 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Battersby , Matilda ( 26 June 2015 ) . `` JK Rowling confirms new Harry Potter story for the theatre '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling to collaborate on Harry Potter play for West End '' . The Guardian . 9 May 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , a new play by JK Rowling , will hit the West End in 2016 '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling reveals new Harry Potter theatre show '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh Evening News . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child to open in 2016 '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone '' . bloomsbury.com . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's The One Thing J.K. Rowling Wants Everyone To Know About The New Harry Potter Play '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play to debut in London in 2016 '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' : Everything you need to know '' . mashable.com. 27 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling reveals new Harry Potter play will be two - part epic '' . The Independent . 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First peek at Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play '' . bbc.co.uk/newsbeat . BBC Newsbeat. 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play to be split in two '' . The Guardian . 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In New Play , Harry Potter Is a Father '' . The New York Times . 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ere 's How You Can See ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' Without Robbing Gringotts '' . MTV . 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grown - up Harry must juggle working at the Ministry of Magic with being a father to three children , including his youngest Albus '' . Sky ( United Kingdom ) . 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Mark ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child -- ' It 's extraordinary the story still is n't out ' '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXPLORE THE STORY -- Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . Pottermore . J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World . 2016 . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . harrypottertheplaylondon.com . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child gets five star reviews '' . 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . The play , written by Jack Thorne , is set 19 years after the seventh and final book in the series by JK Rowling . Jump up ^ `` About The Show '' . Harry Potter The Play . Palace Theatre . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Coming Back , This Time on Stage in New Play '' . The New York Times . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Premiere of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Sets London Premiere '' . Playbill. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' Play Planned for 2016 '' . Rolling Stone . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ( 26 June 2015 ) . `` Harry Potter Play to Open in London Next Year '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' To Open in London 's West End Summer 2016 '' . deadline.com. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling reveals new Harry Potter stage play '' . The Scotsman. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play to open in London in 2016 , JK Rowling confirms '' . Digital Spy. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter stage play to premiere in the West End next summer '' . The Stage. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HARRY POTTER AND THE CURSED CHILD TO BE PRESENTED IN TWO PARTS '' . soniafriedman.com. 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How to get tickets to Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . whatsonstage.com. 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ticket sale : Over 175,000 tickets sell in just eight hours '' . The Independent . 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child : West End play focuses on Harry 's youngest son '' . The Guardian . 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child run extended to April 2017 as touted tickets go on sale for £ 3,000 '' . The Daily Telegraph . 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` More than 175,000 tickets for ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' on London 's West End were snapped up in eight hours '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Extended booking dates confirmed for Harry Potter and The Cursed Child general sale '' . Digital Spy. 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child extends booking YET AGAIN -- this time to May 2017 '' . Digital Spy. 30 October 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How to get tickets to Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . whatsonstage.com. 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Stage Show Producers Warn Scalpers That Resold Tix Will Not Fly '' . Playbill. 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Friday Forty '' . Palace Theatre . Palace Theatre . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child announces lead cast '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . 21 December 2015 . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( 21 December 2015 ) . `` JK Rowling shuts down anyone with a problem about Hermione being black on Twitter : ' Frizzy hair is canon ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Responding to ( a small pocket of ) negative discussion of the casting , she tweeted : `` Canon : brown eyes , frizzy hair and very clever . White skin was never specified . Rowling loves black Hermione . '' UPDATE : Hold up , maybe the logic is n't quite so airtight . Jump up ^ `` In ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , ' a Black Actress Will Play Hermione '' . The New York Times . 21 December 2015 . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Maltby , Kate . `` There 's nothing confusing about a black actress playing Hermione Granger -- Spectator Blogs '' . Spectator Blogs . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . JK Rowling tweeted this morning that she 'd never specified Hermione 's skin colour in the books Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling ( @ jk_rowling ) ( 21 December 2015 ) . `` Canon : brown eyes , frizzy hair and very clever . White skin was never specified . Rowling loves black Hermione '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on 20 January 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child cast photos released '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . 31 May 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 42 - Member Multicultural Cast Revealed for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . Playbill. 26 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full casting announced for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . whatsonstage.com. 26 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Gerard , Jeremy ( 4 May 2017 ) . `` ' Harry Potter And The Cursed Child ' Sets April 22 , 2018 Broadway Opening '' . Deadline . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child to Bow on Broadway in 2018 '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Play Broadway '' . Harry Potter and the Cursed Child . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Melbourne '' . Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Melbourne . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cast Announcement Harry Potter and the Cursed Child London '' . Harry Potter and the Cursed Child London . 21 December 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan ( 2 August 2017 ) . `` Original Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Trio to Reunite on Broadway ; Additional Casting Announced Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Harry Potter and the Cursed Child cast announced '' . WhatsOnStage.com . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child to be eighth book '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to pre-order the Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Parts I & II script book '' . Pottermore . J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World . 2016 . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Will Be Published in Book Form '' . Time . 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Harry Potter book coming out in July : the play script '' . The Guardian . 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exciting publishing programme from J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World '' . pottermore.com. 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Fashingbauer Cooper , Gael ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter script the most preordered book of 2016 '' . CNN . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ 8 / 3 / 2016 , `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' Script Book Sells Over 2 Million Copies in 2 Days '' < http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/harry-potter-cursed-child-script-916817 > . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Cuccinello , Hayley C. `` How J.K. Rowling Earned $95 Million In A Year '' . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child review : Tailor made for the theatre '' . 25 July 2016 . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child : A magical experience '' . 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child review at Palace Theatre '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ( Palace Theatre ) '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a magical show with a strong emotional core -- review '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Billington , Michael ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child review -- duel of dark and light carried off with dazzling assurance '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Maltby , Kate ( 25 July 2016 ) . `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , Parts One and Two ' Review : The Spell of Friendship '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 -- via Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Trueman , Matt ( 25 July 2016 ) . `` West End Review : ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Simpson , George ( 3 August 2016 ) . `` ' Horrible fan fiction ' : Fans HATE Harry Potter and the Cursed Child book and here 's why '' . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and Cursed Child failed to impress fans on pages '' . 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` After Reading The `` Harry Potter '' Series 20 Times , Here 's Why I 'll Never Touch `` Cursed Child '' Again `` . 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Magic Is Gone but Harry Potter Will Never Die '' . Time . Jump up ^ Lanevi , Samantha ( 4 August 2016 ) . `` Why ' Harry Potter And The Cursed Child ' Disappointed A Lifelong Harry Potter Fan '' . Jump up ^ `` Some ' Harry Potter ' fans are so disappointed with the new story that they 're refusing to call it canon '' . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter & The Cursed Child : 18 Biggest WTF Moments '' . 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Most WTF Moments in ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter & The Cursed Child : 18 Biggest WTF Moments '' . 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 6 Major Plot Holes In ' Harry Potter And The Cursed Child ' '' . 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter fans are raging at the Cursed Child book '' . 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Shoemaker , Allison ( 2 August 2016 ) . `` Why a Harry Potter and the Cursed Child film may or may not work '' . Consequence of Sound . Jump up ^ `` Announcing the Goodreads Choice Winner in Best Fantasy ! '' . Goodreads . Jump up ^ Haysom , Sam . `` 15 thoughts I had while reading ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' '' . Mashable . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ https://itsmusicalphan24601.tumblr.com/post/157072300373/time-travel-in-harry-potter Jump up ^ `` The Boy Who Lived '' . Harry Potter Oriented Things . Jump up ^ `` How Harry Potter & The Cursed Child Continues Harry 's Story '' . Screen Rant. 9 August 2016 . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's what fans are saying about the new ' Harry Potter ' play that just premiered in London '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Harry Potter and the Cursed Child on Twitter Harry Potter and The Cursed Child A selection of reviews of Harry Potter and The Cursed Child by WellRead Harry Potter and The Cursed Child Epub Review Review of Softcopy ( Epub ) At EpubEbooks <Th_colspan="2"> Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also Wizarding World <Th_colspan="2"> The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Ginny Weasley Fred and George Weasley Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald Stage play The Cursed Child Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Outside media Video games Lego Creator : Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets Quidditch World Cup The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Book of Spells Book of Potions Harry Potter : Hogwarts Mystery Harry Potter : Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Digital publication Pottermore See also Harry Potter cast Music of the Harry Potter films Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book Portkey Games <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category <Th_colspan="2"> Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play 1976 - 2000 Dear Daddy ( 1976 ) The Fire that Consumes ( 1977 ) Whose Life Is It Anyway ? ( 1978 ) Betrayal ( 1979 ) The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby ( 1980 ) Children of a Lesser God ( 1981 ) Another Country ( 1982 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1983 ) Benefactors ( 1984 ) Red Noses ( 1985 ) Les Liaisons Dangereuses ( 1986 ) Serious Money ( 1987 ) Our Country 's Good ( 1988 ) Racing Demon ( 1989 / 1990 ) Dancing at Lughnasa ( 1991 ) Death and the Maiden ( 1992 ) Six Degrees of Separation ( 1993 ) Arcadia ( 1994 ) Broken Glass ( 1995 ) Skylight ( 1996 ) Stanley ( 1997 ) Closer ( 1998 ) The Weir ( 1999 ) Goodnight Children Everywhere ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Blue / Orange ( 2001 ) Jitney ( 2002 ) Vincent in Brixton ( 2003 ) The Pillowman ( 2004 ) The History Boys ( 2005 ) On the Shore of the Wide World ( 2006 ) Blackbird ( 2007 ) A Disappearing Number ( 2008 ) Black Watch ( 2009 ) The Mountaintop ( 2010 ) Clybourne Park ( 2011 ) Collaborators ( 2012 ) The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( 2013 ) Chimerica ( 2014 ) King Charles III ( 2015 ) Hangmen ( 2016 ) Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Cursed_Child&oldid=834441748 '' Categories : 2016 plays British plays Fantasy theatre Harry Potter books Laurence Olivier Award - winning plays Plays set in the 20th century Plays set in the 21st century Plays set in England Plays set in Scotland Time travel literature West End plays Wizarding World Works based on Harry Potter Hidden categories : Use British English from April 2017 Use dmy dates from March 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 19 : 15 . 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1. Harry Potter and the Cursed Child
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what human body system is the kidney in
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Kidney - wikipedia Kidney Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Kidney ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Kidney <Td_colspan="2"> Posterior view of kidneys and their external vasculature , with labels for adjacent structures <Th_colspan="2"> Details System Urinary system and endocrine system Artery Renal artery Vein Renal vein Nerve Renal plexus <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Latin Ren Greek Nephros MeSH A05. 810.453 Dorlands / Elsevier Kidney TA A08. 1.01. 001 FMA 7203 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The kidneys are two bean - shaped organs found on the left and right sides of the body in vertebrates . They are located at the back of the abdominal cavity in the retroperitoneal space . In adults they are about 11 centimetres ( 4.3 in ) in length . They receive blood from the paired renal arteries ; blood exits into the paired renal veins . Each kidney is attached to a ureter , a tube that carries excreted urine to the bladder ... The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney . Each adult kidney contains around one million nephrons . The nephron utilizes four processes to alter the blood plasma which flows to it : filtration , reabsorption , secretion , and excretion . Via one or more of these mechanisms , the kidney participates in the control of the volume of various body fluid compartments , fluid osmolality , acid - base balance , various electrolyte concentrations , and removal of toxins . Filtration occurs in the glomerulus : one - fifth of the blood volume that enters the kidneys is filtered . Examples of substances reabsorbed are solute - free water , sodium , bicarbonate , glucose , and amino acids . Examples of substances secreted are hydrogen , ammonium , potassium and uric acid . Examples of substances that are excreted are urea , ammonium , and uric acid . The kidneys also carry out functions independent of the nephron . For example , they convert a precursor of vitamin D to its active form -- calcitriol -- and synthesize the hormones erythropoietin and renin . Renal physiology is the study of kidney function . Nephrology is the medical specialty which addresses diseases of kidney function : these include chronic kidney disease , nephritic and nephrotic syndromes , acute kidney injury , and pyelonephritis . Urology addresses diseases of kidney ( and urinary tract ) anatomy : these include cancer , renal cysts , kidney stones and ureteral stones , and urinary tract obstruction . Procedures used in the management of kidney disease include chemical and microscopic examination of the urine ( urinalysis ) , measurement of kidney function by calculating the estimated glomerular filtration rate ( eGFR ) using the serum creatinine ; and kidney biopsy and CT scan to evaluate for abnormal anatomy . Dialysis and kidney transplantation are used to treat renal failure ; one ( or both sequentially ) of these are almost always used when renal function drops below 15 % . Nephrectomy is frequently used to cure renal cell carcinoma . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Gross anatomy 1.2 Blood supply 1.3 Nerve supply 1.4 Microanatomy 1.5 Gene and protein expression 1.6 Development 2 Function 2.1 Mechanism 2.1. 1 Filtration 2.1. 2 Reabsorption 2.1. 3 Secretion 2.1. 4 Excretion 2.2 Homeostasis 2.2. 1 Acid - base balance 2.2. 2 Regulation of osmolality 2.2. 3 Blood pressure regulation 2.2. 4 Hormone secretion 2.3 Calculations of function 2.3. 1 Filtration fraction 2.3. 2 Renal clearance 2.4 Mathematical modelling of function 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Acquired 3.2 Kidney injury and failure 3.3 Dialysis 3.4 Congenital disease 3.5 Diagnosis 3.5. 1 Imaging 3.5. 2 Biopsy 4 Other animals 4.1 Evolutionary adaptation 5 Society and culture 5.1 Significance 5.1. 1 Egyptian 5.1. 2 Hebrew 5.1. 3 India : Ayurvedic system 5.1. 4 Medieval Christianity 5.2 As food 6 Additional images 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) Surface projections of the organs of the trunk , showing kidneys at the level of T12 to L3 . In humans , the kidneys are located high in the abdominal cavity , one on each side of the spine , and lie in a retroperitoneal position at a slightly oblique angle . The asymmetry within the abdominal cavity , caused by the position of the liver , typically results in the right kidney being slightly lower and smaller than the left , and being placed slightly more to the middle than the left kidney . The left kidney is approximately at the vertebral level T12 to L3 , and the right is slightly lower . The right kidney sits just below the diaphragm and posterior to the liver . The left sits below the diaphragm and posterior to the spleen . On top of each kidney is an adrenal gland . The upper parts of the kidneys are partially protected by the 11th and 12th ribs . Each kidney , with its adrenal gland is surrounded by two layers of fat : the perirenal fat present between renal fascia and renal capsule and pararenal fat superior to the renal fascia . 1 . Renal pyramid 2 . Interlobular artery 3 . Renal artery 4 . Renal vein 5 . Renal hilum 6 . Renal pelvis 7 . Ureter 8 . Minor calyx 9 . Renal capsule 10 . Inferior renal capsule 11 . Superior renal capsule 12 . Interlobular vein 13 . Nephron 14 . Renal sinus 15 . Major calyx 16 . Renal papilla 17 . Renal column CT scan of the kidneys . Left : cross section at upper abdomen level -- the liver is seen on the left side of scan ( right side of body ) . Center : longitudinal section though the center of the kidneys -- the liver partially covers the right kidney . Right : transverse section through the left kidney . The kidney is a bean - shaped structure with a convex and a concave border . A recessed area on the concave border is the renal hilum , where the renal artery enters the kidney and the renal vein and ureter leave . The kidney is surrounded by tough fibrous tissue , the renal capsule , which is itself surrounded by perirenal fat , renal fascia , and pararenal fat . The anterior ( front ) surface of these tissues is the peritoneum , while the posterior ( rear ) surface is the transversalis fascia . The superior pole of the right kidney is adjacent to the liver . For the left kidney , it is next to the spleen . Both , therefore , move down upon inhalation . In adult males , the kidney weighs between 125 and 170 grams . In females the weight of the kidney is between 115 and 155 grams . A Danish study measured the median renal length to be 11.2 cm ( 4.4 in ) on the left side and 10.9 cm ( 4.3 in ) on the right side in adults . Median renal volumes were 146 cm on the left and 134 cm on the right . Gross anatomy ( edit ) The substance , or parenchyma , of the kidney is divided into two major structures : the outer renal cortex and the inner renal medulla . Grossly , these structures take the shape of eight to 18 cone - shaped renal lobes , each containing renal cortex surrounding a portion of medulla called a renal pyramid . Between the renal pyramids are projections of cortex called renal columns . Nephrons , the urine - producing functional structures of the kidney , span the cortex and medulla . The initial filtering portion of a nephron is the renal corpuscle which is located in the cortex . This is followed by a renal tubule that passes from the cortex deep into the medullary pyramids . Part of the renal cortex , a medullary ray is a collection of renal tubules that drain into a single collecting duct . The tip , or papilla , of each pyramid empties urine into a minor calyx ; minor calyces empty into major calyces , and major calyces empty into the renal pelvis . This becomes the ureter . At the hilum , the ureter and renal vein exit the kidney and the renal artery enters . Hilar fat and lymphatic tissue with lymph nodes surrounds these structures . The hilar fat is contiguous with a fat - filled cavity called the renal sinus . The renal sinus collectively contains the renal pelvis and calyces and separates these structures from the renal medullary tissue . The kidneys possess no overtly moving structures Blood supply ( edit ) 3D - rendered computed tomography , showing renal arteries and veins . The renal circulation supplies the blood to the kidneys via the renal arteries , left and right , which branch directly from the abdominal aorta . Despite their relatively small size , the kidneys receive approximately 20 % of the cardiac output . Each renal artery branches into segmental arteries , dividing further into interlobar arteries , which penetrate the renal capsule and extend through the renal columns between the renal pyramids . The interlobar arteries then supply blood to the arcuate arteries that run through the boundary of the cortex and the medulla . Each arcuate artery supplies several interlobular arteries that feed into the afferent arterioles that supply the glomeruli . After filtration occurs , the blood moves through a small network of venules that converge into interlobular veins . As with the arteriole distribution , the veins follow the same pattern : the interlobular provide blood to the arcuate veins then back to the interlobar veins , which come to form the renal vein exiting the kidney for transfusion for blood . The table below shows the path that blood takes when it travels through the glomerulus , traveling `` down '' the arteries and `` up '' the veins . However , this model is greatly simplified for clarity and symmetry . Some of the other paths and complications are described at the bottom of the table . The interlobar artery and vein ( not to be confused with interlobular ) are between two renal lobes , also known as the renal column ( cortex region between two pyramids ) . Arteries ( down ) Veins ( up ) Abdominal aorta Vena cava Renal artery ( Note 1 ) Renal vein Segmental arteries ( Note 2 ) -- Lobar arteries -- Interlobar artery Interlobar vein Afferent arterioles Efferent arterioles ( Note 4 ) Glomerulus Glomerulus Note 1 : The renal artery also provides a branch to the inferior suprarenal artery to supply the adrenal gland . Note 2 : Each renal artery partitions into an anterior and posterior branch . The anterior branch further divides into the superior ( apical ) , anterosuperior , anteroinferior and inferior segmental arteries . The posterior branch continues as the posterior segmental artery . Note 3 : Also called the cortical radiate arteries . The interlobular artery also supplies to the stellate veins . Note 4 : The efferent arterioles do not directly drain into the interlobular vein , but rather they go to the peritubular capillaries first . The efferent arterioles of the juxtamedullary nephron drain into the vasa recta . Nerve supply ( edit ) The kidney and nervous system communicate via the renal plexus , whose fibers course along the renal arteries to reach each kidney . Input from the sympathetic nervous system triggers vasoconstriction in the kidney , thereby reducing renal blood flow . The kidney also receives input from the parasympathetic nervous system , by way of the renal branches of the vagus nerve ; the function of this is yet unclear . Sensory input from the kidney travels to the T10 - 11 levels of the spinal cord and is sensed in the corresponding dermatome . Thus , pain in the flank region may be referred from corresponding kidney . Microanatomy ( edit ) Diagram of a long juxtamedullary nephron ( left ) and a short cortical nephron ( right ) . All parts of the nephron are labelled except the ( gray ) connecting tubule located after the ( dark red ) distal convoluted tubule and before the large ( gray ) collecting duct ( mislabeled collection duct ) . Renal histology studies the microscopic structure of the kidney . Distinct cell types include : Kidney glomerulus parietal cell Kidney glomerulus podocyte Kidney proximal tubule brush border cell Loop of Henle thin segment cell Thick ascending limb cell Kidney distal tubule cell Collecting duct principal cell Collecting duct intercalated cell Interstitial kidney cells Gene and protein expression ( edit ) Further information : Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and almost 70 % of these genes are expressed in normal , adult kidneys . Just over 300 genes are more specifically expressed in the kidney , with only some 50 genes being highly specific for the kidney . Many of the corresponding kidney specific proteins are expressed in the cell membrane and function as transporter proteins . The highest expressed kidney specific protein is uromodulin , the most abundant protein in urine with functions that prevent calcification and growth of bacteria . Specific proteins are expressed in the different compartments of the kidney with podocin and nephrin expressed in glomeruli , Solute carrier family protein SLC22A8 expressed in proximal tubules , calbindin expressed in distal tubules and aquaporin 2 expressed in the collecting duct cells . Development ( edit ) Main article : Kidney development The mammalian kidney develops from intermediate mesoderm . Kidney development , also called nephrogenesis , proceeds through a series of three successive developmental phases : the pronephros , mesonephros , and metanephros . The metanephros are primordia of the permanent kidney . Function ( edit ) Main article : Renal physiology Schematic diagram of the nephron ( yellow ) , relevant circulation ( red / blue ) , and the four methods of altering the filtrate . The microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron . It processes the blood supplied to it via filtration , reabsorption , secretion and excretion ; the consequence of those processes is the production of urine . Mechanism ( edit ) Filtration ( edit ) Filtration , which takes place at the renal corpuscle , is the process by which cells and large proteins are filtered from the blood to make an ultrafiltrate that eventually becomes urine . The kidney generates 180 liters of filtrate a day . The process is also known as Hydrostatic filtration as a lot of pressure by heart and artery forces water plasma to rush inside the tube ( by Talal Arshad ) Reabsorption ( edit ) ) Secretion and reabsorption of various substances throughout the nephron . See also : Clearance ( medicine ) Reabsorption is the transport of molecules from this ultrafiltrate and into the peritubular capillary . It is accomplished via selective receptors on the luminal cell membrane . Water is 99 % reabsorbed in the proximal tubule . Glucose at normal plasma levels is completely reabsorbed in the proximal tubule . The mechanism for this is the Na / glucose cotransporter . A plasma level of 350 mg / dL will fully saturate the transporters and glucose will be lost in the urine . A plasma glucose level of approximately 160 is sufficient to allow glucosuria , which is an important clinical clue to diabetes mellitus . Amino acids are reabsorbed by sodium dependent transporters in the proximal tubule . Hartnup disease is a deficiency of the tryptophan amino acid transporter , which results in pellagra . Location of Reabsorption Reabsorbed nutrient Notes Early proximal tubule Glucose ( 100 % ) , amino acids ( 100 % ) , bicarbonate ( 90 % ) , Na ( 65 % ) , Cl , phosphate and H O ( 65 % ) PTH will inhibit phosphate reabsorption . AT II stimulates Na , H O and HCO reabsorption . Thin descending loop of Henle H O Reabsorbs via medullary hypertonicity and makes urine hypertonic . Thick ascending loop of Henle Na ( 10 -- 20 % ) , K , Cl ; indirectly induces para cellular reabsorption of Mg , Ca This region is impermeable to H O and the urine becomes less concentrated as it ascends . Early distal convoluted tubule Na , Cl PTH causes Ca reabsorption . Collecting tubules Na ( 3 -- 5 % ) , H O Na is reabsorbed in exchange for K , and H , which is regulated by aldosterone . ADH acts on the V2 receptor and inserts aquaporins on the luminal side <Th_colspan="3"> Source : Secretion ( edit ) Secretion is the reverse of reabsorption : molecules are transported from the peritubular capillary through the interstitial fluid , then through the renal tubular cell and into the ultrafiltrate . Excretion ( edit ) Homeostasis ( edit ) The kidney participates in whole - body homeostasis , regulating acid - base balance , electrolyte concentrations , extracellular fluid volume , and blood pressure . The kidney accomplishes these homeostatic functions both independently and in concert with other organs , particularly those of the endocrine system . Various endocrine hormones coordinate these endocrine functions ; these include renin , angiotensin II , aldosterone , antidiuretic hormone , and atrial natriuretic peptide , among others . The kidneys excrete a variety of waste products produced by metabolism into the urine . These include the nitrogenous wastes urea , from protein catabolism , and uric acid , from nucleic acid metabolism . The ability of mammals and some birds to concentrate wastes into a volume of urine much smaller than the volume of blood from which the wastes were extracted is dependent on an elaborate countercurrent multiplication mechanism . This requires several independent nephron characteristics to operate : a tight hairpin configuration of the tubules , water and ion permeability in the descending limb of the loop , water impermeability in the ascending loop , and active ion transport out of most of the ascending limb . In addition , passive countercurrent exchange by the vessels carrying the blood supply to the nephron is essential for enabling this function . Acid - base balance ( edit ) Main article : Acid - base homeostasis Two organ systems , the kidneys and lungs , maintain acid - base homeostasis , which is the maintenance of pH around a relatively stable value . The lungs contribute to acid - base homeostasis by regulating carbon dioxide ( CO ) concentration . The kidneys have two very important roles in maintaining the acid - base balance : to reabsorb and regenerate bicarbonate from urine , and to excrete hydrogen ions and fixed acids ( anions of acids ) into urine . Regulation of osmolality ( edit ) Maintaining water and salt level of the body . Any significant rise in plasma osmolality is detected by the hypothalamus , which communicates directly with the posterior pituitary gland . An increase in osmolality causes the gland to secrete antidiuretic hormone ( ADH ) , resulting in water reabsorption by the kidney and an increase in urine concentration . The two factors work together to return the plasma osmolality to its normal levels . ADH binds to principal cells in the collecting duct that translocate aquaporins to the membrane , allowing water to leave the normally impermeable membrane and be reabsorbed into the body by the vasa recta , thus increasing the plasma volume of the body . There are two systems that create a hyperosmotic medulla and thus increase the body plasma volume : Urea recycling and the ' single effect . ' Urea is usually excreted as a waste product from the kidneys . However , when plasma blood volume is low and ADH is released the aquaporins that are opened are also permeable to urea . This allows urea to leave the collecting duct into the medulla creating a hyperosmotic solution that ' attracts ' water . Urea can then re-enter the nephron and be excreted or recycled again depending on whether ADH is still present or not . The ' single effect ' describes the fact that the ascending thick limb of the loop of Henle is not permeable to water but is permeable to sodium chloride . This allows for a countercurrent exchange system whereby the medulla becomes increasingly concentrated , but at the same time setting up an osmotic gradient for water to follow should the aquaporins of the collecting duct be opened by ADH . Blood pressure regulation ( edit ) Main articles : Blood pressure regulation and Renin - angiotensin system Although the kidney can not directly sense blood , long - term regulation of blood pressure predominantly depends upon the kidney . This primarily occurs through maintenance of the extracellular fluid compartment , the size of which depends on the plasma sodium concentration . Renin is the first in a series of important chemical messengers that make up the renin - angiotensin system . Changes in renin ultimately alter the output of this system , principally the hormones angiotensin II and aldosterone . Each hormone acts via multiple mechanisms , but both increase the kidney 's absorption of sodium chloride , thereby expanding the extracellular fluid compartment and raising blood pressure . When renin levels are elevated , the concentrations of angiotensin II and aldosterone increase , leading to increased sodium chloride reabsorption , expansion of the extracellular fluid compartment , and an increase in blood pressure . Conversely , when renin levels are low , angiotensin II and aldosterone levels decrease , contracting the extracellular fluid compartment , and decreasing blood pressure . Hormone secretion ( edit ) The kidneys secrete a variety of hormones , including erythropoietin , and the enzyme renin . Erythropoietin is released in response to hypoxia ( low levels of oxygen at tissue level ) in the renal circulation . It stimulates erythropoiesis ( production of red blood cells ) in the bone marrow . Calcitriol , the activated form of vitamin D , promotes intestinal absorption of calcium and the renal reabsorption of phosphate . Part of the renin -- angiotensin -- aldosterone system , renin is an enzyme involved in the regulation of aldosterone levels . Calculations of function ( edit ) Calculations of kidney performance are an important part of physiology and can be estimated using the calculations below . Filtration fraction ( edit ) The filtration fraction is the amount of plasma that is actually filtered through the kidney . This can be defined using the equation : FF = GFR / RPF FF is the filtration fraction GFR is the glomerular filtration rate RPF is the renal plasma flow Normal human FF is 20 % . Renal clearance ( edit ) Main article : Renal function Renal clearance is the volume of plasma from which the substance is completely cleared from the blood per unit time . C = ( U ) V / P C is the clearance of X ( normally in units of mL / min . U is the urine concentration of X . P is the plasma concentration of X . V is the urine flow rate . Mathematical modelling of function ( edit ) The kidney is a very complex organ and mathematical modelling has been used to better understand kidney function at several scales , including fluid uptake and secretion . Clinical significance ( edit ) Main article : Kidney disease Kidney disease is an abnormal structure , function or process in the kidney ( s ) . Nephrosis is non-inflammatory nephropathy and nephritis is inflammatory kidney disease . Nephrology is the speciality that deals with kidney function and disease . Medical terms related to the kidneys commonly use terms such as renal and the prefix nephro - . The adjective renal , meaning related to the kidney , is from the Latin rēnēs , meaning kidneys ; the prefix nephro - is from the Ancient Greek word for kidney , nephros ( νεφρός ) . For example , surgical removal of the kidney is a nephrectomy , while a reduction in kidney function is called renal dysfunction . Acquired ( edit ) Diabetic nephropathy Glomerulonephritis Hydronephrosis is the enlargement of one or both of the kidneys caused by obstruction of the flow of urine . Interstitial nephritis Kidney stones ( nephrolithiasis ) are a relatively common and particularly painful disorder . A chronic condition can result in scars to the kidneys . The removal of kidney stones involves ultrasound treatment to break up the stones into smaller pieces , which are then passed through the urinary tract . One common symptom of kidney stones is a sharp to disabling pain in the middle and sides of the lower back or groin . Kidney tumour Wilms tumor Renal cell carcinoma Lupus nephritis Minimal change disease In nephrotic syndrome , the glomerulus has been damaged so that a large amount of protein in the blood enters the urine . Other frequent features of the nephrotic syndrome include swelling , low serum albumin , and high cholesterol . Pyelonephritis is infection of the kidneys and is frequently caused by complication of a urinary tract infection . Renal failure Acute renal failure Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease Renal artery stenosis Renovascular hypertension Kidney injury and failure ( edit ) Main articles : Acute kidney injury , Chronic kidney disease , and Kidney failure Generally , humans can live normally with just one kidney , as one has more functioning renal tissue than is needed to survive . Only when the amount of functioning kidney tissue is greatly diminished does one develop chronic kidney disease . Renal replacement therapy , in the form of dialysis or kidney transplantation , is indicated when the glomerular filtration rate has fallen very low or if the renal dysfunction leads to severe symptoms . Dialysis ( edit ) Main article : Dialysis This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2017 ) Congenital disease ( edit ) Congenital hydronephrosis Congenital obstruction of urinary tract Duplex kidneys , or double kidneys , occur in approximately 1 % of the population . This occurrence normally causes no complications , but can occasionally cause urinary tract infections . Duplicated ureter occurs in approximately one in 100 live births Horseshoe kidney occurs in approximately one in 400 live births Nutcracker syndrome Polycystic kidney disease Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease afflicts patients later in life . Approximately one in 1000 people will develop this condition Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease is far less common , but more severe , than the dominant condition . It is apparent in utero or at birth . Renal agenesis . Failure of one kidney to form occurs in approximately one in 750 live births . Failure of both kidneys to form used to be fatal ; however , medical advances such as amnioinfusion therapy during pregnancy and peritoneal dialysis have made it possible to stay alive until a transplant can occur . Renal dysplasia Unilateral small kidney Multicystic dysplastic kidney occurs in approximately one in every 2400 live births Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction or UPJO ; although most cases appear congenital , some appear to be an acquired condition Diagnosis ( edit ) Main articles : Renal function and Renal physiology § Measurement of renal function Many renal diseases are diagnosed on the basis of a detailed medical history , and physical examination . The medical history takes into account present and past symptoms , especially those of kidney disease ; recent infections ; exposure to substances toxic to the kidney ; and family history of kidney disease . Kidney function is tested for using blood tests and urine tests . A usual blood test is for urea and electrolytes , known as a U and E. Creatinine is also tested for . Urine tests such as urinalysis can evaluate for pH , protein , glucose , and the presence of blood . Microscopic analysis can also identify the presence of urinary casts and crystals . The glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) can be calculated . Imaging ( edit ) Imaging studies are important in the evaluation of structural renal disease caused by urinary tract obstruction , renal stones , renal cyst , mass lesions , renal vascular disease , and vesicoureteral reflux . Imaging techniques used most frequently include renal ultrasound and helical CT scan . Biopsy ( edit ) The role of the renal biopsy is to diagnose renal disease in which the etiology is not clear based upon noninvasive means ( clinical history , past medical history , medication history , physical exam , laboratory studies , imaging studies ) . In general , a renal pathologist will perform a detailed morphological evaluation and integrate the morphologic findings with the clinical history and laboratory data , ultimately arriving at a pathological diagnosis . A renal pathologist is a physician who has undergone general training in anatomic pathology and additional specially training in the interpretation of renal biopsy specimens . Ideally , multiple core sections are obtained and evaluated for adequacy ( presence of glomeruli ) intraoperatively . A pathologist / pathology assistant divides the specimen ( s ) for submission for light microscopy , immunofluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy . The pathologist will examine the specimen using light microscopy with multiple staining techniques ( hematoxylin and eosin / H&E , PAS , trichrome , silver stain ) on multiple level sections . Multiple immunofluorescence stains are performed to evaluate for antibody , protein and complement deposition . Finally , ultra-structural examination is performed with electron microscopy and may reveal the presence of electron - dense deposits or other characteristic abnormalities that may suggest an etiology for the patient 's renal disease . Other animals ( edit ) In the majority of vertebrates , the mesonephros persists into the adult , albeit usually fused with the more advanced metanephros ; only in amniotes is the mesonephros restricted to the embryo . The kidneys of fish and amphibians are typically narrow , elongated organs , occupying a significant portion of the trunk . The collecting ducts from each cluster of nephrons usually drain into an archinephric duct , which is homologous with the vas deferens of amniotes . However , the situation is not always so simple ; in cartilaginous fish and some amphibians , there is also a shorter duct , similar to the amniote ureter , which drains the posterior ( metanephric ) parts of the kidney , and joins with the archinephric duct at the bladder or cloaca . Indeed , in many cartilaginous fish , the anterior portion of the kidney may degenerate or cease to function altogether in the adult . In the most primitive vertebrates , the hagfish and lampreys , the kidney is unusually simple : it consists of a row of nephrons , each emptying directly into the archinephric duct . Invertebrates may possess excretory organs that are sometimes referred to as `` kidneys '' , but , even in Amphioxus , these are never homologous with the kidneys of vertebrates , and are more accurately referred to by other names , such as nephridia . In amphibians , kidneys and the urinary bladder harbour specialized parasites , monogeneans of the family Polystomatidae . The kidneys of reptiles consist of a number of lobules arranged in a broadly linear pattern . Each lobule contains a single branch of the ureter in its centre , into which the collecting ducts empty . Reptiles have relatively few nephrons compared with other amniotes of a similar size , possibly because of their lower metabolic rate . Birds have relatively large , elongated kidneys , each of which is divided into three or more distinct lobes . The lobes consists of several small , irregularly arranged , lobules , each centred on a branch of the ureter . Birds have small glomeruli , but about twice as many nephrons as similarly sized mammals . The human kidney is fairly typical of that of mammals . Distinctive features of the mammalian kidney , in comparison with that of other vertebrates , include the presence of the renal pelvis and renal pyramids , and of a clearly distinguishable cortex and medulla . The latter feature is due to the presence of elongated loops of Henle ; these are much shorter in birds , and not truly present in other vertebrates ( although the nephron often has a short intermediate segment between the convoluted tubules ) . It is only in mammals that the kidney takes on its classical `` kidney '' shape , although there are some exceptions , such as the multilobed reniculate kidneys of pinnipeds and cetaceans . Evolutionary adaptation ( edit ) Kidneys of various animals show evidence of evolutionary adaptation and have long been studied in ecophysiology and comparative physiology . Kidney morphology , often indexed as the relative medullary thickness , is associated with habitat aridity among species of mammals , and diet ( e.g. , carnivores have only long loops of Henle ) . Society and culture ( edit ) Significance ( edit ) Egyptian ( edit ) In ancient Egypt , the kidneys , like the heart , were left inside the mummified bodies , unlike other organs which were removed . Comparing this to the biblical statements , and to drawings of human body with the heart and two kidneys portraying a set of scales for weighing justice , it seems that the Egyptian beliefs had also connected the kidneys with judgement and perhaps with moral decisions . Hebrew ( edit ) According to studies in modern and ancient Hebrew , various body organs in humans and animals served also an emotional or logical role , today mostly attributed to the brain and the endocrine system . The kidney is mentioned in several biblical verses in conjunction with the heart , much as the bowels were understood to be the `` seat '' of emotion -- grief , joy and pain . Similarly , the Talmud ( Berakhoth 61. a ) states that one of the two kidneys counsels what is good , and the other evil . In the sacrifices offered at the biblical Tabernacle and later on at the temple in Jerusalem , the priests were instructed to remove the kidneys and the adrenal gland covering the kidneys of the sheep , goat and cattle offerings , and to burn them on the altar , as the holy part of the `` offering for God '' never to be eaten . India : Ayurvedic system ( edit ) In ancient India , according to the Ayurvedic medical systems , the kidneys were considered the beginning of the excursion channels system , the ' head ' of the Mutra Srotas , receiving from all other systems , and therefore important in determining a person 's health balance and temperament by the balance and mixture of the three ' Dosha 's -- the three health elements : Vatha ( or Vata ) -- air , Pitta -- bile , and Kapha -- mucus . The temperament and health of a person can then be seen in the resulting color of the urine . Modern Ayurveda practitioners , a practice which is characterized as pseudoscience , have attempted to revive these methods in medical procedures as part of Ayurveda Urine therapy . These procedures have been called `` nonsensical '' by skeptics . Medieval christianity ( edit ) The Latin term renes is related to the English word `` reins '' , a synonym for the kidneys in Shakespearean English ( e.g. Merry Wives of Windsor 3.5 ) , which was also the time when the King James Version of the Bible was translated . Kidneys were once popularly regarded as the seat of the conscience and reflection , and a number of verses in the Bible ( e.g. Ps. 7 : 9 , Rev. 2 : 23 ) state that God searches out and inspects the kidneys , or `` reins '' , of humans , together with the heart . As food ( edit ) Hökarpanna , Swedish pork and kidney stew The kidneys , like other offal , can be cooked and eaten . Kidneys are usually grilled or sautéed , but in more complex dishes they are stewed with a sauce that will improve their flavor . In many preparations , kidneys are combined with pieces of meat or liver , as in mixed grill . Dishes include the British steak and kidney pie , the Swedish hökarpanna ( pork and kidney stew ) , the French rognons de veau sauce moutarde ( veal kidneys in mustard sauce ) and the Spanish riñones al Jerez ( kidneys stewed in sherry sauce ) . Additional images ( edit ) Kidney Posterior View Anterior relation of Left Kidney Structure of a Kidney Kidney Anatomy Kidneys of a mammal after the technique of vinylite and corrosion . Kidney Cross Section ( show ) Dissection images Right Kidney Kidney Right Kidney Right kidney Left kidney Kidneys Left kidney See also ( edit ) Artificial kidney Holonephros Organ donation Organ harvesting Pelvic kidney World Kidney Day References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cotran , RS S. ; Kumar , Vinay ; Fausto , Nelson ; Robbins , Stanley L. ; Abbas , Abul K. ( 2005 ) . Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease . St. Louis , MO : Elsevier Saunders . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 0187 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` HowStuffWorks How Your Kidney Works '' . Jump up ^ `` Kidneys Location Stock Illustration '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived February 10 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Glodny B , Unterholzner V , Taferner B , et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Normal kidney size and its influencing factors -- a 64 - slice MDCT study of 1.040 asymptomatic patients '' . BMC Urology. 9 ( 1 ) : 19 . PMC 2813848 . PMID 20030823 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2490 - 9 - 19 . Jump up ^ Bålens ytanatomy ( Superficial anatomy of the trunk ) . Anca Dragomir , Mats Hjortberg and Godfried M. Romans . Section for human anatomy at the Department of Medical Biology , Uppsala University , Sweden . ^ Jump up to : Walter F. Boron ( 2004 ) . Medical Physiology : A Cellular And Molecular Approach . Elsevier / Saunders . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2328 - 3 . Jump up ^ Emamian SA , Nielsen MB , Pedersen JF , Ytte L ( 1993 ) . `` Kidney dimensions at sonography : correlation with age , sex , and habitus in 665 adult volunteers . '' . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 160 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 6 . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 160.1. 8416654 . Jump up ^ Clapp , WL . `` Renal Anatomy '' . In : Zhou XJ , Laszik Z , Nadasdy T , D'Agati VD , Silva FG , eds . Silva 's Diagnostic Renal Pathology . New York : Cambridge University Press ; 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bard , Johnathan ; Vize , Peter D. ; Woolf , Adrian S. ( 2003 ) . The kidney : from normal development to congenital disease . Boston : Academic Press . p. 154 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 722441 - 6 . Jump up ^ Schrier , Robert W. ; Berl , Tomas ; Harbottle , Judith A. ( 1972 ) . `` Mechanism of the Antidiuretic Effect Associated with Interruption of Parasympathetic Pathways '' . Journal of Clinical Investigation . 51 ( 10 ) : 2613 -- 20 . PMC 332960 . PMID 5056657 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI107079 . Jump up ^ `` The human proteome in kidney -- The Human Protein Atlas '' . www.proteinatlas.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Uhlén , Mathias ; Fagerberg , Linn ; Hallström , Björn M. ; Lindskog , Cecilia ; Oksvold , Per ; Mardinoglu , Adil ; Sivertsson , Åsa ; Kampf , Caroline ; Sjöstedt , Evelina ( 2015 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Tissue - based map of the human proteome '' . Science . 347 ( 6220 ) : 1260419 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 25613900 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1260419 . Jump up ^ Habuka , Masato ; Fagerberg , Linn ; Hallström , Björn M. ; Kampf , Caroline ; Edlund , Karolina ; Sivertsson , Åsa ; Yamamoto , Tadashi ; Pontén , Fredrik ; Uhlén , Mathias ( 2014 - 12 - 31 ) . `` The Kidney Transcriptome and Proteome Defined by Transcriptomics and Antibody - Based Profiling '' . PLOS ONE . 9 ( 12 ) : e116125 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0116125 . Jump up ^ Bruce M. Carlson ( 2004 ) . Human Embryology and Developmental Biology ( 3rd ed . ) . Saint Louis : Mosby . ISBN 0 - 323 - 03649 - X . ^ Jump up to : Le , Tao . First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2013 . New York : McGraw - Hill Medical , 2013 . Print . Jump up ^ A.M. Weinstein ( 1994 ) . `` Mathematical models of tubular transport '' . Annual Review of Physiology. 56 : 691 -- 709 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. physiol. 56.1. 691 . ^ Jump up to : S.R. Thomas ( 2005 ) . `` Modelling and simulation of the kidney '' . Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry . 5 : 70 -- 83 . doi : 10.4024 / 230503. jbpc. 05.02 . Jump up ^ Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , USA : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sample , Ian ( 2008 - 02 - 19 ) . `` How many people have four kidneys ? '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Girl 's Kidneys Fail , But Doctors Find Double Valves , Saving Her Life '' . Abcnews.go.com. 2010 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Stephen Jones , J. ; Inderbir S. Gill ; Raymond Rackley ( 2006 ) . Operative Urology at the Cleveland Clinic . Andrew C. Novick , Inderbir S. Gill , Eric A. Klein , Jonathan H. Ross ( eds . ) . Totowa , NJ : Humana Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58829 - 081 - 6 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 59745 - 016 - 4_16 . ^ Jump up to : Post TW , Rose BD , auths and Curhan GC , Sheridan AM , eds . Diagnostic Approach to the Patient With Acute Kidney Injury ( Acute Renal Failure ) or Chronic Kidney Disease . UpToDate.com , Dec. 2012 . http://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnostic-approach-to-the-patient-with-acute-kidney-injury-acute-renal-failure-or-chronic-kidney-disease?source=preview&anchor=H12&selectedTitle=1~150#H12 ^ Jump up to : Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 367 -- 376 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . Jump up ^ Theunissen , M. ; Tiedt , L. ; Du Preez , L.H. ( 2014 ) . `` The morphology and attachment of Protopolystoma xenopodis ( Monogenea : Polystomatidae ) infecting the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis '' . Parasite. 21 : 20 . PMC 4018937 . PMID 24823278 . doi : 10.1051 / parasite / 2014020 . Jump up ^ Al - kahtani , M.A. ; Zuleta , C. ; Caviedes - Vidal , E. ; Garland , Jr. , T. ( 2004 ) . `` Kidney mass and relative medullary thickness of rodents in relation to habitat , body size , and phylogeny '' ( PDF ) . Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 77 ( 3 ) : 346 -- 365 . PMID 15286910 . doi : 10.1086 / 420941 . Jump up ^ Salem ME , Eknoyan G ( 1999 ) . `` The kidney in ancient Egyptian medicine : where does it stand ? '' . American Journal of Nephrology. 19 ( 2 ) : 140 -- 7 . PMID 10213808 . doi : 10.1159 / 000013440 . Jump up ^ Body Metaphors in Biblical Hebrew Jump up ^ Leviticus 3 : 4 , 10 and 15 Jump up ^ ie Deut 3 : 4 , 9 , 10 , 15 ... or the Babylonian Talmud , Bechorot ( 39a ) Ch6 : Tr2 ... Jump up ^ http://www.ayurvedacollege.com/articles/drhalpern/Vata_Doshas Vata Dosha Jump up ^ List of topics characterized as pseudoscience , according to the American Medical Association 's Report 12 of the Council of Scientific Affairs ( A-97 ) and claims by skeptics ( ' The Skeptics Dictionary ' website ) Jump up ^ Sangu PK , Kumar VM , Shekhar MS , Chagam MK , Goli PP , Tirupati PK ( January 2011 ) . `` A study on Tailabindu pariksha -- An ancient Ayurvedic method of urine examination as a diagnostic and prognostic tool '' . Ayu. 32 ( 1 ) : 76 -- 81 . PMC 3215423 . PMID 22131762 . doi : 10.4103 / 0974 - 8520.85735 . Jump up ^ A Few Thoughts on Ayurvedic Mumbo - Jumbo , Stephen Barrett , M.D , head of the National Council Against Health Fraud NGO and owner of the QuackWatch website . Jump up ^ The Patient as Person : Explorations in Medical Ethics p. 60 by Paul Ramsey , Margaret Farley , Albert Jonsen , William F. May ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ History of Nephrology 2 p. 235 by International Association for the History of Nephrology Congress , Garabed Eknoyan , Spyros G. Marketos , Natale G. De Santo , 1997 ; Reprint of American Journal of Nephrology ; v. 14 , no . 4 -- 6 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Rognons dans les recettes ( in French ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kidneys . Kidney at the Human Protein Atlas The Kidney in 3D Viewer -- At Hilzbook electron microscopic images of the kidney ( Dr. Jastrow 's EM - Atlas ) European Renal Genome project kidney function tutorial Kidney Information Training at wisc-online.com <Th_colspan="2"> Anatomy of the urinary system Kidneys Layers Fascia Capsule Cortex column Medulla sinus pyramids medullary interstitium Lobe Cortical lobule Medullary ray Nephron Circulation Arteries Renal artery segmental interlobar arcuate interlobular afferent Veins Renal vein Peritubular capillaries Vasa recta arcuate interlobar efferent Nephron Renal corpuscle Glomerulus Bowman 's capsule Glomerular basement membrane Podocyte Filtration slits Mesangium Intraglomerular mesangial cell Renal tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Descending Thin ascending Thick ascending Distal convoluted tubule Connecting tubule Collecting ducts Tubular fluid Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Juxtaglomerular apparatus Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangium Extraglomerular mesangial cell Ureters Orifice of ureter Ureteropelvic junction Bladder Apex Uvula Neck Median umbilical ligament Muscular layer Trigone Detrusor Mucosa Submucosa Urethra Urethral sphincters External sphincter male female Internal sphincter GND : 4042270 - 7 NDL : 00574833 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kidney&oldid=807966629 '' Categories : Kidney Endocrine system Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with French - language external links Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Articles to be expanded from August 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Лакку Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 02 : 37 . 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1. Kidney anatomy and function
2. Nephron and kidney filtration
3. Renal blood supply and nerve innervation
4. Reabsorption and secretion in the kidney
5. Homeostasis and regulation in the kidneys
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who sang the song first time ever i saw your face
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The First time Ever I Saw Your Face - wikipedia The First time Ever I Saw Your Face For other uses , see The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Roberta Flack <Th_colspan="2"> from the album First Take Released March 7 , 1972 ( 1972 - 03 - 07 ) Recorded 1969 Genre Soul vocal jazz Length 5 : 22 4 : 15 ( 1972 radio edit ) Label Atlantic 2864 Songwriter ( s ) Ewan MacColl Producer ( s ) Joel Dorn <Th_colspan="2"> Roberta Flack singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow '' ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' ( 1972 ) `` Where Is the Love '' ( 1972 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow '' ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' ( 1972 ) `` Where Is the Love '' ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' Roberta Flack 's `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' from First Take <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' is a 1957 folk song written by British political singer / songwriter Ewan MacColl for Peggy Seeger , who later became his wife . At the time , the couple were lovers , although MacColl was still married to Joan Littlewood . Seeger sang the song when the duo performed in folk clubs around Britain . During the 1960s , it was recorded by various folk singers and became a major international hit for Roberta Flack in 1972 , winning Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Song of the Year . Billboard ranked it as the no . 1 Hot 100 single of the year for 1972 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Roberta Flack version 3 Other recorded versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) There are two differing accounts of the origin of the song . MacColl said that he wrote the song for Seeger after she asked him to pen a song for a play she was in . He wrote the song and taught it to Seeger over the telephone . Seeger said that MacColl , with whom she had begun an affair in 1957 , used to send her tapes to listen to whilst they were apart and that the song was on one of them . The song entered the pop mainstream when it was released by the Kingston Trio on their 1962 hit album New Frontier and in subsequent years by other pop folk groups such as Peter , Paul and Mary , The Brothers Four , and the Chad Mitchell Trio , and by Gordon Lightfoot on his debut album Lightfoot ! ( 1966 ) . MacColl made no secret of the fact that he disliked all of the cover versions of the song . His daughter - in - law wrote : `` He hated all of them . He had a special section in his record collection for them , entitled ' The Chamber of Horrors ' . He said that the Elvis version was like Romeo at the bottom of the Post Office Tower singing up to Juliet . And the other versions , he thought , were travesties : bludgeoning , histrionic , and lacking in grace . '' Roberta Flack version ( edit ) The song was popularised by Roberta Flack in 1972 in a version that became a breakout hit for the singer . The song first appeared on Flack 's 1969 album First Take . Her rendition was much slower than the original , as an early solo recording by Seeger ran two and a half minutes long whereas Flack 's is more than twice that length . Flack 's slower and more sensual version was used by Clint Eastwood in his 1971 directorial film debut , Play Misty for Me , during a lovemaking scene . With the new exposure , Atlantic Records cut the song down to four minutes and released it to radio . It became a very successful single in the United States where it reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and easy listening charts in April 1972 for six week runs on each list . It reached number 14 on the UK Singles Chart . In Canada , it was No. 1 for three weeks in the RPM magazine charts . In 2014 , two films featured the song : Flack 's version was heard twice in the superhero film X-Men : Days of Future Past , set largely in 1973 , while a `` cover '' of it was performed by one of the protagonists in The Inbetweeners 2 for comic effect . In 2015 , Flack 's version was used as the outro in episode 88 of the television series Mad Men . In 2016 , Flack 's version was featured in the finale episode of the HBO series The Night Of . In 2016 , Flack 's version was played in the background of Episode 3 , in the FX Cable TV Miniseries The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story . Other recorded versions ( edit ) Aaron Neville Acker Bilk ( instrumental ) Alfie Boe Alison Moyet Amanda Palmer Andy Williams Ann Hampton Callaway Appendix Out Bert Jansch Bobby Vinton Bob Monkhouse Bonnie Dobson Bradley Joseph Brian Kennedy Carol - Ann Flanagan Carla Cook Celine Dion The Chi - Lites Chie Ayado Christy Moore Chris Walker Cindytalk Coldcut and Joanna Law Conner Reeves David Cook Diana Ross Don McLean Edward Woodward Easther Bennett Elvis Presley Emily Barker Engelbert Humperdinck Fatman Scoop The Flaming Lips and Erykah Badu The Flaming Lips and Amanda Palmer George Michael Gordon Lightfoot Gregorian Harry Belafonte and Lena Horne Harry Connick , Jr . Isaac Hayes Jeffrey Gaines Jeffrey Osborne Jennifer Hudson Joe and Eddie Johnny Cash Johnny Mathis Jonathan & Charlotte Jools Holland Jordan Rudess José Carreras Josh Krajcik Journey South Judy Collins June Tabor Kathy Hampson 's New Elastic Band Kate Ceberano Kate Havnevik Kitty White Lauryn Hill Lea Michele ( Glee Cast ) Leona Lewis Marcia Griffiths Marianne Faithfull Maria Taylor Marlon Williams Mary Travers Mathilde Santing Matt Cardle Mel Tormé Michael Kaeshammer Michael Sweet Miley Cyrus Nana Mouskouri Natasha Marsh Nils Lofgren Nu : Tone Offa Rex Ol ' Dirty Bastard Paul Mounsey Paul Potts Peter , Paul and Mary Peter Blakeley Petula Clark Pig Orchestra Rachel Z Ray Conniff Regine Velasquez Richard Marx Sarah McQuaid Satori Scooter ( band ) Shirley Bassey The Smothers Brothers Stereophonics Steven Houghton Sylvia McNair Tally Koren Tamera Foster The Temptations Timmy Thomas Toots Thielemans Val Doonican Vanessa Williams Vern Gosdin Vikki Carr Wayne Newton Way Out West We Five Naturally 7 See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1972 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1972 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1970s List of number - one singles of 1972 ( Canada ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Record of the Year - The 15th Annual Grammy Awards ( 1972 ) '' . The Recording Academy . 1972 . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1972 Jump up ^ Quarrington , Paul ; Doyle , Roddy ( 2010 ) . Cigar Box Banjo . Greystone Books . p. 89 . ISBN 9781553656296 . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Picardie , Justine ( 1995 ) . `` The first time ever I saw your face '' . In De Lisle , Tim . Lives of the great songs . London : Penguin . pp. 122 -- 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14024957 - 6 . Jump up ^ Brocken , Michael ( 2003 ) , The British Folk Revival , 1944 -- 2002 , Ashgate , p. 38 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 3282 - 5 : quoting MacColl 's daughter - in - law , Justine Picardie . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 93 . External links ( edit ) Superseventies.com - with quotes from Roberta Flack and information on the song 's background <Th_colspan="2"> Roberta Flack Studio albums First Take ( 1969 ) Chapter Two ( 1970 ) Quiet Fire ( 1971 ) Roberta Flack & Donny Hathaway ( 1972 ) Killing Me Softly ( 1973 ) Feel Like Makin ' Love ( 1975 ) Blue Lights in the Basement ( 1977 ) Roberta Flack ( 1978 ) Roberta Flack Featuring Donny Hathaway ( 1980 ) I 'm the One ( 1982 ) Born to Love ( 1983 ) Oasis ( 1988 ) Set the Night to Music ( 1991 ) Roberta ( 1994 ) The Christmas Album ( 1997 ) Holiday ( 2003 ) Live albums Live & More ( 1980 ) At Her Best -- Live ( 2008 ) Soundtrack albums Bustin ' Loose ( 1981 ) Compilation albums The Best of Roberta Flack ( 1981 ) Greatest Hits ( 1984 ) Softly with These Songs : The Best of Roberta Flack ( 1993 ) The Very Best of Roberta Flack ( 2006 ) Singles `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` Where Is the Love '' `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' `` Feel Like Makin ' Love '' `` The Closer I Get to You '' `` If Ever I See You Again '' `` Making Love '' `` Tonight , I Celebrate My Love '' `` Oasis '' `` Uh - Uh Ooh - Ooh Look Out ( Here It Comes ) '' Related articles Discography Donny Hathaway <Th_colspan="2"> Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1960 -- 1979 ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1960 : `` Theme from A Summer Place '' -- Percy Faith 1961 : `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' -- Bobby Lewis 1962 : `` Stranger on the Shore '' -- Mr. Acker Bilk 1963 : `` Sugar Shack '' -- Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs 1964 : `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' -- The Beatles 1965 : `` Wooly Bully '' -- Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs 1966 : `` Ballad of the Green Berets '' -- S / Sgt . Barry Sadler 1967 : `` To Sir , with Love '' -- Lulu 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 : `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Simon & Garfunkel 1971 : `` Joy to the World '' -- Three Dog Night 1972 : `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Roberta Flack 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` The Way We Were '' -- Barbra Streisand 1975 : `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' -- Captain & Tennille 1976 : `` Silly Love Songs '' -- Wings 1977 : `` Tonight 's the Night ( Gonna Be Alright ) '' -- Rod Stewart 1978 : `` Shadow Dancing '' -- Andy Gibb 1979 : `` My Sharona '' -- The Knack <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu ( Volare ) '' by Domenico Modugno ( 1959 ) `` Mack the Knife '' by Bobby Darin ( 1960 ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' by Percy Faith ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' by Henry Mancini ( 1962 ) `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' by Tony Bennett ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' by Henry Mancini ( 1964 ) `` The Girl from Ipanema '' by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz ( 1965 ) `` A Taste of Honey '' by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass ( 1966 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' by Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up and Away '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1968 ) `` Mrs. Robinson '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1969 ) `` Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1971 ) `` It 's Too Late '' by Carole King ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' by Roberta Flack ( 1974 ) `` I Honestly Love You '' by Olivia Newton - John ( 1975 ) `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' by Captain & Tennille ( Daryl Dragon , Toni Tennille ) ( 1976 ) `` This Masquerade '' by George Benson ( 1977 ) `` Hotel California '' by Eagles ( Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Randy Meisner , Joe Walsh ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' by Billy Joel ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' by The Doobie Brothers ( Jeffrey Baxter , John Hartman , Keith Knudsen , Michael McDonald , Tiran Porter , Patrick Simmons ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' by Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' by Kim Carnes ( 1982 ) `` Rosanna '' by Toto ( Bobby Kimball , Steve Lukather , David Paich , Jeff Porcaro , David Hungate , Steve Porcaro ) ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' by Tina Turner ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa ( 1986 ) `` Higher Love '' by Steve Winwood ( 1987 ) `` Graceland '' by Paul Simon ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' by Bobby McFerrin ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' by Bette Midler ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' by Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' by Seal ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' by Eric Clapton ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' by Shawn Colvin ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' by Celine Dion ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' by Santana ( Rodney Holmes , Tony Lindsay , Karl Perazzo , Raul Rekow , Benny Rietveld , Carlos Santana , Chester Thompson ) featuring Rob Thomas ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2001 ) `` Walk On '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' by Norah Jones ( 2003 ) `` Clocks '' by Coldplay ( Guy Berryman , Jon Buckland , Will Champion , Phil Harvey , Chris Martin ) ( 2004 ) `` Here We Go Again '' by Ray Charles and Norah Jones ( 2005 ) `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' by Green Day ( Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt , Frank Edwin Wright III ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' by Dixie Chicks ( Martie Maguire , Natalie Maines , Emily Robison ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' by Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) `` Please Read the Letter '' by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant ( 2009 ) `` Use Somebody '' by Kings of Leon ( Caleb Followill , Jared Followill , Matthew Followill , Nathan Followill ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' by Lady Antebellum ( Hillary Scott , Charles Kelley , Dave Haywood ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' by Adele ( 2012 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2013 ) `` Get Lucky '' by Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) by Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` Uptown Funk '' by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' by Adele ( 2017 ) `` 24K Magic '' by Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Volare '' -- Domenico Modugno ( songwriter ) ( 1959 ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Jimmy Driftwood ( songwriter ) ( 1960 ) `` Theme from Exodus '' -- Ernest Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1962 ) `` What Kind of Fool Am I ? '' -- Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley ( songwriters ) ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1964 ) `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- Jerry Herman ( songwriter ) ( 1965 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' -- Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel ( songwriters ) ( 1966 ) `` Michelle '' -- John Lennon & Paul McCartney ( songwriters ) ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up , and Away '' -- Jimmy Webb ( songwriter ) ( 1968 ) `` Little Green Apples '' -- Bobby Russell ( songwriter ) ( 1969 ) `` Games People Play '' -- Joe South ( songwriter ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Paul Simon ( songwriter ) ( 1971 ) `` You 've Got a Friend '' -- Carole King ( songwriter ) ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Ewan MacColl ( songwriter ) ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' -- Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox ( songwriters ) ( 1974 ) `` The Way We Were '' -- Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch ( songwriters ) ( 1975 ) `` Send In the Clowns '' -- Stephen Sondheim ( songwriter ) ( 1976 ) `` I Write the Songs '' -- Bruce Johnston ( songwriter ) ( 1977 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' -- Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams ( songwriters ) / `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Joe Brooks ( songwriter ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Billy Joel ( songwriter ) ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' -- Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald ( songwriters ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' -- Christopher Cross ( songwriter ) ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon ( songwriters ) ( 1982 ) `` Always on My Mind '' -- Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson ( songwriters ) ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' -- Sting ( songwriter ) ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' -- Graham Lyle & Terry Britten ( songwriters ) ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' -- Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie ( songwriters ) ( 1986 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager ( songwriters ) ( 1987 ) `` Somewhere Out There '' -- James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil ( songwriters ) ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' -- Bobby McFerrin ( songwriter ) ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' -- Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar ( songwriters ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' -- Julie Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' -- Irving Gordon ( songwriter ) ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' -- Eric Clapton & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' -- Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' -- Bruce Springsteen ( songwriter ) ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' -- Seal ( songwriter ) ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' -- Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims ( songwriters ) ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' -- Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal ( songwriters ) ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- James Horner & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' -- Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas ( songwriters ) ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2001 ) `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys ( songwriter ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Jesse Harris ( songwriter ) ( 2003 ) `` Dance with My Father '' -- Richard Marx & Luther Vandross ( songwriters ) ( 2004 ) `` Daughters '' -- John Mayer ( songwriter ) ( 2005 ) `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' -- Emily Burns Erwin , Martha Maguire , Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson ( songwriters ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' -- Amy Winehouse ( songwriter ) ( 2008 ) `` Viva la Vida '' -- Guy Berryman , Jonathan Buckland , William Champion & Christopher Martin ( songwriters ) ( 2009 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart ( songwriters ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' -- Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott ( songwriters ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth ( songwriters ) ( 2012 ) `` We Are Young '' -- Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess ( songwriters ) ( 2013 ) `` Royals '' -- Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor ( songwriters ) ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) -- James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith ( songwriters ) ( 2015 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' -- Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge ( songwriters ) ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' -- Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin ( songwriters ) ( 2017 ) `` That 's What I Like '' -- Christopher Brody Brown , James Fauntleroy , Philip Lawrence , Bruno Mars , Ray Charles McCullough II , Jeremy Reeves , Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip ( songwriters ) ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_First_Time_Ever_I_Saw_Your_Face&oldid=846703837 '' Categories : 1957 songs 1972 singles 2000 singles Songs written by Ewan MacColl Roberta Flack songs Celine Dion songs The Kingston Trio songs Peter , Paul and Mary songs We Five songs Andy Williams songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia RPM Top Singles number - one singles Grammy Award for Song of the Year Grammy Award for Record of the Year A&M Records singles Pop ballads Vocal jazz songs Richard Marx songs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 20 June 2018 , at 11 : 38 ( UTC ) . 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1. "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" - a folk song written by Ewan MacColl
2. Roberta Flack - singer who popularized the song with her 1972 version
3. Grammy Awards - the song won Record of the Year and Song of the Year in 1972
4. Cover versions - various artists have recorded their own versions of the song
5. Popularity and recognition - the song topped charts
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-1,288,251,046,148,057,000 |
i know why the caged bird sings fiction or nonfiction
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I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings - wikipedia I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Jump to : navigation , search Cover from the first edition of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , published in 1969 by Random House I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is a 1969 autobiography about the early years of American writer and poet Maya Angelou . The first in a seven - volume series , it is a coming - of - age story that illustrates how strength of character and a love of literature can help overcome racism and trauma . The book begins when three - year - old Maya and her older brother are sent to Stamps , Arkansas , to live with their grandmother and ends when Maya becomes a mother at the age of 16 . In the course of Caged Bird , Maya transforms from a victim of racism with an inferiority complex into a self - possessed , dignified young woman capable of responding to prejudice . Angelou was challenged by her friend , author James Baldwin , and her editor , Robert Loomis , to write an autobiography that was also a piece of literature . Reviewers often categorize Caged Bird as autobiographical fiction because Angelou uses thematic development and other techniques common to fiction , but the prevailing critical view characterizes it as an autobiography , a genre she attempts to critique , change , and expand . The book covers topics common to autobiographies written by Black American women in the years following the Civil Rights Movement : a celebration of Black motherhood ; a critique of racism ; the importance of family ; and the quest for independence , personal dignity , and self - definition . Angelou uses her autobiography to explore subjects such as identity , rape , racism , and literacy . She also writes in new ways about women 's lives in a male - dominated society . Maya , the younger version of Angelou and the book 's central character , has been called `` a symbolic character for every black girl growing up in America '' . Angelou 's description of being raped as an eight - year - old child overwhelms the book , although it is presented briefly in the text . Another metaphor , that of a bird struggling to escape its cage , is a central image throughout the work , which consists of `` a sequence of lessons about resisting racist oppression '' . Angelou 's treatment of racism provides a thematic unity to the book . Literacy and the power of words help young Maya cope with her bewildering world ; books become her refuge as she works through her trauma . Caged Bird was nominated for a National Book Award in 1970 and remained on The New York Times paperback bestseller list for two years . It has been used in educational settings from high schools to universities , and the book has been celebrated for creating new literary avenues for the American memoir . However , the book 's graphic depiction of childhood rape , racism , and sexuality has caused it to be challenged or banned in some schools and libraries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Title 2 Plot summary 3 Style and genre 4 Form 5 Themes 5.1 Identity 5.2 Racism 5.3 Rape 5.4 Literacy 6 Reception and legacy 6.1 Critical reception and sales 6.2 Influence 6.3 Censorship 6.4 Film version 7 Footnotes 8 Notes 9 Sources cited Background ( edit ) The book 's title comes from a poem by African - American poet Paul Laurence Dunbar . The caged bird , a symbol for the chained slave , is an image Angelou uses throughout all her writings . Before writing I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings at the age of forty , Angelou had a long and varied career , holding jobs such as composer , singer , actor , civil rights worker , journalist , and educator . In the late 1950s , she joined the Harlem Writers Guild , where she met a number of important African - American authors , including her friend and mentor James Baldwin . After hearing civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. speak for the first time in 1960 , she was inspired to join the Civil Rights Movement . She organized several benefits for him , and he named her Northern Coordinator of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference . She worked for several years in Ghana , West Africa , as a journalist , actress , and educator . She was invited back to the US by Malcolm X to work for him shortly before his assassination in 1965 . In 1968 , King asked her to organize a march , but he too was assassinated on April 4 , which also happened to be her birthday . For many years , Angelou responded to King 's murder by not celebrating her birthday , instead choosing to meet with , call , or send flowers to his widow , Coretta Scott King . Angelou was deeply depressed in the months following King 's assassination , so to help lift her spirits , Baldwin brought her to a dinner party at the home of cartoonist Jules Feiffer and his wife Judy in late 1968 . The guests began telling stories of their childhoods and Angelou 's stories impressed Judy Feiffer . The next day she called Robert Loomis at Random House , who became Angelou 's editor throughout her long writing career until he retired in 2011 , and `` told him that he ought to get this woman to write a book '' . At first , Angelou refused , since she thought of herself as a poet and playwright . According to Angelou , Baldwin had a `` covert hand '' in getting her to write the book , and advised Loomis to use `` a little reverse psychology '' , and reported that Loomis tricked her into it by daring her : `` It 's just as well '' , he said , `` because to write an autobiography as literature is just about impossible '' . Angelou was unable to resist a challenge , and she began writing Caged Bird . After `` closeting herself '' in London , it took her two years to write it . She shared the manuscript with her friend , writer Jessica Mitford , before submitting it for publication . Angelou subsequently wrote six additional autobiographies , covering a variety of her young adult experiences . They are distinct in style and narration , but unified in their themes and stretch from Arkansas to Africa , and back to the US , from the beginnings of World War II to King 's assassination . Like Caged Bird , the events in these books are episodic and crafted as a series of short stories , yet do not follow a strict chronology . Later books in the series include Gather Together in My Name ( 1974 ) , Singin ' and Swingin ' and Gettin ' Merry Like Christmas ( 1976 ) , The Heart of a Woman ( 1981 ) , All God 's Children Need Traveling Shoes ( 1986 ) , A Song Flung Up to Heaven ( 2002 ) , and Mom & Me & Mom ( 2013 , at the age of 85 ) . Critics have often judged Angelou 's later autobiographies `` in light of the first '' , and Caged Bird generally receives the highest praise . Beginning with Caged Bird , Angelou used the same `` writing ritual '' for many years . She would get up at five in the morning and check into a hotel room , where the staff were instructed to remove any pictures from the walls . She wrote on yellow legal pads while lying on the bed , with a bottle of sherry , a deck of cards to play solitaire , Roget 's Thesaurus , and the Bible , and left by the early afternoon . She averaged 10 -- 12 pages of material a day , which she edited down to three or four pages in the evening . Lupton stated that this ritual indicated `` a firmness of purpose and an inflexible use of time '' . Angelou went through this process to give herself time to turn the events of her life into art , and to `` enchant '' herself ; as she said in a 1989 interview with the British Broadcasting Corporation , to `` relive the agony , the anguish , the Sturm und Drang '' . She placed herself back in the time she wrote about , even during traumatic experiences like her rape in Caged Bird , to `` tell the human truth '' about her life . Critic Opal Moore says about Caged Bird : `` ... Though easily read , ( it ) is no ' easy read ' '' . Angelou stated that she played cards to reach that place of enchantment , to access her memories more effectively . She has stated , `` It may take an hour to get into it , but once I 'm in it -- ha ! It 's so delicious ! '' She did not find the process cathartic ; rather , she found relief in `` telling the truth '' . Title ( edit ) When selecting a title , Angelou turned to Paul Laurence Dunbar , an African - American poet whose works she had admired for years . Jazz vocalist and civil rights activist Abbey Lincoln suggested the title . According to Lyman B. Hagen , the title pulls Angelou 's readers into the book while reminding them that it is possible to both lose control of one 's life and to have one 's freedom taken from them . Angelou has credited Dunbar , along with Shakespeare , with forming her `` writing ambition '' . The title of the book comes from the third stanza of Dunbar 's poem `` Sympathy '' : I know why the caged bird sings , ah me , When his wing is bruised and his bosom sore , When he beats his bars and would be free ; It is not a carol of joy or glee , But a prayer that he sends from his heart 's deep core , But a plea , that upward to Heaven he flings -- I know why the caged bird sings . Plot summary ( edit ) See also : List of characters in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings follows Marguerite 's ( called `` My '' or `` Maya '' by her brother ) life from the age of three to seventeen and the struggles she faces -- particularly with racism -- in the Southern United States . Abandoned by their parents , Maya and her older brother Bailey are sent to live with their paternal grandmother ( Momma ) and crippled uncle ( Uncle Willie ) in Stamps , Arkansas . Maya and Bailey are haunted by their parents ' abandonment throughout the book -- they travel alone and are labeled like baggage . The community of Stamps , Arkansas , is the setting for a large portion of the book . Many of the problems Maya encounters in her childhood stem from the overt racism of her white neighbors . Although Mamma is relatively wealthy because she owns the general store at the heart of Stamps ' Black community , the white children of their town hassle Maya 's family relentlessly . One of these `` powhitetrash '' girls , for example , reveals her pubic hair to Momma in a humiliating incident . Early in the book , Momma hides Uncle Willie in a vegetable bin to protect him from Ku Klux Klan raiders . Maya has to endure the insult of her name being changed to Mary by a racist employer . A white speaker at her eighth grade graduation ceremony disparages the Black audience by suggesting that they have limited job opportunities . A white dentist refuses to treat Maya 's rotting tooth , even when Momma reminds him that she had loaned him money during the Depression . The Black community of Stamps enjoys a moment of racial victory when they listen to the radio broadcast of Joe Louis 's championship fight , but generally , they feel the heavy weight of racist oppression . A turning point in the book occurs when Maya and Bailey 's father unexpectedly appears in Stamps . He takes the two children with him when he departs , but leaves them with their mother in St. Louis , Missouri . Eight - year - old Maya is sexually abused and raped by her mother 's boyfriend , Mr. Freeman . He is found guilty during the trial , but escapes jail time and is murdered , presumably by Maya 's uncles . Maya feels guilty and withdraws from everyone but her brother . Even after returning to Stamps , Maya remains reclusive and nearly mute until she meets Mrs. Bertha Flowers , `` the aristocrat of Black Stamps '' , who encourages her through books and communication to regain her voice and soul . This coaxes Maya out of her shell . Later , Momma decides to send her grandchildren to their mother in San Francisco , California , to protect them from the dangers of racism in Stamps . Maya attends George Washington High School and studies dance and drama on a scholarship at the California Labor School . Before graduating , she becomes the first Black female streetcar conductor in San Francisco . While still in high school , Maya visits her father in southern California one summer and has some experiences pivotal to her development . She drives a car for the first time when she must transport her intoxicated father home from an excursion to Mexico . She experiences homelessness for a short time after a fight with her father 's girlfriend . During Maya 's final year of high school , she worries that she might be a lesbian ( which she confuses due to her sexual inexperience with the belief that lesbians are also hermaphrodites ) . She ultimately initiates sexual intercourse with a teenage boy . She becomes pregnant , which on the advice of her brother , she hides from her family until her eighth month of pregnancy in order to graduate from high school . Maya gives birth at the end of the book . Style and genre ( edit ) In addition to being classified as an autobiography , I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings has also been called a Bildungsroman , like George Eliot 's The Mill on the Floss . Angelou 's prose works , while presenting a unique interpretation of the autobiographical form , can be placed in the long tradition of African - American autobiography . Her use of fiction - writing techniques such as dialogue , characterization , and thematic development , however , often lead reviewers to categorize her books , including I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , as autobiographical fiction . Other critics , like Lupton , insist that Angelou 's books should be categorized as autobiographies because they conform to the genre 's standard structure : they are written by a single author , they are chronological , and they contain elements of character , technique , and theme . In a 1983 interview with African - American literature critic Claudia Tate , Angelou calls her books autobiographies . At first , Angelou intended to return to poetry and play - writing after completing Caged Bird and write no more autobiographies , but she chose the genre as her primary mode of expression because of its challenge and so that she could `` change it , to make it bigger , richer , finer , and more inclusive in the twentieth century '' . In a 1989 interview , she stated , `` I think I am the only serious writer who has chosen the autobiographical form to carry my work , my expression '' . As she told journalist George Plimpton during a 1990 interview , `` Autobiography is awfully seductive ; it 's wonderful '' . She also told Plimpton that like the tradition begun by Frederick Douglass in slave narratives , she used the literary technique of `` speaking in the first - person singular talking about the first - person plural , always saying I meaning ' we ' '' . As critic Susan Gilbert states , Angelou was reporting not one person 's story , but the collective 's . Scholar Selwyn R. Cudjoe agrees , and sees Angelou as representative of the convention in African - American autobiography as a public gesture that speaks for an entire group of people . Scholar Joanne M. Braxton sees Caged Bird as `` the fully developed black female autobiographical form that began to emerge in the 1940s and 1950s '' . The book presents themes that are common in autobiography by Black American women : a celebration of Black motherhood ; a criticism of racism ; the importance of family ; and the quest for independence , personal dignity , and self - definition . Angelou introduces a unique point of view in American autobiography by revealing her life story through a narrator who is a Black female from the South , at some points a child , and other points a mother . Writer Hilton Als calls Angelou one of the `` pioneers of self - exposure '' , willing to focus honestly on the more negative aspects of her personality and choices . For example , Angelou was worried about her readers ' reactions to her disclosure in her second autobiography , Gather Together in My Name , that she was a prostitute . She went through with it , anyway , after her husband Paul Du Feu advised her to be honest about it . Angelou has recognized that there are fictional aspects to her books , and that she tends to `` diverge from the conventional notion of autobiography as truth '' . Angelou discussed her writing process with Plimpton , and when asked if she changed the truth to improve her story , she admitted that she had . She stated , `` Sometimes I make a diameter from a composite of three or four people , because the essence in only one person is not sufficiently strong to be written about . '' Although Angelou has never admitted to changing the facts in her stories , she has used these facts to make an impact with the reader . As Hagen states , `` One can assume that ' the essence of the data ' is present in Angelou 's work '' . Hagen also states that Angelou `` fictionalizes , to enhance interest '' . For example , Angelou uses the first - person narrative voice customary with autobiographies , told from the perspective of a child that is `` artfully recreated by an adult narrator '' . Angelou uses two distinct voices , the adult writer and the child who is the focus of the book , whom Angelou calls `` the Maya character '' . Angelou reports that maintaining the distinction between herself and the Maya character is `` damned difficult '' , but `` very necessary '' . Scholar Liliane Arensberg suggests that Angelou `` retaliates for the tongue - tied child 's helpless pain '' by using her adult self 's irony and wit . As such , Caged Bird has been called a Bildungsroman or coming - of - age story ; critic Mary Jane Lupton compares it to other Bildungsromans like George Eliot 's novel The Mill on the Floss . According to Lupton , the two books share the following similarities : a focus on young strong - willed heroines who have solid relationships with their brothers , an examination of the role of literature in life , and an emphasis on the importance of family and community life . `` During the months she spent writing the book , ( Angelou ) practically withdrew from the world . She 'd set the bar high . Her ambition was to write a book that would honor the Black experience and affirm the ' human spirit . ' She more than achieved her goal . She wrote a coming - of - age story that has become a modern classic '' . -- Marcia Ann Gillespie , 2008 Form ( edit ) When Angelou wrote I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings at the end of the 1960s , one of the necessary and accepted features of literature , according to critic Pierre A. Walker , was thematic unity . One of Angelou 's goals was to create a book that satisfied this criterion , in order to achieve her political purposes , which were to demonstrate how to resist racism in America . The structure of the text , which resembles a series of short stories , is not chronological but rather thematic . Walker , in his 1993 article about Caged Bird , `` Racial Protest , Identity , Words , and Form '' , focuses on the book 's structure , and describes how it supports her presentation of racism . According to Walker , critics had neglected analyzing its structure , choosing to focus instead on its themes , which he feels neglects the political nature of the book . He states , `` One serves Angelou and Caged Bird better by emphasizing how form and political content work together '' . Angelou structures her book so that it presents a series of lessons about how to resist racism and oppression . The progression Maya goes through thematically unifies the book , something that `` stands in contrast to the otherwise episodic quality of the narrative '' . The way in which Angelou constructs , arranges , and organizes her vignettes often undermined the chronology of her childhood by `` juxtaposing the events of one chapter with the events of preceding and following ones so that they too comment on each other '' . For example , the incident with the `` powhitetrash '' girls takes place in chapter 5 , when Maya was ten years old , well before Angelou 's recounting of her rape in chapter 12 , which occurred when Maya was 8 . Walker explains that Angelou 's purpose in placing the vignettes in this way is that it followed her thematic structure . Angelou 's editor , Robert Loomis , agrees , stating that Angelou could rewrite any of her books by changing the order of her facts to make a different impact on the reader . Hagen sees Angelou 's structure somewhat differently , focusing on Maya 's journey `` to establish a worthwhile self - concept '' , and states that she structures the book into three parts : arrival , sojourn , and departure , which occur both geographically and psychologically . However , Hagen notes that instead of beginning Caged Bird chronologically , with Maya and Bailey 's arrival in Stamps , Angelou begins the book much later chronologically by recounting an embarrassing experience at church , an incident that demonstrates Maya 's diminished sense of self , insecurity , and lack of status . Hagen explains that Angelou 's purpose is to demonstrate Maya 's journey from insecurity to her feelings of worth gained by becoming a mother at the end of the book . Themes ( edit ) Main article : Themes in Maya Angelou 's autobiographies Identity ( edit ) The Black female is assaulted in her tender years by all those common forces of nature at the same time that she is caught in the tripartite crossfire of male prejudice , white illogical hate and Black lack of power . -- Maya Angelou , I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings In the course of Caged Bird , Maya , who has been described as `` a symbolic character for every black girl growing up in America '' , goes from being a victim of racism with an inferiority complex to a self - aware individual who responds to racism with dignity and a strong sense of her own identity . Feminist scholar Maria Lauret states that the `` formation of female cultural identity '' is woven into the book 's narrative , setting Maya up as `` a role model for Black women '' . Scholar Liliane Arensberg calls this presentation Angelou 's `` identity theme '' and a major motif in Angelou 's narrative . Maya 's unsettled life in Caged Bird suggests her sense of self `` as perpetually in the process of becoming , of dying and being reborn , in all its ramifications '' . African - American literature scholar Dolly McPherson agrees , stating that Angelou creatively uses Christian mythology and theology to present the Biblical themes of death , regeneration , and rebirth . As Lauret indicates , Angelou and other female writers in the late 1960s and early 1970s used autobiography to reimagine ways of writing about women 's lives and identities in a male - dominated society . Up until this time , Black women were not depicted realistically in African - American fiction and autobiography , meaning that Angelou was one of the first Black autobiographers to present , as Cudjoe put it , `` a powerful and authentic signification of ( African - American ) womanhood in her quest for understanding and love rather than for bitterness and despair '' . Lauret sees a connection between Angelou 's autobiographies , which Lauret calls `` fictions of subjectivity '' and `` feminist first - person narratives '' , and fictional first - person narratives ( such as The Women 's Room by Marilyn French and The Golden Notebook by Doris Lessing ) written during the same period . As French and Lessing do in their novels , Angelou employs the narrator as protagonist and depends upon `` the illusion of presence in their mode of signification '' . As a displaced girl , Maya 's pain is worsened by an awareness of her displacement . She is `` the forgotten child '' , and must come to terms with `` the unimaginable reality '' of being unloved and unwanted ; she lives in a hostile world that defines beauty in terms of whiteness and that rejects her simply because she is a Black girl . Maya internalizes the rejection she has experienced -- her belief in her own ugliness was `` absolute '' . McPherson believes that the concept of family , or what she calls `` kinship concerns '' , in Angelou 's books must be understood in the light of the children 's displacement at the beginning of Caged Bird . Being sent away from their parents was a psychological rejection , and resulted in a quest for love , acceptance , and self - worth for both Maya and Bailey . Angelou uses her many roles , incarnations , and identities throughout her books to illustrate how oppression and personal history are interrelated . For example , in Caged Bird , Angelou demonstrates the `` racist habit '' of renaming African Americans , as shown when her white employer insists on calling her `` Mary '' . Angelou describes the employer 's renaming as the `` hellish horror of being ' called out of ( one 's ) name ' '' . Scholar Debra Walker King calls it a racist insult and an assault against Maya 's race and self - image . The renaming emphasizes Maya 's feelings of inadequacy and denigrates her identity , individuality , and uniqueness . Maya understands that she is being insulted and rebels by breaking Mrs. Cullinan 's favorite dish , but feels vindicated when , as she leaves her employer 's home , Mrs. Cullinan finally gets her name right . Another incident in the book that solidifies Maya 's identity is her trip to Mexico with her father , when she has to drive a car for the first time . Contrasted with her experience in Stamps , Maya is finally `` in control of her fate '' . This experience is central to Maya 's growth , as is the incident that immediately follows it , her short period of homelessness after arguing with her father 's girlfriend . These two incidents give Maya a knowledge of self - determination and confirm her self - worth . Scholar Mary Burgher believes that female Black autobiographers like Angelou have debunked the stereotypes of African - American mothers as `` breeder ( s ) and matriarch ( s ) '' , and have presented them as having `` a creative and personally fulfilling role '' . Lupton believes that Angelou 's plot construction and character development were influenced by the same mother / child motif as is found in the work of Harlem Renaissance poet Jessie Fauset . For the first five years of her life , Maya thinks of herself as an orphan and finds comfort in the thought that her mother is dead . Maya 's feelings for and relationship with her own mother , whom she blames for her abandonment , express themselves in ambivalence and `` repressed violent aggression '' . For example , Maya and her brother destroy the first Christmas gifts sent by their mother . These strong feelings are not resolved until the end of the book , when Maya becomes a mother herself , and her mother finally becomes the nurturing presence for which Maya has longed . The two main maternal influences on Maya 's life change as well ; Vivian becomes a more active participant , while Momma becomes less effective as Maya , by becoming a mother herself , moves from childhood to adulthood . Racism ( edit ) For several years before writing Caged Bird , Angelou worked with Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the 1960s to combat racism . Stamps , Arkansas , as depicted in Caged Bird , has very little `` social ambiguity '' : it is a racist world divided between Black and white , male and female . Als characterizes the division as `` good and evil '' , and notes how Angelou 's witness of the evil in her society , which was directed at Black women , shaped Angelou 's young life and informed her views into adulthood . Angelou uses the metaphor of a bird struggling to escape its cage , described in Paul Laurence Dunbar 's poem , as a prominent symbol throughout her series of autobiographies . Like elements within a prison narrative , the caged bird represents Angelou 's confinement resulting from racism and oppression . The caged bird metaphor also invokes the `` supposed contradiction of the bird singing in the midst of its struggle '' . Scholar Ernece B. Kelley calls Caged Bird a `` gentle indictment of white American womanhood '' ; Hagen expands it further , stating that the book is `` a dismaying story of white dominance '' . Caged Bird has been called `` perhaps the most aesthetically satisfying autobiography written in the years immediately following the Civil Rights era '' . Critic Pierre A. Walker expresses a similar sentiment , and places it in the African - American literature tradition of political protest . Angelou demonstrates , through her involvement with the Black community of Stamps , as well as her presentation of vivid and realistic racist characters and `` the vulgarity of white Southern attitudes toward African Americans '' , her developing understanding of the rules for surviving in a racist society . Angelou 's autobiographies , beginning with Caged Bird , contain a sequence of lessons about resisting oppression . The sequence she describes leads Angelou , as the protagonist , from `` helpless rage and indignation to forms of subtle resistance , and finally to outright and active protest '' . The caged bird sings with a fearful trill of things unknown but longed for still and his tune is heard on the distant hill for the caged bird sings of freedom . -- The final stanza of Maya Angelou 's poem `` Caged Bird '' Walker insists that Angelou 's treatment of racism is what gives her autobiographies their thematic unity and underscores one of their central themes : the injustice of racism and how to fight it . For example , in Angelou 's depiction of the `` powhitetrash '' incident , Maya reacts with rage , indignation , humiliation , and helplessness , but Momma teaches her how they can maintain their personal dignity and pride while dealing with racism , and that it is an effective basis for actively protesting and combating racism . Walker calls Momma 's way a `` strategy of subtle resistance '' and McPherson calls it `` the dignified course of silent endurance '' . Angelou portrays Momma as a realist whose patience , courage , and silence ensured the survival and success of those who came after her . For example , Maya responds assertively when subjected to demeaning treatment by Mrs. Cullinan , her white employer , and , later on in the book , breaks the race barrier to become the first black streetcar operator in San Francisco . In addition , Angelou 's description of the strong and cohesive black community of Stamps demonstrates how African Americans subvert repressive institutions to withstand racism . Arensberg insists that Angelou demonstrates how she , as a Black child , evolves out of her `` racial hatred '' , common in the works of many contemporary Black novelists and autobiographers . At first Maya wishes that she could become white , since growing up Black in white America is dangerous ; later she sheds her self - loathing and embraces a strong racial identity . Rape ( edit ) It should be clear , however , that this portrayal of rape is hardly titillating or `` pornographic . '' It raises issues of trust , truth and lie , love , the naturalness of a child 's craving for human contact , language and understanding , and the confusion engendered by the power disparities that necessarily exist between children and adults . -- Opal Moore Angelou 's description of being raped as an eight - year - old child overwhelms the autobiography , although it is presented briefly in the text . Scholar Mary Vermillion compares Angelou 's treatment of rape to that of Harriet Jacobs in her autobiography Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl . Jacobs and Angelou both use rape as a metaphor for the suffering of African Americans ; Jacobs uses the metaphor to critique slaveholding culture , while Angelou uses it to first internalize , then challenge , twentieth - century racist conceptions of the Black female body ( namely , that the Black female is physically unattractive ) . Rape , according to Vermillion , `` represents the black girl 's difficulties in controlling , understanding , and respecting both her body and her words '' . Arensberg notes that Maya 's rape is connected to the theme of death in Caged Bird , as Mr. Freeman threatens to kill Maya 's brother Bailey if she tells anyone about the rape . After Maya lies during Freeman 's trial , stating that the rape was the first time he touched her inappropriately , Freeman is murdered ( presumably by one of Maya 's uncles ) and Maya sees her words as a bringer of death . As a result , she resolves never to speak to anyone other than Bailey . Angelou connects the violation of her body and the devaluation of her words through the depiction of her self - imposed , five - year - long silence . As Angelou later stated , `` I thought if I spoke , my mouth would just issue out something that would kill people , randomly , so it was better not to talk '' . African - American literature scholar Selwyn R. Cudjoe calls Angelou 's depiction of the rape `` a burden '' of Caged Bird : a demonstration of `` the manner in which the Black female is violated in her tender years and ... the ' unnecessary insult ' of Southern girlhood in her movement to adolescence '' . Vermillion goes further , maintaining that a Black woman who writes about her rape risks reinforcing negative stereotypes about her race and gender . When asked decades later how she was able to survive such trauma , Angelou explained it by stating , `` I ca n't remember a time when I was n't loved by somebody . '' When asked by the same interviewer why she wrote about the experience , she indicated that she wanted to demonstrate the complexities of rape . She also wanted to prevent it from happening to someone else , so that anyone who had been raped might gain understanding and not blame herself for it . Literacy ( edit ) Angelou has described William Shakespeare as a strong influence on her life and works , especially his identification with what she saw as marginalized people , claiming that `` Shakespeare was a black woman '' . As Lupton points out , all of Angelou 's autobiographies , especially Caged Bird and its immediate sequel Gather Together in My Name , are `` very much concerned with what ( Angelou ) knew and how she learned it '' . Lupton compares Angelou 's informal education with the education of other Black writers of the twentieth century , who did not earn official degrees and depended upon the `` direct instruction of African American cultural forms '' . Angelou 's quest for learning and literacy parallels `` the central myth of black culture in America '' : that freedom and literacy are connected . Angelou is influenced by writers introduced to her by Mrs. Flowers during her self - imposed muteness , including Edgar Allan Poe and William Shakespeare . Angelou states , early in Caged Bird , that she , as the Maya character , `` met and fell in love with William Shakespeare '' . Critic Mary Vermillion sees a connection between Maya 's rape and Shakespeare 's `` The Rape of Lucrece '' , which Maya memorizes and recites when she regains her speech . Vermillion maintains that Maya finds comfort in the poem 's identification with suffering . Maya finds novels and their characters complete and meaningful , so she uses them to make sense of her bewildering world . She is so involved in her fantasy world of books that she even uses them as a way to cope with her rape , writing in Caged Bird , `` ... I was sure that any minute my mother or Bailey or the Green Hornet would bust in the door and save me '' . According to Walker , the power of words is another theme that appears repeatedly in Caged Bird . For example , Maya chooses to not speak after her rape because she is afraid of the destructive power of words . Mrs. Flowers , by introducing her to classic literature and poetry , teaches her about the positive power of language and empowers Maya to speak again . The importance of both the spoken and written word also appears repeatedly in Caged Bird and in all of Angelou 's autobiographies . Referring to the importance of literacy and methods of effective writing , Angelou once advised Oprah Winfrey in a 1993 interview to `` do as West Africans do ... listen to the deep talk '' , or the `` utterances existing beneath the obvious '' . McPherson says , `` If there is one stable element in Angelou 's youth it is ( a ) dependence upon books '' . The public library is a `` quiet refuge '' to which Maya retreats when she experiences crisis . Hagen describes Angelou as a `` natural story - teller '' , which `` reflect ( s ) a good listener with a rich oral heritage '' . Hagen also insists that Angelou 's years of muteness provided her with this skill . Angelou was also powerfully affected by slave narratives , spirituals , poetry , and other autobiographies . Angelou read through the Bible twice as a young child , and memorized many passages from it . African - American spirituality , as represented by Angelou 's grandmother , has influenced all of Angelou 's writings , in the activities of the church community she first experiences in Stamps , in the sermonizing , and in scripture . Hagen goes on to say that in addition to being influenced by rich literary form , Angelou has also been influenced by oral traditions . In Caged Bird , Mrs. Flowers encourages her to listen carefully to `` Mother Wit '' , which Hagen defines as the collective wisdom of the African - American community as expressed in folklore and humor . Angelou 's humor in Caged Bird and in all her autobiographies is drawn from Black folklore and is used to demonstrate that in spite of severe racism and oppression , Black people thrive and are , as Hagen states , `` a community of song and laughter and courage '' . Hagen states that Angelou is able to make an indictment of institutionalized racism as she laughs at her flaws and the flaws of her community and `` balances stories of black endurance of oppression against white myths and misperceptions '' . Hagen also characterize Caged Bird as a `` blues genre autobiography '' because it uses elements of blues music . These elements include the act of testimony when speaking of one 's life and struggles , ironic understatement , and the use of natural metaphors , rhythms , and intonations . Hagen also sees elements of African American sermonizing in Caged Bird . Angelou 's use of African - American oral traditions creates a sense of community in her readers , and identifies those who belong to it . Reception and legacy ( edit ) Critical reception and sales ( edit ) I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is the most highly acclaimed of Angelou 's autobiographies . The other volumes in her series of seven autobiographies are judged and compared to Caged Bird . It became a bestseller immediately after it was published . Angelou 's friend and mentor , James Baldwin , maintained that her book `` liberates the reader into life '' and called it `` a Biblical study of life in the midst of death '' . According to Angelou 's biographers , `` Readers , especially women , and in particular Black women , took the book to heart '' . James Baldwin ( 1955 ) , Angelou 's friend and mentor , called Caged Bird `` a Biblical study of life in the midst of death '' . By the end of 1969 , critics had placed Angelou in the tradition of other Black autobiographers . Poet James Bertolino asserts that Caged Bird `` is one of the essential books produced by our culture '' . He insists that `` ( w ) e should all read it , especially our children '' . It was nominated for a National Book Award in 1970 , has never been out of print , and has been published in many languages . It has been a Book of the Month Club selection and an Ebony Book Club selection . In 2011 , Time Magazine placed the book in its list of 100 best and most influential books written in English since 1923 . Critic Robert A. Gross called Caged Bird `` a tour de force of language '' . Edmund Fuller insisted that Angelou 's intellectual range and artistry were apparent in how she told her story . Caged Bird catapulted Angelou to international fame and critical acclaim , was a significant development in Black women 's literature in that it `` heralded the success of other now prominent writers '' . Other reviewers have praised Angelou 's use of language in the book , including critic E.M. Guiney , who reported that Caged Bird was `` one of the best autobiographies of its kind that I have read '' . Critic R.A. Gross praised Angelou for her use of rich and dazzling images . By the mid-1980s , Caged Bird had gone through 20 hardback printings and 32 paperback printings . The week after Angelou recited her poem `` On the Pulse of Morning '' at President Bill Clinton 's 1993 inauguration , sales of the paperback version of Caged Bird and her other works rose by 300 -- 600 percent . Caged Bird had sold steadily since its publication , but it increased by 500 percent . The 16 - page publication of `` On the Pulse of Morning '' became a best - seller , and the recording of the poem was awarded a Grammy Award . The Bantam Books edition of Caged Bird was a bestseller for 36 weeks , and they had to reprint 400,000 copies of her books to meet demand . Random House , which published Angelou 's hardcover books and the poem later that year , reported that they sold more of her books in January 1993 than they did in all of 1992 , marking a 1,200 percent increase . The book 's reception has not been universally positive ; for example , author Francine Prose considers its inclusion in the high school curriculum as partly responsible for the `` dumbing down '' of American society . Prose calls the book `` manipulative melodrama '' , and considers Angelou 's writing style an inferior example of poetic prose in memoir . She accuses Angelou of combining a dozen metaphors in one paragraph and for `` obscuring ideas that could be expressed so much more simply and felicitously '' . Many parents throughout the U.S. have sought to ban the book from schools and libraries for being inappropriate for younger high school students , for promoting premarital sex , homosexuality , cohabitation , and pornography , and for not supporting traditional values . Parents have also objected to the book 's use of profanity and to its graphic and violent depiction of rape and racism . Influence ( edit ) When Caged Bird was published in 1969 , Angelou was hailed as a new kind of memoirist , one of the first African - American women who was able to publicly discuss her personal life . Up to that point , Black women writers were marginalized to the point that they were unable to present themselves as central characters . Writer Julian Mayfield , who called Caged Bird `` a work of art that eludes description '' , has insisted that Angelou 's autobiographies set a precedent for African - American autobiography as a whole . Als insisted that Caged Bird marked one of the first times that a Black autobiographer could , as Als put it , `` write about blackness from the inside , without apology or defense '' . Through the writing of her autobiography , Angelou became recognized as a respected spokesperson for blacks and women . Caged Bird made her `` without a doubt ... America 's most visible black woman autobiographer '' . Although Als considers Caged Bird an important contribution to the increase of Black feminist writings in the 1970s , he attributes its success less to its originality than to `` its resonance in the prevailing Zeitgeist '' of its time , at the end of the American Civil Rights movement . Angelou 's writings , more interested in self - revelation than in politics or feminism , freed many other women writers to `` open themselves up without shame to the eyes of the world '' . Angelou 's autobiographies , especially the first volume , have been used in narrative and multicultural approaches to teacher education . Jocelyn A. Glazier , a professor at George Washington University , has used Caged Bird and Gather Together in My Name when training teachers to appropriately explore racism in their classrooms . Angelou 's use of understatement , self - mockery , humor , and irony causes readers of Angelou 's autobiographies to wonder what she `` left out '' and to be unsure how to respond to the events Angelou describes . These techniques force white readers to explore their feelings about race and their privileged status in society . Glazier found that although critics have focused on where Angelou fits within the genre of African - American autobiography and her literary techniques , readers react to her storytelling with `` surprise , particularly when ( they ) enter the text with certain expectations about the genre of autobiography '' . Educator Daniel Challener , in his 1997 book Stories of Resilience in Childhood , analyzed the events in Caged Bird to illustrate resiliency in children . Challener states that Angelou 's book provides a useful framework for exploring the obstacles many children like Maya face and how a community helps these children succeed as Angelou did . Psychologist Chris Boyatzis has used Caged Bird to supplement scientific theory and research in the instruction of child development topics such as the development of self - concept and self - esteem , ego resilience , industry versus inferiority , effects of abuse , parenting styles , sibling and friendship relations , gender issues , cognitive development , puberty , and identity formation in adolescence . He has called the book a highly effective tool for providing real - life examples of these psychological concepts . Censorship ( edit ) Caged Bird elicits criticism for its honest depiction of rape , its exploration of the ugly specter of racism in America , its recounting of the circumstances of Angelou 's own out - of - wedlock teen pregnancy , and its humorous poking at the foibles of the institutional church . -- Opal Moore Caged Bird has been criticized by many parents , causing it to be removed from school curricula and library shelves . The book was approved to be taught in public schools and was placed in public school libraries through the U.S. in the early 1980s , and was included in advanced placement and gifted student curricula , but attempts by parents to censor it began in 1983 . It has been challenged in 15 U.S. states . Educators have responded to these challenges by removing it from reading lists and libraries , by providing students with alternatives , and by requiring parental permission from students . Some have been critical of its sexually explicit scenes , use of language , and irreverent religious depictions . Caged Bird appeared third on the American Library Association ( ALA ) list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 , sixth on the ALA 's 2000 -- 2009 list , and one of the ten books most frequently banned from high school and junior high school libraries and classrooms . Film version ( edit ) A made - for - TV movie version of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings was filmed in Mississippi and aired on April 28 , 1979 on CBS . Angelou and Leonora Thuna wrote the screenplay ; the movie was directed by Fielder Cook . Constance Good played young Maya . Also appearing were actors Esther Rolle , Roger E. Mosley , Diahann Carroll , Ruby Dee , and Madge Sinclair . Two scenes in the movie differed from events described in the book . Angelou added a scene between Maya and Uncle Willie after the Joe Louis fight ; in it , he expresses his feelings of redemption and hope after Louis defeats a white opponent . Angelou also presents her eighth grade graduation differently in the film . In the book , Henry Reed delivers the valedictory speech and leads the Black audience in the Negro national anthem . In the movie , Maya conducts these activities . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Angelou returned to Dunbar 's poem for the title of her sixth autobiography , A Song Flung Up to Heaven ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ There are over 100 references to literary characters in Angelou 's first six autobiographies . Jump up ^ Hagen , in his analysis of Caged Bird , goes through the book and lists all the folk stories and jokes Angelou refers to and uses . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tate , p. 150 ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 19 Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Moore , Lucinda ( April 2003 ) . `` Growing Up Maya Angelou '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Gillespie et al , p. 81 Jump up ^ Minzesheimer , Bob ( 26 March 2008 ) . `` Maya Angelou Celebrates Her 80 Years of Pain and Joy '' . USA Today . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Younge , Gary ( 25 May 2002 ) . `` No Surrender '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Dinitia ( 23 January 2007 ) . `` A Career in Letters , 50 Years and Counting '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Italie , Hillel ( 6 May 2011 ) . `` Robert Loomis , Editor of Styron , Angelou , Retires '' . The Washington Times . Associated Press . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 17 Jump up ^ Neary , Lynn ( 6 April 2008 ) . `` At 80 , Maya Angelou Reflects on a ' Glorious ' Life '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hagen , p. 57 Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 1 ^ Jump up to : `` Maya Angelou : 1929 - 2014 '' . Poetry Foundation . Poetry Magazine . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lupton , p. 15 Jump up ^ Sarler , Carol ( 1989 ) . `` A Life in the Day of Maya Angelou '' . In Elliot , Jeffrey M. Conversations with Maya Angelou. Jackson , Mississippi : University Press . p. 217 . ISBN 0 - 87805 - 362 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Maya Angelou I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings '' . World Book Club ( interview ) . BBC World Service . October 2005 . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Moore , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Hagen , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Hagen , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Tate , p. 158 Jump up ^ Dunbar , Paul Laurence ( 1993 ) . Braxton , Joanne M. , ed . The Collected Poetry of Paul Laurence Dunbar . Charlottesville , Virginia : University of Virginia Press . p. 102 . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 1438 - 8 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Bloom , p. 19 Jump up ^ Angelou , p. 93 Jump up ^ Hagen , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Lupton , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Tate , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : Lupton , p. 30 ^ Jump up to : Plimpton , George ( Fall 1990 ) . `` Maya Angelou , The Art of Fiction No. 119 '' ( Interview ) . The Paris Review . 116 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Susan ( 1999 ) . `` Paths to Escape '' . In Braxton , Joanne M. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings : A Casebook . New York : Oxford Press . pp. 104 -- 105 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511607 - 0 . Jump up ^ Cudjoe , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Braxton ( 2004 ) , p. 64 Jump up ^ Lupton , pp. 52 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Als , Hilton ( 5 August 2002 ) . `` Songbird : Maya Angelou takes another look at herself '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 34 ^ Jump up to : Hagen , p. 18 Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Arensberg , p. 114 ^ Jump up to : Gillespie et al , p. 101 Jump up ^ Walker , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 20 Jump up ^ Hagen , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Hagen , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Angelou , p. 265 . ^ Jump up to : Lauret , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Arensberg , p. 115 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Cudjoe , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Lauret , p. 98 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 25 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Angelou , p. 91 . Jump up ^ King , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Burgher , p. 115 Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Arensberg , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Arensberg , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Hagen , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Long , Richard ( 1 November 2005 ) . `` 35 Who Made a Difference : Maya Angelou '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Lupton , pp. 38 -- 39 . ^ Jump up to : Hagen , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Braxton ( 1999 ) , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Angelou , Maya ( 1994 ) . The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou , New York : Random House , p. 194 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 42895 - X ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 22 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 33 Jump up ^ Hagen , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Brown , DeNeen L. ( 2014 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Maya Angelou honored for her first job as a street car conductor in San Francisco '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Arensberg , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Moore , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 67 Jump up ^ Vermillion , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Vermillion , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Vermillion , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Healy , Sarah ( 21 February 2001 ) . `` Maya Angelou Speaks to 2,000 at Arlington Theater '' . The Daily Nexus . UC Santa Barbara . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Cudjoe , p. 12 Jump up ^ Vermillion , pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Braxton , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Braxton , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Robert ( 2003 ) . Victorian Appropriations of Shakespeare . Cranberry , NJ : Associated University Presses . p. 82 . ISBN 0 - 8386 - 3970 - 4 Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Hagen , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Angelou , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Vermillion , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Arensberg , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Angelou , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 24 . Jump up ^ King , p. 215 . ^ Jump up to : Hagen , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Angelou , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Hagen , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Hagen , pp. 30 -- 45 . ^ Jump up to : Hagen , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Hagen , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Hagen , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Bertolino , p. 199 . ^ Jump up to : Hagen , p. 56 Jump up ^ Gibson , Megan ( 17 August 2011 ) . `` All - Time 100 Nonfiction Books : I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings '' . Time . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Baisnée , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Colford , Paul D. ( 28 October 1993 ) . `` Angelou Journeys Onto the Bestseller List '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gillespie et al , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Brozan , Nadine ( 30 January 1993 ) . `` Chronicle '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Prose , Francine ( September 1999 ) . `` I Know Why the Caged Bird Cannot Read '' ( PDF ) . Harper 's Magazine . pp. 76 -- 84 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Henry , Peaches M. ( 2001 ) . `` Maya Angelou : I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings '' . In Jones , Derek . Censorship : A World Encyclopedia , Volume 1 - 4 . Routledge Publishers . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57958 - 135 - 0 . Jump up ^ Glazier , Jocelyn A. ( Winter 2003 ) . `` Moving Closer To Speaking the Unspeakable : White Teachers Talking about Race '' . Teacher Education Quarterly : 73 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Challener , Daniel D. ( 1997 ) . Stories of Resilience in Childhood . London , England : Taylor & Francis , pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 2800 - 1 Jump up ^ Boyatzis , Chris J. ( February 1992 ) . `` Let the Caged Bird Sing : Using Literature to Teach Developmental Psychology '' . Teaching of Psychology 19 ( 4 ) : 221 -- 222 . doi : 10.1207 / s15328023top1904_5 Jump up ^ Moore , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Foerstel , pp. 195 -- 196 . Jump up ^ `` 100 most frequently challenged books : 1990 -- 1999 '' . Banned and Challenged Books . American Library Association . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Banned / Challenged Books : 2000 - 2009 '' . Banned and Challenged Books . American Library Association . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings ( 1979 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Hal . `` I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings ( 1979 ) : Overview '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 64 . Sources cited ( edit ) Angelou , Maya ( 1969 ) . I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 50789 - 2 Arensberg , Liliane K. ( 1999 ) . `` Death as Metaphor for Self '' . In Maya Angelou 's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings : A Casebook , Joanne M. Braxton , ed . New York : Oxford Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511606 - 2 Baisnée , Valérie ( 1994 ) . Gendered Resistance : The Autobiographies of Simone de Beauvoir , Maya Angelou , Janet Frame and Marguerite Duras . Amsterdam : Rodopi . ISBN 90 - 420 - 0109 - 7 Bertolino , James ( 1996 ) . `` Maya Angelou is Three Writers '' . In Modern Critical Interpretations : Maya Angelou 's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , Harold Bloom , ed . New York : Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 4773 - 3 Bloom , Harold , ed. ( 2004 ) . Maya Angelou 's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings . New York : Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 7562 - 1 Bloom , Harold . `` Summary and Analysis '' , pp. 18 -- 51 Smith , Sidonie Ann . `` Angelou 's Quest for Self - Acceptance '' , pp. 52 -- 54 Braxton , Joanne M. ( 2004 ) . `` Black Autobiography '' , pp. 63 -- 64 Braxton , Joanne M. , ed. ( 1999 ) . Maya Angelou 's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings : A Casebook . New York : Oxford Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511606 - 2 Braxton , Joanne M. `` Symbolic Geography and Psychic Landscapes : A Conversation with Maya Angelou '' , pp. 3 -- 20 Moore , Opal . `` Learning to Live : When the Bird Breaks from the Cage '' , pp. 49 -- 58 Vermillion , Mary . `` Reembodying the Self : Representations of Rape in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings '' , pp. 59 -- 76 Tate , Claudia ( 1999 ) . `` Maya Angelou : An Interview '' , pp. 149 -- 158 Burgher , Mary ( 1979 ) . `` Images of Self and Race in the Autobiographies of Black Women '' . In Sturdy Black Bridges , Roseann P. Bell , et al. , ed . Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 13347 - 2 Cudjoe , Selwyn ( 1984 ) . `` Maya Angelou and the Autobiographical Statement '' . In Black Women Writers ( 1950 -- 1980 ) : A Critical Evaluation , Mari Evans , ed . Garden City , N.Y : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 17124 - 2 Cullinan , Bernice E. & Diane Goetz Person , eds . `` Angelou , Maya '' . In The Continuum Encyclopedia of Children 's Literature . Continuum International Publishing Group ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1778 - 7 . Foerstel , Herbert N. ( 2002 ) . Banned in the U.S.A. : A Reference Guide to Book Censorship in Schools and Public Libraries . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 1 - 59311 - 374 - 9 Gillespie , Marcia Ann , Rosa Johnson Butler , and Richard A. Long ( 2008 ) . Maya Angelou : A Glorious Celebration . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 51108 - 7 Hagen , Lyman B. ( 1997 ) . Heart of a Woman , Mind of a Writer , and Soul of a Poet : A Critical Analysis of the Writings of Maya Angelou . Lanham , Maryland : University Press . ISBN 0 - 7618 - 0621 - 0 King , Debra Walker ( 1998 ) . Deep Talk : Reading African American Literary Names . Charlottesville , VA : University Press of Virginia . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 1852 - 9 Lauret , Maria ( 1994 ) . Liberating Literature : Feminist Fiction in America . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 06515 - 1 Lupton , Mary Jane ( 1998 ) . Maya Angelou : A Critical Companion . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30325 - 8 McPherson , Dolly A. ( 1990 ) . Order out of Chaos : The Autobiographical Works of Maya Angelou . New York : Peter Lang Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8204 - 1139 - 6 Walker , Pierre A. ( October 1995 ) . `` Racial Protest , Identity , Words , and Form in Maya Angelou 's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings '' . In Bloom 's Modern Critical Views : Maya Angelou . New York : Infobase Publishing , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 177 - 2 <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Works by Maya Angelou Albums Miss Calypso Autobiographies I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Gather Together in My Name Singin ' and Swingin ' and Gettin ' Merry Like Christmas The Heart of a Woman All God 's Children Need Traveling Shoes A Song Flung Up to Heaven Mom & Me & Mom Themes Poetry Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ' fore I Diiie Oh Pray My Wings Are Gonna Fit Me Well And Still I Rise Shaker , Why Do n't You Sing ? Now Sheba Sings the Song I Shall Not Be Moved `` On the Pulse of Morning '' The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou Phenomenal Woman : Four Poems Celebrating Women `` A Brave and Startling Truth '' Celebrations , Rituals of Peace and Prayer Mother : A Cradle to Hold Me `` We Had Him '' Essays Would n't Take Nothing for My Journey Now Even the Stars Look Lonesome Letter to My Daughter Cookbooks Hallelujah ! The Welcome Table Great Food , All Day Long Screenplays Georgia , Georgia ( 1972 ) Sister , Sister ( 1982 ) Films Down in the Delta ( 1998 ) Related Honors BNF : cb13620888g ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Know_Why_the_Caged_Bird_Sings&oldid=839159118 '' Categories : 1969 American novels African - American autobiographies American autobiographical novels American bildungsromans Books adapted into films Random House books Works by Maya Angelou Hidden categories : Featured articles Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Português தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 17 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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1. Maya Angelou's autobiography
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when did they stop saying the lord's prayer in school
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School prayer - Wikipedia School prayer School prayer , in the context of religious liberty , is state - sanctioned or mandatory prayer by students in public schools . Depending on the country and the type of school , state - sponsored prayer may be required , permitted , or prohibited . Countries which prohibit or limit school prayer often differ in their reasons for doing so : In the United States , school prayer can not be required of students in accordance with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . In Canada , school - sponsored prayer is disallowed under the concept of Freedom of conscience as outlined in the Canadian Charter on Rights & Fundamental Freedoms . School - sponsored prayer is disallowed in France as a byproduct of its status as a laïcist ( religiously neutral ) nation . Countries that allow or require school and other state - sponsored prayer include Greece , Saudi Arabia , Iran , Australia , Italy and the United Kingdom . Contents 1 Countries that prohibit school - sponsored prayer 1.1 United States 1.1. 1 School prayer prior to 1962 1.1. 2 A Turning Point : The `` Regents ' Prayer '' and Engel v. Vitale 1.1. 3 1963 and after 1.1. 4 Controversy 1.2 Canada 1.2. 1 British Columbia 1.2. 2 Ontario 1.2. 3 Russow v. British Columbia 1.3 France 1.4 Turkey 2 Countries that permit school - sponsored prayer 2.1 United Kingdom 3 Ongoing debate 3.1 Arguments for and against school prayer 3.2 `` Moment of silence '' 4 See also 5 References Countries that prohibit school - sponsored prayer ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Main articles : Education in the United States and Religion in the United States In the United States , public schools are banned from conducting religious observances such as prayer . The legal basis for this prohibition is the First Amendment to the United States Constitution , which requires that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ... The first part of the amendment ( `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion '' ) is known as the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment , while the second part ( `` or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' ) is known as the Free Exercise Clause . Though each of these clauses originally applied only to the central US government , the Fourteenth Amendment extended the scope of the entire First Amendment to all levels of government , including the state level , thus compelling states and their subject schools to adopt an equally detached approach to religion in schools . School prayer prior to 1962 ( edit ) In the 18th , 19th and early 20th centuries , it was common practice for public schools to open with an oral prayer or Bible reading . Catholics would sometimes object to the distinct Protestant observations performed in the local schools . For instance , in the Edgerton Bible Case ( Weiss v. District Board ( 1890 ) ) , the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled in favor of Catholics who objected to the use of the King James Bible in Wisconsin public schools . This ruling was based on the state constitution and only applied in Wisconsin . A turning point : the `` Regents ' prayer '' and Engel v. Vitale ( edit ) The media and popular culture often erroneously credit atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair with removing school prayer from US public schools , when the case against recitation of the Lord 's Prayer in Baltimore schools was decided by the Supreme Court in 1963 . A more significant case had reached the Supreme Court one year prior , suddenly changing the legal climate for school prayer in the US . In 1955 , the New York Board of Regents developed a prayer recommended ( but not required ) for the school districts under its purview . The prayer was relatively short : `` Almighty God , we acknowledge our dependence on Thee , and we beg Thy blessings upon us , our parents , our teachers , and our country . '' The board stated that the prayer would `` combat juvenile delinquency and counter the spread of Communism . '' Seven years later , Steven I. Engel , a Jew , was upset to see his son 's hands clasped and his head bent in prayer . He told his son that this was `` not the way we say prayers . '' Engel , a founding member of the New York Civil Liberties Union , brought action along with Daniel Lichtenstein , Monroe Lerner , Lenore Lyons , and Lawrence Roth , all parents of children in the Long Island , New York public school system , against Union Free School District No. 9 for its adoption and subsequent prescription of the so - called `` Regent 's prayer '' , arguing that it constituted the state - sponsored establishment of religion in violation of citizens ' First Amendment rights via the Fourteenth Amendment . Use of the Regent 's prayer was initially upheld in both New York State Court and in the New York Court of Appeals , prompting Engels to petition the US Supreme Court in the Engel v. Vitale case in 1962 . With its 8 -- 1 vote to make public recitation of the Regents ' Prayer in public schools unlawful , the U.S. Supreme Court made its first - ever decision on prayer in public schools . It made its second in 1963 -- the Abington School District v. Schempp ruling , which made the corporate reading of the Bible and recitation of the Lord 's Prayer unlawful in public schools . 1963 and after ( edit ) In these two landmark decisions , Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ) and Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 ) , the Supreme Court established what is now the current prohibition on state - sponsored prayer in US schools . While the Engel decision held that the promulgation of an official state - school prayer stood in violation of the First Amendment 's Establishment Clause ( thus overruling the New York Courts ' decisions ) , Abington held that Bible readings and other public school - sponsored religious activities were prohibited . Madalyn Murray 's lawsuit , Murray v. Curlett , contributed to the removal of compulsory Bible reading from the public schools of the United States , and has had lasting and significant effects . Until the lawsuit , it was commonplace for students to participate in many types of religious activities while at school , including religious instruction itself . Nonreligious students were compelled to participate in such activities and were not usually given any opportunity to opt out . The Murray suit was combined with an earlier case , so the Court might have acted without Murray 's intervention . With the success of the lawsuit , the intent of the Constitution with regard to the relationship between church and state again came under critical scrutiny and has remained there to this day . While students do continue to pray in public schools , even in organized groups such as `` See You at the Pole '' , the lawsuit disallowed schools from including prayer as a compulsory activity required of every student . The success of O'Hair's lawsuit led to subsequent lawsuits by Mormon and Catholic families in Texas in 2000 to limit compulsory prayer at school - sponsored football games . Following these two cases came the Court 's decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) , a ruling that established the Lemon test for religious activities within schools . The Lemon test states that , in order to be constitutional under the Establishment Clause , any practice sponsored within state - run schools ( or other public state - sponsored activities ) must adhere to the following three criteria : Have a secular purpose ; Must neither advance nor inhibit religion ; and Must not result in an excessive entanglement between government and religion . Controversy ( edit ) Reactions to Engel and Abington were widely negative , and many school districts and states have attempted to reestablish school - sponsored prayer in different forms since 1962 . Since the 1990s , controversy in the courts has tended to revolve around prayer at school - sponsored extracurricular activities . Examples can be seen in the cases of Lee v. Weisman ( 1992 ) and Santa Fe Independent School Dist . v. Doe ( 2000 ) , where public prayers at graduation ceremonies and those conducted via public address system prior to high school games ( at state school facilities before a school - gathered audience ) were , respectively , ruled unconstitutional . Despite their attempts to present a clear stance on school - sponsored religious activity , Engel , Abington , and the cases for which these serve as precedent are cited by some proponents of school prayer as evidence of a contradiction between the Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses . While the Establishment Clause proscribes the state sponsorship of religion , the Free Exercise Clause forbids state interference in individual religious exercise . Where a state entity moves to accommodate the right to individual religious expression under the latter clause , opponents of that `` expression '' may cite such accommodation as state `` promotion '' of one religious activity over another . Regarding the Free Exercise Clause , the courts have consistently stated that students ' setting forth of religious views through prayer can not be forbidden unless such activity can be shown to cause disruption in the school , yet it remains beyond the scope of the state to require such practice . Thus , anyone is allowed to pray in schools in the United States , as long as it is not officially sponsored by the school and it does not disrupt others from doing their work . The United States Supreme Court : A Political and Legal Analysis discussed the results of a 1991 survey , stating that : `` The Court 's school prayer decisions were , and still are , deeply unpopular with the public , many politicians and most religions organizations . 95 percent of the population believe in God and some 60 percent belong to a religious organization . In a 1991 opinion poll , 78 percent of Americans support the reintroduction of school prayer . '' As a result of public support for school prayer in the United States , The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States reports , `` the public 's support for school prayer was translated by various state legislatures into statutes aiding religious schools and practices . '' Analysis of multiple polls since the 1970s by sociologist Philip Schwadel showed support for school prayer dipped slightly but remains popular with the majority of Americans , with a recent 2011 poll showing 65 percent support . Canada ( edit ) British Columbia ( edit ) Prior to 1944 , in British Columbia , the Public Schools Act ( 1872 ) permitted the use of the Lord 's Prayer in opening or closing school . In 1944 , the government of British Columbia amended the Public Schools Act to provide for compulsory Bible reading at the opening of the school day , to be followed by a compulsory recitation of the Lord 's Prayer . This amendment appeared as section 167 of the Public Schools Act , and read as follows : 167 . All public schools shall be opened by the reading , without explanation or comment , of a passage of Scripture to be selected from readings prescribed or approved by the Council of Public Instruction . The reading of the passage of Scripture shall be followed by the recitation of the Lord 's Prayer , but otherwise the schools shall be conducted on strictly secular and non-sectarian principles . The highest morality shall be inculcated , but no religious dogma or creed shall be taught . 1948 , c. 42 , s. 167 The compulsory nature of the Bible reading and prayer recitation was slightly modified by regulations drawn up by the Council of Public Instruction . These regulations provided that either a teacher or student who has conscientious ground for objecting to the religious observances may be excused from them . The procedure to be followed in such cases was outlined in the regulations , which follow in full : Division ( 15 ) -- Scripture Readings ( Section 167 ) 15.01 Where a teacher sends a written notice to the Board of School Trustees or official trustee by whom he is employed that he has conscientious objections to conducting the . ceremony of reading prescribed selections from the Bible and reciting the Lord 's Prayer ( as provided by Section 167 of the Public Schools Act ) , he shall be excused from such duty , and in such case it shall be the duty of the Board of School Trustees or official trustee concerned to arrange with the Principal to have the ceremony conducted by some other teacher in the school , or by a school trustee , or , where neither of these alternatives is possible , by one of the senior pupils of the school or by some other suitable person other than an ordained member of a religious sect or denomination . 15.02 Where the parent or guardian of any pupil attending a public school sends a written notice to the teacher of the pupil stating that for conscientious reasons he does not wish the pupil to attend the ceremony of reading prescribed selections from the Bible and reciting the Lord 's Prayer at the opening of school , the teacher shall excuse the pupil from attendance at such ceremony and at his discretion may assign the pupil some other useful employment at school during that period , but the pupil so excused shall not be deprived of any other benefits of the school by reason of his non-attendance at the ceremony . In 1982 , the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms received royal assent . Section 2 of the charter guaranteeing freedom of conscience and freedom of religion trumped Section 167 of the Public Schools Act ( 1872 ) . Sixteen years later in 1996 , based on precedent that would be established in Ontario ( 1989 ) , required recitation of the Lord 's Prayer as outlined in the Public Schools Act would be held to violate the Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Ontario ( edit ) The challenges to Christian opening and closing exercises occurred mainly in Ontario with the crucial case being fought in The Ontario Court of Appeal in 1988 . Zylberberg v. Sudbury Board of Education ( Director ) The Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that the use of the Lord 's Prayer in opening exercises in public schools offended the Charter s . 2 ( a ) . 1988 . ( 1988 ) , 65 O.R. ( 2d ) 641 , 29 O.A.C. 23 ( C.A. ) . Education regulations did not require the use of the Lord 's Prayer and there was an exemption provision . The Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that the regulation infringed religious freedom because schools could use only the Lord 's Prayer rather than a more inclusive approach . It was argued that the exemption provision effectively stigmatized children and coerced them into a religious observance which was offensive to them . The Ontario Court of Appeal was persuaded by the argument that the need to seek exemption from Christian exercises is itself a form of religious discrimination . The judges described as insensitive the position of the respondents that it was beneficial for the minority children to confront the fact of their difference from the majority . Russow v. British Columbia ( edit ) In 1989 , Joan Russow challenged , in the British Columbia Supreme Court , the Public Schools Act 's requirement that in British Columbia all public schools were to be opened with the Lord 's Prayer and a Bible reading . The argument was similar to the Zylberberg case and the result was the same : The offending words in the Public Schools Act were removed as being inconsistent with freedom of conscience and religion guarantees in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Further following the Zylberberg case to strike down use of the Lord 's Prayer in schools , the British Columbia Supreme Court incorporated the Ontario Court of Appeal 's decision in Zylberberg in its entirety . From 1871 to 1989 , observance of school prayer had declined . With the unfavorable court decision , the requirement for Christian morning exercises was replaced with the following clauses found in the School Act ( 1996 ) in British Columbia . Conduct : 76 ( 1 ) All schools and Provincial schools must be conducted on strictly secular and nonsectarian principles . ( 2 ) The highest morality must be inculcated , but no religious dogma or creed is to be -- taught in a school or Provincial school . France ( edit ) As a declared ' laïque ' ( roughly ' religiously neutral ' , secular ) state , France has no school prayers . Instead , public servants are advised to keep their religious faith private , and may be censured if they display it too openly . The French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools goes beyond restricting prayer in schools and bans the wearing of conspicuous religious symbols by pupils in public primary and secondary schools . Turkey ( edit ) The predominantly Muslim country of Turkey is in the public sphere a strongly secular nation . In this regard , it is much like France , on whose system of laïcism its founder Mustafa Kemal Atatürk modelled the rules on religion when he reformed his country in the early 20th century . School prayer is therefore unknown , and suspected religious motivations can cause serious difficulties for public servants . Despite its primarily secular stance , however , courses of religion and morals ( which are dominantly Islamic ) are compulsory to all students during the last years of elementary and throughout high school . In these instances , various Islamic prayers and verses are both taught and tested for . Countries that permit school - sponsored prayer ( edit ) United Kingdom ( edit ) Main articles : Education in the United Kingdom and Religion in the United Kingdom This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2018 ) In England and Wales , the School Standards and Framework Act 1998 states that all pupils in state schools must take part in a daily act of collective worship , unless their parents request that they be excused from attending . The majority of these acts of collective worship are required to be `` wholly or mainly of a broadly Christian character '' , with two exceptions : Religious schools , which should provide worship appropriate to the school 's religion ( although most religious schools in the UK are Christian . ) Schools where the local education authority 's Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education has determined that Christian worship would not be appropriate for part or all of the school . Despite this statutory requirement for schools to hold a daily act of collective worship , most do not . Ofsted 's 2002 - 03 annual report , for example , stated that 80 % of secondary schools were not providing daily worship for all pupils . Ongoing debate ( edit ) Arguments for and against school prayer ( edit ) The issue of school prayer remains contentious even where courts as diverse as those in Canada , the United States , Russia , and Poland attempt to strike a balance between religious and secular activity in state - sponsored arenas . Some arguments have held that religion in schools is both an effective sociomoral tool as well as a valuable means to psychological stability . On the opposing side , others have argued that prayer has no place in a classroom where impressionable students are continually subject to influence by the majority . The latter kind of claim holds that , to the extent that a public school itself promotes the majority religion , the state is guilty of coercive interference in the lives of the individual . In recent years , programs derived from yoga , a Hindu religious practice , have been introduced into public schools in the U.S. Advocates for the programs say they help children to relax and concentrate , but critics counter that the programs violate the separation of church and state . `` Moment of silence '' ( edit ) Despite ongoing debate , there are some instances where religious freedom and secular stability have been temporarily balanced . In the United States , some administrations have introduced a `` moment of silence '' or `` moment of reflection '' in which a student may , if he or she wishes to , offer a silent prayer . The US Supreme Court decision in Wallace v. Jaffree ( 1984 ) held that a moment of silence in schools for the purpose of individual prayer or meditation constituted a valid application of the Free Exercise Clause , while a moment of silence for the clear intended purpose of a state - approved devotional activity constituted a violation of the Establishment Clause . In this same case , the issue of school prayer was further complicated by a distinction made between a public assembly attended by participants of their own free will , and a public event where attendance is legally required . A voluntarily attended Congress may open sessions with a prayer , but schools full of public pupils may not . Here the US Supreme Court has interpreted the issue as revolving around the degree of a government 's ability to indoctrinate its citizens . If it appears that participants at a state - sponsored event are more likely to influence the State itself , courts may treat prayer as `` legislative prayer '' . If , on the other hand , the State is more likely to influence participants at its events , courts may treat prayer as `` state - sponsored '' prayer and thereby rule it unconstitutional . See also ( edit ) Freedom of religion Moment of silence Madalyn Murray O'Hair Separation of church and state Status of religious freedom by country References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Marshall , W.P. ( 1999 ) . The School Prayer Decisions . Constitutional Commentary , 16 ( 3 ) , 535 . Retrieved from EBSCOhost . Jump up ^ Edgerton Bible Case ( Weiss v. District Board ( 1890 ) ) : case in 1890 centering around in - school prayer . ^ Jump up to : LAATS , ADAM . `` Our Schools , Our Country : American Evangelicals , Public Schools , And The Supreme Court Decisions Of 1962 And 1963 . '' Journal of Religious History 36.3 ( 2012 ) : 319 - 334 . Academic Search Complete . Web . 28 Oct. 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Boston , Rob . `` How Five New York Families Ended Coercive Prayer In America 's Public Schools . '' Church & State 65.6 ( 2012 ) : 12 . MasterFILE Complete . Web . 28 Oct. 2013 . Jump up ^ Engel v. Vitale. ( 1999 ) . Supreme Court Cases : The Dynamic Court ( 1930 -- 1999 ) , N. PAG . Retrieved from EBSCOhost . Jump up ^ School District of Abington Township , Pennsylvania v. Schempp. ( 1999 ) . Supreme Court Cases : The Dynamic Court ( 1930 -- 1999 ) , N. PAG . Retrieved from EBSCOhost . Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman. ( 1999 ) . Supreme Court Cases : The Dynamic Court ( 1930 -- 1999 ) , N. PAG . Retrieved from EBSCOhost . ^ Jump up to : Wallace v. Jaffree . Great American Court Cases . Ed . Mark Mikula and L. Mpho Mabunda . Vol. 1 : Individual Liberties . Detroit : Gale , 1999 . Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context . Web . 7 Sep. 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee v. Weisman . Great American Court Cases . Ed . Mark Mikula and L. Mpho Mabunda . Vol. 1 : Individual Liberties . Detroit : Gale , 1999 . Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context . Web . 7 Sep. 2011 . Jump up ^ Establishment Clause. ( 2006 ) . In L.J. Fundukian & J. Wilson ( Eds . ) , American Law Yearbook 2005 ( pp. 60 - 64 ) . Detroit : Gale . ^ Jump up to : Preface to `` Does Separation of Church and State Threaten Religious Liberty ? '' ( 2003 ) . In J.D. Torr ( Ed . ) , Current Controversies . Civil Liberties . San Diego : Greenhaven Press . Jump up ^ McKeever , Robert J. The United States Supreme Court : A Political and Legal Analysis . Manchester University Press . 1997 . p 34 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit . Ely , James W. Grossman , Joel B . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . 2005 . p 1061 . Jump up ^ Jason Koebler . `` Study : Catholic , Protestant Support for In - School Prayer Falls '' . US News & World Report . Jump up ^ `` BCCLA Position Paper Religion in public schools , 1969 '' Archived 2010 - 01 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved December 04 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : * `` Charter section 2 ( a ) cases '' Archived 2007 - 07 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved December 04 , 2006 Jump up ^ Zylberberg v. Sudbury Board of Education ( Director ) , 1989 , and Russow v. AG ( BC ) , 1989 ) Jump up ^ `` School Act '' . British Columbia Revised School Statues . Jump up ^ `` '' Collective Worship '' and school assemblies : your rights `` . British Humanist Association . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Standards and Quality 2002 / 03 '' . Ofsted. 2004 - 02 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ There Should Be Prayer and Bible Study in Public Schools . ( 2009 ) . In B. Rosenthal ( Ed . ) , Opposing Viewpoints . Atheism . Detroit : Greenhaven Press . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Supreme Court Should Not Limit the Role of Religion in Public Life '' by Robert Bork . The U.S. Supreme Court . Margaret Haerens , Ed . Opposing Viewpoints Series . Greenhaven Press , 2010 . Robert Bork , Coercing Virtue : The Worldwide Rule of Judges . Washington , DC : The AEI Press , 2003 Jump up ^ Francis , L.J. , Robbins , M. , Lewis , C. , & Barnes , L. ( 2008 ) . Prayer and psychological health : A study among sixth - form pupils attending Catholic and Protestant schools in Northern Ireland . Mental Health , Religion & Culture , 11 ( 1 ) , 85 - 92 . Jump up ^ Dierenfield , B.J. ( 2007 ) . `` The Most Hated Woman in America '' : Madalyn Murray and the Crusade against School Prayer . Journal of Supreme Court History , 32 ( 1 ) , 62 - 84 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 5818.2007. 00150. x . Jump up ^ `` Yoga causes controversy in public schools '' . Associated Press . January 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Parents , Religious Leaders Want Yoga Out of New York High School '' . Associated Press . October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ School Board Meeting Prayer Ruled Unconstitutional. ( 2011 ) . Education Week , 31 ( 1 ) , 4 . Retrieved from EBSCOhost . <Th_colspan="2"> Social conservatism in the United States Issues Anti-pornography movement Drug prohibition Eminent domain Euthanasia Family values Homosexual agenda Pro-life School prayer Advocates Michele Bachmann Chuck Baldwin William Bennett Pat Buchanan William F. Buckley Jr . Ben Carson Darrell Castle Tom Coburn Ted Cruz James Dobson Jerry Falwell Jerry Falwell Jr . Robert P. George Louie Gohmert Jesse Helms Mike Huckabee D. James Kennedy Alan Keyes Steve King Tim LaHaye Rush Limbaugh Roy Moore Sarah Palin Mike Pence Tony Perkins Michael Peroutka Rick Perry Howard Phillips Ralph Reed Pat Robertson Gayle Ruzicka Rick Santorum Rick Scarborough Tom Tancredo Scott Walker Paul Weyrich Organizations Alliance Defending Freedom American Decency Association American Family Association American Life League Concerned Women for America Focus on the Family Foundation for Moral Law Moral Majority Morality in Media National Organization for Marriage National Right to Life Committee Think tanks Eagle Forum Family Research Council Heritage Foundation Institute on the Constitution Traditional Values Coalition Political parties America First Party American Solidarity Party America 's Party Christian Liberty Party Constitution Party Prohibition Party Republican Party See also Christian Right Culture wars Manhattan Declaration Paleoconservatism <Td_colspan="2"> Conservatism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_prayer&oldid=854081317 '' Categories : Prayer Religion and education Religion and children Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2016 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 20 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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who features as mrs witch in a wrinkle in time
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A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) - wikipedia A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> A Wrinkle in Time <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Ava DuVernay Produced by Jim Whitaker Catherine Hand Screenplay by Jennifer Lee Jeff Stockwell Based on A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L'Engle Starring Oprah Winfrey Reese Witherspoon Mindy Kaling Gugu Mbatha - Raw Michael Peña Storm Reid Zach Galifianakis Chris Pine Music by Ramin Djawadi Cinematography Tobias A. Schliessler Edited by Spencer Averick Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Whitaker Entertainment Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 109 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $100 -- 130 million Box office $122 million A Wrinkle in Time is a 2018 American science fantasy adventure film directed by Ava DuVernay and written by Jennifer Lee and Jeff Stockwell , based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Madeleine L'Engle . The film stars Oprah Winfrey , Reese Witherspoon , Mindy Kaling , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Michael Peña , Storm Reid , Zach Galifianakis and Chris Pine , and follows a young girl who , with the help of three astral travelers , sets off on a quest to find her father , who went missing after discovering a new planet . Principal photography began on November 2 , 2016 , in Los Angeles , California . With a production budget of over $100 million , the film became the first live - action film with a nine - digit budget to be directed by a woman of color . A Wrinkle in Time premired at the El Capitan Theatre on February 26 , 2018 , and with general theatrical release on March 9 , 2018 , through the Disney Digital 3 - D , Real D 3D , and IMAX formats . The film received mixed reviews , with critics `` taking issue with the film 's heavy use of CGI and numerous plot holes '' while `` celebrating its message of female empowerment and diversity '' , and it has grossed $122 million worldwide against a budget of over $100 million , being considered a box office disappointment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Thirteen - year - old Meg Murry struggles to adjust to school and home life ever since her father Alex , a well - renowned scientist , mysteriously disappeared while he was studying astrophysics . Both Meg and her mother Kate believe he solved the question of humanity 's existence and theorize he was teleported to another world . During the night , Meg 's younger brother Charles Wallace welcomes a stranger in a large white dress named Mrs. Whatsit into the Murry family house . She mentions the tesseract , a type of space - travel Alex was working on , is real , and leaves soon after . The next day , one of Meg 's classmates , Calvin O'Keefe , joins them to go to the house of Mrs. Who , another strange woman who only speaks in quotes and seems to know Charles Wallace . When Calvin joins Meg and Charles Wallace in their backyard , Mrs. Whatsit appears with Mrs. Who and another woman , Mrs. Which , who is the oldest and appears as a giant . The three reveal themselves as astral travelers , and lead Meg , Calvin , and Charles Wallace through a tesseract taking them to a distant planet named Uriel . Mrs. Whatsit transforms into a beautiful green creature , and takes the children up into the atmosphere , where they see a dark shadow known as The IT . Mrs. Which tells Meg her father 's experiments resulted in his being captured by The IT , a malevolent entity plotting to take over the universe . Gaining the women 's trust , Meg and the others tesser to another planet where a seer known as the Happy Medium resides . The Happy Medium shows them Meg 's father is trapped on a planet called Camazotz , The IT 's homeworld . Mrs. Which also explains The IT represents all of the greed , anger , pride , selfishness , and low self - esteem in the world . Showing them examples of these characteristics , Meg learns that while Calvin is popular at school , he is neglected and bullied by his father and her school enemy Veronica Kiley is extremely self - conscious . The three Mrs. propose they travel back to Earth to regroup , but Meg 's refusal messes with the tesseract , and they travel to Camazotz instead . Upon arriving on Camazotz , Mrs. Which , Mrs. Whatsit , and Mrs. Who are unable to stay because Camazotz 's evil is stronger than their light . Before they depart , they bestow gifts upon Meg ; these include Mrs. Who 's glasses , the knowledge of Meg 's faults , and the command to never separate . The trio treks through Camazotz 's hazardous traps before reaching a crowded beach where they meet the IT 's bodyguard , Red . He offers the starving children food and tells them Alex is safe and happy . He reveals to them there is nothing to worry about here , but Calvin and Meg realize something is wrong when Charles Wallace proclaims all of the food tastes like sand . When Red starts repeating the times tables , Charles Wallace is hypnotized by the rhythm , allowing the IT to take full control of his mind . When Meg and Calvin pursue Charles Wallace , they find themselves in a seemingly empty room . Using Mrs. Who 's glasses , Meg finds an invisible staircase leading to the room where her father is being kept prisoner . After bringing him out of captivity , the IT 's power allows Charles Wallace to forcefully drag them to finally meet his master . As Calvin and Meg fall under the IT 's power , Alex opens another tesser and prepares to leave with the children , abandoning Charles Wallace . Meg refuses and projects out of the tesser herself , leaving her alone . When she confronts Charles Wallace in corruption , she realizes the IT uses deception and hatred for power . Using her love for her brother and the knowledge she is imperfect , Meg frees Charles Wallace from the control of the IT and releases the control of Camazotz from the evil entity . The three Mrs. return and tell Meg her time is here to tesser for herself . Returning home , Meg thanks the women for their help and for rescuing her father and they part ways , while Veronica became nice to her . The film ends with the Murry family celebrating a joyful reunion and Calvin going home to confront his father . Cast ( edit ) Oprah Winfrey as Mrs. Which Reese Witherspoon as Mrs. Whatsit Mindy Kaling as Mrs. Who Storm Reid as Meg Murry , a gifted young girl Levi Miller as Calvin O'Keefe , Meg 's classmate and friend Deric McCabe as Charles Wallace Murry , Meg 's prodigious adoptive 6 - year - old brother Chris Pine as Dr. Alexander Murry , Meg and Charles Wallace 's long - lost father Zach Galifianakis as The Happy Medium Michael Peña as Red David Oyelowo as the IT , Red 's true diabolical form Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Dr. Kate Murry , Meg and Charles Wallace 's mother André Holland as Principal James Jenkins Rowan Blanchard as Veronica Kiley Bellamy Young as Camazotz Woman Conrad Roberts as Elegant Man Yvette Cason as a teacher Will McCormack as another teacher Daniel MacPherson as Calvin 's Father Production ( edit ) DuVernay became the first black woman to direct a live - action film with a budget of over $100 million . In October 2010 , it was announced that Walt Disney Pictures had retained the film rights for the 1962 novel A Wrinkle in Time , by Madeleine L'Engle , which had previously been made as a 2003 television film . Following the financial success of Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) , Disney announced that they had hired Jeff Stockwell to write the screenplay for Cary Granat and his new Bedrock Studios . Granat had previously worked with Disney on the Chronicles of Narnia and Bridge to Terabithia films . The project 's budget was slated to be $35 million , which the company compared to District 9 and Bridge to Terabithia , both of which were made for less than $30 million . On August 5 , 2014 , Jennifer Lee was announced as the screenwriter , taking over from Stockwell , who wrote the first draft . On February 8 , 2016 , it was reported that Ava DuVernay had been offered the job of directing the film , and she was confirmed to direct later that same month . She became the first woman of color to direct a live - action film with a production budget over $100 million . On July 26 , 2016 , Variety reported that Oprah Winfrey had began final negotiations to join the film , to play Mrs. Which , the eldest of the three Mrs. Ws , celestial beings who help guide the children along their journey . On September 7 , 2016 , Reese Witherspoon and Mindy Kaling were reported as being in talks to join the film , with Witherspoon to play Mrs. Whatsit , who presents as a chatty , grandmotherly hobo , and Kaling set for the quotation - reciting Mrs. Who . On September 13 , 2016 , Storm Reid was cast in the lead role of Meg Murry , a young girl traumatized by the disappearance of her scientist father years before . In October 2016 , Gugu Mbatha - Raw and Chris Pine were cast as the parents of Meg , Dr. Kate Murry and Dr. Alex Murry , respectively . On November 1 , 2016 , more cast were announced , including Zach Galifianakis as the Happy Medium , André Holland as Principal Jenkins , Levi Miller as Calvin , and Deric McCabe as Charles Wallace , along with Bellamy Young , Rowan Blanchard and Will McCormack . Michael Peña later also joined the cast to play the character Red . The producers on the film are James Whitaker and Catherine Hand . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on November 2 , 2016 , in Los Angeles , California . After Los Angeles , production moved to New Zealand for two weeks . Tobias A. Schliessler was the film 's cinematographer , Naomi Shohan its production designer , Paco Delgado its costume designer , and Rich McBride its visual effects supervisor . During production , DuVernay asked McBride to be as flexible as possible on visual effects sequences to allow her to make changes and incorporate new ideas during shooting . Filming for A Wrinkle in Time took place in multiple locations including Eureka , California , in Humboldt County , starting on November 29 , 2016 . Filming also took place at Eureka 's Sequoia Park , located next to Sequoia Park Zoo . None of the film 's major actors were present in Eureka . In mid-December , Pine was spotted during filming in Los Angeles . During the last two weeks of February 2017 , filming locations for A Wrinkle in Time were established to be in Central Otago , New Zealand . Actors and crew involved were in New Zealand for the two weeks to shoot scenes in the Southern Alps , including at Hunter Valley Station near Lake Hāwea , with cast and crew treated to a traditional Māori powhiri and karakia . Filming wrapped in New Zealand 's South Island after two weeks , and DuVernay declared the cast and crew 's love for New Zealand in an Instagram post . Music ( edit ) Main article : A Wrinkle in Time ( soundtrack ) On September 28 , 2017 , Ramin Djawadi was announced as the composer for the film , replacing Jonny Greenwood , who was initially chosen to compose , and scored the film . On February 20 , 2018 , it was announced that the soundtrack would feature appearances from Sade , Sia , Kehlani , Chloe x Halle , Freestyle Fellowship , DJ Khaled , and Demi Lovato . Release ( edit ) The film was released in the United States on March 9 , 2018 . It was previously set for an April 6 , 2018 release . Marketing ( edit ) DuVernay announced a teaser trailer for the film would debut at the 2017 D23 expo ; it was released on July 15 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of April 17 , 2018 , A Wrinkle in Time grossed $92.8 million in the United States and Canada , and just over $29.2 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $122 million . With a combined $250 million spent on production and advertisement , the film will need to gross at least $400 million worldwide to turn a profit . In the United States and Canada , A Wrinkle in Time was released alongside The Hurricane Heist , Gringo and The Strangers : Prey at Night , and was projected to gross $30 -- 38 million from 3,980 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $10.2 million on its first day , including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews . It went on to debut to $33.3 million , finishing second behind Disney 's own Black Panther ( $41.1 million in its fourth weekend ) . In its second weekend the film made $16.6 million , dropping 50 % to 4th place . Internationally the film opened in six countries alongside the United States and grossed $6.3 million in its opening weekend , with Russia being the largest market with $4.1 million . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 39 % based on 241 reviews , and an average rating of 5.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` A Wrinkle in Time is visually gorgeous , big - hearted , and occasionally quite moving ; unfortunately , it 's also wildly ambitious to a fault , and often less than the sum of its classic parts . '' On Metacritic , which assigns normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 53 out of 100 , based on 50 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale ; filmgoers under the age of 18 gave it an average grade of `` A -- '' and a PostTrak positive score of 89 % . Alonso Duralde of TheWrap praised the film 's visuals and performances , writing , `` Awash in bold colors , bright patterns and ebullient kids , director Ava DuVernay 's new take on A Wrinkle in Time dazzles its way across time and space even if it does n't quite stick the landing . '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a `` C + '' and praised what he described as its ambition , saying : `` It almost does n't matter that the movie is too emotionally prescriptive to have any real power , or too high on imagination to leave any room for wonder ; DuVernay evinces such faith in who she is and what she 's doing that A Wrinkle in Time remains true to itself even when everything on screen reads false . '' Alex Hudson of Exclaim ! gave the film a 5 out of 10 , saying that it felt `` like a missed opportunity . Rather than a family classic , all we get is a perfectly fine kids movie . '' Vince Mancini of Uproxx gave the film a negative review , saying , `` ... if anything , the trouble with Wrinkle is that you never really get a sense of DuVernay 's personal touch . In fact , it feels a lot like Brad Bird 's big budget , equally smarmy 2015 Disney film , Tomorrowland . Both attempt to be so broad and universal that they feel disconnected from anything human . But universality does n't work that way , no matter how much you tell everyone to think like a kid . '' See also ( edit ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2003 ) Afrofuturism in film Black film List of black films of 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A WRINKLE IN TIME ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://thedisneyblog.com/2018/01/12/director-ava-duvernay-discusses-working-wrinkle-time/ Jump up ^ McDonald , Soraya Nadia ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle in Time ' has Ava DuVernay , Oprah and a $100 million budget . But it still needs a better villain '' . The Undefeated . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Rules 4th Frame With $41 M+ ; ' A Wrinkle In Time ' At $33 M+ : A Diversity & Disney Dominant Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Films To Show On Imax Through 2019 With New Distribution Deal '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kirsten Chuba ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Reviews : What the Critics Are Saying '' . Variety . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jacob Shamsian ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` 5 reasons why Disney 's fantasy epic ' A Wrinkle in Time ' failed at the box office '' . Insider . ^ Jump up to : `` A Wrinkle in Time Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Jay ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Bedrock taps Jeff Stockwell to adapt ' Wrinkle ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( March 17 , 2010 ) . `` Granat Launches Family - Oriented Bedrock Studios ( Updated ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Director Jennifer Lee to Adapt ' A Wrinkle in Time ' for Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Director Jennifer Lee to Adapt ' A Wrinkle in Time ' '' . / Film . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Lupita Nyong'o in Talks to Star in Sci - Fi Thriller With Ava DuVernay Eyed to Direct ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay Set To Direct Disney 's ' A Wrinkle In Time ' ; Script By ' Frozen 's Jennifer Lee '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` With ' A Wrinkle In Time , ' Ava DuVernay will pass a milestone '' . LA Times . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Oprah Winfrey Joins Ava Duvernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Adaptation '' . Variety . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon , Mindy Kaling in Talks to Join Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Rising Actress Storm Reid Nabs Starring Role in Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` Chris Pine Joins Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle In Time ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Gugu Mbatha - Raw Signs On For Ava DuVernay 's ' Wrinkle In Time ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wrinkle in Time Cast Announced as Filming Begins '' . ComingSoon.net . November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Pena Joins Disney 's A Wrinkle in Time Movie '' . ComingSoon.net . November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ava DuVernay on Facebook '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Finalizes Cast as Filming Begins This Week '' . Collider . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ava DuVernay on Twitter '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Trevor ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` A WRINKLE IN TIME : ' The Emotional Visual Effects Show ' '' . VFX Voice . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Ruth ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Postcard of Humboldt County ' : ' Wrinkle in Time ' brings local beauty to big screen '' . Redwood Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Houston , Will ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Film production in town : ' A Wrinkle in Time ' director 's Instagram indicates filming in Eureka '' . Eureka Times - Standard . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pine looks sports bushy beard on A Wrinkle In Time set '' . Mail Online . December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time : What you need to know about the latest movie to shoot in NZ '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oprah : ' It 's a gorgeous day NZ ' star shares chopper ride in NZ with millions - Entertainment - NZ Herald News '' . Nzherald.co.nz . February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time cast declare their love for New Zealand after filming wraps '' . Newshub.co.nz . February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time Recruits Game of Thrones Composer '' . ScreenRant . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` A Wrinkle in Time soundtrack taps Sade , Sia , Game of Thrones composer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Movie Release Schedule Gets a Major Update '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle In Time ' To Hit Theaters In Spring 2018 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ ava ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Teaser trailer coming at @ D23Expo . Hope you like what you see ! ✨ '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' A Wrinkle In Time ' Delivers Weird , Fun , And Heartfelt Family Entertainment '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Rubin ; Dave McNary ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office Preview : ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Looks to Lure Kids as ' Black Panther ' Stays Muscular '' . Variety . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Tops $500 M Overseas , $1 B WW With $67 M China Bow ; ' Tomb Raider ' Kicks Off -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( Fandango Media ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time Reviews '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive ) . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Durande , Alonso ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Film Review : Oprah Hitchhikes the Galaxy in Trippy Kiddie Treat '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Review : Ava DuVernay 's Eye - Popping Spectacle Proves that a Little Imagination Can Go a Long Way '' . Indiewire . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Alex ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle In Time ' review '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mancini , Vince ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle In Time ' Is A Series Of Affirmations In Search Of A Story '' . Uproxx . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) Official website A Wrinkle in Time on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Works of Ava DuVernay Films directed This Is the Life ( 2008 ) I Will Follow ( 2010 ) Middle of Nowhere ( 2012 ) Selma ( 2014 ) 13th ( 2016 ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 ) Television series Queen Sugar ( 2016 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Films by Jennifer Lee Screenplay and directed Frozen ( 2013 ) Frozen Fever ( 2015 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Screenplay and story only Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Madeleine L'Engle Time Quintet A Wrinkle in Time A Wind in the Door Many Waters A Swiftly Tilting Planet An Acceptable Time Polly O'Keefe series The Arm of the Starfish Dragons in the Waters A House Like a Lotus An Acceptable Time Austin family series The Twenty - four Days Before Christmas A Full House : An Austin Family Christmas The Anti-Muffins Meet the Austins The Moon by Night The Young Unicorns A Ring of Endless Light Troubling a Star Katherine Forrester series The Small Rain A Severed Wasp Camilla Dickinson series Camilla Dickinson A Live Coal in the Sea Other fiction Ilsa And Both Were Young The Other Side of the Sun Certain Women A Winter 's Love The Joys of Love Characters Major characters in the works of Madeleine L'Engle Meg Murry Charles Wallace Murry Calvin O'Keefe Sandy and Dennys Murry Polly O'Keefe Vicky Austin Canon Tallis Adam Eddington Zachary Gray Other Places in the works of Madeleine L'Engle Echthroi Kything Hugh Franklin A Wrinkle in Time ( 2003 film ) A Ring of Endless Light ( film ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Wrinkle_in_Time_(2018_film)&oldid=837290852 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s fantasy films 2010s adventure films 2010s science fiction films American films American fantasy adventure films American science fantasy films American science fiction films American space adventure films Films based on American novels Films based on children 's books Films based on fantasy novels Films based on science fiction novels Films scored by Ramin Djawadi Films directed by Ava DuVernay Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in New Zealand Screenplays by Jennifer Lee ( filmmaker ) Performance capture in film Science fiction adventure films Time travel films Time Quintet Walt Disney Pictures films Films about time Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Português Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 22 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)
2. Directed by Ava DuVernay
3. Based on the novel by Madeleine L'Engle
4. Starring Oprah Winfrey, Reese Witherspoon, and Mindy Kaling
5. Mixed reviews and box office disappointment
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who worked at the wtc complex on 9/11
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List of tenants in One World Trade Center - wikipedia List of tenants in One World Trade Center Jump to : navigation , search For other uses of `` North Tower '' , see North Tower ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> One World Trade Center <Td_colspan="2"> One and Two World Trade Center pictured at night in July 2001 . One World Trade Center is on the left , with its antenna clearly visible . Alternative names 1 WTC North Tower Building A Building 1 <Th_colspan="2"> General information Status Destroyed Location West Street , New York , NY 10048 , United States Construction started August 6 , 1968 Topped - out December 23 , 1970 Completed 1972 Opened December 15 , 1970 Inaugurated April 4 , 1973 Destroyed September 11 , 2001 ; 10 : 28 AM ( EDT ) Owner Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Management Silverstein Properties <Th_colspan="2"> Height Antenna spire 527.3 m ( 1,730 ft ) Roof 417 m ( 1,368 ft ) <Th_colspan="2"> Technical details Floor count 110 Floor area 4,300,000 sq ft ( 400,000 m ) Lifts / elevators 99 <Th_colspan="2"> Design and construction Architect Minoru Yamasaki Emery Roth & Sons Structural engineer Leslie E. Robertson ( Worthington , Skilling , Helle , and Jackson ) <Th_colspan="2"> References <Td_colspan="2"> The original One World Trade Center ( also known as the North Tower , Tower 1 , Building One , or 1 WTC ) was one of the Twin Towers of the original World Trade Center in New York City . It was completed in 1972 , standing at a height of 417 metres ( 1,368 ft ) , and was the tallest building in the world until being surpassed by the Sears Tower in Chicago in 1973 . It was distinguishable from its twin , the original Two World Trade Center , also known as the South Tower , by the 110.3 - metre ( 362 ft ) telecommunications antenna on its roof . Including the antenna , the building stood at a total height of 527.3 metres ( 1,730 ft ) . The building 's address was One World Trade Center , with the WTC complex having its own ZIP code of 10048 due to its large size . The original World Trade Center was destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 ; One World Trade Center was the first of the famous Twin Towers to be struck by a hijacked aircraft , at 8 : 46 a.m EDT , and the second tower to collapse , at 10 : 28 a.m. Of the 2,977 victims killed in the attacks , 1,402 were in or above the North Tower impact zone . The North Tower was replaced by the present - day One World Trade Center tower , which was opened in November 2014 as the lead building of the redeveloped World Trade Center site . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tenants at the time of the attacks 2 Tenants that left prior to the attacks 3 Tenants of new One World Trade Center 4 References 5 External links Tenants at the time of the attacks ( edit ) The tenant list below was compiled from the original list provided by CoStar Group ( a provider of electronic commercial real estate information ) , and quoted by CNN . It was sourced by using UnBlinking.com . Cantor Fitzgerald 's corporate headquarters were located in One World Trade Center . Note : Floor numbers in red were part of American Airlines Flight 11 's impact area on September 11 , 2001 , with floors trapped by the impact numbered in dark gray . Fl # Companies 110 Channel 2 ( WCBS ) , Channel 4 ( WNBC ) , Channel 5 ( WNYW ) , Channel 7 ( WABC ) , Channel 9 ( WWOR ) , Channel 11 ( WPIX ) , Channel 13 ( WNET ) , Channel 31 ( WPXN ) , Channel 47 ( WNJU ) , WKCR - FM , WPAT - FM , WNYC - FM , WKTU - FM , CNBC , Genuity , CNN 109 Mechanical floor 108 Mechanical floor 107 Windows on the World , Greatest Bar on Earth , Wild Blue 106 Windows on the World , Windows on the World Wine School , Bloomberg 105 Cantor Fitzgerald , eSpeed , Genuity 104 Cantor Fitzgerald , eSpeed , Channel 4 ( WNBC ) , UmeVoice 103 Cantor Fitzgerald , eSpeed 102 Cantor Fitzgerald , Alliance Consulting Group , The Nishi - Nippon Bank Limited , PaineWebber , Kidder Peabody & Co . 101 Cantor Fitzgerald , eSpeed , Boomer Esiason Foundation , Chances for Children ( charity ) , Kidder Peabody & Co . 100 Marsh & McLennan Companies 99 Marsh & McLennan Companies 98 Marsh & McLennan Companies 97 Marsh & McLennan Companies 96 Marsh & McLennan Companies , Sumitomo Bank 95 Marsh & McLennan Companies 94 Marsh & McLennan Companies , Marsh Private Client Services , Guy Carpenter 93 Marsh & McLennan Companies , Fred Alger Management , Castle Convertible Fund Inc . 92 Carr Futures , Lower Manhattan Cultural Council , LMCC Art Program , LMCC Open Studios 91 American Bureau of Shipping , Cedel Bank International , Meyers Pollok Robbins , New Japan Securities International , Lower Manhattan Cultural Council , LMCC Art Program , LMCC Open Studios , Shiga Bank 90 American TCC International Group , Chugoku Bank , Dun & Bradstreet , Clearstream International , Pass Consulting Corporation 89 Barcley Dwyer , Bayview Services LLC , CIIC Group ( US ) , Cosmos Services America , Daehan International , Drinker Biddle & Reath , MetLife , Mutual International Forwarding , Strategic Communications Group , Wai Gao Qiao USA , Wall Street Planning Association , Banco LatinoAmericano de Exportaciones Sud America , Italian Wine & Food Institute , Jun He Law Offices , Majestic Star Yacht Chartering , Tokyo Securities Company 88 Julien J. Studley , Viking Sea Freight , WTC Construction Manager 87 May Davis Group , Bank of Kinki , Okasan Securities , Thor Technologies 86 Julien J. Studley , Asiatic Chemical , Society of Satellite Professionals International 85 SMW Trading Corporation , Thermo Electron , Chicago Investment Group , Hyakugo Bank , Ohrenstein & Brown 84 Bright China Capital , David Peterson Law Offices , LG Securities America , San - In Godo International Bank , Unicom Capital Advisors , Blue Star Line North America 83 Axcelera , General Telecommunications , eMeritus Communications , Lava Trading LLC , Network Plus , Global Crossings Holdings , Ameson Education and Culture Exchange Foundation , Taipei Bank , Toho Bank , Wako Securities America 82 New York Metropolitan Transportation Council , DMJM Harris 81 Bank of America , Blue Star Line North America , Network Plus , New Continental Enterprises 80 Agricor Commodities Corporation , Intrust Investment Realty , Noga Commodities Overseas , Noga Hotels New York , Shizuoka Bank , RLI Insurance Company , Bank of Yokohama , Zenshinren Bank 79 Daynard & Van Thunen Company , First Liberty Investment Group , Nikko Securities , Okato Shoji Company International , Securant Technologies , Iyo Bank 78 Skylobby , Avenir , Baltic Oil Corporation , Cedar Capital Management Associates , Cheng Cheng Enterprises Holdings , Geiger & Geiger , Hyundai Motor Company , International Trade Centre , Korea Local Authorities Foundation for International Relations , Meridian Ventures Holdings , Pacrim Trading & Shipping , Phink Path , Traders Access Center , Atinav Avenue , Korea Local Government Center , Partner Reinsurance Company , Thai Farmers Bank , Verona Fair Organization US Representative 77 Hal Roth Agency , Jun He Law Offices , Martin Progressive LLC , New - ey International Corporation , World Trade Centers Association , Alliance Continuing Care Network , Kuhne & Nagel , Partner Reinsurance Company 76 Mechanical floor 75 Mechanical floor 74 Morgan Stanley 73 Port Authority of New York & New Jersey , Morgan Stanley 72 Morgan Stanley 71 Morgan Stanley 70 Morgan Stanley 69 Morgan Stanley 68 Morgan Stanley 67 World Trade Institute , Port Authority of New York & New Jersey 66 Port Authority of New York & New Jersey 65 Boeing Aviation Technical Services , Morgan Stanley 64 Port Authority of New York & New Jersey , Morgan Stanley 63 Morgan Stanley , Airport Access Program 62 Morgan Stanley 61 Morgan Stanley 60 Asahi Bank , Morgan Stanley 59 Sidley Austin Brown & Wood , Morgan Stanley 58 Sidley Austin Brown & Wood 57 Sidley Austin Brown & Wood 56 Sidley Austin Brown & Wood 55 Pace University , World Trade Institute of Pace University , Benchmark Hospitality at Pace University ( now Downtown Conference Center at Pace University ) 54 Sidley Austin Brown & Wood 53 AIG Aviation Brokerage , Bank of Taiwan , Bramax Manufacturing Corporation , China Resource Products USA , Keenan , Powers , & Andrews , LoCurto & Funk Inc. , National Nydegger Transport Corporation , Pacrim Trading & Shipping , Pure Energy Corporation , Broadview Networks , French Embassy Financial Services , JACOM Corporation , TripleHop Technologies 52 Gayer , Shyu & Wiesel , Hill , Betts & Nash , Howly ( US ) Corporation , Leeds & Morrelli , Okasan Securities , RGL Gallagher PC , Williams Capital Group , Bramax Manufacturing Corporation , Temenos USA Wholesalers , Unifacemanu International 51 AT&T Corporation , C&P Press , Chilean Government Trade Bureau , Chilean National Petroleum Company , Chilean Production Promotion Center , Chilean Trading Corporation , TradeWeb LLC 50 Dai - Ichi Kangyo Trust Company of New York , DKB Securities Corporation 49 Dai - Ichi Kangyo Trust Company of New York , Dai - Ichi Kangyo Bank , Overseas Union Bank , Pacific American Corporation 48 Dai - Ichi Kangyo Trust Company of New York , Dai - Ichi Kangyo Bank 47 ADERLY - USA , Adjusters International , American TCC International Group , Inc. , ClearForest Corporation , First Union Securities , G.Z. Stephens , Inc. , Pacific American Corporation , Quint Amasis LLC , Rollins Accounting , Tejas Securities Group , Inc. , W.J. Export Import , Inc . 46 Alegra International , American Sino Trade Development Council , ASTDC , Auspic International Technology & Trade Group Co. , Inc. , Auto Imperial , Bank of Yokohama , Beyondbond , Inc. , Bluesky Technologies Inc. , Ceylon Shipping Corporation , Charles P. Chan , CPA , China U.S. Net Group , Inc. , Consolidated Steelex Corporation , Dahao U.S.A. Corporation , China Inter-Ocean Transportation , Hitachi Software Engineering America Limited , Interglobe Communications , J&X Tan 's Trading Co. , Johnson & Johnson , Kading Companies S.A. , KISCO Corporation ( USA ) , Port Authority of New York & New Jersey , R.S. Property , Shandong Resources Inc. , Shipping Services Italia , Sinopec USA , Inc. , Smartcomm Group , Inc. , Sri Larkan Travel , Inc. , Strategic Alliance International Group , Suggested Open Systems , Suntendy America , Inc. , T&T Enterprises International , Inc. , Teleport Investment Management LLC , Thomas D. Mangione Limited , Tradeway , Inc. , ViewTrade Group , World Imperial Realty Corporation , World News & Media Group , Inc. , Yong Ren America Inc . 45 American Lota International , Bramax Manufacturing Corporation , China Construction America , Dunavant Commodity Corporation , Fertitta Enterprises , F.E. Wallace & Co. , HS Futures LP , Hyundai Motor Company , Pure Energy Corporation , Security Traders Association , Software Research Associates America , Streamline Capital , BAO Hercules , Ching Fong Investment Company New York , Johnson Enterprises , SRA America , S. Stern Custom Brokers 44 Skylobby , Skydive restaurant , MetLife , Morgan Stanley , New York Society of Security Analysts , Market Technicians Association , Port Authority of New York & New Jersey 43 Port Authority of New York & New Jersey 42 Mechanical floor 41 Mechanical floor 40 Lehman Brothers , Commerzbank Capital Markets AG 39 Lehman Brothers , Cultural Institutions Retirement Systems , First Liberty Investment Group , Overseas Union Bank , Xcel Federal Credit Union , Tai Fook Securities , Circle International , Sun Hung Kai Securities 38 Lehman Brothers , Regional Alliance for Small Contractors , Turner Construction Company , GSW & Associates , GW Finance Corporation 37 Commodity Futures Trading Commission , Government of Thailand , S. Stern Custom Brokers , Thai Board of Investment , Thai Office of the Economic Counselor , Thai Trade Center , Port Authority of New York & New Jersey 36 Kemper Insurance Companies 35 Kemper Insurance Companies , Anne Pope Law Offices 34 Royal Thai Embassy Office , Port Authority of New York & New Jersey , Thailand Tourism Authority 33 Berel & Mullen , China Daily Distribution Corporation , Data Transmission Network Corporation , Hu Tong International Company , Koudis International , MANAA Trading Group , MIS Service Company , Rachel & Associates , Serko & Simon , Golden King USA , American Bright Signs , China United Trading Corporation , Excel Shipping , Korean Associates Securities , Rohde & Liesenfeld , Lunham & Reeve , Inc . 32 Chang Hwa Commercial Bank , Rohde & Liesenfeld , Koudis International 31 Port Authority of New York & New Jersey , Empire Health Choice , EmpireBlue 30 -- 29 China Patent and Trademark Agent USA , World Travel , Seth Shipping Corporation , Taipei Bank , ZimAmerican Israeli Shipping Company 28 Port Authority of New York & New Jersey , EmpireBlue 27 Bangkok Metropolitan Bank , EmpireBlue , Sinopec USA , Inc . 26 Garban Intercapital 25 Garban Intercapital , R.H. Wrightson & Associates , Cote d'Ivore Embassy Commercial Counselor , EXCO USA International , Harold I. Pepper Company 24 Empire Health Choice , Port Authority of New York & New Jersey , Dominican Republic Export Promotion Center , Electric Paper Inc. , RN Forwarding 23 Empire Health Choice 22 Security Command Center , Cheng Xiang Trading USA , Chicago Board Options Exchange Corporation , G.C. Services , Gold Sky Inc. , Kaiser Overseas , Karoon Capital Management , MLU Investment , Pluto Commodities , P. Wolfe Investments , Tai Fook Securities , The SCPIE Companies , Unicom Capital Advisors , AMROC International Company , Central Trust of China , China Steel Company , New York Metropolitan Transportation Council , SySoft e-Business Lab 21 Avesta Computer Services , Continental Logistics , Dongwon Securities Company , Friends Ivory & Sime , Friends Villas Fischer Trust , Infotech Commercial Systems , Law Offices of Roman V. Popik , Lief International , Tower Computer Services , United Seamen 's Service ( USS - AMMLA ) , 1 Stop Investment Advice , Brauner International Corporation , Cat Technology Inc. , Wired Cat , J.D. Smith Customs Broker , Marc Commodities , Regional Alliance for Small Contractors , United Hercules 20 Empire Health Choice , Rohde & Liesenfeld 19 Port Authority of New York and New Jersey , Adams McFarlane LLC ( NexxtHealth ) , Excel Shipping , HZ Bernstein Air Freight , Empire Health Choice 18 Neovest , I / B / E / S International Inc . 17 ABC International , Masterpiece International , Nippon Express USA , Empire Health Choice , ZimAmerican Israeli Shipping Company 16 California Bank & Trust , Seven Star Lines , ZimAmerican Israeli Shipping Company , Ramon International Insurance Brokers ( ZimAmerican ) 15 Landmark Education Corporation , Continental Forwarding , Gringsby Brandford & Co. , H.W. Robinson & Co . 14 Instinet , Dun & Bradstreet , Port Authority of New York & New Jersey , Aeolian Shipping Company , C. Allen & Co. , Hirshbach & Smith , VanderGrift Forwarding 13 Instinet 12 Bank of America , Lafayette Shipping Company , Instinet 11 Bank of America , Porcella Vicini & Co. , Primark Decision Economics , Raymond James & Associates , Allstate Insurance Company , Tes USA 10 Bank of America , Export Import Service , Hauser Air Corporation 9 Bank of America , Foreign Credit Insurance Association 8 Mechanical floor 7 Mechanical floor 6 -- 5 Gayer , Shyu & Wiesel Geiger & Geiger Port Authority of New York & New Jersey , LG Insurance Company , W.R. Hambrecht -- Avis , Delta Air Lines , Olympia Airport Express , Trans World Airlines , Continental Airlines , Continental Enterprises , Citibank The Mall at the World Trade Center SOURCES : CoStar Group , CNN , and Unblinking . The North Pool of the present - day National September 11 Memorial & Museum , marking the spot upon which the original One World Trade Center stood . Floor unknown : Alliance Global Finance , Associated Charter Marine , Carreden Group , CIF Agency , Dimetol International Trade , Eastern Capital Corporation , Falcon International Freight , First Pacific Rim , GAC Shipping , Garwood Financial , Globe Shipping Company , GSI Cargo Service , Hachijuni Bank , Hanil Securities , Lin Brothers International , Pluto Commodities , Port Newark Tenants that left prior to the attacks ( edit ) Between 1978 and 1995 , the Consulate of Paraguay was located in Suite 1609 of One World Trade Center . Home Lines once occupied Suite 3969 . Tenants of New One World Trade Center ( edit ) The new One World Trade Center pictured at late evening in October 2014 . This is the current list of tenants who are so far occupying the rebuilt and redesigned One World Trade Center . The tower officially opened in November 2014 : Fl # Companies 104M Mechanical floor 104 Mechanical floor 103 Mechanical floor 102M Mechanical floor 102 One World Observatory , See Forever Theater , Aspire at One World Observatory ( event space ) 101 One World Observatory , One Dine Restaurant , One Mix Bar and Grill , One Café , Green Screen Pictures 100 One World Observatory , Gift Shop 93M Mechanical floor 93 Mechanical floor 92M Mechanical floor 92 Mechanical floor 91M Mechanical floor 91 Mechanical floor 90 Channel 2 ( WCBS ) , Channel 4 ( WNBC ) , Channel 5 ( WNYW ) , Channel 9 ( WWOR ) , Channel 13 ( WNET ) , Channel 31 ( WPXN ) , Channel 47 ( WNJU ) 89 China Center New York , China - US SkyClub 88 -- 87 -- 86 MCR Development LLC , TWA lounge 85 Servcorp , Cartridge World , Leaf Equities , D100 Radio Samra Wealth Management , Private EQ , Drone USA , FastFin , Cowbird Capital LP 84 Juno Lab 83 Global Risk Advisors , ITI Data , Khan Funds Management America INC 82 Mic 81 -- 80 Asapp 79 Infosys Technologies 78 Ameriprise Financial 77 -- 76 Corry Capital Advisers LLC 75 -- 74 -- 73 -- 72 -- 71 -- 70 -- 69 -- 68 -- 67 -- 66 -- 65 -- 64 Skylobby , One World Commons 63 The Stagwell Group 62 The Stagwell Group 61 xAd 60 xAd 59 High 5 Games 58 High 5 Games 57 Moody 's Investors Service 56 Moody 's Investors Service 55 General Services Administration 54 General Services Administration 53 General Services Administration , Federal Office of Emergency Management 52 General Services Administration , Federal Office of Emergency Management 51 General Services Administration , U.S. Customs and Border Protection 50 General Services Administration , U.S. Customs and Border Protection 49 -- 48 Sailthru , Energy Capital Partners 47 Progenics Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Olam Americas Inc. , Decryptex Financial Laboratories Leap USA , MS Shift INC . 46 BMB Group , C12 Capital Management , Westfield Corporation , Tinypass , Casablanca Capital LLC , Kensho Technologies , ITI Data , Energy Aspects , Piano , Inc. , IRIS Software 45 Legends Hospitality , Cushman & Wakefield , Symphony Communication Services LLC , KiDs Creative , Town Square Trading 44 Condé Nast , Sabin , Bermant & Gould LLP 43 Condé Nast 42 Condé Nast 41 Condé Nast 40 Condé Nast , Pitchfork Media 39 Condé Nast 38 Condé Nast 37 Condé Nast 36 Condé Nast 35 Condé Nast 34 Condé Nast 33 Condé Nast 32 Condé Nast 31 Condé Nast 30 Condé Nast 29 Condé Nast 28 Condé Nast 27 Condé Nast 26 Condé Nast 25 Condé Nast 24 Condé Nast 23 Condé Nast 22 Condé Nast 21 Condé Nast 20 Condé Nast 6M Mechanical floor 6 Mechanical floor 5M Mechanical floor 5 Mechanical floor 4M Mechanical floor Mechanical floor 3M Mechanical floor Mechanical floor Mechanical floor Main Lobby , One World Observatory ticket booth C1 Westfield World Trade Center , Access to One World Observatory and Main Lobby , Duane Reade C2 Westfield World Trade Center , Access to Oculus , Chase Bank C3 Loading Dock / Building Services C4M Building Services / Tenant Storage C4 Building Services / Tenant Storage References ( edit ) Jump up ^ New York Times Magazine ; The World Trade Center : A Timeline nytimes.com. 2004 . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 Jump up ^ History of the Twin Towers.PANYNJ.gov. 2013 . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 Jump up ^ World Trade Center . PANYNJ.gov. 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ One World Trade Center construction updates Archived December 19 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Lower Manhattan.info . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` List of World Trade Center tenants '' . CNN . Retrieved May 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Updated list . UnBlinking.com. 2001 . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` office locations . '' Cantor Fitzgerald . August 9 , 2001 . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Where to Get Information Before You Go '' ( requires subscription ) . The New York Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 : International Adoption -- Paraguay . '' U.S. Department of State Bureau of Consular Affairs . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . `` Consulate General of Paraguay Consular Section 1 World Trade Center , Suite 1609 New York , NY 10048 '' . Jump up ^ `` CRUISE LINE OFFICES . '' Miami Herald . February 7 , 1988 . 2J Travel . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . `` Home Lines , 1 World Trade Center , Suite 3969 , New York , NY 10048 '' . Jump up ^ https://oneworldobservatory.com/restaurant/ Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ OPENING April 2015 ! 85th Floor One World Trade Center Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Jump up ^ `` D100 Radio Website '' . Jump up ^ ( 9 ) Jump up ^ ( 10 ) Jump up ^ ( 11 ) Jump up ^ ( 12 ) Jump up ^ ( 13 ) Jump up ^ ( 14 ) Jump up ^ ( 15 ) Jump up ^ ( 16 ) Jump up ^ ( 17 ) Jump up ^ ( 18 ) Jump up ^ ( 19 ) Jump up ^ ( 20 ) Jump up ^ ( 21 ) Jump up ^ ( 22 ) Jump up ^ ( 23 ) Jump up ^ One World Trade Center Leasing Momentum Builds as Digital Advertising Technology Leader Takes Full Floor in Iconic Tower Jump up ^ High 5 Games Is Moving to One World Trade Center Jump up ^ Cuozzo , Steve ( 2015 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Moody 's signs this year 's largest deal at One World Trade Center '' . New York Post . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Federal Agencies to Move to One World Trade Center Jump up ^ ( 24 ) Jump up ^ ( 25 ) Jump up ^ ( 26 ) Jump up ^ ( 27 ) Jump up ^ ( 28 ) Jump up ^ ( 29 ) Jump up ^ ( 30 ) Jump up ^ ( 31 ) Jump up ^ ( 32 ) Jump up ^ ( 33 ) Jump up ^ ( 34 ) Jump up ^ Conde Nast employees march into One World Trade Center Jump up ^ ( 35 ) Jump up ^ ( 36 ) External links ( edit ) New York City portal Architecture portal `` WTC Response Update : Governor Pataki Announces Partnership To Help New York City Businesses In Need Of Office Space '' . CoStar Group . CoStar group WTC Info ( Archive ) List of World Trade Center tenants via CNN ( Archive ) World Trade Center Tenant Relocation Summary via TenantWise.com World Trade Center Tragedy : Information for Families , Friends and Colleagues -- Marsh and McLennan Companies One World Trade Center website Lists of tenants of the WTC complex on 9 / 11 One WTC Two WTC Four WTC Five WTC Six WTC Seven WTC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_tenants_in_One_World_Trade_Center&oldid=804734554 '' Categories : World Trade Center Office buildings completed in 1972 Lists of companies based in New York ( state ) September 11 attacks Buildings and structures destroyed in the September 11 attacks Office buildings completed in 2014 Office buildings in Manhattan Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 20 : 34 . About Wikipedia
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1. One World Trade Center
2. Tenants at the time of the attacks
3. Tenants that left prior to the attacks
4. Tenants of new One World Trade Center
5. North Tower (disambiguation)
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arise awake and stop not till the goal is reached meaning
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Arise , awake , and stop not till the goal is reached - wikipedia Arise , awake , and stop not till the goal is reached Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Arise , awake , and stop not till the goal is reached <Td_colspan="2"> In the 1.3. 14 chapter of Katha Upanishad , this sloka can be found , where Yama ( pictured ) is teaching Nachiketa the methods of Yoga . Character Yama First used in Katha Upanishad Also used in Lectures of Swami Vivekananda . Arise , awake , and stop not till the goal is reached is a sloka of Katha Upanishad which was popularized in the late 19th century by Indian Hindu monk Swami Vivekananda . It was his message to the Hindus to get out of their hypnotized state of mind . Swami Vivekananda used the sloka so widely in his teachings that sometimes Swami Vivekananda is mistakenly identified as the author of the sloka . Contents ( hide ) 1 In Katha Upanishad 2 In Swami Vivekananda 's teachings 3 Influence 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Citations 5.2 Sources 6 External links In Katha Upanishad ( edit ) See also : Nachiketa and Katha Upanishad Nachiketa , the child protagonist of Katha Upanishad , was sent to Yama , the Hindu god of death , by his father Vajashrava . In the abode of Yama , he answered Nachiketa 's questions and taught him Self - knowledge and the methods of Yoga . The verse `` Arise , awake ... '' can be found in the 1.3. 14 chapter of the book , where Yama is advising Nachiketa -- Sanskrit ( Devanagari ) Transliteration English translation उत्तिष्ठत जाग्रत प्राप्य वरान्निबोधत , क्षुरासन्न धारा निशिता दुरत्यद्दुर्गम पथ : तत् कवयो वदन्ति Uttisthata Jagrata Prapya Varannibodhata Kshurasanna Dhara Nishita Dustayadurgama Pathah tat kavayo Vadanti Arise ! Awake ! Approach the great and learn . Like the sharp edge of a razor is that path , so the wise say − hard to tread and difficult to cross . In Swami Vivekananda 's teachings ( edit ) Swami Vivekananda widely used this quote in his teachings . The inspirational sloka was Swami Vivekananda 's message to the Hindus to get out of their hypnotized state of mind . The sloka was meant as a call to his countrymen to awaken their `` sleeping soul '' and propagate the message of peace and blessings given by the `` ancient Mother '' to the world . `` Awake '' also denotes the awakening of one 's real nature and the consequent ushering in of prosperity . On 24 April 1897 Vivekananda wrote a letter to Sarala Ghoshal . In that letter he stressed giving the public only positive education , because of his belief that negative thoughts weaken men . In that letter , he also reiterated this sloka . Vivekananda quoted this sloka in several lectures and discourses . In a lecture delivered on 12 November 1896 at Lahore , he said : Therefore , young men of Lahore , raise once more that mighty banner of Advaita , for on no other ground can you have that wonderful love until you see that the same Lord is present everywhere . Unfurl that banner of love ! `` Arise , awake , and stop not till the goal is reached . '' Arise , arise once more , for nothing can be done without renunciation . In her essay Reminiscences of Swami Vivekananda , Sister Christine wrote that Vivekananda wanted to see men striving to find the Supreme . She wrote : All else might be false , this alone was true . He realized it . After his own great realization , life held but one purpose -- to give the message with which he was entrusted , to point out the path and to help others on the road to the same supreme goal . `` Arise , awake , and stop not till the goal is reached . '' `` Arise '' was meant as a passionate call for national awakening to obtain political freedom for the country from colonialism , and to not to `` stop '' until the `` goal '' was achieved . This was essential in the social , economic and political fields . `` Arise '' was also intended to mean to get out of the state of helplessness . His emphasis was on freedom to the nation , as in the US on 4 July 1776 . Swamiji also urged people to learn from Hindu sacred scriptures , which he felt contained all the instructions to arise out of the `` hypnotism of weakness '' and which indicated that no individual is inherently weak . Influence ( edit ) The 1998 film Swami Vivekananda , directed by G.V. Iyer , ends with this quote where Mammootty gives a brief speech on Vivekananda and his ideals and concludes the speech with this quote . On 12 January 2013 , on the 150 birth anniversary , then Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi and now prime minister of India , wrote a blog post on his personal website to pay tribute to Vivekananda . He named the post `` Commemorating Swami Vivekananda : Arise , Awake and stop not till the goal is reached '' . The sloka is inscribed on the main stage of an auditorium of Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture , Kolkata , a branch of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission . Dr. Sanjeev Kumar , an Indian author , called this a `` life - transforming line '' and wrote a book named Stop Not Till the Goal is Reached in 2010 . See also ( edit ) Awake : The Life of Yogananda ( documentary ) , Yogananda References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ CCMT 2007 , p. 110 ^ Jump up to : Vivekananda 2009 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ `` Kath Upanishad '' . Swami Krishnanda The Divine Life Society . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Wikisource : The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda / Volume 4 / Translation : Prose / The Education that India needs Jump up ^ Wikisource : The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda / Volume 3 / Lectures from Colombo to Almora / The Vedanta Jump up ^ Sister Christine . `` Reminiscences of Swami Vivekananda '' . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Bhuyan 2003 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Natesan 1948 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Narendra Modi . `` Commemorating Swami Vivekananda : Arise , Awake and stop not till the goal is reached '' . Narendra modi official website . Archived from the original on 1 September 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Kumar 2010 , pp. preface Sources ( edit ) Bhuyan , P.R. ( 1 January 2003 ) . Swami Vivekananda : Messiah of Resurgent India . Atlantic Publishers & Dist . ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 0234 - 7 . Kumar , Dr. sanjeev ( 2010 ) . Stop Not Till the Goal is Reached . Pustak Mahal . ISBN 978 - 81 - 223 - 1170 - 9 . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . CCMT , . ( 2007 ) . Hinduism At A Glance . Chinmaya Mission . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7597 - 142 - 4 . Natesan , G.A. ( 1948 ) . Aspects of the Vedanta . G.A. Natesan and Company . Vivekananda , Swami ( 2009 ) . Swami Vivekananda 's Rousing Call to Hindu Nation . Vivekananda Kendra . ISBN 978 - 81 - 89248 - 10 - 9 . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . External links ( edit ) Swami Vivekananda Quotes : Arise , awake , and stop not till the goal is reached <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Swami Vivekananda Biography Birthplace Prayer to Kali at Dakshineswar Baranagar Math Swami Vivekananda 's travels in India ( 1888 -- 1893 ) Teachers Ramakrishna Sarada Devi Relationship with Ramakrishna at the Parliament of the World 's Religions ( 1893 ) in California Works and philosophy Teachings and philosophy Teachings and philosophy Vivekananda and meditation Influence and legacy of Vivekananda Neo-Vedanta Books Bibliography Sangeet Kalpataru Bartaman Bharat Inspired Talks Jnana Yoga Karma Yoga Lectures from Colombo to Almora My Master Raja Yoga The East and the West Poems / Songs `` Kali the Mother '' Khandana Bhava -- Bandhana `` My Play is Done '' The Hymn of Samadhi The Song of the Sannyasin To the Fourth of July Nachuk Tahate Shyama Lectures `` Buddhism , the Fulfilment of Hinduism '' Christ , the Messenger Religion not the crying need of India Vedanta Philosophy Miscellaneous Arise , awake , and stop not till the goal is reached Atmano mokshartham jagat hitaya cha Bahujana sukhaya bahujana hitaya cha Foundations Advaita Ashrama Belur Math Ramakrishna Math Ramakrishna Mission Udbodhan Vedanta Society ( New York ) Disciples and friends Monastic disciples Shuddhananda Virajananda Swarupananda Paramananda Other disciples and friends Ajit Singh of Khetri Alasinga Perumal Emma Calvé J.J. Goodwin John Henry Wright Josephine MacLeod Sara Chapman Bull Sister Christine Sister Nivedita Abhayananda William Hastie Memorials Vivekananda Rock Memorial National Youth Day ( India ) Swami Vivekananda Airport Swami Vivekananda Road metro station Swami Vivekanand Nagar Vivekanandar Illam Vivekananda Setu Swami Vivekananda statue ( Golpark , Kolkata ) 150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda Swami Vivekananda Youth Employment Week Vivek Express Artistic depictions Films Swami Vivekananda ( 1955 ) Bireswar Vivekananda ( 1964 ) Swami Vivekananda ( 1998 ) Swamiji ( 2012 ) The Light : Swami Vivekananda ( 2013 ) Dramas Biley Bireswar Educational institutions named after Vivekananda Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College Swami Vivekananda Subharti University Swami Vivekanand University , Madhya Pradesh Vivekanda Degree College , Kukatpally Vivekananda Degree College , Puttur Vivekananda Global University Vivekananda Institution Vivekananda Kendra Vidyalaya Vivekananda Vidya Mandir Books on Vivekananda Swami Vivekananda on Himself Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda Notes of some wanderings with the Swami Vivekananda Swami Vivekananda : Messiah of Resurgent India Swami Vivekananda in the West : New Discoveries Pransakha Vivekananda Rousing Call to Hindu Nation The Master as I Saw Him Researchers Sankari Prasad Basu Mani Shankar Mukherjee <Td_colspan="3"> WikiProject Commons Wikiquote Wikisource texts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arise,_awake,_and_stop_not_till_the_goal_is_reached&oldid=818049209 '' Categories : Upanishads Swami Vivekananda Quotations Motivation Hidden categories : Articles containing Sanskrit - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 06 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Katha Upanishad
2. Swami Vivekananda
3. Yoga and Self-knowledge
4. Awakening and Goal Achievement
5. Hinduism and National Awakening
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8,588,867,647,436,799,000 |
why is there a potential drop across a resistor
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Voltage drop - wikipedia Voltage drop Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Voltage droop . Voltage drop describes how energy is supplied of a voltage source that is reduced as electric current moves through the passive elements ( elements that do not supply voltage ) of an electrical circuit . Voltage drops across internal resistances of the source , across conductors , across contacts , and across connectors are undesired as the supplied energy is lost ( dissipated ) . Voltage drops across loads and across other active circuit elements are desired as the supplied energy performs useful work . For example , an electric space heater may have a resistance of ten ohms , and the wires which supply it may have a resistance of 0.2 ohms , about 2 % of the total circuit resistance . This means that approximately 2 % of the supplied voltage is lost in the wire itself . Excessive voltage drop may result in unsatisfactory operation of , and damage to , electrical and electronic equipment . National and local electrical codes may set guidelines for the maximum voltage drop allowed in electrical wiring , to ensure efficiency of distribution and proper operation of electrical equipment . The maximum permitted voltage drop varies from one country to another . In electronic design and power transmission , various techniques are employed to compensate for the effect of voltage drop on long circuits or where voltage levels must be accurately maintained . The simplest way to reduce voltage drop is to increase the diameter of the conductor between the source and the load , which lowers the overall resistance . In power distribution systems , a given amount of power can be transmitted with less voltage drop if a higher voltage is used . More sophisticated techniques use active elements to compensate for the undesired voltage drop . Contents ( hide ) 1 Voltage drop in direct - current circuits : resistance 2 Voltage drop in alternating - current circuits : impedance 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Voltage drop in direct - current circuits : resistance ( edit ) Consider a direct - current circuit with a nine - volt DC source ; three resistors of 67 ohms , 100 ohms , and 470 ohms ; and a light bulb -- all connected in series . The DC source , the conductors ( wires ) , the resistors , and the light bulb ( the load ) all have resistance ; all use and dissipate supplied energy to some degree . Their physical characteristics determine how much energy . For example , the DC resistance of a conductor depends upon the conductor 's length , cross-sectional area , type of material , and temperature . If the voltage between the DC source and the first resistor ( 67 ohms ) is measured , the voltage potential at the first resistor will be slightly less than nine volts . The current passes through the conductor ( wire ) from the DC source to the first resistor ; as this occurs , some of the supplied energy is `` lost '' ( unavailable to the load ) , due to the resistance of the conductor . Voltage drop exists in both the supply and return wires of a circuit . If the voltage across each resistor is measured , the measurement will be a significant number . That represents the energy used by the resistor . The larger the resistor , the more energy used by that resistor , and the bigger the voltage drop across that resistor . Ohm 's Law can be used to verify voltage drop . In a DC circuit , voltage equals current multiplied by resistance . V = I R ( \ displaystyle V = IR ) . Also , Kirchhoff 's circuit laws state that in any DC circuit , the sum of the voltage drops across each component of the circuit is equal to the supply voltage . Voltage drop in alternating - current circuits : impedance ( edit ) In alternating - current circuits , opposition to current flow occurs because of resistance , just as in direct - current circuits . However , alternating current circuits also include a second kind of opposition to current flow : reactance . The sum of oppositions to current flow from both resistance and reactance is called impedance . Electrical impedance is commonly represented by the variable Z and measured in ohms at a specific frequency . Electrical impedance is computed as the vector sum of electrical resistance , capacitive reactance , and inductive reactance . The amount of impedance in an alternating - current circuit depends on the frequency of the alternating current and the magnetic permeability of electrical conductors and electrically isolated elements ( including surrounding elements ) , which varies with their size and spacing . Analogous to Ohm 's law for direct - current circuits , electrical impedance may be expressed by the formula E = I Z ( \ displaystyle E = IZ ) . So , the voltage drop in an AC circuit is the product of the current and the impedance of the circuit . See also ( edit ) Voltage droop Electronics portal Utility brownout Voltage divider Electrical distribution Kirchhoff 's voltage law Electrical conduction Ground loop ( electricity ) Power cable Mesh analysis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Electrical Principles for the Electrical Trades ( Jim Jennesson ) 5th edition External links ( edit ) Freeware NEC Tables , CEC Tables and Electrical Calculation for your PC Voltage Drop Calculator EPRI Power Quality - Voltage Drop Calculator Voltage drop of British mains cables BS 7671 : 2008 Cable Sizing Tool Cable Size & Volt Drop Calculator UK Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voltage_drop&oldid=804039276 '' Categories : Electricity Electrical parameters Cables Voltage stability Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی 한국어 മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 09 : 37 . About Wikipedia
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1. Voltage drop in electrical circuits
2. Passive elements in electrical circuits
3. Effects of voltage drop on equipment
4. Techniques to compensate for voltage drop
5. Voltage drop in direct and alternating current circuits
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who painted the pictures monalisa and the last supper
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The Last Supper ( Leonardo da Vinci ) - wikipedia The Last Supper ( Leonardo da Vinci ) This article is about the Leonardo da Vinci painting . For other uses , see The Last Supper ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The Last Supper <Td_colspan="2"> Il Cenacolo or L'Ultima Cena <Td_colspan="2"> Artist Leonardo da Vinci Year 1490s ( Julian ) Medium Tempera , Gesso 460 cm ( 180 in ) × 880 cm ( 350 in ) Location Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan Coordinates 45 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 9 ° 10 ′ 15 '' E / 45.466666666667 ° N 9.1708333333333 ° E / 45.466666666667 ; 9.1708333333333 Coordinates : 45 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 9 ° 10 ′ 15 '' E / 45.466666666667 ° N 9.1708333333333 ° E / 45.466666666667 ; 9.1708333333333 Website legraziemilano.it/il-cenacolo/ <Td_colspan="2"> ( edit on Wikidata ) The Last Supper ( Italian : Il Cenacolo ( il tʃeˈnaːkolo ) or L'Ultima Cena ( ˈlultima ˈtʃeːna ) ) is a late 15th - century mural painting by Leonardo da Vinci housed by the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan . It is one of the world 's most recognizable paintings . The work is presumed to have been started around 1495 -- 96 and was commissioned as part of a plan of renovations to the church and its convent buildings by Leonardo 's patron Ludovico Sforza , Duke of Milan . The painting represents the scene of the Last Supper of Jesus with his apostles , as it is told in the Gospel of John , 13 : 21 . Leonardo has depicted the consternation that occurred among the Twelve Disciples when Jesus announced that one of them would betray him . Due to the methods used , a variety of environmental factors , and intentional damage , very little of the original painting remains today despite numerous restoration attempts , the last being completed in 1999 . Contents 1 Painting 1.1 Important copies 2 Medium 3 Damage and restorations 3.1 Major restoration 4 The Last Supper in culture 4.1 Painting , mosaic , and photography 4.2 Modern art 4.3 Literature 4.4 Film and television 5 Other speculation 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External links Painting ( edit ) Crucifixion , opposite Leonardo 's Last Supper The Last Supper , ca . 1520 , by Giovanni Pietro Rizzoli , called Giampietrino ( active 1508 -- 1549 ) , after Leonardo da Vinci , Oil on canvas , in the collection of The Royal Academy of Arts , London ; full - scale copy that was the main source for the twenty - year restoration of the original ( 1978 - 1998 ) . It includes several lost details such as Christ 's feet and the salt cellar spilled by Judas . Giampietrino is thought to have worked closely with Leonardo when he was in Milan . The painting hung in the chapel of Magdalen College , Oxford from 1992 . The Last Supper , ca . 1520 , Andrea Solari , after Leonardo da Vinci , oil on canvas , in the Leonardo da Vinci Museum , Tongerlo Abbey . The Last Supper measures 460 cm × 880 cm ( 180 in × 350 in ) and covers an end wall of the dining hall at the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan , Italy . The theme was a traditional one for refectories , although the room was not a refectory at the time that Leonardo painted it . The main church building had only recently been completed ( in 1498 ) , but was remodeled by Bramante , hired by Ludovico Sforza to build a Sforza family mausoleum . The painting was commissioned by Sforza to be the centerpiece of the mausoleum . The lunettes above the main painting , formed by the triple arched ceiling of the refectory , are painted with Sforza coats - of - arms . The opposite wall of the refectory is covered by the Crucifixion fresco by Giovanni Donato da Montorfano , to which Leonardo added figures of the Sforza family in tempera . ( These figures have deteriorated in much the same way as has The Last Supper . ) Leonardo began work on The Last Supper in 1495 and completed it in 1498 -- he did not work on the painting continuously . The beginning date is not certain , as the archives of the convent for the period have been destroyed , and a document dated 1497 indicates that the painting was nearly completed at that date . One story goes that a prior from the monastery complained to Leonardo about the delay , enraging him . He wrote to the head of the monastery , explaining he had been struggling to find the perfect villainous face for Judas , and that if he could not find a face corresponding with what he had in mind , he would use the features of the prior who complained . A study for The Last Supper from Leonardo 's notebooks showing nine apostles identified by names written above their heads The Last Supper specifically portrays the reaction given by each apostle when Jesus said one of them would betray him . All twelve apostles have different reactions to the news , with various degrees of anger and shock . The apostles are identified from a manuscript ( The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci p. 232 ) with their names found in the 19th century . ( Before this , only Judas , Peter , John and Jesus were positively identified . ) From left to right , according to the apostles ' heads : Bartholomew , James , son of Alphaeus , and Andrew form a group of three ; all are surprised . Judas Iscariot , Peter , and John form another group of three . Judas is wearing green and blue and is in shadow , looking rather withdrawn and taken aback by the sudden revelation of his plan . He is clutching a small bag , perhaps signifying the silver given to him as payment to betray Jesus , or perhaps a reference to his role within the 12 disciples as treasurer . He is also tipping over the salt cellar . This may be related to the near - Eastern expression to `` betray the salt '' meaning to betray one 's Master . He is the only person to have his elbow on the table and his head is also horizontally the lowest of anyone in the painting . Peter looks angry and is holding a knife pointed away from Christ , perhaps foreshadowing his violent reaction in Gethsemane during Jesus ' arrest . The youngest apostle , John , appears to swoon . Jesus Apostle Thomas , James the Greater , and Philip are the next group of three . Thomas is clearly upset ; the raised index finger foreshadows his incredulity of the Resurrection . James the Greater looks stunned , with his arms in the air . Meanwhile , Philip appears to be requesting some explanation . Matthew , Jude Thaddeus , and Simon the Zealot are the final group of three . Both Jude Thaddeus and Matthew are turned toward Simon , perhaps to find out if he has any answer to their initial questions . In common with other depictions of the Last Supper from this period , Leonardo seats the diners on one side of the table , so that none of them has his back to the viewer . Most previous depictions excluded Judas by placing him alone on the opposite side of the table from the other eleven disciples and Jesus , or placing halos around all the disciples except Judas . Leonardo instead has Judas lean back into shadow . Jesus is predicting that his betrayer will take the bread at the same time he does to Saints Thomas and James to his left , who react in horror as Jesus points with his left hand to a piece of bread before them . Distracted by the conversation between John and Peter , Judas reaches for a different piece of bread not noticing Jesus too stretching out with his right hand towards it ( Matthew 26 : 23 ) . The angles and lighting draw attention to Jesus , whose turned right cheek is located at the vanishing point for all perspective lines ; his hands are located at the golden ratio of half the height of the composition . The painting contains several references to the number 3 , which represents the Christian belief in the Holy Trinity . The Apostles are seated in groupings of three ; there are three windows behind Jesus ; and the shape of Jesus ' figure resembles a triangle . The painting can also be interpreted using the Fibonacci series : 1 table , 1 central figure , 2 side walls , 3 windows and figures grouped in threes , 5 groups of figures , 8 panels on the walls and 8 table legs , and 13 individual figures . There may have been other references that have since been lost as the painting deteriorated . Important copies ( edit ) Two early copies of The Last Supper are known to exist , presumed to be work by Leonardo 's assistants . The copies are almost the size of the original , and have survived with a wealth of original detail still intact . One , by Giampietrino , is in the collection of the Royal Academy of Arts , London , and the other , by Cesare da Sesto , is installed at the Church of St. Ambrogio in Ponte Capriasca , Switzerland . A third copy ( oil on canvas ) is painted by Andrea Solari ( c. 1520 ) and is on display in the Leonardo da Vinci Museum of the Tongerlo Abbey , Belgium . Medium ( edit ) For this work , Leonardo sought a greater detail and luminosity than could be achieved with traditional fresco . He painted The Last Supper on a dry wall rather than on wet plaster , so it is not a true fresco . Because a fresco can not be modified as the artist works , Leonardo instead chose to seal the stone wall with a double layer of dried plaster . Then , borrowing from panel painting , he added an undercoat of white lead to enhance the brightness of the oil and tempera that was applied on top . This was a method that had been described previously , by Cennino Cennini in the 14th century . However , Cennini had recommended the use of secco for the final touches alone . These techniques were important for Leonardo 's desire to work slowly on the painting , giving him sufficient time to develop the gradual shading or chiaroscuro that was essential in his style . Damage and restorations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A protective structure was built in front of the da Vinci wall fresco . This photo shows the bombing damage in 1943 , suggesting the magnitude of the greater damage that was averted . Because the painting was on a thin exterior wall , the effects of humidity were felt more keenly , and the paint failed to properly adhere to the wall . Because of the method used , soon after the painting was completed on February 9 , 1498 it began to deteriorate . As early as 1517 , the painting was starting to flake , and in 1532 Gerolamo Cardano described it as `` blurred and colorless compared with what I remember of it when I saw it as a boy '' . By 1556 -- fewer than sixty years after it was finished -- Leonardo 's biographer Giorgio Vasari described the painting as already `` ruined '' and so deteriorated that the figures were unrecognizable . By the second half of the sixteenth century Gian Paolo Lomazzo stated that `` the painting is all ruined '' . In 1652 , a doorway was cut through the ( then unrecognisable ) painting , and later bricked up ; this can still be seen as the irregular arch shaped structure near the center base of the painting . It is believed , through early copies , that Jesus ' feet were in a position symbolizing the forthcoming crucifixion . In 1768 , a curtain was hung over the painting for the purpose of protection ; it instead trapped moisture on the surface , and whenever the curtain was pulled back , it scratched the flaking paint . A first restoration was attempted in 1726 by Michelangelo Bellotti , who filled in missing sections with oil paint then varnished the whole mural . This repair did not last well and another restoration was attempted in 1770 by an otherwise unknown artist named Giuseppe Mazza . Mazza stripped off Bellotti 's work then largely repainted the painting ; he had redone all but three faces when he was halted due to public outrage . In 1796 , French revolutionary anti-clerical troops used the refectory as an armory ; they threw stones at the painting and climbed ladders to scratch out the Apostles ' eyes . The refectory was then later used as a prison ; it is not known if any of the prisoners may have damaged the painting . In 1821 , Stefano Barezzi , an expert in removing whole frescoes from their walls intact , was called in to remove the painting to a safer location ; he badly damaged the center section before realizing that Leonardo 's work was not a fresco . Barezzi then attempted to reattach damaged sections with glue . From 1901 to 1908 , Luigi Cavenaghi first completed a careful study of the structure of the painting , then began cleaning it . In 1924 , Oreste Silvestri did further cleaning , and stabilised some parts with stucco . During World War II , on August 15 , 1943 , the refectory was struck by Allied bombing ; protective sandbagging prevented the painting from being struck by bomb splinters , but it may have been damaged further by the vibration . From 1951 to 1954 , another clean - and - stabilise restoration was undertaken by Mauro Pelliccioli . Major restoration ( edit ) The painting as it looked in the 1970s The painting 's appearance by the late 1970s had become badly deteriorated . From 1978 to 1999 , Pinin Brambilla Barcilon guided a major restoration project which undertook to stabilize the painting , and reverse the damage caused by dirt and pollution . The 18th - and 19th - century restoration attempts were also reverted . Since it had proved impractical to move the painting to a more controlled environment , the refectory was instead converted to a sealed , climate - controlled environment , which meant bricking up the windows . Then , detailed study was undertaken to determine the painting 's original form , using scientific tests ( especially infrared reflectoscopy and microscopic core - samples ) , and original cartoons preserved in the Royal Library at Windsor Castle . Some areas were deemed unrestorable . These were re-painted using watercolor in subdued colors intended to indicate they were not original work , while not being too distracting . This restoration took 21 years and , on 28 May 1999 , the painting was returned to display . Intending visitors were required to book ahead and could only stay for 15 minutes . When it was unveiled , considerable controversy was aroused by the dramatic changes in colors , tones , and even some facial shapes . James Beck , professor of art history at Columbia University and founder of ArtWatch International , had been a particularly strong critic . Michael Daley , director of ArtWatch UK , has also complained about the restored version of the painting . He has been critical of Christ 's right arm in the image which has been altered from a draped sleeve to what Daley calls `` muff - like drapery '' . The Last Supper in culture ( edit ) The Last Supper made in salt in Wieliczka Salt Mine ( Poland ) The Last Supper has frequently been referenced , reproduced , or parodied in Western culture . Some of the more notable examples are : Painting , mosaic , and photography ( edit ) A 16th - century oil on canvas copy is conserved in the abbey of Tongerlo , Antwerp , Belgium . It reveals many details that are no longer visible on the original . The Roman mosaic artist Giacomo Raffaelli made another life - sized copy ( 1809 -- 1814 ) in the Viennese Minoritenkirche . Modern art ( edit ) In 1955 , Salvador Dalí painted The Sacrament of the Last Supper , with Jesus portrayed as blond and clean shaven , pointing upward to a spectral torso while the apostles are gathered around the table heads bowed so that none may be identified . It is reputed to be one of the most popular paintings in the collection of the National Gallery of Art in Washington , D.C. In 1986 , Andy Warhol was commissioned to produce a series of paintings based on The Last Supper that were exhibited initially in Milan . This was his last series of paintings before his death . Sculptor Marisol Escobar rendered The Last Supper as a life - sized , three - dimensional , sculptural assemblage using painted and drawn wood , plywood , brownstone , plaster , and aluminum . This work , Self - Portrait Looking at The Last Supper , ( 1982 -- 84 ) is in New York 's Metropolitan Museum of Art . In 1988 , Susan Dorothea White painted The First Supper showing 13 women from all regions of the world , with the woman in the position of Leonardo 's Christ figure being an Australian aboriginal . In 2001 , Chinese artist Zeng Fanzhi painted Last Supper , showing 13 mask - wearing people seated at a table strewn with watermelon fragments . The oil painting was sold for $23.3 million at Sotheby 's auction on October 7 , 2013 , setting a new record for contemporary Asian artwork . In 1998 , modern artist Vik Muniz displayed a recreation of The Last Supper , made entirely out of Bosco Chocolate Syrup . Literature ( edit ) Author Mary Shelley describes her impression of the painting in her travel narrative , Rambles in Germany and Italy published in 1844 : First we visited the fading inimitable fresco of Leonardo da Vinci . How vain are copies ! not in one , nor in any print , did i ever see the slightest approach to the expression in our Savior 's face , such as it is in the original . Majesty and love -- these are the words that would describe it -- joined to an absence of all guile that expresses the divine nature more visibly than I ever saw it in any other picture . -- Mary Shelley , Travel Writing ( 1996 ) , Pages 131 -- 132 Film and television ( edit ) In Luis Buñuel 's Spanish film Viridiana , a tableau vivant of Leonardo 's painting is staged with beggars . Another beggar ' photographs ' the scene by flashing them . This scene contributed to its refusal by the Vatican who called it `` blasphemous . '' In Norman Jewison 's 1973 film version of `` Jesus Christ Superstar '' , in the Last Supper sequence , Jesus and the 12 apostles briefly mimic the posture of each character in Da Vinci 's painting The painting is parodied in Mel Brooks 's movie History of the World , Part I , making Leonardo a contemporary of Jesus . It is also parodied in the original movie MASH , in the scene where Hawkeye Pierce stages a `` last supper '' for Walt ( Painless ) Waldowski before his planned suicide . The various doctors , all in surgical scrubs , pose in imitation of the painting . Many parodies of the painting appear on the small screen , including The Simpsons ' Season 16 episode `` Thank God , It 's Doomsday , '' with Homer as Jesus and Moe and his other patrons as the disciples ; That ' 70s Show 's first - season episode `` Streaking , '' with Eric flanked by his friends ( and Jackie wondering why everyone is sitting on the same side of the table ) ; and South Park 's Season 13 episode `` Margaritaville , '' with Kyle and his friends eating at a pizza parlor . In one episode of the CBC drama Murdoch Mysteries called Barenaked Ladies , the suspects recreate the poses of Peter , Judas and Thomas in their victims . Other speculation ( edit ) Detail of the `` beloved disciple '' to Jesus 's right , identified by art historians as the apostle John , but speculated in The Da Vinci Code and similar works to actually be Mary Magdalene in disguise . The Last Supper has been the target of much speculation by writers and historical revisionists alike , usually centered on purported hidden messages or hints found within the painting , especially since the publication of the novel The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown in 2003 . Dan Brown proposed that the person to Jesus ' right ( left of Jesus from the viewer 's perspective ) is actually Mary Magdalene disguised as the Apostle John , being mirror images of one another . It also states that there was a letter ' glaring in the center of the painting ' ( M ) standing for Matrimonio or Mary Magdalene . This speculation originated in earlier books The Templar Revelation ( 1997 ) by Lynn Picknett and The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail by Michael Baigent , Henry Lincoln and Richard Leigh ( 1982 ) . Art historians hold that the figure is the Apostle John , who only appears feminine due to Leonardo 's characteristic fascination with blurring the lines between the sexes , a quality which is found in his other paintings , such as St. John the Baptist ( painted c. 1513 -- 1516 ) . Christopher Hodapp and Alice Von Kannon comment `` If he ( John ) looks effeminate and needs a haircut , so does James , the second figure on the left . '' . Furthermore , according to Ross King , an expert on Italian art , Mary Magdalene 's appearance at the last supper would not have been controversial and Leonardo would have had no motive to disguise her as one of the other disciples , since she was widely venerated in her role as the `` Apostle to the Apostles '' and was the patron of the Dominican Order , for whom The Last Supper was painted . There would have even been precedent for it , since the earlier Italian Renaissance painter Fra Angelico had included her in his painting of the Last Supper . Giovanni Maria Pala , an Italian musician , has indicated that the positions of hands and loaves of bread can be interpreted as notes on a musical staff and , if read from right to left , as was characteristic of Leonardo 's writing , form a musical composition . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Leonardo Da Vinci 's ' The Last Supper ' reveals more secrets '' . sciencedaily.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci -- . `` Santa Maria delle Grazie -- Milan '' . Inexhibit . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chapel with return Renaissance painrefting '' . Oxford Times . 14 September 2017 . p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Maria delle Grazie & The Last Supper '' . Timeout.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Leonardo 's Itinerary : Early maturity in Milan ( 1482 - 1499 ) '' . Museo Galileo . 5 March 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Clark. Leonardo da Vinci , Penguin Books 1939 , 1993 , p144 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Supper '' . lairweb.org.nz . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` DaVinci '' . The Mark Steel Lectures . Series 2 . Episode 2 . The Open University . 7 October 2003 . BBC . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci -- Complete by Leonardo da Vinci '' . Gutenberg.org. 1 January 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Cfr . Matthew 26 : 15 ; John 12 : 6 and 13 : 29 . ^ Jump up to : White , Susan D. ( 2006 ) . Draw Like Da Vinci . London : Cassell Illustrated , p. 132 . ISBN 9781844034444 . Jump up ^ `` Last Supper ( copy after Leonardo ) '' . University of the Arts , London . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Leonardo 's Last Supper '' . Smart history presented by the Khan Academy . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Supper '' . The Last Supper . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Wykes , Alan ( 1969 ) . Doctor Cardano , physician extraordinary . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Phillip William ( 24 May 1999 ) . `` The Last Supper or a dog 's dinner ? '' . The Guardian . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Dayla Alberge ( 14 March 2012 ) . `` Have art restorers ruined Leonardo 's masterpiece ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Haden - Guest , Anthony ( 3 August 1999 ) . `` Warhol 's Last Supper '' . Artnet . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Self - Portrait Looking at The Last Supper '' . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Susan White - veelzijdig werk , Kunstbeeld ( Amsterdam ) Oct. 1990 , vol. 14 ( 10 ) p. 62 ( translation ) Jump up ^ Allen , Christopher . ' Ludicrous Leonardo ' , The Sydney Morning Herald , 23 December 1988 , p. 10 Jump up ^ `` Zeng 's ' Last Supper ' Sells for Record $23.3 Million at Sotheby 's Auction '' . WSJ.com . October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Vicki ( 25 September 1998 ) . `` ART REVIEW ; It 's a Leonardo ? It 's a Corot ? Well , No , It 's Chocolate Syrup '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Shelley , Mary ( 1996 ) . Travel Writing . London : Pickering . pp. 131 -- 132 . ISBN 1 - 85196 - 084 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : King , Ross ( 2012 ) . Leonardo and the Last Supper . New York City , New York and London , England : Bloomsbury . pp. 187 -- 189 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7475 - 9947 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Hodapp , Alice Von Kannon , The Templar Code For Dummies , page 257 ( Wiley Publishing , Inc. , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 12765 - 0 ) . Jump up ^ Rossella Lorenzi ( 9 November 2007 ) . `` Leonardo 's ' Last Supper ' Hides True Da Vinci Code '' . Discovery News . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Da Vinci 's `` Last Supper '' has hidden music ( includes link to recording ) `` . Extra.beloblog.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ mp3 file of the composition , hosted.ap.org Further reading ( edit ) Steinberg , Leo . Leonardo 's Incessant ' Last Supper ' `` . New York : Zone Books , 2001 . Detailed review of Steinberg 's ' Incessant Last Supper ' at 3 Pipe Problem Bertelli , Carlo ( November 1983 ) . `` Restoration Reveals The Last Supper '' . National Geographic . Vol. 164 no . 5 . pp. 664 -- 684 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci . Official website External video <Td_colspan="2"> Leonardo 's Last Supper , video , Smarthistory Leonardo 's Last Supper and the three layers John the Apostle in Art Leonardo da Vinci : anatomical drawings from the Royal Library , Windsor Castle , exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art , which contains material on The Last Supper ( see index ) Zoomable version Tourist Information Tickets <Th_colspan="3"> Last Supper in art Paintings ( by artist ) Barocci Bouts del Castagno Cranach Crespi Dali El Greco Fernandes Ghirlandaio Perugino Rosselli Rubens Tintoretto Veronese da Vinci conservation - restoration Vouet White <Td_colspan="3"> Visual arts portal Christianity portal <Th_colspan="2"> Leonardo da Vinci <Td_colspan="2"> List of works Science and inventions Personal life Paintings Medusa The Annunciation The Baptism of Christ The Madonna of the Carnation Ginevra de ' Benci Benois Madonna The Adoration of the Magi Saint Jerome in the Wilderness Madonna Litta Virgin of the Rocks Portrait of a Musician Lady with an Ermine The Madonna and Child with the Infant St. John the Baptist The Holy Infants Embracing La Belle Ferronnière Salvator Mundi Madonna of the Yarnwinder The Virgin and Child with St. Anne Mona Lisa Head of a Woman ( La Scapigliata ) Leda and the Swan St. John the Baptist Works on walls The Last Supper Sala delle Asse The Battle of Anghiari Sculptures Sforza monument ( unexecuted ) Horse and Rider Rearing Horse and Mounted Warrior Works on paper Vitruvian Man Portrait of a Young Fiancée The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist Head of Christ The Martyrdom of St Sebastian Self - portrait Studies of the Fetus in the Womb Manuscripts Codex Arundel Codex Atlanticus Codex on the Flight of Birds Codex Leicester Codex Madrid Codex Trivulzianus A Treatise on Painting Museums Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci ( Milan ) Museo Ideale Leonardo da Vinci ( Vinci ) Other projects De divina proportione Architonnerre Leonardo 's crossbow Leonardo 's fighting vehicle Leonardo 's robot Leonardo 's self - propelled cart Octant projection Viola organista Leonardeschi Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio Cesare da Sesto Giampietrino Giovanni Agostino da Lodi Bernardino Luini Cesare Magni Marco d'Oggiono Francesco Melzi Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis Salaì Andrea Solari Related Cultural references Conservation - restoration of The Last Supper Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations Things named after Leonardo <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Tourism in Milan Religious sites Cathedral Milan Cathedral Basilica di Santa Tecla Basilicas S Ambrogio S Calimero S Carlo al Corso S. Eustorgio Portinari Chapel S. Lorenzo S. Marco S. Maria delle Grazie The Last Supper ( Leonardo da Vinci ) S. Maria della Passione S. Nazaro in Brolo S. Simpliciano S. Stefano Maggiore S. Vincenzo in Prato S. Vittore al Corpo Churches Sant'Angelo S. Antonio Abate S. Barnaba S. Bernardino alle Ossa S. Cristoforo sul Naviglio S. Fedele S. Giorgio al Palazzo S. Giovanni in Conca S. Gottardo S. Maria del Carmine S. Maria della Pace S Maria Incoronata S. Maria presso San Celso S. Maria presso San Satiro S. Maurizio al Monastero Maggiore S. Pietro in Gessate S. Sebastiano S. Sepolcro Oratorio di San Protaso Rotonda della Besana Other Chiaravalle Abbey Garegnano Charterhouse Mirasole Abbey Museums and galleries Alfa Romeo Museum Armani / Silos Bagatti Valsecchi Museum Civic Aquarium Galleria d'Arte Moderna Gallerie di Piazza Scala Art collection of Fondazione Cariplo Palazzo Anguissola Palazzo Brentani Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano Museo del Novecento Museo del Risorgimento Museo della Scienza e della Tecnologia `` Leonardo da Vinci '' Museo Diocesano Museo Poldi Pezzoli Museo Teatrale alla Scala Contemporary Art Pavilion Pinacoteca di Brera Sforza Castle Antique Furniture & Wooden Sculpture Museum Applied Arts Collection Archaeological Museum Egyptian Museum Museum of Musical Instruments Museo d'Arte Antica Pinacoteca Villas and palaces Casa Campanini Casa degli Omenoni Casa di Riposo per Musicisti Casa Manzoni Casa Panigarola Castello Cova Palazzo dell'Arengario Palazzo della Banca Commerciale Italiana Palazzo Belgioioso Palazzo Borromeo Palazzo Carminati Palazzo Castiglioni Palazzo dei Giureconsulti Palazzo Mezzanotte Palazzo della Ragione Palazzo delle Scuole Palatine Palazzo del Senato Royal Palace of Milan Villa Belgiojoso Bonaparte Libraries Biblioteca Ambrosiana Biblioteca di Brera Theatres La Scala Piccolo Teatro Teatro degli Arcimboldi Teatro Dal Verme Teatro Lirico Squares and public spaces Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II Piazza Cordusio Piazza del Duomo Piazza della Scala Piazza Mercanti Piazza Gae Aulenti Streets and canals Corso Buenos Aires Navigli Quadrilatero della moda Via della Spiga Via Monte Napoleone Gardens and parks Basilicas Park Giardini Pubblici Indro Montanelli Orto Botanico di Brera Orto Botanico di Cascina Rosa Parco Sempione Villa Litta Modignani Events and traditions EICMA Expo 2015 Milan Fashion Week Milan Furniture Fair Milan International ( 1906 ) Oh bej ! Oh bej ! Triennale <Td_colspan="2"> Districts of Milan Trams in Milan WorldCat Identities BNF : cb12032553h ( data ) GND : 4195043 - 4 SUDOC : 02850223X VIAF : 175915680 Jump up ^ `` Leonardo 's Last Supper '' . Smarthistory at Khan Academy . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo_da_Vinci)&oldid=862718089 '' Categories : Tourist attractions in Milan 1498 paintings Last Supper in art Fresco paintings Paintings by Leonardo da Vinci Catholic paintings Paintings depicting Saint Peter Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles using Infobox artwork / wikidata using locally defined parameters Articles containing Italian - language text Articles needing additional references from May 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ilokano IsiZulu Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2018 , at 06 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. The Last Supper painting by Leonardo da Vinci
2. Commission and history of the painting
3. Depiction of the Last Supper scene and reactions of the apostles
4. Damage and restoration of the painting
5. Cultural references and interpretations of The Last Supper
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who won the world cup 4 years ago
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List of FIFA World Cup finals - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup finals Jump to : navigation , search For a list of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals , see List of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals . List of FIFA World Cup finals <Td_colspan="2"> Germany celebrating after their win against Argentina in the 2014 World Cup final Founded 1930 Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 204 ( qualifiers ) 32 ( finals ) Current champions Germany ( 4th title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930 . It is contested by the men 's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The tournament has taken place every four years , except in 1942 and 1946 , when the competition was cancelled due to World War II . The most recent World Cup , hosted by Brazil in 2014 , was won by Germany , who beat Argentina 1 -- 0 after extra time . The World Cup final match is the last of the competition , and the result determines which country is declared world champions . If after 90 minutes of regular play the score is a draw , an additional 30 - minute period of play , called extra time , is added . If such a game is still tied after extra time it is decided by kicks from the penalty shoot - out . The team winning the penalty shoot - out are then declared champions . The tournament has been decided by a one - off match on every occasion except 1950 , when the tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil was the decisive match ( and one of the last two matches of the tournament ) which put them ahead on points and ensured that they finished top of the group as world champions . Therefore , this match is regarded by FIFA as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . In the 20 tournaments held , 77 nations have appeared at least once . Of these , 12 have made it to the final match , and eight have won . With five titles , Brazil is the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have participated in every World Cup finals tournament . Italy and Germany have four titles . The other former champions are Uruguay and Argentina with two titles each , and England , France , and Spain with one each . The current champions , Germany , took their fourth title in 2014 , and it is the first title for the reunified German team . The 2014 German team also became the first European team to win in South America . The team that wins the finals receive the FIFA World Cup Trophy , and their name is engraved in the bottom side of the trophy . The 1970 and 1994 along with the 1986 , 1990 and 2014 games are to date the only matches competed by the same teams ( Brazil -- Italy and Argentina -- Germany respectively ) . As of 2014 , the 1934 final remains the latest final to have been between two teams playing their first final . The final match of the upcoming 2018 World Cup in Russia is scheduled to take place at the country 's biggest sports complex , the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow . The 1930 and the 1966 games are the only ones that did not take place on Sunday . The former did on a Wednesday and the latter on a Saturday . As of 2014 , only nations from Europe and South America have competed in a World Cup Final . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of finals 2 Results by nation 3 Results by confederation 4 Footnotes 5 References 6 External links List of finals ( edit ) 1930 1978 1950 , 2014 1962 1966 1938 , 1998 2006 1934 , 1990 2002 1970 , 1986 1982 1958 1954 1994 2018 2022 Locations of FIFA World Cup finals Key to the list of finals Match was won during extra time Match was won on a penalty shoot - out The `` Year '' column refers to the year the World Cup was held , and wikilinks to the article about that tournament . The wikilinks in the `` Final score '' column point to the article about that tournament 's final game . Links in the `` Winners '' and `` Runners - up '' columns point to the articles for the national football teams of the countries , not the articles for the countries . List of finals matches , their venues and locations , the finalists , and final scores Year Winners Final score Runners - up Venue Location Attendance References 1930 Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Estadio Centenario Uruguay , Montevideo ! Montevideo , Uruguay 80,000 1934 Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Stadio Nazionale PNF Italy , Rome ! Rome , Italy 50,000 1938 Italy 4 -- 2 Hungary Stade Olympique de Colombes France , Paris ! Paris , France 45,000 1950 * Uruguay 2 -- 1 Brazil Estádio do Maracanã Brazil , Rio de Janeiro ! Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 199,854 1954 West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary Wankdorf Stadium Switzerland , Bern ! Bern , Switzerland 60,000 1958 Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden Råsunda Stadium Sweden , Solna ! Solna , Sweden 51,800 1962 Brazil 3 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Estadio Nacional Chile , Santiago ! Santiago , Chile 69,000 1966 England 4 -- 2 West Germany Wembley Stadium England , London ! London , England 93,000 1970 Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy Estadio Azteca Mexico , Mexico City ! Mexico City , Mexico 107,412 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Olympiastadion West Germany , Munich ! Munich , West Germany 75,200 1978 Argentina 3 -- 1 Netherlands Estadio Monumental Argentina , Buenos Aires ! Buenos Aires , Argentina 71,483 1982 Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Spain , Madrid ! Madrid , Spain 90,000 1986 Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany Estadio Azteca Mexico , Mexico City ! Mexico City , Mexico 114,600 1990 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Stadio Olimpico Italy , Rome ! Rome , Italy 73,603 1994 Brazil 0 -- 0 Italy Rose Bowl United States , Pasadena , California ! Pasadena ( Los Angeles ) , California , United States 94,194 1998 France 3 -- 0 Brazil Stade de France France , Saint - Denis ! Saint - Denis ( Paris ) , France 80,000 2002 Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany International Stadium Yokohama Japan , Yokohama ! Yokohama , Japan 69,029 2006 Italy 1 -- 1 France Olympiastadion Germany , Berlin ! Berlin , Germany 69,000 Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands Soccer City South Africa , Johannesburg ! Johannesburg , South Africa 84,490 2014 Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Estádio do Maracanã Brasil , Rio de Janeiro ! Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 74,738 The asterisk notes that the 1950 FIFA World Cup did not have a final , rather , the tournament was decided by a 4 - team round robin phase . The last match of the phase , between Brazil and Uruguay determined first and second places . Results by nation ( edit ) Map of winning countries National team Wins Runners - up Total finals Years won Years runners - up Brazil 5 7 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 1950 , 1998 Germany 8 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 Italy 6 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 1970 , 1994 Argentina 5 1978 , 1986 1930 , 1990 , 2014 Uruguay 0 1930 , 1950 -- France 1998 2006 England 0 1966 -- Spain 0 -- Netherlands 0 -- 1974 , 1978 , 2010 Czechoslovakia 0 -- 1934 , 1962 Hungary 0 -- 1938 , 1954 Sweden 0 -- 1958 Results by confederation ( edit ) Confederation Appearances Winners Runners - up UEFA 26 11 15 CONMEBOL 14 9 5 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This follows FIFA 's consideration that the national teams of West Germany / Germany , Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic , Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro / Serbia , and USSR / Russia are combined respectively for record - keeping . Jump up ^ Technically the 1958 final was also between two first timers , but Brazil 's 1950 group game defeat is generally counted as a previous `` final '' appearance for the team . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage . Jump up ^ Score was 2 -- 2 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 120 minutes . Brazil won 3 -- 2 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 120 minutes . Italy won 5 -- 3 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . References ( edit ) Book : FIFA World Cup General `` World Cup 1930 -- 2014 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Germany beat Argentina to win World Cup final with late Mario Gӧtze goal '' . The Guardian . 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Laws of the Game '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 3 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930 - 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Spotlight on Brazil '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Previous FIFA World Cups '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 29 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Taça da Copa do Mundo chega ao Brasil ( World Cup trophy arrives in Brazil ) '' . Globo TV . 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/11174070/Russias-Luzhniki-Stadium-ahead-of-schedule-for-2018-World-Cup-Final.html Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1934 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 23 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Italy 1934 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1938 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.rsssfbrasil.com/miscellaneous/attendances.htm Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Brazil 1950 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Switzerland 1954 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Sweden 1958 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Chile 1962 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1966 FIFA World Cup England '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- England 1966 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1970 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- West Germany 1974 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 12 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Argentina 1978 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Spain 1982 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1986 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Italy 1990 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1994 FIFA World Cup USA '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- USA 1994 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1998 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Japan & South Korea 2002 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zidane off as Italy win World Cup '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netherlands 0 -- 1 Spain ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estadio Do Maracana , Rio de Janeiro '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website <Th_colspan="2"> FIFA World Cup winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany <Th_colspan="2"> FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Records and statistics All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Team appearances Teams with no appearances Miscellaneous Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official songs Organisers Trophy Video games <Td_colspan="2"> Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals&oldid=826350939 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup - winning countries Lists of FIFA World Cup matches Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 17 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. FIFA World Cup finals
2. List of winners and runners-up
3. Brazil's success in the World Cup
4. Results by nation and confederation
5. History and format of the World Cup final
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last time brazil did not qualify for world cup
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Brazil at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia Brazil at the FIFA World Cup Jump to : navigation , search This is a record of Brazil 's results at the FIFA World Cup . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase , officially called the World Cup Finals . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the Finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals . The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated over 1 billion people watching the 2014 tournament final . Brazil is the most successful national team in the history of the World Cup , having won five titles , earning second - place , third - place and fourth - place finishes twice each . Brazil is one of the countries besides Argentina , Spain and Germany to win a FIFA World Cup away from its continent ( Sweden 1958 , Mexico 1970 , USA 1994 and South Korea / Japan 2002 ) . Brazil is the only national team to have played in all FIFA World Cup editions without any absence or need for playoffs . Brazil also has the best overall performance in World Cup history in both proportional and absolute terms with a record of 70 victories in 104 matches played , 119 goal difference , 227 points and only 17 losses . Traditionally , Brazil 's greatest rival is Argentina . The two countries have met each other four times in the history of the FIFA World Cup , with two wins for Brazil ( West Germany 1974 and Spain 1982 ) , one for Argentina ( Italy 1990 ) and a draw ( Argentina 1978 ) . The country that played most against Brazil in the finals is Sweden : 7 times , with five wins for Brazil and two draws . Three other historical rivals are Italy , which lost two World Cup finals against Brazil and eliminated the Brazilians in two tournaments ( France 1938 and Spain 1982 ) , France , which has eliminated Brazil on three occasions ( Mexico 1986 , France 1998 and Germany 2006 ) , and the Netherlands which has eliminated Brazil at two of their five meetings ( West Germany 1974 and South Africa 2010 ) and won the third place match in Brazil 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Records 1.1 Winning World Cups 2 By match 3 By opponent 4 Record Players 5 Top Goalscorers 6 References 7 External links Records ( edit ) Year Status Position GP D * GS GA 1930 Group stage 6th 0 5 1934 First round 14th 0 0 1938 Third place 3rd 5 14 11 1950 Runners - up 2nd 6 22 6 1954 Quarter - finals 5th 8 5 1958 Champions 1st 6 5 0 16 1962 Champions 1st 6 5 0 14 5 1966 Group stage 11th 0 6 1970 Champions 1st 6 6 0 0 19 7 Fourth place 4th 7 6 1978 Third place 3rd 7 0 10 1982 Second group stage 5th 5 0 15 6 1986 Quarter - finals 5th 5 0 10 1990 Round of 16 9th 0 1994 Champions 1st 7 5 0 11 1998 Runners - up 2nd 7 14 10 2002 Champions 1st 7 7 0 0 18 2006 Quarter - finals 5th 5 0 10 Quarter - finals 6th 5 9 2014 Fourth place 4th 7 11 14 2018 <Td_colspan="8"> Qualified 2022 <Td_colspan="8"> TBD Total 21 / 21 5 Titles 104 70 17 17 221 102 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks . Winning World Cups ( edit ) Year Manager Captain Final Goal Scorer 1958 Vicente Feola Hilderaldo Bellini Vavá , Pelé , Mário Zagallo 1962 Aymoré Moreira Mauro Ramos Amarildo , Zito , Vavá 1970 Mário Zagallo Carlos Alberto Pelé , Gérson , Jairzinho , Carlos Alberto 1994 Carlos Alberto Parreira Dunga - 2002 Luiz Felipe Scolari Cafu Ronaldo By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1930 Group B Yugoslavia 1 -- 2 Preguinho Group B Bolivia 4 -- 0 Moderato ( 2 ) , Preguinho ( 2 ) 1934 Round 1 Spain 1 -- 3 Leônidas 1938 Round 1 Poland 6 -- 5 ( AET ) Leônidas ( 3 ) , Romeu , Perácio ( 2 ) Quarter - Final Czechoslovakia 1 -- 1 ( AET ) Leônidas Quarter - Final ( replay ) Czechoslovakia 2 -- 1 Leônidas , Roberto Semi-Final Italy 1 -- 2 Romeu Bronze Final Sweden 4 -- 2 Romeu , Leônidas ( 2 ) , Perácio 1950 Group A Mexico 4 -- 0 Ademir ( 2 ) , Jair , Baltazar Group A Switzerland 2 -- 2 Alfredo , Baltazar Group A Yugoslavia 2 -- 0 Ademir , Zizinho Final Round Sweden 7 -- 1 Ademir ( 4 ) , Chico ( 2 ) , Maneca Final Round Spain 6 -- 1 Ademir ( 2 ) , Jair , Chico ( 2 ) , Zizinho Final Round Uruguay 1 -- 2 Friaça 1954 Group A Mexico 5 -- 0 Baltazar , Didi , Pinga ( 2 ) , Julinho Group A Yugoslavia 1 -- 1 ( AET ) Didi Quarter - Final Hungary 2 -- 4 Djalma Santos , Julinho 1958 Group D Austria 3 -- 0 Mazzola ( 2 ) , Nilton Santos Group D England 0 -- 0 Group D Soviet Union 2 -- 0 Vavá ( 2 ) Quarter - Final Wales 1 -- 0 Pelé Semi-Final France 5 -- 2 Vavá , Didi , Pelé ( 3 ) Final Sweden 5 -- 2 Vavá ( 2 ) , Pelé ( 2 ) , Zagallo 1962 Group C Mexico 2 -- 0 Pelé , Zagallo Group C Czechoslovakia 0 -- 0 Group C Spain 2 -- 1 Amarildo ( 2 ) Quarter - Final England 3 -- 1 Garrincha ( 2 ) , Vavá Semi-Final Chile 4 -- 2 Garrincha ( 2 ) , Vavá ( 2 ) Final Czechoslovakia 3 -- 1 Amarildo , Zito , Vavá 1966 Group C Bulgaria 2 -- 0 Pelé , Garrincha Group C Hungary 1 -- 3 Tostão Group C Portugal 1 -- 3 Rildo 1970 Group C Czechoslovakia 4 -- 1 Rivelino , Pelé , Jairzinho ( 2 ) Group C England 1 -- 0 Jairzinho Group C Romania 3 -- 2 Pelé ( 2 ) , Jairzinho Quarter - Final Peru 4 -- 2 Rivelino , Tostão ( 2 ) , Jairzinho Semi-Final Uruguay 3 -- 1 Clodoaldo , Jairzinho , Rivelino Final Italy 4 -- 1 Pelé , Gérson , Jairzinho , Carlos Alberto Group B Yugoslavia 0 -- 0 Group B Scotland 0 -- 0 Group B Zaire 3 -- 0 Jairzinho , Rivelino , Valdomiro Group A Round 2 East Germany 1 -- 0 Rivelino Group A Round 2 Argentina 2 -- 1 Rivelino , Jairzinho Group A Round 2 Netherlands 0 -- 2 Bronze Final Poland 0 -- 1 1978 Group C Sweden 1 -- 1 Reinaldo Group C Spain 0 -- 0 Group C Austria 1 -- 0 Roberto Dinamite Group B Round 2 Peru 3 -- 0 Dirceu ( 2 ) , Zico Group B Round 2 Argentina 0 -- 0 Group B Round 2 Poland 3 -- 1 Nelinho , Roberto Dinamite ( 2 ) Bronze Final Italy 2 -- 1 Nelinho , Dirceu 1982 Group F Soviet Union 2 -- 1 Sócrates , Éder Group F Scotland 4 -- 1 Zico , Oscar , Éder , Falcão Group F New Zealand 4 -- 0 Zico ( 2 ) , Falcão , Serginho Group C Round 2 Argentina 3 -- 1 Zico , Serginho , Júnior Group C Round 2 Italy 2 -- 3 Sócrates , Falcão 1986 Group D Spain 1 -- 0 Sócrates Group D Algeria 1 -- 0 Careca Group D Northern Ireland 3 -- 0 Careca ( 2 ) , Josimar Round of 16 Poland 4 -- 0 Sócrates , Josimar , Edinho , Careca Quarter - Final France 1 -- 1 ( AET ) Careca 1990 Group C Sweden 2 -- 1 Careca ( 2 ) Group C Costa Rica 1 -- 0 Müller Group C Scotland 1 -- 0 Müller Round of 16 Argentina 0 -- 1 1994 Group B Russia 2 -- 0 Romário , Raí Group B Cameroon 3 -- 0 Romário , Márcio Santos , Bebeto Group B Sweden 1 -- 1 Romário Round of 16 United States 1 -- 0 Bebeto Quarter - Final Netherlands 3 -- 2 Romário , Bebeto , Branco Semi-Final Sweden 1 -- 0 Romário Final Italy 0 -- 0 ( AET ) 1998 Group A Scotland 2 -- 1 César Sampaio , Boyd ( OG ) Group A Morocco 3 -- 0 Ronaldo , Rivaldo , Bebeto Group A Norway 1 -- 2 Bebeto Round of 16 Chile 4 -- 1 Ronaldo ( 2 ) , César Sampaio ( 2 ) Quarter - Final Denmark 3 -- 2 Bebeto , Rivaldo ( 2 ) Semi-Final Netherlands 1 -- 1 ( AET ) Ronaldo Final France 0 -- 3 2002 Group C Turkey 2 -- 1 Ronaldo , Rivaldo Group C China PR 4 -- 0 Roberto Carlos , Rivaldo , Ronaldinho , Ronaldo Group C Costa Rica 5 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 2 ) , Edmílson , Rivaldo , Júnior Round of 16 Belgium 2 -- 0 Rivaldo , Ronaldo Quarter - Final England 2 -- 1 Rivaldo , Ronaldinho Semi-Final Turkey 1 -- 0 Ronaldo Final Germany 2 -- 0 Ronaldo ( 2 ) 2006 Group F Croatia 1 -- 0 Kaká Group F Australia 2 -- 0 Adriano , Fred Group F Japan 4 -- 1 Ronaldo ( 2 ) , Juninho , Gilberto Round of 16 Ghana 3 -- 0 Adriano , Ronaldo , Zé Roberto Quarter - Final France 0 -- 1 Group G North Korea 2 -- 1 Maicon , Elano Group G Ivory Coast 3 -- 1 Luís Fabiano ( 2 ) , Elano Group G Portugal 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Chile 3 -- 0 Juan , Luís Fabiano , Robinho Quarter - Final Netherlands 1 -- 2 Robinho 2014 Group A Croatia 3 -- 1 Neymar ( 2 ) , Oscar Group A Mexico 0 -- 0 Group A Cameroon 4 -- 1 Neymar ( 2 ) , Fred , Fernandinho Round of 16 Chile 1 -- 1 ( AET ) David Luiz Quarter - Final Colombia 2 -- 1 Thiago Silva , David Luiz Semi-Final Germany 1 -- 7 Oscar Bronze Final Netherlands 0 -- 3 2018 Group E Switzerland <Td_colspan="2"> To be played Group E Costa Rica Group E Serbia By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Win % Sweden 7 5 0 21 8 + 13 71 Czechoslovakia 5 0 10 + 6 60 Spain 5 10 5 + 5 60 Italy 5 9 7 + 2 40 Mexico 0 11 0 + 11 75 Chile 0 12 + 8 75 Scotland 0 7 + 5 75 England 0 6 + 4 75 Poland 0 13 7 + 6 75 Argentina 5 + 2 50 Yugoslavia + 1 25 France 6 7 -- 1 25 Netherlands 5 5 10 -- 5 20 Russia 0 0 6 + 5 100 Cameroon 0 0 7 + 6 100 Peru 0 0 7 + 5 100 Costa Rica 0 0 6 + 4 100 Austria 0 0 0 + 4 100 Croatia 0 0 + 3 100 Turkey 0 0 + 2 100 Uruguay 0 + 1 50 Portugal 0 -- 2 0 Hungary 0 0 7 -- 4 0 Germany 0 7 - 4 50 Bolivia 0 0 0 + 4 100 Japan 0 0 + 3 100 Ghana 0 0 0 + 3 100 Morocco 0 0 0 + 3 100 Northern Ireland 0 0 0 + 3 100 Zaire 0 0 0 + 3 100 Ivory Coast 0 0 + 2 100 Australia 0 0 0 + 2 100 Belgium 0 0 0 + 2 100 Denmark 0 0 + 1 100 Romania 0 0 + 1 100 Bulgaria 0 0 + 1 100 North Korea 0 0 + 1 100 Colombia 0 0 + 1 100 Algeria 0 0 0 + 1 100 East Germany 0 0 0 + 1 100 United States 0 0 0 + 1 100 Wales 0 0 0 + 1 100 New Zealand 0 0 0 + 4 100 China PR 0 0 0 + 4 100 Switzerland 0 0 0 0 Norway 0 0 - 1 0 Record players ( edit ) Brazil 's record World Cup player , Cafu is also the only player ever to have appeared in three consecutive World Cup finals : 1994 , ' 98 and 2002 . No . Name Matches World Cups Cafu 20 1994 , 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Ronaldo 19 1994 , 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Cláudio Taffarel 18 1990 , 1994 and 1998 Dunga 18 1990 , 1994 and 1998 5 Roberto Carlos 17 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Lúcio 17 2002 , 2006 and 2010 7 Jairzinho 16 1966 , 1970 and 1974 Gilberto Silva 16 2002 , 2006 and 2010 9 Nílton Santos 15 1950 , 1954 , 1958 and 1962 Didi 15 1954 , 1958 and 1962 Rivellino 15 1970 , 1974 and 1978 Bebeto 15 1990 , 1994 and 1998 Top goalscorers ( edit ) Four Brazilians have won the World Cup Golden Boot Award over the years : Leônidas with 7 goals in 1938 , Ademir with 9 goals in 1950 , Garrincha with 4 goals in 1962 and Ronaldo with 8 goals in 2002 . No . Name Goals World Cups Ronaldo 15 1994 , 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Pelé 12 1958 , 1962 , 1966 and 1970 Ademir 9 1950 Jairzinho 9 1966 , 1970 and 1974 Vavá 9 1958 , 1962 and 1966 6 Leônidas 8 1934 and 1938 Rivaldo 8 1998 and 2002 8 Careca 7 1986 and 1990 9 Bebeto 6 1994 and 1998 Rivellino 6 1970 , 1974 and 1978 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup TM reached 3.2 billion viewers , one billion watched final '' ( Press release ) . FIFA . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Teams Statistics '' . FIFA . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup All Time League Table '' . WorldFootball.net . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup official website Brazil at FIFA.com <Th_colspan="2"> Brazil at the FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 <Th_colspan="2"> Brazil FIFA World Cup squads <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Brazil squad -- 1930 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> GK Joel GK Velloso DF Brilhante DF Itália DF Oscarino DF Zé Luiz MF Benevenuto MF Fausto MF Fernando MF Fortes MF Hermógenes MF Ivan Mariz MF Pamplona FW Araken FW Benedicto FW Carvalho Leite FW Doca FW Manoelzinho FW Moderato FW Nilo FW Poly FW Preguinho FW Russinho FW Teóphilo Coach : Píndaro <Th_colspan="3"> Brazil squad -- 1934 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> GK Germano GK Pedrosa DF Luiz Luz DF Octacílio DF Sylvio Hoffmann MF Ariel MF Canalli MF Martim MF Tinoco MF Waldyr FW Armandinho FW Áttila FW Carvalho Leite FW Leônidas FW Luisinho FW Patesko FW Waldemar de Brito Coach : Vinhaes <Th_colspan="3"> Brazil squad -- 1938 FIFA World Cup Third Place <Td_colspan="2"> GK Batatais GK Walter DF Domingos da Guia DF Jaú DF Machado DF Nariz MF Afonsinho MF Argemiro MF Brandão MF Britto MF Martim MF Zezé Procópio FW Hércules FW Leônidas FW Lopes FW Luisinho FW Niginho FW Patesko FW Perácio FW Roberto FW Romeu FW Tim Coach : Pimenta <Th_colspan="3"> Brazil squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup runners - up <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Barbosa 2 Castilho 3 Augusto ( c ) 4 Ely 5 Juvenal 6 Nena 7 Nílton Santos 8 Bauer 9 Bigode 10 Danilo 11 Noronha 12 Rui 13 Adãozinho 14 Ademir 15 Alfredo 16 Baltazar 17 Chico 18 Friaça 19 Jair 20 Maneca 21 Rodrigues 22 Zizinho Coach : Costa <Th_colspan="3"> Brazil squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Castilho 2 Djalma Santos 3 Nílton Santos 4 Brandãozinho 5 Pinheiro 6 Bauer ( c ) 7 Julinho 8 Didi 9 Baltazar 10 Pinga 11 Rodrigues 12 Paulinho 13 Alfredo Ramos 14 Ely 15 Mauro 16 Dequinha 17 Maurinho 18 Humberto 19 Índio 20 Rubens 21 Veludo 22 Cabeção Coach : Moreira <Th_colspan="3"> Brazil squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Castilho 2 Bellini ( c ) 3 Gilmar 4 Djalma Santos 5 Dino Sani 6 Didi 7 Zagallo 8 Oreco 9 Zózimo 10 Pelé 11 Garrincha 12 Nílton Santos 13 Moacir 14 De Sordi 15 Orlando 16 Mauro 17 Joel 18 Mazzola 19 Zito 20 Vavá 21 Dida 22 Pepe Coach : Feola <Th_colspan="3"> Brazil squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup winners ( 2nd title ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Gilmar 2 Djalma Santos 3 Mauro ( c ) 4 Zito 5 Zózimo 6 Nílton Santos 7 Garrincha 8 Didi 9 Coutinho 10 Pelé 11 Pepe 12 Jair Marinho 13 Bellini 14 Jurandir 15 Altair 16 Zequinha 17 Mengálvio 18 Jair 19 Vavá 20 Amarildo 21 Zagallo 22 Castilho Coach : Moreira <Th_colspan="3"> Brazil squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Gilmar 2 Djalma Santos 3 Fidélis 4 Bellini ( c ) 5 Brito 6 Altair 7 Orlando 8 Paulo Henrique 9 Rildo 10 Pelé 11 Gérson 12 Manga 13 Denílson 14 Lima 15 Zito 16 Garrincha 17 Jairzinho 18 Alcindo 19 Silva 20 Tostão 21 Paraná 22 Edu Coach : Feola <Th_colspan="3"> Brazil squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup winners ( 3rd title ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Félix 2 Brito 3 Piazza 4 Carlos Alberto ( c ) 5 Clodoaldo 6 Marco Antônio 7 Jairzinho 8 Gérson 9 Tostão 10 Pelé 11 Rivellino 12 Ado 13 Roberto 14 Baldocchi 15 Fontana 16 Everaldo 17 Joel 18 Paulo Cézar Caju 19 Edu 20 Dario 21 Zé Maria 22 Leão Coach : Zagallo <Th_colspan="3"> Brazil squad -- 1974 FIFA World Cup Fourth Place <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Leão 2 Luís Pereira 3 Marinho Peres 4 Zé Maria 5 Piazza ( c ) 6 Marinho Chagas 7 Jairzinho 8 Leivinha 9 César Maluco 10 Rivellino 11 Paulo Cézar Caju 12 Renato 13 Valdomiro 14 Nelinho 15 Alfredo 16 Marco Antônio 17 Carpegiani 18 Ademir da Guia 19 Mirandinha 20 Edu 21 Dirceu 22 Waldir Peres Coach : Zagallo <Th_colspan="3"> Brazil squad -- 1978 FIFA World Cup Third Place <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Leão 2 Toninho 3 Oscar 4 Amaral 5 Cerezo 6 Edinho 7 Zé Sérgio 8 Zico 9 Reinaldo 10 Rivellino ( c ) 11 Dirceu 12 Carlos 13 Nelinho 14 Abel 15 Polozzi 16 Rodrigues Neto 17 Batista 18 Gil 19 Jorge Mendonça 20 Roberto Dinamite 21 Chicão 22 Waldir Peres Coach : Coutinho <Th_colspan="3"> Brazil squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Waldir Peres 2 Leandro 3 Oscar 4 Luizinho 5 Cerezo 6 Júnior 7 Paulo Isidoro 8 Sócrates ( c ) 9 Serginho 10 Zico 11 Éder 12 Paulo Sérgio 13 Edevaldo 14 Juninho 15 Falcão 16 Edinho 17 Pedrinho 18 Batista 19 Renato 20 Roberto Dinamite 21 Dirceu 22 Carlos Coach : Telê Santana <Th_colspan="3"> Brazil squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Carlos 2 Édson 3 Oscar 4 Edinho ( c ) 5 Falcão 6 Júnior 7 Müller 8 Casagrande 9 Careca 10 Zico 11 Edivaldo 12 Paulo Vitor 13 Josimar 14 Júlio César 15 Alemão 16 Mauro Galvão 17 Branco 18 Sócrates 19 Elzo 20 Silas 21 Valdo 22 Leão Coach : Telê Santana <Th_colspan="3"> Brazil squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Taffarel 2 Jorginho 3 Ricardo Gomes ( c ) 4 Dunga 5 Alemão 6 Branco 7 Bismarck 8 Valdo 9 Careca 10 Silas 11 Romário 12 Acácio 13 Mozer 14 Aldair 15 Müller 16 Bebeto 17 Renato 18 Mazinho 19 Ricardo Rocha 20 Tita 21 Mauro Galvão 22 Zé Carlos Coach : Lazaroni <Th_colspan="3"> Brazil squad -- 1994 FIFA World Cup winners ( 4th title ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Taffarel 2 Jorginho 3 Ricardo Rocha 4 Ronaldão 5 Mauro Silva 6 Branco 7 Bebeto 8 Dunga ( c ) 9 Zinho 10 Raí 11 Romário 12 Zetti 13 Aldair 14 Cafu 15 Márcio Santos 16 Leonardo 17 Mazinho 18 Paulo Sérgio 19 Müller 20 Ronaldo 21 Viola 22 Gilmar Coach : Parreira <Th_colspan="3"> Brazil squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup runners - up <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Taffarel 2 Cafu 3 Aldair 4 Júnior Baiano 5 César Sampaio 6 Roberto Carlos 7 Giovanni 8 Dunga ( c ) 9 Ronaldo 10 Rivaldo 11 Emerson 12 Carlos Germano 13 Zé Carlos 14 Gonçalves 15 André Cruz 16 Zé Roberto 17 Doriva 18 Leonardo 19 Denílson 20 Bebeto 21 Edmundo 22 Dida Coach : Zagallo <Th_colspan="3"> Brazil squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup winners ( 5th title ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Marcos 2 Cafu ( c ) 3 Lúcio 4 Roque Júnior 5 Edmílson 6 Roberto Carlos 7 Ricardinho 8 Gilberto Silva 9 Ronaldo 10 Rivaldo 11 Ronaldinho 12 Dida 13 Belletti 14 Ânderson Polga 15 Kléberson 16 Júnior 17 Denílson 18 Vampeta 19 Juninho Paulista 20 Edílson 21 Luizão 22 Rogério Ceni 23 Kaká Coach : Scolari <Th_colspan="3"> Brazil squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Dida 2 Cafu ( c ) 3 Lúcio 4 Juan 5 Emerson 6 Roberto Carlos 7 Adriano 8 Kaká 9 Ronaldo 10 Ronaldinho 11 Zé Roberto 12 Rogério Ceni 13 Cicinho 14 Luisão 15 Cris 16 Gilberto 17 Gilberto Silva 18 Mineiro 19 Juninho 20 Ricardinho 21 Fred 22 Júlio César 23 Robinho Coach : Parreira <Th_colspan="3"> Brazil squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Júlio César 2 Maicon 3 Lúcio ( c ) 4 Juan 5 Felipe Melo 6 Michel Bastos 7 Elano 8 Gilberto Silva 9 Luís Fabiano 10 Kaká 11 Robinho 12 Gomes 13 Dani Alves 14 Luisão 15 Thiago Silva 16 Gilberto 17 Josué 18 Ramires 19 Júlio Baptista 20 Kléberson 21 Nilmar 22 Doni 23 Grafite Coach : Dunga <Th_colspan="3"> Brazil squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup Fourth Place <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Jefferson 2 Dani Alves 3 Thiago Silva ( c ) 4 David Luiz 5 Fernandinho 6 Marcelo 7 Hulk 8 Paulinho 9 Fred 10 Neymar 11 Oscar 12 Júlio César 13 Dante 14 Maxwell 15 Henrique 16 Ramires 17 Luiz Gustavo 18 Hernanes 19 Willian 20 Bernard 21 Jô 22 Victor 23 Maicon Coach : Scolari <Th_colspan="2"> Countries at the FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales <Td_colspan="2"> Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazil_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=813102915 '' Categories : Brazil at the FIFA World Cup History of the Brazil national football team Countries at the FIFA World Cup Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 19 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Brazil's record at the FIFA World Cup
2. Brazil's success in the World Cup
3. Brazil's rivalry with Argentina in the World Cup
4. Brazil's performance against historical rivals in the World Cup
5. Brazil's top goalscorers in the World Cup
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what city is the heart of silicon valley
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Silicon Valley - Wikipedia Silicon Valley Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the high - tech dominated area of the San Francisco Bay Area . For the TV series , see Silicon Valley ( TV series ) . For other uses , see Silicon Valley ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Silicon Valley <Td_colspan="2"> Region <Td_colspan="2"> Silicon Valley , as seen from over north San Jose , facing southward towards Downtown San Jose , in June 2014 . <Td_colspan="2"> San Francisco Bay Area within California Country United States State California Region San Francisco Bay Area Municipalities List ( show ) Campbell Cupertino Los Altos Los Altos Hills Los Gatos Milpitas Monte Sereno Morgan Hill Mountain View Palo Alto San Jose Santa Clara Saratoga Sunnyvale Time zone Pacific ( UTC − 8 ) Summer ( DST ) PDT ( UTC − 7 ) Silicon Valley is a nickname for the southern portion of the San Francisco Bay Area , in the northern part of the U.S. state of California . The `` valley '' in its name refers to the Santa Clara Valley in Santa Clara County , which includes the city of San Jose and surrounding cities and towns , where the region has been traditionally centered . The region has expanded to include the southern half of the San Francisco Peninsula in San Mateo County , and southern portions of the East Bay in Alameda County . The word `` silicon '' originally referred to the large number of silicon chip innovators and manufacturers in the region , but the area is now the home to many of the world 's largest high - tech corporations , including the headquarters of 39 businesses in the Fortune 1000 , and thousands of startup companies . Silicon Valley also accounts for one - third of all of the venture capital investment in the United States , which has helped it to become a leading hub and startup ecosystem for high - tech innovation and scientific development . It was in the Valley that the silicon - based integrated circuit , the microprocessor , and the microcomputer , among other key technologies , were developed . As of 2013 , the region employed about a quarter of a million information technology workers . As more high - tech companies were established across the Santa Clara Valley , and then north towards the Bay Area 's two other major cities , San Francisco and Oakland , the `` Silicon Valley '' has come to have two definitions : a geographic one , referring to Santa Clara County , and a metonymical one , referring to all high - tech businesses in the Bay Area or even in the United States . The term is now generally used as a synecdoche for the American high - technology economic sector . The name also became a global synonym for leading high - tech research and enterprises , and thus inspired similar named locations , as well as research parks and technology centers with a comparable structure all around the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the term 2 History ( before 1970s ) 2.1 Roots in telegraph , radio , commercial and military technology 2.2 Ham radio 2.3 Welfare capitalism 2.4 U.S. response to Sputnik 2.5 Stanford University 2.6 Stanford Industrial Park 2.7 The silicon transistor 2.8 Computer networking 2.9 Immigration reform 3 History ( 1971 and later ) 3.1 Chips 3.2 Homebrew Computer Club 3.3 Venture capital firms 3.4 Media 3.5 Software 3.6 The Internet 3.7 Internet bubble 3.8 Early 21st century 4 Economy 4.1 Overview 4.2 Notable companies 4.3 Notable government facilities 5 Demographics 5.1 Diversity 5.2 Schools 6 Municipalities 7 Universities , colleges , and trade schools 8 Art galleries and museums 9 Media outlets 10 Cultural references 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Origin of the term ( edit ) Perhaps the strongest thread that runs through the Valley 's past and present is the drive to `` play '' with novel technology , which , when bolstered by an advanced engineering degree and channeled by astute management , has done much to create the industrial powerhouse we see in the Valley today . -- Timothy J. Sturgeon The first published use of Silicon Valley is credited to Don Hoefler , a friend of local entrepreneur Ralph Vaerst 's who suggested the phrase to him . Hoefler used the phrase as the title of a series of articles in the weekly trade newspaper Electronic News . The series , titled `` Silicon Valley in the USA '' , began in the paper 's January 11 , 1971 , issue . The term gained widespread use in the early 1980s , at the time of the introduction of the IBM PC and numerous related hardware and software products to the consumer market . The silicon part of the name refers to the high concentration of companies involved in the making of semiconductors ( silicon is used to create most semiconductors commercially ) and computer industries that were concentrated in the area . These firms slowly replaced the orchards and the fruits which gave the area its initial nickname -- the `` Valley of Heart 's Delight '' . Looking west over northern San Jose ( downtown is at far left ) and other parts of Silicon Valley History ( before 1970s ) ( edit ) The `` Birthplace of the Silicon Valley '' garage in Palo Alto , where William Hewlett and David Packard started developing their audio oscillator in 1938 ( photographed 2016 ) A sign describing the `` Birthplace of Silicon Valley '' garage , 2016 Silicon Valley was born through several contributing factors intersecting , including a skilled STEM research base housed in area universities , plentiful venture capital , and steady U.S. Department of Defense spending . Stanford University leadership was especially important in the valley 's early development . Together these elements formed the basis of its growth and success . Roots in telegraph , radio , commercial and military technology ( edit ) Downtown San Jose as seen with lit palm trees The first ship - to - shore wireless telegraph message to be received in the US was from the San Francisco lightship outside the Golden Gate , signaling the return of the American fleet from the Philippines after their victory in the Spanish -- American War . The ship had been outfitted with a wireless telegraph transmitter by a local newspaper , so that they could prepare a celebration on the return of the American sailors . Local historian Clyde Arbuckle states in Clyde Arbuckle 's History of San Jose that `` California first heard the click of a telegraph key on September 11 , 1853 . It marked completion of an enterprise begun by a couple of San Francisco Merchants ' Exchange members named George Sweeney and Theodore E. Baugh ... '' He says , `` In 1849 , the gentleman established a wigwag telegraph station a top a high hill overlooking Portsmouth Squares for signaling arriving ships ... The operator at the first station caught these signals by telescope and relayed them to the Merchant 's Exchange for the waiting business community . '' Arbuckle points to the historic significance the Merchants Exchange Building ( San Francisco ) and Telegraph Hill , San Francisco when he goes on to say `` The first station gave the name Telegraph to the hill on which it was located . It was known as the Inner Station ; the second , as the Outer Station . Both used their primitive mode of communication until Messrs. Sweeney and Baugh connected the Outer Station directly with the Merchants 's Exchange by electric telegraph Wire . '' According to Arbuckle ( p. 380 -- 381 ) Sweeney and Baugh 's line was strictly an intra-city , San Francisco - based service ; that is until California State Telegraph Company enfranchised on May 3 , 1852 ; whereas , O.E. Allen and C. Burnham led the way to `` build a line from San Francisco to Marysville via San Jose , Stockton , and Sacramento . '' Delays to construction occurred until September 1853 ; but , `` ... San Jose became the first station on the line when the wire arrived here on October 15 . The line was completed when ( James ) Gamble 's northbound crew met a similar crew working southward from Marysville on October 24 . '' The Bay Area had long been a major site of United States Navy research and technology . In 1909 , Charles Herrold started the first radio station in the United States with regularly scheduled programming in San Jose . Later that year , Stanford University graduate Cyril Elwell purchased the U.S. patents for Poulsen arc radio transmission technology and founded the Federal Telegraph Corporation ( FTC ) in Palo Alto . Over the next decade , the FTC created the world 's first global radio communication system , and signed a contract with the Navy in 1912 . In 1933 , Air Base Sunnyvale , California , was commissioned by the United States Government for use as a Naval Air Station ( NAS ) to house the airship USS Macon in Hangar One . The station was renamed NAS Moffett Field , and between 1933 and 1947 , U.S. Navy blimps were based there . A number of technology firms had set up shop in the area around Moffett Field to serve the Navy . When the Navy gave up its airship ambitions and moved most of its west coast operations to San Diego , the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA , forerunner of NASA ) took over portions of Moffett Field for aeronautics research . Many of the original companies stayed , while new ones moved in . The immediate area was soon filled with aerospace firms , such as Lockheed . Ham radio ( edit ) The Bay Area was an early center of ham radio with about 10 % of the operators in the United States . William Eitel , Jack McCullough , and Charles Litton , who together pioneered vacuum tube manufacturing in the Bay Area , were hobbyists with training in technology gained locally who participated in development of shortwave radio by the ham radio hobby . High frequency , and especially , Very high frequency , VHF , transmission in the 10 meter band , required higher quality power tubes than were manufactured by the consortium of RCA , Western Electric , General Electric , Westinghouse which controlled vacuum tube manufacture . Litton , founder of Litton Industries , pioneered manufacturing techniques which resulted in award of wartime contracts to manufacture transmitting tubes for radar to Eitel - McCullough , a San Bruno firm , which manufactured power - grid tubes for radio amateurs and aircraft radio equipment . Welfare capitalism ( edit ) A union organizing drive in 1939 -- 40 at Eitel - McCullough by the strong Bay Area labor movement was fought off by adoption of a strategy of welfare capitalism which included pensions and other generous benefits , profit sharing , and such extras as a medical clinic and a cafeteria . An atmosphere of cooperation and collaboration was established . Successes have been few and far between for union organizing drives by UE and others in subsequent years . U.S. response to Sputnik ( edit ) On October 4 , 1957 the Soviet Union launched the first space satellite , Sputnik , which sparked fear that the Soviet Union was pulling ahead technologically . After President Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act ( NASA ) , he turned to Fairchild Semiconductor , then the only company in the world that was able to make transistors . The president funded Fairchild 's project , which was highly successful . Stanford University ( edit ) Stanford University , its affiliates , and graduates have played a major role in the development of this area . Some examples include the work of Lee De Forest with his invention of a pioneering vacuum tube called the Audion and the oscilloscopes of Hewlett - Packard . A very powerful sense of regional solidarity accompanied the rise of Silicon Valley . From the 1890s , Stanford University 's leaders saw its mission as service to the West and shaped the school accordingly . At the same time , the perceived exploitation of the West at the hands of eastern interests fueled booster - like attempts to build self - sufficient indigenous local industry . Thus , regionalism helped align Stanford 's interests with those of the area 's high - tech firms for the first fifty years of Silicon Valley 's development . During the 1940s and 1950s , Frederick Terman , as Stanford 's dean of engineering and provost , encouraged faculty and graduates to start their own companies . He is credited with nurturing Hewlett - Packard , Varian Associates , and other high - tech firms , until what would become Silicon Valley grew up around the Stanford campus . Terman is often called `` the father of Silicon Valley '' . In 1956 , William Shockley , the creator of the transistor , moved from New Jersey to Mountain View , California , to start Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory to live closer to his ailing mother in Palo Alto . Shockley 's work served as the basis for many electronic developments for decades . During 1955 -- 85 , solid state technology research and development at Stanford University followed three waves of industrial innovation made possible by support from private corporations , mainly Bell Telephone Laboratories , Shockley Semiconductor , Fairchild Semiconductor , and Xerox PARC . In 1969 , the Stanford Research Institute ( now SRI International ) , operated one of the four original nodes that comprised ARPANET , predecessor to the Internet . Stanford industrial Park ( edit ) After World War II , universities were experiencing enormous demand due to returning students . To address the financial demands of Stanford 's growth requirements , and to provide local employment opportunities for graduating students , Frederick Terman proposed the leasing of Stanford 's lands for use as an office park , named the Stanford Industrial Park ( later Stanford Research Park ) in the year 1951 . Leases were limited to high technology companies . Its first tenant was Varian Associates , founded by Stanford alumni in the 1930s to build military radar components . However , Terman also found venture capital for civilian technology start - ups . One of the major success stories was Hewlett - Packard . Founded in Packard 's garage by Stanford graduates William Hewlett and David Packard , Hewlett - Packard moved its offices into the Stanford Research Park shortly after 1953 . In 1954 , Stanford created the Honors Cooperative Program to allow full - time employees of the companies to pursue graduate degrees from the University on a part - time basis . The initial companies signed five - year agreements in which they would pay double the tuition for each student in order to cover the costs . Hewlett - Packard has become the largest personal computer manufacturer in the world , and transformed the home printing market when it released the first thermal drop - on - demand ink jet printer in 1984 . Other early tenants included Eastman Kodak , General Electric , and Lockheed . The Silicon transistor ( edit ) In 1953 , William Shockley left Bell Labs in a disagreement over the handling of the invention of the transistor . After returning to California Institute of Technology for a short while , Shockley moved to Mountain View , California , in 1956 , and founded Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory . Unlike many other researchers who used germanium as the semiconductor material , Shockley believed that silicon was the better material for making transistors . Shockley intended to replace the current transistor with a new three - element design ( today known as the Shockley diode ) , but the design was considerably more difficult to build than the `` simple '' transistor . In 1957 , Shockley decided to end research on the silicon transistor . As a result of Shockley 's abusive management style , eight engineers left the company to form Fairchild Semiconductor ; Shockley referred to them as the `` traitorous eight '' . Two of the original employees of Fairchild Semiconductor , Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore , would go on to found Intel . Computer networking ( edit ) April 23 , 1963 J.C.R. Licklider , the first director of the Information Processing Techniques Office ( IPTO ) at The Pentagon 's ARPA issued an office memorandum rescheduling a meeting in Palo Alto addressed to `` Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network '' . regarding his vision of a computer network which he `` imagined as an electronic commons open to all , ' the main and essential medium of informational interaction for governments , institutions , corporations , and individuals . ' '' As head of IPTO from 1962 to 1964 , `` Licklider initiated three of the most important developments in information technology : the creation of computer science departments at several major universities , time - sharing , and networking . '' By the late 1960s , his promotion of the concept had inspired a primitive version of his vision called ARPANET , which expanded into a network of networks in the 1970s that became the Internet . Immigration reform ( edit ) The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 and other factors such as the mass exodus by Vietnamese boat people resulted in significant immigration , particularly by Asians , Latinos , and Portuguese , to Silicon Valley where they contributed to both the high - tech and production workforce . The Asian - American population in Santa Clara County rose from 43,000 in 1970 to 430,000 in 2000 . During the same period the Latino population grew to 24 % in the county and 30 % in San Jose . The African - American population in the county remained steady but grew slightly to about 5 % . Expansion of the H - 1B visa in 1990 also played a role . History ( 1971 and later ) ( edit ) Chips ( edit ) Main article : Invention of the integrated circuit In April 1974 , Intel released the Intel 8080 , a `` computer on a chip '' , `` the first truly usable microprocessor '' . A microprocessor incorporates the functions of a computer 's central processing unit ( CPU ) on a single integrated circuit ( IC ) . Homebrew Computer Club ( edit ) Main article : Microcomputer revolution Invitation to first Homebrew Computer Club meeting ( sent to Steve Dompier ) . The Homebrew Computer Club was an informal group of electronic enthusiasts and technically minded hobbyists who gathered to trade parts , circuits , and information pertaining to DIY construction of computing devices . It was started by Gordon French and Fred Moore who met at the Community Computer Center in Menlo Park . They both were interested in maintaining a regular , open forum for people to get together to work on making computers more accessible to everyone . The first meeting was held as of March 1975 at French 's garage in Menlo Park , San Mateo County , California ; which was on occasion of the arrival of the MITS Altair microcomputer , the first unit sent to the area for review by People 's Computer Company . Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs credit that first meeting with inspiring them to design the original Apple I and ( successor ) Apple II computers . As a result , the first preview of the Apple I was given at the Homebrew Computer Club . Subsequent meetings were held at an auditorium at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center . Venture capital firms ( edit ) By the early 1970s , there were many semiconductor companies in the area , computer firms using their devices , and programming and service companies serving both . Industrial space was plentiful and housing was still inexpensive . The growth was fueled by the emergence of the venture capital industry on Sand Hill Road , beginning with Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital in 1972 ; the availability of venture capital exploded after the successful $1.3 billion IPO of Apple Computer in December 1980 . Media ( edit ) In 1980 , Intelligent Machines Journal - a hobbyist journal - changed its name to InfoWorld , and , with offices in Palo Alto , began covering the explosive emergence of the microcomputer industry in the valley . Software ( edit ) Although semiconductors are still a major component of the area 's economy , Silicon Valley has been most famous in recent years for innovations in software and Internet services . Silicon Valley has significantly influenced computer operating systems , software , and user interfaces . Using money from NASA , the US Air Force , and ARPA , Doug Engelbart invented the mouse and hypertext - based collaboration tools in the mid-1960s and 1970s while at Stanford Research Institute ( now SRI International ) , first publicly demonstrated in 1968 in what is now known as The Mother of All Demos . Engelbart 's Augmentation Research Center at SRI was also involved in launching the ARPANET ( precursor to the Internet ) and starting the Network Information Center ( now InterNIC ) . Xerox hired some of Engelbart 's best researchers beginning in the early 1970s . In turn , in the 1970s and 1980s , Xerox 's Palo Alto Research Center ( PARC ) played a pivotal role in object - oriented programming , graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) , Ethernet , PostScript , and laser printers . While Xerox marketed equipment using its technologies , for the most part its technologies flourished elsewhere . The diaspora of Xerox inventions led directly to 3Com and Adobe Systems , and indirectly to Cisco , Apple Computer , and Microsoft . Apple 's Macintosh GUI was largely a result of Steve Jobs ' visit to PARC and the subsequent hiring of key personnel . Cisco 's impetus stemmed from the need to route a variety of protocols over Stanford 's campus Ethernet . The Internet ( edit ) Commercial use of the Internet became practical and grew slowly throughout the early 1990s . In 1995 , commercial use of the Internet grew substantially and the initial wave of internet startups , Amazon.com , eBay , and the predecessor to Craigslist began operations . Internet bubble ( edit ) Silicon Valley is generally considered to have been the center of the dot - com bubble , which started in the mid-1990s and collapsed after the NASDAQ stock market began to decline dramatically in April 2000 . During the bubble era , real estate prices reached unprecedented levels . For a brief time , Sand Hill Road was home to the most expensive commercial real estate in the world , and the booming economy resulted in severe traffic congestion . Early 21st Century ( edit ) After the dot - com crash , Silicon Valley continues to maintain its status as one of the top research and development centers in the world . A 2006 The Wall Street Journal story found that 12 of the 20 most inventive towns in America were in California , and 10 of those were in Silicon Valley . San Jose led the list with 3,867 utility patents filed in 2005 , and number two was Sunnyvale , at 1,881 utility patents . Silicon Valley is also home to a significant number of `` Unicorn '' ventures , referring to startup companies whose valuation has exceeded $1 billion dollars . Economy ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Silicon Valley has a social and business ethos that supports innovation and entrepreneurship . Attempts to create `` Silicon Valleys '' in environments where disruptive innovation does not go over well have a poor track record . According to a 2008 study by AeA in 2006 , Silicon Valley was the third largest high - tech center ( cybercity ) in the United States , behind the New York metropolitan area and Washington metropolitan area , with 225,300 high - tech jobs . The Bay Area as a whole however , of which Silicon Valley is a part , would rank first with 387,000 high - tech jobs . Silicon Valley has the highest concentration of high - tech workers of any metropolitan area , with 285.9 out of every 1,000 private - sector workers . Silicon Valley has the highest average high - tech salary at $144,800 . Largely a result of the high technology sector , the San Jose - Sunnyvale - Santa Clara , CA Metropolitan Statistical Area has the most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita . The region is the biggest high - tech manufacturing center in the United States . The unemployment rate of the region was 9.4 % in January 2009 , up from 7.8 % in the previous month . Silicon Valley received 41 % of all U.S. venture investment in 2011 , and 46 % in 2012 . More traditional industries also recognize the potential of high - tech development , and several car manufacturers have opened offices in Silicon Valley to capitalize on its entrepreneurial ecosystem . Manufacture of transistors is , or was , the core industry in Silicon Valley . The production workforce was for the most part composed of Asian and Latina immigrants who were paid low wages and worked in hazardous conditions due to the chemicals used in the manufacture of integrated circuits . Technical , engineering , design , and administrative staffs were in large part well compensated . Many more jobs ( 400,000 during the period 2010 to 2015 ) are created in Silicon Valley than housing built ( 60,000 units during the period 2010 to 2015 ) . Housing prices are extremely high , far out of the range of production workers . As of 2016 a two - bedroom apartment rented for about $2,500 while the median home price was about $1 million . The Financial Post called Silicon Valley the most expensive U.S. housing region . Homelessness is a problem with housing beyond the reach of middle - income residents ; there is little shelter space other than in San Jose which , as of 2015 , was making an effort to develop shelters by renovating old hotels . Notable companies ( edit ) See also : Category : Companies based in Silicon Valley Thousands of high technology companies are headquartered in Silicon Valley . Among those , the following 39 are in the Fortune 1000 : Adobe Systems Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD ) Apple Inc . Cisco Systems eBay Intel Intuit Nvidia Oracle Sun Microsystems Yahoo ! Adobe Systems Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD ) Agilent Technologies Alphabet Inc . Apple Inc . Applied Materials Brocade Communications Systems Cisco Systems eBay Electronic Arts Facebook Google Hewlett Packard Enterprise HP Inc . Intel Intuit Juniper Networks KLA Tencor Lam Research LSI Logic Marvell Semiconductors Maxim Integrated Products National Semiconductor NetApp Netflix Nvidia Oracle Corporation Riverbed Technology Salesforce.com SanDisk Sanmina - SCI Symantec Tesla Motors Visa Inc . VMware Western Digital Corporation Xilinx Yahoo ! Additional notable companies headquartered ( or with a significant presence ) in Silicon Valley include ( some defunct or subsumed ) : 3Com ( acquired by Hewlett - Packard ) 8x8 Actel Actuate Corporation Adaptec Aeria Games and Entertainment Akamai Technologies ( HQ in Cambridge , Massachusetts ) Altera Amazon.com 's A9.com Amazon. com 's Lab126.com Amdahl Anritsu AstraQom Asus ( headquartered in Taipei , Taiwan ) Atari Atmel Broadcom ( headquartered in Irvine , California ) BEA Systems ( acquired by Oracle Corporation ) Cadence Design Systems Cypress Semiconductor Dell ( headquartered in Round Rock , Texas ) EMC Corporation ( headquartered in Hopkinton , Massachusetts ) Extreme Networks E * TRADE ( headquartered in New York , NY ) Fairchild Semiconductor Flex ( formally Flextronics ) Foundry Networks Fujitsu ( headquartered in Tokyo , Japan ) GoPro Groupon ( headquartered in Chicago , IL ) Harmonic , Inc . HCL Technologies ( headquartered in Noida , India ) Hitachi Data Systems Hitachi Global Storage Technologies IBM Almaden Research Center ( headquartered in Armonk , New York ) IDEO Infosys ( headquartered in Bangalore , India ) Informatica Intuitive Surgical LinkedIn ( acquired by Microsoft ) Logitech Lucasfilm Maxtor ( acquired by Seagate ) McAfee ( acquired by Intel ) Memorex ( acquired by Imation and moved to Cerritos , California ) MetricStream Micron Technology ( headquartered in Boise , Idaho ) Microsoft ( headquartered in Redmond , Washington ) Mozilla Foundation Move , Inc . Nokia ( headquartered in Espoo , Finland ) Nokia Solutions and Networks ( headquartered in Espoo , Finland ) NXP Semiconductors Nook ( subsidiary of Barnes & Noble ) Olivetti ( headquartered in Ivrea , Italy ) Opera Software ( headquartered in Oslo , Norway ) Palm , Inc. ( acquired by Hewlett - Packard ) Panasonic ( headquartered in Osaka , Japan ) PARC PayPal ( it has been demerged from eBay ) Pixar Playdom PlayPhone Qualcomm , Inc . ( HQ in San Diego , CA ) Quanta Computer Quantcast Quora Rambus Roku , Inc . RSA Security ( acquired by EMC ) Samsung Electronics ( headquartered in Suwon , South Korea ) Samsung Research America ( headquartered in Suwon , South Korea ) SAP SE ( headquartered in Walldorf , Germany ) Siemens ( headquartered in Berlin and Munich , Germany ) SolarCity Sony ( headquartered in Tokyo , Japan ) Sony Ericsson Sony Interactive Entertainment Square , Inc . SRI International Sun Microsystems ( acquired by Oracle Corporation ) SunPower SurveyMonkey Synopsys Inc . Tata Consultancy Services ( headquartered in Mumbai , India ) Tibco Software TiVo TSMC Twitter Uber ( company ) VA Software ( Slashdot ) Verifone VeriSign Veritas Software ( split off from Symantec ) VMware WebEx ( acquired by Cisco Systems ) @ WalmartLabs YouTube ( acquired by Google ) Yelp , Inc . Zynga Silicon Valley is also home to the high - tech superstore retail chain Fry 's Electronics . Notable government facilities ( edit ) Moffett Federal Airfield NASA Ames Research Center ( Located inside Moffett ) Onizuka Air Force Station Demographics ( edit ) Depending on what geographic regions are included in the meaning of the term , the population of Silicon Valley is between 3.5 and 4 million . A 1999 study by AnnaLee Saxenian for the Public Policy Institute of California reported that a third of Silicon Valley scientists and engineers were immigrants and that nearly a quarter of Silicon Valley 's high - technology firms since 1980 were run by Chinese ( 17 percent ) or Indian CEOs ( 7 percent ) . There is a stratum of well - compensated technical employees and managers , including 10s of thousands of `` single - digit millionaires . '' This income and range of assets will support a middle - class lifestyle in Silicon Valley . Diversity ( edit ) See also : Occupational inequality and Sexism in the technology industry In November 2006 , the University of California , Davis released a report analyzing business leadership by women within the state . The report showed that although 103 of the 400 largest public companies headquartered in California were located in Santa Clara County ( the most of all counties ) , only 8.8 % of Silicon Valley companies had women CEOs . This was the lowest percentage in the state . ( San Francisco County had 19.2 % and Marin County had 18.5 % . ) Silicon Valley tech leadership positions are occupied almost exclusively by men . This is also represented in the number of new companies founded by women as well as the number of women - lead startups that receive venture capital funding . Wadhwa said he believes that a contributing factor is a lack of parental encouragement to study science and engineering . He also cited a lack of women role models and noted that most famous tech leaders -- like Bill Gates , Steve Jobs , and Mark Zuckerberg -- are men . In 2014 , tech companies Google , Yahoo ! , Facebook , Apple , and others , released corporate transparency reports that offered detailed employee breakdowns . In May , Google said 17 % of its tech employees worldwide were women , and , in the U.S. , 1 % of its tech workers were black and 2 % were Hispanic . June 2014 brought reports from Yahoo ! and Facebook . Yahoo ! said that 15 % of its tech jobs were held by women , 2 % of its tech employees were black and 4 % Hispanic . Facebook reported that 15 % of its tech workforce was female , and 3 % was Hispanic and 1 % was black . In August , Apple reported that 80 % of its global tech staff was male and that , in the U.S. , 54 % of its tech jobs were staffed by Caucasians and 23 % by Asians . Soon after , USA Today published an article about Silicon Valley 's lack of tech - industry diversity , pointing out that it is largely white or Asian , and male . `` Blacks and Hispanics are largely absent , '' it reported , `` and women are underrepresented in Silicon Valley -- from giant companies to start - ups to venture capital firms . '' Civil rights activist Jesse Jackson said of improving diversity in the tech industry , `` This is the next step in the civil rights movement '' while T.J. Rodgers has argued against Jackson 's assertions . As of October 2014 , some high - profile Silicon Valley firms were working actively to prepare and recruit women . Bloomberg reported that Apple , Facebook , Google , and Microsoft attended the 20th annual Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing conference to actively recruit and potentially hire female engineers and technology experts . The same month , the second annual Platform Summit was held to discuss increasing racial and gender diversity in tech . As of April 2015 experienced women were engaged in creation of venture capital firms which leveraged women 's perspectives in funding of startups . After UC Davis published its Study of California Women Business Leaders in November 2006 , some San Jose Mercury News readers dismissed the possibility that sexism contributed in making Silicon Valley 's leadership gender gap the highest in the state . A January 2015 issue of Newsweek magazine featured an article detailing reports of sexism and misogyny in Silicon Valley . The article 's author , Nina Burleigh , asked , `` Where were all these offended people when women like Heidi Roizen published accounts of having a venture capitalist stick her hand in his pants under a table while a deal was being discussed ? '' Silicon Valley firms ' board of directors are composed of 15.7 % women compared with 20.9 % in the S&P 100 . The 2012 lawsuit Pao v. Kleiner Perkins was filed in San Francisco County Superior Court by executive Ellen Pao for gender discrimination against her employer , Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers . The case went to trial in February 2015 . On March 27 , 2015 the jury found in favor of Kleiner Perkins on all counts . Nevertheless , the case , which had wide press coverage , resulted in major advances in consciousness of gender discrimination on the part of venture capital and technology firms and their women employees . Two other cases have been filed against Facebook and Twitter . Schools ( edit ) Funding for public schools in upscale Silicon Valley communities such as Woodside , California is often supplemented by grants from private foundations set up for that purpose and funded by local residents . Schools in less favorable demographics such as East Palo Alto , California must depend on state funding . Municipalities ( edit ) Map visualization of traditional Silicon Valley in red , San Francisco in maroon / brown , Berkeley - Emeryville tech hub in peach . Tech companies by no means are relegated to these areas , and are found all over the bay . The following Santa Clara County cities are actually located in the Santa Clara Valley and based on that status are traditionally considered to be in Silicon Valley ( in alphabetical order ) : Campbell Cupertino Los Altos Los Altos Hills Los Gatos Milpitas Monte Sereno Morgan Hill Mountain View Palo Alto San Jose Santa Clara Saratoga Sunnyvale In 2015 , MIT researchers developed a novel method for measuring which towns are home to startups with higher growth potential . This defines Silicon Valley to center on the municipalities of Menlo Park , Mountain View , Palo Alto , and Sunnyvale . The following Bay Area cities are ( or were ) home to various high - tech companies ( or related firms like venture capital firms ) and have thereby become associated with Silicon Valley : San Mateo County Belmont Burlingame East Palo Alto Foster City Menlo Park Millbrae Redwood City San Bruno San Carlos San Mateo South San Francisco Alameda County Emeryville Fremont Newark Oakland Union City Santa Cruz County Santa Cruz Scotts Valley San Francisco County San Francisco Contra Costa County San Ramon Universities , colleges , and trade schools ( edit ) The Art Institute of California -- Sunnyvale California College of the Arts Carnegie Mellon University ( Silicon Valley campus ) California State University , East Bay , Hayward Cañada College Chabot College Cogswell Polytechnical College College of San Mateo De Anza College DeVry University Draper University Evergreen Valley College Foothill College Gavilan College Golden Gate University ( Silicon Valley Campus ) Hult International Business School International Culinary Center International Technological University John F. Kennedy University ( Campbell Campus ) Lincoln Law School of San Jose Menlo College Mills College Minerva Schools at KGI Mission College National University San Jose Campus Northwestern Polytechnic University ( Fremont ) Notre Dame de Namur University Ohlone College Peralta Colleges Saint Mary 's College of California San Jose City College San José State University San Francisco State University Santa Clara University Silicon Valley University Singularity University Skyline College Stanford University University of California , Berkeley University of California , Santa Cruz , Silicon Valley Campus University of California , San Francisco University of San Francisco South Bay Campus West Valley College Art galleries and museums ( edit ) See also : List of attractions in Silicon Valley Silicon Valley 's first internationally known art gallery , Pace Art and Technology Gallery in Menlo Park , opened on February 6 , 2016 . In 1928 , the Allied Arts Guild was formed in Menlo Park and is a complex of artist studios , shops , restaurant , and gardens . Some museums in Silicon Valley include ; Burlingame Museum of PEZ Memorabilia , Computer History Museum , Children 's Discovery Museum of San Jose , CuriOdyssey , De Saisset Museum at Santa Clara University , Filoli Estate , Forbes Mill , Hiller Aviation Museum , the HP Garage , the Intel Museum , Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University , Japanese American Museum of San Jose , Los Altos History Museum , Moffett Field Historical Society Museum , Museum of American Heritage , Palo Alto Art Center , Palo Alto Junior Museum and Zoo , Portuguese Historical Museum , Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum , San Mateo County History Museum , San Jose Museum of Art , San Jose Museum of Quilts & Textiles Sunnyvale Heritage Park Museum , The Tech Museum of Innovation , Viet Museum , Winchester Mystery House , Media outlets ( edit ) Local and national media cover Silicon Valley and its companies . CNN , The Wall Street Journal , and Bloomberg News operate Silicon Valley bureaus out of Palo Alto . Public broadcaster KQED ( TV ) and KQED - FM , as well as the Bay Area 's local ABC station KGO - TV , operate bureaus in San Jose . KNTV , NBC 's local Bay Area affiliate `` NBC Bay Area '' , is located in San Jose . Produced from this location is the nationally distributed TV Show `` Tech Now '' as well as the CNBC Silicon Valley bureau . San Jose - based media serving Silicon Valley include the San Jose Mercury News daily and the Metro Silicon Valley weekly . Specialty media include El Observador and the San Jose / Silicon Valley Business Journal . Most of the Bay Area 's other major TV stations , newspapers , and media operate in San Francisco or Oakland . Patch.com operates various web portals , providing local news , discussion and events for residents of Silicon Valley . Mountain View has a public nonprofit station , KMVT - 15 . KMVT - 15 's shows include Silicon Valley Education News ( EdNews ) - Edward Tico Producer . Cultural references ( edit ) Appearances in media , in order by release date . The Maltese Falcon -- 1941 movie starring Humphrey Bogart and Mary Astor , she visits Sam Spade 's office in Burlingame A View to a Kill -- 1985 James Bond movie Dangerous Minds -- 1995 movie about a retired U.S. Marine LouAnne Johnson , who took up a teaching position at Carlmont High School in Belmont , California Triumph of the Nerds : The Rise of Accidental Empires -- 1996 documentary Felicity -- 1998 -- 2002 TV series , Felicity Porter grows up in Palo Alto Pirates of Silicon Valley -- 1999 movie House of Sand and Fog -- 2003 movie , an unclear Bay Area coastal location in movie , filmed in San Mateo County Knight Rider -- 2008 made - for - television movie Haunting of Winchester House -- 2009 movie The Social Network -- 2010 movie Startups Silicon Valley -- reality TV series , debuted 2012 on Bravo Silicon Valley Education News ( EdNews ) - KMVT - 15 ( Producer Edward Tico ) -- debuted 2015 Betas -- TV series , debuted 2013 on Amazon Video Jobs -- 2013 movie The Internship -- 2013 film about working at Google Silicon Valley -- 2014 American sitcom from HBO Watch Dogs 2 -- 2016 video game developed by Ubisoft See also ( edit ) San Francisco Bay Area portal See also : the categories Companies based in Silicon Valley , Silicon Valley people , and Tourist attractions in Silicon Valley . BioValley List of attractions in Silicon Valley List of places with `` Silicon '' names around the world List of research parks around the world List of technology centers around the world Mega-Site , a type of land development by private developers , universities , or governments to promote business clusters Silicon Hills Silicon Wadi STEM fields Tech Valley References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Monthly employment continues upward climb '' . Silicon Valley Index . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sturgeon , Timothy J. ( 2000 ) . `` How Silicon Valley Came to Be '' . In Kenney , Martin . Understanding Silicon Valley : The Anatomy of an Entrepreneurial Region . Stanford University . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 3734 - 0 . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Uskali , T. , & Nordfors , D. ( 23 May 2007 ) . The role of journalism in creating the metaphor of Silicon Valley . Paper presented at the Innovation Journalism 4 Conference , Stanford University , Palo Alto , Calif. , http://www.innovationjournalism.org/ij4/presentations/turouskalidavidnordfors.pdf , retrieved 8 August 2016 Jump up ^ Castells , Manuel ( 2011 ) . The Rise of the Network Society . John Wiley & Sons . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 5631 - 1 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Jane ( 1967 ) . Electronics in the West : The First Fifty Years . National Press Books . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Arbuckle , Clyde ( 1986 ) . Clyde Arbuckle 's History of San Jose . San Jose , CA : Memorabilia of San Jose . p. 380 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Black , Dave . `` Moffett Field History '' . moffettfieldmuseum.org . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Christophe Lécuyer ( August 24 , 2007 ) . Making Silicon Valley : Innovation and the Growth of High Tech , 1930 -- 1970 ( trade paperback ) format = requires url = ( help ) . The MIT Press . pp. 13 -- 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 62211 - 0 . Jump up ^ Christophe Lécuyer ( August 24 , 2007 ) . Making Silicon Valley : Innovation and the Growth of High Tech , 1930 -- 1970 ( trade paperback ) format = requires url = ( help ) . The MIT Press . pp. 40 , 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 62211 - 0 . Jump up ^ David Bacon ( January 17 , 1993 ) . `` Silicon Valley On Strike ! Immigrants in Electronics Protest Growing Sweat - Shop Conditions '' . dbacon.igc.org . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ David Bacon ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Up Against the Open Shop -- the Hidden Story of Silicon Valley 's High - Tech Workers '' . www.truth-out.org . Truth - Out . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . We 're not looking for someone to represent employees Jump up ^ `` Timeline. Silicon Valley. American Experience. WGBH -- PBS '' . American Experience . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Markoff , John ( 2009 - 04 - 17 ) . `` Searching for Silicon Valley '' . New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Stephen B. Adams , `` Regionalism in Stanford 's Contribution to the Rise of Silicon Valley '' , Enterprise & Society 2003 4 ( 3 ) : 521 -- 543 Jump up ^ Tajnai , Carolyn ( May 1985 ) . `` Fred Terman , the Father of Silicon Valley '' . Stanford Computer Forum . Carolyn Terman . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leonhardt , David ( April 6 , 2008 ) . `` Holding On '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . In 1955 , the physicist William Shockley set up a semiconductor laboratory in Mountain View , partly to be near his mother in Palo Alto. ... Jump up ^ Markoff , John ( January 13 , 2008 ) . `` Two Views of Innovation , Colliding in Washington '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . The co-inventor of the transistor and the founder of the valley 's first chip company , William Shockley , moved to Palo Alto , Calif. , because his mother lived there ... Jump up ^ Christophe Lécuyer , `` What Do Universities Really Owe Industry ? The Case of Solid State Electronics at Stanford , '' Minerva : a Review of Science , Learning & Policy 2005 43 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 71 Jump up ^ `` History of Computing Industrial Era 1984 -- 1985 '' . thocp.net . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Stanford Research Park : The Engine of Silicon Valley '' . PaloAltoHistory.com . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodheart , Adam ( July 2 , 2006 ) . `` 10 Days That Changed History '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , John ; Weimers , Leigh ; Winslow , Ward ( 2008 ) . Silicon Valley : 110 Year Renaissance . Silicon Valley Historical Association . ISBN 0 - 9649217 - 4 - X . Jump up ^ Licklider , J.C.R. ( 23 April 1963 ) . `` Topics for Discussion at the Forthcoming Meeting , Memorandum For : Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network '' . Washington , D.C. : Advanced Research Projects Agency , via KurzweilAI.net . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Leiner , Barry M. ; et al. ( 2003 - 12 - 10 ) . `` '' Origins of the Internet '' in A Brief History of the Internet version 3.32 `` . The Internet Society . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Garreau , Joel ( 2006 ) . Radical Evolution : The Promise and Peril of Enhancing Our Minds , Our Bodies -- and what it Means to be Human . Broadway . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7679 - 1503 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) ( United States Government ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Glenda Matthews ( November 20 , 2002 ) . `` 5 . `` New Immigrants and Silicon Valley : Struggles , Successes , and Transformations '' `` . Silicon Valley , Women , and the California Dream : Gender , Class , and Opportunity in the Twentieth Century ( trade paperback ) ( 1 ed . ) . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . pp. 147 -- 182 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4796 - 7 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Glenda Matthews ( November 20 , 2002 ) . Silicon Valley , Women , and the California Dream : Gender , Class , and Opportunity in the Twentieth Century ( trade paperback ) ( 1 ed . ) . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4796 - 7 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Glenda Matthews ( November 20 , 2002 ) . Silicon Valley , Women , and the California Dream : Gender , Class , and Opportunity in the Twentieth Century ( trade paperback ) ( 1 ed . ) . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . p. 151 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4796 - 7 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Intel ( April 15 , 1974 ) . `` From CPU to software , the 8080 Microcomputer is here '' . Electronic News . New York : Fairchild Publications . pp. 44 -- 45 . Electronic News was a weekly trade newspaper . The same advertisement appeared in the May 2 , 1974 issue of Electronics magazine . Jump up ^ Osborne , Adam ( 1980 ) . An Introduction to Microcomputers . Volume 1 : Basic Concepts ( 2nd ed . ) . Berkeley , California : Osborne - McGraw Hill . ISBN 0 - 931988 - 34 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Homebrew And How The Apple Came To Be '' . atariarchives.org . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Markoff , John ( 2006 ) ( 2005 ) . What the Dormouse Said : How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303676 - 0 . Jump up ^ Wozniak , Steve ( 2006 ) . iWoz . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 33043 - 4 . After my first meeting , I started designing the computer that would later be known as the Apple I. It was that inspiring . Jump up ^ Freiberger , Paul ; Swaine , Michael ( 2000 ) ( 1984 ) . Fire in the Valley : The Making of the Personal Computer . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 135895 - 8 . Jump up ^ John Markoff ( September 1999 ) . Foreword , Fire in the Valley ( trade paperback ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Updated ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . pp. xi -- xiii . ISBN 0 - 07 - 135892 - 7 . Jump up ^ Graphical User Interface ( GUI ) from apple-history.com Jump up ^ W. Josephujjwal sarkar Campbell ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` The Year of the Internet '' . 1995 : The Year the Future Began ( hardcover ) format = requires url = ( help ) . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 27399 - 3 . Jump up ^ Reed Albergotti , `` The Most Inventive Towns in America '' , Wall Street Journal , 22 -- 23 July 2006 , P1 . Jump up ^ Ibid . Jump up ^ `` The Unicorn List '' . Fortune . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ James B. Stewart ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` A Fearless Culture Fuels U.S. Tech Giants '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Europeans are also much less receptive to the kind of truly disruptive innovation represented by a Google or a Facebook Jump up ^ `` Cybercities 2008 : An Overview of the High - Technology Industry in the Nation 's Top 60 Cities '' . aeanet.org . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Greediest Cities '' . Forbes . 3 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Albanesius , Chloe ( 24 June 2008 ) . `` AeA Study Reveals Where the Tech Jobs Are '' . PC Magazine . Jump up ^ Pimentel , Benjamin . `` Silicon Valley and N.Y. still top tech rankings '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silicon Valley unemployment rate jumps to 9.4 percent '' . mercurynews.com . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Venture Capital Survey Silicon Valley Fourth Quarter 2011 '' . Fenwick.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Porsche lands in Silicon Valley to develop sportscars of the future '' . IBI. 2017 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 08 . Carmakers who have recently expanded to Silicon Valley include Volkswagen , Hyundai , General Motors , Ford , Honda , Toyota , BMW , Nissan and Mercedes - Benz . Jump up ^ `` Production Occupations ( Major Group ) '' . bls.gov . Bureau of Labor Statistics . May 2014 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Glenda Matthews ( November 20 , 2002 ) . Silicon Valley , Women , and the California Dream : Gender , Class , and Opportunity in the Twentieth Century ( trade paperback ) ( 1 ed . ) . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . pp. 154 -- 56 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4796 - 7 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Occupational Employment Statistics Semiconductor and Other Electronic Component Manufacturing '' . bls.gov . Bureau of Labor Statistics . May 2014 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Eliot Brown ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Neighbors Clash in Silicon Valley Job growth far outstrips housing , creating an imbalance ; San Jose chafes at Santa Clara '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glenda Matthews ( November 20 , 2002 ) . Silicon Valley , Women , and the California Dream : Gender , Class , and Opportunity in the Twentieth Century ( trade paperback ) ( 1 ed . ) . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . p. 233 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4796 - 7 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://business.financialpost.com/personal-finance/mortgages-real-estate/zero-down-on-a-2-million-house-is-no-problem-in-silicon-valleys-scary-market Jump up ^ Monica Potts ( December 13 , 2015 ) . `` Dispossessed in the Land of Dreams : Those left behind by Silicon Valley 's technology boom struggle to stay in the place they call home . '' . The New Republic . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . A 2013 census showed Santa Clara County having more than 7,000 homeless people , the fifth - highest homeless population per capita in the country and among the highest populations sleeping outside or in unsuitable shelters like vehicles . Jump up ^ Saxenian , AnnaLee ( 1999 ) . `` Silicon Valley 's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Institute of California . Jump up ^ Gary Riflin ( August 5 , 2007 ) . `` In Silicon Valley , Millionaires Who Do n't Feel Rich '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . Silicon Valley is thick with those who might be called working - class millionaires Jump up ^ `` Women Missing From Decision - Making Roles in State Biz '' ( Press release ) . UC Regents . November 16 , 2006 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ellis , Katrina ( 2006 ) . `` UC Davis Study of California Women Business Leaders '' ( PDF ) . UC Regents . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zee , Samantha ( November 16 , 2006 ) . `` California , Silicon Valley Firms Lack Female Leaders ( Update1 ) '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wadhwa , Vivek ( November 9 , 2011 ) . `` Silicon Valley women are on the rise , but have far to go '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . This is one of Silicon Valley 's most glaring faults : It is male - dominated . Jump up ^ Wadhwa , Vivek ( May 15 , 2010 ) . `` Fixing Societal Problems : It Starts With Mom and Dad '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Musil , Steven ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` Google discloses its diversity record and admits it 's not good '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ Levy , Karyne ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Yahoo 's Diversity Numbers Are Just As Terrible As The Rest Of The Tech Industry 's '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Maxine ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Building a More Diverse Facebook '' . Facebook . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple diversity report released ; Cook ' not satisfied with the numbers ' '' . CBS Interactive . Associated Press . August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guynn , Jessica ; Weise , Elizabeth ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` Lack of diversity could undercut Silicon Valley '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Koch , Wendy ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` Jesse Jackson : Tech diversity is next civil rights step '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burrows , Peter ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Gender Gap Draws Thousands From Google , Apple to Phoenix '' . Bloomberg Business . Bloomberg . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Jane ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Inside the Movement That 's Trying to Solve Silicon Valley 's Diversity Problem '' . Fast Company . Mansueto Ventures . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Claire Cain Miller ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Female - Run Venture Capital Funds Alter the Status Quo '' ( Dealbook blog ) . The New York Times . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . `` We 're in the middle of a shifting trend where there are newly wealthy women putting their money to work , and similarly we 're starting to have a larger number of experienced investors , '' Jump up ^ Burleigh , Nina ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` What Silicon Valley Thinks of Women '' . Newsweek . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tam , Ruth ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Artist behind Newsweek cover : it 's not sexist , it depicts the ugliness of sexism '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ellen Pao gender discrimination trial grips Silicon Valley '' . TheGuardian.com. 2015 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Complaint of Ellen Pao Jump up ^ Liz Gannes and Nellie Bowles ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Live : Ellen Pao Loses on All Claims in Historic Gender Discrimination Lawsuit Against Kleiner Perkins '' . Re / code . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . That 's the full verdict . No on all claims . Jump up ^ Sue Decker ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` A Fish Is the Last to Discover Water : Impressions From the Ellen Pao Trial '' . Re / code . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . We may look back at this as a watershed moment -- regardless of how the very attentive jury comes out on their verdict . Jump up ^ Farhad Manjoo ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Ellen Pao Disrupts How Silicon Valley Does Business '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Ms. Klein argued that the Kleiner trial would become a landmark case for women in the workplace , as consequential for corporate gender relations as Anita Hill 's accusations in 1991 of sexual harassment during the confirmation hearings of Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas Jump up ^ Streitfeld , David ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Ellen Pao Loses Silicon Valley Gender Bias Case Against Kleiner Perkins '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . In a sign that the struggle over the place of women in Silicon Valley is only beginning , gender discrimination suits have recently been filed against two prominent companies , Facebook and Twitter . Jump up ^ George Packer ( May 27 , 2013 ) . `` Change the World Silicon Valley transfers its slogans -- and its money -- to the realm of politics . '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . In wealthy districts , the public schools have essentially been privatized ; they insulate themselves from shortfalls in state funding with money raised by foundations they have set up for themselves . Jump up ^ Stern , Scott , Guzman , Jorge . Nowcasting and Placecasting Growth Entrepreneurship . Jump up ^ `` Science Magazine : Sign In '' . sciencemag.org . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Nellie ( 2016 - 02 - 06 ) . `` The ' cultural desert ' of Silicon Valley finally gets its first serious art gallery '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Barn Woodshop : Menlo Park furniture repair shop is a remnant of a bygone era '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday : Allied Arts Guild holds open house '' . Almanac News . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` 14 Sights You Must See In Silicon Valley '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Burlingame : Paradise on the Peninsula '' . SFGate. 1998 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Pfeiffer Acts With Class / ` Dangerous Minds ' uses teacher plot well '' . SFGate. 1996 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` House of Sand and Fog '' . IMDB . Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Start - Ups : Silicon Valley '' . IMDB . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Betas '' . IMDB . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 30 . Further reading ( edit ) Books Bronson , Po ( 2013 ) . The Nudist On The Lateshift : and Other Tales of Silicon Valley . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4481 - 8964 - 9 . Cringely , Robert X . ( 1996 ) ( 1992 ) . Accidental Empires : How the boys of Silicon Valley make their millions , battle foreign competition , and still ca n't get a date . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88730 - 855 - 0 . English - Lueck , June Anne ( 2002 ) . Cultures@Silicon Valley . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4429 - 4 . Hayes , Dennis ( 1990 ) ( 1989 ) . Behind the Silicon Curtain : The Seductions of Work in a Lonely Era . Black Rose Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 921689 - 62 - 1 . Kaplan , David A. ( 2000 ) . The Silicon Boys : And Their Valleys Of Dreams . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 688 - 17906 - 9 . Koepp , Rob . Clusters of Creativity : Enduring Lessons on Innovation and Entrepreneurship from Silicon Valley and Europe 's Silicon Fen . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 85566 - 9 . Lécuyer , Christophe Lécuyer ( 2006 ) ( 2005 ) . Making Silicon Valley : Innovation and the Growth of High Tech , 1930 -- 1970 . Chemical Heritage Foundation . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 12281 - 8 . Levy , Steven ( 2014 ) ( 1984 ) . Hackers : Heroes of the Computer Revolution . O'Reilly Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4493 - 8839 - 3 . O'Mara , Margaret Pugh ( 2015 ) ( 2004 ) . Cities of Knowledge : Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley : Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 6688 - 5 . Pellow , David N ; Park , Lisa Sun - Hee ( 2002 ) . The Silicon Valley of Dreams : Environmental Injustice , Immigrant Workers , and the High - tech Global Economy . New York University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 6710 - 8 . Saxenian , AnnaLee ( 1996 ) . Regional Advantage : Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128 . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 75340 - 2 . Scoville , Thomas ( 2001 ) . Silicon Follies ( Fiction ) . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7434 - 1945 - 1 . Whiteley , Carol ; McLaughlin , John ( 2002 ) . Technology , Entrepreneurs and Silicon Valley . Silicon Valley Historical Association . ISBN 0 - 9649217 - 1 - 5 . Journals and newspapers Kantor , Jodi ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` A Brand New World In Which Men Ruled '' . New York Times . Koenig , Neil ( February 9 , 2014 ) . `` Next Silicon Valleys : How did California get it so right ? '' . BBC News . Malone , Michael S. ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` The Purpose of Silicon Valley '' . MIT Technology Review . Norr , Henry ( December 27 , 1999 ) . `` Growth of a Silicon Empire '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Palmer , Barbara ( February 4 , 2004 ) . `` Red tile roofs in Bangalore : Stanford 's look copied in Silicon Valley and beyond '' . Stanford Report . Schulz , Thomas ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tomorrowland : How Silicon Valley Shapes Our Future '' . Der Spiegel . Sturgeon , Timothy J. ( December 2000 ) . `` Chapter Two : How Silicon Valley Came to Be '' ( PDF ) . Industrial Performance Center . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Williams , James C. ( December 2013 ) . `` From White Gold to Silicon Chips : Hydraulic Technology , Electric Power and Silicon Valley '' . Social Science Information ( Abstract ) . Sage Publications . 52 ( 4 ) : 558 -- 574 . ( Subscription required for full text . ) Audiovisual Silicon Valley : A Five Part Series ( DVD ) . Narrated by Leonard Nimoy . Silicon Valley Historical Association . 2012 . `` A Weekend in Silicon Valley '' . New York Times ( Slideshow ) . August 27 , 2010 . Silicon Valley : A Five Part Series ( DVD ) . Narrated by Leonard Nimoy . Silicon Valley Historical Association . 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Silicon Valley . Santa Clara County : California 's Historic Silicon Valley -- A National Park Service website Silicon Valley -- An American Experience documentary broadcast in 2013 Silicon Valley Cultures Project at the Wayback Machine ( archived December 20 , 2007 ) from San Jose State University Silicon Valley Historical Association The Birth of Silicon Valley <Th_colspan="2"> Silicon Valley Cities Campbell Cupertino East Palo Alto Fremont Los Altos Los Altos Hills Los Gatos Menlo Park Milpitas Morgan Hill Mountain View Newark Palo Alto Redwood City San Jose San Mateo Santa Clara Saratoga Sunnyvale Colleges and universities Carnegie Mellon Silicon Valley Cogswell Polytechnical College De Anza College Evergreen Valley College Foothill College International Technological University Menlo College Mission College Ohlone College Silicon Valley Technical Institute National Hispanic University Northwestern Polytechnic University San Jose City College San Jose State University Silicon Valley University Santa Clara University Stanford University University of California , Berkeley University of California , Santa Cruz Companies ( including subsidiaries and defunct companies ) 3Com Access Systems Americas Actuate Adaptec Adobe Systems AMD Agilent Technologies Altera Amdahl Ampex Apple Inc . Applied Materials Aricent Asus Atari Atmel Avaya BEA Systems Brocade BusinessObjects Capcom Cisco Systems Computer Literacy Bookshops Cypress Semiconductor eBay Electronic Arts Facebook Foundry Networks Fry 's Electronics Fujitsu Gaia Online Geeknet Google Hewlett - Packard HGST IETF Intel Internet Systems Consortium Intuit Juniper Networks Knight Ridder LinkedIn Logitech LSI Corporation Magellan Navigation Marvell Technology Group Maxtor McAfee Memorex Microsoft Mozilla Corporation National Semiconductor Netscape NetApp Netflix NeXT Nintendo of America Nortel Nvidia Opera Software OPPO Digital Oracle Corporation Palm , Inc . Palo Alto Networks PayPal Pinterest Playdom Rambus Redback Networks Reputation.com SAP SE SanDisk Silicon Graphics Silicon Image Solectron Sony SRI International Sun Microsystems Symantec Symyx Taligent Tesla , Inc . TiVo Uber Verisign Veritas Technologies VMware WebEx WhatsApp Xilinx Yahoo ! <Th_colspan="2"> San Jose and Silicon Valley attractions Arboreta / Gardens Arizona Cactus Garden Chinese Cultural Garden Emma Prusch Farm Park Hakone Gardens Hollyhill Hummingbird Farm Japanese Friendship Garden Overfelt Gardens SJ Municipal Rose Garden Stanford Arboretum Villa Montalvo Arboretum Cultural American Musical Theatre of SJ Ballet San Jose Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph Choral Project De Saisset Museum Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . Library Gurdwara Sahib Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies Mexican Heritage Plaza Montalvo Arts Center Villa Montalvo Opera San José SJ City Hall SJ Flea Market SJ Improv SJ Museum of Art SJ Rep Theatre sjDANCEco Symphony Silicon Valley Triton Museum of Art Viet Museum Vivace Youth Chorus Event venues Avaya Stadium CEFCU Stadium City National Civic Levi 's Stadium PAL Stadium San Jose Center for the Performing Arts SAP Center at San Jose SC Convention Center Shoreline Amphitheatre SJ Convention Center SJ Municipal Stadium SJSU Event Center Arena Stevens Stadium Events BayCon Cinequest Film Festival FanimeCon Further Confusion LiveStrong Challenge SJ Holiday Parade SJ Jazz Festival Silicon Valley Comic Con Stanford Jazz Festival Christmas in the Park Historical Circle of Palms Hotel De Anza Hangar One History Park at Kelley Park HP Garage Japanese American Museum New Almaden Peralta Adobe Portuguese Historical Museum Rengstorff House Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum SJ Museum of Quilts & Textiles Winchester Mystery House Parks / Trails Almaden Quicksilver County Park Alum Rock Park Anderson Lake Bay Area Ridge Trail Calero Reservoir Castle Rock State Park Coyote -- Bear Park Ed Levin Park Grant Ranch County Park Guadalupe River Trail Henry W. Coe State Park Kelley Park Lake Cunningham Los Alamitos Creek Trail Los Gatos Creek Trail Plaza de César Chávez Rancho San Antonio Rosicrucian Park Sanborn County Park SF Bay Trail Shoreline Park Stevens Creek Trail Uvas Canyon Uvas Creek Preserve Uvas Reservoir Vasona Park Science / Tech / Education Children 's Discovery Museum Computer History Museum Googleplex Intel Museum Lick Observatory NASA Ames Exploration Center SJSU SCU Stanford The Tech Museum of Innovation Shopping Eastridge Great Mall Oakridge PruneYard San Antonio Santana Row Stanford Vallco Valley Fair Westgate Theme parks and tours Billy Jones Wildcat Railroad California 's Great America Gilroy Gardens Happy Hollow Park & Zoo Raging Waters Vineyards / Wineries Byington Vineyard J Lohr Vineyards and Wines Mountain Winery Picchetti Brothers Winery Savannah -- Chanelle Vineyards <Th_colspan="3"> State of California <Td_colspan="3"> Sacramento ( capital ) Topics Culture Food Music `` Myth '' Sports Demographics Earthquakes Economy Education Environment Geography Climate Ecology Flora Fauna Government Districts Congressional delegations Healthcare History Law Landmarks State Historic Landmarks National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks NRHP listings Politics Elections People Protected areas State parks State symbols Transportation Water Index of articles Regions Antelope Valley Big Sur California Coast Ranges Cascade Range Central California Central Coast Central Valley Channel Islands Coachella Valley Coastal California Conejo Valley Cucamonga Valley Death Valley East Bay ( SF Bay Area ) East County ( SD ) Eastern California Emerald Triangle Gold Country Great Basin Greater San Bernardino Inland Empire Klamath Basin Lake Tahoe Greater Los Angeles Los Angeles Basin Lost Coast Mojave Desert Mountain Empire North Bay ( SF ) North Coast North Coast ( SD ) Northern California Owens Valley Oxnard Plain Peninsular Ranges Pomona Valley Sacramento Valley Salinas Valley San Fernando Valley San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Peninsula San Gabriel Valley San Joaquin Valley Santa Clara Valley Santa Clara River Valley Santa Clarita Valley Santa Ynez Valley Shasta Cascade Sierra Nevada Silicon Valley South Bay ( LA ) South Bay ( SD ) South Bay ( SF ) South Coast Southern Border Region Southern California Tech Coast Transverse Ranges Tri-Valley Victor Valley Wine Country Metro regions Metropolitan Fresno Los Angeles metropolitan area Greater Sacramento San Bernardino - Riverside metropolitan area San Francisco metropolitan area San Diego -- Tijuana Counties Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba Most populous cities Los Angeles San Diego San Jose San Francisco Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Oakland Bakersfield Anaheim <Th_colspan="2"> The 100 most populous metropolitan statistical areas of the United States of America <Td_colspan="2"> New York , NY Los Angeles , CA Chicago , IL Dallas , TX Houston , TX Washington , DC Philadelphia , PA Miami , FL Atlanta , GA Boston , MA San Francisco , CA Phoenix , AZ Riverside , CA Detroit , MI Seattle , WA Minneapolis , MN San Diego , CA Tampa , FL Denver , CO St. Louis , MO Baltimore , MD Charlotte , NC San Juan , PR Orlando , FL San Antonio , TX Portland , OR Pittsburgh , PA Sacramento , CA Cincinnati , OH Las Vegas , NV Kansas City , MO Austin , TX Columbus , OH Cleveland , OH Indianapolis , IN San Jose , CA Nashville , TN Virginia Beach , VA Providence , RI Milwaukee , WI Jacksonville , FL Memphis , TN Oklahoma City , OK Louisville , KY Richmond , VA New Orleans , LA Hartford , CT Raleigh , NC Birmingham , AL Buffalo , NY Salt Lake City , UT Rochester , NY Grand Rapids , MI Tucson , AZ Honolulu , HI Tulsa , OK Fresno , CA Bridgeport , CT Worcester , MA Albuquerque , NM Omaha , NE Albany , NY New Haven , CT Bakersfield , CA Knoxville , TN Greenville , SC Oxnard , CA El Paso , TX Allentown , PA Baton Rouge , LA McAllen , TX Dayton , OH Columbia , SC Greensboro , NC Sarasota , FL Little Rock , AR Stockton , CA Akron , OH Charleston , SC Colorado Springs , CO Syracuse , NY Winston - Salem , NC Cape Coral , FL Boise , ID Wichita , KS Springfield , MA Madison , WI Lakeland , FL Ogden , UT Toledo , OH Deltona , FL Des Moines , IA Jackson , MS Augusta , GA Scranton , PA Youngstown , OH Harrisburg , PA Provo , UT Palm Bay , FL Chattanooga , TN <Td_colspan="2"> United States Census Bureau population estimates for July 1 , 2012 Coordinates : 37 ° 24 ′ N 122 ° 00 ′ W / 37.4 ° N 122.0 ° W / 37.4 ; 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the cast of diary of a mad black woman the play
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Diary of a Mad Black Woman ( play ) - wikipedia Diary of a Mad Black Woman ( play ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the stage play . For its film adaptation , see Diary of a Mad Black Woman . This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Diary of a Mad Black Woman The Play Written by Tyler Perry Diary of a Mad Black Woman is an American stage play written and directed by Tyler Perry , which opened in the spring of 2001 . It features music by Tyler Perry and Elvin D. Ross . The production starred Marva King , Tamela Mann and Tyler Perry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Live tour cast 4 Musical numbers 5 Movie connections Synopsis ( edit ) Helen McCarter ( King ) is a loving wife to her successful millionaire husband and attorney , Charles McCarter ( Blake ) . For twenty years , they have lived in a mansion on the inner part of the city . It appears that Helen is living the perfect life , but things are not as they seem , seeing as how Helen and Charles ' marriage seems to be slowly falling apart . Charles ' father , an elderly mail clerk by the name of Daddy Charles ( Perry ) , talks to Helen , realizing that she is not as happy as she seems . He knows that Helen loves Charles , exclaiming to his son later in the play , `` I dunno why she loves you , but she loves you to death . '' Helen also confides in her friend , Brenda ( Robinson ) , an attorney who also works at Charles ' firm , and her mother , Myrtle ( Mann ) , who also thinks that Helen 's marriage is still going well . Helen also reveals that Charles has also been abusing her physically after trying to cover up a bruise she received with a story claiming to have `` hit herself in the eye with a cabinet door . '' As their anniversary approaches , the McCarters continue to argue more and more . Finally , on the night of the anniversary , Charles admits to Helen that he has not been happy for quite sometime , and also tells her that he wants a divorce , revealing that he has been having an affair with another woman , who is Helen 's friend Brenda . After humiliating Helen , Charles leaves her , telling her she can have the house and $2,000 a month . Meanwhile , Helen receives a package from a delivery man named Orlando ( Moore ) . Helen scolds him for what seems as though trying to flirt with her . Madea then recognizes Orlando in a magazine as a successful and wealthy business owner . Helen apologizes to Orlando , but Orlando blocks her advance , claiming that she is only doing so because she found out that he was rich . Helen finally tells him of her troubles and the two become friends from there on out . Brenda returns once more , this time bringing the paralyzed Charles to Helen , claiming that she ca n't take care of him anymore and that she 's not a care giver . Brenda then leaves quickly as Helen was trying to pull her wig off , like she did when Myrtle told her about Charles , but not before being shot by Madea , who exclaims , `` I got her , girl . Let me get the hell out ! '' Helen talks to Charles and laughs at the fact that he is now suffering . She leaves him sitting in the living room for days without feeding and bathing him . Charles begins to apologize and begs to just be left to die , but Helen refuses and tells him that she wants him to suffer for everything that he did to her . Later , Madea , who has been captured by the police later in the play for attempted murder , and Daddy Charles , who was sent to a home , work together and deliver letters from Charles job to Helen and make her see that she is now the acting owner of the company and quickly fires someone over the phone ( likely Brenda ) . Over time , Helen begins a relationship with Orlando . And soon , Charles reveals that he is no longer paralyzed . Helen signs the divorce papers and prepares to leave with Orlando . As she is about to leave , she realizes despite it all that she is still in love with Charles , returns and makes Charles promise to never hurt her again , and the two begin anew . Cast ( edit ) Tyler Perry as Daddy Charles and Madea Marva King as Helen Simmons - McCarter Fint Michigan July 12 Curtis Blake as Charles McCarter Charlotte North Carolina July 13 Cordell Moore as Orlando Moore Tamela Mann as Myrtle Jean Simmons Tunja Robinson as Brenda Marco Chicago Illinois Regina McCrary as Angelou Ty London as Willie Live tour cast ( edit ) Tyler Perry as Daddy Charles and Madea D'atra Hicks As Helen Simmons - McCarter Curtis Blake as Charles McCarter Dexter Hamlett as Orlando Moore Regina Gibbs as Myrtle Jean Simmons Tunja Robinson as Brenda Marco Regina McCrary as Angelo Ty London as Willie Musical numbers ( edit ) `` Only Believe '' , Performed by Tamela Mann `` A Man Got To Do What A Man Got To Do '' , Performed by Curtis Blake `` The Blues '' , Performed by Ty London and Regina McCrary `` Cold '' , Performed by Marva King `` Turn it Around '' , Performed by Tamela Mann `` Ai n't it Funny '' , Performed by Marva King `` Father Can You Hear Me '' , Performed by Marva King , Curtis Blake , and Tamela Mann Movie connections ( edit ) The stage play was adapted into a motion picture by Lions Gate Entertainment and BET Pictures , and opened on February 25 , 2005 . The feature film version stars Kimberly Elise , Steve Harris , Shemar Moore , Cicely Tyson , and Tyler Perry . In the movie , it states that Helen and Charles have been married for eighteen years , rather than twenty years as said in the play . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films <Td_colspan="2"> Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween A Madea Family Funeral Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home The Paynes Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diary_of_a_Mad_Black_Woman_(play)&oldid=807102726 '' Categories : Plays by Tyler Perry African - American plays American plays adapted into films 2001 plays Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from January 2007 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 22 : 35 . About Wikipedia
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1. Diary of a Mad Black Woman (play)
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3. Stage play
4. Marva King
5. Relationship struggles
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when did the house of windsor come to power
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House of Windsor - wikipedia House of Windsor Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> House of Windsor <Td_colspan="2"> Country Antigua and Barbuda Australia The Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica New Zealand Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Solomon Islands Tuvalu United Kingdom Parent house Wettin → Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Founded 17 July 1917 ; 100 years ago ( 1917 - 07 - 17 ) Founder George V Current head Elizabeth II The House of Windsor is the royal house of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms . The dynasty is of German paternal descent and was originally a branch of the House of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha , itself derived from the House of Wettin , and it succeeded the House of Hanover as monarchs in the British Empire following the death of Queen Victoria , wife of Albert , Prince Consort . The houses of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha and Windsor have provided five British monarchs to date , including four kings and the present queen , Elizabeth II . The name was changed from Saxe - Coburg and Gotha to the English Windsor in 1917 because of anti-German sentiment in the British Empire during World War I. During the reign of the Windsors , major changes took place in British society . The British Empire participated in the First and Second World Wars , ending up on the winning side both times , but subsequently lost its status as a superpower during decolonisation . Much of Ireland broke with the United Kingdom and the remnants of the Empire became the Commonwealth of Nations . The current head of the house is monarch of sixteen sovereign states . These are the United Kingdom ( where they are based ) , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , Jamaica , Barbados , the Bahamas , Grenada , Papua New Guinea , Solomon Islands , Tuvalu , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Belize , Antigua and Barbuda , and Saint Kitts and Nevis . As well as these separate monarchies , there are also three Crown dependencies , fourteen British Overseas Territories and two associated states of New Zealand . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 List of monarchs 3 Members 3.1 Descendants of Elizabeth II 3.2 Family tree 4 Nations of which the House of Windsor is or was the ruling house 5 See also 6 Notes 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Background ( edit ) `` A Good Riddance '' ; cartoon from Punch , Vol. 152 , 27 June 1917 , commenting on the King 's order to relinquish all German titles held by members of his family Edward VII and , in turn , his son , George V , were members of the German ducal House of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha by virtue of their descent from Albert , Prince Consort , husband of Queen Victoria . High anti-German sentiment amongst the people of the British Empire during World War I reached a peak in March 1917 , when the Gotha G. IV , a heavy aircraft capable of crossing the English Channel , began bombing London directly and became a household name . In the same year , on 15 March , King George 's first cousin , Nicholas II , the Emperor of Russia , was forced to abdicate , which raised the spectre of the eventual abolition of all the monarchies in Europe . The King and his family were finally convinced to abandon all titles held under the German Crown and to change German titles and house names to anglicised versions . Hence , on 17 July 1917 , a royal proclamation issued by George V declared : Now , therefore , We , out of Our Royal Will and Authority , do hereby declare and announce that as from the date of this Our Royal Proclamation Our House and Family shall be styled and known as the House and Family of Windsor , and that all the descendants in the male line of Our said Grandmother Queen Victoria who are subjects of these Realms , other than female descendants who may marry or may have married , shall bear the said Name of Windsor ... The name had a long association with monarchy in Britain , through the town of Windsor , Berkshire , and Windsor Castle ; the link is alluded to in the Round Tower of Windsor Castle being the basis of the badge of the House of Windsor . From 1917 to 1919 , George V also stripped 15 of his German relations -- most of whom belonged to the House of Hanover -- of their British titles and styles of prince and princess . Upon hearing that his cousin had changed the name of the British royal house to Windsor and in reference to Shakespeare 's The Merry Wives of Windsor , German Emperor Wilhelm II remarked jokingly that he planned to see `` The Merry Wives of Saxe - Coburg - Gotha '' . List of monarchs ( edit ) Portrait Name From Until Relationship with predecessor King Edward VII 22 January 1901 6 May 1910 Son of Victoria King George V 6 May 1910 20 January 1936 Son of Edward VII King Edward VIII 20 January 1936 11 December 1936 ( Abdicated ) Son of George V King George VI 11 December 1936 6 February 1952 Queen Elizabeth II 6 February 1952 reigning Daughter of George VI Members ( edit ) Members of the House of Windsor on the balcony of Buckingham Palace , 15 June 2013 . Left to right : Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester ; Lady Rose Gilman ; Prince Michael of Kent ; Princess Michael of Kent ; Lady Louise Windsor ; Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex ; James , Viscount Severn ; Sophie , Countess of Wessex ; Camilla , Duchess of Cornwall ; Prince Charles , Prince of Wales ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Princess Anne , Princess Royal ; Prince Andrew , Duke of York ; Prince Henry of Wales ; Catherine , Duchess of Cambridge ; Prince William , Duke of Cambridge ; Princess Eugenie of York ; Princess Beatrice of York ; Prince Edward , Duke of Kent ; Katharine , Duchess of Kent See also : List of members of the House of Windsor The 1917 proclamation stated that the name of the Royal House and all British descendants of Victoria and Albert in the male line were to bear the name of Windsor , except for women who married into other families . By early 1919 the living male - line British descendants of Victoria subject to British rule were King George V , his five sons , his daughter Princess Mary , his unmarried sister Princess Victoria , his uncle Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and Strathearn , his cousin Prince Arthur of Connaught , his cousin once removed Prince Alastair of Connaught , and his unmarried cousin Princess Patricia of Connaught . Prince Alastair and Princess Victoria died unmarried and childless . Princess Mary married into the Lascelles family , and Princess Patricia married Alexander Ramsay . Neither of the Prince Arthurs had any further children , meaning all subsequent members of the House of Windsor descend from the sons of George V . Two of George V 's sons , Edward VIII ( later Duke of Windsor ) and Prince John , had no children , so the entire present day members of the House of Windsor are descendants of the other three sons , Prince Albert , Duke of York ( later George VI ) , Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester , and Prince George , Duke of Kent . Descendants of Elizabeth II ( edit ) Succession to the British throne -- family tree ( 2015 ) In 1947 , Princess Elizabeth ( now Queen Elizabeth II ) , heiress presumptive to King George VI , married Philip Mountbatten . He was a member of the House of Schleswig - Holstein - Sonderburg - Glücksburg , a branch of the House of Oldenburg , and had been a prince of Greece and Denmark . However , Philip , a few months before his marriage , abandoned his princely titles and adopted the surname Mountbatten , which was that of his uncle and mentor , the Earl Mountbatten of Burma , and had itself been adopted by Lord Mountbatten 's father ( Philip 's maternal grandfather ) , Prince Louis of Battenberg , in 1917 . It is the literal translation of the German battenberg , which refers to Battenberg , a small town in Hesse . Soon after Elizabeth became Queen in 1952 , Lord Mountbatten observed that because it was the standard practice for the wife in a marriage to adopt her husband 's surname , the royal house had become the House of Mountbatten . When Elizabeth 's grandmother , Queen Mary , heard of this comment , she informed British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and he later advised the Queen to issue a royal proclamation declaring that the royal house was to remain known as the House of Windsor . This she did on 9 April 1952 , officially declaring it her `` Will and Pleasure that I and My children shall be styled and known as the House and Family of Windsor , and that My descendants , other than female descendants who marry and their descendants , shall bear the name of Windsor . '' Philip privately complained , `` I am nothing but a bloody amoeba . I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children . '' On 8 February 1960 , after the death of Queen Mary and the resignation of Churchill , the Queen confirmed that she and her children would continue to be known as the House and Family of Windsor , as would any agnatic descendants who enjoy the style of Royal Highness and the title of Prince or Princess . Still , Elizabeth also decreed that her agnatic descendants who do not have that style and title would bear the surname Mountbatten - Windsor . This came after some months of correspondence between the Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and the constitutional expert Edward Iwi . Iwi had raised the prospect that the Royal child due to be born in February 1960 would bear `` the Badge of Bastardy '' if it were given its mother 's maiden name ( Windsor ) rather than its father 's name ( Mountbatten ) . Macmillan had attempted to rebuff Iwi , until the Queen advised the acting Prime Minister Rab Butler in January 1960 that for some time she had had her heart set on a change that would recognise the name Mountbatten . She clearly wished to make this change before the birth of her child . The issue did not affect Prince Charles or Princess Anne , as they had been born with the name Mountbatten , before the Queen 's accession to the throne . Prince Andrew was born 11 days later , on 19 February 1960 . Any future monarch can change the dynastic name through a similar royal proclamation , as royal proclamations do not have statutory authority . 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Cambridge <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Princess Charlotte of Cambridge <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Nations of which the House of Windsor is or was the ruling House ( edit ) At the creation of the House of Windsor , its head reigned over a unitary British Empire . Following the end of the First World War , however , shifts took place that saw the emergence of the Dominions as sovereign states , the first step being the issuance of the Balfour Declaration in 1926 , followed by the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act the next year , and the Statute of Westminster in 1931 . From then on , the House of Windsor became the royal house of multiple countries , a number that shifted over the decades , as some Dominions became republics and Crown colonies became realms , republics , or monarchies under a different sovereign . Since 1949 , two monarchs of the House of Windsor , George VI and Elizabeth II , have also been Head of the Commonwealth of Nations , comprising most ( but not all ) parts of the former British Empire and some states that were never part of it . In the chart below , the countries are differentiated between light green ( realms of the House of Windsor as Dominions ) , medium green ( present realms of the House of Windsor ) , and dark green ( former realms of the House of Windsor ) . <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="1"> <Th_colspan="5"> 1930 <Th_colspan="5"> 1935 <Th_colspan="5"> 1940 <Th_colspan="5"> 1945 <Th_colspan="5"> 1950 <Th_colspan="5"> 1955 <Th_colspan="5"> 1960 <Th_colspan="5"> 1965 <Th_colspan="5"> 1970 <Th_colspan="5"> <Th_colspan="5"> 1980 <Th_colspan="5"> 1985 <Th_colspan="5"> 1990 <Th_colspan="5"> 1995 <Th_colspan="5"> 2000 <Th_colspan="5"> 2005 <Th_colspan="5"> <Th_colspan="5"> 2015 Antigua and Barbuda <Td_colspan="36"> Australia <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="78"> The Bahamas <Td_colspan="44"> Barbados <Td_colspan="51"> Belize <Td_colspan="36"> Canada <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="85"> Ceylon <Td_colspan="25"> Fiji <Td_colspan="18"> The Gambia <Td_colspan="6"> Ghana <Td_colspan="4"> Grenada <Td_colspan="43"> Guyana <Td_colspan="5"> India <Td_colspan="4"> Irish Free State / Ireland <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="18"> Jamaica <Td_colspan="55"> Kenya <Td_colspan="2"> Malawi <Td_colspan="3"> Malta <Td_colspan="11"> Mauritius <Td_colspan="25"> New Zealand <Td_colspan="17"> <Td_colspan="69"> Nigeria <Td_colspan="4"> Pakistan <Td_colspan="10"> Papua New Guinea <Td_colspan="42"> Saint Kitts and Nevis <Td_colspan="34"> Saint Lucia <Td_colspan="38"> St Vincent and the Grenadines <Td_colspan="38"> Sierra Leone <Td_colspan="11"> Solomon Islands <Td_colspan="39"> South Africa <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="30"> Tanganyika <Td_colspan="2"> Trinidad and Tobago <Td_colspan="15"> Tuvalu <Td_colspan="39"> Uganda <Td_colspan="2"> United Kingdom <Td_colspan="86"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="1"> <Th_colspan="5"> 1930 <Th_colspan="5"> 1935 <Th_colspan="5"> 1940 <Th_colspan="5"> 1945 <Th_colspan="5"> 1950 <Th_colspan="5"> 1955 <Th_colspan="5"> 1960 <Th_colspan="5"> 1965 <Th_colspan="5"> 1970 <Th_colspan="5"> <Th_colspan="5"> 1980 <Th_colspan="5"> 1985 <Th_colspan="5"> 1990 <Th_colspan="5"> 1995 <Th_colspan="5"> 2000 <Th_colspan="5"> 2005 <Th_colspan="5"> <Th_colspan="5"> 2015 See also ( edit ) British prince British princess Canadian Royal Family Succession to the British throne List of descendants of George V Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ After his abdication in 1936 , King Edward VIII became the Duke of Windsor . Jump up ^ In 1936 , virtually all of the functions of the monarch in the Irish Free State were removed , although the monarch was empowered to sign treaties and accredit diplomats when authorised to do so ( see Executive Authority ( External Relations ) Act 1936 ) . In 1937 , a new constitution created the office of President of Ireland to perform many of the functions of a head of state . In 1949 , the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 unambiguously severed links with the monarchy . In 1952 , Elizabeth II was the first head of the House of Windsor who did not refer to Ireland ( but instead to just Northern Ireland ) in her regal style . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McGuigan , Jim ( 2001 ) . `` British identity and ' people 's princess ' '' . The Sociological Review . 48 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 954X. 00200 . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No. 30186 '' . The London Gazette. 17 July 1917 . p. 7119 . Jump up ^ Carter , Miranda ( 2010 ) , George , Nicholas and Wilhelm : Three Royal Cousins and the Road to World War I , Random House , p. xxiii , ISBN 9780307593023 ^ Jump up to : Royal Styles and Titles -- 1960 Letters Patent Archived 23 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Brandreth , Gyles ( 2004 ) . Philip and Elizabeth : Portrait of a Marriage . p. 253 -- 254 . London : Century . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6103 - 4 Jump up ^ Travis , Alan ( 18 February 1999 ) . `` Queen feared ' slur ' on family '' , The Guardian Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 17 April 2014 Jump up ^ The Royal Family name Archived 30 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Royal Household , retrieved 24 April 2016 Bibliography ( edit ) Longford , Elizabeth Harman ( Countess of Longford ) . The Royal House of Windsor . Revised ed . Crown , 1984 . Roberts , Andrew . The House of Windsor . University of California Press , 2000 . External links ( edit ) Royal Family name from royal.uk House of Windsor from royal.uk House of Windsor Tree from royal.gov.uk ( Lord Culloden & Albert + Leopold Windsor are missing ) <Td_colspan="3"> Royal House House of Windsor Preceded by House of Hanover Ruling House of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms 1901 -- present Succeeded by Incumbent <Th_colspan="2"> Royal houses of Europe <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Nordic countries <Td_colspan="2"> Denmark Knýtlinga Fairhair Estridsen Griffins Palatinate - Neumarkt Oldenburg Schleswig - Holstein - Sonderburg - Glücksburg Finland Bjelbo Mecklenburg Griffins Palatinate - Neumarkt Bonde Oldenburg Vasa Palatinate - Zweibrücken Hesse Holstein - Gottorp Romanov Norway Fairhair Knýtlinga Hardrada Gille Sverre Bjelbo Estridsen Griffins Palatinate - Neumarkt Bonde Oldenburg Holstein - Gottorp Bernadotte Schleswig - Holstein - Sonderburg - Glücksburg Sweden Munsö Stenkil Sverker Eric Bjelbo Estridsen Mecklenburg Griffins Palatinate - Neumarkt Bonde Oldenburg Vasa Palatinate - Zweibrücken Hesse - Kassel Holstein - Gottorp Bernadotte Iceland Fairhair Bjelbo Estridsen Griffins Palatinate - Neumarkt Bonde Oldenburg Schleswig - Holstein - Sonderburg - Glücksburg <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Britain and Ireland <Td_colspan="2"> England Mercia Wuffing Kent Sussex Essex Bernicia Deira Northumbria Uí Ímair Wessex Knýtlinga Normandy Angevin Plantagenet Lancaster York Tudor Scotland Fergus Óengus Strathclyde Mann and the Isles Alpin Northumbria Bernicia Uí Ímair Galloway Dunkeld Sverre Balliol Bruce Stuart Wales Dinefwr Aberffraw Gwynedd Mathrafal Cunedda Ireland Ulaid Dál Riata Érainn Corcu Loígde Laigin Connachta Uí Néill Ó Gallchobhair Ó Domhnail Ó Néill Ó Máel Sechlainn Mac Murchada Ó Briain Mac Lochlainn Ó Conchobhair Gaelic Ireland Laigin Síl Conairi Ulaid Dáirine Osraige Cruthin Dál nAraidi Connachta Uí Fiachrach Uí Briúin Uí Néill Síl nÁedo Sláine Clann Cholmáin Eóganachta Chaisil Glendamnach Raithlind Uí Dúnlainge Uí Ímair ( Norse ) Uí Ceinnselaig Dál gCais Ó Briain Mac Carthaig Ó Conchobhair Ó Ruairc De Burgh ( Norman ) FitzGerald ( Norman ) Ó Domhnaill Ó Néill Great Britain Stuart Orange - Nassau Hanover Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Windsor <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Eastern Europe <Td_colspan="2"> Albania Angevin Progon Arianiti Thopia Kastrioti Dukagjini Wied Zogu Ottoman Savoy Armenia Orontid Artaxiad Arsacid Bagratid Artsruni Rubenids Hethumids Lusignan Savoy Bosnia Boričević Kulinić Kotromanić Kosača Ottoman Habsburg - Lorraine Bulgaria Dulo Krum Cometopuli Asen Smilets Terter Shishman Sratsimir Battenberg Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Croatia Trpimirović Domagojević Svačić Ottoman Luxembourg Habsburg Habsburg - Lorraine Bonaparte Savoy ( disputed ) Cyprus Plantagenet Lusignan Ottoman Savoy Georgia Pharnavazid Artaxiad Arsacid Chosroid Bagrationi Greece Argead Macedonian Doukas Komnenos Angelos Laskaris Palaiologos Ottoman Wittelsbach Schleswig - Holstein - Sonderburg - Glücksburg Lithuania Mindaugas Gediminids Jagiellon Valois Báthory Vasa Wiśniowiecki Sobieski Wettin Leszczyński Poniatowski Holstein - Gottorp - Romanov Moldavia Dragoș ( Drăgoșești ) Rossetti Bogdan - Muşat Movilești Drăculeşti Ghica Cantacuzene Cantemirești Racoviță Mavrocordato Ypsilantis Soutzos Mourousi Hohenzollern - Sigmaringen Basarab Montenegro Vojislavljević Balšić Crnojević Petrović - Njegoš Romania House of Basarab Rossetti Bogdan - Mușat Movilești Drăculești Ghica Cantacuzene Cantemirești Romanov Racoviță Mavrocordato Ypsilantis Soutzos Mourousi Hohenzollern - Sigmaringen Romania / Royal family Russia Rurik Borjigin Godunov Shuysky Vasa Romanov Serbia Vlastimirović Vukanović Nemanjić Lazarević Mrnjavčević Dejanović Branković Ottoman Obrenović Karađorđević Turkey Ottoman Ukraine Rurikids Piast Gediminids Olshanski Olelkovich Giray Romanov Habsburg - Lorraine <Td_colspan="2"> Transcontinental country . Entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Western Europe <Td_colspan="2"> Belgium Saxe - Coburg and Gotha France Merovingian Carolingian Capet Valois Bourbon Bonaparte Orléans Italy Bonaparte Bourbon - Parma Bourbon - Two Sicilies Carolingian Colonna Della Rovere Este Farnese Flavian Gonzaga Grimaldi Habsburg Julio - Claudian Malatesta Medici Montefeltro Nerva -- Antonine Ordelaffi Orsini Palaiologos Pallavicini Savoy Severan Sforza Visconti Luxembourg Orange - Nassau Nassau - Weilburg Bourbon - Parma Monaco Grimaldi Netherlands Bonaparte Orange - Nassau ( Mecklenburg ) ( Lippe ) ( Amsberg ) Portugal Vímara Peres Borgonha Aviz Habsburgo Braganza Braganza - Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Spain Asturias Barcelona Jiménez Burgundy Champagne Capet Évreux Trastámara Habsburg Bourbon Bonaparte Savoy <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Central Europe <Td_colspan="2"> Austria Babenberg Habsburg Habsburg - Lorraine Bohemia Přemyslid Piast Luxembourg Jagiellon Habsburg Habsburg - Lorraine Germany Ascania Carolingian Conradines Ottonian Luitpolding Salian Süpplingenburg Hohenstaufen Welf Habsburg Hanover Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Nassau Luxembourg Wittelsbach Schwarzburg Brunswick - Lüneburg House of Pomerania Hohenzollern Württemberg Oldenburg Schleswig - Holstein - Sonderburg - Glücksburg Orange - Nassau Nassau - Weilburg Mecklenburg Vasa Palatine Zweibrücken Hesse Holstein - Gottorp Romanov Bonaparte Wettin Lippe Zähringen Hungary Árpád Přemyslid Wittelsbach Angevin Luxembourg Hunyadi Jagiellon Szapolyai Habsburg Habsburg - Lorraine Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Poland Piast Přemyslid Samborides Griffins Jagiellon Valois Báthory Vasa Wiśniowiecki Sobieski Wettin Leszczyński Poniatowski After partitions : Holstein - Gottorp - Romanov Kingdom of Poland Habsburg Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria Wettin Duchy of Warsaw Lefebvre Duchy of Gdańsk Hohenzollern Duchy of Poznań VIAF : 309816402 LCCN : sh85146960 GND : 11876926X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Windsor&oldid=802061913 '' Categories : House of Windsor European royal families Monarchy in Australia Monarchy in Canada Monarchy in New Zealand Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from September 2010 All articles needing additional references Use British English from April 2011 Use dmy dates from April 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 19 : 11 . 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1. House of Windsor - The royal house of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms.
2. German paternal descent - The dynasty is of German paternal descent and was originally a branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
3. Succession of monarchs - The House of Windsor has provided five British monarchs to date, including four kings and the current queen, Elizabeth II.
4. Name change - The name was changed from S
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what kind of chinese do they speak in beijing
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Beijing dialect - wikipedia Beijing dialect Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Beijing dialect <Td_colspan="2"> Pekingese <Td_colspan="2"> 北京 話 Běijīnghuà Region Beijing urban districts Language family Sino - Tibetan Chinese Mandarin Beijing Mandarin Beijing dialect <Th_colspan="2"> Language codes ISO 639 - 3 -- ISO 639 - 6 bjjg Linguist List cmn - bej Glottolog beij1234 Linguasphere 79 - AAA - bb <Td_colspan="2"> This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . This article contains Chinese text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Chinese characters . The Beijing dialect ( simplified Chinese : 北京 话 ; traditional Chinese : 北京 話 ; pinyin : Běijīnghuà ) , also known as Pekingese , is the prestige dialect of Mandarin spoken in the urban area of Beijing , China . It is the phonological basis of Standard Chinese , which is the official language in the People 's Republic of China and Republic of China and one of the official languages in Singapore . Although the Beijing dialect and Standard Chinese are similar , various differences generally make clear to Chinese speakers whether an individual is a native of Beijing speaking the local Beijing variant or is an individual speaking Standard Chinese . Contents ( hide ) 1 Beijing Mandarin 2 Mutual intelligibility with other Mandarin dialects 3 Phonology 3.1 Influence of Beijing dialect phonology on Manchu 4 Vocabulary 5 Grammar 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Beijing Mandarin ( edit ) In the classification used by the Language Atlas of China , the Beijing dialect is included in a dialect group called Beijing Mandarin ( simplified Chinese : 北京 官话 ; traditional Chinese : 北京 官 話 ; pinyin : Běijīng Guānhuà ) , distinguished from other Mandarin subgroups by the tonal reflexes of syllables that had Middle Chinese stop codas ( the so - called entering tone category ) . In the Atlas , Beijing Mandarin is divided into four subgroups : Jīngshī ( 京师 ) , covering the urban area of the capital . Huái -- Chéng ( 怀 承 ) , on the southeast edge of Beijing around Langfang , Huairou District and other northern districts of the municipality , and the northern part of Hebei , including the city of Chengde . Cháo -- Fēng ( 朝 峰 ) , spoken in a strip between the Huai -- Cheng dialects and the Northeast Mandarin area , and including the cities of Chaoyang and Chifeng . Shí -- Kè ( 石 克 ) or northern Xinjiang , including the cities of Shihezi and Karamay . In the second edition of the Atlas published in 2012 , the Shí -- Kè dialects are re-allocated to the Northern Xinjiang subgroup of Lanyin Mandarin , and the Jīngshī and Huái -- Chéng subgroups are demoted to clusters of a new Jīng -- Chéng ( 京 承 ) subgroup . Mutual intelligibility with other Mandarin dialects ( edit ) Dungan language speakers like Iasyr Shivaza and others have reported that Chinese who speak Beijing dialect can understand Dungan , but Dungans could not understand the Beijing Mandarin . Phonology ( edit ) This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . In fundamental structure , the phonology of the Beijing dialect and Standard Chinese are almost identical . In part , this is because the pronunciation of Standard Chinese was based on Beijing pronunciation . ( See Standard Chinese for its phonology charts ; the same basic structure applies to the Beijing dialect . ) However , some striking differences exist . Most prominent is the proliferation of rhotic vowels . All rhotic vowels are the result of the use of the - 儿 / - ɚ / , a noun suffix , except for a few words pronounced ( ɐɚ̯ ) that do not have this suffix . In Standard Chinese , these also occur but much less often than they appear in Beijing dialect . This phenomenon is known as érhuà ( 儿 化 ) or rhotacization , as is considered one of the iconic characteristics of Beijing Mandarin . When / w / occurs in syllable - initial position , many speakers use ( ʋ ) before vowels other than ( o ) as in 我 wǒ , and ( u ) as in 五 wu , e.g. 尾巴 wěiba ( ʋei̯ ˨ pa ˦ ) . Moreover , Beijing dialect has a few phonetic reductions that are usually considered too `` colloquial '' for use in Standard Chinese . For example , in fast speech , initial consonants go through lenition if they are in an unstressed syllable : pinyin ⟨ zh ch sh ⟩ / tʂ tʂh ʂ / become ⟨ r ⟩ / ɻ / , so 不 知道 bùzhīdào `` do n't know '' can sound like bùrdào ; ⟨ jqx ⟩ / tɕ tɕh ɕ / become ⟨ y ⟩ / j / , so 赶紧 去 gǎnjǐnqù `` go quickly '' can sound like gǎnyǐnqù ; pinyin ⟨ bdg ⟩ / ptk / go through voicing to become ( bd ɡ ) ; similar changes also occur on other consonants . Some of these changes yield syllables that violate the syllable structure of Standard Chinese , such as 大 柵欄 Dà Zhàlán Street , which locals pronounce as Dàshlàr . The tones of Beijing dialect tend to be more exaggerated than Standard Chinese . In Standard Chinese , the four tones are high flat , high rising , low dipping , and falling ; in Beijing dialect , the first two tones are higher , the third one dips more prominently , and the fourth one falls more . Influence of Beijing dialect phonology on Manchu ( edit ) Many of the Manchu words are now pronounced with some Chinese peculiarities of pronunciation , so k before i and e = ch ' , g before i and e = ch , h and s before i = hs , etc . H before a , o , u , ū , is the guttural Scotch or German ch . A Manchu Grammar : With Analysed Texts , Paul Georg von Möllendorff , p. 1 . The Chinese Northern Mandarin dialect spoken in Beijing had a major impact on the phonology of the dialect of Manchu spoken in Beijing , and since Manchu phonology was transcribed into Chinese and European sources based on the sinified pronunciation of Manchus from Beijing , the original authentic Manchu pronunciation is unknown to scholars . The Manchus that lived in Peking ( Beijing ) were influenced by the Chinese dialect spoken in the area to the point where pronouncing Manchu sounds was hard for them , and they pronounced Manchu according to Chinese phonetics , while in contrast , the Manchus of Aigun ( in Heilongjiang ) could both pronounce Manchu sounds properly and mimick the sinified pronunciation of Manchus in Peking ( Beijing ) , since they learned the Pekinese ( Beijing ) pronunciation from either studying in Peking or from officials sent to Aigun from Beijing , and they could tell them apart , using the Chinese influenced Pekinese pronunciation when demonstrating that they were better educated or their superior stature in society . Vocabulary ( edit ) Beijing dialect typically uses many words that are considered slang , and therefore occur much less or not at all in Standard Chinese . Speakers not native to Beijing may have trouble understanding many or most of these . Many of such slang words employ the rhotic suffix `` - r '' , which is known as erhua . Examples include : 倍 儿 bèir -- very , especially ( referring to manner or attribute ) 别 价 biéjie -- do not ; usually followed by 呀 if used as an imperative ( usually used when rejecting a favor or politeness from close friends ) 搓 火 儿 cuōhuǒr -- to be angry 颠 儿 了 diārle -- to leave ; to run away 二 把 刀 èrbǎdāo -- a person with limited abilities , klutz 撒丫子 sayazi -- to let go on feet , to go , leave . 怂 sóng / 蔫 儿 niār -- no backbone , spiritless 消停 xiāoting -- to finally and thankfully become quiet and calm 辙 zhé -- way ( to do something ) ; equivalent to Standard Chinese 办法 褶子 了 zhezile -- ruined ( especially things to do ) 上 shang - often used in place of 去 , meaning `` to go '' . 搁 ge - often used in place of 放 , meaning `` to place '' . Some Beijing phrases may be somewhat disseminated outside Beijing : 抠门 儿 kōumér -- stingy , miserly ( may be used even outside Beijing ) 劳驾 láojia -- `` Excuse me '' ; heard often on public transportation , from Classical Chinese 溜达 liūda -- to stroll about ; equivalent to Standard Chinese 逛街 or 散步 Note that some of the slang are considered to be tuhua ( 土话 ) , or `` base '' or `` uneducated '' language , that are carryovers from an older generation and are no longer used amongst more educated speakers , for example : 起 小儿 qíxiǎor -- since a young age , similar to 打 小儿 dǎxiǎor , which is more often used by the younger generation 晕 菜 yūncài -- to be disoriented , to be confused , to be bewildered Others may be viewed as neologistic expressions used among younger speakers and in `` trendier '' circles : 爽 shuǎng -- cool ( in relation to a matter ) ; cf . 酷 ( kù ) ( describes a person ) 套 瓷 儿 tàocír -- to toss into the hoop ; used of basketball 小 蜜 xiǎomì -- special female friend ( negative connotation ) Grammar ( edit ) The Beijing dialect has been studied by linguists including Joseph Edkins and Robert Morrison . There are important dissimilarities between Standard Mandarin and Beijing dialect Mandarin even as Beijing Mandarin 's phonology is held to be the same as Standard Mandarin 's . 2 Both southern and Mandarin features of syntax were mixed into Standard Mandarin while northern Mandarin is the main basis of Beijing Mandarin and this sets the syntax of Standard Mandarin and Beijing Mandarin apart . The grammar of the Beijing dialect utilizes colloquial expressions differently from Standard Chinese . In general , Standard Chinese is influenced by Classical Chinese , which makes it more condensed and concise ; Beijing dialect can therefore seem more longwinded ( though note the generally faster speaking rate and phonetic reductions of colloquial Beijing speech ) . An example : Standard Chinese : 今天 会 下 雨 , 所以 出门 的 时候 要 记得 带 雨伞 . Jīntiān huì xiàyǔ , suǒyǐ chūmén de shíhou yào jìde dài yǔsan . Translation : It is going to rain today , so remember to bring an umbrella when you go out . Beijing dialect : 今 儿 得 下 雨 , ( 所以 ) 出门 儿 时候 记 着 带 雨伞 ! Jīnr děi xiàyǔ , ( suǒyǐ ) chūménr shíhòu jìzhe dài yǔsan ! Under the influence of the Beijing dialect 's phonetic reductions : Jīr děi xiàyǔ , ( suǒyǐ ) chūmér ríhòu jìr dài yǔsan ! See also ( edit ) China portal Journalism portal List of Chinese dialects References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hammarström , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` Beijing Mandarin '' . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena , Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History . Jump up ^ Beijing dialect . WordNet 3.0 , 2006 by Princeton University . Jump up ^ Yan , Margaret Mian ( 2006 ) . Introduction to Chinese Dialectology . LINCOM Europa . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 89586 - 629 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kurpaska , Maria ( 2010 ) . Chinese Language ( s ) : A Look Through the Prism of `` The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects '' . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 021914 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wurm , Stephen Adolphe ; Li , Rong ; Baumann , Theo ; Lee , Mei W. ( 1987 ) . Language Atlas of China . Longman . Maps B2 and B5 . ISBN 978 - 962 - 359 - 085 - 3 . Jump up ^ Chinese Academy of Social Sciences ( 2012 ) . Zhōngguó yǔyán dìtú jí ( dì 2 bǎn ) : Hànyǔ fāngyán juǎn 中国 语言 地图 集 ( 第 2 版 ) : 汉语 方言 卷 ( Language Atlas of China ( 2nd edition ) : Chinese dialect volume ) . Beijing : The Commercial Press . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Fu ren da xue ( Beijing , China ) ; S.V.D. Research Institute ; Society of the Divine Word ; Monumenta Serica Institute ( 1977 ) . Monumenta serica , Volume 33 . H. Vetch . p. 351 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Seth Wiener & Ya - ting Shih . `` Divergent places of articulation : ( w ) and ( ʋ ) in modern spoken Mandarin '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Language Log Jump up ^ Möllendorff , Paul Georg von ( 1892 ) . A Manchu Grammar : With Analysed Texts ( reprint ed . ) . Shanghai : Printed at the American Presbyterian mission Press . p. 1 . Archived from the original on Oct 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Gorelova , Liliya M. , ed. ( 2002 ) . Manchu Grammar , Part 8 . Volume 7 of Handbook of Oriental Studies . Section 8 Uralic and Central Asian Studies . Brill . p. 77 . ISBN 9004123075 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Cahiers de linguistique : Asie orientale , Volumes 31 - 32 . Contributor Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales . Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l'Asie orientale . Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales , Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l'Asie orientale. 2002 . p. 208 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Shirokogoroff , S.M. ( 1934 ) ( August 1929 ) . `` Reading and Transliteration of Manchu Lit . '' . Archives polonaises d'etudes orientales , Volumes 8 - 10 . Contributors Polskie Towarzystwo Orientalistyczne , Polska Akademia Nauk . Komitet Nauk Orientalistycznych . Państwowe Wydawn . Naukowe . p. 122 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Missionary recorder : a repository of intelligence from eastern missions , and a medium of general information , Volume 1 . FOOCHOW : American M.E. Mission Press . 1867 . p. 40 . Retrieved 23 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Chirkova , Katia ; Chen , Yiya . `` Běijīng Mandarin , the language of Běijīng '' . In Sybesma , Rint . Encyclopedia of Chinese Linguistics ( PDF ) . Leiden : Brill . p. 11 . External links ( edit ) Balfour , Frederic Henry ( 1883 ) . Idiomatic Dialogues in the Peking Colloquial for the Use of Students . SHANGHAI , HANKOW ROAD : Printed at the `` North - China Herald '' office . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . George Carter Stent ; Donald MacGillivray ( 1898 ) . A Chinese and English vocabulary in the Pekinese dialect ( 3rd ed . ) . American Presbyterian Mission Press . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 15 . ( 2 ) Ireneus László Legeza ( 1968 ) . Guide to transliterated Chinese in the modern Peking dialect . Brill Archive . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Ireneus László Legeza ( 1968 ) . Guide to transliterated Chinese in the modern Peking dialect . Brill Archive . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Ireneus László Legeza ( 1968 ) . Guide to transliterated Chinese in the modern Peking dialect , Volume 1 . E.J. Brill . p. 438 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . ( the University of Michigan ) ( Digitized May 14 , 2008 ) Ireneus László Legeza ( 1969 ) . Guide to transliterated Chinese in the modern Peking dialect , Volume 2 . E.J. Brill . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . 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what are the five armies in the hobbit 3
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The Hobbit : the Battle of the Five Armies - wikipedia The Hobbit : the Battle of the Five Armies Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Jackson Produced by Carolynne Cunningham Zane Weiner Fran Walsh Peter Jackson Screenplay by Fran Walsh Philippa Boyens Peter Jackson Guillermo del Toro Based on The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien Starring Martin Freeman Ian McKellen Richard Armitage Evangeline Lilly Lee Pace Luke Evans Benedict Cumberbatch Ken Stott James Nesbitt Cate Blanchett Ian Holm Christopher Lee Hugo Weaving Orlando Bloom Music by Howard Shore Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Edited by Jabez Olssen Production companies New Line Cinema Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer WingNut Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date 1 December 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 01 ) ( London premiere ) 11 December 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 11 ) ( New Zealand ) 17 December 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 144 minutes Country New Zealand United States Language English Budget $250 million Box office $956 million The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies is a 2014 epic high fantasy action film directed by Peter Jackson and written by Jackson , Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Guillermo del Toro . It is the third and final installment in Peter Jackson 's three - part film adaptation based on the novel The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien , following An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) and The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) , and together they act as a prequel to Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy . It was produced by New Line Cinema , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer and WingNut Films , and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . The Battle of the Five Armies was released on December 11 , 2014 in New Zealand , December 12 , 2014 in the United Kingdom , and on December 17 , 2014 in the United States . It stars Martin Freeman , Ian McKellen , Richard Armitage , Evangeline Lilly , Luke Evans , Lee Pace , Benedict Cumberbatch , Ken Stott , and James Nesbitt . It also features Cate Blanchett , Ian Holm , Christopher Lee , Hugo Weaving , and Orlando Bloom . The film received mixed reviews and grossed over $956 million worldwide , making it the second highest - grossing film of 2014 ( behind Transformers : Age of Extinction ) and the 42nd - highest - grossing film of all time . At the 87th Academy Awards , the film received a nomination for Best Sound Editing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Score 4 Distribution 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Video games 4.3 Theatrical release 4.4 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Bilbo and the Dwarves watch from the Lonely Mountain as the dragon Smaug sets Laketown ablaze. Bard breaks out of prison , and eventually kills Smaug with the black arrow brought to him by his son Bain . Smaug 's falling body crushes the fleeing Master of Laketown and his cronies , who were escaping on a boat laden with the town 's gold . Bard reluctantly becomes the new leader of the people of Laketown as they seek refuge in the ruins of Dale , while Legolas travels to investigate Mount Gundabad with Tauriel . Thorin , now struck with `` dragon sickness '' over the vast treasure in the mountain , searches obsessively for the Arkenstone , which Bilbo had previously found but kept hidden . Thorin , hearing that Laketown survivors have fled to Dale , orders the entrance of the Lonely Mountain sealed off . Meanwhile , Galadriel , Elrond , and Saruman arrive at Dol Guldur and free Gandalf , sending him to safety with Radagast . They battle and defeat the Nazgûl and a formless Sauron himself , banishing them to the East . Azog , marching on Erebor with his vast Orc army , sends his son Bolg to Gundabad to summon their second army . Legolas and Tauriel witness the march of Bolg 's army , bolstered by Orc berserkers and giant bats . Thranduil and an Elf army arrive in Dale and form an alliance with Bard in order to reclaim a treasure once withheld from them by Thrór. Bard goes to the mountain and asks Thorin for the share of gold that he had previously promised the people of Laketown , but Thorin refuses . Gandalf arrives at Dale to warn Bard and Thranduil of the threat posed by Azog , but Thranduil dismisses him . Bilbo sneaks out of Erebor to hand the Arkenstone over to Thranduil and Bard so that they can trade it for the treasures they were promised and prevent a battle . When Bard 's and Thranduil 's armies gather at the gates of Erebor , offering to trade the Arkenstone for the promised treasures , Thorin angrily refuses to believe they have the Arkenstone until Bilbo admits giving it away and chides Thorin for letting greed cloud his judgement . Outraged by what he sees as betrayal , Thorin nearly kills Bilbo , but Gandalf appears and shames Thorin into releasing Bilbo . Thorin 's cousin Dáin arrives with his Dwarf army , and a battle of Dwarves against Elves and Men begins , until Wereworms emerge from the ground , releasing Azog 's army from their tunnels . With the Orcs outnumbering Dáin 's army , Thranduil and Bard 's forces , along with Gandalf and Bilbo , join the battle . However , a second front is opened when many Orcs , Ogres , and Trolls attack Dale , forcing Bard to withdraw his forces to defend the city . Inside Erebor , Thorin suffers traumatic hallucinations before regaining his sanity and leading his company to join the battle . He rides towards Ravenhill with Dwalin , Fíli , and Kíli to kill Azog ; Bilbo follows them , using his magic ring to move through the combat unseen . Meanwhile , Tauriel and Legolas arrive to warn the Dwarves of Bolg 's approaching army . Fíli is captured , and Azog kills him as Bilbo and the other Dwarves are forced to watch . As Thorin engages Azog in a fight to the death , Bolg knocks Bilbo unconscious , overpowers Tauriel and then kills Kíli , who had come to her aid . Legolas battles Bolg and eventually kills him . Thorin kills Azog , but is fatally wounded in the process . The Great Eagles arrive with Radagast and Beorn to fight the newly arriving Orc army , and the Orcs are finally defeated . Bilbo regains consciousness and makes peace with the dying Thorin . Tauriel mourns Kili , and Thranduil acknowledges their love . Legolas then tells Thranduil he must leave , and Thranduil advises him to seek out a Dunedain ranger in the north who goes by the name `` Strider '' . Bilbo bids farewell to the remaining members of Thorin 's company and journeys home to the Shire with Gandalf . As the two part ways on the outskirts of the Shire , Gandalf admits his knowledge of Bilbo 's ring and warns him that magic rings are not to be used lightly . Bilbo returns to Bag End to find his belongings being auctioned off because he was presumed dead . He cancels the sale , but finds his home pillaged ; he starts to tidy up and to settle back in . Sixty years later , Bilbo receives a visit from Gandalf on his 111th birthday . Cast ( edit ) The Battle of the Five Armies panel at 2014 SDCC Further information : Cast of The Hobbit film series and Casting of The Hobbit film series Martin Freeman as Bilbo Baggins Ian Holm as Old Bilbo Baggins Ian McKellen as Gandalf the Grey Richard Armitage as Thorin II Oakenshield Luke Evans as Bard the Bowman Orlando Bloom as Legolas Greenleaf Evangeline Lilly as Tauriel Lee Pace as Thranduil Graham McTavish as Dwalin Ken Stott as Balin Aidan Turner as Kíli Dean O'Gorman as Fíli Benedict Cumberbatch as Smaug and Sauron Manu Bennett as Azog the Defiler Mark Hadlow as Dori Jed Brophy as Nori Adam Brown as Ori John Callen as Óin Peter Hambleton as Glóin William Kircher as Bifur James Nesbitt as Bofur Stephen Hunter as Bombur Cate Blanchett as Galadriel Hugo Weaving as Elrond Christopher Lee as Saruman the White Sylvester McCoy as Radagast the Brown John Tui as Bolg Billy Connolly as Dáin Mikael Persbrandt as Beorn Stephen Fry as the Master of Laketown Ryan Gage as Alfrid Lickspittle Mark Mitchinson as Braga John Bell as Bain Peggy and Mary Nesbitt as Tilda and Sigrid Simon London as Feren Additionally , Peter Jackson 's and Andy Serkis 's daughters made cameo appearances as girls rowing away during Smaug 's attack ; movement coach Terry Notary and stand - in Jamie Haugh appear as Laketown refugees after the destruction ; Conan Stevens , who was to play Bolg , appears as the Keeper of the Dungeons , an Orc captain holding Gandalf hostage and the sons of key second - assistant director Guy Campbell , casting director Miranda Rivers , and Weta Workshop founder Richard Taylor appear as Hobbit children during the auction scene . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Further information : The Hobbit ( film series ) § Development The Hobbit was originally envisioned as a two - part film , but Jackson confirmed plans for a third film on 30 July 2012 , turning his adaptation of The Hobbit into a trilogy . According to Jackson , the third film would contain the Battle of the Five Armies and make extensive use of the appendices that Tolkien wrote to expand the story of Middle - earth ( published in the back of The Return of the King ) . Jackson also stated that while the third film will largely make use of footage originally shot for the first and second films , it would require additional filming as well . The third film was titled There and Back Again in August 2012 . In April 2014 , Jackson changed the title of the film to The Battle of the Five Armies as he thought the new title better suited the situation of the film . He stated on his Facebook page , `` There and Back Again felt like the right name for the second of a two film telling of the quest to reclaim Erebor , when Bilbo 's arrival there , and departure , were both contained within the second film . But with three movies , it suddenly felt misplaced -- after all , Bilbo has already arrived ' there ' in the Desolation of Smaug . '' Shaun Gunner , the chairman of The Tolkien Society , supported the decision : `` The Battle of the Five Armies much better captures the focus of the film but also more accurately channels the essence of the story . '' Score ( edit ) Main article : Music of The Hobbit film series § The Battle of the Five Armies As with all the previous films , Howard Shore composed the score . Conrad Pope ( who conducted the orchestra ) and James Sizemore orchestrated the music for the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra and for two Gamelan orchestra , while the London Voices and Tiffin ' Boys choir were recorded in AIR Lyndhurst , London . The score featured a few new themes for Dain , Gundabad ( featuring a `` chorus '' of didgeridoos ) and the Dwarves ' war preparations , but focused more on blending and clashing the themes against one another , eventually bringing the themes to a resolution . Billy Boyd , who played Peregrin Took in The Lord of the Rings , wrote and recorded the song `` The Last Goodbye '' to be played over the end credits of the film . Distribution ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) A teaser trailer for the film was released on July 28 , 2014 attached to Guardians of the Galaxy , Into the Storm , and If I Stay . The second theatrical trailer was released on November 6 , 2014 attached to Interstellar and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 . To promote the film 's release , Wellington - based association football club , Wellington Phoenix , wore a special designed jersey to commemorate the opening of The Hobbit : The Battle of Five Armies . The custom , film - themed jersey was worn only once , on December 13 , 2014 . In the film 's Japanese release on December 13 , Warner Bros. collaborated with mobile gaming company A-Lim to bring Bilbo , Gandalf , and Legolas into the game Brave Frontier at the end of December as Vortex Dungeon units . The campaign only ran until February 2015 . Smaug made a guest appearance , animated by WETA and voiced again by Cumberbatch , on the satire show The Colbert Report on December 12 , 2014 to promote the film . Video Games ( edit ) Two video games were developed to coincide with the film 's theatrical release . A tie - in fighting video game The Hobbit : Battle of the Five Armies -- Fight for Middle Earth was released simultaneously with the film for Android and iOS platforms to negative reviews from critics and users . An action - adventure video game Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 & Xbox One in October 2014 and for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on November 21 , nearly a week prior to The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies world premiere in London , on 1 December . The events of the game take place directly after Sauron fled to Mordor , escaping The White Council , which was shown at the beginning of the film . The game was planned to act as an overlap between The Hobbit film series and The Lord of the Rings film series . Theatrical release ( edit ) Initially the film was set for a July 2014 release ; however , it was later pushed back to December . The world premiere of The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies was held in London at Leicester Square on 1 December 2014 . The film opened in theatres on 11 December 2014 in New Zealand , on December 12 in the United Kingdom and on December 17 in the United States . Warner Bros released the film on December 18 in Greece and December 26 , in Australia . The film was released in China on January 23 , 2015 . An extended edition of the film had a one - night - only re-release on October 13 , 2015 , accompanied by a special greeting from Peter Jackson . Home Media ( edit ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies was released on March 6 , 2015 on Digital Release from digital retailers . The DVD and Blu - ray were released on March 24 , 2015 in the United States . It topped the home video sales chart in its opening week . An Extended Edition of the film , with 20 minutes of additional footage and original music was released on Digital HD on 20 October and on DVD , Blu - ray , and Blu - ray 3D on November 17 , 2015 in the United States and on November 23 , 2015 , in the United Kingdom . Unlike the theatrical version 's PG - 13 rating , the Extended Edition has been rated R by the MPAA for `` some violence '' . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Like its predecessors , The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies became a financial success . It grossed a total of $255.1 million in North America and $700.9 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $956 million . Worldwide , it is the second - highest - grossing film of 2014 ( behind Transformers : Age of Extinction ) , the lowest - grossing film of The Hobbit series , and the 40th - highest - grossing film of all time . According to Deadline.com 's estimation , the film made a profit of $103.4 million . The film failed to earn $1 billion at the box office , despite various pundits projecting it to reach that milestone . The Hollywood Reporter said that The Battle of the Five Armies was unlikely to gross $1 billion worldwide due to `` plunging exchange rates around the globe '' witnessed that year , and that Warner Bros. and MGM ultimately would take in nearly $90 million less than expected due to the rising dollar and plunging foreign currencies . However , despite this failure , Forbes has declared the trilogy `` an unmitigated financial grand - slam for all parties . '' North America ( edit ) In the U.S. and Canada , it is the lowest - grossing of the three films of The Hobbit trilogy , and also the lowest - grossing of the six Middle - earth adaptations , but the sixth - highest - grossing film of 2014 . It opened on Tuesday , December 16 , 2014 across 3,100 theaters and widened to 3,875 the following day . It earned $11.2 million from Tuesday late - night shows , which is the second - highest of 2014 , matching the numbers earned by Guardians of the Galaxy and both behind The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( $17 million ) of which $2.5 million of just over 22 % came from IMAX showings . This broke the record for a Middle - earth adaptation previews previously set by The Desolation of Smaug with $8.8 million . It then topped the box office on its opening day ( Wednesday , December 17 , 2014 ) , earning $24.5 million ( including previews ) , which is the third - highest Middle - earth adaptation Wednesday opening behind the Wednesday openings of The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( $34.5 million ) and The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( $26.2 million ) . In total , the film earned $57.4 million in its traditional three - day opening and $89.1 million over its five - day course making it the second - biggest five - day opening in The Hobbit franchise , beating the $86.1 million opening of The Desolation of Smaug , but still behind An Unexpected Journey 's $100.2 million five - day opening . However , on a three - day basis , the film underperformed expectations and fell short of its predecessors . The film set a December IMAX opening record with $13.4 million ( previously held by Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ) . 3D accounted for 49 % of the total gross while IMAX generated 15 % or $13.4 million over five days , and $7.4 million over three days , and premium large - format screens comprised 8 % of the total opening - weekend gross with $7.2 million from 396 theaters . The film passed the $100 million mark on its seventh day ( December 23 , 2014 ) . It became the third film of 2014 to earn $100 million in just under a week following Lionsgate 's The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( $168.7 million in its opening week ) and Disney / Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy ( $134.4 million in its first week ) . It was in first place at the North American box office for three consecutive weekends despite facing competition from numerous new releases each weekend , but was finally overtaken by Taken 3 in its fourth weekend . Outside North America ( edit ) The film began its international roll - out a week prior to its wide North American release . It opened Wednesday , December 10 , 2014 in 11 European markets , earning $11.3 million and December 11 , 2014 in 17 additional markets , earning $13.7 million , for a two - day total of $26.6 million and topped the charts in each of the territories . Through Sunday , December 14 , 2015 , it had an opening weekend total of $122.2 million from 37 countries in 15,395 screens , topping the box office and outperforming the previous two installments on a local currency and admissions basis . Seventy - one percent of the total gross ( $86.7 million ) came from 3D showings . However , the overseas opening weekend was still lower than the openings of An Unexpected Journey ( $138 million ) and The Desolation of Smaug ( $135.4 million ) -- both on a dollar basis . It set a December IMAX opening record with $6.4 million across 160 IMAX screens , previously held by An Unexpected Journey with $5.03 million . The film opened to an additional 59 countries in its second weekend and earned $109 million from 19,315 screens still holding the top spot and fell gradually by 13 % as a result of facing minor competitions . In its third weekend , the film added a further $89 million abroad , remaining at number one . It was in first place at the box office outside North America for four consecutive weekends and five in total . The film achieved numerous records in international markets during its opening weekend . It set an all - time Warner Bros. opening record in Russia ( $13.8 million ) , Argentina ( $2.1 million ) , Sweden , and Finland . It also set a 2014 opening record in Germany ( $20.5 million ) , France ( $15.1 million ) , and Spain ( $6.3 million ) . It also had the best Middle - earth saga opening in the UK ( $15.2 million ) , and Mexico ( $6.3 million ) . In Brazil , the film scored the second - biggest Warner Bros. opening of all time with $6.8 million ( behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ) . In Australia , the film was released on 26 December 2014 and set an opening - day record with $5.6 million , which is the biggest of 2014 , the second - biggest Boxing Day gross , and the fourth - biggest ever in Australia behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $7.092 million ) , The Avengers ( $6.0 million ) , and The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( $5.9 million ) . It went on to earn $10.1 million in its opening weekend . The film set an all - time opening record for Warner Bros. in China where it earned $49.8 million in its opening weekend ( a record previously held by Pacific Rim ) . IMAX generated $6.8 million of the total gross , which was once the second - highest IMAX three - day gross behind Transformers : Age of Extinction 's $10 million . Other high openings were recorded in Korea ( $10.4 million ) , Poland ( $5.6 million ) , Italy ( $5.6 million ) , Malaysia ( $3 million ) , and Taiwan ( $2.8 million ) . In total earnings , its largest markets are China ( $121.7 million ) ; UK , Ireland , and Malta ( $61.3 million ) ; and Australia ( $27 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) MTV reported that early reviews for The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies were `` generally positive '' with critics praising the film `` for its energy , shorter running time and satisfying closure '' . According to IBT , reviews for the film were mostly positive , with critics `` praising director Peter Jackson 's effort at transforming J.R.R. Tolkien 's fantasy novel into an epic adventure film trilogy '' . According to CBS News , critics said the film `` will satisfy fans '' but `` otherwise , it may be worth waiting until it 's available to rent '' . Oliver Gettel of the Los Angeles Times said the critical consensus was that the film is `` a flawed but fitting finale to The Hobbit trilogy '' . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 59 % approval rating based on 243 reviews , with an average rating of 6.3 / 10 . The website 's consensus reads `` Though somewhat overwhelmed by its own spectacle , The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ends Peter Jackson 's second Middle - earth trilogy on a reasonably satisfying note . '' The film also holds a Metacritic score of 59 out of 100 based on 45 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . Scott Foundas of Variety said `` The result is at once the trilogy 's most engrossing episode , its most expeditious ( at a comparatively lean 144 minutes ) and also its darkest -- both visually and in terms of the forces that stir in the hearts of men , dwarves and orcs alike . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter said `` After six films , 13 years and 1031 minutes of accumulated running time , Peter Jackson has concluded his massively remunerative genuflection at the altar of J.R.R. Tolkien with a film that may be the most purely entertaining of any in the collection . '' Andrew Pulver of The Guardian said `` This film is a fitting cap to an extended series that , if nothing else , has transformed Tolkien 's place in the wider culture . '' Chris Tilly from IGN Movies said `` There 's a little too much padding in the final Hobbit flick , and the best sequence is without doubt the film 's first . But the central battle is indeed spectacular , and as ' The Age of Orc ' approaches , it rounds out this particular story in stirring and emotional fashion . '' Russell Baillie of The New Zealand Herald said The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies is `` something less than the supposed ' defining chapter ' of Jackson 's time in Middle - earth as it 's been billed . But action-wise , it certainly goes out with a very pleasing bang . '' Conversely , Inkoo Kang of TheWrap said `` The 144 - minute running time showcases Jackson 's worst tendencies : eons - long battle scenes , sloppy and abrupt resolutions , portentous romances , off - rhythm comic timing , and , newly in this case , patience - testing fan service . '' Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph described the film as `` a paragraph on steroids '' that was `` neither very terrible nor remotely unexpected . It 's a series of stomping footnotes in search of a climax . '' The BBC 's Nicholas Barber wrote that with The Hobbit series , Jackson had succeeded in bridging the gap between The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings and that The Battle of the Five Armies was a `` colossal technical achievement '' , but he also criticised that the film as such was not compelling because of `` its repetitive battle scenes and a lack of plot '' . Nicolas Rapold of The New York Times said `` Bilbo may fully learn a sense of friendship and duty , and have quite a story to tell , but somewhere along the way , Mr. Jackson loses much of the magic . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by The Hobbit film series Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref . 2014 Heartland Film Festival Truly Moving Picture Award The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Won Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Visual Effects Joe Letteri , Matt Aitken , Eric Saindon , Scott Chambers Nominated 2015 Academy Awards Best Sound Editing Brent Burge and Jason Canovas Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Hair & Makeup The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Nominated Best Visual Effects The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Nominated British Academy Film Awards Best Special Visual Effects Joe Letteri , Eric Saindon , David Clayton , R. Christopher White Nominated Denver Film Critics Society Best Original Song Billy Boyd , Philippa Boyens , Fran Walsh Nominated Empire Awards Best Film The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Nominated Best Director Peter Jackson Nominated Best Actor Richard Armitage Nominated Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Nominated Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Won Best Writing Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , Peter Jackson and Guillermo del Toro Nominated Best Supporting Actor Richard Armitage Won Best Supporting Actress Evangeline Lilly Nominated Best Music Howard Shore Nominated Best Make - up Peter King , Rick Findlater and Gino Acevedo Nominated Best Special Effects Joe Letteri , Eric Saindon , David Clayton and R. Christopher White Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 28 November 2014 . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon Is n't Nice or Wholesome in Wild , and That 's What Makes It Great '' . Time . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Skipper , Ben ( 24 April 2014 ) . `` Hobbit Finale Renamed The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hara , Helen ( 24 April 2014 ) . `` The Third Hobbit Is Now Subtitled The Battle Of The Five Armies '' . Empire . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Makoare '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Jordan , Zakarin ( 30 July 2012 ) . `` Third ' Hobbit ' Film Confirmed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Peter ( 30 July 2012 ) . `` An unexpected journey '' . Facebook . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( 24 July 2012 ) . `` ' The Hobbit 3 ' Edges Closer to Production '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 31 August 2012 ) . `` Third ' Hobbit ' Film Sets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( 24 April 2014 ) . `` Peter Jackson retitles The Hobbit part three The Battle of the Five Armies '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Hewett , Emily ( 24 April 2014 ) . `` The Hobbit 3 gets awesome new title Hobbit : The Battle Of The Five Armies '' . Metro . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunner , Shaun ( 28 April 2014 ) . `` The Battle of the Five Armies is the right name for the third Hobbit film '' . The Tolkien Society . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Howard Shore '' . 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Our final trip to Middle - earth to finish with `` The Last Goodbye '' sung by Billy Boyd . Also there are many acoustic guitar and other well sung and performed songs like `` Far over the misty Mountains Cold '' and the ending son have been performed . You can watch some videos on Youtube `` . TheOneRing.net. 20 October 2014 . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of the five armies trailer released '' . Guardian . 29 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frame by Frame Analysis of The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Teaser Trailer -- July 28th 2014 '' . The One Ring. 29 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix joins forces with The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies '' . wellingtonphoenix.com . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Brave Frontier '' Mixes It Up with `` The Hobbit '' and Adds Bilbo Baggins `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bilbo Baggins Makes A Cameo In Brave Frontier '' . Siliconera . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bilbo Baggins to Appear in Brave Frontier Mobile Game '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Smaug '' . The Colbert Report . Retrieved 12 December 2014 ... Jump up ^ Child , Ben . `` Peter Jackson : ' I did n't know what the hell I was doing ' when I made The Hobbit '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World premiere for `` The Hobbit : Battle of the Five Armies '' in London on December 1 `` . The One Ring. 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` We 've got you covered for ' The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ' world premiere ! '' . The One Ring. 1 December 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( 24 April 2014 ) . `` Peter Jackson renames ' Hobbit ' finale : ' Battle of the Five Armies ' '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Clifford Coonan ( 11 December 2014 ) . `` ' Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ' China Release Pushed Back Again to February 2015 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 13 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Saurav , Shubhang ( 5 September 2015 ) . `` ' The Hobbit : The Battle of The Five Armies ' will be Rated R , Extended Edition Trilogy to be Re-Released in Theaters This October '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies home video release and Amazon pre-order '' . TheOneRing.net . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Own it on Digital HD March 3rd and BLU - RAY March 24th '' . Warner Bros. Retrieved 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Release dates revealed for ' The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ' on Blu - ray , Digital HD , & DVD '' . HD Report . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mike . `` ' On DVD : ' Unbroken , ' ' The Hobbit : Battle of the Five Armies ' and ' Into the Woods ' make for busy home - video week '' . nola . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( 1 April 2015 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Leads Pack of New Home Video Releases '' . Variety . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ greendragon ( 17 November 2015 ) . `` ' The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Extended Edition available TODAY . '' TheOneRing.net . Retrieved 17 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary Collinson ( 25 August 2015 ) . `` ' Details on The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies R - rated extended edition '' . flickeringmyth . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Blu - ray Review Extended Edition '' . Bluray.com. 9 November 2015 . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( 6 August 2015 ) . `` The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies extended edition receives R - rating from MPAA . '' Entertainment Weekly ( EW.com ) . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Subers ( 21 December 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Hobbit ' Emerges Victorious in Final Box Office ' Battle ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr. ( 11 March 2015 ) . `` No. 14 ' Hobbit : Battle Of The Five Armies ' -- 2014 Most Valuable Blockbuster Movie Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How ' The Hobbit 's ' Billion - Dollar Box - Office Haul Shrank by $90 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( 11 February 2015 ) . `` ' The Hobbit ' Trilogy Grossed Almost $3 Billion And No One Cared '' . Forbes . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit ( 2014 ) -- Total Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings -- Total Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( 17 December 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit : The Battle Of The Five Armies ' Conquers In Tuesday Night Previews -- B.O. '' Deadline.com . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford . `` Box Office : ' Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ' Earns $11.2 Million Tuesday Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( 1 August 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Earns $11.2 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hunger Games : Mockingjay ' Blazes to $17 M Thursday Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( 17 December 2014 ) . `` Forecast : Will Moviegoers Show Up One Last Time for ' The Hobbit ' ? '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ( 18 December 2014 ) . `` Box Office : Final ' Hobbit ' Opens Strong With $24.5 Million Wednesday '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( 18 December 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' $24.5 M Bow Fires Up Holiday B.O. In Wake Of ' Interview ' Theater Threats '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( 21 December 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hobbit : Five Armies ' Crushes ' Museum , ' ' Annie ' With $90.6 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( 21 December 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hobbit ' Finale Soars To $355 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( 22 December 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' , ' Annie ' , ' Museum ' Lose Loot On Soft Sunday -- B.O. Actuals '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( 24 December 2014 ) . `` Christmas Box Office : ' Interview ' Interesting Wrinkle , But Wo n't Make Waves '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( 24 December 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Finale Crosses $100 Million Mark in U.S. '' Variety . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( 28 December 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Bags $400 M+ Cume ; ' Exodus ' Muscular In New Markets : Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro and Brian Brooks ( 4 January 2015 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Holds No. 1 With $21.9 M , ' Woman in Black 2 ′ Beats Estimates With $15.1 M -- Sunday B.O. 2nd Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` ' Taken 3 ′ Box Office Posts Third - Highest January Bow , 2015 Off By 1.1 % -- Monday Actuals '' . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( 11 January 2015 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Taken 3 ' Scores Third - Highest January Opening Ever '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( 11 December 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hobbit : Five Armies ' Opening to Huge Numbers Overseas '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( 11 December 2014 ) . `` ' Five Armies ' Seizes A Precious $11.3 M In First Day Abroad '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( 12 December 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Plants $26.6 M Two - Day Footprint On International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 13 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Subers ( 14 December 2014 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Hobbit ' Finale Opens to $122 Million Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( 14 December 2014 ) . `` Footloose ' Hobbit ' Grows ; ' Mockingjay ' Tempers ' Fire ' : Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( 18 December 2012 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' The Hobbit ' Collects $138 Million Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` Overseas Box Office : ' The Hobbit : The Desolation Of Smaug ' Bests 1st Pic ; ' Gravity ' Pulls In Japan ; ' Frozen ' Melts Russia '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( 21 December 2014 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Hobbit ' Finale Adds $109 Million Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( 29 December 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' , ' Exodus ' Lead XMas Frame ; Euro , Korea Pics Boom Locally : Intl BO Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Subers , Ray ( 4 January 2015 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Hobbit ' Marches To $500 Million Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( 25 January 2015 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Storms China ; ' Sniper ' Takes Out More Records : International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott ( 21 December 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hobbit ' Finale Soars To $355 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Daniel Van Boom ( 28 December 2014 ) . `` Peter Jackson wins the war ! The Hobbit : Battle Of Five Armies smashes Boxing Day box office with $5.59 million opening '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Karl Quinn ( 28 December 2014 ) . `` The Hobbit romps away with Boxing Day Gold '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Clifford Coonan ( 27 January 2015 ) . `` China Box Office : Final ' Hobbit ' Film Debuts in Top Spot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( 26 January 2015 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Hobbit ' Confirms Opening Weekend Domination '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( Foreign Gross ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( 2 December 2014 ) . `` Early The Hobbit : The Battle Of Five Armies Reviews Are Here '' . MTV . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Mathew , Ilin ( 4 December 2014 ) . `` The Battle of the Five Armies Review Round - up : The Hobbit Manages to Impress Critics '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews are in for `` The Hobbit : Battle of the Five Armies '' `` . CBS News . 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Gettel , Oliver ( 17 December 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ' a flawed finale , reviews say '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Foundas , Scott ( 1 December 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( 1 December 2014 ) . `` ' The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Pulver , Andrew ( 2 December 2014 ) . `` The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies review -- exactly what it promised to be '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( 1 December 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ' '' . IGN . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Baillie , Russell ( 11 December 2014 ) . `` Movie review : The Hobbit : Battle of the Five Armies '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kang , Inkoo ( 1 December 2014 ) . `` ' The Hobbit : Battle of the Five Armies ' Review : Martin Freeman and Company End Trilogy , Provide Fan Service '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Robey , Tim ( 1 December 2014 ) . The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies , first look review : ' begs not to exist . ' '' Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Barber , Nicholas ( 12 December 2014 ) . `` Is the final Hobbit film a flop ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Rapold , Nicolas ( 17 December 2014 ) . `` Bilbo Baggins in the Shadow of Bloodthirsty Hordes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Truly Moving Picture Award winners include '' . Heartland Film Festival . Archived from the original on 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( 9 December 2014 ) . `` ' Birdman ' leads 2014 Phoenix Film Critics Society nominations '' . HitFix . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( 15 January 2015 ) . `` 2015 Oscar Nominations Led By ' Birdman ' & ' The Grand Budapest Hotel ' With 9 Nominations Each '' . The Playlist . Indiewire . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 21st Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild. 10 December 2014 . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( 15 December 2014 ) . `` ' Birdman ' , ' Budapest ' And ' Boyhood ' Get Key Oscar Boost To Lead Critics Choice Movie Award Nominations ; Jolie Rebounds From Globe Snub '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Nominations : ' Grand Budapest Hotel ' Leads With 11 -- Full List '' . Deadline.com. 8 January 2015 . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( 7 January 2015 ) . `` Denver critics nominate ' American Sniper , ' ' Birdman ' and ' Inherent Vice '' . HitFix . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Awards 2018 Voting '' . Empire . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards : List of 2015 nominations '' . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . 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( 2014 ) Death Stranding ( TBA ) Sundown ( canceled ) Insane ( canceled ) Silent Hills ( canceled ) Related articles Cha Cha Cha Films Mirada Studios The Hobbit ( film series ) <Th_colspan="2"> J.R.R. 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the purpose and main ideas of henry david thoreau's resistance to civil government
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Civil Disobedience ( Thoreau ) - wikipedia Civil Disobedience ( Thoreau ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 6 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Henry David Thoreau Core works and topics ( hide ) Civil Disobedience Herald of Freedom The Last Days of John Brown Life Without Principle Paradise ( to be ) Regained A Plea for Captain John Brown Reform and the Reformers Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown The Service Sir Walter Raleigh Slavery in Massachusetts Thomas Carlyle and His Works Walden A Walk to Wachusett A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers Wendell Phillips Before the Concord Lyceum The Writings of Henry D. Thoreau Thoreau Society Related topics ( show ) Abolitionism Anarchism Anarchism in the United States Civil disobedience Concord , Massachusetts Conscientious objection Direct action Ecology Environmentalism History of tax resistance Individualist anarchism John Brown Lyceum movement Nonviolent resistance Ralph Waldo Emerson Simple living Tax resistance Tax resisters Transcendentalism The Night Thoreau Spent in Jail Walden Pond Resistance to Civil Government ( Civil Disobedience ) is an essay by American transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau that was first published in 1849 . In it , Thoreau argues that individuals should not permit governments to overrule or atrophy their consciences , and that they have a duty to avoid allowing such acquiescence to enable the government to make them the agents of injustice . Thoreau was motivated in part by his disgust with slavery and the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 1848 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Title 2 Background 3 Summary 4 Influence 4.1 Mohandas Gandhi 4.2 Martin Luther King , Jr . 4.3 Martin Buber 4.4 Others 5 References 6 External links Title ( edit ) In 1848 , Thoreau gave lectures at the Concord Lyceum entitled `` The Rights and Duties of the Individual in relation to Government '' . This formed the basis for his essay , which was first published under the title Resistance to Civil Government in 1849 in an anthology called Æsthetic Papers . The latter title distinguished Thoreau 's program from that of the `` non-resistants '' ( anarcho - pacifists ) who were expressing similar views . Resistance also served as part of Thoreau 's metaphor comparing the government to a machine : when the machine was producing injustice , it was the duty of conscientious citizens to be `` a counter friction '' ( i.e. , a resistance ) `` to stop the machine '' . In 1866 , four years after Thoreau 's death , the essay was reprinted in a collection of Thoreau 's work ( A Yankee in Canada , with Anti-Slavery and Reform Papers ) under the title Civil Disobedience . Today , the essay also appears under the title On the Duty of Civil Disobedience , perhaps to contrast it with William Paley 's Of the Duty of Civil Obedience to which Thoreau was in part responding . For instance , the 1960 New American Library Signet Classics edition of Walden included a version with this title . On Civil Disobedience is another common title . The word civil has several definitions . The one that is intended in this case is `` relating to citizens and their interrelations with one another or with the state '' , and so civil disobedience means `` disobedience to the state '' . Sometimes people assume that civil in this case means `` observing accepted social forms ; polite '' which would make civil disobedience something like polite , orderly disobedience . Although this is an acceptable dictionary definition of the word civil , it is not what is intended here . This misinterpretation is one reason the essay is sometimes considered to be an argument for pacifism or for exclusively nonviolent resistance . For instance , Mahatma Gandhi used this interpretation to suggest an equivalence between Thoreau 's civil disobedience and his own satyagraha . Background ( edit ) The slavery crisis inflamed New England in the 1840s and 1850s . The environment became especially tense after the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 . A lifelong abolitionist , Thoreau delivered an impassioned speech which would later become Civil Disobedience in 1848 , just months after leaving Walden Pond . The speech dealt with slavery , but at the same time excoriated American imperialism , particularly the Mexican -- American War . Summary ( edit ) Thoreau asserts that because governments are typically more harmful than helpful , they therefore can not be justified . Democracy is no cure for this , as majorities simply by virtue of being majorities do not also gain the virtues of wisdom and justice . The judgment of an individual 's conscience is not necessarily inferior to the decisions of a political body or majority , and so `` ( i ) t is not desirable to cultivate a respect for the law , so much as for the right . The only obligation which I have a right to assume is to do at any time what I think right ... Law never made men a whit more just ; and , by means of their respect for it , even the well - disposed are daily made the agents of injustice . '' He adds , `` I can not for an instant recognize as my government ( that ) which is the slave 's government also . '' The government , according to Thoreau , is not just a little corrupt or unjust in the course of doing its otherwise - important work , but in fact the government is primarily an agent of corruption and injustice . Because of this , it is `` not too soon for honest men to rebel and revolutionize '' . Political philosophers have counseled caution about revolution because the upheaval of revolution typically causes a lot of expense and suffering . Thoreau contends that such a cost / benefit analysis is inappropriate when the government is actively facilitating an injustice as extreme as slavery . Such a fundamental immorality justifies any difficulty or expense to bring to an end . `` This people must cease to hold slaves , and to make war on Mexico , though it cost them their existence as a people . '' Thoreau tells his audience that they can not blame this problem solely on pro-slavery Southern politicians , but must put the blame on those in , for instance , Massachusetts , `` who are more interested in commerce and agriculture than they are in humanity , and are not prepared to do justice to the slave and to Mexico , cost what it may ... There are thousands who are in opinion opposed to slavery and to the war , who yet in effect do nothing to put an end to them . '' ( See also : Thoreau 's Slavery in Massachusetts which also advances this argument . ) He exhorts people not to just wait passively for an opportunity to vote for justice , because voting for justice is as ineffective as wishing for justice ; what you need to do is to actually be just . This is not to say that you have an obligation to devote your life to fighting for justice , but you do have an obligation not to commit injustice and not to give injustice your practical support . Paying taxes is one way in which otherwise well - meaning people collaborate in injustice . People who proclaim that the war in Mexico is wrong and that it is wrong to enforce slavery contradict themselves if they fund both things by paying taxes . Thoreau points out that the same people who applaud soldiers for refusing to fight an unjust war are not themselves willing to refuse to fund the government that started the war . In a constitutional republic like the United States , people often think that the proper response to an unjust law is to try to use the political process to change the law , but to obey and respect the law until it is changed . But if the law is itself clearly unjust , and the lawmaking process is not designed to quickly obliterate such unjust laws , then Thoreau says the law deserves no respect and it should be broken . In the case of the United States , the Constitution itself enshrines the institution of slavery , and therefore falls under this condemnation . Abolitionists , in Thoreau 's opinion , should completely withdraw their support of the government and stop paying taxes , even if this means courting imprisonment . Under a government which imprisons any unjustly , the true place for a just man is also a prison ... where the State places those who are not with her , but against her , -- the only house in a slave State in which a free man can abide with honor ... Cast your whole vote , not a strip of paper merely , but your whole influence . A minority is powerless while it conforms to the majority ; it is not even a minority then ; but it is irresistible when it clogs by its whole weight . If the alternative is to keep all just men in prison , or give up war and slavery , the State will not hesitate which to choose . If a thousand men were not to pay their tax bills this year , that would not be a violent and bloody measure , as it would be to pay them , and enable the State to commit violence and shed innocent blood . This is , in fact , the definition of a peaceable revolution , if any such is possible . Because the government will retaliate , Thoreau says he prefers living simply because he therefore has less to lose . `` I can afford to refuse allegiance to Massachusetts ... It costs me less in every sense to incur the penalty of disobedience to the State than it would to obey . I should feel as if I were worth less in that case . '' He was briefly imprisoned for refusing to pay the poll tax , but even in jail felt freer than the people outside . He considered it an interesting experience and came out of it with a new perspective on his relationship to the government and its citizens . ( He was released the next day when `` someone interfered , and paid that tax '' . ) Thoreau said he was willing to pay the highway tax , which went to pay for something of benefit to his neighbors , but that he was opposed to taxes that went to support the government itself -- even if he could not tell if his particular contribution would eventually be spent on an unjust project or a beneficial one . `` I simply wish to refuse allegiance to the State , to withdraw and stand aloof from it effectually . '' Because government is man - made , not an element of nature or an act of God , Thoreau hoped that its makers could be reasoned with . As governments go , he felt , the U.S. government , with all its faults , was not the worst and even had some admirable qualities . But he felt we could and should insist on better . `` The progress from an absolute to a limited monarchy , from a limited monarchy to a democracy , is a progress toward a true respect for the individual ... Is a democracy , such as we know it , the last improvement possible in government ? Is it not possible to take a step further towards recognizing and organizing the rights of man ? There will never be a really free and enlightened State until the State comes to recognize the individual as a higher and independent power , from which all its own power and authority are derived , and treats him accordingly . '' An aphorism often erroneously attributed to Thomas Jefferson , `` That government is best which governs least ... '' , was actually found in Thoreau 's Civil Disobedience . Thoreau was apparently paraphrasing the motto of The United States Magazine and Democratic Review : `` The best government is that which governs least . '' Thoreau expanded it significantly : I heartily accept the motto , -- `` That government is best which governs least ; '' and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically . Carried out , it finally amounts to this , which I also believe , -- `` That government is best which governs not at all ; '' and when men are prepared for it , that will be the kind of government which they will have . Government is at best but an expedient ; but most governments are usually , and all governments are sometimes , inexpedient . -- Thoreau , Civil Disobedience Influence ( edit ) Mohandas Gandhi ( edit ) Indian independence leader Mohandas Gandhi ( a.k.a. Mahatma Gandhi ) was impressed by Thoreau 's arguments . In 1907 , about one year into his first satyagraha campaign in South Africa , he wrote a translated synopsis of Thoreau 's argument for Indian Opinion , credited Thoreau 's essay with being `` the chief cause of the abolition of slavery in America '' , and wrote that `` Both his example and writings are at present exactly applicable to the Indians in the Transvaal . '' He later concluded : Thoreau was a great writer , philosopher , poet , and withal a most practical man , that is , he taught nothing he was not prepared to practice in himself . He was one of the greatest and most moral men America has produced . At the time of the abolition of slavery movement , he wrote his famous essay On the Duty of Civil Disobedience . He went to gaol for the sake of his principles and suffering humanity . His essay has , therefore , been sanctified by suffering . Moreover , it is written for all time . Its incisive logic is unanswerable . -- `` For Passive Resisters '' ( 1907 ) . Martin Luther King , Jr. ( edit ) American civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. was also influenced by this essay . In his autobiography , he wrote : During my student days I read Henry David Thoreau 's essay On Civil Disobedience for the first time . Here , in this courageous New Englander 's refusal to pay his taxes and his choice of jail rather than support a war that would spread slavery 's territory into Mexico , I made my first contact with the theory of nonviolent resistance . Fascinated by the idea of refusing to cooperate with an evil system , I was so deeply moved that I reread the work several times . I became convinced that noncooperation with evil is as much a moral obligation as is cooperation with good . No other person has been more eloquent and passionate in getting this idea across than Henry David Thoreau . As a result of his writings and personal witness , we are the heirs of a legacy of creative protest . The teachings of Thoreau came alive in our civil rights movement ; indeed , they are more alive than ever before . Whether expressed in a sit - in at lunch counters , a freedom ride into Mississippi , a peaceful protest in Albany , Georgia , a bus boycott in Montgomery , Alabama , these are outgrowths of Thoreau 's insistence that evil must be resisted and that no moral man can patiently adjust to injustice . -- The Autobiography of Martin Luther King , Jr . Martin Buber ( edit ) Existentialist Martin Buber wrote , of Civil Disobedience I read it with the strong feeling that here was something that concerned me directly ... It was the concrete , the personal element , the `` here and now '' of this work that won me over . Thoreau did not put forth a general proposition as such ; he described and established his attitude in a specific historical - biographic situation . He addressed his reader within the very sphere of this situation common to both of them in such a way that the reader not only discovered why Thoreau acted as he did at that time but also that the reader -- assuming him of course to be honest and dispassionate -- would have to act in just such a way whenever the proper occasion arose , provided he was seriously engaged in fulfilling his existence as a human person . The question here is not just about one of the numerous individual cases in the struggle between a truth powerless to act and a power that has become the enemy of truth . It is really a question of the absolutely concrete demonstration of the point at which this struggle at any moment becomes man 's duty as man ... -- `` Man 's Duty as Man '' ( 1962 ) Others ( edit ) Author Leo Tolstoy has cited Civil Disobedience as having a strong impact on his nonviolence methodology . Others who are said to have been influenced by Civil Disobedience include : President John F. Kennedy , Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas , and various writers such as , Marcel Proust , Ernest Hemingway , Upton Sinclair , Sinclair Lewis , and William Butler Yeats . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thoreau , H.D. letter to R.W. Emerson , 23 February 1848 . Jump up ^ Resistance to Civil Government ( ¶ 18 ) . Jump up ^ Rosenwald , Lawrence , The Theory , Practice & Influence of Thoreau 's Civil Disobedience , quoting Gandhi , M.K. , Non-Violent Resistance , pp. 3 -- 4 and 14 . Jump up ^ Levin , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Resistance to Civil Government ( ¶ 4 ) Jump up ^ Resistance to Civil Government ( ¶ 7 ) . Jump up ^ Resistance to Civil Government ( ¶ 8 ) . Jump up ^ Resistance to Civil Government ( ¶ 9 ) . Jump up ^ Resistance to Civil Government ( ¶ 10 ) Jump up ^ Resistance to Civil Government ( ¶ 22 ) . Jump up ^ Resistance to Civil Government ( ¶ 24 ) . Jump up ^ Resistance to Civil Government ( ¶ 33 ) . Jump up ^ Resistance to Civil Government ( ¶ 36 ) . Jump up ^ Resistance to Civil Government ( ¶ 46 ) . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Berkes , Anna ( August 28 , 2014 ) . `` That government is best which governs least . ( Spurious Quotation ) '' . Th . Jefferson Monticello . Charlottesville , Virginia : Thomas Jefferson Foundation , Inc . ( Monticello.org ) . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Archived May 3 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 2 ) Coates , Robert Eyler ( 1999 ) . `` The Jeffersonian Perspective : Commentary on Today 's Social and Political Issues : Based on the Writings of Thomas Jefferson : `` That government is best ... '' `` . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . `` That government is best which governs least '' is a motto with which Henry David Thoreau opens his pamphlet , Civil Disobedience . It has been attributed to Thomas Jefferson , but no one has ever found it in any of Jefferson 's writings . I think an argument can be made that it is not very likely he would ever have made such a statement , because it does not square with his views ... Archived September 22 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 3 ) Gillin , Joshua ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Mike Pence erroneously credits Thomas Jefferson with small government quote '' . PolitiFact . St. Petersburg , Florida : Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . `` Thomas Jefferson said , ' Government that governs least governs best . ' '' -- Mike Pence on Thursday , September 21st , 2017 in comments on ' Fox & Friends ' Archived September 22 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , Jump up ^ Respectfully Quoted : A Dictionary of Quotations. 1989 , Bartleby.com , accessed 20 January 2013 Jump up ^ Thoreau , Henry David ( 1849 ) . Civil Disobedience . first paragraph . Jump up ^ Gandhi , M.K. `` Duty of Disobeying Laws '' , Indian Opinion , 7 September and 14 September 1907 . Jump up ^ Gandhi , M.K. `` For Passive Resisters '' , Indian Opinion , 26 October 1907 . Jump up ^ King , M.L. `` Morehouse College '' ( Chapter 2 of The Autobiography of Martin Luther King , Jr . ) Jump up ^ Buber , Martin , Man 's Duty as Man from Thoreau in Our Season University of Massachusetts Press ( 1962 ) p. 19 . Jump up ^ Maynard , W. Barksdale , Walden Pond : A History . Oxford University Press , 2005 ( p. 265 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Civil Disobedience Wikiquote has quotations related to : Civil Disobedience ( Thoreau ) Henry David Thoreau Civil Disobedience . EDSITEment Launchpad Henry David Thoreau Civil Disobedience Peabody , Elizabeth ( ed . ) , Æsthetic Papers . The Editor , Boston , 1849 , a digitized copy from the Internet Archive . Thoreau , H.D. A Yankee in Canada , with Anti-Slavery and Reform Papers . Ticknor and Fields , Boston , 1866 , a digitized copy from the Internet Archive . Hypertext version from American Transcendentalist Web A well - footnoted version at panarchy.org . Full text at Project Gutenberg . Annotated version at The Thoreau Reader Resistance to Civil Government with external references and individually hyperlinked paragraphs `` The Theory , Practice , and Influence of Thoreau 's Civil Disobedience '' by Lawrence Rosenwald Henry David Thoreau and Civil Disobedience by Wendy McElroy `` Highway Tax vs. Poll Tax : Some Thoreau Tax Trivia '' by Carl Watner Introduction by Howard Zinn , The Higher Law : Thoreau on Civil Disobedience and Reform Civil Disobedience -- Audio Book , Free public - domain Librivox Audio Recording ( full text ) `` All Things New : On Civil Disobedience Now '' by Steven Schroeder , Essays in Philosophy , Vol. 8 , No. 2 , June 2007 <Th_colspan="2"> Tax resistance Topics Conscientious objection to military taxation List of historical acts of tax resistance List of tax resisters Methods Barter Gift economy Local currency Rebellion Self - sufficiency Simple living Tax avoidance Tax evasion Unreported employment Organizations Addiopizzo Aide - toi , le ciel t'aidera All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation Anti-Poll Tax Unions Association of Real Estate Taxpayers Catalunya Diu Prou Committee for Non-Violent Action Δεν Πληρώνω Fasci Siciliani Irish National Land League National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee Northern California War Tax Resistance Pagal Panthis Peace churches Peacemakers Planka.nu Women 's Tax Resistance League Media An Act of Conscience Civil Disobedience Clericis laicos The Cold War and the Income Tax : A Protest Vyborg Manifesto Campaigns 1300s Tuchin Revolt Harelle Peasants ' Revolt 1400s Cornish Rebellion of 1497 1500s Croquant rebellions Rappenkrieg Revolt of the Pitauds 1600s Angelets Revolt of the papier timbré Revolt of the va - nu - pieds Salt Tax Revolt 1700s Boston Tea Party Fries 's Rebellion Gaspee Affair No taxation without representation Philadelphia Tea Party Revolt of the Comuneros ( New Granada ) War of the Regulation Whiskey Rebellion White Lotus Rebellion 1800s Dog Tax War Hut Tax War of 1898 Rebecca Riots Saminism Movement Tancament de Caixes Tithe War 1900s Agbekoya Bambatha Rebellion Bardoli Satyagraha Beit Sahour Bondelswarts affair Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Johnson cult Mau movement Poll Tax Riots Poplar Rates Rebellion Turra Coo Salt March Women 's War 2000s Anti-austerity movement in Greece Anti-Bin Tax Campaign Bonnets Rouges Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes Movimento Passe Livre Related topics Civil disobedience Conscientious objector Direct action Income tax threshold Nonviolent resistance Render unto Caesar Tax noncompliance Tax protester Tax riot Taxation as slavery Taxation as theft <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Henry David Thoreau Speeches Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown ( 1859 ) Essays `` The Service '' ( 1840 ) `` A Walk to Wachusett '' ( 1842 ) `` Paradise ( to be ) Regained '' ( 1843 ) `` Sir Walter Raleigh '' ( 1844 ) `` Herald of Freedom '' ( 1844 ) `` Wendell Phillips Before the Concord Lyceum '' ( 1845 ) `` Reform and the Reformers '' ( 1846 -- 48 ) `` Thomas Carlyle and His Works '' ( 1847 ) `` Resistance to Civil Government '' ( `` Civil Disobedience '' ) ( 1849 ) `` Slavery in Massachusetts '' ( 1854 ) `` A Plea for Captain John Brown '' ( 1859 ) `` The Last Days of John Brown '' ( 1860 ) `` Walking '' ( 1861 ) `` Life Without Principle '' ( 1863 ) Excursions anthology ( 1863 ) Books A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers ( 1849 ) Walden ( 1854 ) Related Thoreau Society The Writings of Henry D. Thoreau Wheeler - Minot Farmhouse Concord Museum Walden Pond Walden Woods Project The Night Thoreau Spent in Jail ( 1969 play ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)&oldid=814017971 '' Categories : 1849 essays American political books Civil disobedience Essays by Henry David Thoreau Nonviolence Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Simple English Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 13 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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1. Civil Disobedience
2. Henry David Thoreau
3. Slavery and the Mexican-American War
4. Influence on Mohandas Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.
5. Government and individual rights
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when did the surface pro 4 come out
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Surface Pro 4 - wikipedia Surface Pro 4 Surface Pro 4 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Developer Microsoft Product family Surface Type 2 - in - 1 detachable Generation 4th Release date October 26 , 2015 Introductory price $899 ( £ 749 ) Operating system Windows 10 Pro CPU Intel Skylake low - voltage dual - core : m3 - 6Y30 900 MHz up to 2.2 GHz , 4 MB cache , 4.5 W i5 - 6300U 2.4 up to 3.0 GHz , 3 MB cache , 15 W i7 - 6650U 2.2 up to 3.4 GHz , 4 MB cache , 15 W Memory 4 GB , 8 GB , or 16 GB Storage PCI - Express SSD : 128 GB , 256 GB , 512 GB , or 1 TB Display 12.3 inches ( 31 cm ) 2736x1824 ( 267ppi ) PixelSense display with 3 : 2 aspect ratio Graphics m3 : Intel HD graphics 515 i5 : Intel HD graphics 520 i7 : Intel Iris 540 graphics 292.1 millimetres ( 11.50 in ) ( width ) 201.42 millimetres ( 7.930 in ) ( height ) 8.45 millimetres ( 0.333 in ) ( depth ) Weight m3 : 766 grams ( 1.689 lb ) i5 : 786 grams ( 1.733 lb ) i7 : 786 grams ( 1.733 lb ) Predecessor Surface Pro 3 Successor Surface Pro ( 5th generation ) This article is part of a series on the Microsoft Surface Surface Surface Pro Pro 2 Pro 3 Pro 4 Pro ( 2017 ) Surface Book Surface Laptop Surface Studio Surface Hub Accessories Surface Pen Covers Dock Dial The Surface Pro 4 is the fourth - generation Surface - series 2 - in - 1 detachable , designed , developed , marketed , and produced by Microsoft . The Surface Pro 4 was announced on October 6 , 2015 alongside the Surface Book . In the U.S. and Canada , the Surface Pro 4 was released on October 26 , 2015 . The Surface Pro 4 is an update over its predecessor , featuring Skylake CPUs , more RAM and SSD options and a 12.3 - inch display with a greater resolution . At the same time , the device is compatible with most of its predecessor 's accessories . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Features 2.1 Hardware 2.2 Software 2.3 Accessories 3 Issues 4 Reception 5 Timeline 6 References History ( edit ) The Surface Pro 4 was announced on October 6 , 2015 alongside the Surface Book . Both devices were available for pre-order the following day and available for customers beginning on October 26 , 2015 . The device initially exhibited failure to sleep properly , which drained the battery very quickly . Microsoft subsequently developed a fix that was made available on February 17 , 2016 . Features ( edit ) Hardware ( edit ) The Surface Pro 4 is the same size as the Surface Pro 3 , but has a thinner screen bezel which allows for a display of a slightly greater size of 12.3 inches ( 31 cm ) . The screen resolution is also greater than the Surface Pro 3 's , at 2736x1824 at 267 PPI , with the same aspect ratio of 3 : 2 and 10 - point multi-touch . The chassis is 0.03 inches ( 0.76 mm ) thinner and 0.03 pounds ( 14 g ) lighter than the Surface Pro 3 . The cooling system of the 2 - in - 1 has been redesigned and dubbed hybrid liquid cooling system . It includes heat pipes with a flowing liquid , which is meant to avoid the use of the internal fan when the device is used for less demanding tasks such as web browsing . All Surface Pro 4 models feature 6th - generation Skylake Intel Core processors -- m3 , i5 or i7 -- which are more powerful and run cooler over its Intel Core Haswell predecessors found in the Surface Pro 3 and 2 . The maximum clock rate of the most powerful CPU option ( i7 - 6650U ) is also greater at 2.2 GHz , with up to 3.4 GHz in the Turbo Boost mode . The m3 - powered model is completely fanless . RAM and SSD options available are 4 , 8 , 16 GB and 128 , 256 , 512 , 1024 GB respectively ; the top options are two times as capacious compared to top options of the Surface Pro 4 's two recent predecessors . The common traits , inherited from the previous generation device , are a continuous kickstand , magnesium casing with a silver - colored back side , 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac Wi - Fi radio , Bluetooth 4.0 Low Energy , full - size USB 3.0 port , microSD card reader , headset jack , Mini DisplayPort , Cover Port , and a renamed SurfaceConnect , a port on the side to connect a wall charger , Docking Station or Surface Dock accessories . <Th_colspan="5"> hide Surface Pro 4 Configuration Options Price Tier ( USD ) CPU Integrated GPU RAM Internal Storage 899 Intel Core m3 - 6Y30 ( 0.9 to 2.2 GHz ) HD 515 4 GB 128 GB 999 Intel Core i5 - 6300U ( 2.4 to 3.0 GHz ) HD 520 1299 8 GB 256 GB 1499 16 GB 1699 8 GB 512 GB 1899 16 GB 1599 Intel Core i7 - 6650U ( 2.2 to 3.4 GHz ) Iris 540 8 GB 256 GB 1799 16 GB 2199 512 GB 2699 1 TB Software ( edit ) All Surface Pro 4 models come with a 64 - bit version of Windows 10 Pro and a Microsoft Office 30 - day trial . Windows 10 comes pre-installed with Mail , Calendar , People , Xbox ( app ) , Photos , Movies and TV , Groove , and Microsoft Edge . With Windows 10 , a `` Tablet mode '' is available when the Type Cover is detached from the device . In this mode , all windows are opened full - screen and the interface becomes more touch - centric . The device also has a Windows Hello - compatible camera . It combines the use of a regular and infrared cameras to authenticate the user . Accessories ( edit ) The Surface Pro 4 is backward compatible with all accessories of its predecessor . At the Windows 10 Devices Event on 6 October , 2015 , alongside new Surface 2 - in - 1s , new accessories were announced . The Surface Dock is a redesigned docking accessory in a brick form factor . It is compatible with all past and future Surface models with a SurfaceConnect side port , previously used to connect a wall charger or Docking Station accessory : Surface Pro 3 , 4 and Surface Book . The Surface Dock will have 2 Mini DisplayPorts , 1 Gigabit Ethernet , 4 USB 3.0 , and 1 audio out ports . Although Surface Pro 4 is backward compatible with Type Cover accessory of Surface Pro 3 , an attachable keyboard which doubles as a screen protector , the Surface Pro 4 Type Cover has been announced with and without a fingerprint ID sensor . The new Type Cover is thinner and lighter than its predecessor , has improved magnetic stability for lap use , a mechanical keyboard with improved key spacing , as well as a larger touchpad . An updated version of Surface Pen is included with the Surface Pro 4 , which has 1024 levels of pressure sensitivity and is heavier with a rubberized tip . However , the new pen has only one button on the side rather than the previous pen 's two . There is a eraser on the end that doubles as a button , which may perform different tasks , like opening the OneNote app or activating Cortana , and can be customized using the Surface App . Issues ( edit ) The Surface Pro 4 is known to have wide spread flicker issues with the display named as Flickergate after the independent website flickergate.com which was set up by the affected users after getting no fix from Microsoft . Microsoft 's spokesperson acknowledged the issue stating : `` We are aware that some customers have experienced a screen flicker on Surface Pro 4 and are monitoring the situation closely . Customers impacted by this should contact Microsoft support . '' Microsoft has stated that bad batteries , pens and Type Covers may be repaired under warranty . Reception ( edit ) The Surface Pro 4 received generally positive reviews from technology critics . Most praise a sharper and larger display compared to the one found in the predecessor , redesigned cooling system , improved technical specifications , and an improved Type Cover . The common disadvantages found by reviewers were that the Type Cover is still a separate purchase , the relatively modest performance of the Intel Core m3 chip , and modest battery life . Timeline ( edit ) Source : Microsoft Devices Blog References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Surface Pro 4 announced with new Surface Pen , starts at $899 '' . The Verge . Jump up ^ `` Here are the details of the Surface Book and Surface Pro 4 chips , and why they matter '' . Jump up ^ `` ARK Intel Core m3 Specifications '' . Jump up ^ `` ARK Intel Core i5 Specifications '' . Jump up ^ `` ARK Intel Core i7 Specifications '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Surface Pro 4 -- Power Through Your Day '' . October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Surface Pro 5 release date , news and rumors Jump up ^ Microsoft Unveils the Surface Pro 4 With a 12.3 - inch Display Jump up ^ Surface Pro 4 , Surface Book ' sleep ' fix coming soon ( early 2016 ) Jump up ^ Microsoft Patches Surface Book And Surface Pro 4 Sleep Issue Jump up ^ `` Surface Pro 4 tablet models '' . November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heslip , Ken ( 6 October 2015 ) . `` Microsoft 's new Surface Pen now available for pre-order '' . WinBeta . Jump up ^ Guim , Mark ( 22 October 2015 ) . `` 3 essential shortcuts you should know for the new Surface Pen '' . Windows Central . Jump up ^ Coppock , Mark ( 16 December 2015 ) . `` You can now customize the Surface Pen buttons on your Surface Book and Surface Pro '' . WinBeta . Jump up ^ Microsoft has no response to Surface Pro 4 screen flickers Computerworld Jump up ^ `` Surface Pro 4 owners are putting their tablets in freezers to fix screen flickering issues # flickergate '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` We are 1800 + customers who lost $2.8 + Millions due to faulty / defective Microsoft Surface Pro 4 devices '' . Flicker Gate . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` $14 bn tax hit , Surface Pro screens keep dying -- but it 's not all good news at Microsoft '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Microsoft promises fixes for several long - standing Surface problems Computerworld Jump up ^ Devindra , Hardawar ( 21 November 2015 ) . `` Surface Pro 4 review : Yes , it can really replace your laptop '' . Engadget.com . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Davies , Chris ( 21 October 2015 ) . `` Surface Pro 4 Review '' . SlashGear.com . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Joe ( 8 November 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Surface Pro 4 review '' . TechRadar.com . Retrieved 17 November 2015 . Preceded by Surface Pro 3 Surface Pro 4 4th generation Succeeded by Surface Pro ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="3"> Windows - powered tablet computers and 2 - in - 1 PCs Windows 10 available Acer Iconia Tab W500 Iconia Tab W510 Iconia W700 Asus Transformer VivoTab Dell XPS 12 HP Envy X2 Lenovo IdeaPad Yoga 11S Yoga 13 Lynx ThinkPad ThinkPad Helix ThinkPad Tablet 2 ThinkPad 8 ThinkPad 10 ThinkPad Yoga Microsoft Surface Pro Surface Pro 2 Surface Pro 3 Surface 3 Surface Pro 4 Surface Book Surface Pro ( 5th generation ) Surface Book 2 Samsung Ativ Ativ Q Galaxy TabPro S Galaxy Book Huawei MateBook Windows RT Asus VivoTab RT Dell XPS 10 Lenovo IdeaPad Yoga 11 Nokia Lumia 2520 Surface Surface 2 Samsung Ativ Tab <Th_colspan="2"> Microsoft <Td_colspan="2"> History Outline People Founders Bill Gates Paul Allen Board of directors John W. Thompson ( Chairman ) Satya Nadella ( CEO ) Dina Dublon Maria Klawe David Marquardt Charles Noski Helmut Panke Mason Morfit John W. 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smoke gets in my eyes by the platters
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Smoke Gets in Your Eyes - wikipedia Smoke Gets in Your Eyes Jump to : navigation , search For the Homicide episode , see Smoke Gets in Your Eyes ( Homicide : Life on the Street ) . For the Mad Men episode , see Smoke Gets in Your Eyes ( Mad Men ) . For the book about death care , see Caitlin Doughty . This article is about the song . For other uses , see Smoke Gets in Your Eyes ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` ( When Your Heart 's on Fire ) Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Gertrude Niesen ( with Ray Sinatra and his Orchestra ) B - side `` Jealousy '' Released 1933 Format 10 '' Recorded October 13 , 1933 Label Victor Songwriter ( s ) Otto Harbach Jerome Kern Producer ( s ) Ray Sinatra `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' is a show tune written by American composer Jerome Kern and lyricist Otto Harbach for their 1933 musical Roberta . The song was sung in the original Broadway show by Tamara Drasin . Its first recorded performance was by Gertrude Niesen , who recorded the song with orchestral direction from Ray Sinatra , Frank Sinatra 's second cousin , on October 13 , 1933 . Niesen 's recording of the song was released by Victor , catalog # VE B 24454 , with the B - side , `` Jealousy '' , featuring Isham Jones and his Orchestra . Paul Whiteman had the first hit recording of the song on the record charts in 1934 . The song was later reprised by Irene Dunne , who performed it in the original 1935 film adaptation of the musical , co-starring Fred Astaire , Ginger Rogers and Randolph Scott . The song was also included in the 1952 remake of Roberta , Lovely to Look At , in which it was performed by Kathryn Grayson , and was a chart hit in 1958 for The Platters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Later recordings 1.1 1930s -- 1950s 1.1. 1 Eartha Kitt versions 1.1. 2 The Platters version 1.1. 2.1 Charts 1.2 1960s -- 1980s 1.3 1990s -- 2010s 2 List of notable recordings 3 In popular culture 3.1 In film 3.2 In television 3.3 In music 3.4 In literature 3.5 In other uses 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Later recordings ( edit ) 1930s -- 1950s ( edit ) The song has been covered by numerous artists ; the first being Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra , with a vocal performance from Bob Lawrence . This version of the song topped music charts in 1934 . Other early covers of the song include that of the Tommy Dorsey orchestra , who released their contemporary version in 1938 , with His Master 's Voice . The B - side to Dorsey 's single was `` Night And Day '' . During the mid-to - late 1930s Larry Adler and Henry Hall recorded live radio performances of the song on BBC Radio broadcasts ; Adler 's rendition , a complex , syncopated , harmonic arrangement , and Hall 's , a full orchestral performance with the BBC orchestra and a vocal performance from Dan Donovan . Henry Hall 's version was also released as a 10 '' single . Art Tatum said in an introduction to a 1955 performance of the song that he performed `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' in the 1930s , contributing to the song 's popularity . However , it is unclear whether Tatum recorded the song during that decade ; if a recording was made at that time , it may not have survived to the present day . Benny Goodman and his orchestra performing with Peggy Lee . In 1941 the Benny Goodman Orchestra first performed the song during recorded radio performances with Helen Forrest . Forrest chose to leave the ensemble during the early part of 1941 , and Goodman then began performing the song with her replacement Peggy Lee , whose recording , from a Mutual sustaining broadcast , was later released on a double long - play album ; named Benny And Sid `` Roll ' Em '' , the album consisted of an assortment of live radio broadcasts by the group . Glenn Miller conducted his rendition of the song at Abbey Road Studios in 1944 . Owing to his sudden death later that year , his orchestral version of the song was not released until 1995 . On October 30 , 1946 Nat `` King '' Cole recorded the song , with Oscar Moore playing guitar and Johnny Miller playing bass as the `` King Cole Trio '' . Cole 's recording was made during a live WMCA radio broadcast from New York . Later , in 1957 , Cole performed the song live on his television variety show The Nat King Cole Show . Though it was not released until some years later , Harry Belafonte made a recording of the song in 1949 with jazz saxophonist Zoot Sims . This was one of Belafonte 's first recordings . Sims ' performance on the track would later be parodied by the character inspired by him , in episode 2.02 of The Muppet Show , which aired on December 10 , 1977 . The song was covered by multiple artists during this time including Nat King Cole ( left ) , Jo Stafford ( center ) , and Sarah Vaughan ( right ) . In 1950 Charlie Parker and Jo Stafford each released versions of the song on their respective albums , Bird at St. Nick 's and Autumn in New York . Thelonious Monk released the song in 1954 on his album Monk . On his 1955 album Clifford Brown with Strings , Clifford Brown released a cover of the song . In 1956 Vic Damone covered the song , with a very different arrangement , as a part of his album That Towering Feeling ! . Damone 's version became one of his most famous songs . Dinah Washington released the song in 1956 , on her album Dinah ! . Jeri Southern named her 1957 album When Your Heart 's On Fire after a lyric from the song ; the album features her version of the song . The same year as Nat King Cole 's televised performance of the song , Polly Bergen performed the song during the series premiere of her variety show The Polly Bergen Show , originally airing September 21 , 1957 . In 1958 Sarah Vaughan released her rendition on her album , No Count Sarah . Eartha Kitt versions ( edit ) In a series of recording sessions with Henri René and his Orchestra in 1952 , sessions that garnered the tracks for her first five albums , RCA Victor Presents Eartha Kitt , That Bad Eartha ( 2xEP ) , That Bad Eartha ( LP ) , Down To Eartha , and Thursday 's Child , as well as her hit single , `` Santa Baby '' , Eartha Kitt first recorded `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' for RCA Victor . This version of the song was first released on her 1954 album That Bad Eartha . A complete list of orchestra members used during the Henri René recording sessions can be read here . In the early 1990s Kitt re-recorded the song , as part of her work with a small jazz combo in Germany , in a recording session arranged by brothers Rolf Kühn and Joachim Kühn . These recordings were preserved by the 1998 release of Thinking Jazz . Kitt re-recorded the song again for the release of her MAC Cosmetics Smoke Signals collection . The new recording of the song was played at all MAC locations carrying the collection for the month . In addition , she performed the song in a music video that was showcased on the MAC website the same month . The Platters version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by The Platters <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Remember When ? B - side `` No Matter What You Are '' Released November 1958 Format 45 rpm Genre Doo - wop Length 2 : 40 Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Otto Harbach Jerome Kern Producer ( s ) Buck Ram <Th_colspan="2"> The Platters singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` I Wish '' ( 1958 ) `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' ( 1958 ) `` Enchanted '' ( 1959 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` I Wish '' ( 1958 ) `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' ( 1958 ) `` Enchanted '' ( 1959 ) Possibly the most well - known version of `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' was recorded in 1958 by The Platters , for their album Remember When ? . The group 's cover became a number one hit in the U.S. on the Billboard Hot 100 music chart . In 1959 the version went on to peak at number three on the Rhythm and Blues chart . The song spent 20 weeks on the UK charts , peaking at Number 1 for one week on 20 March of that same year . The Platters ' producer , Buck Ram , reported that Harbach `` congratulated Buck Ram and the Platters for reviving his song with taste . '' Jerome Kern 's widow , on the other hand , disliked the recording so much she considered taking legal action to prevent its distribution . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1958 -- 59 ) Peak position Australia United Kingdom United States Billboard Hot 100 United States Billboard Hot R&B 1960s -- 1980s ( edit ) Margaret Whiting released the song on her 1960 album Margaret Whiting Sings the Jerome Kern Songbook . In 1961 Cannonball Adderley released the song on his album African Waltz . Bandleader Ray Conniff first released his arrangement of the song in 1962 , on his double album The Ray Conniff Hi - Fi Companion ; it became one of the signature songs of his career . Saxophone player Boots Randolph released an instrumental version of the song on the B - side of his LP Yakety Sax in 1963 . On February 2 , 1964 , Judy Garland performed the song in a comical performance on the nineteenth episode of her variety television series , The Judy Garland Show . In her performance she sings longingly , sitting at a small table , as the house around her burns down ; firefighters hack down the door behind her as she sits unfazed singing to the camera . A number of firefighters flee up the staircase , for which smoke billows down , in an attempt to douse the fire . When their attempts fail , they proceed to empty the room of its contents , presumably running them to the street . Eventually , after the room has been completely emptied , one man returns to save Garland ; he grabs her by her waist , throwing her over his shoulder . Garland is still clutching the back of the chair she once sat on , now dragging it across the room as the firefighter carries her out . Throughout the scene , she never stops singing . The song was covered by multiple artists in this period including Bryan Ferry , Judy Garland ( left ) , and Ray Conniff ( center ) ; Freddie Mercury ( right ) is rumored to have recorded the song for an unfinished album . A remake of the song by British band Blue Haze , formed by Johnny Arthey and Phil Swern , also became popular ; it was released as a lead single in 1972 , and the following year on their eponymous album , Blue Haze . In 1973 the group Byron Lee and the Dragonaires released a version of the song on their studio album Reggae Round The World . Bryan Ferry recorded a quavering version of the song in 1974 on the album Another Time , Another Place , which reached number 17 on the UK charts in September 1974 . Penny McLean , of the West German band Silver Convention , released a solo version in 1975 on her album Lady Bump ; her version reached # 6 on Billboard Disco Singles . In 1982 country singer Narvel Felts released the song as a 7 - inch single ; it charted at number eighty - four in the US on Billboards 's country chart . Freddie Mercury is rumored to have recorded the song for an unreleased album of cover versions in 1986 . The only cover Mercury is confirmed to have finished from the project is `` The Great Pretender '' ; all other recordings are reported to be no more than fragments . A cover of `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' was released by Patti Austin in 1988 on her number - four jazz album The Real Me . In 1989 , the same year Dinah Washington 's rendition of the song was used in the film Kill Me Again , J.D. Souther performed the song on stage in the film Always . 1990s -- 2010s ( edit ) Further information : Smoke Gets in Your Eyes § Eartha Kitt versions Jerry Garcia ( left ) and Barbra Streisand ( right ) have both covered the song . In 1993 Elaine Paige released a version of the song on her album Romance & the Stage . Jerry Garcia , who was named after Jerome Kern , released a music video in the early 1990s covering the song , with actress Ashley Judd sitting in the background listening . Garcia 's rendition of the song was later used in the independent film Smoke , released in 1995 . The film also had an official soundtrack release which included The Jerry Garcia Band 's version . David Sanborn released a cover of the song in 1995 on his album Pearls . John Alford released the song as a CD single from his eponymous debut album in 1996 ; the single peaked at number thirteen on the UK Singles Chart . In the 1999 film Tea With Mussolini , Cher 's character sings the last verse of the song , tenderly . Kurt Elling covered the song on his 2000 live album Live in Chicago ; the album was nominated for a Grammy the following year for Best Vocal Jazz Album . Clare Fischer and Bert van den Brink released their version of the song on their joint album , Bert van den Brink Invites Clare Fischer , in 2001 . The song has also been translated into Lithuanian by Vytautas Bložė around 2003 ; in Lithuanian the song is `` Žiedų Pūga '' . Alison Jiear recorded a version of the song with new orchestral arrangements written by Mychael Danna in 2004 for the film Being Julia , the song was also featured in the official soundtrack for the film . Deborah Cox released her cover of the song on her 2007 jazz album Destination Moon ; she recorded the track in a live session with a forty - piece orchestra . In 2008 , on his album Let It Be Me , Jason Donovan covered the song . Barbra Streisand recorded the song for her thirty - second album Love Is the Answer , released on September 29 , 2009 . Johnny Dankworth covered the song on his 2010 album Too Cool For The Blues . List of notable recordings ( edit ) Performer ( s ) Year Original appearance ( s ) Whiteman , Paul and his Orchestra ! Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra ( with Bob Lawrence ) 1934 10 '' single Adderley , Cannonball ! Cannonball Adderley 1961 African Waltz Adler , Larry ! Larry Adler 1935 ! 1934 - 37 live radio broadcast from London Alford , John ! John Alford CD single John Alford Austin , Patti ! Patti Austin The Real Me Belafonte , Harry ! Harry Belafonte ( with Zoot Sims ) 1949 ! rec : 1949 Unreleased cut from either Close Your Eyes or Ballads by Belafonte . Bergen , Polly ! Polly Bergen 1957 The Polly Bergen Show ( episode 1 ) Blue Haze ( Johnny Arthey and Phil Swern ) 1972 Blue Haze Boggess , Sierra ! Sierra Boggess 2013 Awakening : Live at 54 Below Clayderman , Richard ! Richard Clayderman 2003 Romantic Nights Brown , Clifford ! Clifford Brown 1955 Clifford Brown with Strings Byron Lee and the Dragonaires 1973 Reggae Round The World Cher ! Cher ( last verse only ) 1999 Tea With Mussolini ( film ) Cole , Nat King ! Nat King Cole 1946 WMCA broadcast ( radio ) 1957 The Nat King Cole Show Conniff , Ray ! Ray Conniff 1962 The Ray Conniff Hi - Fi Companion Cox , Deborah ! Deborah Cox 2007 - 06 ! 2007 Destination Moon Damone , Vic ! Vic Damone 1956 That Towering Feeling ! Dankworth , Johnny ! Johnny Dankworth Too Cool For The Blues Donovan , Jason ! Jason Donovan 2008 Let It Be Me Dorsey , Tommy ! Tommy Dorsey and his Orchestra 1938 10 '' single Elling , Kurt ! Kurt Elling 2000 Live in Chicago Felts , Narvel ! Narvel Felts 1982 7 '' single Ferry , Bryan ! Bryan Ferry Another Time , Another Place Fischer , Clare ! Clare Fischer and Bert van den Brink Bert van den Brink Invites Clare Fischer Gainsbourg , Serge ! Serge Gainsbourg Rock Around the Bunker Garland , Judy ! Judy Garland 1964 The Judy Garland Show ( episode 19 ) Goodman , Benny Orchestra ! Benny Goodman Orchestra ( with Forrest , Helen ! Helen Forrest ) 1940 -- 41 original release is unclear ; re-released to multiple compilation albums Goodman , Benny Orchestra ! Benny Goodman Orchestra ( with Lee , Peggy ! Peggy Lee ) 1941 Mutual sustaining broadcast ( radio ) Benny And Sid `` Roll ' Em '' ( a collection of live radio performances ) Hall , Henry ! Henry Hall and the BBC Orchestra ( with Dan Donovan ) 1935 ! 1934 - 38 BBC Broadcast ( radio ) 10 '' single Hannibal Peterson , Marvin ! `` Hannibal '' Marvin Peterson ( as a member of New York Unit ) Now 's The Time Hawkins , Coleman ! Coleman Hawkins 1962 On Broadway Humperdinck , Engelbert ! Engelbert Humperdinck 1995 Love Unchained Jarrett , Keith ! Keith Jarrett 2009 Yesterdays Jerry Garcia Band , The ! The Jerry Garcia Band 1995 Smoke ( Original Soundtrack ) Jiear , Alison ! Alison Jiear Being Julia ( Original Soundtrack ) Jolson , Al ! Al Jolson 1948 ! rec : 1947 - 49 Kraft Music Hall broadcast ( radio ) 1995 Live ! Juozapaitis , Vytautas ! Vytautas Juozapaitis ( Lithuanian translation `` Žiedų Pūga '' ) Negaliu Nemylėti Kitt , Eartha ! Eartha Kitt 1954 That Bad Eartha 1991 ! rec : 1991 Thinking Jazz ( 1998 ) 2007 - 08 ! 2007 MAC Cosmetics Smoke Signals collection promotion McLean , Penny ! Penny McLean Lady Bump Melachrino , George ! George Melachrino ( as The Melachrino Strings and Orchestra ) 1961 The Music Of Jerome Kern Mercury , Freddie ! Freddie Mercury 1986 ! rec : 1986 rumored recording made for an album of cover versions Miller , Glenn ! Glenn Miller 1944 ! rec : 1944 Missing Chapters , Vol. 5 : The Complete Abbey Road Recordings ( recording not released until 1995 ) Monk , Thelonious ! Thelonious Monk 1954 Monk Mouskouri , Nana ! Nana Mouskouri 1962 Nana Mouskouri in New York ( The Girl from Greece Sings ) Niesen , Gertrude ! Gertrude Niesen ( with Ray Sinatra and his Orchestra ) 1933 10 '' single Paige , Elaine ! Elaine Paige Romance & the Stage Parker , Charlie ! Charlie Parker 1950 Bird at St. Nick 's Platters , The ! The Platters 1958 Remember When ? Randolph , Boots ! Boots Randolph 1963 Yakety Sax Sanborn , David ! David Sanborn 1995 Pearls Souther , JD ! JD Souther 1989 - 12 ! 1989 Always ( film ) Southern , Jeri ! Jeri Southern 1957 When Your Heart 's On Fire Stafford , Jo ! Jo Stafford 1950 Autumn in New York Streisand , Barbra ! Barbra Streisand 2009 Love Is The Answer Tatum , Art ! Art Tatum 1936 ! 1930s unrecorded or lost recordings 1955 live radio broadcast 1965 Great Jazz Pianists ( Oscar Peterson / Erroll Garner / Art Tatum ) Vaughan , Sarah ! Sarah Vaughan 1958 No Count Sarah Veloso , Caetano ! Caetano Veloso A Foreign Sound Washington , Dinah ! Dinah Washington 1956 Dinah ! Whiting , Margaret ! Margaret Whiting 1960 Margaret Whiting Sings the Jerome Kern Songbook Yuro , Timi ! Timi Yuro 1981 All Alone Am I Zoot and Rowlf ! Zoot and Rowlf 1977 The Muppet Show ( episode 2.02 : `` Zero Mostel '' ) Vov Dylan and Glenn Amer 2014 Timeless Other recordings Tamara Sinyavskaya Tatsuro Yamashita In popular culture ( edit ) In film ( edit ) The song has been featured in several films , including : Roberta ( 1935 ) , performed by Irene Dunne 's character Lovely to Look At ( 1952 ) , performed by Kathryn Grayson 's character The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kant ( 1972 ) , performed by The Platters American Graffiti ( 1973 ) , performed by The Platters Night of the Creeps ( 1986 ) , performed by The Platters Terrorizers ( 1986 ) Kill Me Again ( 1989 ) , performed by Dinah Washington Always ( 1989 ) , performed by J.D. Souther Smoke ( 1995 ) , performed by Jerry Garcia Tea With Mussolini ( 1999 ) , performed by Cher 's character Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) , performed by The Platters with Mychael Danna Being Julia ( 2004 ) , performed by Alison Jiear with Mychael Danna Traumschiff Surprise -- Periode 1 ( 2004 ) , performed by The Platters Three Times ( 2005 ) , features significantly in both the plot and soundtrack Blue Valentine ( 2010 ) , performed by The Platters 45 Years ( 2015 ) , performed by The Platters Hello , My Name Is Doris ( 2015 ) , performed by The Platters In television ( edit ) The Polly Bergen Show ( 1957 ) ; Polly Bergen sings the song during the series premiere of her NBC variety show , it originally aired September 21 , 1957 . The Nat King Cole Show ( 1957 ) ; Nat King Cole performed the song during an episode of his television show . The Judy Garland Show ( 1964 ) ; Judy Garland performs a comical version during episode 19 . The Morecambe and Wise Show ( 1971 ) ; the song was performed by Shirley Bassey , with assistance ( in the form of well - meaning but less - than - competent stagehands ) from the two comedians . The Muppet Show ( 1977 ) ; the song was performed by the characters Zoot and Rowlf on episode 2.02 , Zero Mostel . Sliders ( 1995 ) ; Rembrandt Brown ( Cleavant Derricks ) sings the song while panhandling for change in a park . 90 Days , Time to Love ( 2006 ) ; the song is used as background music throughout the Korean drama . CSI ( 2008 ) ; In 09.08 , `` Young Man With a Horn , '' the song is used in both the opening and closing scenes as the song sung by contestants of a singing competition . Mad Men ( 2007 ) ; `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' is the title of the pilot episode of the AMC TV series which aired July 19 , 2007 . Criminal Minds ( 2012 ) ; The Platters ' version of the song was featured in a 2012 episode of the show , entitled `` Heathridge Manor '' . Endeavour ( 2014 ) ; in the episode `` Sway '' , episode 2.03 , which is set in 1965 Oxford , one victim 's `` fancy man '' is given a cigarette lighter which she has engraved with the words `` They asked me how I knew . '' Upon learning of this , Endeavour 's mentor , Fred Thursday , immediately responds : `` Smoke Gets In Your Eyes . '' In music ( edit ) Led Zeppelin performed a few seconds of the song at a live performance at Osaka , Japan on September 9 , 1971 . It was later released to a bootleg album entitled Live in Japan ' 69 . Allan Sherman sang a parody version in 1961 , entitled `` Smog Gets in Your Eyes '' . Sha Na Na ( with Johnny Contardo ) performed the song live some time between 1970 and 1985 . Their performance has strong similarities to The Platters ' version . In Cake 's song `` Wheels '' , from their 2004 album Pressure Chief , the song is referenced in the lyrics : `` In a seedy karaoke bar ... there 's a Japanese man in a business suit singing ' Smoke Gets In Your Eyes ' '' . BoA performed the song live at the 10th Busan Film Festival on October 7 , 2005 . In literature ( edit ) In Catcher in the Rye , Holden Caulfield listens to this song when he is at the carousel . Caitlin Doughty 's memoir , Smoke Gets in Your Eyes : And Other Lessons from the Crematory , about life in the death industry is named after the song . In other uses ( edit ) In 1943 Giuliana Camerino and her husband fled Italy to escape the persecution of Jews in Italy ; they returned in 1945 , when Giuliana launched her fashion house Roberta di Camerino . `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' was the last song the Camerinos danced to before becoming refugees , so Giuliana named her fashion house after the Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers film as a reminder of happier times . See also ( edit ) Jazz portal List of 1930s jazz standards List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1950s List of number - one singles from the 1950s ( UK ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1959 ( U.S. ) List of number - one hits of 1959 ( Italy ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ray Sinatra : Frank 's cousin , sinatrafamily.com , retrieved July 25 , 2014 Jump up ^ Victor 24454 : Gertrude Niesen and Isham Jones -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes / Jealousy , popsike.com , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Gioia , Ted. The Jazz Standards : A Guide to the Repertoire . NY : Oxford University Press , 2012 , p. 371 . Jump up ^ Tsort . `` Song artist 12 - Paul Whiteman '' . ^ Jump up to : Tommy Dorsey And His Orchestra -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes / Night And Day , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Larry Adler In The Thirties CD ( read `` Product Description '' section ) , CD Universe , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Henry Hall Orch -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes , Internet Archive , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Art Tatum plays `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' ( 1955 ) , YouTube , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Great Encounters # 24 : When Peggy Lee Joined Benny Goodmans Band , jerryjazzmusician.com , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Peggy Lee official discography , peggylee.com , retrieved July 23 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Benny and Sid `` Roll ' Em '' , discogs , retrieved July 23 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Missing Chapters , Vol. 5 : The Complete Abbey Road Recordings , Allmusic , retrieved July 23 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Nat King Cole : An Informal Discography ( Sessions of 1946 ) , alongthehall.com , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Nat King Cole . Smoke Gets In Your Eyes. 1957. , YouTube , Johnny Brown ( user ) , NBC ( original ) , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Vic Damone -- That Towering Feeling ! , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` The Polly Bergen Show '' . Classic Television Archives . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Eartha Kitt M.A.C. Cosmetics by Michel Comte , YouTube , MAC Cosmetics ( original / user ) , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Buck Ram interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 463 . Jump up ^ Frith , Simon ; Gillett , Charlie ( 1976 ) . Rock File 4 . Panther Books Ltd. p. 388 . Jump up ^ Fred Bronson , The Billboard Book of Number One Hits , Billboard Publications , 1985 , p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Conniff his Orchestra and Chorus -- The Ray Conniff Hi - Fi Companion , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Boots Randolph -- Boots Randolph 's Yakety Sax , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Judy Garland -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes ( The Judy Garland Show ) , YouTube , TheManThatGetsAway ( user ) , CBS ( original ) , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Verity , Michael . `` One Hit Wonders : Blue Haze 's `` Smoke Gets In Your Eyes '' `` . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Blue Haze ( 2 ) -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Blue Haze ( 2 ) -- Blue Haze , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Byron Lee And The Dragonaires -- Reggae Round The World , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ ALLMusic Awards > > Penny McLean at the Wayback Machine ( archived June 5 , 2016 ) . AllMusic . ^ Jump up to : Queen band members discographies , queen.wz.cz , retrieved July 23 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Smoke ( Original Soundtrack ) , Allmusic , retrieved July 23 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Pearls overview '' . Allmusic.com . ^ Jump up to : John Alford -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes , discogs , retrieved July 22 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : John Alford -- John Alford , discogs , retrieved July 22 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Being Julia ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) , Allmusic , retrieved July 31 , 2014 Jump up ^ Belafonte Sings the Blues CD ( Bonus Tracks ) ( read `` Product Description '' section ) , CD Universe , retrieved July 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ Belafonte discography ( ' 49 -- ' 59 ) , belafontetracks.ca , retrieved July 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ Awakening : Live at 54 Below -- Sierra Boggess , iTunes and Apple Inc. , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Richard Clayderman -- Romantic Nights CD , CD Universe , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Now 's the Time '' by New York Unit , Allmusic , retrieved July 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ Hannibal discogrophy , oocities.org , retrieved July 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ Engelbert Humperdinck -- Love Unchained , Allmusic , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Live ! CD -- Al Jolson , CD Universe , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Oscar Peterson / Erroll Garner / Art Tatum -- Great Jazz Pianists , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Timi Yuro -- All Alone Am I , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Timeless by Vov Dylan on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Tatsuro Yamashita - = = - Smoke Gets In Your Eyes , YouTube , shaggy line ( user ) , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Three Times Movie Review & Film Summary ( 2006 ) Roger Ebert '' . www.rogerebert.com . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ CSI : Crime Scene Investigation : Young Man With a Horn , retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 Jump up ^ `` Criminal Minds episode Heathridge Manor '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Led Zeppelin -- Led Zeppelin Live in Japan ' 69 , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Sha Na Na / Johnny Contardo -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes , YouTube , faerydancer ( user ) , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Kwon BoA -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes , YouTube , Brian Rafferty Brian Rafferty ( user ) , retrieved July 25 , 2014 Jump up ^ Doughty , Caitlin ( 2014 - 09 - 15 ) . Smoke Gets in Your Eyes : And Other Lessons from the Crematory ( 1 ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . Jump up ^ Bellafante , Ginia ( 11 September 1999 ) . `` Front Row : To Have and To Hold '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Narvel Felts singles `` Drift Away '' `` Reconsider Me '' `` Lonely Teardrops '' `` I Do n't Hurt Anymore '' `` Runaway '' `` Everlasting Love '' `` Roll Over Beethoven '' `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' <Th_colspan="2"> The Platters <Td_colspan="2"> Wayne Miller Valerie Victoria Frank Pizarro Cheo Bourne Cornell Gunter Barbara Randolph Herb Reed Zola Taylor Sonny Turner Tony Williams Singles `` Only You ( And You Alone ) '' `` The Great Pretender '' `` My Prayer '' `` You 'll Never Never Know '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' `` Harbor Lights '' `` Ebb Tide '' `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' `` If I Did n't Care '' `` I 'll Never Smile Again '' `` It 's Magic '' <Th_colspan="2"> Penny McLean Studio albums Lady Bump Penny Midnight Explosion Singles `` Lady Bump '' `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' `` 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 ... Fire ! '' `` Devil Eyes '' `` Nobody 's Child '' `` Dance , Bunny Honey , Dance '' `` Words '' Related Silver Convention Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smoke_Gets_in_Your_Eyes&oldid=800309868 '' Categories : 1933 songs 1930s jazz standards 1958 singles 1959 singles 1972 singles Barbra Streisand songs Benny Goodman songs The Platters songs Songs with music by Jerome Kern Songs with lyrics by Otto Harbach Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Italy Penny McLean songs Songs from musicals Torch songs Eartha Kitt songs Nana Mouskouri songs Mercury Records singles Carly Simon songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français Italiano Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 18 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes" song
2. Jerome Kern and Otto Harbach
3. Gertrude Niesen and Ray Sinatra
4. The Platters version
5. Covers and notable recordings
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-1,894,419,621,034,219,000 |
who holds the record for most triples in a season
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List of Major League Baseball triples records - wikipedia List of Major League Baseball triples records Jump to : navigation , search There are various Major League Baseball records for triples . Contents ( hide ) 1 175 career triples 1.1 Closest active players 1.2 Top 10 in career triples , 1920 -- present 1.3 Top 10 career triples by league 2 25 triples in one season 2.1 Evolution of the single season record for triples 2.2 Three or more seasons with 20 triples 2.3 Six or more seasons with 15 triples 2.4 Four or more consecutive seasons with 15 triples 2.5 Twelve or more seasons with 10 triples 2.6 Eight or more consecutive seasons with 10 triples 3 League leader in triples 3.1 League leader in triples 4 or more seasons 3.2 League leader in triples 3 or more consecutive seasons 3.3 League leader in triples in both leagues 4 4 triples by an individual in one game 5 110 triples by a team in one season 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 175 career triples ( edit ) Player Triples Teams & Seasons Sam Crawford 309 1899 -- 1902 Cincinnati ; 1903 -- 17 Detroit Ty Cobb 297 1905 -- 26 Detroit ; 1927 -- 28 Philadelphia ( AL ) Honus Wagner 252 1897 -- 99 Louisville ; 1900 -- 17 Pittsburgh Jake Beckley 243 1888 -- 89 , 1891 -- 96 Pittsburgh ; 1890 Pittsburgh ( PL ) ; 1896 -- 97 New York ( NL ) ; 1897 -- 1903 Cincinnati ; 1904 -- 07 St. Louis ( NL ) Roger Connor 233 1880 -- 82 Troy ( NL ) ; 1883 -- 91 , 1893 -- 94 New York ( NL ) ; 1892 Philadelphia ( NL ) ; 1894 -- 97 St. Louis ( NL ) Tris Speaker 222 1907 -- 15 Boston ( AL ) ; 1916 -- 26 Cleveland , 1927 Washington ; 1928 Philadelphia ( AL ) Dan Brouthers 205 1879 -- 80 Troy ( NL ) ; 1881 -- 85 Buffalo ( NL ) ; 1886 -- 88 Detroit ( NL ) ; Boston ( NL ) ; 1890 -- 91 Boston ( PL - AA ) ; Brooklyn ; 1894 -- 95 Baltimore ( NL ) ; 1895 Louisville ( NL ) ; 1896 Philadelphia ( NL ) ; 1904 New York ( NL ) Joe Kelley 194 1891 , 1908 Boston ( NL ) ; 1892 Pittsburgh ; 1892 -- 98 Baltimore ( NL ) ; 1899 -- 1901 Brooklyn ; 1902 Baltimore ( AL ) ; 1902 -- 06 Cincinnati Paul Waner 191 1926 -- 40 Pittsburgh ; 1941 -- 44 Boston ( NL ) ; 1941 Brooklyn ; 1944 -- 45 New York ( AL ) Bid McPhee 188 1882 -- 89 Cincinnati ( AA ) ; 1890 -- 99 Cincinnati ( NL ) Eddie Collins 187 1906 -- 14 , 1927 -- 30 Philadelphia ( AL ) , 1915 -- 26 Chicago ( AL ) Ed Delahanty 185 1888 -- 89 , 1891 -- 1901 Philadelphia ( NL ) ; 1890 Cleveland ( PL ) ; 1902 -- 03 Washington ( AL ) Sam Rice 184 1915 -- 33 Washington ( AL ) ; 1934 Cleveland Jesse Burkett 182 1890 New York ( NL ) ; 1891 -- 98 Cleveland ( NL ) ; 1899 -- 1901 St. Louis ( NL ) ; 1902 -- 04 St. Louis ( AL ) ; 1905 Boston ( AL ) Ed Konetchy 182 1907 -- 13 St. Louis ( NL ) ; 1914 Pittsburgh ; 15 Pittsburgh ( FL ) ; 1916 -- 18 Boston ( NL ) ; 1919 -- 21 Brooklyn ; 1921 Philadelphia ( NL ) Edd Roush 182 1913 Chicago ( AL ) ; 1914 -- 15 Indianapolis / Newark ( FL ) ; 1916 , 1927 -- 29 New York ( NL ) ; 1916 -- 26 , 1931 Cincinnati Buck Ewing 178 1880 -- 82 Troy ( NL ) ; 1883 -- 92 New York ( NL ) ; 1893 -- 94 Cleveland ( NL ) ; 1895 -- 97 Cincinnati Rabbit Maranville 177 1912 -- 20 , 1929 -- 33 , 1935 Boston ( NL ) ; 1921 -- 24 Pittsburgh ; 1925 Chicago ( NL ) ; 1926 Brooklyn ; 1927 -- 28 St. Louis ( NL ) Stan Musial 177 1941 -- 44 , 1946 -- 63 St. Louis ( NL ) Closest active Players ( edit ) There are no active players that are considered close to realistically reaching 175 career triples . Active players with 100 or more career triples ( as of September 18 , 2016 ) : Carl Crawford -- 123 José Reyes -- 120 Jimmy Rollins -- 115 Top 10 in career triples , 1920 -- present ( edit ) Player Triples Teams & Seasons Paul Waner 191 1926 -- 40 Pittsburgh Pirates , 1941 -- 44 Boston Braves , 1941 Brooklyn Dodgers , 1944 -- 45 New York Yankees Stan Musial 177 1941 -- 44 , 1946 -- 63 St. Louis Cardinals Goose Goslin 173 1921 -- 30 , 1933 , 1938 Washington Senators , 1930 -- 32 St. Louis Browns , 1934 -- 37 Detroit Tigers Roberto Clemente 166 1955 -- 72 Pittsburgh Sam Rice 165 1915 -- 33 Washington Senators , 1934 Cleveland Indians Pie Traynor 164 1920 -- 35 , 1937 Pittsburgh Lou Gehrig 163 1923 -- 39 New York ( AL ) Heinie Manush 160 1923 -- 27 Detroit ; 1928 -- 30 St. Louis ( AL ) ; 1930 -- 35 Washington ( AL ) ; 1936 Boston ( AL ) ; 1937 -- 38 Brooklyn ; 1938 -- 39 Pittsburgh Kiki Cuyler 157 1921 -- 27 Pittsburgh ; 1928 -- 35 Chicago ( NL ) ; 1935 -- 37 Cincinnati ; 38 Brooklyn Earle Combs 154 1924 -- 35 New York ( AL ) Top 10 career triples by league ( edit ) American League Player Triples National League Player Triples Ty Cobb 297 Honus Wagner 252 Sam Crawford 249 Roger Connor 233 Tris Speaker 222 Jake Beckley 221 Eddie Collins 187 Fred Clarke 220 Sam Rice 184 Joe Kelley 194 Goose Goslin 177 Paul Waner 191 Joe Jackson 168 Buck Ewing 178 Lou Gehrig 163 Dan Brouthers 177 Joe Judge 158 Rabbit Maranville 177 Earle Combs 154 Stan Musial 177 25 triples in one season ( edit ) Player Triples Team Season Chief Wilson 36 Pittsburgh Pirates 1912 Dave Orr 31 New York Metropolitans ( AA ) 1886 Heinie Reitz 31 Baltimore Orioles ( NL ) 1894 Perry Werden 29 St. Louis Browns ( NL ) 1894 Harry Davis 28 Pittsburgh Pirates 1897 George Davis 27 New York Giants 1893 Sam Thompson 27 Philadelphia Phillies 1894 Sam Crawford 26 Detroit Tigers 1914 Kiki Cuyler 26 Pittsburgh Pirates 1925 Joe Jackson 26 Cleveland Naps 1912 John Reilly 26 Cincinnati Reds 1890 George Treadway 26 Brooklyn Bridegrooms 1894 Roger Connor 25 New York Giants / St. Louis Browns ( NL ) 1894 Sam Crawford 25 Detroit Tigers 1903 Larry Doyle 25 New York Giants 1911 Buck Freeman 25 Washington Senators ( NL ) 1899 Tom Long 25 St. Louis Cardinals 1915 Evolution of the single season record for triples ( edit ) Triples Player Team Year Years Record Stood 14 Ross Barnes Chicago White Stockings 1876 6 14 Buttercup Dickerson Cincinnati Reds 1879 14 Harry Stovey Worcester Ruby Legs 1880 18 Roger Connor Troy Trojans 1882 20 Buck Ewing New York Giants 1884 20 Roger Connor New York Giants 1886 23 Sam Thompson Detroit Wolverines 1887 26 John Reilly Cincinnati Reds 1890 29 Perry Werden St. Louis Browns ( NL ) 1893 31 Heinie Reitz Baltimore Orioles ( NL ) 1894 18 21 Bill Keister Baltimore Orioles 1901 ( 1 ) 21 Jimmy Williams Baltimore Orioles 1901 ( 1 ) 22 Sam Crawford Cincinnati Reds 1902 ( 1 ) 22 Tommy Leach Pittsburgh Pirates 1902 ( 1 ) 25 Sam Crawford Detroit Tigers 1903 ( 9 ) 36 Chief Wilson Pittsburgh Pirates 1912 Three or more seasons with 20 triples ( edit ) Player Years Seasons & Teams Sam Crawford 5 1902 Cincinnati ; 1903 , 1912 -- 14 Detroit Ty Cobb 1908 , 1911 -- 12 , 1917 Detroit Harry Stovey 1883 , 1888 Philadelphia Athletics ( AA ) ; 1891 Boston ( NL ) Roger Connor 1886 -- 87 New York ( NL ) ; 1894 St. Louis ( NL ) Dan Brouthers 1887 Detroit ( NL ) ; 1892 Brooklyn ; 1894 Baltimore ( NL ) Sam Thompson 1887 Detroit ( NL ) ; 1894 -- 95 Philadelphia ( NL ) Jimmy Williams 1899 Pittsburgh ; 1901 -- 02 Baltimore Joe Jackson 1912 Cleveland ; 1916 , 1920 Chicago ( AL ) Earle Combs 1927 -- 28 , 1930 New York ( AL ) Six or more seasons with 15 triples ( edit ) Player Years Seasons & Teams Sam Crawford 13 1900 -- 02 Cincinnati ; 1903 -- 04 , 1906 -- 08 , 1910 , 1912 -- 15 Detroit Roger Connor 9 1882 Troy ( NL ) ; 1883 , 1885 -- 90 New York ( NL ) ; 1894 St. Louis ( NL ) Dan Brouthers 7 1883 -- 84 Buffalo ( NL ) ; 1886 -- 87 Detroit ( NL ) ; 1891 Boston ( AA ) ; 1892 Brooklyn ; 1894 Baltimore ( NL ) Jake Beckley 7 1890 Pittsburgh ( PL ) ; 1891 -- 95 Pittsburgh ; 1899 Cincinnati Elmer Flick 7 1900 -- 01 Philadelphia ( NL ) ; 1903 -- 07 Cleveland Honus Wagner 7 1900 , 1902 -- 03 , 1908 , 1911 -- 12 , 1915 Pittsburgh Ty Cobb 7 1908 , 1911 -- 13 , 1917 , 1921 -- 22 Detroit Paul Waner 7 1926 -- 30 , 1933 -- 34 Pittsburgh Joe Kelley 6 1893 -- 96 , 1898 Baltimore ( NL ) ; 1900 Brooklyn Ed Delahanty 6 1892 -- 94 , 1896 -- 97 , 1901 Philadelphia ( NL ) Joe Jackson 6 1911 -- 13 Cleveland ; 1916 -- 17 , 1920 Chicago ( AL ) Four or more consecutive seasons with 15 triples ( edit ) Player Years Seasons & Teams Roger Connor 6 1885 -- 90 New York Jake Beckley 6 1890 Pittsburgh ( PL ) ; 1891 -- 95 Pittsburgh Sam Crawford 5 1900 -- 02 Cincinnati ; 1903 -- 04 Detroit Elmer Flick 5 1903 -- 07 Cleveland Goose Goslin 5 1923 -- 27 Washington ( AL ) Paul Waner 5 1926 -- 30 Pittsburgh Bill Kuehne 1884 Columbus ( AA ) ; 1885 -- 87 Pittsburgh Joe Kelley 1893 -- 96 , 1898 Baltimore ( NL ) Buck Freeman 1901 -- 04 Boston ( AL ) Sam Crawford 1912 -- 15 Detroit George Sisler 1919 -- 22 St. Louis ( AL ) Earle Combs 1927 -- 30 New York ( AL ) Twelve or more seasons with 10 triples ( edit ) Player Years Seasons & Teams Sam Crawford 17 1900 -- 02 Cincinnati ; 1903 -- 16 Detroit Ty Cobb 17 1907 -- 19 , 1921 -- 22 , 1924 -- 25 Detroit Jake Beckley 14 1889 , 1891 -- 95 Pittsburgh ; 1890 Pittsburgh ( PL ) ; 1897 New York ( NL ) -- Cincinnati ; 1898 -- 1901 , 1903 Cincinnati ; 1905 St. Louis ( NL ) Fred Clarke 14 1896 -- 98 Louisville ( NL ) ; 1900 -- 09 , 1911 Pittsburgh Honus Wagner 13 1899 Louisville ( NL ) ; 1900 -- 05 , 1907 -- 09 , 1911 -- 12 , 1915 Pittsburgh Tris Speaker 13 1909 -- 15 Boston ( AL ) ; 1917 -- 21 , 1923 Cleveland Eddie Collins 12 1909 -- 14 Philadelphia ( AL ) ; 1915 -- 17 , 1920 -- 22 Chicago ( AL ) Eight or more consecutive seasons with 10 triples ( edit ) Player Years Seasons & Teams Sam Crawford 17 1900 -- 02 Cincinnati ; 1903 -- 16 Detroit Ty Cobb 13 1907 -- 19 Detroit Mike Tiernan 10 1889 -- 98 New York ( NL ) Elmer Flick 10 1898 -- 1901 Philadelphia ( NL ) ; 02 Philadelphia ( AL ) -- Cleveland ; 1903 -- 07 Cleveland Fred Clarke 10 1900 -- 09 Pittsburgh Bobby Veach 10 1913 -- 22 Detroit Sam Rice 10 1921 -- 30 Washington ( AL ) Paul Waner 10 1926 -- 35 Pittsburgh Eddie Collins 9 1909 -- 14 Philadelphia ( AL ) ; 1915 -- 17 Chicago ( AL ) Earle Combs 9 1925 -- 33 New York ( AL ) Roger Connor 8 1885 -- 91 New York ( NL ) ; 1892 Philadelphia ( NL ) Ed McKean 8 1890 -- 97 Cleveland ( NL ) Heinie Manush 8 1927 Detroit ; 1928 -- 29 St. Louis ( AL ) ; 1930 St. Louis ( AL ) - Washington ( AL ) ; 1931 -- 34 Washington ( AL ) League leader in triples ( edit ) League leader in triples 4 or more seasons ( edit ) Player Titles Seasons & Teams Sam Crawford 6 1902 Cincinnati ; 1903 , 1910 , 1913 -- 15 Detroit Stan Musial 5 1943 , 1946 , 1948 -- 49 , 1951 St. Louis - NL Willie Wilson 5 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 -- 88 Kansas City Lance Johnson 5 1991 -- 94 Chicago ( AL ) ; 1996 New York ( NL ) Harry Stovey 1880 Worcester Brown Stockings , 1884 , 1888 Philadelphia Athletics ( AA ) , 1891 Boston Beaneaters Ty Cobb 1908 , 1911 , 1917 -- 18 Detroit Brett Butler 1983 Atlanta ; 1986 Cleveland ; 1994 Los Angeles ( NL ) ; 1995 Los Angeles ( NL ) - New York ( NL ) Jimmy Rollins 2001 -- 02 , 2004 , 2007 Philadelphia - NL League leader in triples 3 or more consecutive seasons ( edit ) Player Titles Seasons & Teams Lance Johnson 1991 -- 94 Chicago ( AL ) Elmer Flick 1905 -- 07 Cleveland Sam Crawford 1913 -- 15 Detroit Garry Templeton 1977 -- 79 St. Louis ( NL ) Carl Crawford 2004 -- 06 Tampa Bay League leader in triples in both leagues ( edit ) Player Titles Seasons & Teams Sam Crawford 6 1902 Cincinnati ; 1903 , 1910 , 1913 -- 15 Detroit Brett Butler 1983 Atlanta ; 1986 Cleveland ; 1994 Los Angeles ( NL ) ; 1995 Los Angeles ( NL ) - New York ( NL ) Lance Johnson 5 1991 -- 94 Chicago ( AL ) ; 1996 New York ( NL ) 4 triples by an individual in one game ( edit ) Triples Player Team Date Opponent George Strief Philadelphia Athletics ( AA ) June 25 , 1885 Brooklyn Grays Bill Joyce New York Giants May 18 , 1897 Pittsburgh Pirates 110 triples by a team in one season ( edit ) Triples Team Season 131 Philadelphia Phillies 1894 130 Brooklyn Grooms 1894 129 Pittsburgh Pirates 1912 127 Pittsburgh Pirates 1893 124 Pittsburgh Pirates 1894 122 Pittsburgh Pirates 1924 121 Pittsburgh Pirates 1899 120 Cincinnati Reds 1890 120 Cincinnati Reds 1926 119 Pittsburgh Pirates 1930 116 Pittsburgh Pirates 1929 113 St. Louis Cardinals 1894 113 Boston Pilgrims 1903 111 Pittsburgh Pirates 1923 111 Cincinnati Reds 1924 110 Pittsburgh Pirates 1903 110 Pittsburgh Pirates 1922 110 New York Yankees 1930 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal 20 -- 20 -- 20 club List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders Notes ( edit ) Total includes one season in the Players ' League . Major League Baseball recognizes this year of service , but this is not universally recognized by all historians . He hit 22 triples that season , giving him a National League career total of 221 . Total includes 28 triples in his two years in the Players ' League and American Association , giving 177 triples in his National League career . Total includes 76 triples in his 8 seasons with Cincinnati while they were in the American Association , giving 112 triples in his National League career . Total includes 13 triples in his one year in the Players ' League , giving 172 triples in his National League career . Total includes 18 triples in his one year in the Federal League , giving 164 triples in his National League career . Total includes 15 triples in his one year in the Federal League , giving 167 triples in his Major League career . The 1901 -- 1903 records for a single season are included because some historians do not recognize any record set prior to the `` modern era '' which began in 1901 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Career triples leaders @ mlb.com Jump up ^ `` MLB.com Statistics : Active triples leaders '' . MLB.com . August 5 , 2013 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://bbref.com/pi/shareit/eHmq9 Jump up ^ Goose Goslin career stats ^ Jump up to : Joe Jackson career stats Jump up ^ Lou Gehrig career stats Jump up ^ Joe Judge career stats ^ Jump up to : Earle Combs career stats Jump up ^ Single season triples leaders Jump up ^ Leader in hits by season Jump up ^ Sam Crawford career stats Jump up ^ Ty Cobb career stats Jump up ^ Harry Stovey career stats Jump up ^ Roger Connor career stats Jump up ^ Dan Brouthers career stats Jump up ^ Sam Thompson career stats Jump up ^ Jimmy Williams career stats ^ Jump up to : Jake Beckley career stats Jump up ^ Honus Wagner career stats Jump up ^ Paul Waner career stats Jump up ^ Joe Kelley career stats Jump up ^ Ed Delahanty career stats Jump up ^ Bill Kuehne career stats Jump up ^ Buck Freeman career stats Jump up ^ George Sisler career stats Jump up ^ Fred Clarke career stats Jump up ^ Mike Tiernan career stats Jump up ^ Bobby Veach career stats Jump up ^ Ed McKean career stats Jump up ^ Heinie Manush career stats ^ Jump up to : `` Yearly League Leaders & Records for Triples '' . statistical , by year , list . Baseball Reference.com. 2010 . Retrieved 2 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Single game triples records Jump up ^ Joyce and Strief record noted @ baseball library.com Jump up ^ Single season team records in triples <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Major League Baseball records <Td_colspan="2"> Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Stolen bases Runs Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_triples_records&oldid=786068210 '' Categories : Major League Baseball records Major League Baseball lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2017 , at 02 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Major League Baseball triples records
2. Career triples leaders in MLB
3. Single season record for triples in MLB
4. League leaders in triples in MLB
5. Active players with most career triples in MLB
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-8,573,328,892,600,681,000 |
who sang the song i'm still standing
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I 'm Still Standing - wikipedia I 'm Still Standing Jump to : navigation , search For the 2012 book , see I 'm Still Standing ( book ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` I 'm Still Standing '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Elton John <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Too Low for Zero B - side `` Love So Cold '' ( US ) `` Earn While You Learn '' ( UK ) Released 3 July 1983 Format Vinyl record ( 7 `` ) Recorded September 1982 Genre Rock Length 3 : 03 Label Geffen ( US ) ; Rocket ( UK ) Songwriter ( s ) Elton John ( music ) , Bernie Taupin ( lyrics ) Producer ( s ) Chris Thomas <Th_colspan="2"> Elton John singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' ( 1983 ) `` I 'm Still Standing '' ( 1983 ) `` Kiss the Bride '' ( 1983 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' ( 1983 ) `` I 'm Still Standing '' ( 1983 ) `` Kiss the Bride '' ( 1983 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Too Low for Zero track listing <Td_colspan="2"> `` Cold as Christmas ( In the Middle of the Year ) '' ( 1 ) `` I 'm Still Standing '' ( 2 ) `` Too Low for Zero '' ( 3 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` I 'm Still Standing '' is a song by British rock musician Elton John , from his Platinum - certified 1983 album , Too Low for Zero . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song 2 Promotional video 3 Cover versions 4 Live cover performances 5 Track listing 6 Personnel 7 Chart performance 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Certifications 9 References 10 External links Song ( edit ) Helped in part by a video promoting the song on then - new MTV , `` I 'm Still Standing '' became a big hit for John on both sides of the Atlantic , peaking at # 1 in Canada and Switzerland , # 4 in the UK , and # 12 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 . Promotional video ( edit ) The video , directed by Russell Mulcahy , was shot in Cannes ( InterContinental Carlton Cannes ) and Nice on the Côte d'Azur in France and features the colors of the French flag . Bruno Tonioli , later a judge on the hit shows Strictly Come Dancing for BBC ( UK ) and its American adaptation , Dancing with the Stars for ABC in the US , appears as one of the dancers in the video . It was due to be shot over the course of two days , but a camera full of the first day 's film was ruined when Mulcahy accidentally fell into the sea with it . Therefore , it had to be filmed again on another day . During the shoot for the video , John came across Duran Duran . He complained he was exhausted at having been up since 4 o'clock in the morning . Simon Le Bon decided John should have a martini . `` So I did , '' John later recalled , `` I had six . '' In his book Wild Boy : My Life in Duran Duran , Andy Taylor talks of the experience : There were lots of celebrities around in Cannes and one day we discovered that Elton John was in town , filming the video for his song I 'm Still Standing . This was before Elton became teetotal , so he was still a steaming party animal ; we went up to see him at his hotel and spent the afternoon getting blasted on Martinis . We decided it would be a laugh to get him drunk and we were slinging the drinks down him ' Ooh , you are lovely boys , ' he screeched , loving every minute of it . We got him so drunk that eventually he went upstairs and threw a wobbler in his suite . It caused all sorts of chaos -- but it was a great party . The next morning , John awoke with a hangover and wandered into his personal assistant 's room -- which was `` leveled '' -- and asked him `` What happened ? '' His assistant laughed : `` You happened ! '' Cover versions ( edit ) Martha Wash covered the song on the soundtrack to The First Wives Club . The song was featured in an episode of the short - lived TV musical series , Viva Laughlin , and performed by the character A.J , in the musical Love Shack . The song was covered on Glee in the third - season episode `` Big Brother '' that aired 10 April 2012 , as a duet by Dianna Agron and Kevin McHale . Blake Jenner covered this song as a last chance performance on season 2 of The Glee Project . A ten - second - long novelty grindcore cover of the song appears on Anal Cunt 's 1995 album , Top 40 Hits . Fearless Vampire Killers perform a live cover Taron Egerton performed the song , as his character Johnny , in the 2016 animated musical Sing and its soundtrack . Live cover performances ( edit ) The song has been covered four times on the UK version of The X Factor : by Lloyd Daniels in the sixth series , Wagner in the seventh series , Christopher Maloney in series 9 and Stevi Ritche in series 11 . Diana DeGarmo and Naima Adedapo also performed the song in the third and tenth seasons of American Idol , respectively . Track listing ( edit ) US 7 '' single `` I 'm Still Standing '' - 3 : 00 `` Love So Cold '' - 5 : 08 UK 7 '' single `` I 'm Still Standing '' - 3 : 00 `` Earn While You Learn '' - 6 : 42 This single was also available as a picture disc shaped as a piano . UK 12 '' single `` I 'm Still Standing '' ( extended version ) -- 3 : 45 `` Earn While You Learn '' - 6 : 42 Personnel ( edit ) Elton John -- piano , synthesizer , vocals Davey Johnstone -- electric guitars , backing vocals Dee Murray -- bass guitar , backing vocals Nigel Olsson -- drums , backing vocals Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 11 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 10 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 16 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 8 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 30 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 9 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 28 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 34 US Cash Box Top 100 18 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 61 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 19 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 45 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Single Charts ) 49 US Billboard Hot 100 74 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 <Td_colspan="3"> shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cassata , Mary Anne ( 2002 ) . The Elton John Scrapbook . Citadel Press . p. 108 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2322 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 38 , No. 20 , July 16 1983 '' . Collections Canada . 16 July 1983 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John -- I 'm Still Standing '' . Swiss Singles Chart ( in German ) . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 -- 21 August 1983 -- 27 August 1983 '' . UK Singles Chart . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John -- Chart History '' . Billboard Hot 100 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anecdotage -- Still Standing ? Archived 28 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cocaine , trampolining topless models and Martinis with Elton -- Duran Duran , the wild boys of pop Mail Online Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989 '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Elton John -- I 'm Still Standing '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6261 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Elton John -- I 'm Still Standing '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- I 'm Still Standing '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Elton John -- I 'm Still Standing '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 30 , 1983 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Elton John -- I 'm Still Standing '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 Acts J '' . The South African Rock Encyclopedia . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Elton John -- I 'm Still Standing '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Elton John . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard July 16 , 1983 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . New York , NY , USA . 16 July 1983 . p. 27 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John -- Chart history '' Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for Elton John . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending JULY 2 , 1983 '' . Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 ... Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts -- 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6699 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1983 '' . Swiss Singles Chart ( in German ) . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Scapin , Peter , ed. ( 1984 ) . `` Top 100 singles : 1983 '' . BPI Year Book 1984 . British Phonographic Industry . pp. 42 -- 43 . ISBN 0 - 906154 - 04 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1983 '' . Billboard Hot 100 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Elton John -- I 'm Still Standing '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Enter I 'm Still Standing in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Elton John songs 1960s and 1970s `` Skyline Pigeon '' ( 1968 ) `` I 've Been Loving You '' ( 1968 ) `` Lady Samantha '' ( 1969 ) `` It 's Me That You Need '' ( 1969 ) `` Border Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Rock and Roll Madonna '' ( 1970 ) `` From Denver to L.A. '' ( 1970 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1970 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Friends '' ( 1971 ) `` Levon '' ( 1971 ) `` Tiny Dancer '' ( 1972 ) `` Rocket Man '' ( 1972 ) `` Honky Cat '' ( 1972 ) `` I Think I 'm Going to Kill Myself '' ( 1972 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters '' ( 1972 ) `` Crocodile Rock '' ( 1972 ) `` Elderberry Wine '' ( 1972 ) `` Daniel '' ( 1972 ) `` Teacher I Need You '' ( 1973 ) `` Funeral for a Friend / Love Lies Bleeding '' ( 1973 ) `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' ( 1973 ) `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' ( 1973 ) `` Step into Christmas '' ( 1973 ) `` Candle in the Wind '' ( 1974 ) `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( 1974 ) `` Harmony '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1974 ) `` The Bitch Is Back '' ( 1974 ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 1974 ) `` Philadelphia Freedom '' ( 1975 ) `` I Saw Her Standing There '' ( 1975 ) `` Someone Saved My Life Tonight '' ( 1975 ) `` Island Girl '' ( 1975 ) `` Grow Some Funk of Your Own '' ( 1976 ) `` I Feel Like a Bullet ( In the Gun of Robert Ford ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Pinball Wizard '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( 1976 ) `` Cage the Songbird '' ( 1976 ) `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' ( 1976 ) `` Bite Your Lip ( Get Up and Dance ! ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Crazy Water '' ( 1977 ) `` The Goaldiggers Song '' ( 1977 ) `` Ego '' ( 1978 ) `` Part - Time Love '' ( 1978 ) `` Song for Guy '' ( 1978 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Mama Ca n't Buy You Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Johnny B. Goode '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Little Jeannie '' ( 1980 ) `` Sartorial Eloquence ( Do n't Ya Wanna Play This Game No More ? ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Dear God '' ( 1980 ) `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' ( 1981 ) `` Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever '' ( with Kiki Dee , 1981 ) `` Blue Eyes '' ( 1982 ) `` Empty Garden ( Hey Hey Johnny ) '' ( 1982 ) `` Ball and Chain '' ( 1982 ) `` All Quiet on the Western Front '' ( 1982 ) `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' ( 1983 ) `` I 'm Still Standing '' ( 1983 ) `` Sad Songs ( Say So Much ) '' ( 1984 ) `` Nikita '' ( 1985 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1985 ) `` Wrap Her Up '' ( 1985 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1988 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Go on with You Like That '' ( 1988 ) `` Town of Plenty '' ( 1988 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters ( Part Two ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Healing Hands '' ( 1989 ) `` Sacrifice '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Club at the End of the Street '' ( 1990 ) `` You Gotta Love Someone '' ( 1990 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1991 ) `` The One '' ( 1992 ) `` Runaway Train '' ( 1992 ) `` The Last Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Simple Life '' ( 1993 ) `` True Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Shakey Ground '' ( 1994 ) `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' ( 1994 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' ( 1994 ) `` Circle of Life '' ( 1994 ) `` Believe '' ( 1995 ) `` Made in England '' ( 1995 ) `` When the Money 's Gone '' ( 1995 ) `` You Can Make History ( Young Again ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Madness of King Scar '' ( 1997 ) `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' ( 1997 ) `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' ( 1997 ) `` Written in the Stars '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` I Want Love '' ( 2001 ) `` This Train Do n't Stop There Anymore '' ( 2002 ) `` Original Sin '' ( 2002 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 2003 ) `` Ghetto Gospel '' ( 2005 ) `` Electricity '' ( 2005 ) `` The Bridge '' ( 2006 ) `` Joseph , Better You than Me '' ( 2008 ) `` Tiny Dancer ( Hold Me Closer ) '' ( 2009 ) Related articles Albums discography Videography <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Elton John Category : Elton John Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Still_Standing&oldid=788095713 '' Categories : 1983 singles Elton John songs Number - one singles in Switzerland RPM Top Singles number - one singles Music videos directed by Russell Mulcahy Songs with music by Elton John Songs with lyrics by Bernie Taupin Song recordings produced by Chris Thomas ( record producer ) 1983 songs The Rocket Record Company singles Geffen Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from February 2014 Use dmy dates from July 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart making named ref Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Italiano Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2017 , at 12 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Elton John's song "I'm Still Standing"
2. Music video directed by Russell Mulcahy
3. Cover versions of the song
4. Chart performance and certifications
5. Personnel involved in the recording
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7,130,247,173,300,651,000 |
when does daryl show up in the walking dead
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Daryl Dixon - wikipedia Daryl Dixon Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Daryl Dixon <Td_colspan="2"> The Walking Dead character <Td_colspan="2"> First appearance `` Tell It to the Frogs '' ( 1.03 ) November 14 , 2010 Created by Frank Darabont Charles H. Eglee Jack LoGiudice Portrayed by Norman Reedus <Th_colspan="2"> Information Occupation Drifter Family Will Dixon ( father ) Merle Dixon ( brother ) Daryl Dixon is a fictional character from AMC 's horror drama series The Walking Dead . The character was created for the television series by writers Frank Darabont , Charles H. Eglee and Jack LoGiudice specifically for Norman Reedus , and does not have a counterpart in the comics , on which the series is based . The character was introduced in the first season as a southerner , expert tracker , living in the shadow of his older brother , Merle . Despite his ill temper and volatility , he is tolerated by the core group of survivors due to his skills in hunting animals and fearless efficiency in killing walkers . This is particularly important in the early days of the apocalypse , when people with survival skills and the moxie to confront the undead are in short supply . After Merle 's disappearance , Daryl sheds his aloof personality and starts to bond with the group , particularly Carol Peletier after her daughter 's disappearance , and Beth Greene after the two split off together in season 4 . The character becomes the cooperative right - hand man and protector of protagonist Rick Grimes and leads several supply runs . He is one of the longest - surviving characters of the television series . His origin is explored in the 2013 video game The Walking Dead : Survival Instinct , and he stars in the mobile game The Walking Dead : No Man 's Land . Daryl has been well received by fans and critics . Initially a member of the recurring cast , Reedus was upgraded to series regular after season one . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fictional character biography 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 1.5 Season 5 1.6 Season 6 1.7 Season 7 1.8 Season 8 2 Weapons 3 Development and reception 4 References 5 External links Fictional character biography ( edit ) In their childhood , Daryl and his older brother , Merle , lived with an abusive , alcoholic father , Will . He was raised by Merle , though Merle was often away ( serving time in juvenile institutions ) . Daryl had significant periods of time alone and , throughout these lonely periods , learned to fend for himself and adopted a hard - boiled survivalist mindset . When the outbreak occurs he and Merle fend for themselves and drift around , avoiding walkers . Unlike his brother , Daryl has never been to prison ( as an inmate ) , and was offended when Beth revealed to him that she had believed he had during a drinking game in season 4 . It is implied in season 1 that he shares his brother 's racist beliefs , but Daryl has not expressed overt racism , leaving the question ambiguous for the viewer . In much of season 2 Daryl rides his brother Merle 's Triumph Bonneville chopper with the Nazi German ᛋᛋ ( Schutzstaffel ) insignia prominently displayed on the fuel tank . In the final episode of season 2 , Daryl jokes that he could identify Glenn by his driving , due to Glenn being Korean . Daryl usually has a serious demeanor , but occasionally makes wry comments and jokes to break the tension . By season 3 , he has become a responsible , trusted and loyal member of the group . His priorities are tested when he learns that his brother is still alive and working for an opposing group . Season 1 ( edit ) Daryl is first introduced in the Season 1 episode `` Tell It to the Frogs '' . Having been a hunter to secure wildlife for nourishment of the survivor group outside of Atlanta , he is furious to learn they left Merle handcuffed to plumbing atop a skyscraper in the city , and puts most of his anger on Rick , the newcomer of the group . Daryl joins Rick and others to return to the city , finding that Merle may have escaped by cutting off his hand . Daryl becomes one of the group 's key fighters , but falls in under Rick 's orders as they abandon Atlanta , driving his brother 's motorcycle . Season 2 ( edit ) In Season 2 , the group settles onto Hershel Greene 's farmstead as they look for Carol 's missing daughter Sophia after a walker attack . Daryl aids in the search , and tries to help Carol cope with her feelings . During one solo outing , he is knocked from a horse and suffers hallucinations of Merle , complaining that he is spending time searching for Sophia and not for him , before returning to the group . After Sophia is discovered to have already been turned in a walker and hidden away in Hershel 's barn , Daryl helps Carol to cope with her loss . He helps protect the group as they deal with a potential threat of hostile survivors nearby , and to help evacuate the farm when it is overrun by walkers . Season 3 ( edit ) Rick 's group find and secure a prison as a new shelter at the start of Season 3 . In dealing with this , Rick 's wife Lori dies after giving birth to her daughter , and Rick is devastated , having hallucinations of her and unable to make decisions . Daryl steps up to help lead the group alongside Hershel during Rick 's lapse . His friendship with Carol strengthens after she was feared lost dealing with the walkers . The group is forced to deal with the Governor from the nearby Woodbury community , who seeks to kill them and take their supplies for himself . In rescuing two of their allies kidnapped by the Governor , Daryl discovers Merle is still alive , having escaped Atlanta , but working for the Governor . After the Governor considers Merle a traitor , Daryl helps him to escape and returns with him to the prison . Rick 's group knows the Governor seeks to capture Michonne or else attack the prison , but Rick 's hallucinations leave him unable to make the decision , and Merle takes Michonne himself to the Governor , with Daryl following him after discovering his absence . Merle had a change of heart , lets Michonne go , and sacrificially ambushes the Governor 's men . Daryl arrives to find the reanimated corpse of Merle , killed by the Governor , and cries as he is forced to put his brother down . Rick 's group fends off a major attack by the Governor , driving him away , and bring the survivors of Woodbury to the prison . Season 4 ( edit ) Rick has recovered from Lori 's death , and he , Daryl , and Hershel lead the growing population . A flu - like epidemic strikes the prison , killing many before a cure is found . Carol takes initiative to kill two who have shown signs of the flu in secret , and when Rick discovers this , evicts her from the group , upsetting Daryl . The Governor , having obtained more men , launch a fatal assault on the prison , forcing the survivors to flee in separate groups . Daryl rescues Beth who is catatonic after watching the Governor behead her father Hershel . After days of traveling , Beth opens up to Daryl , and the two get drunk on moonshine as they talk about and let go of their pasts . A few days later , the two are briefly separated while fleeing walkers , and Daryl sees Beth kidnapped by men in a car with a white cross on it . He tries to follow them but is caught by Joe and small group of bandits that force him to stay with them . The group later captures Rick , Carl , and Michonne , but Rick and Daryl fight back when they attempt to rape Carl and Michonne , killing them all . The four travel to Terminus , a safe haven according to signs along a railroad track . Though the community seems open , they find evidence that their friends have been captured . The four are taken prisoner and taken to the others , with Rick asserting they messed with the wrong group . Season 5 ( edit ) Rick 's group escapes Terminus after discovering they engage in cannibalism , and with the help of Carol , who had launched a walker horde on the site . After meeting Fr . Gabriel Stokes at his church , the group makes plans to head to Washington D.C. While Daryl and Carol are catching up , they see a car drive by with a similar white cross on it , and they give chase . This leads them to find that Beth was taken to Gracy Memorial Hospital , where she was forced to work by corrupt cops on patients there . After Carol is captured , Daryl lead Rick 's group to try to rescue them . Carol is saved but Beth is killed in a standoff with the cops , and Daryl returns her body to the church to bury her . The group continues on , eventually meeting Aaron , a recruiter for the Alexandria Safe - Zone in Virginia , who offers them sanctuary there . Like Rick , Daryl remains skeptical given the lack of survival experience the residents have , but accepts Aaron 's offer to assist them in finding more recruits . Daryl and Aaron find the community is being watched by the Wolves , exiles from Alexandria that seek revenge . After walking into a Wolves trap , they are rescued by Morgan Jones , Rick 's friend before he met the rest of the group in Atlanta , and they bring him back to Alexandria . Season 6 ( edit ) Rick and the others of his group are put in charge of Alexandria after proving their survival skills . To get rid of a walker horde trapped in a nearby quarry , Rick plans to parade them far away from Alexandria . Daryl , along with Abraham and Sasha , lead the parade . However , the Wolves launch a surprise attack , breaking the parade , through Rick instructs Daryl to lead the remaining away . The attack breeches the Alexandria walls , allowing walkers to swarm in . After leading the remaining walkers away , Daryl is briefly waylaid by Dwight and his wife Sherry . He finds a fuel truck , and regroups with Abraham and Sasha , and quickly deals with a group of men working for Negan . They ignite the truck in Alexandria to lure the walkers away from the citizens to dispatch them . As Alexandria is recovering , Carol opts to leave on her own , concerned about seeing others she cares for die , leaving Daryl upset . Rick and Daryl meet Jesus and are introduced to the Hilltop community . They request help dealing with the Saviors , a brutal group that demand supplies as a periodic offering . Rick , Daryl and others launch an attack on a Savior outpost , appearing to kill Negan and all of the Saviors . Later , Daryl encounters Dwight again with other men who claim to be Saviors working for Negan . After reporting this to Rick and the others , Daryl patrols to track down the Saviors but is soon captured . He is brought to a clearing along with Rick and several others of the group that has been captured by the Saviors , and they met the real Negan , who wields a baseball bat wrapped with barbed wired named `` Lucille '' . Negan prepares to kill one of the group in retaliation for the attack on the Savior compound and force them to swear loyalty to him . Season 7 ( edit ) After Negan randomly chose Abraham to kill , Daryl attacks him but he is held back by the Saviors . Negan proceeds to kill Glenn , and then convinces Rick to agree to his terms . Daryl is taken prisoner by Dwight back to Sanctuary , the Savior 's base . Dwight attempts to convert him to join Negan , but Daryl refuses . Later , Sherry helps Daryl to escape , and he is helped to Hilltop by Jesus , where Rick and others are meeting to discuss the situation with Negan . After a tearful reunion , they all agree Daryl is a fugitive from Negan and Jesus suggest he go to the Kingdom run by King Ezekiel for safety as well as to try to convince Ezekiel to help . There , Ezekiel remains non-committed as his deal with Negan is amicable , but offers Daryl shelter . While there , one of Ezekiel 's men , Richard , suggests a plan to lure Ezekiel into fighting the Saviors , by having the Savior kill a woman that Ekeziel has taken a liking to but staying outside of the Kingdom . Daryl realizes this is Carol , and refuses to go along with the plan . He opts to return to Hilltop , but stops to reunite with Carol on his way out . After debriefing the Hilltop community , he apologizes to Maggie for Glenn 's death , but she forgives him . Daryl then returns to Alexandria , and helps prepare for a plan to attack Negan when he next comes . However , they find Dwight has arrived , who swears that he wants to help them stop Negan , despite Daryl 's reservations . Negan does launch a surprise attack on Alexandria , but the timely arrival of the Hilltop and Kingdom communities allow them to overpower the Saviors and their allies , the Scavengers , and the three communities agree to go to war against Negan . Daryl finds a note from Dwight swearing he did not know what Negan had planned . Season 8 ( edit ) Daryl is first seen in the season premiere `` Mercy '' , where he is key to their plan to attack the Sanctuary by luring a massive walker herd using placed explosives and his motorcycle . After their plan succeeds , he splits off with Rick to attack a compound housing Savior weaponry . `` Monsters '' shows Daryl and Rick searching the compound for the guns to no avail ; unlike Rick , who is beginning to question their decision to go to war , Daryl has zero qualms about their mission , killing former Atlanta survivor Morales and executing a Savior who Rick promised mercy to . He is still distrusting of Dwight . When Rick and Daryl have a misunderstanding , their newly acquired weapons are accidentally set ablaze as they fight . After Dwight is later exposed as a mole , one Savior gets away after the rest are shot , and then Dwight asks to be spared . As he is lead away , Daryl takes back his vest . Weapons ( edit ) Daryl used a Horton Scout HD 125 crossbow for the first three seasons . The character 's use has inspired reviews of the weapon at Amazon.com referring to the show . It was replaced by a more powerful Stryker StrykeZone during Season 3 . In season 6 episode 9 , Daryl uses an Airtronic RPG - 7 to take out a biker gang working for Negan . In Season 7 Episode 10 , Daryl was given a new crossbow , which is a PSE Fang 350 . Development and reception ( edit ) Reedus read the script for the show and wanted to be a part of it so badly that he begged to audition even for a day role . He was asked to come in and read lines . They picked Merle 's lines , which is why the rumor still abounds that he read for the role of Merle , but Rooker already had the part . They liked his audition and gave him the role of Daryl . Daryl was originally a recurring character but was upgraded to the main cast in season two . Reedus originally asked the writers and crew if Daryl could get a dog . His request was denied , and Daryl instead got a new crossbow . After being fourth place in top billing for the third season , Daryl was promoted to second place in top billing for every season since the fourth , having become one of the main protagonists of the series . Fans follow the character , and Reedus in other roles . They have debated Daryl 's sexual orientation and sexuality , especially with regard to Caryl ( Carol and Daryl ) and Bethyl ( Beth and Daryl ) shippers ; some fans argue that he is heterosexual , while others argue that he is gay or bisexual . The Walking Dead creator Robert Kirkman stated that Daryl is heterosexual , but that the show has portrayed him as somewhat asexual . `` I think that he 's a very introverted character and I think that 's somewhat his appeal . I do have to clear something up , though , '' said Kirkman . `` In the Walking Dead letters column in the old comic book that I do , there was a question that made me mention that there was a possibility early on about making Daryl Dixon 's character gay and it caused quite a hubbub online . I just wanted to make it clear that I was saying that the possibility is there and I would 've been fine with it , the network would have been fine with it , but we ultimately did n't do that . '' Entertainment Weekly featured Reedus as Daryl on the cover of an issue previewing season three of The Walking Dead . Additionally , Daryl won IGN 's `` Best TV Hero '' of 2012 , and the character was featured in a Super Bowl XLVII commercial for Time Warner Cable . For his performance as Daryl , Reedus won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite TV Hero in 2014 and was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television in 2011 . TV Guide listed Daryl as the best character on The Walking Dead , ranking the top twenty four characters in the first five seasons . His transformation from a `` selfish loner to an integral member of the survivors '' was highlighted as well as being an `` excellent hunter '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/walking-dead-recap-season-8-midseason-finale-1202635498/ Jump up ^ Dean , Josh . `` Norman Reedus : The Walking Man '' . Boys Fitness . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2015 . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead ' Audition Tales : 31 Stars Tell All '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Archived from the original on 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead ' star Norman Reedus almost did n't get cast -- here 's how being persistent got him a lead role '' . businessinsider.com . Archived from the original on 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20170101161221/http://www.designntrend.com/articles/62446/20151009/the-walking-dead-norman-reedus-how-he-actually-landed-the-role-of-daryl-dixon.htm . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 01 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Daryl Dixon Robert Kirkman 's `` Favorite Element '' of TV Show `` . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( SPOILERS ) The Making of Episode 313 Arrow on the Doorpost : Inside The Walking Dead Archived 2016 - 03 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Youtube `` AMC '' ( March 10 , 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Michelle Steiner , Amanda ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` The Walking Dead : Creator Robert Kirkman Finally Reveals Daryl 's Sexuality '' . People . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This Week 's Cover : An exclusive sneak peek at season 3 of ' The Walking Dead ' Archived 2012 - 11 - 15 at the Wayback Machine ... Entertainment Weekly , 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Best of 2012 Archived 2015 - 07 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . IGN ( December 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` The Best Walking Dead Characters , Ranked : 1 . Daryl Dixon ( Norman Reedus ) '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Daryl Dixon on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Walking Dead <Td_colspan="2"> Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Passage Video games The Walking Dead Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series <Td_colspan="2"> Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams <Td_colspan="2"> Comics portal Fictional characters portal Horror fiction portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daryl_Dixon&oldid=825845846 '' Categories : Fictional characters from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Fictional characters introduced in 2010 Fictional archers Fictional bikers Fictional hunters Fictional murderers Fictional victims of child abuse The Walking Dead characters Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Magyar Português Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 19 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Daryl Dixon - The Walking Dead character
2. Norman Reedus - Portrayed by actor Norman Reedus
3. Survival skills and hunting abilities
4. Bonding with Carol Peletier and Beth Greene
5. Longest-surviving character in the television series
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3,850,844,653,567,636,000 |
north african city where the plague is set
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History of North Africa - wikipedia History of North Africa Jump to : navigation , search North Africa is a relatively thin strip of land between the Sahara desert and the Mediterranean , stretching from Moroccan Atlantic coast to Egypt and Sudan . The region comprises seven countries or territories ; Algeria , Egypt , Libya , Morocco , Sudan , Tunisia , and Western Sahara . The history of the region is a mix of influences from many different cultures . The development of sea travel firmly brought the region into the Mediterranean world , especially during the classical period . In the 1st millennium AD , the Sahara became an equally important area for trade as the camel caravans brought goods and people from the south . The region also has a small but crucial land link to the Middle East , and that area has also played a central role in the history of North Africa . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistory 2 Classical period 3 Arrival of Islam 3.1 The Arab Conquest 3.2 Kharijite Berber Rebellion 3.3 Rustamids 3.4 Banu Midrar 3.5 Aghlabids 3.6 Abbasids 3.7 Idrisids 3.8 Fatimids 4 The Muslim Berber Dynasties 4.1 Zirids 4.2 Almoravids 4.3 Almohads 4.4 Marinids 4.5 Hafsids 4.6 Zayyanids 4.7 Wattasids 5 Ottoman rule 6 European colonization 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Prehistory ( edit ) Main articles : Prehistoric Egypt and Prehistoric North Africa Further information : History of ancient Egypt and Nubia The earliest known hominids in North Africa arrived around 200,000 BC . Through most of the Stone Age the climate in the region was very different from today , the Sahara being far more moist and savanna like . Home to herds of large mammals , this area could support a large hunter - gatherer population and the Aterian culture that developed was one of the most advanced paleolithic societies . Various populations of pastoralists have left paintings of abundant wildlife , domesticated animals , chariots , and a complex culture that dates back to at least 10,000 BCE in Northern Niger and neighboring parts of Algeria and Libya . Several former northern Nigerian villages and archaeological sites date from the Green Sahara period of 7,500 - 7,000 to 3,500 - 3,000 BCE In the Mesolithic , the Capsian culture dominated the region with Neolithic farmers becoming predominant by 6000 BC . Over this period , the Sahara region was steadily drying , creating a barrier between North Africa and the rest of the African continent . The Nile Valley on the Eastern edge of North Africa is one of the richest agricultural areas in the world . The desiccation of the Sahara is believed to have increased the population density in the Nile Valley and large cities developed . Eventually Ancient Egypt unified in one of the world 's first civilizations . Classical period ( edit ) See also : North Africa during the Classical Period , Ptolemaic Egypt , Roman Egypt The expanse of the Libyan Desert cut Egypt off from the rest of North Africa . Egyptian boats , while well suited to the Nile , were not usable in the open Mediterranean . Moreover , the Egyptian merchant had far more prosperous destinations on Crete , Cyprus and the Levant . Greeks from Europe and the Phoenicians from Asia also settled along the coast of Northern Africa . Both societies drew their prosperity from the sea and from ocean - born trade . They found only limited trading opportunities with the native inhabitants , and instead turned to colonization . The Greek trade was based mainly in the Aegean , Adriatic , Black , and Red Seas and they only established major cities in Cyrenaica , directly to the south of Greece . In 332 BC , Alexander the Great conquered Egypt and for the next three centuries it was ruled by the Greek Ptolemaic dynasty . The Phoenicians developed an even larger presence in North Africa with colonies from Tripoli to the Atlantic . One of the most important Phoenician cities was Carthage , which grew into one of the greatest powers in the region . At the height of its power , Carthage controlled the Western Mediterranean and most of North Africa outside of Egypt . However , Rome , Carthage 's major rival to the north , defeated it in a series of wars known as the Punic Wars , resulting in Carthage 's destruction in 146 BC and the annexation of its empire by the Romans . In 30 BC , Roman Emperor Octavian conquered Egypt , officially annexing it to the Empire and , for the first time , unifying the North African coast under a single ruler . The Carthaginian power had penetrated deep into the Sahara ensuring the quiescence of the nomadic tribes in the region . The Roman Empire was more confined to the coast , yet routinely expropriated Berber land for Roman farmers . They thus faced a constant threat from the south . A network of forts and walls were established on the southern frontier , eventually securing the region well enough for local garrisons to control it without broader Imperial support . When the Roman Empire began to collapse , North Africa was spared much of the disruption until the Vandal invasion of 429 AD . The Vandals ruled in North Africa until the territories were regained by Justinian of the Eastern Empire in the 6th century . Egypt was never invaded by the Vandals because there was a thousand - mile buffer of desert and because the Eastern Roman Empire was better defended . Arrival of Islam ( edit ) See also Egypt in the Middle Ages , Medieval Muslim Algeria , Berbers and Islam , Islam in Africa The Arab conquest ( edit ) see also Umayyad conquest of North Africa , Byzantine - Arab Wars , and the Battle of Carthage ( 698 ) The Mosque of Uqba also known as the Great Mosque of Kairouan was founded by the Arab conqueror Uqba Ibn Nafi al - Fihiri in 670 AD ; it is the oldest and most important mosque in North Africa , city of Kairouan , Tunisia . The Arab invasion of the Maghrib began in 642 AD when Amr ibn al - As , the governor of Egypt , invaded Cyrenaica , advancing as far as the city of Tripoli by 645 AD . Further expansion into North Africa waited another twenty years , due to the First Islamic civil war . In 670 AD , Uqba ibn Nafi al - Fihiri invaded what is now Tunisia in an attempt to take the region from the Byzantine Empire , but was only partially successful . He founded the town of Kairouan but was replaced by Abul - Muhajir Dinar in 674 AD . Abul - Muhajir successfully advanced into what is now eastern Algeria incorporating the Berber confederation ruled by Kusaila into the Islamic sphere of influence . In 681 AD Uqba was given command of the Arab forces again and advanced westward again in 682 AD , holding Kusaya as a hostage . He advanced as far as the Atlantic Ocean in the west and penetrated the Draa River Valley and the Sus region in what is now Morocco . However , Kusaila escaped during the campaign and attacked Uqba on his return and killed him near Biskra in what is now Algeria . After Uqba 's death , the Arab armies retreated from Kairouan , which Kusaila took as his capital . He ruled there until he was defeated by an Arab army under Zuhair ibn Kays . Zuhair himself was killed in 688 AD while fighting against the Byzantine Empire who had reoccupied Cyrenaica while he was busy in Tunisia . In 693 AD , Caliph Abd al - Malik ibn Marwan sent an army of 40,000 men , commanded by Hasan ibn al - Nu'man , into Cyrenaica and Tripolitania in order to remove the Byzantine threat to the Umayyads advance in North Africa . They met no resistance until they reached Tunisia where they captured Carthage and defeated the Bizantines and Berbers around Bizerte . Soon afterwards , al - Nu'man 's forces came into conflict with the indigenous Berbers of the Jrāwa tribe under the leadership of their queen , Al - Kahina . The Berbers defeated al - Nu'man in two engagements , the first on the river Nini and the second near Gabis , upon which al - Nu'man 's forces retreated to Cyrenaica to wait for reinforcements . Reinforcements arrived in 697 AD and al - Nu'man advanced into what is now Tunisia , again meeting Al - Kahina near Gabis . This time he was successful and Al - Kahina retreated to Tubna where her forces were defeated and she was killed . al - Nu'man next recaptured Carthage from the Byzantines , who had retaken it when he retreated from Tunisia . He founded the city of Tunis nearby and used it as the base for the Ummayad navy in the Mediterranean Sea . The Byzantines were forced to abandon the Maghreb and retreat to the islands of the Mediterranean Sea . However , in 705 AD he was replaced by Musa bin Nusair , a protégé of then governor of Egypt , Abdul - Aziz ibn Marwan . Nusair attacked what is now Morocco , captured Tangier , and advanced as far as the Sus river and the Tafilalt oasis in a three - year campaign . Kharijite Berber Rebellion ( edit ) see also Berber Revolt see also Kharijites Rustamids ( edit ) See also : Rustamid Banu Midrar ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2011 ) Aghlabids ( edit ) See also : Aghlabid Abbasids ( edit ) See also : Abbasid Idrisids ( edit ) See also : Idrisid Dynasty Fatimids ( edit ) See also : Fatimid The muslim Berber dynasties ( edit ) Zirids ( edit ) See also : Zirid Almoravids ( edit ) See also : Almoravid dynasty In the 11th century , Berbers of the Sahara began a jihad to reform Islam in North Africa and remove any trace of cultural or religious pluralism . This movement created an empire encompassing parts of Spain and North Africa . At its greatest extent , it appears to have included southern and eastern Iberia and roughly all of present - day Morocco . This movement seems to have assisted the southern penetration of Africa , one that was continued by later groups . In addition , the Almoravids are traditionally believed to have attacked and brought about the destruction of the West African Ghana Empire . Moorish Princes . However , this interpretation has been questioned . Conrad and Fisher ( 1982 ) argued that the notion of any Almoravid military conquest at its core is merely perpetuated folklore , derived from a misinterpretation or naive reliance on Arabic sources while Dierke Lange agrees but argues that this does n't preclude Almoravid political agitation , claiming that Ghana 's demise owed much to the latter . Almohads ( edit ) See also : Almohad Dynasty The Almohads ( or Almohadis ) were similar to the Almoravids , in that they similarly attacked any alternative beliefs that they saw as corruptions of Islam . They managed to conquer southern Spain , and their North African empire extended further than that of the Almoravids , reaching to Egypt . Marinids ( edit ) See also : Marinid Dynasty Hafsids ( edit ) See also : Hafsid Dynasty The Hafsids were a Masmuda - Berber dynasty ruling Ifriqiya ( modern Tunisia ) from 1229 to 1574 . Their territories were stretched from east of modern Algeria to west of modern Libya during their zenith . The dynasty was named after Muhammad bin Abu Hafs a Berber from the Masmuda tribe of Morocco . He was appointed governor of Ifriqiya ( present day Tunisia ) by Muhammad an - Nasir , Caliph of the Almohad empire between 1198 - 1213 . The Banu Hafs , were a powerful group amongst the Almohads ; their ancestor is Omar Abu Hafs al - Hentati , a member of the council of ten and a close companion of Ibn Tumart . His original name was `` Fesga Oumzal '' , which later changed to `` Abu Hafs Omar ibn Yahya al - Hentati '' ( also known as `` Omar Inti '' ) since it was a tradition of Ibn Tumart to rename his close companions once they had adhered to his religious teachings . The Hafsids as governors on behalf of the Almohads faced constant threats from Banu Ghaniya who were descendents of Almoravid princes which the Almohads had defeated and replaced as a ruling dynasty . Hafsids were Ifriqiya governors of Almohads until 1229 , when they declared independence . After the split of the Hafsids from the Almohads under Abu Zakariya ( 1229 -- 1249 ) , Abu Zakariya organised the administration in Ifriqiya ( the Roman province of Africa in modern Maghreb ; today 's Tunisia , eastern Algeria and western Libya ) and built Tunis up as the economic and cultural centre of the empire . At the same time , many Muslims from Al - Andalus fleeing the Spanish Reconquista of Castile , Aragon , and Portugal were absorbed . He also conquered Tlemcen in 1242 and took Abdalwadids as his vassal . His successor Muhammad I al - Mustansir ( 1249 -- 1277 ) took the title of Caliph . In the 14th century the empire underwent a temporary decline . Although the Hafsids succeeded for a time in subjugating the Kingdom of Tlemcen of the Abdalwadids , between 1347 and 1357 they were twice conquered by the Merinids of Morocco . The Abdalwadids however could not defeat the Bedouin ; ultimately , the Hafsids were able to regain their empire . During the same period plague epidemics caused a considerable fall in population , further weakening the empire . Under the Hafsids , commerce with Christian Europe grew significantly , however piracy against Christian shipping grew as well , particularly during the rule of Abd al - Aziz II ( 1394 -- 1434 ) . The profits were used for a great building programme and to support art and culture . However , piracy also provoked retaliation from Aragon and Venice , which several times attacked Tunisian coastal cities . Under Utman ( 1435 -- 1488 ) the Hafsids reached their zenith , as the caravan trade through the Sahara and with Egypt was developed , as well as sea trade with Venice and Aragon . The Bedouins and the cities of the empire became largely independent , leaving the Hafsids in control of only Tunis and Constantine . In the 16th century the Hafsids became increasingly caught up in the power struggle between Spain and the Ottoman Empire - supported Corsairs . Ottomans conquered Tunis in 1534 and held one year . Due to Ottoman threat , Hafsids were vassal of Spain after 1535 . Ottomans again conquered Tunis in 1569 and held it for 4 years . Don Juan of Austria recaptured it in 1573 . The latter conquered Tunis in 1574 and the Hafsids accepted becoming a Spanish vassal state to offset the Ottoman threat . Muhammad IV , the last Caliph of the Hafsids was brought to Constantinople and was subsequently executed due to his collaboration with Spain and the desire of the Ottoman Sultan to take the title of Caliph as he now controlled Mecca and Medina . The Hafsid lineage survived the Ottoman massacre by a branch of the family being taken to the Canary Island of Tenerife by the Spanish . Zayyanids ( edit ) See also : Zayyanid Wattasids ( edit ) See also : Wattasid Dynasty Ottoman rule ( edit ) See also History of Ottoman Egypt After the Middle Ages , Northern Africa was loosely under the control of the Ottoman Empire , except for the region of Morocco . Ottoman rule was centered on the cities of Algiers , Tunis , and Tripoli . European colonization ( edit ) See also French rule in Algeria During the 18th and 19th century , North Africa was colonized by France , the United Kingdom , Spain and Italy . During the 1950s and 1960s , and into the 1970s , all of the North African states gained independence from their colonial European rulers , except for a few small Spanish colonies on the far northern tip of Morocco , and parts of the Sahara region , which went from Spanish to Moroccan rule . In modern times the Suez canal in Egypt ( constructed in 1869 ) has caused a great deal of controversy . The Convention of Constantinople in 1888 declared the canal a neutral zone under the protection of the British , after British troops had moved in to protect it in 1882 . Under the Anglo - Egyptian Treaty of 1936 , the United Kingdom insisted on retaining control over the canal . In 1951 Egypt repudiated the treaty , and by 1954 Great Britain had agreed to pull out . After the United Kingdom and the United States withdrew their pledge to support the construction of the Aswan Dam , president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the canal , which caused Britain , France and Israel to invade in the week - long Suez War . As a result of damage and sunken ships , the canal was closed until April 1957 , after it had been cleaned up with UN assistance . A United Nations force ( UNEF ) was established to maintain the neutrality of the canal and the Sinai Peninsula . See also ( edit ) History of Africa # North Africa History of Algeria History of Egypt History of Sudan History of Libya History of Morocco History of Tunisia History of Western Sahara References ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to UN country classification here : http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm . The disputed territory of Western Sahara ( formerly Spanish Sahara ) is mostly administered by Morocco ; the Polisario Front claims the territory in militating for the establishment of an independent republic , and exercises limited control over rump border territories . Jump up ^ Hans Kung , Tracing the Way : Spiritual Dimensions of the World Religions , Continuum International Publishing Group , 2006 , page 248 ^ Jump up to : `` A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period , Cambridge University Press , 1987 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` Abun - Nasr '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Lange , Dierk ( 1996 ) . `` The Almoravid expansion and the downfall of Ghana '' , Der Islam 73 , pp. 122 - 159 Jump up ^ Masonen & Fisher 1996 . Jump up ^ Lange 1996 , pp. 122 - 159 . Abun - Nasr , Jamil ( 1987 ) . A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 33184 - 6 . Stearns , Peter N. , et al. World Civilizations : The Global Experience . AP Edition DBQ Update . New York : Pearson Education , Inc. , 2006 . 174 . External links ( edit ) Maroc - history : A Taste of Maghribi History Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Africa&oldid=800520648 '' Categories : History of North Africa Maghreb History of the Mediterranean Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles to be expanded from January 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from January 2011 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 01 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. North Africa geography
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who played robin hood on the tv series
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The Adventures of Robin Hood ( TV series ) - Wikipedia The Adventures of Robin Hood ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The Adventures of Robin Hood <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Drama Adventure Folklore Period drama Created by Based on traditional legends Starring Richard Greene Bernadette O'Farrell Patricia Driscoll Alexander Gauge Archie Duncan Alan Wheatley John Arnatt Opening theme Edwin Astley Ending theme Carl Sigman sung by Dick James Composer ( s ) Edwin Astley Albert Elms Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 143 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Hannah Weinstein Producer ( s ) Sidney Cole Running time 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Sapphire Films Distributor Official Films Inc. for ITC Entertainment <Th_colspan="2"> Release Picture format 4 : 3 35mm Black - and - white Audio format Monaural Original release 25 September 1955 ( 1955 - 09 - 25 ) ATV -- 1 March 1959 ( 1959 - 03 - 01 ) ATV The Adventures of Robin Hood is a British television series comprising 143 half - hour , black and white episodes broadcast weekly between 1955 and 1959 on ITV . It stars Richard Greene as the outlaw Robin Hood and Alan Wheatley as his nemesis , the Sheriff of Nottingham . The show followed the legendary character Robin Hood and his band of merry men in Sherwood Forest and the surrounding vicinity . While some episodes dramatised the traditional Robin Hood tales , most episodes were original dramas created by the show 's writers and producers . The programme was produced by Sapphire Films Ltd for ITC Entertainment , was filmed at Nettlefold Studios with some location work , and was the first of many pre-filmed shows commissioned by Lew Grade . In 1954 , Grade was approached by American producer Hannah Weinstein to finance a series of 39 half - hour episodes , at a budget of £ 10,000 an episode , of a series she wished to make called ' The Adventures of Robin Hood ' , for which she had already signed Richard Greene to the project as Robin Hood and been given the backing of US distribution company , Official Films Inc , who were confident of selling it to the US market . Grade was so impressed by her proposal that he agreed immediately to back the series , hoping to make large profits by selling programmes to the lucrative American market . In the UK , the series premiered on ATV London , on Sunday 25 September 1955 the US premiere was on Monday 26 September 1955 by CBS , ATV Midlands began the series on Friday 17 February 1956 , the series had a staggered start across the other regions from 1956 -- 1961 as the ITV regional stations came on - air for the first time in the UK . The series was shot on 35mm film to provide the best possible picture quality , and had fade - outs where US commercials were intended to slot in ( the series was sponsored in the US by Johnson & Johnson ( Baby products , Band - Aid ) and Wildroot ( Hair products ) . To mark the end of production on the series Mr. and Mrs. Fisher ( Hannah Weinstein and her new husband John Fisher ) and Richard Greene threw a final wrap party at The High Pine Club on 10 December 1958 , cast members Alexander Gauge , Archie Duncan , Patricia Driscoll with husband Duncan Lamont , Paul Eddington , the Sheriff Alan Wheatley and his deputy John Arnatt attended . Also there were producer Sidney Cole , Ken Hodges ( lighting cameraman ) , Noel Rowland ( camera operator ) , Pip Pearson ( sound ) , and directors including Compton Bennett , Gordon Parry , Terry Bishop , Robert Day , Peter Seabourne , and Anthony Squire , and stuntman Rupert Evans . The show aired on the Nine Network in Australia , CBC in Canada , and on CBS in the US . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 1.1 Main characters 1.2 Minor characters 1.3 Historical characters 2 Plot and Writing 3 Episodes 4 Production details 4.1 Blacklisted writers 4.2 Filming 4.3 Crew 4.4 Music 4.4. 1 Theme song 4.5 Artistic details 4.6 Sponsorship 5 Influence 6 Merchandise 6.1 Products 6.2 DVD 7 Compilation Episodes 8 Film 9 References 10 External links Characters ( edit ) Richard Greene as Robin Hood Maid Marian ( Patricia Driscoll ) with the Merry Men Main characters ( edit ) Robin Hood ( Robin of Locksley ) , a Saxon nobleman returned from the Crusades and forced into outlawry in Sherwood Forest . Played by Richard Greene . The Sheriff of Nottingham , Robin Hood 's enemy who schemes to capture the outlaw . Played by Alan Wheatley . Little John , Robin Hood 's trusted friend and his second in command . Played by Archie Duncan . Duncan was briefly replaced by Rufus Cruikshank for ten episodes after Duncan was injured when a horse bolted toward the spectators , mostly children , watching the location filming of the episode `` Checkmate '' on 20 April 1955 . Archie Duncan grabbed the bridle , stopping the horse , but the cart it was pulling ran him over , causing a fractured kneecap and cuts and bruises . He received the Queen 's Commendation for Bravery Award and £ 1,360 in damages from Sapphire films . Maid Marian ( Lady Marian Fitzwalter ) , a Norman - Irish noblewoman and Robin Hood 's lover . Played in series one and two by Bernadette O'Farrell and in series three and four by Patricia Driscoll . Friar Tuck , a member of Robin Hood 's band . Played by Alexander Gauge . Will Scarlet , a member of Robin Hood 's band . Played by Ronald Howard ( 2 episodes / Series 1 ) and Paul Eddington ( Series 4 ) . Derwent , a member of Robin 's band . Played by Victor Woolf . Excepting Robin , this character was featured in the most episodes of the show , a total of 112 . Joan , the barmaid at the Blue Boar Inn , a friend of Robin and his band . Played by Simone Lovell . Sir Richard of the Lea , a friend of Robin and his band . Played by Ian Hunter . Hunter had earlier played King Richard the Lionheart in the 1938 production The Adventures of Robin Hood starring Errol Flynn . Lady Leonia , wife of Sir Richard of the Lea . Played by Patricia Burke in 5 episodes . The Deputy Sheriff of Nottingham , ( The Sheriff 's replacement in series 4 ) , played by John Arnatt . Minor characters ( edit ) Alan - a-Dale , a member of Robin Hood 's band . Played by John Schlesinger ( two episodes ) , Richard Coleman ( 3 episodes / Series 4 ) . Ethel , Derwent 's wife played by Paula Byrne Historical characters ( edit ) Queen Eleanor , mother of King Richard and Prince John . Played by ( Jill Esmond ) ( 2 episodes , series 1 ) Richard the Lionheart , the King of England and brother of Prince John . Played by Patrick Barr ( 2 episodes , series 1 ) Prince John , the scheming friend of the Sheriff of Nottingham and brother of King Richard . Played by Donald Pleasence , Hubert Gregg , and Brian Haines . Princess Avice of Gloucester , the first wife of Prince John played by Helen Cherry before her divorce from John , Isabella of Angoulême , the second wife of Prince John played by Zena Walker before her marriage to John though not played as a 12 - year - old . Prince Arthur played by Peter Asher ( 3 episodes series 1 & 2 ) , Richard O'Sullivan ( 1 episode series 3 ) and Jonathon Bailey ( 1 episode series 4 ) Constance , Duchess of Brittany ( Prince Arthur 's mother ) , played by Dorothy Alison ( 3 episodes series 1 & 2 ) , Pamela Alan ( 1 episode series 3 ) , and Patricia Marmont ( 1 episode series 4 ) King William the Lion of Scotland played by Duncan McKintrye . Many soon - to - be-famous faces pop up , including : Lionel Jeffries ( `` Murder Ahoy '' and `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang '' ) , Leslie Phillips , Jane Asher , Anne Reid ( Coronation Street and Dinnerladies ) , Edward Mulhare ( The Ghost & Mrs. Muir and Knight Rider ) , Patrick Troughton ( the Second Doctor ) , Irene Handl , Nicholas Parsons , Desmond Llewelyn ( Q in the Bond films ) , Sam Kydd , Sid James , Joan Sims and Bernard Bresslaw ( Carry On films ) , Leo McKern ( Rumpole of the Bailey ) , Alfie Bass ( The Army Game ) , Sylvia Kay ( Just Good Friends ) , Harry H. Corbett and Wilfrid Brambell ( Steptoe and Son ) , Barbara Mullen ( Dr Finlay 's Casebook ) , Richard O'Sullivan ( Man About the House ) , Geoffrey Bayldon ( Catweazle ) , Billie Whitelaw , Ronald Allen , Gordon Jackson , Conrad Phillips ( William Tell ) , Martin Benson ( Sword of Freedom ) . John Schlesinger as an actor appeared in three episodes as singing minstrels ( Hale and Alan a Dale ( 2 ) ) . A number of actors appeared in supporting roles in most episodes , for series one these include : Victor Woolf , Willoughby Gray , John Drake , John Longden , Charles Stapley , John Dearth , Arthur Skinner , Paul Connell , and Gabriel Toyne . And for later series include : Paul Hansard , Paul Eddington , Michael Lane , Edward Mulhare , Shaun O'Riordan , Morris Barry , Patrick Troughton , Wilfrid Brambell , Nigel Davenport , Harry H. Corbett , Kevin Stoney , Ronald Hines , and Max Faulkner , who also did stunt / double work . Frank Maher later Patrick McGoohan 's stunt double played many small non-speaking parts , and stuntman Terry Yorke , who doubled for Richard Greene , played many small roles throughout all four series . Plot and writing ( edit ) Robin Hood protects Maid Marian and fends off a villain played by John Dearth The series is set in the 12th Century , during the reign of King Richard . Robin of Locksley , a nobleman , is forced into the life of an outlaw , dwelling in Sherwood Forest with a band of men who right the wrongs committed by the rich and powerful against the poor and defenceless . Given the name Robin Hood by the outlaw band 's leader , Will Scatlock , who was fatally wounded . Hood 's enemy in the series is the Sheriff of Nottingham who , with his cohorts , schemes to capture the outlaw by any means possible . Lady Marian Fitzwalter ( Maid Marian ) , a young noblewoman and Robin Hood 's lover , keeps him informed of the Sheriff of Nottingham 's whereabouts and intentions . Episodes are punctuated with manly deeds of derring - do , tense escapes and pursuits , princely tournaments , the thundering hoof - beats of powerful steeds , the clattering of flashing swords , and the whizzing of fatally - placed arrows . In `` A Year and A Day '' ( Series 2 ) , a refugee peasant explains that , under English law , a peasant who escapes serfdom and lives in a city for `` a year and a day '' is a free man , given the man lives openly , not in hiding . When Robin Hood helps the peasant move about the city , the Sheriff invokes `` the law of hue and cry '' , explaining that any man within hearing must drop his chores and help apprehend the felon . In `` A Christmas Goose '' ( Season 3 ) , a boy 's goose nips a lord 's horse so the lord is thrown . The lord condemns the goose to death -- for his Christmas dinner . But Robin Hood counters that under English common law , an accused animal is entitled to a fair trial , the same as a human . While Robin Hood drags out the trial , Friar Tuck gets the cook drunk and switches geese . When the deception is revealed , the lord relents and pardons the goose . Two episodes , `` Brother Battle '' ( # 84 ) and `` To Be a Student '' ( # 90 ) emphasized the Catholic Church 's struggle to educate commoners , and even the children of serfs , despite laws forbidding the practice and in the face of opposition from the nobility . The writers created supporting characters who were likable and occasionally resourceful . In `` The Goldmaker 's Return '' ( Season 2 ) , Robin Hood is away in France on a mission . Lady Marian , Little John , and the other Merry Men carry the day without the star of the show ever showing his face . Most of the time , however , Robin is required to save the day following the usual comment about `` Many men will be noticed . Only one going in will be successful , '' etc . Despite simplistic plotting required by the 30 - minute format , the writing was both professional in its handling of situations , and pointed in its dialog . Anachronisms abound : the lipsticked girl with modern hairdo in the Friar Tuck episode , for instance , wine cups for each occupant at a table in Checkmate when that only became the practice hundreds of years later , the 20th century school implements in Brother Battle , and a `` bard '' in The Challenge episode who sings a song to the late 17th century tune of Lillibulero , in 13th century England . All this is typical of every series of historical fiction , but the show 's producers pointed with pride to their accuracy , courtesy of hired consultants . There was also an element of self - parody at times that sat uneasily on the series . In one episode , The Challenge , the plot - as - such was finished halfway through the show , and during the rest , the hapless Richard of the Lea and his wife worried as their larder and wine cellar were emptied during a siege with Robin , Little John , and Tuck eating and dancing all day and night . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Adventures of Robin Hood ( TV series ) episodes ( including DVD release information ) . 143 episodes were filmed in four series . Production details ( edit ) Blacklisted writers ( edit ) The Adventures of Robin Hood was produced by Hannah Weinstein , who had left - wing political views . Weinstein hired many blacklisted American writers to script episodes of the series : these included Ring Lardner Jr. , Waldo Salt , Robert Lees , and Adrian Scott . Howard Koch , who was also blacklisted , served for a while as the series ' script editor . The blacklisted writers were credited under pseudonyms , to avoid the attention of studio executives . ( The sponsored prints of the first five episodes of series one , screened by CBS in the US on its first run , had no writer credits on their end title sequences , writers were only credited on sponsored prints from episode 6 onward , only later non-sponsored US re-run prints of series one have writer credits for these episodes , some of which differ from writer credits on UK prints . As an example , Lawrence McClellan is credited as writer of `` The Coming of Robin Hood '' on US prints , for the UK the pseudonym used is Eric Heath . ) After the blacklist collapsed , Lardner said that the series ' format allowed him `` plenty of opportunities to comment on issues and institutions in Eisenhower - era America ; '' presumably A Tuck in Time was such an episode , in which a twin of Friar Tuck arrives boasting of his willingness to sell a weapon that could destroy the world . In addition to the redistributive themes of a hero who robs from the rich and gives to the poor , many episodes in the programme 's first two seasons included the threat that Robin and his band would be betrayed to the authorities by friends or loved ones , much as the blacklisted writers had been . But the half - hour length episodes and broad - target market precluded any political criticism that went beyond the generalities of 19th century Robin Hood revival books . Filming ( edit ) Whilst interiors were filmed at Nettlefold Studios , location shooting for the series took place on the nearby Wisley common , Wisley , Surrey , and at the adjoining Foxwarren Park estate , near Cobham , owned by Hannah Weinstein . Horses used for filming were also stabled at Foxwarren house , which had a projection room for viewing daily film rushes and completed films . In 1956 a replica castle exterior , complete with drawbridge , was built in the grounds of the estate for filming of ' The Adventures of Sir Lancelot ' series ( it features prominently in title sequence for the colour episodes ) , this was used predominantly for castle scenes in series 3 & 4 of Robin Hood , it first appears as Chateau Marmont in ' The Bandit of Brittany ' during series 2 , in place of the standing castle and village set on the backlot at Nettlefold studios used in series 1 & most of series 2 . As well as this , establishing shots and short film sequences were also shot at various medieval buildings in the UK including : Allington Castle in Kent , this was used to establish Fitzwalter Castle , Marian 's home in the series , Painshill Park , near Cobham , Saltwood Castle in Hythe , and Pencoed Castle near Magor in Monmouthshire . Three Northumberland sites were used -- Alnwick Castle , Lindisfarne Castle , and Warkworth Castle . Bodiam Castle in East Sussex , Leith Hill near Dorking , Framlingham Castle in Suffolk , Newark Priory near Ripley , Castle Mill in Dorking , and Newark Mill amongst others were used through the series . Crew ( edit ) Directors of Photography -- Gerald Gibbs ( series 1 ) , Ken Hodges ( series 1 -- 4 ) , Ernest Palmer ( series 2 ) , Michael Reed ( series 2 -- 3 ) , Ian Craig ( series 4 ) Camera Operators -- Noel Rowland ( series 1 -- 4 ) , Eric Williams ( series 4 ) Art Directors -- Peter Proud ( series 1 ) , John Blezard ( series 2 -- 4 ) , Peter Mullins ( series 2 -- 3 ) Production Designer -- Peter Proud ( series 2 ) Art Supervisor -- William Kellner ( series 2 ) Assistant Director -- Christopher Noble Sound -- H.P. Pearson Film Editors -- Bill Lewthwaite , Peter Seabourne , Harry Booth , Inman Hunter , and Thelma Connell ( series 1 ) , Joan Warwick ( series 2 -- 4 ) , David Hawkins ( series 2 ) , Lee Doig ( series 3 -- 4 ) , Peter Rolfe Johnson ( series 4 ) , Richard Sidwell ( series 4 ) Dubbing Editors -- Harry Booth and Michael Deeley ( series 1 ) , Freddie Cook ( series 2 ) Supervising Film Editors -- Thelma Connell ( series 1 -- 2 ) , Maurice Rootes ( series 2 ) Continuity -- Joanna Busby / Barbara Thomas ( series 1 ) Olga Marshall ( series 2 ) Make - Up Supervisor -- Walter Schneiderman Hairdressers -- Eileen Bates ( series 1 -- 2 ) , Bill Griffiths ( series 1 ) , Betty Sheriff ( series 2 ) Wardrobe Supervisor -- Brenda Gardner Script Editors -- Albert G. Ruben ( series 1 -- 3 ) , Kathryn Dawes ( series 2 ) , Peggy Phillips ( series 2 -- 3 ) , Raymond Bowers ( series 4 ) Production Supervisor / Manager -- George Mills ( series 1 ) , Harold Buck ( series 1 -- 4 ) Assistant Producer -- John C. George Production Associate -- Richard Greene ( series 4 ) Associate Producer -- Thelma Connell ( series 2 -- 4 ) Producer -- Sidney Cole ( series 1 -- 4 ) ( credited as Associate Producer on series 1 ) Executive Producer -- Hannah Weinstein Music ( edit ) Each episode in the first two series started with a country scene of faux - normal life in Olde England during which an introductory poem in rhymed cadence to the tune of the English folksong `` Early One Morning , '' which derived from a much later period than the series . The poem was a humorous summary vignette of what could be expected in the episode . An actor portraying the Minstrel would use the same melody at the final fade to black before the end credits for 1st run CBS sponsored screenings in the USA , letting viewers know that the sponsor `` now begs a word with you . '' `` Sumer Is Icumen In '' is featured throughout the series . At times it is heard as background music at parties . In `` The Betrothal , '' Sir Richard 's son plays it on his flute while his betrothed sings it . In the episode `` Carlotta , '' Little John sings it to his sweetheart . In `` The Path of True Love , '' Marian sings it to stall Sir Charles . In one of its most prominent uses , Robin forces a group of soldiers to sing it . The Merry Men perform the soul cake song in `` The Thorkil Ghost , '' with Derwent singing a solo . Theme song ( edit ) Carl Sigman wrote the words and music for the theme song which was sung by Dick James . The song is still fondly remembered : Robin Hood , Robin Hood , Riding through the glen Robin Hood , Robin Hood , With his band of men Feared by the bad , Loved by the good Robin Hood , Robin Hood , Robin Hood He called the greatest archers to a tavern on the green They vowed to help the people of the king They handled all the trouble on the English country scene And still found plenty of time to sing ( Chorus ( 1st paragraph ) repeat ) In 1956 the theme song was released on Parlophone records by Dick James with Stephen James and his chums and Ron Goodwin 's Orchestra and reached number 14 in the UK charts ( 78rpm single : R. 4117 / 45rpm single : MSP6199 ) , and by PYE records as a 78rpm single by Gary Miller with Tony Osbourne orchestra and the Beryl Stott chorus ( PYE N. 15020 ) and reached number 10 on the UK charts . Versions by Frankie Laine ( CBS Coronet ) , Nelson Riddle and his Orchestra ( Capitol ) , Alan Dale ( Coral ) , Joe Reisman 's orchestra and chorus ( RCA Victor ) , and Ronnie Ronaldo ( Colombia ) were also issued . These versions had the extended song with fives verses and the chorus six times . The sound effect at the atart of the theme tune , of the arrow being fired into a tree , was produced by record producer Joe Meek , who was also the recording engineer on the Gary Miller version . This song was parodied by Monty Python 's Flying Circus in their Dennis Moore sketch , which depicted a masked highwayman from the 18th century ( more like the Scarlet Pimpernel ) stealing lupins from the rich to give to the poor . It is also played at every Nottingham Forest home match . `` Robin des Bois '' was the theme recorded for the French TV market , sung in French , it can be heard on the 3rd series episode `` Farewell To Tuck '' released by Network on DVD . The series was first broadcast in France as `` Aventures dans la Foret de Sherwood '' in 1965 on ORTF . Other countries to broadcast the series include Canada 1955 -- 1958 on CBOT , Toronto , and CKCO , Kitchener , Ontario , Australia 1956 -- 1961 on HSV7 ( The Seven Network ) , Finland in 1964 on NORDEEZE , Holland in 1965 / 66 on AVRO and Germany between 1971 and 1974 on ARD . First series episodes also exist with a variant downbeat instrumental end theme by Edwin Astley , it can be heard on the episode `` The Highlander '' released by Network DVD . Artistic details ( edit ) Art director Peter Proud , an expert at wartime camouflage , hit on the idea of putting many props on wheels to facilitate quick set changes , since one 26 - minute episode was shot every four and a half days . The show boasted `` 140 set pieces ( baronial fireplaces , staircases , stone walls , entrance halls , and the like ) '' . There was some outdoor location filming , mainly involving horse - riding doubles and stuntmen , and without dialogue recording . Sets were designed from parchments and sketches from the British Museum , and modeled on castles of Harlech , Farleigh , and Framlingham . Some of the 100 soldiers who manned the battlements of Nottingham Castle were miniature toy soldiers . Sponsorship ( edit ) 1958 advertisement featuring the series ' alternate title , The Adventures in Sherwood Forest In the US the original CBS syndication prints had a few variants to the original UK prints , after the brief title sequence the US prints would repeat this sequence but with `` Brought to You By '' and after the arrow strikes the tree the sponsors name `` Wildroot Cream - Oil '' superimposed , `` Johnson & Johnson '' sponsored episodes had a voice - over over the opening titles `` Richard Greene in The Adventures of Robin Hood '' and over the repeated sequence `` presented by '' followed by the names of two Johnson & Johnson products , images of which would appear over the shot of the arrow in the tree , a commercial featuring one of the products would then be shown , the Wildroot Cream - Oil sponsored episodes would then feature an animated commercial showing a Robin Hood -- type figure with lank hair and a dinosaur . A Minstrel song would then be sung at the beginning of each episode , over the episode title , providing a playful poetic synopsis in short prose of what could be expected to be seen . After the final fade to black a sequence featuring an actor playing the Minstrel would be shown as he sang these lyrics to the tune of `` Early One Morning '' : `` We 'll have the merry time again with Robin and his Merry Men and the folk who 'll bring him to you then now beg a word with you . '' followed by a commercial for the next week 's sponsor before the end titles would be shown , ( Wildroot Cream Oil and Johnson & Johnson sponsored alternate episodes ) the end credits start with the opening sequence , with Sandy Becker mentioning the sponsors name again , and the sponsors product appearing on screen through the end titles which are shown over the shot of the tree . This caption also appeared : `` This film was flown to the USA via Pan American World Airways '' . The opening minstrel tunes were also sung to the tune of ' Early One Morning ' . There were two sponsors of the CBS syndicated screenings , Wildroot Cream - Oil ( a hair tonic company ) , and Johnson & Johnson ( known in the UK and US for its baby powder ) . The commercials involved `` within '' the episodes appeared originally on all three Seasons broadcast at 7.30 pm ( eastern standard time ) / 6.30 pm ( central standard time ) Monday nights on CBS ( not series 4 ) . Alternative title captions appear over the opening sequence on some US prints . Instead of `` Richard Greene in The Adventures of Robin Hood '' they state `` Richard Greene plays Robin Hood -- Adventures in Sherwood Forest '' . This practice occurred because of an FCC rule demanding that reruns of a series be retitled for syndication packaging if aired while first - run episodes of the series were still being shown on one of the three major networks . Five years of `` Gunsmoke '' episodes , for instance , were retitled `` Marshall Dillon '' for syndicated run because `` Gunsmoke '' was still going strong on CBS . Alternate US end credit titles crediting the series as `` A Hannah Weinstein Production for Sapphire Films Limited '' , ( and for later episodes from 1958 credited as `` A Hannah Fisher Production '' ) also exist . In the UK , at the time , sponsorship of programmes was not allowed and each episode had one commercial break in the middle . Influence ( edit ) The series was an immediate hit on both sides of the Atlantic , drawing 32,000,000 viewers per week . Sapphire films were commissioned to make four other series by Lew Grade : The Adventures of Sir Lancelot ( 1956 / 57 ) ( broadcast by NBC on Monday nights at 8.00 pm ) , The Buccaneers ( 1956 / 57 ) ( broadcast by CBS on Saturday nights at 7.30 pm ) , Sword of Freedom ( 1957 / 58 ) , and The Four Just Men ( 1958 / 59 ) . ITC continued to make and sell TV series to the US until the late 1970s , including The Saint , The Prisoner , Thunderbirds , Space 1999 , The Muppet Show and many more . Merchandise ( edit ) Products ( edit ) Many licensed products and knockoffs were sold , including books , jigsaw puzzles , iron - on patches , toy bows and arrows , a series of bubble gum cards , and more . The `` Robin Hood '' shoe brand sporting Richard Green 's likeness on the interior heel lasted long after the series stopped production . Magazine Enterprises featured Richard Greene photos on three Robin Hood comic books . Robin and Marian made the cover of TV Guide in the Week of 12 -- 18 May 1956 . DVD ( edit ) In Region 1 , Mill Creek Entertainment has released all 4 seasons on DVD . They have also released a complete series set featuring all 143 episodes of the series . Alpha Video has released 22 single volume collections of the series , featuring various episodes . In Region 2 , Network DVD has released all 4 seasons on DVD in the UK . Three DVD boxsets of the series have also been released in Germany by KNM Home Entertainment as `` Die Abenteuer Von Robin Hood '' with German language soundtracks in 2009 . DVD Name Ep # <Th_colspan="2"> Release dates Region 1 Region 2 The Complete First Season 39 18 March 2008 3 March 2008 The Complete Second Season 39 14 October 2008 1 December 2008 The Complete Third Season 39 31 March 2009 1 November 2008 The Complete Fourth Season 26 25 August 2009 24 January 2005 The Complete Series 143 25 August 2009 12 December 2011 Compilation episodes ( edit ) In the 1990s , three movie - length compilation features ( approx. 90 min . each ) were created from the series by producers Philip May & Joseph Shields , through editing parts of the various episodes , though not necessarily in chronological order . These were as follows : Robin Hood : The Movie ( 1991 ) -- featuring edited material from episodes : 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 8 & 27 . Notably , Will Scatlock who dies at the end of episode 2 in the series ( thereby transferring the outlaw leadership to Robin Hood ) , is not killed until the end of the 90 min feature . Robin Hood 's Greatest Adventures ( 1991 ) Robin Hood : Quest for the Crown ( 1991 ) Film ( edit ) In 1960 , Sydney Cole and Richard Greene produced the feature film Sword of Sherwood Forest for Hammer Film Productions ( in association with Yeoman Films ) , directed by Terence Fisher , written by Alan Hackney , director of photography was Ken Hodges , and the film editor was Lee Doig , all TV series alumni . Richard Greene starred as Robin Hood with Peter Cushing as The Sheriff of Nottingham , blonde haired Sarah Branch played Maid Marian with Nigel Green as Little John , Jack Gwillim as Archbishop Hubert Walter , and Richard Pasco as Edward , Earl of Newark . Oliver Reed also had a small role . It was filmed in colour and in a widescreen process referred to as ' Megascope ' on the opening titles . The film itself was a retelling of how Robin first met Marion . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : First broadcast in UK by ATV London . See : TV Transmission dates at the BFI online website ( British Film Institute ) . The series first run was broadcast on Sunday afternoons at 5.30 or 5.25 pm in the UK for all four series by ATV London from 1955 -- 1959 , other regions varied day and year of transmission . See : Wikipedia page : History of ITV . CBS in the US broadcast the first three series on Monday nights at 7.30 pm from 26 September 1955 to 30 June 1958 . See : epguides.com website . The fourth series episodes were screened in the US on Saturday mornings at 11.30 am between 10 January 1959 and 26 September 1959 . See : Robin Hood Bold Outlaw of Barnsdale and Sherwood website . Dates given on Network DVD release are incorrect for UK first run as ATV London being the weekend London broadcast station did not transmit programmes on Monday evenings in 1955 and are in fact CBS US TX dates . Network dates for series 4 are for a UK TX on ABC Weekend Television ( Midlands & the North ) not first run ATV London . Jump up ^ Series at the BFI retrieved 28 February 2011 . Jump up ^ TV Heroes Lew Grade part 4 by Carl Ellis : Transdiffusion Broadcasting System website retrieved 28 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Riding through the Glen by David Brockman ( 2006 ) : Transdiffusion Broadcasting System website retrieved 3 March 2011 Jump up ^ TV Transmission at the BFI Retrieved 7 March 2011 Jump up ^ ' The ITV Encyclopedia of Adventure ' by Dave Rogers published by Boxtree Limited in association with Independent Television Publications Ltd in 1988 ISBN 1 - 85283 - 217 - 7 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Dinosaur TV article Jump up ^ Airdates at Robin Hood Bold outlaw of Barnsdale and Sherwood website retrieved 28 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Matthews , Tom Dewe ( 7 October 2006 ) . `` The outlaws '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Mill Creek Entertainment set of DVD 's ( US ) . Jump up ^ ROBIN HOOD -- Lyrics -- International Lyrics Playground ^ Jump up to : `` Meanwhile , Back at the Castle ... '' , TV Guide , Week of 12 -- 18 May 1956 . Jump up ^ Adventures of Robin Hood -- The Complete Series Jump up ^ The Adventures of Robin Hood Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0012VCMR0 Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00113NWVE Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001DKG87K Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001NPKR9K Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001RHGRQ6 Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001KY5ZQY Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B002DH20QA Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0006U3T9S Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B002DH20YM External links ( edit ) The Adventures of Robin Hood at TV.com The Adventures of Robin Hood on IMDb The Adventures of Robin Hood at epguides.com The Adventures of Robin Hood : A Robin Hood Spotlight Download episodes of The Adventures of Robin Hood at the Internet Archive Fishko Files , WNYC , 25 June 2010 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Robin Hood Characters Robin Hood Maid Marian Merry Men Much the Miller 's Son Little John Friar Tuck Alan - a-Dale Will Scarlet Will Stutely Gilbert Whitehand Arthur a Bland David of Doncaster The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield Sheriff of Nottingham Guy of Gisbourne Prince John Bishop of Hereford Richard at the Lee King Richard Settings Sherwood Forest Nottingham Loxley Barnsdale Wentbridge Screen Film Robin Hood ( 1912 ) Robin Hood ( 1922 ) The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1938 ) Son of the Guardsman ( 1946 ) The Prince of Thieves ( 1948 ) The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men ( 1952 ) The Men of Sherwood Forest ( 1954 ) Sword of Sherwood Forest ( 1960 ) A Challenge for Robin Hood ( 1967 ) The Scalawag Bunch ( 1971 ) Wolfshead : The Legend of Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Arrows of Robin Hood ( 1975 ) Robin and Marian ( 1976 ) Aaj Ka Robin Hood ( 1988 ) O Mistério de Robin Hood ( 1990 ) Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) Robin Hood ( 2010 ) TV Robin Hood ( 1953 ) The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1955 ) The Legend of Robin Hood ( 1975 ) Robin of Sherwood ( 1984 ) The New Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1997 ) Robin Hood ( 2006 ) Animated Robin Hood Makes Good ( 1939 ) Rabbit Hood ( 1949 ) Robin Hood Daffy ( 1958 ) Robin Hoodwinked ( 1958 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) Robin Hood ( 1990 ) Young Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse ( 2012 ) Parody When Things Were Rotten ( 1975 ) The Zany Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1984 ) Maid Marian and Her Merry Men ( 1989 ) Robin Hood : Men in Tights ( 1993 ) Alternate settings Mexicali Rose ( 1939 film ) Robin and the 7 Hoods ( 1964 film ) Naan Sigappu Manithan ( 1985 Tamil film ) Nyayam Meere Cheppali ( 1985 Telugu film ) Catch Me Now ( 2008 Chinese TV series ) Alyas Robin Hood ( 2016 Philippines TV Series ) Popular culture Robin Hood ( Once Upon a Time character ) Robin Hood ( DC Comics character ) Child ballads 8 : Erlinton 102 : Willie and Earl Richard 's Daughter 103 : Rose the Red and White Lily 115 : Robyn and Gandeleyn 117 : A Gest of Robyn Hode 118 : Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne 119 : Robin Hood and the Monk 120 : Robin Hood 's Death 121 : Robin Hood and the Potter 123 : Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar 124 : The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield 126 : Robin Hood and the Tanner 127 : Robin Hood and the Tinker 128 : Robin Hood Newly Revived 129 : Robin Hood and the Prince of Aragon 130 : Robin Hood and the Scotchman 131 : Robin Hood and the Ranger 132 : The Bold Pedlar and Robin Hood 136 : Robin Hood 's Delight 138 : Robin Hood and Allan - a-Dale 139 : Robin Hood 's Progress to Nottingham 140 : Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires 141 : Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly 142 : Little John a Begging 143 : Robin Hood and the Bishop 144 : Robin Hood and the Bishop of Hereford 145 : Robin Hood and Queen Katherine 146 : Robin Hood 's Chase 147 : Robin Hood 's Golden Prize 148 : The Noble Fisherman 149 : The Noble Fisherman 151 : The King 's Disguise , and Friendship with Robin Hood 152 : Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow 153 : Robin Hood and the Valiant Knight 154 : A True Tale of Robin Hood Stage / Theatre The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington ( 1598 and 1601 plays ) The Merrie Men of Sherwood Forest ( 1871 operetta ) Robin Hood ( 1890 opera ) The Foresters ( 1892 play ) Twang ! ! ( 1965 musical parody ) Robin Hood ( 1934 opera ) Robin Hood ( 1998 ballet ) Robin des Bois ( 2013 musical ) Video games Robin of the Wood ( 1985 ) The Curse of Sherwood ( 1987 ) The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Conquests of the Longbow : The Legend of Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Robin Hood : The Legend of Sherwood ( 2002 ) Robin Hood : Defender of the Crown ( 2003 ) Volume ( 2015 ) Literature Ivanhoe ( 1819 ) Maid Marian ( 1822 ) The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1883 ) Bows against the Barons ( 1934 ) The Outlaws of Sherwood ( 1988 ) Through a Dark Mist ( 1991 ) Lady of the Forest ( 1992 ) In the Shadow of Midnight ( 1994 ) The Last Arrow ( 1997 ) Lady of Sherwood ( 1999 ) Ronin Hood of the 47 Samurai ( 2005 ) King Raven Trilogy ( 2006 ) Music Legend ( 1984 soundtrack ) Robin Hood ( 2006 soundtrack ) Robin Hood -- czwarta strzała ( 1997 ) `` Love '' ( song ) `` Not in Nottingham '' ( song ) `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' ( song ) The Tale of Gamelyn Alan Dale Outlaw ( 2009 ) Holy Warrior ( 2010 ) King 's Man ( 2011 ) Related Miss Robin Hood The Son of Robin Hood The Bandit of Sherwood Forest Princess of Thieves Robin Hood Morality Test `` Robot of Sherwood '' `` Robin Good and His Not - So - Merry Men '' Once Upon a Time Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Adventures_of_Robin_Hood_(TV_series)&oldid=800790017 '' Categories : 1950s British drama television series 1955 British television programme debuts 1959 British television programme endings Black - and - white British television programmes British adventure television series English - language television programs Television series by ITC Entertainment ITV television dramas CBS network shows Television series set in the Middle Ages Robin Hood television series Hidden categories : Use British English from December 2011 Use dmy dates from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 17 : 50 . 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1. The Adventures of Robin Hood (TV series)
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what is the song one tree hill about
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One Tree Hill ( song ) - wikipedia One Tree Hill ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` One Tree Hill '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by U2 <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Joshua Tree B - side `` Bullet the Blue Sky '' `` Running to Stand Still '' Released 7 March 1988 ( 1988 - 03 - 07 ) Format 7 - inch 45 rpm cassette Recorded July 1986 -- January 1987 Studio Windmill Lane Studios ( Dublin ) Genre Rock Length 5 : 23 Label Island Festival Composer ( s ) U2 Lyricist ( s ) Bono Producer ( s ) Daniel Lanois Brian Eno <Th_colspan="2"> U2 singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` In God 's Country '' ( 1987 ) `` One Tree Hill '' ( 1988 ) `` Desire '' ( 1988 ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Joshua Tree track listing <Td_colspan="2"> `` Trip Through Your Wires '' ( 8 ) `` One Tree Hill '' ( 9 ) `` Exit '' ( 10 ) `` One Tree Hill '' is a song by Irish rock band U2 and the ninth track on their 1987 album The Joshua Tree . In March 1988 , it was released as the fourth single from the album in New Zealand and Australia , while `` In God 's Country '' was released as the fourth single in North America . The release charted at number one on the New Zealand Singles Chart . The track was written in memory of Greg Carroll , a Māori man the band first met in Auckland during the Unforgettable Fire Tour in 1984 . He became very close friends with lead singer Bono and later served as a roadie for the group . Carroll was killed in July 1986 in a motorcycle accident in Dublin . Following the tangi funeral in New Zealand , Bono wrote the lyrics to `` One Tree Hill '' in Carroll 's memory . The lyrics reflect Bono 's thoughts at the tangi and during his first night in New Zealand when Carroll took him up Auckland 's One Tree Hill . They also pay homage to Chilean singer - songwriter and activist Víctor Jara . Musically , the song was developed in a jam session with producer Brian Eno . The vocals were recorded in a single take , as Bono felt incapable of singing them a second time . `` One Tree Hill '' was received favourably by critics , who variously described it as `` a soft , haunting benediction '' , `` a remarkable musical centrepiece '' , and a celebration of life . U2 delayed performing the song on the Joshua Tree Tour in 1987 because of Bono 's fears over his emotional state . After its live debut on the tour 's third leg and an enthusiastic reaction from audiences , the song was played occasionally for the rest of the tour and semi-regularly during the Lovetown Tour of 1989 -- 1990 . It has appeared only sporadically since then , and most renditions were performed in New Zealand . Performances in November 2010 on the U2 360 ° Tour were dedicated to the miners who died in the Pike River Mine disaster . During the Joshua Tree Tour 2017 to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the album , `` One Tree Hill '' has been performed at each show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration , writing , and recording 2 Composition and theme 3 Release and reception 4 Live performances 5 Track listing 6 Credits and personnel 7 Charts 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Inspiration , writing , and recording ( edit ) `` They took me up to the top of a place called One Tree Hill , where a single tree stands at the top of the mount , like some stark Japanese painting , and we looked around at this city that 's made by craters of volcanoes . I remember it so vividly , I think , because it meant something to me about my own freedom . '' -- Bono U2 first visited Australia and New Zealand in 1984 to open The Unforgettable Fire Tour . After a 24 - hour flight into Auckland , lead singer Bono was unable to adjust to the time difference between New Zealand and Europe . He left his hotel room during the night and met some people who showed him around the city . Greg Carroll was part of that group : he had met U2 's production manager Steve Iredale and been offered a job helping the band for their upcoming concert on account of Greg 's experience with local rock bands . They ended up taking Bono up One Tree Hill ( Maungakiekie ) , one of the highest -- and more spiritually significant to Māori people -- of Auckland 's largest volcanoes . Greg worked as a stage hand gently stopping people getting on stage , and was described as `` this very helpful fellah running around the place '' . U2 's manager Paul McGuinness thought Carroll was so helpful that he should accompany the band for the remainder of the tour . The group helped him obtain a passport , and he subsequently joined them on the road in Australia and the United States as their assistant . He became very close friends with Bono and his wife Ali Hewson , and following the conclusion of the tour , he worked for U2 in Dublin . One Tree Hill pictured in 1996 . The tree was later removed by authorities in 2000 , six years after being chainsawed by a Māori activist . On 3 July 1986 , just before the start of the recording sessions for The Joshua Tree , Carroll was killed in a motorcycle accident while on a courier run . A car had pulled in front of him , and unable to stop in the rain , Carroll struck the side of the car and was killed instantly . The event shocked the entire band ; drummer Larry Mullen , Jr. said , `` his death really rocked us -- it was the first time anyone in our working circle had been killed . '' Guitarist the Edge said , `` Greg was like a member of the family , but the fact that he had come under our wing and had travelled so far from home to be in Dublin to work with us made it all the more difficult to deal with . '' Bassist Adam Clayton described it as `` a very sobering moment '' , saying , `` it inspired the awareness that there are more important things than rock ' n ' roll . That your family , your friends and indeed the other members of the band -- you do n't know how much time you 've got left with them . '' Bono said , `` it was a devastating blow . He was doing me a favour . He was taking my bike home . '' He later commented , `` it brought gravitas to the recording of The Joshua Tree . We had to fill the hole in our heart with something very , very large indeed , we loved him so much . '' Accompanied by Bono , Ali , Mullen , and other members of the U2 organisation , Carroll 's body was flown back to New Zealand and buried in the traditional Māori manner at Kai - iwi Marae near Whanganui , Carroll 's hometown . Bono sang `` Let It Be '' and `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' for him at the funeral . Shortly after returning to Dublin , Bono wrote lyrics for a song about the funeral that he titled `` One Tree Hill '' after the hill he remembered from his visit to Auckland in 1984 . The music was developed early in the recording sessions for The Joshua Tree . The Edge said , `` We were jamming with Brian ( Eno ) . He was playing keyboards ... we just got this groove going , and this part began to come through . It 's almost highlife , although it 's not African at all ... the sound was for me at that time a very elaborate one . I would never have dreamt of using a sound like that before then , but it just felt right , and I went with it . '' Bono recorded his vocals in a single take , as he felt that he could not sing the lyrics a second time . The Edge used a Bond Electraglide guitar to play a solo with a `` heavy fuzz '' sound at the end of the song . Three musicians from Toronto -- Dick , Paul and Adele Armin -- recorded string pieces for the song in Grant Avenue Studio in Hamilton , Ontario . In a six - hour phone call with the Edge , and under the supervision of producer Daniel Lanois , the Armins used `` sophisticated ' electro - acoustic ' string instrument ( s ) '' they developed called Raads to record a piece created for the song . Dick Armin said , `` ( U2 ) were interested in using strings , but not in the conventional style of sweetening . They did n't want a 19th - century group playing behind them . '' Bono found the song so emotional , he was unable to listen to it after it had been recorded . In the song , Bono included the lyric : `` Jara sang , his song a weapon in the hands of love / You know his blood still cries from the ground '' . This refers to the Chilean political activist and folk singer Víctor Jara , who became a symbol of the resistance against the Augusto Pinochet military dictatorship after he was tortured and killed during the 1973 Chilean coup d'état . Bono learned of Jara after meeting René Castro , a Chilean mural artist , while on Amnesty International 's A Conspiracy of Hope tour . Castro had been tortured and held in a concentration camp for two years by the military because his artwork criticised the Pinochet - led regime that had seized power in 1973 during the coup . While purchasing a silkscreen of Martin Luther King , Jr. that Castro had created , Bono noticed a print of Jara . He became more familiar with him after reading Una Canción Truncada ( An Unfinished Song ) , written by Jara 's widow Joan Turner . `` One Tree Hill '' and The Joshua Tree are dedicated to Carroll 's memory . The track was recorded by Flood and Pat McCarthy , mixed by Dave Meegan , and produced by Lanois and Eno . Composition and theme ( edit ) `` One Tree Hill '' Thirty - second sample of `` One Tree Hill '' containing lyrical references to Victor Jara and the funeral of Greg Carroll <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` One Tree Hill '' runs for 5 minutes , 23 seconds . It is played in common time at a tempo of 120 beats per minute . The song begins with a highlife - influenced riff by the Edge on guitar , which repeats in the background throughout the song . Percussion from drummer Larry Mullen , Jr. enters after two seconds . At 0 : 07 , a second guitar enters . At 0 : 15 , Clayton 's bass and Mullen 's drums enter , and at 0 : 31 , the verse chord progression of C -- F -- B ♭ -- F -- C is introduced . The first verse begins at 0 : 47 . At 1 : 32 , the song moves to the chorus , switching to a C -- B ♭ -- F -- C chord progression . The second verse then begins at 1 : 49 , and after the second chorus , a brief musical interlude begins at 2 : 36 , in which the Edge 's guitar is replaced by the Raad strings . The third verse begins at 3 : 07 , and the Edge 's guitar resumes at 3 : 38 in the chorus . A guitar solo begins at 4 : 16 and is played until the instrumentation comes to a close at 4 : 36 . After two seconds of silence , the Raad strings fade in and Bono proceeds to sing the coda . The final lyric and strings fade out over the final six seconds . Clayton called it part of a trilogy of songs on the album , along with `` Bullet the Blue Sky '' and `` Mothers of the Disappeared '' , that decry the involvement of the United States in the Chilean coup . McGuinness stated that the imagery in the song described the sense of tragedy felt by the band over Carroll 's death . Colm O'Hare of Hot Press believed the Edge 's guitar riff personified the lyric `` run like a river runs to the sea '' . Thom Duffy of the Orlando Sentinel felt the song reflected the seduction of a lover . Richard Harrington of the Washington Post acknowledged the tribute to Carroll , adding that it demonstrated U2 's belief that music could spur change . Like many other U2 songs , `` One Tree Hill '' can be interpreted in a religious manner . Hot Press editor Niall Stokes called it `` a spiritual tour de force '' , saying `` it is a hymn of praise and celebration which described the traditional Māori burial of their friend on One Tree Hill and links it poetically with themes of renewal and redemption . '' Beth Maynard , a Church rector from Fairhaven , Massachusetts , felt the song `` vows faith in the face of loss , combining elegiac lines about a friend ... and the martyred Chilean activist and folk singer Victor Jara , with a subtle evocation of end - time redemption and a wrenching wail to God to send the pentecostal Latter Rain . '' Matt Soper , Senior Minister of the West Houston Church of Christ , believed the lyrics were an attempt by Bono to understand God 's place in the world . Steve Stockman , a chaplain at Queen 's University Belfast , felt that the song alluded to `` transcendent places beyond the space and time of earth '' . Music journalist Bill Graham noted `` the lyrics , with their reference to traditional Māori burial ceremonies on One Tree Hill , indicated that the band 's faith did n't exclude an empathy with others ' beliefs and rituals . Their Christianity would n't plaster over the universal archetypes of mourning . '' Release and reception ( edit ) `` One Tree Hill '' was released on The Joshua Tree on 9 March 1987 as the ninth song on the album . Some CD pressings incorrectly split the tracks , with the song 's coda included as part of the track for the following song , `` Exit '' . In New Zealand and Australia , `` One Tree Hill '' was released as a 7 - inch single in New Zealand and Australia in March 1988 . The cover art ( photographed by Anton Corbijn ) , sleeve ( designed by Steve Averill ) , and B - sides ( `` Bullet the Blue Sky '' and `` Running to Stand Still '' ) were identical to those used for U2 's 1987 single `` In God 's Country '' , released only in North America . A cassette single , available only in New Zealand , was also released . The song reached number one on the New Zealand Singles Chart . `` One Tree Hill '' was included as a bonus track on the Japanese version of U2 's 1998 compilation album , The Best of 1980 -- 1990 . The accompanying video compilation included the song 's music video , directed by Phil Joanou , which features a live performance taken from a previously unreleased cut of U2 's 1988 rockumentary Rattle and Hum . Additional live performances were released on the digital album Live from the Point Depot ( 2004 ) and the U2.com member - exclusive album U22 ( 2012 ) . Select editions of the 30th anniversary release of The Joshua Tree in 2017 featured a remix of `` One Tree Hill '' by St Francis Hotel and a new mix of the song 's reprise by Brian Eno . `` One Tree Hill '' was received favourably by critics . Hot Press editor Niall Stokes described it as one of U2 's best tracks , calling it a `` fitting tribute '' to Carroll . The Toronto Star felt it was one of the best songs on the album . Steve Morse of The Boston Globe compared Bono 's vocals at the song 's conclusion to the passion of American soul singer Otis Redding , also noting that the coda was reminiscent of the hymn `` Amazing Grace '' . Steve Pond of Rolling Stone called it `` a soft , haunting benediction '' . Bill Graham of Hot Press said the song was `` hopeful , not grim '' , describing the lyric `` We run like a river to the sea '' as `` ( musician Mike Scott 's ) metaphor recast in terms of eternal life and the Maori 's own belief . '' He described the Edge 's playing as `` a loose - limbed guitar melody with both an African and a Hawaiian tinge '' , concluding by saying `` despite its moving vocal coda , ' One Tree Hill ' is n't sombre . It celebrates the life of the spirit not its extinction . '' Writing for The New York Times , John Rockwell felt that it was an example of U2 stretching their range , saying `` the inclusion of musical idioms ( is ) never so overtly explored before on a U2 record , especially the gospel chorus of ' One Tree Hill ' '' . Colin Hogg of The New Zealand Herald called it `` a remarkable musical centrepiece '' , believing it to be the best song on the album . Colm O'Hare of Hot Press said it was `` arguably the most poignant , emotionally - charged song U2 have ever recorded . '' He added that it was the `` least instrumentally adorned song on the album , resplendent in a feeling of space and openness . '' McGuinness called it one of his favourite U2 songs . The American television drama One Tree Hill was named for the song after series creator Mark Schwahn was listening to The Joshua Tree when writing the idea for the show . `` One Tree Hill '' was also the name of the series finale , which featured the song in the episode 's final scene . Live performances ( edit ) `` We 've never performed ' One Tree Hill ' , and I ca n't . In fact I have n't even heard the song , though I 've listened to it a hundred times . I 've cut myself off from it completely . '' -- Bono in 1987 `` One Tree Hill '' made its live debut on 10 September 1987 in Uniondale , New York , the opening night of the third leg of the Joshua Tree Tour , where it opened the encore . The song had been left out of the set up to this point because Bono feared he would be unable to overcome his emotions in the live setting . Despite his fears , the song received an enthusiastic reaction from the audience . It was performed a further six times and then dropped from the show for a period of two months . It was revived in the main set on 17 November 1987 in Los Angeles , California , and played a further nine times on the tour . `` One Tree Hill '' was played occasionally on the Lovetown Tour , appearing at 19 of 47 concerts . The penultimate performance , on 31 December 1989 , was broadcast live on radio to 21 countries throughout Europe as a New Year 's Eve present from the band . U2 performing `` One Tree Hill '' in Auckland in 2006 `` One Tree Hill '' was absent during the majority of the Zoo TV Tour , only appearing as an extended snippet at the end of `` One '' at both concerts in New Zealand in 1993 . It did not appear again until 24 November 2006 in Auckland , New Zealand , on the final leg of the Vertigo Tour . It was considered to close the concert , but tour designer Willie Williams voiced concern as it had not been performed in full since 1990 . The song was performed before `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' in the main set instead . U2 performed it an additional three times on the tour . `` One Tree Hill '' was absent for the majority of the U2 360 ° Tour but was revived in November 2010 for two concerts in New Zealand , where it was dedicated to the miners who died in the Pike River Mine disaster ; their names were displayed on the video screen during the song . Dedicating the song , Bono said , `` we wrote it for Greg Carroll , whose family are with us tonight . But tonight it belongs to the miners of the West Coast Pike River . '' U2 played `` One Tree Hill '' on 25 March 2011 , in Santiago , Chile , in a duet with Francisca Valenzuela , and they dedicated it to Victor Jara . In 2009 , when asked about the likelihood of U2 performing the song , the Edge said , `` it 's one we kind of keep for special occasions , like playing New Zealand . '' Bono added , `` it 's a very special song that holds inside of it a lot of strong feelings , and I do n't know if we 're afraid of it or something , but we should be playing it more . '' McGuinness said that U2 found it difficult to play live . `` One Tree Hill '' returned to live performances during The Joshua Tree Tour 2017 , where it was played during the main set along with the entire Joshua Tree album in running order . The tour began in May 2017 and is scheduled to run through October 2017 , with the band playing the full album at each concert . Bono dedicated performances of the song to singer Chris Cornell , who died in May 2017 , to the victims of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing , and to the victims of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting . Track listing ( edit ) All lyrics written by Bono ; all music composed by U2 . <Th_colspan="3"> 7 '' vinyl , cassette No . Title Length 1 . `` One Tree Hill '' 5 : 23 2 . `` Bullet the Blue Sky '' 4 : 32 3 . `` Running to Stand Still '' 4 : 20 <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : 14 : 15 Credits and personnel ( edit ) U2 Bono -- vocals The Edge -- guitar , backing vocals Adam Clayton -- bass guitar Larry Mullen , Jr. -- drums , percussion Additional performers Dick Armin -- Raad cello Paul Armin -- Raad viola Adele Armin -- Raad violin Technical Production -- Brian Eno , Daniel Lanois Recording -- Flood Recording assistance -- Pat McCarthy Mixing -- Dave Meegan Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position New Zealand Singles Chart See also ( edit ) List of cover versions of U2 songs -- One Tree Hill References ( edit ) Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Sams , Aaron ; Kantas , Harry . `` U2 -- `` One Tree Hill '' Single `` . U2songs.com . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pond , Steve ( 9 April 1987 ) . `` Review : The Joshua Tree '' . Rolling Stone ( 497 ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hogg , Colin ( 20 March 1987 ) . `` Album review : The Joshua Tree '' . The New Zealand Herald . Archived from the original on 1 February 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 ... not only is it a song that means a lot in this part of the world , but it is the album 's finest , saddest melody and its most heartfelt performance , building in urgency until Bono 's voice just explodes to the song 's climax . ^ Jump up to : Graham ( 2004 ) , pp. 34 -- 35 ^ Jump up to : McCormick ( 2006 ) , p. 157 Jump up ^ de la Parra ( 2003 ) , pp. 52 -- 54 Jump up ^ Stokes ( 2005 ) , p. 74 ^ Jump up to : Kootnikoff ( 2010 ) , p. 46 ^ Jump up to : Stokes ( 2005 ) , p. 75 ^ Jump up to : McCormick ( 2006 ) , p. 177 Jump up ^ `` One Tree Hill loses its tree '' . BBC News . 26 October 2000 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2011 . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : de la Parra ( 2003 ) , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : McCormick ( 2006 ) , p. 178 ^ Jump up to : O'Hare , Colm ( 28 November 2007 ) . `` The Secret History of ' The Joshua Tree ' '' . Hot Press . Vol. 31 no . 23 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2011 . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Paul McGuinness ; John Caddel ( 9 December 2007 ) . Interview with Paul McGuinness ( Radio broadcast ) . Dublin : Phantom FM . Dublin Rock Radio Ltd . Event occurs at 5 : 50 . Jump up ^ Bosso , Joe ( July 1987 ) . `` The Leading Edge : U2 's Minimal Guitarist Makes It Seem So Easy , But That 's Only Because Maximal Thought Went Into It . '' . Guitar World . pp. 50 + . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trio gives U2 Raad - ical strings '' . Toronto Star . 20 March 1987 . p . D14 . Jump up ^ Kootnikoff ( 2010 ) , pp. 60 -- 61 ^ Jump up to : The Joshua Tree 20th anniversary edition ( Boxset ) . U2 . Canada : Island Records . 2007 . B0010304 - 00 . Jump up ^ de la Parra ( 2003 ) , p. 76 Jump up ^ Mueller , Andrew ( April 2009 ) . `` The Joshua Tree '' . Uncut Ultimate Music Guide ( U2 ) : 59 . Jump up ^ Irwin , Colin ( April 2009 ) ( Originally published 14 March 1987 ) . Jones , Allan , ed . `` Once , we were asked to set up an audience with the Pope ... '' . The Ultimate Music Guide . Uncut ( U2 ) : 60 -- 69 . Jump up ^ The Joshua Tree ( Vinyl ) . U2 . United Kingdom : Island Records . 1987 . U2 6 . ^ Jump up to : One Tree Hill ( 7 '' vinyl ) . U2 . New Zealand : Island Records . 1988 . 878 302 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Chipkin ( 1999 ) , pp. 69 -- 77 Jump up ^ Duffy , Thom ( 22 March 1987 ) . `` U2 '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on 26 September 2011 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Richard ( 22 March 1987 ) . `` U2 Can Be Famous ; Breaking Into the Big Time With ' Joshua Tree ' '' . The Washington Post . p . G1 . Jump up ^ Whiteley ( 2003 ) , p. 170 Jump up ^ Soper ( 2010 ) , p. 72 Jump up ^ Stockman ( 2005 ) , p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( 9 March 2017 ) . `` U2 Prepping ' The Joshua Tree ' 30th Anniversary Edition With Bonus Tracks , Live Cuts & Unseen Photos '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Christopher , Michael ( 9 March 2017 ) . `` U2 Plunge Into Darkness on ' Exit ' : The Story Behind Every ' Joshua Tree ' Song '' . Diffuser.fm . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : One Tree Hill ( 7 '' vinyl ) . U2 . Australia : Island Records . 1988 . K - 338 . Jump up ^ In God 's Country ( 12 '' vinyl ) . U2 . Canada : Island Records . 1987 . IS - 1167 . ^ Jump up to : One Tree Hill ( 7 '' vinyl ) . U2 . New Zealand : Island Records . 1988 . 878 302 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` U2 -- One Tree Hill '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 24 November 2009 . Jump up ^ The Best of 1980 -- 1990 ( CD ) . U2 . Japan : Island Records . 1998 . PHCR -- 1885 . Jump up ^ Bono , the Edge , Adam Clayton , Larry Mullen , Jr. ( April 1999 ) . The Best of 1980 -- 1990 ( Videotape ) . PolyGram . Jump up ^ Live from the Point Depot ( Digital download ) . U2 . Island Records . 2004 . Jump up ^ Childers , Chad ( 21 June 2012 ) . `` U2 Release Crowd - Selected ' U22 ' Live Album Via Fan Club '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Morse , Steve ( 1 March 1987 ) . `` U2 's The Joshua Tree : A Spiritual Progress Report '' . The Boston Globe . p . B32 . ( Bono 's ) emotional outpouring at the end ... has a passion on a par with peak - period Otis Redding . The song eventually winds down to a gospel improvisation that recalls the tenderness of ' Amazing Grace ' . Jump up ^ Graham , Bill ( February 1987 ) . `` The Joshua Tree '' . Hot Press . Archived from the original on 26 September 2011 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Rockwell , John ( 29 March 1987 ) . `` U2 makes a bid for ' great band ' status '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 25 September 2011 . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Hare , Colm ( 21 November 2007 ) . `` The Secret History of ' The Joshua Tree ' 14 / 18 '' . Hot Press . Archived from the original on 26 September 2011 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Absolute McGuinness '' . Propaganda ( 7 ) . October 1987 . Jump up ^ `` Building a Winning Team : The Making of One Tree Hill '' . One Tree Hill : The Complete First Season ( Documentary ) . Warner Bros. 2005 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( 4 April 2012 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' Series Finale Recap : Goodbye to a Magical Place '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Breskin , David ( 8 October 1987 ) . `` Interview with Bono '' . Rolling Stone . ^ Jump up to : de la Parra ( 2003 ) , p. 111 Jump up ^ de la Parra ( 2003 ) , pp. 117 -- 121 Jump up ^ de la Parra ( 2003 ) , pp. 123 -- 138 Jump up ^ de la Parra ( 2003 ) , p. 135 Jump up ^ de la Parra ( 2003 ) , p. 172 Jump up ^ Williams , Willie ( 24 November 2006 ) . `` Willie 's Diary : Show Day , Auckland '' . U2.com . Live Nation . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathon ( 6 January 2007 ) . `` From Joshua Trees to Palm Trees '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 119 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 17 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` November 25 , 2010 : Auckland , NZ ( Mt . Smart Stadium ) show report '' . U2.com . Live Nation. 25 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2011 . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Russell , Nicholas ( 26 November 2010 ) . `` U2 tribute to lost coal miners touches New Zealand '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 25 September 2011 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` November 26 , 2010 : Auckland , NZ ( Mt . Smart Stadium ) show report '' . U2.com . Live Nation. 26 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2011 . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` March 25 , 2011 : Santiago , CL ( Estadio Nacional ) show report '' . U2.com . Live Nation. 25 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2011 . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bono ; the Edge ( 2 September 2010 ) . Exclusive Interview with Bono and the Edge ( Radio broadcast ) . New Zealand : The Rock . MediaWorks New Zealand . Event occurs at 4 : 16 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( 6 June 2017 ) . `` U2 Adds Joshua Tree Tour Dates '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Lara ( 9 January 2017 ) . `` U2 will celebrate 30th anniversary of The Joshua Tree by playing full album every night on world tour this summer '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U2 Pays Tribute to Chris Cornell During ' Joshua Tree ' Concert at L.A. 's Rose Bowl '' . Billboard. 21 May 2017 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Raoul ( 25 May 2017 ) . `` Exit U2 : In revisiting The Joshua Tree , the Dubliners return home '' . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Fried , Mark ( 17 June 2017 ) . `` U2 - Pulse connection : I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Bibliography Chipkin , Kenn ( 1999 ) . U2 -- The Joshua Tree : Authentic Record Transcriptions . London : Alfred Music Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 1315 - 8 . de la Parra , Pimm Jal ( 2003 ) . U2 Live : A Concert Documentary ( second ed . ) . New York : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 9198 - 9 . Graham , Bill ; van Oosten de Boer , Caroline ( 2004 ) . U2 : The Complete Guide to Their Music . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 9886 - 8 . Kootnikoff , David ( 2010 ) . U2 : A Musical Biography . Santa Barbara : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 36523 - 7 . Soper , Matt ( 2010 ) . Raising Up a Testimony : Essays on Christianity in America . Longwood , Florida : Xulon Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60957 - 818 - 3 . Stockman , Steve ( 2005 ) . Walk On : The Spiritual Journey of U2 ( Revised ed . ) . Orlando : Relevant Books . ISBN 0 - 9760357 - 5 - 8 . Stokes , Niall ( 2005 ) . U2 : Into The Heart : The Stories Behind Every Song ( Third ed . ) . New York : Thunder 's Mouth Press . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 765 - 2 . U2 ( 2006 ) . McCormick , Neil , ed . U2 by U2 . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 719668 - 7 . Whiteley , Raewynne J. ; Maynard , Beth ( 2003 ) . Get Up Off Your Knees : Preaching the U2 Catalog . The New Church 's Teachings . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Cowley Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56101 - 223 - 7 . External links ( edit ) `` One Tree Hill '' lyrics at U2.com `` One Tree Hill '' live on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> The Joshua Tree track listing <Td_colspan="2"> `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' `` With or Without You '' `` Bullet the Blue Sky '' `` Running to Stand Still '' `` Red Hill Mining Town '' `` In God 's Country '' `` Trip Through Your Wires '' `` One Tree Hill '' `` Exit '' `` Mothers of the Disappeared '' <Td_colspan="2"> The Unforgettable Fire Rattle and Hum <Th_colspan="2"> U2 singles discography 1980s 1980 `` Another Day '' `` 11 O'Clock Tick Tock '' `` A Day Without Me '' `` I Will Follow '' 1981 `` Fire '' `` Gloria '' 1982 `` A Celebration '' `` I Will Follow '' ( live recorded by Veronica 's Countdown ) `` New Year 's Day '' `` Two Hearts Beat as One '' `` Sunday Bloody Sunday '' 1984 `` I Will Follow '' ( live , from Under a Blood Red Sky ) `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' 1985 `` The Unforgettable Fire '' `` With or Without You '' `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' `` In God 's Country '' `` One Tree Hill '' `` Desire '' `` Angel of Harlem '' `` When Love Comes to Town '' ( feat . B.B. King ) `` All I Want Is You '' 1990s 1991 `` The Fly '' `` Mysterious Ways '' `` One '' `` Even Better Than the Real Thing '' `` Who 's Gonna Ride Your Wild Horses '' `` Numb '' `` Lemon '' `` Stay ( Faraway , So Close ! ) '' 1995 `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me , Kill Me '' `` Miss Sarajevo '' ( as Passengers ) `` Discothèque '' `` Staring at the Sun '' `` Last Night on Earth '' `` Please '' `` If God Will Send His Angels '' `` Mofo '' 1998 `` Sweetest Thing '' 2000s 2000 `` Beautiful Day '' `` Stuck in a Moment You Ca n't Get Out Of '' `` Elevation '' `` Walk On '' 2002 `` Electrical Storm '' `` Vertigo '' 2005 `` All Because of You '' `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' `` City of Blinding Lights '' `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' ( live , with Paul McCartney ) 2006 `` One '' ( with Mary J. Blige ) `` The Saints Are Coming '' ( feat . Green Day ) 2007 `` Window in the Skies '' 2008 `` The Ballad of Ronnie Drew '' ( with The Dubliners , Kíla , and A Band of Bowsies ) 2009 `` Get On Your Boots '' `` Magnificent '' `` I 'll Go Crazy If I Do n't Go Crazy Tonight '' 2010s 2011 `` I Will Follow '' ( live from Glastonbury ) 2013 `` Ordinary Love '' 2014 `` Invisible '' `` The Miracle ( Of Joey Ramone ) '' `` Every Breaking Wave '' 2015 `` Song for Someone '' 2017 `` You 're the Best Thing About Me '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Tree_Hill_(song)&oldid=801683669 '' Categories : 1987 songs 1988 singles Island Records singles Music videos directed by Phil Joanou Number - one singles in New Zealand Songs based on actual events Songs in memory of deceased persons Songs inspired by deaths Song recordings produced by Brian Eno Song recordings produced by Daniel Lanois Songs written by Adam Clayton Songs written by Bono Songs written by Larry Mullen Jr . Songs written by the Edge U2 songs Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hAudio microformats Use dmy dates from November 2010 Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 05 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. "One Tree Hill" song by U2
2. The Joshua Tree album
3. Tribute to Greg Carroll
4. Composition and theme of the song
5. Live performances of "One Tree Hill"
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final step of the dhcp discovery process is known as
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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - wikipedia Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Jump to : navigation , search `` DHCP '' redirects here . For other uses , see DHCP ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with HDCP . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( November 2015 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Internet protocol suite Application layer BGP DHCP DNS FTP HTTP IMAP LDAP MGCP MQTT NNTP NTP POP ONC / RPC RTP RTSP RIP SIP SMTP SNMP SSH Telnet TLS / SSL XMPP more ... Transport layer TCP UDP DCCP SCTP RSVP more ... Internet layer IP IPv4 IPv6 ICMP ICMPv6 ECN IGMP IPsec more ... Link layer ARP NDP OSPF Tunnels L2TP PPP MAC Ethernet DSL ISDN FDDI more ... The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ( DHCP ) is a network management protocol used on TCP / IP networks whereby a DHCP server dynamically assigns an IP address and other network configuration parameters to each device on a network so they can communicate with other IP networks . A DHCP server enables computers to request IP addresses and networking parameters automatically from the Internet service provider ( ISP ) , reducing the need for a network administrator or a user to manually assign IP addresses to all network devices . In the absence of a DHCP server , a computer or other device on the network needs to be manually assigned an IP address . DHCP can be implemented on networks ranging in size from home networks to large campus networks and regional Internet service provider networks . A router or a residential gateway can be enabled to act as a DHCP server . Most residential network routers receive a globally unique IP address within the ISP network . Within a local network , a DHCP server assigns a local IP address to each device connected to the network . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Operation 2.1 DHCP discovery 2.2 DHCP offer 2.3 DHCP request 2.4 DHCP acknowledgement 2.5 DHCP information 2.6 DHCP releasing 3 Client configuration parameters 4 DHCP options 4.1 Documented in RFC 2132 4.1. 1 DHCP client vendor identification 4.2 Documented Elsewhere 4.2. 1 Relay Agent Information Sub-options 5 DHCP relaying 6 Reliability 7 Security 8 IETF standards documents 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References Overview ( edit ) TCP / IP defines how devices on one network communicate with devices on another network , and the DHCP server can manage TCP / IP settings for devices on a network , by automatically or dynamically assigning IP addresses to the devices . The DHCP operates based on the client -- server model . When a computer or other device connects to a network , the DHCP client software sends a DHCP broadcast query requesting the necessary information . Any DHCP server on the network may service the request . The DHCP server manages a pool of IP addresses and information about client configuration parameters such as default gateway , domain name , the name servers , and time servers . On receiving a DHCP request , the DHCP server may respond with specific information for each client , as previously configured by an administrator , or with a specific address and any other information valid for the entire network and for the time period for which the allocation ( lease ) is valid . A DHCP client typically queries for this information immediately after booting , and periodically thereafter before the expiration of the information . When a DHCP client refreshes an assignment , it initially requests the same parameter values , but the DHCP server may assign a new address based on the assignment policies set by administrators . On large networks that consist of multiple links , a single DHCP server may service the entire network when aided by DHCP relay agents located on the interconnecting routers . Such agents relay messages between DHCP clients and DHCP servers located on different subnets . Depending on implementation , the DHCP server may have three methods of allocating IP addresses : Dynamic allocation A network administrator reserves a range of IP addresses for DHCP , and each DHCP client on the LAN is configured to request an IP address from the DHCP server during network initialization . The request - and - grant process uses a lease concept with a controllable time period , allowing the DHCP server to reclaim and then reallocate IP addresses that are not renewed . Automatic allocation The DHCP server permanently assigns an IP address to a requesting client from the range defined by the administrator . This is like dynamic allocation , but the DHCP server keeps a table of past IP address assignments , so that it can preferentially assign to a client the same IP address that the client previously had . Manual allocation ( commonly called static allocation ) The DHCP server issues a private IP address dependent upon each client 's MAC address , based on a predefined mapping by the administrator . This feature is variously called static DHCP assignment by DD - WRT , fixed - address by the dhcpd documentation , address reservation by Netgear , DHCP reservation or static DHCP by Cisco and Linksys , and IP address reservation or MAC / IP address binding by various other router manufacturers . If no match for the client 's MAC address is found , the server may or may not optionally fall back to either Dynamic or Automatic allocation . DHCP is used for Internet Protocol version 4 ( IPv4 ) and IPv6 . While both versions serve the same purpose , the details of the protocol for IPv4 and IPv6 differ sufficiently that they may be considered separate protocols . For the IPv6 operation , devices may alternatively use stateless address autoconfiguration . IPv6 hosts may also use link - local addressing to achieve operations restricted to the local network link . Operation ( edit ) An illustration of a typical non-renewing DHCP session ; each message may be either a broadcast or a unicast , depending on the DHCP client capabilities . The DHCP employs a connectionless service model , using the User Datagram Protocol ( UDP ) . It is implemented with two UDP port numbers for its operations which are the same as for the BOOTP protocol . UDP port number 67 is the destination port of a server , and UDP port number 68 is used by the client . DHCP operations fall into four phases : server discovery , IP lease offer , IP lease request , and IP lease acknowledgement . These stages are often abbreviated as DORA for discovery , offer , request , and acknowledgement . The DHCP operation begins with clients broadcasting a request . If the client and server are on different subnets , a DHCP Helper or DHCP Relay Agent may be used . Clients requesting renewal of an existing lease may communicate directly via UDP unicast , since the client already has an established IP address at that point . Additionally , there is a BROADCAST ( B ) flag the client can use to indicate in which way ( broadcast or unicast ) it can receive the DHCPOFFER : 0x8000 for broadcast , 0x0000 for unicast . Usually , the DHCPOFFER is sent through unicast . For those hosts which can not accept unicast packets before IP addresses are configured , this flag can be used to work around this issue . DHCP discovery ( edit ) The DHCP client broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER message on the network subnet using the destination address 255.255. 255.255 or the specific subnet broadcast address . A DHCP client may also request its last - known IP address . If the client remains connected to the same network , the server may grant the request . Otherwise , it depends whether the server is set up as authoritative or not . An authoritative server denies the request , causing the client to issue a new request . A non-authoritative server simply ignores the request , leading to an implementation - dependent timeout for the client to expire the request and ask for a new IP address . For example , if HTYPE is set to 1 , to specify that the medium used is Ethernet , HLEN is set to 6 because an Ethernet address ( MAC address ) is 6 octets long . The CHADDR is set to the MAC address used by the client . Some options are set as well . Example DHCPDISCOVER message <Td_colspan="4"> IP : source = 0.0. 0.0 ; destination = 255.255. 255.255 UDP : source port = 68 ; destination port = 67 Octet 0 Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 OP HTYPE HLEN HOPS 0x01 0x01 0x06 0x00 <Th_colspan="4"> XID <Td_colspan="4"> 0x3903F326 <Th_colspan="2"> SECS <Th_colspan="2"> FLAGS <Td_colspan="2"> 0x0000 <Td_colspan="2"> 0x0000 <Th_colspan="4"> CIADDR ( Client IP address ) <Td_colspan="4"> 0x00000000 <Th_colspan="4"> YIADDR ( Your IP address ) <Td_colspan="4"> 0x00000000 <Th_colspan="4"> SIADDR ( Server IP address ) <Td_colspan="4"> 0x00000000 <Th_colspan="4"> GIADDR ( Gateway IP address ) <Td_colspan="4"> 0x00000000 <Th_colspan="4"> CHADDR ( Client hardware address ) <Td_colspan="4"> 0x00053C04 <Td_colspan="4"> 0x8D590000 <Td_colspan="4"> 0x00000000 <Td_colspan="4"> 0x00000000 <Td_colspan="4"> 192 octets of 0s , or overflow space for additional options ; BOOTP legacy . <Th_colspan="4"> Magic cookie <Td_colspan="4"> 0x63825363 <Th_colspan="4"> DHCP options <Td_colspan="4"> 0x350101 53 : 1 ( DHCP Discover ) <Td_colspan="4"> 0x3204c0a00164 50 : 192.168. 1.100 requested <Td_colspan="4"> 0x370401030f06 55 ( Parameter Request List ) : 1 ( Request Subnet Mask ) , 3 ( Router ) , 15 ( Domain Name ) , 6 ( Domain Name Server ) <Td_colspan="4"> 0xff 255 ( Endmark ) DHCP offer ( edit ) When a DHCP server receives a DHCPDISCOVER message from a client , which is an IP address lease request , the DHCP server reserves an IP address for the client and makes a lease offer by sending a DHCPOFFER message to the client . This message contains the client 's MAC address , the IP address that the server is offering , the subnet mask , the lease duration , and the IP address of the DHCP server making the offer . The DHCP server determines the configuration based on the client 's hardware address as specified in the CHADDR ( client hardware address ) field . Here the server , 192.168. 1.1 , specifies the client 's IP address in the YIADDR ( your IP address ) field . DHCPOFFER message <Td_colspan="4"> IP : source = 192.168. 1.1 ; destination = 192.168. 1.100 UDP : source port = 67 ; destination port = 68 Octet 0 Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 OP HTYPE HLEN HOPS 0x02 0x01 0x06 0x00 <Th_colspan="4"> XID <Td_colspan="4"> 0x3903F326 <Th_colspan="2"> SECS <Th_colspan="2"> FLAGS <Td_colspan="2"> 0x0000 <Td_colspan="2"> 0x0000 <Th_colspan="4"> CIADDR ( Client IP address ) <Td_colspan="4"> 0x00000000 <Th_colspan="5"> YIADDR ( Your IP address ) <Td_colspan="5"> 0xC0A80164 ( 192.168. 1.100 ) <Th_colspan="4"> SIADDR ( Server IP address ) <Td_colspan="4"> 0xC0A80101 ( 192.168. 1.1 ) <Th_colspan="4"> GIADDR ( Gateway IP address ) <Td_colspan="4"> 0x00000000 <Th_colspan="4"> CHADDR ( Client hardware address ) <Td_colspan="4"> 0x00053C04 <Td_colspan="4"> 0x8D590000 <Td_colspan="4"> 0x00000000 <Td_colspan="4"> 0x00000000 <Td_colspan="4"> 192 octets of 0s ; BOOTP legacy . <Th_colspan="4"> Magic cookie <Td_colspan="4"> 0x63825363 <Th_colspan="4"> DHCP options <Td_colspan="4"> 53 : 2 ( DHCP Offer ) <Td_colspan="4"> 1 ( subnet mask ) : 255.255. 255.0 <Td_colspan="4"> 3 ( Router ) : 192.168. 1.1 <Td_colspan="4"> 51 ( IP address lease time ) : 86400s ( 1 day ) <Td_colspan="4"> 54 ( DHCP server ) : 192.168. 1.1 <Td_colspan="4"> 6 ( DNS servers ) : 9.7. 10.15 , 9.7. 10.16 , 9.7. 10.18 DHCP request ( edit ) In response to the DHCP offer , the client replies with a DHCPREQUEST message , broadcast to the server , requesting the offered address . A client can receive DHCP offers from multiple servers , but it will accept only one DHCP offer . Based on required server identification option in the request and broadcast messaging , servers are informed whose offer the client has accepted . When other DHCP servers receive this message , they withdraw any offers that they have made to the client and return the offered IP address to the pool of available addresses . DHCPREQUEST message <Td_colspan="4"> IP : source = 0.0. 0.0 destination = 255.255. 255.255 ; UDP : source port = 68 ; destination port = 67 Octet 0 Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 OP HTYPE HLEN HOPS 0x01 0x01 0x06 0x00 <Th_colspan="5"> XID <Td_colspan="5"> 0x3903F326 <Th_colspan="2"> SECS <Th_colspan="2"> FLAGS <Td_colspan="2"> 0x0000 <Td_colspan="2"> 0x0000 <Th_colspan="4"> CIADDR ( Client IP address ) <Td_colspan="4"> 0x00000000 <Th_colspan="4"> YIADDR ( Your IP address ) <Td_colspan="4"> 0x00000000 <Th_colspan="4"> SIADDR ( Server IP address ) <Td_colspan="4"> 0xC0A80101 <Th_colspan="4"> GIADDR ( Gateway IP address ) <Td_colspan="4"> 0x00000000 <Th_colspan="4"> CHADDR ( Client hardware address ) <Td_colspan="4"> 0x00053C04 <Td_colspan="4"> 0x8D590000 <Td_colspan="4"> 0x00000000 <Td_colspan="4"> 0x00000000 <Td_colspan="4"> 192 octets of 0s ; BOOTP legacy . <Th_colspan="4"> Magic cookie <Td_colspan="4"> 0x63825363 <Th_colspan="4"> DHCP options <Td_colspan="4"> 53 : 3 ( DHCP Request ) <Td_colspan="4"> 50 : 192.168. 1.100 requested <Td_colspan="4"> 54 ( DHCP server ) : 192.168. 1.1 DHCP acknowledgement ( edit ) When the DHCP server receives the DHCPREQUEST message from the client , the configuration process enters its final phase . The acknowledgement phase involves sending a DHCPACK packet to the client . This packet includes the lease duration and any other configuration information that the client might have requested . At this point , the IP configuration process is completed . The protocol expects the DHCP client to configure its network interface with the negotiated parameters . After the client obtains an IP address , it should probe the newly received address ( e.g. with ARP Address Resolution Protocol ) to prevent address conflicts caused by overlapping address pools of DHCP servers . DHCPACK message <Td_colspan="4"> IP : source = 192.168. 1.1 ; destination = 192.168. 1.100 UDP : source port = 67 ; destination port = 68 Octet 0 Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 OP HTYPE HLEN HOPS 0x02 0x01 0x06 0x00 <Th_colspan="4"> XID <Td_colspan="4"> 0x3903F326 <Th_colspan="2"> SECS <Th_colspan="2"> FLAGS <Td_colspan="2"> 0x0000 <Td_colspan="2"> 0x0000 <Th_colspan="4"> CIADDR ( Client IP address ) <Td_colspan="4"> 0x00000000 <Th_colspan="4"> YIADDR ( Your IP address ) <Td_colspan="4"> 0xC0A80164 <Th_colspan="4"> SIADDR ( Server IP address ) <Td_colspan="4"> 0xC0A80101 <Th_colspan="4"> GIADDR ( Gateway IP address switched by relay ) <Td_colspan="4"> 0x00000000 <Th_colspan="4"> CHADDR ( Client hardware address ) <Td_colspan="4"> 0x00053C04 <Td_colspan="4"> 0x8D590000 <Td_colspan="4"> 0x00000000 <Td_colspan="4"> 0x00000000 <Td_colspan="4"> 192 octets of 0s . BOOTP legacy <Th_colspan="4"> Magic cookie <Td_colspan="4"> 0x63825363 <Th_colspan="4"> DHCP options <Td_colspan="4"> 53 : 5 ( DHCP ACK ) or 6 ( DHCP NAK ) <Td_colspan="4"> 1 ( subnet mask ) : 255.255. 255.0 <Td_colspan="4"> 3 ( Router ) : 192.168. 1.1 <Td_colspan="4"> 51 ( IP address lease time ) : 86400s ( 1 day ) <Td_colspan="4"> 54 ( DHCP server ) : 192.168. 1.1 <Td_colspan="4"> 6 ( DNS servers ) : 9.7. 10.15 , 9.7. 10.16 , 9.7. 10.18 DHCP information ( edit ) A DHCP client may request more information than the server sent with the original DHCPOFFER . The client may also request repeat data for a particular application . For example , browsers use DHCP Inform to obtain web proxy settings via WPAD . DHCP releasing ( edit ) The client sends a request to the DHCP server to release the DHCP information and the client deactivates its IP address . As client devices usually do not know when users may unplug them from the network , the protocol does not mandate the sending of DHCP Release . Client Configuration parameters ( edit ) A DHCP server can provide optional configuration parameters to the client . RFC 2132 describes the available DHCP options defined by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) - DHCP and BOOTP PARAMETERS . A DHCP client can select , manipulate and overwrite parameters provided by a DHCP server . In Unix - like systems this client - level refinement typically takes place according to the values in the configuration file / etc / dhclient. conf . DHCP options ( edit ) Options are octet strings of varying length . The first octet is the option code , the second octet is the number of following octets and the remaining octets are code dependent . For example , the DHCP Message type option for an Offer would appear as 0x35 , 0x01 , 0x02 , where 0x35 is code 53 for `` DHCP Message Type '' , 0x01 means one octet follows and 0x02 is the value of `` Offer '' . Documented in RFC 2132 ( edit ) The following tables list the available DHCP options , as listed in RFC 2132 . RFC 1497 ( BOOTP Vendor Information Extensions ) vendor extensions Code Name Length Notes 0 Pad 0 octets Can be used to pad other options so that they are aligned to the word boundary ; is not followed by length byte Subnet Mask 4 octets Must be sent after the router option ( option 3 ) if both are included Time Offset 4 octets Router Multiples of 4 octets Available routers , should be listed in order of preference Time Server Multiples of 4 octets Available time servers to synchronise with , should be listed in order of preference 5 Name Server Multiples of 4 octets Available IEN 116 name servers , should be listed in order of preference 6 Domain Name Server Multiples of 4 octets Available DNS servers , should be listed in order of preference 7 Log Server Multiples of 4 octets Available log servers , should be listed in order of preference . 8 Cookie Server Multiples of 4 octets `` Cookie '' in this case means `` fortune cookie '' or `` quote of the day , '' a pithy or humorous anecdote often sent as part of a logon process on large computers ; it has nothing to do with cookies sent by websites . 9 LPR Server Multiples of 4 octets 10 Impress Server Multiples of 4 octets 11 Resource Location Server Multiples of 4 octets 12 Host Name Minimum of 1 octet 13 Boot File Size 2 octets Length of the boot image in 4KiB blocks 14 Merit Dump File Minimum of 1 octet Path where crash dumps should be stored 15 Domain Name Minimum of 1 octet 16 Swap Server 4 octets 17 Root Path Minimum of 1 octet 18 Extensions Path Minimum of 1 octet 255 End 0 octets Used to mark the end of the vendor option field IP Layer Parameters per Host Code Name Length Notes 19 IP Forwarding Enable / Disable 1 octet 20 Non-Local Source Routing Enable / Disable 1 octet 21 Policy Filter Multiples of 8 octets 22 Maximum Datagram Reassembly Size 2 octets 23 Default IP Time - to - live 1 octet 24 Path MTU Aging Timeout 4 octets 25 Path MTU Plateau Table Multiples of 2 octets IP Layer Parameters per Interface Code Name Length Notes 26 Interface MTU 2 octets 27 All Subnets are Local 1 octet 28 Broadcast Address 4 octets 29 Perform Mask Discovery 1 octet 30 Mask Supplier 1 octet 31 Perform Router Discovery 1 octet 32 Router Solicitation Address 4 octets 33 Static Route Multiples of 8 octets A list of destination / router pairs Link Layer Parameters per Interface Code Name Length Notes 34 Trailer Encapsulation Option 1 octet 35 ARP Cache Timeout 4 octets 36 Ethernet Encapsulation 1 octet TCP Parameters Code Name Length Notes 37 TCP Default TTL 1 octet 38 TCP Keepalive Interval 4 octets 39 TCP Keepalive Garbage 1 octet Application and Service Parameters Code Name Length Notes 40 Network Information Service Domain Minimum of 1 octet 41 Network Information Servers Multiples of 4 octets 42 Network Time Protocol Servers Multiples of 4 octets 43 Vendor Specific Information Minimum of 1 octets 44 NetBIOS over TCP / IP Name Server Multiples of 4 octets 45 NetBIOS over TCP / IP Datagram Distribution Server Multiples of 4 octets 46 NetBIOS over TCP / IP Node Type 1 octet 47 NetBIOS over TCP / IP Scope Minimum of 1 octet 48 X Window System Font Server Multiples of 4 octets 49 X Window System Display Manager Multiples of 4 octets 64 Network Information Service+ Domain Minimum of 1 octet 65 Network Information Service+ Servers Multiples of 4 octets 68 Mobile IP Home Agent Multiples of 4 octets 69 Simple Mail Transport Protocol ( SMTP ) Server Multiples of 4 octets 70 Post Office Protocol ( POP3 ) Server Multiples of 4 octets 71 Network News Transport Protocol ( NNTP ) Server Multiples of 4 octets 72 Default World Wide Web ( WWW ) Server Multiples of 4 octets 73 Default Finger Server Multiples of 4 octets 74 Default Internet Relay Chat ( IRC ) Server Multiples of 4 octets 75 StreetTalk Server Multiples of 4 octets 76 StreetTalk Directory Assistance ( STDA ) Server Multiples of 4 octets DHCP Extensions Code Name Length Notes 50 Requested IP address 4 octets 51 IP address Lease Time 4 octets 52 Option Overload 1 octet 53 DHCP Message Type 1 octet 54 Server Identifier 4 octets 55 Parameter Request List Minimum of 1 octet 56 Message Minimum of 1 octet 57 Maximum DHCP Message Size 2 octets 58 Renewal ( T1 ) Time Value 4 octets 59 Rebinding ( T2 ) Time Value 4 octets 60 Vendor class identifier Minimum of 1 octet 61 Client - identifier Minimum of 2 octets 66 TFTP server name Minimum of 1 octet 67 Bootfile name Minimum of 1 octet DHCP client Vendor identification ( edit ) An option exists to identify the vendor and functionality of a DHCP client . The information is a variable - length string of characters or octets which has a meaning specified by the vendor of the DHCP client . One method that a DHCP client can utilize to communicate to the server that it is using a certain type of hardware or firmware is to set a value in its DHCP requests called the Vendor Class Identifier ( VCI ) ( Option 60 ) . This method allows a DHCP server to differentiate between the two kinds of client machines and process the requests from the two types of modems appropriately . Some types of set - top boxes also set the VCI ( Option 60 ) to inform the DHCP server about the hardware type and functionality of the device . The value this option is set to gives the DHCP server a hint about any required extra information that this client needs in a DHCP response . Documented elsewhere ( edit ) Documented DHCP Options Code Name Length RFC 82 Relay Agent Information Option Minimum of 2 octets RFC 3046 85 NDS Servers Option Minimum of 4 octets , multiple of 4 octets RFC 2241 86 NDS Tree Name Option Variable RFC 2241 87 NDS Context Option Variable RFC 2241 119 Domain Search Option Variable RFC 3397 121 Classless Static Route Option Variable RFC 3442 Relay agent information sub-options ( edit ) The Relay Agent Information Option ( option 82 ) specifies container for attaching sub-options to DHCP requests transmitted between a DHCP relay and a DHCP server . Relay Agent Sub-options Code Name Length RFC DOCSIS ( Data - Over-Cable Service Interface Specifications ) Device Class 4 octets RFC 3256 DHCP relaying ( edit ) In small networks , where only one IP subnet is being managed , DHCP clients communicate directly with DHCP servers . However , DHCP servers can also provide IP addresses for multiple subnets . In this case , a DHCP client that has not yet acquired an IP address can not communicate directly with the DHCP server using IP routing , because it does n't have a routable IP address , does n't know the IP address of a router , and does n't know the IP address of the DHCP server . In order to allow DHCP clients on subnets not directly served by DHCP servers to communicate with DHCP servers , DHCP relay agents can be installed on these subnets . The DHCP client broadcasts on the local link ; the relay agent receives the broadcast and transmits it to one or more DHCP servers using unicast . The relay agent stores its own IP address in field GIADDR field of the DHCP packet . The DHCP server uses the GIADDR - value to determine the subnet on which the relay agent received the broadcast , and allocates an IP address on that subnet . When the DHCP server replies to the client , it sends the reply to the GIADDR - address , again using unicast . The relay agent then retransmits the response on the local network . In this situation , the communication between the relay agent and the DHCP server typically uses both a source and destination UDP port of 67 . Reliability ( edit ) The DHCP ensures reliability in several ways : periodic renewal , rebinding , and failover . DHCP clients are allocated leases that last for some period of time . Clients begin to attempt to renew their leases once half the lease interval has expired . They do this by sending a unicast DHCPREQUEST message to the DHCP server that granted the original lease . If that server is down or unreachable , it will fail to respond to the DHCPREQUEST . However , in that case the client repeats the DHCPREQUEST from time to time , so if the DHCP server comes back up or becomes reachable again , the DHCP client will succeed in contacting it and renew the lease . If the DHCP server is unreachable for an extended period of time , the DHCP client will attempt to rebind , by broadcasting its DHCPREQUEST rather than unicasting it . Because it is broadcast , the DHCPREQUEST message will reach all available DHCP servers . If some other DHCP server is able to renew the lease , it will do so at this time . In order for rebinding to work , when the client successfully contacts a backup DHCP server , that server must have accurate information about the client 's binding . Maintaining accurate binding information between two servers is a complicated problem ; if both servers are able to update the same lease database , there must be a mechanism to avoid conflicts between updates on the independent servers . A proposal for implementing fault - tolerant DHCP servers was submitted to the Internet Engineering Task Force , but never formalized If rebinding fails , the lease will eventually expire . When the lease expires , the client must stop using the IP address granted to it in its lease . At that time it will restart the DHCP process from the beginning by broadcasting a DHCPDISCOVER message . Since its lease has expired , it will accept any IP address offered to it . Once it has a new IP address ( presumably from a different DHCP server ) it will once again be able to use the network . However , since its IP address has changed , any ongoing connections will be broken . Security ( edit ) See also : DHCP snooping The base DHCP does not include any mechanism for authentication . Because of this , it is vulnerable to a variety of attacks . These attacks fall into three main categories : Unauthorized DHCP servers providing false information to clients . Unauthorized clients gaining access to resources . Resource exhaustion attacks from malicious DHCP clients . Because the client has no way to validate the identity of a DHCP server , unauthorized DHCP servers ( commonly called `` rogue DHCP '' ) can be operated on networks , providing incorrect information to DHCP clients . This can serve either as a denial - of - service attack , preventing the client from gaining access to network connectivity , or as a man - in - the - middle attack . Because the DHCP server provides the DHCP client with server IP addresses , such as the IP address of one or more DNS servers , an attacker can convince a DHCP client to do its DNS lookups through its own DNS server , and can therefore provide its own answers to DNS queries from the client . This in turn allows the attacker to redirect network traffic through itself , allowing it to eavesdrop on connections between the client and network servers it contacts , or to simply replace those network servers with its own . Because the DHCP server has no secure mechanism for authenticating the client , clients can gain unauthorized access to IP addresses by presenting credentials , such as client identifiers , that belong to other DHCP clients . This also allows DHCP clients to exhaust the DHCP server 's store of IP addresses -- by presenting new credentials each time it asks for an address , the client can consume all the available IP addresses on a particular network link , preventing other DHCP clients from getting service . DHCP does provide some mechanisms for mitigating these problems . The Relay Agent Information Option protocol extension ( RFC 3046 , usually referred to in the industry by its actual number as Option 82 ) allows network operators to attach tags to DHCP messages as these messages arrive on the network operator 's trusted network . This tag is then used as an authorization token to control the client 's access to network resources . Because the client has no access to the network upstream of the relay agent , the lack of authentication does not prevent the DHCP server operator from relying on the authorization token . Another extension , Authentication for DHCP Messages ( RFC 3118 ) , provides a mechanism for authenticating DHCP messages . Unfortunately , as of 2002 , RFC 3118 had not seen widespread adoption because of the problems of managing keys for large numbers of DHCP clients . A 2007 book about DSL technologies remarked that there were numerous security vulnerabilities identified against the security measures proposed by RFC 3118 . This fact , combined with the introduction of 802.1 x , slowed the deployment and take - rate of authenticated DHCP , and it has never been widely deployed . A 2010 book notes that ( t ) here have been very few implementations of DHCP Authentication . The challenges of key management and processing delays due to hash computation have been deemed too heavy a price to pay for the perceived benefits . Architectural proposals from 2008 involve authenticating DHCP requests using 802.1 x or PANA ( both of which transport EAP ) . An IETF proposal was made for including EAP in DHCP itself , the so - called EAPoDHCP ; this does not appear to have progressed beyond IETF draft level , the last of which dates to 2010 . IETF standards documents ( edit ) RFC 2131 , Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol RFC 2132 , DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions RFC 3046 , DHCP Relay Agent Information Option RFC 3397 , Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ( DHCP ) Domain Search Option RFC 3942 , Reclassifying Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Version Four ( DHCPv4 ) Options RFC 4242 , Information Refresh Time Option for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 RFC 4361 , Node - specific Client Identifiers for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Version Four ( DHCPv4 ) RFC 4436 , Detecting Network Attachment in IPv4 ( DNAv4 ) RFC 3442 , Classless Static Route Option for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ( DHCP ) version 4 See also ( edit ) Computer networking portal Boot Service Discovery Protocol ( BSDP ) -- a DHCP extension used by Apple 's NetBoot Comparison of DHCP server software Peg DHCP ( RFC 2322 ) Preboot Execution Environment ( PXE ) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol ( RARP ) Rogue DHCP UDP Helper Address -- a tool for routing DHCP requests across subnet boundaries Zeroconf -- Zero Configuration Networking Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : As an optional client behavior , some broadcasts , such as those carrying DHCP discovery and request messages , may be replaced with unicasts in case the DHCP client already knows the DHCP server 's IP address . Jump up ^ The RFC calls for the client to wait one half of the remaining time until T2 before it retransmits the DHCPREQUEST packet Jump up ^ The proposal provided a mechanism whereby two servers could remain loosely in sync with each other in such a way that even in the event of a total failure of one server , the other server could recover the lease database and continue operating . Due to the length and complexity of the specification , it was never published as a standard ; however , the techniques described in the specification are in wide use , with one open - source implementation in the ISC DHCP server , as well as several commercial implementations . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : TechTarget Network : DHCP ( Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ) Jump up ^ Peterson LL , Davie BS. ( 2011 ) . Computer Networks : A Systems Approach . Jump up ^ Ralph Droms ; Ted Lemon ( 2003 ) . The DHCP Handbook . SAMS Publishing . p. 436 . ISBN 0 - 672 - 32327 - 3 . Jump up ^ Droms , Ralph . `` Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol '' . tools.ietf.org . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Droms , Ralph . `` Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol '' . tools.ietf.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Droms , Ralph . `` Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol '' . tools.ietf.org . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Droms , Ralph ( March 1997 ) . DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions . IETF . doi : 10.17487 / RFC2131 . RFC 2131 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2131 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ RFC2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol : Dynamic allocation of network addresses http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2131#section-2.2 Jump up ^ `` Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ( DHCP ) and Bootstrap Protocol ( BOOTP ) Parameters '' . Iana.org . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Steve ; Droms , Ralph ( March 1997 ) . DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions . IETF . doi : 10.17487 / RFC2132 . RFC 2132 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2132 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick , Michael ( January 2001 ) . `` DHCP Relay Agent Information Option '' . IETF Documents . IETF . doi : 10.17487 / RFC3046 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Provan , Don ( November 1997 ) . `` RFC 2241 - DHCP Options for Novell Directory Services '' . IETF Documents . IETF . doi : 10.17487 / RFC3256 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Bernard , Aboba ; Stuart , Cheshire ( November 2002 ) . `` RFC 3397 - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ( DHCP ) Domain Search Option '' . IETF Documents . IETF . doi : 10.17487 / RFC3397 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ RFC 3442 Jump up ^ Doug , Jones , ; Rich , Woundy , ( April 2002 ) . `` RFC 3256 - The DOCSIS ( Data - Over-Cable Service Interface Specifications ) Device Class DHCP ( Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ) Relay Agent Information Sub-option '' . IETF Documents . IETF . doi : 10.17487 / RFC3256 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Droms , Ralph ; Kinnear , Kim ; Stapp , Mark ; Volz , Bernie ; Gonczi , Steve ; Rabil , Greg ; Dooley , Michael ; Kapur , Arun ( March 2003 ) . DHCP Failover Protocol . IETF . I-D draft - ietf - dhc - failover - 12 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-dhc-failover-12 . Retrieved May 09 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Patrick ( January 2001 ) . `` RFC 3046 - DHCP Relay Agent Information Option '' . Network Working Group . ^ Jump up to : Ralph Droms ( March 1997 ) . `` RFC 2131 - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol '' . Network Working Group . ^ Jump up to : Timothy Stapko ( 2011 ) . Practical Embedded Security : Building Secure Resource - Constrained Systems . Newnes . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 055131 - 9 . Jump up ^ Derrick Rountree ( 2013 ) . Windows 2012 Server Network Security : Securing Your Windows Network Systems and Infrastructure . Newnes . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59749 - 965 - 1 . Jump up ^ Timothy Rooney ( 2010 ) . Introduction to IP Address Management . John Wiley & Sons . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 07380 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Sergey Golovanov ( Kaspersky Labs ) ( June 2011 ) . `` TDSS loader now got `` legs '' `` . Jump up ^ Akash K Sunny ( October 2015 ) . `` dhcp protocol and its vulnerabilities '' . Jump up ^ Francisco J. Hens ; José M. Caballero ( 2008 ) . Triple Play : Building the converged network for IP , VoIP and IPTV . John Wiley & Sons . p. 239 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 75439 - 9 . Jump up ^ David H. Ramirez ( 2008 ) . IPTV Security : Protecting High - Value Digital Contents . John Wiley & Sons . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 72719 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ted Lemon ( April 2002 ) . `` Implementation of RFC 3118 '' . Jump up ^ Philip Golden ; Hervé Dedieu ; Krista S. Jacobsen ( 2007 ) . Implementation and Applications of DSL Technology . Taylor & Francis . p. 484 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4200 - 1307 - 8 . Jump up ^ Timothy Rooney ( 2010 ) . Introduction to IP Address Management . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 181 -- 182 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 07380 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Copeland ( 2008 ) . Converging NGN Wireline and Mobile 3G Networks with IMS . Taylor & Francis . pp. 142 -- 143 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4200 - 1378 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ramjee Prasad ; Albena Mihovska ( 2009 ) . New Horizons in Mobile and Wireless Communications : Networks , services , and applications . 2 . Artech House . p. 339 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60783 - 970 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 12 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ( DHCP ) . GND : 4608416 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol&oldid=833845039 '' Categories : Internet Standards Application layer protocols Network service Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from November 2015 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Pages using RFC magic links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 18 : 02 . 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1. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
2. Network management protocol
3. IP address assignment
4. DHCP server and client
5. DHCP operation and phases
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who does ema get with in brothers conflict
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List of brothers Conflict episodes - wikipedia List of brothers Conflict episodes This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brothers Conflict is an anime television series produced by Brain 's Base and directed by Atsushi Matsumoto . The romantic comedy follows the misadventures of Ema Hinata who is the daughter of the famous adventurer Rintarō Hinata . One day , Ema finds out that her dad is going to remarry with a successful apparel maker named Miwa Asahina . Rather than bothering them , she decides to move into the Sunrise Residence complex that is owned by Miwa . From there , she discovers that she has 13 step - brothers . Episode list ( edit ) No . Title Original airdate `` The First Conflict : Brothers '' `` Dai ichi shōtotsu : Kyōdai '' ( 第 一 衝突 : 兄弟 ) July 2 , 2013 <Td_colspan="3"> After her father becomes engaged , Chii and her pet squirrel , Juli , have to move in with her thirteen new stepbrothers . She arrives and is met at the door by the eldest son , Masaomi , and the youngest son , Wataru . Upon arriving in the living room , she is embraced by Tsubaki ( the fifth son ) , who is then promptly smacked in the head by his identical twin , Azusa -- -- the sixth son . Ukyo , a lawyer and the second son , introduces himself while bringing in tea . Ema also discovers that one of her own classmates , Yusuke , is one of her new brothers . Subaru and Kaname ( the ninth and third sons , respectively ) also walk into the living room and introduce themselves . chii is then surprised to learn that the super popular singing idol , Futo , is also one of the thirteen ; unfortunately , he is currently on tour in Hokkaido and she is unable to meet him until later . As they talk in the living room , an exhausted Ema becomes dizzy from a fever , claiming that it was because she had moved in all her stuff by herself , and goes to her room to rest . Louis , the eighth son , arrives home from work and goes to say hello to her before joining the other brothers in preparing for dinner . Later in the evening , Ema runs into Kaname as he passes by her room . He kisses her on the cheek , to which she responds by asking him to stop teasing her because she `` knows '' that he is a kind person . After Kaname leaves , Ema decides to go take a shower and accidentally bumps into Subaru , who only has a towel around his waist . Embarrassed , she runs into the living room where the twins , Tsubaki and Azusa , are apparently confessing their love to each other . Ema runs away when Tsubaki tells her that he did indeed confess to Azusa , but before she does , he laughs at her , explaining that the two of them are voice actors and that they are only rehearsing from a script . Ema eventually arrives back in her room and lays in her bed , wondering what new adventure she had just gotten herself into . After the ending song , Yusuke is seen lying in his bed , asking himself , `` Ah , why ? Why does she need to be the one that is my sibling ? '' `` The Second Conflict : Confusion '' `` Dai ni shōtotsu : Konran '' ( 第 二 衝突 : 混乱 ) July 9 , 2013 <Td_colspan="3"> It 's a new day for Ema , and she helps Ukyo make breakfast for the brothers . She later on heads for school with Yusuke . In class , Yusuke -- -- who has apparently been crushing on his new step - sister long before she became his sibling -- -- is seen staring at Ema . Back home , Ema meets Futo , who calls her his `` stupid , beautiful sister . '' She also greets Ukyo , who then asks her to make a birthday cake for Subaru . She comes back from the market to find Louis , who had fallen asleep across a couch on the landing above their living room . He wakes and then almost immediately insists for her to let him do her hair . While Louis is styling her hair , he finds that the curling iron is broken and rushes off to find a new one . Futo walks in , demanding to know where Louis is , and , finding he is n't at the house , storms out of the house . Once Louis is finished with Ema 's hair , she bakes and decorate 's Subaru 's birthday cake . The brothers , including a blushing Subaru , are presented the beautiful , fruit encrusted confection . Later on , Ema decides to go to the living room , where Tsubaki is teasing Subaru about liking Ema in a non-sibling way . Embarrassed and ( quite ) drunk , Subaru says mean things and later realizes that Ema had heard all of it . He goes to apologize , but ends up kissing Ema , then passing out on top of her . The `` valiant '' twins arrive on the scene and haul Subaru off of Ema . When they question her about what had happened , she protects Subaru by insisting that it was a complete accident . The following day , Ema visits a media store and sees Futo . She loudly calls out his name , which promptly blows his `` cover . '' He shoves his CD 's into her hands and commands Ema to rent them for him before rushing off . At home , she gives the CD 's to Futo and he whispers suggestively that he will give her a `` punishment '' in her room . After the ending song , the twins receive a message from one of the ( as of yet ) unmet brothers , saying that he will be coming back home . `` The Third Conflict : Promise '' `` Dai san shōtotsu : Yakusoku '' ( 第 三 衝突 : 約束 ) July 16 , 2013 <Td_colspan="3"> Futo and Ema walked into her room together and Ema was told by Futo to lock up Juli , Ema ended up putting Juli in a bag next to her bed as they watch a movie together . The two began to talk after the movie and Futo told Ema that he 's going to call her sis from now on , right before he was about to kiss her , Yusuke walks in her room and drags Futo out of the room leaving a college form on what college she wants to go to for school . Later , Juli is still angry at Ema for locking him up and is not listening to her , Louis reveals that he can understand Juli and they make a promise that the two of them will protect Ema together . Ema asks Masaomi to come for the parent teacher conference but in his place , Kaname comes instead . Kaname points out that Ema wants to go to the same college as Subaru and that Yusuke had nothing under where he wanted to go to , Yusuke gets angry and yells that he wants to go to the same college as Ema . Later , Ema meets the cross-dressing fourth son , Hikaru . The day of the wedding Louis does Ema 's hair and she puts on the dress her step - mother and father got for her , and when she walks into the chapel she meets the last of her brothers , Tsubaki and Azusa 's triplet ( Natsume ) . Ema finds out later that Natsume works at one of her favorite game company , and he offers to give her samples of the new games if she wants . He also asks how Subaru is but she told him that she really did n't know , then Natsume takes a business call . At the end , the boys welcome Ema to their family properly . After the ending , Natsume comes home and notices Subaru 's expression towards Ema in the family photo . `` The Fourth Conflict : Jealousy '' `` Dai shi shōtotsu : Shitto '' ( 第 四 衝突 : 嫉妬 ) July 23 , 2013 <Td_colspan="3"> Tsubaki and Azusa find out that the first anime they ever worked on has been renewed for a second season . Thrilled , they both audition . Tsubaki auditions as the lead and Azusa auditions as the lead 's rival . Tsubaki later finds out that he did not get picked to be his character instead , Azusa did . Ema got the game demo from Natsume . She defeated all the mobs but did n't level up . She calls Natsume to ask for help and to meet her at a cafe . Natsume arrives and says if she do n't level up in the level before you wo n't level up in the desert level . They are interrupted by Azusa , who calls Natsume to ask if he has seen Tsubaki . Natsume told Ema that Azusa got the lead role instead of Tsubaki . She walks home and finds Azusa sitting in front of the house . She tells him that if he quits Tsubaki would n't be happy and that she liked his voice . As he was about to say `` No , he wo n't , '' Tsubaki comes out and says `` Yes . I would n't be happy . Tsubaki tells him to call back his manager to say he 'll do the job . Tsubaki asks Ema to accompany him in his `` comforting party '' He asks her if she likes his voice too and she says yes . She also says that it does n't matter who wins or loses as long as you stay true to yourself . Tsubaki kisses Ema and says `` for a guy to get back on his feet all he needs is a kiss from a cute girl '' . He kisses her again , in shock she does not fight back . We later see that Hikaru watched them kiss and says `` What a shame , you 're siblings too . '' `` The Fifth Conflict : Submersion '' `` Dai go shōtotsu : Shinsui '' ( 第 五 衝突 : 浸水 ) July 30 , 2013 <Td_colspan="3"> Since there are almost no more ingredients for dinner and very few people are able to make it home , they decide to go flower viewing . They also contact Natsume and Subaru to join them once they are done with their activities . Natsume arrives just before Ema goes off to buy drinks , and Subaru also joins them after meeting Ema on the road . Wataru begins talking to a duck along the pond , seeming dangerously too close to the edge . Natsume rushes over to grab him , but just as he lunges , Wataru trips backwards and Natsume is sent flying into the pond . They decide to go home and Natsume takes a shower . He decides to stay home for a while , still curious over the connection between Subaru and Ema . The next day , Juli gets sick from eating too much nuts . Ema decides to go to Subaru 's basketball game , despite Juli 's protests , where she meets Natsume . Natsume offers her a ride after the game since it begins to rain , but gets a phone call and leaves for a bit . Subaru rushes over despite having another game later on and confesses that he hopes that she can be at his side forever . Natsume reappears and angrily scolds Subaru for not staying with his team for the next game . Subaru leaves and Ema goes home with Natsume . Atter the ending song , Subaru is seen blushing and talking to Juli about how he had just confessed to Ema , unaware that Juli could understand his every single word . 6 `` The Sixth Conflict : Photos '' `` Dai roku shōtotsu : Shashin '' ( 第 六 衝突 : 写真 ) August 6 , 2013 <Td_colspan="3"> Futo enters to the same high school Ema goes to . The stepbrothers and Ema decide to look at baby pictures and Ema finds one of Azusa . Azusa gives Ema a photo album because she never had her own album before . While Ema is downstairs putting pictures into her album , Tsubaki comes and then kisses her again and tells her he really likes her . Azusa pushes Tsubaki off Ema . Then , Azusa tells her that he has no right to scold Tsubaki since he feels the same way . 7 `` The Seventh Conflict : Breaking Point '' `` Dai nana shōtotsu : Genkai '' ( 第 七 衝突 : 限界 ) August 13 , 2013 <Td_colspan="3"> Futo is in a new commercial , leading the family to begin plans for an oversees trip during summer vacation in order for Ema and Yusuke to take a break from exams . In class , they decide to do a butler cafe for the cultural festival . Ema goes home after a long day of preparing and falls asleep on the couch . She wakes up to find Yusuke 's face right in front of her and freaks out . He says that he had only thought that she would be cold , only staring for a minute or two , but Futo interrupts and begins teasing Yusuke . Eventually , Tsubaki stops them from fighting . The next day , Azusa comes into the kitchen where Ema is and falls after feeling dizzy . Hikaru comes in and realizes that Azusa has a fever from working too hard , ordering Azusa to take a break . Ema ends up being late to the classroom , where she learns that their class had changed into a ButlerXMaid cafe instead . Next door , Futo is dressed like a vampire and kisses Ema on the neck , leaving a `` vampire '' like mark . She goes home only to have Tsubaki ask about the mark , telling her that he had already told her his feelings . Tsubaki begins arguing with Ema , but Azusa comes into the living room , telling Tsubaki that he was becoming to pushy when it came to Ema 's feelings . Tsubaki gets mad and Azusa tries to convince him , but he passes out in the middle of the argument . Tsubaki reaches out to catch him , but misses . At the end of the credits , Tsubaki and Ema are seen looking at the unconscious Azusa , both in shock . 8 `` The Eighth Conflict : Nightmare '' `` Dai hachi shōtotsu : Akumu '' ( 第 八 衝突 : 悪夢 ) August 20 , 2013 <Td_colspan="3"> Azusa collapses on the floor and Tsubaki and Ema stand there in shock , seen as in the last episode . Masaomi walks in and tells Ema to call an ambulance . Azusa is then seen in the hospital bed , still unconscious , but stable . Ema goes home to find Tsubaki with his face in his hands . He tells her that he can no longer feel the connection that he had with Azusa as twins . He also tells her that he has no right to visit him , because he was probably the cause for his collapse . That night , he has multiple nightmares about his job , Azusa 's life , and Ema 's affections for him . Tsubaki finally wakes up to Natsume 's worried face . The next day , Ema goes to visit Azusa with a change of clothes and Azusa tells her that he just has meningitis and that he will be released sooner or later . Ema also thanks him for stopping Tsubaki the other night , but Azusa suddenly replies that she should n't be thanking him . He confesses that he is also in love with her , and that he was interrupting , just like Tsubaki had said . Ema goes home where she meets Tsubaki at the door , who has decided to go visit Azusa . A few minutes later , Ema gets a text message from Azusa asking for a list of books and DVDs . She goes to the hospital after buying the stuff with Yuusuke , but goes home after seeing Tsubaki and Azusa making up with each other . Natsume sees her walking and sends her home by car . At home , Ukyo tells her that the official family register papers for her new passport is ready , so that she should pick them up later . The next day , Ema visits Azusa once again and he tells her that he will do his best for his feelings and wo n't lose to anyone since he loves her the most , then kisses her on the forehead . At the end of the episode , Ema is seen getting the family register certificate for her passport and opens it , only to stare at it with shock . 9 `` The Ninth Conflict : Vision '' `` Dai kyo shōtotsu : Bijon '' ( 第 九 衝突 : 夢幻 ) August 27 , 2013 <Td_colspan="3"> Ema finds out the truth about her identity , that she is the adopted daughter of Rintarou . Depressed finding out that she is adopted , she thinks that she is an outsider and she decides not to go back to the mansion . Worried that Ema did n't come back to the mansion and wo n't pick up her phone , Natsume finds her , he asks her to go back to the mansion because everyone is worried about her , but she refuses to go back so he takes her to his apartment . There she tells him about her identity , feeling sad that Natsume ca n't understand how she feels as he is not adopted , she decides to go back to the mansion , but then Natsume pulls her by her arm and hugs her saying that she is not an unneeded person and then kisses her . He asks her to stay over at his apartment as its too late to return and she agrees . The next day Louis and Juli come to pick her up and they take her to park where Louis tells her that he is also adopted , he also felt as he was an outsider , but Miwa treated him like all the other sons . He tells her that it is the heart that connects all , not blood . Juli comes to Ema 's dream and tells her that he knew about her parents , but was afraid to tell . Before Ema wakes up , Juli decides to tell her that he loves her . After that Ema feels much better and they head back to the mansion . At the end of the episode , Masaomi says that he should act as a father figure substitute of Rintarou for Ema 's sake but it will be rather difficult for him to do so . 10 `` The Tenth Conflict : Enlightenment '' `` Dai Jyu shōtotsu : Higan '' ( 第 十 衝突 : 彼岸 ) September 3 , 2013 <Td_colspan="3"> As the family trip is cancelled due to everyone 's busy schedule , Kaname invites every one to his buddha club event in which he is the host . Everyone agrees and Natsume , Ema , Ukyo , Masaomi , Azusa , Futo and Wataru go on a trip as rest of the brothers are busy . On their way , Hikaru asks Ema if anything happened in Natsume 's apartment , which startles Natsume of them and Natsume tells nothing happened as they are siblings and Ema agrees . He then asks if anything happened in the hospital , Azusa is shocked and tells nothing happened on which Natsume looks him suspiciously . At the festival , Wataru asks Ema to show him around , where they see Futo 's concert and later a guy named Chiaki who is friend of Kaname meets Ema , and asks her if she is a follower then Kaname comes and tells him they are siblings . Another monk named Yuusei comes and tells them to go back to customers or they yell on them . Yuusei tells Ema that family love is true love and that will keep them together in conflict . During dinner , Ema admits to all she wants to be more like family at which all agree or rather so . That night , Kaname thanks Ema for coming . Futo goes to Ema 's room while she is sleeping and tries to rape her but stops and says he ca n't see her as family as he loves her . On their way home the brothers take Ema to visit the graves of her birth parents and she thanks them for having her . The episode ends with Hikaru showing a chart called `` Brothers Conflict '' to Wataru and tells those having lowest score are closest to win . 11 `` The Eleventh Conflict : Love - Hate '' `` Dai jū ichi shōtotsu : Aizō '' ( 第 十 一 衝突 : 愛憎 ) September 10 , 2013 <Td_colspan="3"> Ema is upset that her grades have dropped since returning from vacation and her entrance exam is drawing near . Everyone notices that she is sad so they try to cheer her up by making food and giving her good luck charm . On exam day everyone wishes her good luck which makes her happy , Yusuke also tries his best to pass the exam with Ema . After the exam Kaname meets Ema and tells her he can cheer her up if she wants which Ema rejects and tells him that Iori gave her an Iris via Louis and tells her that it means good news . Upon leaving Kaname passes by Iori and says that Ema does n't yet know the second meaning of the Iris which Iori whispers means `` I will risk everything for love . '' Later Ema meets Natsume who takes her to an arcade as an reward for studying hard for her exam . Natsume says he wants to tell something to Ema but stops on learning that Subaru has become a professional basketball player . Natsume drops Ema off at home and she wonders what he wanted to say Natsume suddenly runs up and hugs her which Subaru sees resulting in him punching Natsume telling him not to touch her . Natsume replies that he loves Ema which upsets Subaru and he says he wo n't lose to some quitter like him . Later Ema stands outside Subaru 's door and tells him that Natsume was very happy to hear about his career which surprises Subaru . The next morning Subaru leaves the condo and tells Ema that he regrets that he blamed Natsume so much and tells her to forget everything he said to her earlier as he leaves . In the post credit scene , Yusuke says that he will tell Ema his feelings for her once the results of the exam are posted . 12 `` The Twelfth Conflict : Romance '' `` Dai jūni no shototsu : Denki '' ( 第 十 二 衝突 : 伝奇 ) September 17 , 2013 <Td_colspan="3"> It 's been a long time since Subaru left the mansion and have n't contacted anyone yet Ema is worried about him if he is having some problems in living alone , a moment Masaomi comes and tells Ema that they have just received a call from Subaru he is alright and tells her not to worry because he is not the only family member who is leaving . Iori decided to study abroad and Kaname decided to continue his monk practice so the house will be a bit lonely from now on . Soon the university result is announced and Ema finds out that she has been accepted but Yusuke is not she feels sad for him . On her acceptance in university everyone congratulated her and Ema says goodbye to Kaname and Iori . Before leaving Kaname asks her to call him `` Oni - Chan '' once and Iori tells her to take care of her flowers and not forget him . Later she receives two similar messeges one from Tsubaki and other from Azusa who invites her to amusement park Ema decides to give a proper response to their feelings so after visiting amusement park she confronts the twins and tells them that she loves them but as a family she ca n't return their feelings on which twins get a little sad but tells Ema that they will still love her and kiss her hands . Later that night she meets Subaru who apologizes to her and tells her that he feels bad for punching Natsume . Ema then tells him that she just wants to be a normal family on which Subaru says he will still love her and kisses her forehead . On graduation day everyone throws a surprise party for Ema and Hikaru tells Yusuke that he is a freebie so he is not invited to party but then Yusuke shows a letter to Hikaru and they are surprised that Yusuke is accepted in the university and it is a backup candidate letter . During the dinner Ema receives a message from Futo telling her to turn on the T.V there she receives a congratulation from Futo who is announcing it publicly that he is happy for his sister and in the end he says that if anyone thinks they can have you then they are wrong cause you 're only mine , the audience thinks that it 's a message for fans but in reality it is for Ema . His brothers are pissed off after hearing this and someone turns off the television . After the dinner Ema sees Natsume standing in balcony , she reaches to talk to him and tells him that she decided not to date anyone as she thinks of them as family and she ca n't choose one of them and tells him she feels bad because so much happened between the siblings because of her but he says she was just being nice to them and he can understand her . When Ema was about to leave , Natsume stops and tells her although he can understand her but he ca n't suppress his feelings and kisses her and says sorry for being a brother like this and leaves . Hikaru then shows up and tells Ema she thought she ended everything but the rejections have only made their feelings more intense and shows her the ' Brothers Conflict ' chart . He tells her that this may be the end of the first round but a new one will begin and that he will also be a contender in it . He leaves her saying , '' Enjoy the peace while it lasts . '' After the credits all the brothers are shown telling each other that they will not give up Subaru and Natsume get back on good terms but tell each other that they will not give up on Ema . Tsubaki and Azusa are happy that they made up but they also decided not to give up . Elsewhere Futo is mocking Yusuke but Yusuke tells that he is determined and will not give up , Futo then tells him that he will not lose to any of his brothers . The season ends with Ema seeing the pictures of her , her dad , and her new family of 13 Asahina step brothers and her step mother . Ema decides to be a good family member . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Brothers_Conflict_episodes&oldid=778421032 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from January 2016 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2017 , at 01 : 10 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Brothers Conflict anime series
2. Ema Hinata and her 13 step-brothers
3. Romantic comedy misadventures
4. Episodes featuring conflicts and romance
5. Ema's discovery of her true identity
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where can i see the new mamma mia film
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Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again - Wikipedia Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again <Th_colspan="2"> Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Ol Parker Produced by Judy Craymer Gary Goetzman Screenplay by Ol Parker Story by Catherine Johnson Richard Curtis Ol Parker Based on Mamma Mia ! by Catherine Johnson Starring Amanda Seyfried Lily James Christine Baranski Julie Walters Pierce Brosnan Colin Firth Stellan Skarsgård Dominic Cooper Andy García Cher Meryl Streep Music by Anne Dudley Cinematography Robert Yeoman Edited by Peter Lambert Production company Playtone Littlestar Productions Legendary Pictures Perfect World Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date July 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) ( Hammersmith Apollo ) July 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 20 ) ( United Kingdom & United States ) Running time 114 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $392.8 million Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker , from a story by Parker , Catherine Johnson , and Richard Curtis . It is a follow - up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia ! , which in turn is based on the musical of the same name using the music of ABBA . The film features an ensemble cast , including Lily James , Amanda Seyfried , Christine Baranski , Julie Walters , Pierce Brosnan , Andy García , Dominic Cooper , Colin Firth , Stellan Skarsgård , Jessica Keenan Wynn , Alexa Davies , Jeremy Irvine , Josh Dylan , Hugh Skinner , Cher , and Meryl Streep . Both a prequel and a sequel , the plot is set after the events of the first film , and also features flashbacks to 1979 , telling the story of Donna Sheridan 's arrival on the island of Kalokairi and her first meetings with her daughter Sophie 's three possible fathers . Due to the financial success of the first film , Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel . The film was officially announced in May 2017 , with Parker hired to write and direct . In June 2017 , many of the original cast confirmed their involvement , with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July . Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia , and at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England . A British and American joint venture , the film was co-produced by Playtone , Littlestar Productions and Legendary Entertainment . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16 , 2018 and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20 , 2018 , ten years to the week of its predecessor 's release , in both standard and IMAX formats . The film has been a box office success , grossing over $392 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews , with critics praising the performances and musical numbers . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 8 Accolades 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Sophie Sheridan is preparing for the grand reopening of her mother Donna 's hotel , following Donna 's death a year earlier . She is upset because two of her fathers , Harry and Bill , are unable to make it to the reopening and she is having trouble in her relationship with Sky , who is in New York , over her memorializing her mother 's life . In 1979 , a young Donna graduated from Oxford 's New College with Rosie and Tanya , and prepares to travel the world . In Paris , she meets and parties with Harry . They spend the night together , but Donna leaves soon after . She later misses her boat to Kalokairi but is offered a ride by Bill , and along the way , they are able to help a stranded fisherman , Alexio , make it in time to stop the love of his life from marrying another . Unbeknownst to Donna , Harry has followed her to Greece ; but he arrived too late , and sadly watches the boat sailing off in the distance . In the present , Tanya and Rosie arrive to support Sophie with the reopening and it 's revealed that Rosie and Bill have split up . Sophie then visits Sam , who is still grieving over the death of Donna . Back in the past , Donna arrives on the island and while exploring the farmhouse , a sudden storm causes her to discover a spooked horse in the basement . She goes in search of help only to find a young Sam riding his motorcycle and he helps her to save the horse . Back in the present , a storm has caused serious disruption to Sophie 's plans for the grand reopening and prevented media coverage of the event . Back in the past , Donna and Sam are enjoying a whirlwind romance , that ends when Donna discovers a picture of Sam 's fiancée in his drawer . A devastated Donna demands that Sam leave the island . In the present , Sam tells Sophie about her value to her mother . Meanwhile , Harry leaves his business deal in Tokyo to support Sophie , and separately Bill gets the same idea . Bill and Harry meet at the docks but are told there are no boats . However , Alexio gives Bill , Harry and the newly arrived Sky boat passage . In the past , a depressed Donna is heartbroken over Sam but is able to channel her anger into singing with Tanya and Rosie . She meets Bill again and they go out on his boat ; while they are gone , Sam returns , having recently ended his engagement for Donna , but is saddened to hear that she is with another man and leaves the island again . Donna discovers she is pregnant but has no idea which one of her three recent lovers is the father . Sofia , the mother of the owner of the bar where Donna and the Dynamos performed , overhears Donna 's wish to stay on the island and offers to let Donna live at her farmhouse and Donna happily accepts . It is there that she eventually gives birth to Sophie . Back in the present , the guests have arrived at the party and Sophie is reunited with her other two fathers and Sky . Sophie reveals to Sky she is pregnant and has never felt closer to her mother , having now understood what her mother went through . Bill and Rosie reunite over their grief for Donna . Sophie 's estranged grandmother and Donna 's mother , Ruby , arrives despite Sophie having decided not to invite her . She reveals that Sky tracked her down in New York and she wants to build a real relationship with Sophie . Sophie then performs a song with Tanya and Rosie in honor of her mother , with her grandmother tearfully telling her afterward how proud she is of her . It is then revealed that the manager of the hotel , Fernando , is Ruby 's ex-lover from 1959 in Mexico , and the two are joyously reunited . Nine months later , Sophie has given birth to a baby boy named Donny . Everyone has gathered for his christening where Tanya flirts with Fernando 's brother . The ceremony takes place with Donna 's spirit watching over her daughter with pride . At the end , all the characters , including Donna and the younger cast , sing `` Super Trouper '' at a huge party at Hotel Bella Donna . Cast ( edit ) Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan , Donna 's 25 - year - old daughter , and Ruby 's granddaughter . Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan - Carmichael , Sophie 's late mother , Ruby 's daughter , and Sam 's wife . Lily James as Young Donna , founder of Donna and the Dynamos . Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham - Leigh , one of Donna 's best friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; a rich three - time divorcee . Jessica Keenan Wynn as Young Tanya . Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan , one of Donna 's best friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; a fun - loving author in a relationship with Bill . Alexa Davies as Young Rosie . Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael , an architect , Sophie 's possible father , and Donna 's widower . Jeremy Irvine as Young Sam . Colin Firth as Harry Bright , Sophie 's possible father , a British businessman . Hugh Skinner as Young Harry . Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Anderson , Sophie 's possible father , a Swedish sailor and travel writer , Sofia 's great - nephew , Lazaros 's cousin , and also as Kurt Anderson , Bill 's obese brother . Josh Dylan as Young Bill . Dominic Cooper as Sky , Sophie 's husband . Cher as Ruby Sheridan , Donna 's mother , Sophie 's grandmother , and Sam 's mother - in - law . Andy García as Fernando Cienfuegos , the Mexican manager of the Hotel Bella Donna and an old lover of Ruby 's from 1959 . Omid Djalili as a Greek customs officer . Celia Imrie as the Vice-Chancellor of the university at which Donna , Tanya and Rosie studied . Maria Vacratsis as Sofia , a local who owns the shack that Donna stays in , which eventually becomes Donna 's home , and Bill 's great aunt . Panos Mouzourakis as Lazaros , Sofia 's son and Bill 's cousin who owns the bar at which both his band and Donna and the Dynamos perform . Gerard Monaco as Alexio , a local Greek fisherman . Anna Antoniades as Apollonia , Alexio 's lover and later wife . Cameo appearances Björn Ulvaeus as a university professor . Benny Andersson as the pianist in the Parisian restaurant during `` Waterloo '' . Jonathan Goldsmith as Rafael Cienfuegos , Fernando Cienfuegos 's widower brother . Musical numbers ( edit ) Main article : Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again : The Movie Soundtrack A soundtrack album was released on July 13 , 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally , respectively . The album was produced by Benny Andersson , who also served as the album 's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer . Each song is featured within the film , with the exception of `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' and `` The Day Before You Came '' . `` Thank You for the Music '' -- Sophie `` When I Kissed the Teacher '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos , Vice-Chancellor `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos `` One of Us '' -- Sophie and Sky `` Waterloo '' -- Young Harry and Young Donna `` SOS '' -- Sam `` Why Did It Have to Be Me ? '' -- Young Bill , Young Donna and Young Harry `` I Have a Dream '' -- Young Donna `` Kisses of Fire '' -- Lazaros `` Andante , Andante '' -- Young Donna `` The Name of the Game '' -- Young Donna `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' -- Young Donna and Young Sam `` Mamma Mia '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos `` Angel Eyes '' -- Rosie , Tanya , and Sophie `` Dancing Queen '' -- Sophie , Rosie , Tanya , Sam , Bill , and Harry `` I 've Been Waiting for You '' -- Sophie , Rosie , and Tanya `` Fernando '' -- Ruby , Fernando `` My Love , My Life '' -- Young Donna , Donna , Sophie `` Super Trouper '' -- Ruby , Donna , Rosie , Tanya , Sophie , Sky , Sam , Bill , Harry , Fernando , Young Donna , Young Rosie , Young Tanya , Young Bill , Young Sam , and Young Harry `` The Day Before You Came '' -- Donna Songs featured on the soundtrack album but omitted from the film . Songs featured in the film but omitted from the soundtrack album . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Due to Mamma Mia ! 's financial success , Hollywood studio chief David Linde , co-chairman of Universal Pictures , told the Daily Mail that it would take a while , but there could be a sequel . He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer , Catherine Johnson , Phyllida Lloyd , Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project , noting that there are still many ABBA songs to make use of . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19 , 2017 , with a release date of July 20 , 2018 . It was written and directed by Ol Parker . On September 27 , 2017 , Benny Andersson confirmed 3 ABBA songs that would be featured in the film : `` When I Kissed the Teacher , '' `` I Wonder ( Departure ) , '' and `` Angeleyes . '' `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' was cut from the film , but is included on the soundtrack album . Casting ( edit ) On June 1 , 2017 , it was announced that Seyfried would return as Sophie . Later that month , Dominic Cooper confirmed that he would return for the sequel , along with Streep , Firth and Brosnan as Sky , Donna , Harry , and Sam , respectively . In July 2017 , Baranski was also confirmed to return as Tanya . On July 12 , 2017 , Lily James was cast to play the role of young Donna . On August 3 , 2017 , Jeremy Irvine and Alexa Davies were also cast in the film , with Irvine playing Brosnan 's character Sam in a past era , and Hugh Skinner to play Young Harry , Davies as a young Rosie , played by Julie Walters . On August 16 , 2017 , it was announced that Jessica Keenan Wynn had been cast as a young Tanya , who is played by Baranski . Julie Walters and Stellan Skarsgård also reprised their roles as Rosie and Bill , respectively . On October 16 , 2017 , it was announced that singer and actress Cher had joined the cast , in her first on - screen film role since 2010 , and her first film with Streep since Silkwood . The part was written specifically for Cher , and she got to choose Andy Garcia as her romantic partner . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on August 12 , 2017 in Croatia , including the island of Vis . In October 2017 , the cast gathered at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , to film song and dance numbers with Cher . Filming wrapped on December 2 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was released on July 20 , 2018 by Universal Pictures , in the UK , US and other selected countries in both standard and IMAX formats . The film premiered on July 16 , 2018 at the Hammersmith Apollo in London . Marketing ( edit ) The first trailer for the film was released on December 21 , 2017 , in front of Pitch Perfect 3 , another Universal Pictures film . Cher performed `` Fernando '' at the Las Vegas CinemaCon on April 25 , 2018 , after footage of the film was shown . Universal sponsored YouTube stars the Merrell Twins to perform a cover version of the song `` Mamma Mia '' to promote the film . Home Media ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was released via digital copy on October 9 , 2018 and released on DVD , Blu - ray , and 4K UHD Combo Pack on October 23 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of October 11 , 2018 , Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again has grossed $120.6 million in the United States and Canada , and $272.2 million in other territories , for a total worldwide gross of $392.8 million , against a production budget of $75 million . In June 2018 , three weeks prior to its release , official industry tracking had the film debuting to $27 -- 33 million , which increased to as much as $36 million by the week of its release . It made $14.3 million on its first day , including $3.4 million from Thursday night previews . It went on to debut to $35 million , finishing second , behind fellow newcomer The Equalizer 2 ( $36 million ) , and besting the opening of the first film ( $27.8 million ) by over 24 % . It fell 57 % to $15.1 million in its second weekend , finishing second behind newcomer Mission : Impossible -- Fallout . In its third weekend the film grossed $9 million , dropping to fourth place , and $5.8 million in its fourth weekend , finishing seventh . In the United Kingdom , the film grossed $12.7 million in its opening weekend , topping the box office and achieving the fourth biggest opening for a film in 2018 . In its second weekend of international release , the film made $26.6 million ( for a running total of $98.6 million ) . Its largest new markets were France ( $1.7 million ) , Poland ( $1.3 million ) , Switzerland ( $223,000 ) and Croatia ( $151,000 ) , while its best holdovers were Australia ( $9.5 million ) , the UK ( $8.6 million ) and Germany ( $8.2 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) Lily James ' performance as Young Donna was praised by critics as a `` breakout '' role . On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 80 % based on 216 reviews , and a weighted average of 6.3 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again doubles down on just about everything fans loved about the original -- and my my , how can fans resist it ? '' On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100 based on 46 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score as its predecessor , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 83 % overall positive score . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian termed the sequel as `` weirdly irresistible '' and gave it three out of five stars . He described his reaction to the first film as `` a combination of hives and bubonic plague , '' but concedes that this time , the relentlessness and greater self - aware comedy made him smile . He concludes : `` More enjoyable than I thought . But please . Enough now . '' Mark Kermode of The Observer gave the film five stars and commented , `` This slick sequel delivers sharp one - liners , joyously contrived plot twists and an emotional punch that left our critic reeling . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film two and a half stars out of five , noting the absence of Streep for the majority of the film hindered his enjoyment , and saying , `` her absence is deeply felt since the three - time Oscar winner sang and danced her heart out as Donna Sheridan '' . Lindsay Bahr of Associated Press awarded the film three out of four stars , calling it `` wholly ridiculous '' , but complimenting its self - awareness . She also praised James ' performance and singing talent . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the sequel a mixed review , awarding it two stars out of four , criticizing the reprises of `` Dancing Queen '' and `` Super Trouper '' as uninspired , and feeling that some of the musical numbers dragged the pacing . He considered the younger counterparts to the main characters `` energetic '' and `` likeable . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time gave the film a mixed review , writing `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again is atrocious . And wonderful . It 's all the reasons you should never go to the movies . And all the reasons you should race to get a ticket . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . People 's Choice Awards November 11 , 2018 The Comedy Movie of 2018 Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Pending Female Movie Star Lily James Pending Comedy Movie Star Amanda Seyfried Pending References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . Legendary Entertainment . Retrieved August 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` Imax Kicks Off Biggest Global Campaign Ever In 77 Countries : `` Films To The Fullest '' `` . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clopton , Ellis ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Reviews : What the Critics Are Saying '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Is Certified Fresh '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ LATF Staff ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` New Music Friday : Tinashe , DJ Snake , Mamma Mia Soundtrack ... '' LATF USA . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Official Soundtrack Is Out Today '' . Umusic . July 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` Baz Bamigboye on a possible Mamma Mia sequel , Kate Winslet , Leonardo DiCaprio and much more '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' sequel ' Here We Go Again ' coming next summer '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' On Universal Pictures ' 2018 Schedule '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Read - Dominguez , Jennifer ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia 2 Here We Go Again ! songs officially revealed by Benny from ABBA '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Amanda Seyfried Set For ' Mamma Mia ! ' Reprise '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seemayer , Zach ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Dominic Cooper Dishes on Returning for ' Mamma Mia 2 ' : It 's ' a Phone Call I 've Been Waiting For ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . CBS Studios . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Christine Baranski Returning For Universal 's ' Mamma Mia ! ' Sequel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' Sequel Adds Lily James ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ; N'Duka , Amanda ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' Sequel Adds Jeremy Irvine & ' Harlots ' Actress Alexa Davies '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' Casts Broadway Star Jessica Keenan Wynn '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Here We Go Again : Mamma Mia ! Sequel Begins Production '' . ComingSoon.net . Mandatory . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bamigboye , Baz ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Here she goes again : Cher prepares to return to the big screen with appearance in Mamma Mia 2 '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McHenry , Jackson ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` Why Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Cast Cher As Meryl Streep 's Mother '' . Vulture . New York Media . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Demark , Nikolina ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Will the Filming of ' Mamma Mia ' Affect the Island of Vis ? '' . Total Croatia News . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Lily James shares snap of young Dynamos in Mamma Mia 2 '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Ellie ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lily James shares photo from the set of Mamma Mia ! sequel '' . Radio Times . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sommers , Kat ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` First Look : The Dynamos Reunite as ' Mamma Mia 2 ' Starts Filming '' . BBC America . BBC . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia 2 : Here We Go Again ! has officially finished filming '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' Film Sequel Gets July 2018 Release Date '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harding , Laura ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` Meryl Streep and Cher to be dancing queens of Mamma Mia 2 premiere '' . Irish Independent . Independent News & Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` Shocker : ' Mamma Mia 2 ' Meets B.O. Waterloo As ' Equalizer 2 ' Is The No. 1 Winner That Takes It All With $35 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` October 23 Blu - ray , Digital and DVD Releases '' . Comingsoon.net . October 23 , 2018 . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Equalizer , ' ' Mamma Mia ' Sequels Head Toward $30 Million Domestic Openings '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' To Hit The High Note At Weekend Box Office With $30 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office Top 20 : ' Equalizer 2 ' beats ' Mamma Mia ' by a hair '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission ' Accomplished : ' Fallout ' $61 M+ Opening Reps Record For Tom Cruise Franchise -- Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Top 20 : New ' Mission : Impossible ' hits No. 1 '' . ABC News . Associated Press . July 30 , 2018 . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission ' Notches Best 2nd Weekend For Franchise With $35 M ; ' Christopher Robin ' No Eeyore With $25 M -- Sunday Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' August Audiences Get Hooked On ' Meg ' Shelling Out $44.5 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again stays on song as box office recovery continues '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ' Ignites Record $92 M Overseas / $153.5 M Global Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Review : Lily James Is a Breakout , but This Energetic Sequel Misses Meryl Streep '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again review -- feta fever dream sequel is weirdly irresistible '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again review -- full of hits and emotion '' . The Observer . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Review : ABBA - Fab Sequel Suffers From Streepless Throats '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsay ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Bask in the effervescent insanity of ' Mamma Mia 2 ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' a campy sequel sure to please fans , my my '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( July 30 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again Is Both Atrocious and Amazing '' . Time . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ USA TODAY Life staff ( 2018 - 09 - 24 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2018 : The nominees '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Official website Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again on IMDb Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again at AllMovie <Th_colspan="2"> ABBA <Td_colspan="2"> Agnetha Fältskog Björn Ulvaeus Benny Andersson Anni - Frid Lyngstad Studio albums Ring Ring Waterloo ABBA Arrival ABBA : The Album Voulez - Vous Super Trouper The Visitors Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Gracias Por La Música The Singles : The First Ten Years Thank You for the Music The Songbook -- Australian Chart Hits Gold : Greatest Hits Oro : Grandes Éxitos More ABBA Gold : More ABBA Hits Thank You for the Music ( box set ) Love Stories The Definitive Collection 18 Hits The Complete Studio Recordings Number Ones The Albums Live albums ABBA Live Live at Wembley Arena Tours and TV specials Eurovision Song Contest 1974 European & Australian Tour ABBA : The Tour Dick Cavett Meets ABBA Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest ABBA : Thank You for the Music , An All - Star Tribute Films and musicals ABBA : The Movie The Girl with the Golden Hair ABBAcadabra Mamma Mia ! Original Cast Recording Film series Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Soundtracks Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Video games SingStar ABBA ABBA : You Can Dance Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Songs Unreleased songs Tribute albums Abba-esque Abbasalutely The ABBA Generation ABBAmania A Tribute to ABBA Dancing Queen `` Just Like That '' `` Thank ABBA for the Music '' ABBA : The Museum Music of Sweden Related individuals Stig Anderson Ola Brunkert Rutger Gunnarsson Janne Schaffer Michael B. Tretow Lasse Hallström A-Teens Björn Again Linda Ulvaeus <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Ol Parker <Td_colspan="2"> Imagine Me & You ( 2005 ) Now Is Good ( 2012 ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamma_Mia!_Here_We_Go_Again&oldid=866516930 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s musical comedy films 2010s prequel films 2010s romantic comedy films 2010s romantic musical films 2010s sequel films American comedy films American musical comedy films American romantic musical films American romantic comedy films American sequel films British musical comedy films British romantic comedy films British sequel films Prequel films ABBA Films set in Greece Films set in Manhattan Films set in Oxford Films set in Paris Films set in Stockholm Films set in Tokyo Films set on islands Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films shot in Croatia Films shot in London Films shot in Oxfordshire Films shot in Surrey IMAX films Jukebox musical films Mamma Mia ! Films set in 1979 Playtone films Universal Pictures films Legendary Pictures films Films produced by Gary Goetzman Films directed by Ol Parker Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 20 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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1. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again - film overview
2. Cast and characters in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again
3. Plot summary of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again
4. Box office success and critical response of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again
5. Production and release details of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again
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french is famous for what all the things
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Culture of France - wikipedia Culture of France Part of a series on the Culture of France History ( show ) France in the Middle Ages Early Modern France Ancien Régime French Wars of Religion Louis XIV of France French Revolution Napoleonic wars French Third Republic France in the 20th century People Languages ( show ) French Alsatian Breton Catalan Corsican Gallo Languages of New Caledonia Occitan Tahitian Mythology and folklore ( show ) Mythology Cuisine Festivals Religion Art Literature Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Performing arts Media ( show ) Radio Television Cinema Sport Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms France portal The culture of France and of the French people has been shaped by geography , by profound historical events , and by foreign and internal forces and groups . France , and in particular Paris , has played an important role as a center of high culture since the 17th century , first in Europe , and from the 19th century on , worldwide . From the late 19th century , France has also played an important role in cinema , fashion , cuisine , literature , technology , social science and mathematics . The importance of French culture has waxed and waned over the centuries , depending on its economic , political and military importance . French culture today is marked both by great regional and socioeconomic differences and strong unifying tendencies . A global opinion poll for the BBC saw France ranked as the country with the fourth most positive influence in the world ( behind Germany , Canada and the UK ) in 2014 . Contents 1 Language 2 Religions in France 2.1 Catholicism 2.2 Protestantism 2.3 Judaism 2.4 Islam 2.5 Buddhism 2.6 Cults and new religious movements 3 Regional customs and traditions 4 Other specific communities 5 Families and romantic relationships 5.1 Household structure 6 Role of the State 6.1 Education 6.2 Minister of Culture 6.3 Académie française 6.4 Military service 6.5 Labor and employment policy 6.6 Healthcare and social welfare 7 Lifestyle 7.1 Food and alcohol 7.2 Tobacco and drugs 7.3 Sports and hobbies 7.4 Fashion 7.5 Pets 8 Media and art 8.1 Art and museums 8.2 Music 8.3 Theater 8.4 Cinema 8.5 Television 8.6 Books , newspapers and magazines 9 Architecture and housing 10 Transportation 11 Holidays 12 Conventions 13 Problem in defining `` French '' culture 14 See also 15 References 16 Notes 17 External links Language ( Edit ) Main articles : French language , Languages of France , and Language policy in France The Académie française sets an official standard of language purity ; however , this standard , which is not mandatory , is occasionally ignored by the government itself : for instance , the left - wing government of Lionel Jospin pushed for the feminization of the names of some functions ( madame la ministre ) while the Académie pushed for some more traditional madame le ministre . Some action has been taken by the government in order to promote French culture and the French language . For instance , they have established a system of subsidies and preferential loans for supporting French cinema . The Toubon law , from the name of the conservative culture minister who promoted it , makes it mandatory to use French in advertisements directed to the general public . Note that contrary to some misconceptions sometimes found in the Anglophone media , the French government neither regulates the language used by private parties in commercial settings , nor makes it compulsory that France - based WWW sites should be in French . France counts many regional languages , some of them being very different from standard French , such as Breton ( a Celtic language close to Cornish and Welsh ) and Alsatian ( an Alemannic dialect of German ) . Some regional languages are Roman , like French , such as Occitan . The Basque language is completely unrelated to the French language and to any other language in the world ; it is spoken in an area that straddles the border between the southwest of France and the north of Spain . Many of these languages have enthusiastic advocates ; however , the real importance of local languages remains subject to debate . In April 2001 , the Minister of Education , Jack Lang , admitted formally that for more than two centuries , the political powers of the French government had repressed regional languages . He announced that bilingual education would , for the first time , be recognized , and bilingual teachers recruited in French public schools to support teaching these other languages . In French schools , pupils are expected to learn at least two foreign languages , the first of which is typically German or English . A revision of the French constitution creating official recognition of regional languages was implemented by the Parliament in Congress at Versailles in July 2008 . Religions in France ( Edit ) Main article : Religion in France Notre - Dame de Reims is the Roman Catholic cathedral where the kings of France were crowned until 1825 . France is a secular country where freedom of thought and of religion is preserved , by virtue of the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . The Republic is based on the principle of laïcité , that is of freedom of religion ( including of agnosticism and atheism ) enforced by the Jules Ferry laws and the 1905 law on the separation of the State and the Church , enacted at the beginning of the Third Republic ( 1871 -- 1940 ) . A 2011 European poll found that a third ( 33 % ) of the French population `` does not believe there is any sort of spirit , God or life force . In 2011 , in a poll published by Institut français d'opinion publique 65 % of the French population describes itself as Christians , and 25 % as not adhering any religion . According to Eurobarometer poll in 2012 , Christianity is the largest religion in France accounting 60 % of French citizens . Catholics are the largest Christian group in France , accounting for 50 % of French citizens , while Protestants make up 8 % , and other Christians make up 2 % . Non believer / Agnostic account for 20 % , Atheist 13 % , and Muslim 7 % . France guarantees freedom of religion as a constitutional right , and the government generally respects this right in practice . A long history of violent conflict between groups led the state to break its ties to the established Catholic Church early in the last century , which previously had been the state religion . The government adopted a strong commitment to maintaining a totally secular public sector . Catholicism ( Edit ) Main article : Roman Catholicism in France Long the established state religion , the Roman Catholic Church has historically played a significant role in French culture and in French life . Kings were considered head of the church and state . Most French people are Roman Catholic Christians ; however , many of them are secular but still place high value on Catholicism . The Roman Catholic faith is no longer considered the state religion , as it was before the 1789 Revolution and throughout the various , non-republican regimes of the 19th century ( the Restoration , the July Monarchy and the Second Empire ) . The Official split of Catholic Church and State ( `` Séparation de l'Eglise et de l'Etat '' ) took place in 1905 . This major reform emphazised the Laicist and anti-clericalist mood of French Radical Republicans in this period . At the beginning of the 20th century , France was a largely rural country with conservative Catholic mores , but in the hundred years since then , the countryside has become depopulated as people have become urbanized . The urban populations have become more secular . A December 2006 poll by Harris Interactive , published in The Financial Times , found that 32 % of the French population described themselves as agnostic , some 32 % as atheist , and only 27 % believed in any type of God or supreme being . Protestantism ( Edit ) Main article : Protestantism in France France was touched by the Reformation during the 16th century ; some 30 % of the population converted to Protestantism and became known as French Huguenots . Some princes joined the reform movement . But the national monarchy felt threatened by people who wanted to leave the established state religion . Protestants were discriminated against and suppressed . On August 24 , 1572 , the St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre took place in Paris and the French Wars of Religion are considered to have begun . this French civil war took place between Catholics , led by Henry I , Duke of Guise , and Protestants , led by Henri de Navarre . Henri de Navarre became king after converting to Catholicism in 1589 . Louis XIII , Henri IV 's son , began to suppress Protestants in violent attacks , such as the Siege of La Rochelle . After Louis XIV revoked the Edit de Nantes in 1685 , Protestants who did not leave the country were generally suppressed . Thousands of Protestant Huguenots emigrated from France for their safety and to gain religious freedom , generally going to Protestant nations such as the Netherlands , England , South Africa , and the North American colonies . Their exile continued during the 17th century and until 1787 , when religious freedom was re-established by Louis XVI . Judaism ( Edit ) Main article : History of the Jews in France The current Jewish community in France numbers around 600,000 , according to the World Jewish Congress and 500,000 according to the Appel Unifié Juif de France . It is concentrated in the metropolitan areas of Paris , Marseille and Strasbourg . The history of the Jews in France dates back over 2,000 years . In the early Middle Ages , France was a center of Jewish learning , but persecution increased as the Middle Ages wore on . France was the first country in Europe to emancipate its Jewish population during the French Revolution , but despite legal equality anti-Semitism remained an issue , as illustrated in the Dreyfus affair of the late 19th century . However , through the 1870 Décret Crémieux , France secured full citizenship for the Jews in then French - ruled Algeria . Despite the death of a quarter of all French Jews during the Holocaust , France currently has the largest Jewish population in Europe . In the early 21st century , French Jews are mostly Sephardic and of North African origins . More than a quarter of the historic Ashkenazi Jewish community was destroyed during the Holocaust of World War II after German forces occupied France and established the Vichy Regime . Jewish religious affiliations range from the ultra-Orthodox Haredi communities to the large segment of Jews who are secular and identify culturally as Jews . Islam ( Edit ) Main article : Islam in France The Grande Mosquée in Paris . Islam is the third - largest faith in France in the early 21st century . The Grande Mosquée was constructed in Paris in 1929 in honour of French colonial troops from North Africa who fought in the First World War . Arabs from North Africa started to settle in France . In the early 21st century , France had the largest Muslim population ( in percentage ) of any Western European country . This is a result of immigration and permanent family settlement in France , from the 1960s on , of groups from , principally , former French colonies in North Africa ( Algeria , Morocco , Tunisia ) , and , to a lesser extent , other areas such as Turkey and West Africa . The government does not collect data on religious beliefs in census records , but estimates and polls place the percentage of Muslims at between 4 % and 7 % . Buddhism ( Edit ) Main article : Buddhism in France Buddhism is widely reported to be the fifth largest religion in France , after Christianity , atheism , Islam , and Judaism . France has over two hundred Buddhist meditation centers , including about twenty sizable retreat centers in rural areas . The Buddhist population mainly consists of Chinese and Vietnamese immigrants , with a substantial minority of native French converts and `` sympathizers '' . The rising popularity of Buddhism in France has been the subject of considerable discussion in the French media and academy in recent years . Cults and new religious movements ( Edit ) France created in 2006 the first French parliamentary commission on cult activities which led to a report registering a number of cults considered as dangerous . Supporters of such movements have criticized the report on the grounds of the respect of religious freedom . Proponents of the measure contend that only dangerous cults have been listed as such , and state secularism ensures religious freedom in France . Regional customs and traditions ( Edit ) Modern France is the result of centuries of nation building and the acquisition and incorporation of a number of historical provinces and overseas colonies into its geographical and political structure . These regions all evolved with their own specific cultural and linguistic traditions in fashion , religious observance , regional language and accent , family structure , cuisine , leisure activities , industry , and including the simple way to pour wine , etc . The evolution of the French state and culture , from the Renaissance up to this day , has however promoted a centralization of politics , media and cultural production in and around Paris ( and , to a lesser extent , around the other major urban centers ) , and the industrialization of the country in the 20th century has led to a massive move of French people from the countryside to urban areas . At the end of the 19th century , around 50 % of the French depended on the land for a living ; today French farmers only make up 6 - 7 % , while 73 % live in cities . Nineteenth century French literature abounds in scenes of provincial youth `` coming up '' to Paris to `` make it '' in the cultural , political or social scene of the capital ( this scheme is frequent in the novels of Balzac ) . Policies enacted by the French Third Republic also encouraged this displacement through mandatory military service , a centralized national educational system , and suppression of regional languages . While government policy and public debate in France in recent years has returned to a valorization of regional differences and a call for decentralization of certain aspects of the public sphere ( sometimes with ethnic , racial or reactionary overtones ) , the history of regional displacement and the nature of the modern urban environment and of mass media and culture have made the preservation of a regional `` sense of place or culture '' in today 's France extremely difficult . The names of the historical French provinces -- such as Brittany ( Bretagne ) , Berry , Orléanais , Normandy ( Normandie ) , Languedoc , Lyonnais , Dauphiné , Champagne , Poitou , Guyenne and Gascony ( Gascogne ) , Burgundy ( Bourgogne ) , Picardy ( Picardie ) , Provence , Touraine , Limousin , Auvergne , Béarn , Alsace , Flanders , Lorraine , Corsica ( Corse ) , Savoy ( Savoie ) ... ( please see individual articles for specifics about each regional culture ) -- are still used to designate natural , historical and cultural regions , and many of them appear in modern région or département names . These names are also used by the French in their self - identification of family origin . Regional identification is most pronounced today in cultures linked to regional languages and non-French - speaking traditions - French language itself being only a dialect of Langue d'oïl , the mother language of many of the languages to - be-mentioned , which became a national vehicular language , like ( in alphabetical order ) : Alsatian , Arpitan , Basque , Brezhoneg ( Breton ) , Burgundian , Corsu ( Corsican ) , Català ( Catalan ) , Francique , Gallo , Lorrain , Norman , Occitan , Picard , Poitevin , Saintongeais , etc. , and some of these regions have promoted movements calling for some degree of regional autonomy , and , occasionally , national independence ( see , for example , Breton nationalism , Corsica and Occitania ) . There are huge differences in life style , socioeconomic status and world view between Paris and the provinces . The French often use the expression `` la France profonde '' ( `` Deep France '' , similar to `` heartland '' ) to designate the profoundly `` French '' aspects of provincial towns , village life and rural agricultural culture , which escape the hegemony of Paris . The expression can however have a pejorative meaning , similar to the expression `` le désert français '' ( `` the French desert '' ) used to describe a lack of acculturation of the provinces . Another expression , `` terroir '' is a French term originally used for wine and coffee to denote the special characteristics that geography bestowed upon these products . It can be very loosely translated as `` a sense of place '' which is embodied in certain qualities , and the sum of the effects that the local environment ( especially the `` soil '' ) has had on the growth of the product . The use of the term has since been generalized to talk about many cultural products . In addition to its metropolitan territory , France also consists of overseas departments made up of its former colonies of Guadeloupe , Martinique and French Guiana in the Caribbean , and Mayotte and Réunion in the Indian Ocean . ( There also exists a number of `` overseas collectivities '' and `` overseas territories '' . For a full discussion , see administrative divisions of France . Since 1982 , following the French government 's policy of decentralisation , overseas departments have elected regional councils with powers similar to those of the regions of metropolitan France . As a result of a constitutional revision which occurred in 2003 , these regions are now to be called overseas regions . ) These overseas departments have the same political status as metropolitan departments and are integral parts of France , ( similar to the way in which Hawaii is a state and an integral part of the United States ) , yet they also have specific cultural and linguistic traditions which set them apart . Certain elements of overseas culture have also been introduced to metropolitan culture ( as , for example , the musical form the biguine ) . Industrialization , immigration and urbanization in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have also created new socioeconomic regional communities in France , both urban ( like Paris , Lyon , Villeurbanne , Lille , Marseille , etc . ) and the suburban and working class hinterlands ( like Seine - Saint - Denis ) of urban agglomerations ( called variously banlieues ( `` suburbs '' , sometimes qualified as `` chic '' or `` pauvres '' or les cités `` housing projects '' ) ) which have developed their own `` sense of place '' and local culture ( much like the various boroughs of New York City or suburbs of Los Angeles ) , as well as cultural identity . Other specific communities ( Edit ) Paris has traditionally been associated with alternative , artistic or intellectual subcultures , many of which involved foreigners . Such subcultures include the `` Bohemians '' of the mid-nineteenth century , the Impressionists , artistic circles of the Belle époque ( around such artists as Picasso and Alfred Jarry ) , the Dadaists , Surrealists , the `` Lost Generation '' ( Hemingway , Gertrude Stein ) and the post-war `` intellectuals '' associated with Montparnasse ( Jean - Paul Sartre , Simone de Beauvoir ) . France has an estimated 280,000 - 340,000 Roma , generally known as Gitans , Tsiganes , Romanichels ( slightly pejorative ) , Bohémiens , or Gens du voyage ( `` travellers '' ) . There are gay and lesbian communities in the cities , particularly in the Paris metropolitan area ( such as in Le Marais district of the capital ) . Although homosexuality is perhaps not as well tolerated in France as in Spain , Scandinavia , and the Benelux nations , surveys of the French public reveal a considerable shift in attitudes comparable to other Western European nations . As of 2001 , 55 % of the French consider homosexuality `` an acceptable lifestyle . '' The past mayor of Paris , Bertrand Delanoë , is gay . In 2006 , an Ipsos survey shows that 62 % support same - sex marriage , while 37 % were opposed . 55 % believed gay and lesbian couples should not have parenting rights , while 44 % believe same - sex couples should be able to adopt . See also LGBT rights in France . Families and romantic relationships ( Edit ) Household structure ( Edit ) Growing out of the values of the Catholic Church and rural communities , the basic unit of French society was traditionally held to be the family . Over the twentieth century , the `` traditional '' family structure in France has evolved from various regional models ( including extended families and nuclear families ) to , after World War II , nuclear families . Since the 1960s , marriages have decreased and divorces have increased in France , and divorce law and legal family status have evolved to reflect these social changes . According to INSEE figures , household and family composition in metropolitan France continues to evolve . Most significantly , from 1982 to 1999 , single parent families have increased from 3.6 % to 7.4 % ; there have also been increases in the number of unmarried couples , childless couples , and single men ( from 8.5 % to 12.5 ) and women ( from 16.0 % to 18.5 % ) . Their analysis indicates that `` one in three dwellings are occupied by a person living alone ; one in four dwellings are occupied by a childless couple ... '' Voted by the French Parliament in November 1999 following some controversy , the pacte civil de solidarité ( `` civil pact of solidarity '' ) commonly known as a PACS , is a form of civil union between two adults ( same - sex or opposite - sex ) for organizing their joint life . It brings rights and responsibilities , but less so than marriage . From a legal standpoint , a PACS is a `` contract '' drawn up between the two individuals , which is stamped and registered by the clerk of the court . Individuals who have registered a PACS are still considered `` single '' with regard to family status for some purposes , while they are increasingly considered in the same way as married couples are for other purposes . While it was pushed by the government of Prime Minister Lionel Jospin in 1998 , it was also opposed , mostly by people on the right - wing who support traditionalist family values and who argued that PACS and the recognition of homosexual unions would be disastrous for French society . As of 2013 , same - sex marriage is legally recognized in France . Same - sex marriage was an important factor in the presidential election of 2012 between François Hollande and Nicolas Sarkozy . Sarkozy , who represents the right - wing UMP party , opposed gay marriage , while François Hollande , of the left wing socialist party , supported it . Hollande was elected in May 2012 and his government proposed the law known as `` Mariage pour tous '' ( `` marriage for all '' ) to the parliament in November 2012 . The law was passed in April 2013 and validated by the Conseil constitutionnel ( the constitutional council , tasked with insuring that the new laws passed do not contradict the French constitution ) in May 2013 . The first French same - sex marriage took place on May 29 , 2013 in Montpellier . Role of the state ( Edit ) The French state has traditionally played an important role in promoting and supporting culture through the educational , linguistic , cultural and economic policies of the government and through its promotion of national identity . Because of the closeness of this relationship , cultural changes in France are often linked to , or produce , political crisis . The relationship between the French state and culture is an old one . Under Louis XIII 's minister Richelieu , the independent Académie française came under state supervision and became an official organ of control over the French language and seventeenth - century literature . During Louis XIV 's reign , his minister Jean - Baptiste Colbert brought French luxury industries , like textile and porcelain , under royal control and the architecture , furniture , fashion and etiquette of the royal court ( particularly at the Château de Versailles ) became the preeminent model of noble culture in France ( and , to a great degree , throughout Europe ) during the latter half of the seventeenth century . At times , French state policies have sought to unify the country around certain cultural norms , while at other times they have promoted regional differences within a heterogeneous French identity . The unifying effect was particularly true of the `` radical period '' '' of the French Third Republic which fought regionalisms ( including regional languages ) , supported anti-clericalism and a strict separation of church from state ( including education ) and actively promoted national identity , thus converting ( as the historian Eugen Weber has put it ) a `` country of peasants into a nation of Frenchmen '' . The Vichy Regime , on the other hand , promoted regional `` folk '' traditions . The cultural policies of the ( current ) French Fifth Republic have been varied , but a consensus seems to exist around the need for preservation of French regionalisms ( such as food and language ) as long as these do n't undermine national identity . Meanwhile , the French state remains ambivalent over the integration into `` French '' culture of cultural traditions from recent immigrant groups and from foreign cultures , particularly American culture ( movies , music , fashion , fast food , language , etc . ) . There also exists a certain fear over the perceived loss of French identity and culture in the European system and under American `` cultural hegemony '' . Education ( Edit ) Main article : Education in France The National and University Library on the campus of the University of Strasbourg . The French educational system is highly centralized . It is divided into three different stages : primary education , or enseignement primaire , corresponding to grade school in the United States ; secondary education , or collège and lycée , corresponding to middle and high school in the United States ; and higher education ( l'université or les Grandes écoles ) . Primary and secondary education is predominantly public ( private schools also exist , in particular a strong nationwide network of primary and secondary Catholic education ) , while higher education has both public and private elements . At the end of secondary education , students take the baccalauréat exam , which allows them to pursue higher education . The baccalauréat pass rate in 2012 was 84.5 % . In 1999 -- 2000 , educational spending amounted to 7 % of the French GDP and 37 % of the national budget . France 's performance in math and science at the middle school level was ranked 23 in the 1995 Trends in International Math and Science Study . France has not participated in later TIMSS studies . Since the Jules Ferry laws of 1881 - 2 , named after the then Minister of Public Instruction , all state - funded schools , including universities , are independent from the ( Roman Catholic ) Church . Education in these institutions is free . Non-secular institutions are allowed to organize education as well . The French educational system differs strongly from Northern - European and American systems in that it stresses the importance of partaking in a society as opposed to being responsibly independent . Secular educational policy has become critical in recent issues of French multiculturalism , as in the `` affair of the Islamic headscarf '' . Minister of culture ( Edit ) Main article : Minister of Culture ( France ) The Minister of Culture is in the Government of France , the cabinet member in charge of national museums and monuments ; promoting and protecting the arts ( visual , plastic , theatrical , musical , dance , architectural , literary , televisual and cinematographic ) in France and abroad ; and managing the national archives and regional `` maisons de culture '' ( culture centres ) . The Ministry of Culture is located on the Palais Royal in Paris . The modern post of Minister of Culture was created by Charles de Gaulle in 1959 and the first Minister was the writer André Malraux . Malraux was responsible for realizing the goals of the `` droit à la culture '' ( `` the right to culture '' ) -- an idea which had been incorporated in the French constitution and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( 1948 ) -- by democratizing access to culture , while also achieving the Gaullist aim of elevating the `` grandeur '' ( `` greatness '' ) of post-war France . To this end , he created numerous regional cultural centres throughout France and actively sponsored the arts . Malraux 's artistic tastes included the modern arts and the avant - garde , but on the whole he remained conservative . The Ministry of Jacques Toubon was notable for a number of laws ( the `` Toubon Laws '' ) enacted for the preservation of the French language , both in advertisements ( all ads must include a French translation of foreign words ) and on the radio ( 40 % of songs on French radio stations must be in French ) , ostensibly in reaction to the presence of English . Académie française ( Edit ) Main article : Académie française The Académie française , or the French Academy , is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language . The Académie was officially established in 1635 by Cardinal Richelieu , the chief minister to King Louis XIII . Suppressed in 1793 during the French Revolution , it was restored in 1803 by Napoleon Bonaparte ( the Académie considers itself having been suspended , not suppressed , during the revolution ) . It is the oldest of the five académies of the Institut de France . The Académie consists of forty members , known as immortels ( immortals ) . New members are elected by the members of the Académie itself . Académicians hold office for life , but they may be removed for misconduct . The body has the task of acting as an official authority on the language ; it is charged with publishing an official dictionary of the language . Its rulings , however , are only advisory ; not binding on either the public or the government . Military service ( Edit ) Until 1996 , France had compulsory military service of young men . This has been credited by historians for further promoting a unified national identity and by breaking down regional isolationism . Labor and Employment policy ( Edit ) In France , the first labour laws were Waldeck Rousseau 's laws passed in 1884 . Between 1936 and 1938 the Popular Front enacted a law mandating 12 days ( 2 weeks ) each year of paid vacation for workers , and a law limiting the work week to 40 hours , excluding overtime . The Grenelle accords negotiated on May 25 and 26th in the middle of the May 1968 crisis , reduced the working week to 44 hours and created trade union sections in each enterprise . The minimum wage was also increased by 25 % . In 2000 Lionel Jospin 's government then enacted the 35 - hour workweek , down from 39 hours . Five years later , conservative prime minister Dominique de Villepin enacted the New Employment Contract ( CNE ) . Addressing the demands of employers asking for more flexibility in French labour laws , the CNE sparked criticism from trade unions and opponents claiming it was lending favour to contingent work . In 2006 he then attempted to pass the First Employment Contract ( CPE ) through a vote by emergency procedure , but that it was met by students and unions ' protests . President Jacques Chirac finally had no choice but to repeal it . Healthcare and social welfare ( Edit ) The French are profoundly committed to the public healthcare system ( called `` sécurité sociale '' ) and to their `` pay - as - you - go '' social welfare system . In 1998 , 75 % of health payments in France were paid through the public healthcare system . Since 27 July 1999 , France has a universal medical coverage for permanent residents in France ( stable residence for more than three months ) . Using five performance indicators to measure health systems in 191 member states , it finds that France provides the best overall health care followed among major countries by Italy , Spain , Oman , Austria and Japan ( The World Health Report ) . Lifestyle ( Edit ) Food and alcohol ( Edit ) Main article : French cuisine A sweet crêpe . Crêpes are originally from Brittany . Traditional French culture places a high priority on the enjoyment of food . French cuisine was codified in the 20th century by Georges Auguste Escoffier to become the modern version of haute cuisine . Escoffier 's major work , however , left out much of the regional character to be found in the provinces of France . Gastro - tourism and the Guide Michelin helped to bring people to the countryside during the 20th century and beyond , to sample this rich bourgeois and peasant cuisine of France . Basque cuisine has also been a great influence over the cuisine in the southwest of France . Ingredients and dishes vary by region ( see : Regional cuisine ) . There are many significant regional dishes that have become both national and regional . Many dishes that were once regional , however , have proliferated in different variations across the country in the present day . Cheese ( see : List of French cheeses ) and wine ( see : French wine ) are also a major part of the cuisine , playing different roles both regionally and nationally with their many variations and Appellation d'origine contrôlée ( AOC ) ( regulated appellation ) laws , ( lentils from Le Puy - en - Velay also have an AOC status ) . Another French product of special note is the Charolais cattle . A nouvelle cuisine presentation The French typically eat only a simple breakfast ( `` petit déjeuner '' ) which consists of coffee , tea or hot chocolate with milk , served traditionally in a large handleless `` bol '' ( bowl ) and bread or breakfast pastries ( croissants ) . Lunch ( `` déjeuner '' ) and dinner ( `` dîner '' ) are the main meals of the day . Formal four course meals consist of a starter course ( `` entrée '' ) , a salad , a main course ( `` plat principal '' ) , and finally a cheese or dessert course . While French cuisine is often associated with rich desserts , in most homes dessert consists of only fruit or yogurt . Food shopping in France was formerly done almost daily in small local shops and markets , but the arrival of the supermarket and the even larger `` hypermarchés '' ( large - surface distributors ) in France have disrupted this tradition . With depopulation of the countryside , many towns have been forced to close shops and markets . French pâtisserie play a role in traditional part in french culture Rates of obesity and heart disease in France have traditionally been lower than in other north - western European countries . This is sometimes called the French paradox ( see , for example , Mireille Guiliano 's 2006 book French Women Do n't Get Fat ) . French cuisine and eating habits have however come under great pressure in recent years from modern fast food , such as American products and the new global agricultural industry . While French youth culture has gravitated toward fast food and American eating habits ( with an attendant rise in obesity ) , the French in general have remained committed to preserving certain elements of their food culture through such activities as including programs of taste acquisition in their public schools , by the use of the appellation d'origine contrôlée laws , and by state and European subsidies to the French agricultural industry . Emblematic of these tensions is the work of José Bové , who founded in 1987 , the Confédération Paysanne , an agricultural union that places its highest political values on humans and the environment , promotes organic farming and opposes genetically modified organisms ; Bové 's most famous protest was the dismantling of a McDonald 's franchise in Millau ( Aveyron ) , in 1999 . French wines are a traditional part of french cuisine . In France , cutlery is used in the continental manner ( with the fork in the left hand , prongs facing down and the knife in the right hand ) . French etiquette prohibits the placing of hands below the table and the placing of elbows on it . The legal drinking age is officially 18 ( see : Legal drinking age ) . France is one of the oldest wine producing regions of Europe . France now produces the most wine by value in the world ( although Italy rivals it by volume and Spain has more land under cultivation for wine grapes ) . Bordeaux wine , Bourgogne wine and Champagne are important agricultural products . Tobacco and drugs ( Edit ) The cigarette smoking age is 18 years . According to a widespread cliché , smoking has been part of French culture -- actually figures indicate that in terms of consumption per capita , France is only the 60th country out of 121 . France , from 1 February 2007 , tightened the existing ban on smoking in public places found in the 1991 Évin law : Law n ° 91 - 32 of 10 January , 1991 , containing a variety of measures against alcoholism and tobacco consumption . Smoking is now banned in all public places ( stations , museums , etc . ) ; an exception exists for special smoking rooms fulfilling drastic conditions , see below . A special exemption was made for cafés and restaurants , clubs , casinos , bars , etc. which ended , 1 January 2008 . Opinion polls suggest 70 % of people support the ban . Previously , under the former implementation rules of the 1991 Évin law , restaurants , cafés etc. just had to provide smoking and non-smoking sections , which in practice were often not well separated . Under the new regulations , smoking rooms are allowed , but are subjected to very strict conditions : they may occupy at most 20 % of the total floor space of the establishment and their size may not be more than 35 m2 ; they need to be equipped with separate ventilation which replaces the full volume of air ten times per hour ; the air pressure of the smoking room must constantly be lower than the pressure in the contiguous rooms ; they have doors that close automatically ; no service can be provided in the smoking rooms ; cleaning and maintenance personnel may enter the room only one hour after it was last used for smoking . Popular French cigarette brands include Gauloises and Marlboro . The possession , sale and use of cannabis ( predominantly Moroccan hashish ) is illegal in France . Since 1 March 1994 , the penalties for cannabis use are from two months to a year and / or a fine , while possession , cultivation or trafficking of the drug can be punished much more severely , up to ten years . According to a 1992 survey by SOFRES , 4.7 million French people ages 12 -- 44 have smoked cannabis at least once in their lives . Sports and hobbies ( Edit ) Main article : Sport in France Football ( French : Le Foot ) is the most popular sport in France . Other popular sports played in France are rugby union , cycling , tennis , handball , basketball and sailing . France is notable for holding and winning the FIFA World Cup in 1998 and 2018 , and holding the annual cycling race Tour de France , and the tennis Grand Slam tournament the French Open . Sport is encouraged in school , and local sports clubs receive financial support from the local governments . While football is definitely the most popular , rugby union and rugby league takes dominance in the southwest , especially around the city of Toulouse ( see : Rugby union in France and Rugby league in France ) . The modern Olympics was invented in France , in 1894 by Pierre de Coubertin . Professional sailing in France is centred on singlehanded and shorthanded ocean racing with the pinnacle of this branch of the sport being the Vendée Globe singlehanded around the world race which starts every 4 years from the French Atlantic coast . Other significant events include the Solitaire du Figaro , Mini Transat 6.50 , Tour de France a Voile and Route du Rhum transatlantic race . France has been a regular competitor in the America 's Cup since the 1970s . Other important sports include : 24 Hours of Le Mans - The world 's oldest sports car race . Skiing - France has an extensive number of ski resorts in the French alps such as Tignes . Ski resorts are also located in the Pyrénées and Vosges mountain chains . Pétanque - The international federation is recognized by the IOC . Fencing - Fencing leads the list of sports for which gold medals were won for France at the Summer Olympics ( see : France at the Olympics ) . Parkour - Developed in France , Parkour is a training discipline with similarities to self - defense or martial arts . Babyfoot ( table football ) - A very popular pastime in bars and homes in France , and the French are the predominant winners of worldwide table football competitions . Kitesurfing Bullfighting - Spanish style bullfighting is still very popular in the southern part of France . Like other cultural areas in France , sport is overseen by a government ministry , the Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports ( France ) which is in charge of national and public sport associations , youth affairs , public sports centers and national stadia ( like the Stade de France ) . Fashion ( Edit ) Main article : French fashion Along with Milan , London and New York , Paris is center of an important number of fashion shows . Some of the world 's biggest fashion houses ( ex : Chanel ) have their headquarters in France . The association of France with fashion ( la mode ) dates largely to the reign of Louis XIV when the luxury goods industries in France came increasingly under royal control and the French royal court became , arguably , the arbiter of taste and style in Europe . France renewed its dominance of the high fashion ( couture or haute couture ) industry in the years 1860 -- 1960 through the establishing of the great couturier houses , the fashion press ( Vogue was founded in 1892 ; Elle was founded in 1945 ) and fashion shows . The first modern Parisian couturier house is generally considered the work of the Englishman Charles Frederick Worth who dominated the industry from 1858 to 1895 . In the early twentieth century , the industry expanded through such Parisian fashion houses as the house of Chanel ( which first came to prominence in 1925 ) and Balenciaga ( founded by a Spaniard in 1937 ) . In the post war year , fashion returned to prominence through Christian Dior 's famous `` new look '' in 1947 , and through the houses of Pierre Balmain and Hubert de Givenchy ( opened in 1952 ) . In the 1960s , `` high fashion '' came under criticism from France 's youth culture while designers like Yves Saint Laurent broke with established high fashion norms by launching prêt - à - porter ( `` ready to wear '' ) lines and expanding French fashion into mass manufacturing and marketing . Further innovations were carried out by Paco Rabanne and Pierre Cardin . With a greater focus on marketing and manufacturing , new trends were established in the 70s and 80s by Sonia Rykiel , Thierry Mugler , Claude Montana , Jean Paul Gaultier and Christian Lacroix . The 1990s saw a conglomeration of many French couture houses under luxury giants and multinationals such as LVMH . Since the 1960s , France 's fashion industry has come under increasing competition from London , New York , Milan and Tokyo , and the French have increasingly adopted foreign ( particularly American ) fashions ( such as jeans , tennis shoes ) . Nevertheless , many foreign designers still seek to make their careers in France . Pets ( Edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2012 ) In 2006 , 52 % of French households had at least one pet : In total , 9.7 million cats , 8.8 million dogs , 2.3 million rodents , 8 million birds , and 28 million fish were kept as pets in France during this year . Media and art ( Edit ) Art and museums ( Edit ) Main article : French art The first paintings of France are those that are from prehistoric times , painted in the caves of Lascaux well over 10,000 years ago . The arts were already flourishing 1,200 years ago , at the time of Charlemagne , as can be seen in many hand made and hand illustrated books of that time . Gothic art and architecture originated in France in the 12th century around Paris and then spread to all of Europe . In the 13th century , French craftsmen developed the stained glass painting technique and sophisticated illuminated manuscripts for private devotion in the new gothic style . The final phase of gothic architecture , known as Flamboyant , also began in France in the 15th century before spreading to the rest of Europe . The 17th century was one of intense artistic achievements : French painting emerged with a distinct identity , moving from Baroque to Classicism . Famous classic painters of the 17th century in France are Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorrain . French architecture also proved influential with the Palace of Versailles , built for the powerful king Louis XIV , becoming the model of many European royal palaces . During the 18th century the Rococo style emerged as a frivolous continuation of the Baroque style . The most famous painters of the era were Antoine Watteau , François Boucher and Jean - Honoré Fragonard . At the end of the century , Jacques - Louis David and Dominique Ingres were the most influential painters of the Neoclassicism . Géricault and Delacroix were the most important painters of the Romanticism . Afterwards , the painters were more realistic , describing nature ( Barbizon school ) . The realistic movement was led by Courbet and Honoré Daumier . Impressionism was developed in France by artists such as Claude Monet , Edgar Degas , Pierre - Auguste Renoir and Camille Pissarro . At the turn of the century , France had become more than ever the center of innovative art . The Spaniard Pablo Picasso came to France , like many other foreign artists , to deploy his talents there for decades to come . Toulouse - Lautrec , Gauguin and Cézanne were painting then . Cubism is an avant - garde movement born in Paris at the beginning of the 20th century . The Louvre in Paris is one of the most famous and the largest art museums in the world , created by the new revolutionary regime in 1793 in the former royal palace . It holds a vast amount of art of French and other artists , e.g. the Mona Lisa , by Leonardo da Vinci , and classical Greek Venus de Milo and ancient works of culture and art from Egypt and the Middle East . Music ( Edit ) Main article : Music of France France boasts a wide variety of indigenous folk music , as well as styles played by immigrants from Africa , Latin America and Asia . In the field of classical music , France has produced a number of notable composers such as Gabriel Fauré , Claude Debussy , and Hector Berlioz while modern pop music has seen the rise of popular French hip hop , French rock , techno / funk , and turntablists / djs . The Fête de la Musique was created in France ( first held in 1982 ) , a music festival , which has since become celebrated worldwide as world music day . It takes place every June 21 , on the first day of summer . In 2010 , the French electronic music duo , Daft Punk was admitted into the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres , an order of merit of France . Bangalter and de Homem - Christo were individually awarded the rank of Chevalier ( knight ) . Theater ( edit ) Main article : Theater of France Cinema ( Edit ) Main articles : Cinema of France and French comedy films France is the birthplace of cinema and was responsible for many of its early significant contributions : Antoine Lumière realized , on 28 December 1895 , the first projection , with the Cinematograph , in Paris . Philippe Binant realized , on 2 February 2000 , the first digital cinema projection in Europe , with the DLP CINEMA technology developed by Texas Instruments , in Paris . Several important cinematic movements , including the Nouvelle Vague , began in the country . Additionally , France is an important Francophone film production country . A certain amount of the movies created share international distribution in the western hemisphere thanks to Unifrance . Although French cinema industry is rather small in terms of budget and revenues , it enjoys qualitative screenplay , cast and story telling . French Cinema is often portrayed as more liberal in terms of subjects ( Sex , Society , Politics , Historical ) . Within the domestic market , French movies are ranked through n ° of entries . Movies are premiered on Wednesdays . `` Going to the movies '' is a popular activity within metropolitan areas . Many cinema operators offer a `` flat - rate pass '' for approx. € 20 per month . Prices per movie range between € 5.50 and € 10 . French major cinema operators are UGC and Pathé , mainly located in city suburbs due to the number of screens and seating capacity . Within France many `` small '' cinemas are located in the downtown parts of a city , resisting the big cinema operators nationwide . Paris has the highest density of cinemas ( movie theaters ) in the world : biggest number of movie theaters per inhabitants , and that in most `` downtown Paris '' movie theaters , foreign movies which would be secluded to `` art houses '' cinemas in other places , are shown alongside `` mainstream '' works as Parisians are avid movie - goers . Proximity of restaurants , accessibility , ambiance and the showing of alternative foreign movies is often cited as being the advantage of these small theaters . The Cinémathèque Française holds one of the largest archives of films , movie documents and film - related objects in the world . Located in Paris , the Cinémathèque holds daily screenings of films unrestricted by country of origin . Television ( edit ) Main article : Television in France Books , newspapers and magazines ( Edit ) Main articles : French media and French literature France has the reputation of being a `` literary culture '' , and this image is reinforced by such things as the importance of French literature in the French educational system , the attention paid by the French media to French book fairs and book prizes ( like the Prix Goncourt , Prix Renaudot or Prix Femina ) and by the popular success of the ( former ) literary television show `` Apostrophes '' ( hosted by Bernard Pivot ) . Although the official literacy rate of France is 99 % , some estimates have placed functional illiteracy at between 10 % and 20 % of the adult population ( and higher in the prison population ) . While reading remains a favorite pastime of French youth today , surveys show that it has decreased in importance compared to music , television , sports and other activities . The crisis of academic publishing has also hit France ( see , for example , the financial difficulties of the Presses universitaires de France ( PUF ) , France 's premier academic publishing house , in the 1990s ) . Literary taste in France remains centered on the novel ( 26.4 % of book sales in 1997 ) , although the French read more non-fiction essays and books on current affairs than the British or Americans . Contemporary novels , including French translations of foreign novels , lead the list ( 13 % of total books sold ) , followed by sentimental novels ( 4.1 % ) , detective and spy fiction ( 3.7 % ) , `` classic '' literature ( 3.5 % ) , science fiction and horror ( 1.3 % ) and erotic fiction ( 0.2 % ) . About 30 % of all fiction sold in France today is translated from English ( authors such as William Boyd , John le Carré , Ian McEwan , Paul Auster and Douglas Kennedy are well received ) . An important subset of book sales is comic books ( typically Franco - Belgian comics like The Adventures of Tintin and Astérix ) which are published in a large hardback format ; comic books represented 4 % of total book sales in 1997 . French artists have made the country a leader in the graphic novel genre and France hosts the Angoulême International Comics Festival , Europe 's preeminent comics festival . Like other areas of French culture , book culture is influenced , in part , by the state , in particular by the `` Direction du livre et de la lecture '' of the Ministry of Culture , which oversees the `` Centre national du livre '' ( National Book Center ) . The French Ministry of Industry also plays a role in price control . Finally , the VAT for books and other cultural products in France is at the reduced rate of 5.5 % , which is also that of food and other necessities ( see here ) . In terms of journalism in France , the regional press ( see list of newspapers in France ) has become more important than national dailies ( such as Le Monde and Le Figaro ) over the past century : in 1939 , national dailies were 2 / 3 of the dailies market , while today they are less than 1 / 4 . The magazine market is currently dominated by TV listings magazines followed by news magazines such as L'Obs , L'Express and Le Point . Architecture and housing ( edit ) Main article : French architecture Transportation ( Edit ) Main article : Transport in France There are significant differences in lifestyles with respect to transportation between very urbanized regions such as Paris , and smaller towns and rural areas . In Paris , and to a lesser extent in other major cities , many households do not own an automobile and simply use efficient public transport . The cliché about the Parisien is rush hour in the Métro subway . However , outside of such areas , ownership of one or more cars is standard , especially for households with children . The TGV high - speed rail network , train à grande vitesse is a fast rail transport which serves several areas of the country and is self - financing . There are plans to reach most parts of France and many other destinations in Europe in coming years . Rail services to major destinations are punctual and frequent . Holidays ( Edit ) Main article : Public holidays in France Despite the principles of laïcité and the separation of church from state , public and school holidays in France generally follow the Roman Catholic religious calendar ( including Easter , Christmas , Ascension Day , Pentecost , Assumption of Mary , All Saints Day , etc . ) . Labor Day and the National Holiday are the only business holidays determined by government statute ; the other holidays are granted by convention collective ( agreement between employers ' and employees ' unions ) or by agreement of the employer . The five holiday periods of the public school year are : the vacances de la Toussaint ( All Saints Day ) - two weeks starting near the end of October . the vacances de Noël ( Christmas ) - two weeks , ending after New Years . the vacances d'hiver ( winter ) - two weeks in February and March . the vacances de printemps ( spring ) , formerly vacances de Pâques ( Easter ) - two weeks in April and May . the vacances d'été ( summer ) , or grandes vacances ( literally : big holidays ) - two months in July and August . On May 1 , Labour Day ( La Fête du Travail ) the French give flowers of Lily of the Valley ( Le Muguet ) to one another . The National holiday ( called Bastille Day in English ) is on the 14 of July . Military parades , called Défilés du 14 juillet , are held , the largest on the Champs - Élysées avenue in Paris in front of the President of the Republic . On November 2 , All Souls Day ( La Fête des morts ) , the French traditionally bring chrysanthemums to the tombs of departed family members . On November 11 , Remembrance Day ( Le Jour de la Commémoration or L ' Armistice ) is an official holiday . Christmas is generally celebrated in France on Christmas Eve by a traditional meal ( typical dishes include oysters , boudin blanc and the bûche de Noël ) , by opening presents and by attending the midnight mass ( even among Catholics who do not attend church at other times of the year ) . Candlemas ( La Chandeleur ) is celebrated with crêpes . The popular saying is that if the cook can flip a crêpe singlehandedly with a coin in the other hand , the family is assured of prosperity throughout the coming year . The Celtic holiday Halloween , which is popular throughout the English speaking world , has grown in popularity following its introduction in the mid-1990s by the trade associations . The growth seems to have stalled during the following decade . Conventions ( Edit ) France is the home of the International System of Units ( the metric system ) . Some pre-metric units are still used , essentially the livre ( a unit of weight equal to half a kilogram ) and the quintal ( a unit of weight equal to 100 kilograms ) . In mathematics , France uses the infix notation like most countries . For large numbers the long scale is used . Thus , the French use the word billion for the number 1,000,000,000,000 , which in countries using short scale is called a trillion . However , there exists a French word , milliard , for the number 1,000,000,000 , which in countries using the short scale is called a billion . Thus , despite the use of the long scale , one billion is called un milliard ( `` one milliard '' ) in French , and not mille millions ( `` one thousand million '' ) . It should also be noted that names of numbers above the milliard are rarely used . Thus , one trillion will most often be called mille milliards ( `` one thousand milliard '' ) in French , and rarely un billion . In the French numeral notation , the comma ( , ) is the decimal separator , whereas a space is used between each group of three digits ( fifteen million five hundred thousand and thirty - two should be written as 15 500 032 ) . In finance , the currency symbol is used as a decimal separator or put after the number . For example , € 25,048.05 is written either 25 048 € 05 or 25 048 , 05 € ( always with an extra space between the figure and the currency symbol ) . In computing , a bit is called a bit yet a byte is called an octet ( from the Latin root octo , meaning `` 8 '' ) . SI prefixes are used . 24 - hour clock time is used , with h being the separator between hours and minutes ( for example 2 : 30 pm is 14h30 ) . The all - numeric form for dates is in the order day - month - year , using a slash as the separator ( example : 31 / 12 / 1992 or 31 / 12 / 92 ) . Problem in defining `` French '' culture ( Edit ) This section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Deconstruction and Relativism Wherever one comes from , `` culture '' consists of beliefs and values learned through the socialization process as well as material artifacts . `` Culture is the learned set of beliefs , values , norms and material goods shared by group members . Culture consists of everything we learn in groups during the life course - from infancy to an old age . '' The conception of `` French '' culture however poses certain difficulties and presupposes a series of assumptions about what precisely the expression `` French '' means . Whereas American culture posits the notion of the `` melting - pot '' and cultural diversity , the expression `` French culture '' tends to refer implicitly to a specific geographical entity ( as , say , `` metropolitan France '' , generally excluding its overseas departments ) or to a specific historico - sociological group defined by ethnicity , language , religion and geography . The realities of `` Frenchness '' however , are extremely complicated . Even before the late 18th - 19th century , `` metropolitan France '' was largely a patchwork of local customs and regional differences that the unifying aims of the Ancien Régime and the French Revolution had only begun to work against , and today 's France remains a nation of numerous indigenous and foreign languages , of multiple ethnicities and religions , and of regional diversity that includes French citizens in Corsica , Guadeloupe , Martinique and elsewhere around the globe also in America . The creation of some sort of typical or shared French culture or `` cultural identity '' , despite this vast heterogeneity , is the result of powerful internal forces -- such as the French educational system , mandatory military service , state linguistic and cultural policies -- and by profound historic events -- such as the Franco - Prussian war and the two World Wars -- which have forged a sense of national identity over the last 200 years . However , despite these unifying forces , France today still remains marked by social class and by important regional differences in culture ( cuisine , dialect / accent , local traditions ) that many fear will be unable to withstand contemporary social forces ( depopulation of the countryside , immigration , centralization , market forces and the world economy ) . In recent years , to fight the loss of regional diversity , many in France have promoted forms of multiculturalism and encouraged cultural enclaves ( communautarisme ) , including reforms on the preservation of regional languages and the decentralization of certain government functions , but French multiculturalism has had a harder time of accepting , or of integrating into the collective identity , the large non-Christian and immigrant communities and groups that have come to France since the 1960s . The last 70 years has also seen French cultural identity `` threatened '' by global market forces and by American `` cultural hegemony '' . Since its dealings with the 1943 GATT free trade negotiations , France has fought for what it calls the exception culturelle , meaning the right to subsidize or treat favorably domestic cultural production and to limit or control foreign cultural products ( as seen in public funding for French cinema or the lower VAT accorded to books ) . The notion of an explicit exception française however has angered many of France 's critics . The French are often perceived as taking a great pride in national identity and the positive achievements of France ( the expression `` chauvinism '' is of French origin ) and cultural issues are more integrated in the body of the politics than elsewhere ( see `` The Role of the State '' , below ) . The French Revolution claimed universalism for the democratic principles of the Republic . Charles de Gaulle actively promoted a notion of French `` grandeur '' ( `` greatness '' ) . Perceived declines in cultural status are a matter of national concern and have generated national debates , both from the left ( as seen in the anti-globalism of José Bové ) and from the right and far right ( as in the discourses of the National Front ) . According to Hofstede 's Framework for Assessing Culture , the culture of France is moderately individualistic and high Power Distance Index . Now , the interracial blending of some native French and newcomers stands as a vibrant and boasted feature of French culture , from popular music to movies and literature . Therefore , alongside mixing of populations , exists also a cultural blending ( le métissage culturel ) that is present in France . It may be compared to the traditional US conception of the melting - pot . The French culture might have been already blended in from other races and ethnicities , in cases of some biographical research on the possibility of African ancestry on a small number of famous French citizens . Author Alexandre Dumas , père possessed one - fifth black Haitian descent , and Empress Josephine Napoleon who was born and raised in the French West Indies from a plantation estate family . We can mention as well , the most famous French - Canadian singer Celine Dion whose grandmother was a North African from Kabylie . For a long time , the only objection to such outcomes predictably came from the far - left schools of thought . In the past few years , other unexpected voices are however beginning to question what they interpret , as the new philosopher Alain Finkielkraut coined the term , as an `` Ideology of miscegenation '' ( une idéologie du métissage ) that may come from what one other philosopher , Pascal Bruckner , defined as The Tears of the White Man ( le sanglot de l'homme blanc ) . These critics have been dismissed by the mainstream and their propagators have been labelled as new reactionaries ( les nouveaux réactionnaires ) , even if racist and anti-immigration sentiment has recently been documented to be increasing in France at least according to one poll . See also ( Edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Culture of France . Architecture of Normandy Catherinettes Demographics of France Remarkable Gardens of France List of French people List of World Heritage Sites in France References ( Edit ) Bernstein , Richard . Fragile Glory : A Portrait of France and the French . Plume , 1991 . Carroll , Raymonde . Carol Volk , translator . Cultural Misunderstandings : The French - American Experience . University of Chicago Press , 1990 . Darnton , Robert . The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History . Vintage , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 72927 - 7 Dauncey , Hugh , ed. French Popular Culture : An Introduction . New York : Oxford University Press ( Arnold Publishers ) , 2003 . DeJean , Joan . The Essence of Style : How The French INvented High Fashion , Fine Food , Chic Cafés , Style , Sophistication , and Glamour . New York : Free Press , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 6413 - 6 Forbes , Jill and Michael Kelly , eds. French Cultural Studies : An Introduction . Clarendon Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 871501 - 3 Girod , André . `` French - American class : It 's a long way to France '' Redleadbooks < www.usa-decouverte.com > Gopnik , Adam . Paris to the Moon . Random House , 2001 . Hall , Edward Twitchell and Mildred Reed Hall . Understanding Cultural Differences : Germans , French and Americans . Intercultural Press , 1990 . Howarth , David and Georgios Varouzakis . Contemporary France : An Introduction to French Politics and Society . New York : Oxford University Press ( Arnold Publishers ) , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 74187 - 2 Kelly , Michael . French Culture and Society : The Essentials . New York : Oxford University Press ( Arnold Publishers ) , 2001 . ( A Reference Guide ) Kidd , William and Siân Reynolds , eds . Contemporary French Cultural Studies . Arnold Publishers , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 74050 - 7 Marmer , Nancy , `` Out of Paris : Decentralizing French Art , '' Art in America , September 1986 , pp. 124 -- 137 , 155 - 157 . Nadeau , Jean - Benoît and Julie Barlow . Sixty Million Frenchmen Ca n't Be Wrong : Why We Love France But Not The French . Sourcebooks Trade , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 4022 - 0045 - 5 Robb , Graham . The Discovery of France : A Historical Geography , from the Revolution to the First World War . New York : Norton , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05973 - 1 ( in French ) Wylie , Laurence and Jean - François Brière . Les Français . 3rd edition . Prentice Hall , 2001 . Zedlin , Theodore and Philippe Turner , eds . The French . Kodansha International , 1996 . Notes ( Edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Service Global Poll : Negative views of Russia on the rise '' . BBC . 4 June 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Article 75 - 1 : ( a new article ) : `` Les langues régionales appartiennent au patrimoine de la France '' ( `` Regional languages belong to the patrimony of France '' ) . See Loi constitutionnelle du 23 juillet 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . 30 April 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ifop ( 2011 ) . `` Les Français et la croyance religieuse '' ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Retrieved 19 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discrimination in the EU in 2012 '' ( PDF ) , Special Eurobarometer , 383 , European Union : European Commission , p. 233 , 2012 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 December 2012 , retrieved 14 August 2013 The question asked was `` Do you consider yourself to be ... ? '' With a card showing : Catholic , Orthodox , Protestant , Other Christian , Jewish , Muslim , Sikh , Buddhist , Hindu , Atheist , and Non-believer / Agnostic . Space was given for Other ( SPONTANEOUS ) and DK . Jewish , Sikh , Buddhist , Hindu did not reach the 1 % threshold . Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) Franţa nu mai eo ţară catolică ( France is no longer a Catholic country ) ) , Cotidianul , 2007 - 01 - 11 ; `` France ' no longer a Catholic country ' '' , Daily Telegraph , 10 January 2007 Jump up ^ World and Its Peoples . Marshall Cavendish. 2010 - 01 - 01 . p. 245 . ISBN 9780761478874 . Jump up ^ Religion Important for Americans , Italians Archived 2007 - 07 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Angus Reid Global Monitor , 16 December 2008 Jump up ^ Birnsiel Eckart & Bernat Chrystel , La Diaspora des Huguenots : les réfugiés protestants de France et leur dispersion dans le monde ( XVIe -- XVIIIe ) , Paris , Edition Champion , 2005 Jump up ^ Kidd and Reynolds , 104 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kidd and Reynolds , for example , give a figure of 4 million Muslims , or 6.9 % , based on sources dated 1993 , 1994 , 1999 . ( 102 ) . See Islam in France for more on recent estimates . Jump up ^ Kidd and Reynolds , 30 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Embassy of France in the US - The PACS - A civil solidarity pact '' . Ambafrance-us.org . Archived from the original on 16 March 2008 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Backlot - Corner of Hollywood and Gay - NewNowNext '' . LOGO News . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , `` Family '' , 100 . Jump up ^ Emmanuel Todd , Hervé Le Bras , L'invention de la France : atlas anthropologiue et politique , chapter `` Les grandes familles '' Jump up ^ Ibid . Jump up ^ `` Insee − Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques '' . Insee.fr . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , 246 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` TIMSS 1995 Highlights of Results for the Middle School Years '' . timss.bc.edu . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study ( TIMSS ) - TIMSS Participating Countries '' . nces.ed.gov . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ fr : section syndicale d'entreprise December 27 , 1968 law Jump up ^ fr : SMIG Jump up ^ Decree n ° 2006 - 1386 over 15th November , 2006 taken as application of article L3511 - 7 of the Public Health Code , banning smoking in public places . Jump up ^ `` France to ban smoking in public '' . BBC News . 2006 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Cannabis in France '' . Cedro-uva.org . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , 101 . DeJean , chapters 2 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kelly , 101 . Jump up ^ Dauncey , 195 . Jump up ^ Le marché des aliments pour chiens et chats en Belgique . Mission Economique de Bruxelles , 2006 . Read this document ( in French ) PDF Archived 2008 - 11 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` LA FÊTE DE LA MUSIQUE : UNE FÊTE NATIONALE DEVENUE UN GRAND ÉVÉNEMENT MUSICAL MONDIAL '' . Le Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication : Fête de la Musique . Archived from the original on 26 April 2015 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Alan Riding ( February 28 , 1995 ) . `` The Birthplace Celebrates Film 's Big 1 - 0 - 0 '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` PRÉSENTATION DU CINÉMATOGRAPHE LUMIÈRE '' . Encyclopædia Universalis . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Cahiers du cinéma , n ° hors - série , Paris , April 2000 , p. 32 ( cf. also Histoire des communications , 2011 , p. 10 . ) . Jump up ^ `` 20 questions about studying in France '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Theodore Zedlin , quoted in Kidd and Reynolds , 266 ^ Jump up to : Kidd and Reynolds , 261 . Jump up ^ Kidd and Reynolds , 266 . Jump up ^ Kidd and Reynolds , 258 and 264 . Jump up ^ Kidd and Reynolds , 265 . ^ Jump up to : MORRISON , DONALD ( 21 November 2007 ) . `` In Search of Lost Time '' . Time.com . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kidd and Reynolds , 264 . Jump up ^ Kidd and Reynolds , 232 . Jump up ^ Kidd and Reynolds , 236 Jump up ^ `` Le calendrier scolaire '' . Education.gouv.fr . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ International System of Units ( SI ) - Physics Laboratory Jump up ^ `` octet translation English - French dictionary - Reverso '' . dictionary.reverso.net . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Jary , D. and J. Jary. 1991 . The HarperCollins Dictionary of Sociology , page 101 . Jump up ^ Hoult , T. F , ed. 1969 . Dictionary of Modern Sociology , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Thompson , William ; Joseph Hickey ( 2005 ) . Society in Focus . Boston , MA : Pearson . ISBN 0 - 205 - 41365 - X . Jump up ^ see , for example , Jonathan Fenby : On the Brink : the Trouble with France Warner Books London , 1998 , ISBN 0316646652 Jump up ^ Aïcha Saïd Ben Mohamed ( 1876 - 1930 ) was born in Kabylie , Généalogie Magazine , N ° 233 , p. 30 / 36 Jump up ^ Le Point , February 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` One in three French ' are racist ' '' . BBC News . 2006 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 03 . External links ( Edit ) Frenchculture.org France in Brief / France From A to Z - Embassy of France in the US National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies ( INSEE ) French Culture <Th_colspan="2"> France topics History Periods Timeline Prehistory Celtic Gaul Roman Gaul Kingdom of the Visigoths Francia West Francia Middle Ages Early modern era Long nineteenth century Revolutionary era Napoleonic era Belle Époque Twentieth century Regimes Absolute monarchy Ancien Régime First Republic First Empire Constitutional monarchy Bourbon Restoration July Monarchy Second Republic Second Empire Government of National Defense Third Republic France during the Second World War Free France Vichy France Provisional Government of the French Republic Fourth Republic Fifth Republic Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Administrative divisions Cities Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Constitution Elections presidential Foreign relations Government Human rights Intersex LGBT Judiciary Law enforcement Military Parliament Political parties Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Agriculture Banking Central bank Economic history Energy Euro Exports Franc ( former currency ) French subdivisions by GDP Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Society <Td_colspan="2"> Crime Demographics Education Health care People Poverty Religion Social class Welfare Culture Architecture Art Cinema ( comedy ) Cuisine Cultural icons Fashion Gardens Language Literature Media Music Philosophy Public holidays Sport Symbols Theatre <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Book Portal WikiProject <Th_colspan="2"> Culture of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_France&oldid=852837769 '' Categories : French culture Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with Romanian - language external links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles containing French - language text Articles to be expanded from February 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from June 2017 All articles needing style editing Articles with French - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Dansk Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Македонски Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 ភាសា ខ្មែរ Português Română Русский Shqip Suomi 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 18 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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1. French culture
2. Religion in France
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how many teams are in d1 college football
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List of NCAA Division I FBS football programs - wikipedia List of NCAA Division I FBS football programs Jump to : navigation , search Map of the FBS football programs , 2015 - 16 This is a list of the 129 schools in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) in the United States . By definition , all schools in this grouping have varsity football teams . Schools in Division I FBS are distinguished from those in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) by being allowed to provide scholarship aid to a total of 85 players , and may grant a full scholarship to all 85 . FCS schools are limited to financial assistance amounting to a maximum of 63 full scholarships , although some conferences voluntarily place further restrictions on athletic aid . The NCAA classifies FBS football as a `` head - count '' sport , meaning that each player receiving any athletically - related aid from the school counts fully against the 85 - player limit . By contrast , FCS football is classified as an `` equivalency '' sport , which means that scholarship aid is limited to the equivalent of a specified number of full scholarships . In turn , this means that FCS schools can freely grant partial scholarships , but are also limited to a total of 85 players receiving assistance . Another NCAA rule mandates that any multi-sport athlete who plays football and receives any athletic aid is counted against the football limit , with an exception for players in non-scholarship FCS programs who receive aid in another sport . The three service academies that play in Division I FBS -- Air Force , Army , and Navy -- are theoretically subject to this rule , but are exempt in practice because all students at these schools receive full scholarships from the federal government . Starting in 2014 , the FBS began playing a four - team tournament culminating in a National Championship Game to determine its national champion , a system that will be in place from the 2014 - 2025 seasons by contract with ESPN , broadcaster of the games . Formerly , Division I FBS football was the only NCAA sport without a formal tournament to determine an undisputed national champion , with the FBS schools instead playing in a series of postseason bowl games , culminating in the BCS National Championship Game , which attempted to crown a single national champion . Other organizations , most notably the Associated Press , crowned their own champions via polling . The BCS and AP have not always agreed on a single champion . Before the BCS , the AP was considered to be the deciding body for crowning a Champion , but it was started as a regional voting body , much like every other organization before the BCS . Most of the years preceding the BCS era , the Championships were claimed by more than one school . Conference affiliations are current for the 2017 season . Contents ( hide ) 1 FBS programs 2 Future FBS programs 3 Programs downgrading to FCS 4 Former programs 5 Notes 6 References 7 See also FBS programs ( edit ) Team Nickname City State Current Conference Former Conferences First Played Joined FBS Air Force Falcons Colorado Springs Colorado Mountain West WAC 1955 Akron Zips Akron Ohio MAC OAC , MCC , OVC 1891 Alabama Crimson Tide Tuscaloosa Alabama SEC SIAA , SoCon 1892 UAB Blazers Birmingham Alabama C - USA 1991 1999 Appalachian State Mountaineers Boone North Carolina Sun Belt NSC , SoCon 1928 2014 Arizona Wildcats Tucson Arizona Pac - 12 BIAA , WAC 1899 Arizona State Sun Devils Tempe Arizona Pac - 12 BIAA , WAC 1896 Arkansas Razorbacks Fayetteville Arkansas SEC SWC 1894 Arkansas State Red Wolves Jonesboro Arkansas Sun Belt Arkansas Intercollegiate Conference , Southland , Big West 1911 1992 Army West Point Black Knights West Point New York Independent C - USA 1890 Auburn Tigers Auburn Alabama SEC SIAA , SoCon 1892 Ball State Cardinals Muncie Indiana MAC IIC , ICC 1924 Baylor Bears Waco Texas Big 12 TIAA , SWC 1899 Boise State Broncos Boise Idaho Mountain West ICAC , Big Sky , Big West , WAC 1933 Boston College Eagles Chestnut Hill Massachusetts ACC Big East 1893 Bowling Green Falcons Bowling Green Ohio MAC Northwest Ohio Intercollegiate Athletic Association , OAC 1919 Buffalo Bulls Buffalo New York MAC New York State Conference 1894 1999 Brigham Young ! BYU Cougars Provo Utah Independent Rocky Mountain , Mountain States , WAC , MW 1921 California Golden Bears Berkeley California Pac - 12 PCC 1882 UCLA Bruins Los Angeles California Pac - 12 SCIAC , PCC 1919 UCF Knights Orlando Florida American MAC , C - USA 1979 Central Michigan Chippewas Mount Pleasant Michigan MAC MCC , IIAC 1896 Charlotte 49ers Charlotte North Carolina C - USA Sun Belt , C - USA , A-10 2013 2015 Cincinnati Bearcats Cincinnati Ohio American OAC , Buckeye Intercollegiate Athletic Association , MAC , MVC , C - USA , Big East 1885 Clemson Tigers Clemson South Carolina ACC SIAA , SAIAA , SoCon 1896 Coastal Carolina Chanticleers Conway South Carolina Sun Belt Big South 2003 2017 Colorado Buffaloes Boulder Colorado Pac - 12 Colorado Football Association , Rocky Mountain , Mountain States , Big Eight , Big 12 1890 Colorado State Rams Fort Collins Colorado Mountain West Colorado Football Association , Rocky Mountain , Mountain States , WAC 1890 Connecticut Huskies Storrs Connecticut American Yankee , A-10 , Big East 1896 2000 Duke Blue Devils Durham North Carolina ACC SoCon 1888 Eastern Michigan Eagles Ypsilanti Michigan MAC MIAA , MCC , IIAC , PAC 1891 East Carolina Pirates Greenville North Carolina American NSC , Carolinas , SoCon , C - USA 1932 FIU Panthers Miami Florida C - USA Sun Belt 2002 2006 Florida Gators Gainesville Florida SEC SIAA , SoCon 1906 Florida Atlantic Owls Boca Raton Florida C - USA Sun Belt 2001 2006 Florida State Seminoles Tallahassee Florida ACC Dixie 1947 Fresno State Bulldogs Fresno California Mountain West California Coast Conference , NCAC , CCAA , Big West , WAC 1921 Georgia Bulldogs Athens Georgia SEC SIAA , SoCon 1892 Georgia Southern Eagles Statesboro Georgia Sun Belt SoCon 1924 2014 Georgia State Panthers Atlanta Georgia Sun Belt CAA 2013 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Atlanta Georgia ACC SIAA , SoCon , SEC 1892 Hawai'i Rainbow Warriors Honolulu Hawai'i Mountain West WAC 1909 Houston Cougars Houston Texas American Lone Star , Gulf Coast , MVC , SWC , C - USA 1946 Illinois Fighting Illini Urbana -- Champaign Illinois Big Ten Illinois Intercollegiate Football League 1890 Indiana Hoosiers Bloomington Indiana Big Ten IIAA 1887 Iowa Hawkeyes Iowa City Iowa Big Ten WIUFA , MVC 1889 Iowa State Cyclones Ames Iowa Big 12 MVC , Big 8 1892 Kansas Jayhawks Lawrence Kansas Big 12 KCAC , WIUFA , MVC , Big 8 1890 Kansas State Wildcats Manhattan Kansas Big 12 MVC , Big 8 1896 Kent State Golden Flashes Kent Ohio MAC OAC 1920 Kentucky Wildcats Lexington Kentucky SEC SIAA , SoCon 1881 Louisiana State ! LSU Tigers Baton Rouge Louisiana SEC SIAA , SoCon 1893 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs Ruston Louisiana C - USA Louisiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association , Louisiana Intercollegiate Conference , Gulf States Conference , SIAA , Southland , Big West , WAC 1901 Louisiana - Lafayette Ragin ' Cajuns Lafayette Louisiana Sun Belt Louisiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association , Louisiana Intercollegiate Conference , Gulf States Conference , SIAA , Southland , Big West 1902 Louisiana - Monroe Warhawks Monroe Louisiana Sun Belt Gulf States Conference , Southland , Independent 1951 Louisville Cardinals Louisville Kentucky ACC KIAC , SIAA , KIAC , OVC , MVC , C - USA , Big East , American 1910 Marshall Thundering Herd Huntington West Virginia C - USA WVIAC , Buckeye Conference , OVC , MAC , SoCon 1895 1997 Maryland Terrapins College Park Maryland Big Ten MIFA , SAIAA , SoCon , ACC 1888 Massachusetts Minutemen Amherst Massachusetts Independent Yankee , A-10 , CAA , MAC 1879 2012 Memphis Tigers Memphis Tennessee American Mississippi Valley Conference , SIAA , MVC , C - USA 1912 Miami ( FL ) Hurricanes Coral Gables Florida ACC SIAA , Big East 1926 Miami ( OH ) RedHawks Oxford Ohio MAC OAC , Buckeye Conference 1888 Michigan Wolverines Ann Arbor Michigan Big Ten 1879 Michigan State Spartans East Lansing Michigan Big Ten MIAA 1885 Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders Murfreesboro Tennessee C - USA VSAC , SIAA , OVC , Sun Belt 1911 1999 Minnesota Golden Gophers Minneapolis Minnesota Big Ten 1882 Mississippi ! Ole Miss Rebels Oxford Mississippi SEC SIAA , SoCon 1890 Mississippi State Bulldogs Starkville Mississippi SEC SIAA , SoCon 1895 Missouri Tigers Columbia Missouri SEC WIUFA , Big 8 , Big 12 1890 Navy Midshipmen Annapolis Maryland American Independent 1879 Nebraska Cornhuskers Lincoln Nebraska Big Ten WIUFA , MVC , Big 8 , Big 12 1890 Nevada Wolf Pack Reno Nevada Mountain West NCAC , Big Sky , Big West , WAC 1896 1992 UNLV Rebels Las Vegas Nevada Mountain West Big West , WAC 1968 1978 New Mexico Lobos Albuquerque New Mexico Mountain West BIAA , WAC 1892 New Mexico State Aggies Las Cruces New Mexico Sun Belt BIAA , MVC , Big West , Sun Belt , WAC 1893 North Carolina Tar Heels Chapel Hill North Carolina ACC SAIAA , SIAA , SoCon 1888 North Carolina State ! NC State Wolfpack Raleigh North Carolina ACC SAIAA , SIAA , SoCon 1892 North Texas Mean Green Denton Texas C - USA TIAA , Lone Star , Gulf Coast Conference , MVC , Southland , Big West , Sun Belt 1913 1995 Northern Illinois ! NIU Huskies DeKalb Illinois MAC IIAC , Big West 1899 Northwestern Wildcats Evanston Illinois Big Ten 1876 Notre Dame Fighting Irish South Bend Indiana Independent 1887 Ohio Bobcats Athens Ohio MAC OAC , Buckeye Conference 1894 Ohio State Buckeyes Columbus Ohio Big Ten OAC 1889 Oklahoma Sooners Norman Oklahoma Big 12 Oklahoma Intercollegiate Conference , SWC , MVC , Big 8 1895 Oklahoma State Cowboys Stillwater Oklahoma Big 12 Oklahoma Intercollegiate Conference , SWC , MVC , Big 8 1901 Old Dominion Monarchs Norfolk Virginia C - USA CAA 2009 2014 Oregon Ducks Eugene Oregon Pac - 12 PCC , Independent 1894 Oregon State Beavers Corvallis Oregon Pac - 12 PCC , Independent 1893 Penn State Nittany Lions State College Pennsylvania Big Ten 1881 Pittsburgh Panthers Pittsburgh Pennsylvania ACC Big East 1890 Purdue Boilermakers West Lafayette Indiana Big Ten IIAA 1887 Rice Owls Houston Texas C - USA TIAA , SWC , WAC 1912 Rutgers Scarlet Knights Piscataway New Jersey Big Ten Middle Atlantic , Big East , American 1869 San Diego State Aztecs San Diego California Mountain West Southern California Junior College Conference , SCIAC , CCAA , Big West , WAC 1921 San Jose State Spartans San Jose California Mountain West California Coast Conference , NCAC , California Collegiate , Big West , WAC 1892 South Alabama Jaguars Mobile Alabama Sun Belt 2009 2012 South Carolina Gamecocks Columbia South Carolina SEC SIAA , SoCon , ACC 1892 South Florida Bulls Tampa Florida American C - USA , Big East 1997 2001 USC Trojans Los Angeles California Pac - 12 PCC 1888 SMU Mustangs University Park Texas American TIAA , SWC , WAC , C - USA 1915 Southern Miss Golden Eagles Hattiesburg Mississippi C - USA Gulf States Conference , SIAA 1912 Stanford Cardinal Stanford California Pac - 12 PCC 1891 Syracuse Orange Syracuse New York ACC Big East 1889 TCU Horned Frogs Fort Worth Texas Big 12 TIAA , SWC , WAC , C - USA , MW 1896 Temple Owls Philadelphia Pennsylvania American Middle Atlantic , Big East , MAC , Big East 1894 Tennessee Volunteers Knoxville Tennessee SEC SIAA , SoCon 1891 Texas Longhorns Austin Texas Big 12 SIAA , TIAA , SWC 1893 Texas A&M Aggies College Station Texas SEC SIAA , SWC , Big 12 1894 Texas State Bobcats San Marcos Texas Sun Belt TIAA , Lone Star , Gulf Star , Southland , WAC 1904 2012 Texas Tech Red Raiders Lubbock Texas Big 12 BIAA , SWC 1925 Texas - El Paso ! UTEP Miners El Paso Texas C - USA BIAA , WAC 1914 Texas - San Antonio ! UTSA Roadrunners San Antonio Texas C - USA WAC 2011 2012 Toledo Rockets Toledo Ohio MAC Northwestern Ohio Intercollegiate Athletic Association , OAC 1917 Troy Trojans Troy Alabama Sun Belt Alabama Intercollegiate Conference , SIAA , Alabama Collegiate Conference , Mid-South Athletic Conference , Gulf South , Southland 1909 2002 Tulane Green Wave New Orleans Louisiana American SIAA , SoCon , SEC , C - USA 1893 Tulsa Golden Hurricane Tulsa Oklahoma American Oklahoma Intercollegiate Conference , Big 4 Conference , MVC , WAC , C - USA 1895 Utah Utes Salt Lake City Utah Pac - 12 Colorado Football Association , RMAC , Mountain States , WAC , MW 1892 Utah State Aggies Logan Utah Mountain West Colorado Football Association , RMAC , Mountain States , Big West , Independent , Sun Belt , WAC 1892 Vanderbilt Commodores Nashville Tennessee SEC SIAA , SoCon 1890 Virginia Cavaliers Charlottesville Virginia ACC SAIAA , SoCon 1888 Virginia Tech Hokies Blacksburg Virginia ACC SAIAA , SIAA , SoCon , Big East 1892 Wake Forest Demon Deacons Winston - Salem North Carolina ACC Big Five Conference , SoCon 1888 Washington Huskies Seattle Washington Pac - 12 PCC 1889 Washington State Cougars Pullman Washington Pac - 12 PCC , Independent 1893 West Virginia Mountaineers Morgantown West Virginia Big 12 SoCon , WVIAC , Big East 1891 Western Kentucky Hilltoppers Bowling Green Kentucky C - USA SIAA , KIAC , OVC , MVFC , Sun Belt 1913 2009 Western Michigan Broncos Kalamazoo Michigan MAC MCC 1905 Wisconsin Badgers Madison Wisconsin Big Ten Wyoming Cowboys Laramie Wyoming Mountain West Colorado Football Association , RMAC , WAC 1893 Notes ^ Jump up to : When FBS was created in 1978 as Division I-A , the Southern Conference was designated as a I-A conference . The SoCon was downgraded to FCS ( then Division I - AA ) level beginning in the 1982 season . This school competed in SoCon football during the league 's 1978 -- 81 tenure as a I-A conference . Jump up ^ At that time , the school was a two - year college known as Boise Junior College . The school did not become a four - year institution until 1965 , and only began playing football against four - year schools in 1968 . Jump up ^ UConn currently plays its home games in East Hartford , Connecticut . ^ Jump up to : Houston , Memphis , and SMU had originally planned to join the Big East Conference in 2013 . However , the conference split along football lines in July 2013 , with the seven non-FBS schools of the original conference buying the `` Big East '' name and reorganizing as a new , non-football Big East Conference . The FBS schools that did not leave at that time for the ACC joined with the three newcomers , remaining in the original conference structure under the new name of American Athletic Conference . Jump up ^ UMass currently divides its home schedule between its on - campus stadium , physically located in Hadley , Massachusetts but with an Amherst mailing address , and Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts . Jump up ^ Miami currently plays its home games in Miami Gardens , Florida . Jump up ^ The UNLV campus is not within the City of Las Vegas , but is instead in the unincorporated community of Paradise . The football team plays its home games in another unincorporated Las Vegas suburb , Whitney . Future FBS programs ( edit ) School Team City State Current Conference Future FBS Conference First Played FBS Transition Begins FBS Football Membership Coastal Carolina Chanticleers Conway South Carolina Sun Belt 2003 2016 2018 Liberty Flames Lynchburg Virginia Big South FBS independent 1973 2017 2019 Programs downgrading to FCS ( edit ) School Team City State Current Conference Future FCS Conference First Played FCS Football Membership Idaho Vandals Moscow Idaho Sun Belt Big Sky 1893 2018 Notes Jump up ^ Idaho had been a member of the grouping now known as FCS , then Division I - AA , from the group 's creation in 1978 through 1995 , after which it moved to the league then known as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association ( now the Big West Conference ) . At that time , the PCAA sponsored FBS ( then Division I-A ) football . Former programs ( edit ) Team School City State Former FBS Conference Final Season Current Status Brown Bears Brown University Providence Rhode Island Ivy 1981 FCS Cal State Fullerton Titans California State University , Fullerton Fullerton California Independent 1992 Discontinued Chattanooga Mocs University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Chattanooga Tennessee Southern 1981 FCS Colgate Raiders Colgate University Hamilton New York Independent 1981 FCS Columbia Lions Columbia University Manhattan New York Ivy 1981 FCS Cornell Big Red Cornell University Ithaca New York Ivy 1981 FCS Dartmouth Big Green Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire Ivy 1981 FCS Harvard Crimson Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts Ivy 1981 FCS Holy Cross Crusaders College of the Holy Cross Worcester Massachusetts Independent 1981 FCS Illinois State Redbirds Illinois State University Normal Illinois Missouri Valley 1981 FCS Indiana State Sycamores Indiana State University Terre Haute Indiana Missouri Valley 1981 FCS Lamar Cardinals Lamar University Beaumont Texas Southland 1981 FCS Long Beach State 49ers California State University , Long Beach Long Beach California Big West 1991 Discontinued Marquette Warriors Marquette University Milwaukee Wisconsin Independent 1960 Discontinued McNeese State Cowboys McNeese State University Lake Charles Louisiana Southland 1981 FCS Pacific Tigers University of the Pacific Stockton California Big West 1995 Discontinued Penn Quakers University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania Ivy 1981 FCS Princeton Tigers Princeton University Princeton New Jersey Ivy 1981 FCS Richmond Spiders University of Richmond Richmond Virginia Independent 1981 FCS Santa Clara Broncos Santa Clara University Santa Clara California Independent 1981 then 1992 FCS then Discontinued Southern Illinois Salukis Southern Illinois University Carbondale Carbondale Illinois Missouri Valley 1981 FCS Tennessee State Tigers Tennessee State University Nashville Tennessee Independent 1980 FCS Texas Arlington Mavericks University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas Southland 1981 Discontinued William & Mary Tribe College of William & Mary Williamsburg Virginia Independent 1981 FCS Villanova Wildcats Villanova University Villanova Pennsylvania Independent 1980 FCS Western Carolina Catamounts Western Carolina University Cullowhee North Carolina Southern 1981 FCS Wichita State Shockers Wichita State University Wichita Kansas Independent 1986 Discontinued Yale Bulldogs Yale University New Haven Connecticut Ivy 1981 FCS Notes ( edit ) Several schools have different athletic nicknames for men 's and women 's teams . Usually , this is a matter of preceding the main nickname with `` Lady '' , such as LSU Lady Tigers and Tennessee Lady Vols . The two FBS schools nicknamed Cowboys , Oklahoma State and Wyoming , use Cowgirls for women 's teams . However , in some cases , the women 's team nickname has a completely different form , as in Hawaii Rainbow Wahine and Louisiana Tech Lady Techsters . Because this is a list of American football programs , which are traditionally all - male , only the men 's form is given . The Pac - 12 considers the Pacific Coast Conference or PCC as part of its own history , even though the PCC was established with different charter members and was disbanded due to major crisis and scandal . There is considerable continuity between the two leagues . The Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) , which would eventually become the Pac - 12 , was founded by five former PCC members , and by 1964 all of the final PCC members except for Idaho had been reunited in the AAWU . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 9 states ( Alaska , Delaware , Maine , Montana , New Hampshire , North Dakota , Rhode Island , South Dakota , Vermont ) and Washington , D.C. do not currently have FBS programs . Jump up ^ http://www.hurricanesports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=205820405 Jump up ^ http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/index.php Jump up ^ Idaho Vandals ( @ Idaho_Vandals ) ( 28 April 2016 ) . `` President Staben - `` The University of Idaho Vandal football team will accept an invitation to join the Big Sky Conference '' beginning in ' 18 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/05/sports/ivy-league-is-forced-to-lose-major-team-football-status.html Jump up ^ http://www.marquette.edu/magazine/recent.php?subaction=showfull&id=1329850800 Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/05/sports/ivy-league-is-forced-to-lose-major-team-football-status.html Jump up ^ Santa Clara Broncos football Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/05/sports/ivy-league-is-forced-to-lose-major-team-football-status.html NCAA Sports Sponsorship : Football Bowl Subdivision Map of NCAA Division I FBS football teams See also ( edit ) College football portal List of NCAA Division I institutions List of NCAA Division II institutions List of NCAA Division III institutions List of NCAA Division I FCS football programs List of NCAA Division I non-football programs List of NCAA Division II football programs List of NCAA Division III football programs List of NAIA football programs List of community college football programs List of NCAA Institutions with club football teams List of Division I schools that have never sponsored football List of defunct college football teams List of undefeated Division I football teams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_football_programs&oldid=837836001 '' Categories : NCAA Division I FBS football teams Lists of college football teams Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2015 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 09 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. NCAA Division I FBS football programs
2. FBS schools and conferences
3. FBS vs FCS football
4. National Championship Game in FBS football
5. Former FBS football programs
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give me specific nickname for a city in the us
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List of City nicknames in the United States - wikipedia List of City nicknames in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Reno , Nevada , proudly displays its nickname as `` The Biggest Little City in the World '' on a large sign above a downtown street . This partial list of city nicknames in the United States compiles the aliases , sobriquets and slogans that cities are known by ( or have been known by historically ) , officially and unofficially , to municipal governments , local people , outsiders or their tourism boards or chambers of commerce . City nicknames can help in establishing a civic identity , helping outsiders recognize a community or attracting people to a community because of its nickname ; promote civic pride ; and build community unity . Nicknames and slogans that successfully create a new community `` ideology or myth '' are also believed to have economic value . Their economic value is difficult to measure , but there are anecdotal reports of cities that have achieved substantial economic benefits by `` branding '' themselves by adopting new slogans . In 2005 the consultancy Tagline Guru conducted a small survey of professionals in the fields of branding , marketing , and advertising aimed at identifying the `` best '' U.S. city slogans and nicknames . Participants were asked to evaluate about 800 nicknames and 400 slogans , considering several criteria in their assessments . The assigned criteria were : whether the nickname or slogan expresses the `` brand character , affinity , style , and personality '' of the city , whether it `` tells a story in a clever , fun , and memorable way , '' uniqueness and originality , and whether it `` inspires you to visit there , live there , or learn more . '' The top - ranked nickname in the survey was New York City 's `` The Big Apple , '' followed by `` Sin City '' ( Las Vegas ) , `` The Big Easy '' ( New Orleans ) , `` Motor City '' ( Detroit ) , and `` The Windy City '' ( Chicago ) . In addition to the number - two nickname , Las Vegas had the top - rated slogan : `` What Happens Here , Stays Here . '' The second - through fifth - place slogans were `` So Very Virginia '' ( Charlottesville , Virginia ) , `` Always Turned On '' ( Atlantic City , New Jersey ) , `` Cleveland Rocks ! '' ( Cleveland , Ohio ) , and `` The Sweetest Place on Earth '' ( Hershey , Pennsylvania ) . Some unofficial nicknames are positive , while others are derisive . The unofficial nicknames listed here have been in use for a long time or have gained wide currency . Contents ( hide ) 1 Alabama 2 Alaska 3 Arizona 4 Arkansas 5 California 5.1 A 5.2 B 5.3 C 5.4 D 5.5 F 5.6 G 5.7 H 5.8 I 5.9 L 5.10 M 5.11 N 5.12 O 5.13 P 5.14 R 5.15 S 5.16 T 5.17 V 5.18 W 5.19 Y 6 Colorado 6.1 A 6.2 B 6.3 C 6.4 D 6.5 E 6.6 F 6.7 G 6.8 L 6.9 M 6.10 N 6.11 O 6.12 P 6.13 S 6.14 T 6.15 V 6.16 W 7 Connecticut 8 Delaware 9 Florida 10 Georgia 11 Hawaii 12 Idaho 13 Illinois 14 Indiana 15 Iowa 16 Kansas 17 Kentucky 18 Louisiana 19 Maine 20 Maryland 21 Massachusetts 22 Michigan 23 Minnesota 24 Mississippi 25 Missouri 26 Montana 27 Nebraska 28 Nevada 29 New Hampshire 30 New Jersey 31 New Mexico 32 New York 32.1 A 32.2 B 32.3 C 32.4 D 32.5 E 32.6 F 32.7 G 32.8 H 32.9 J 32.10 K 32.11 L 32.12 M 32.13 N 32.14 O 32.15 P 32.16 R 32.17 S 32.18 T 32.19 U 32.20 W 32.21 Y 33 North Carolina 34 North Dakota 35 Ohio 35.1 A 35.2 B 35.3 C 35.4 D 35.5 F 35.6 G 35.7 H 35.8 K 35.9 L 35.10 M 35.11 N 35.12 O 35.13 P 35.14 R 35.15 S 35.16 T 35.17 U 35.18 V 35.19 W 35.20 X 35.21 Y 35.22 Z 36 Oklahoma 37 Oregon 38 Pennsylvania 39 Rhode Island 40 South Carolina 41 South Dakota 42 Tennessee 43 Texas 43.1 A-C 43.2 D-F 43.3 G-L 43.4 M-Q 43.5 R-T 43.6 U-Z 44 Utah 45 Vermont 46 Virginia 47 Washington 48 West Virginia 49 Wisconsin 49.1 A 49.2 B 49.3 C 49.4 D 49.5 E 49.6 F 49.7 G 49.8 H 49.9 J 49.10 K 49.11 L 49.12 M 49.13 N 49.14 O 49.15 P 49.16 R 49.17 S 49.18 T 49.19 V 49.20 W 50 Wyoming 51 District of Columbia 52 Puerto Rico 53 See also 54 References 55 External links Alabama Main article : List of city nicknames in Alabama Alabaster -- The City for Families Albertville -- The Fire Hydrant Capital of the World Anniston -- The Model City Auburn -- The Loveliest Village on the Plains Bayou La Batre -- Seafood Capital of Alabama Bessemer -- The Marvel City Birmingham B'ham The Magic City The Pittsburgh of the South The Steel City The Tragic City Cedar Bluff -- Crappie Capital of the World Daphne -- The Jubilee City Decatur Ballooning Capital of Alabama `` Home of America 's First Wave Pool '' The Chicago of the South The River City Wave Pool Capital of the World Demopolis -- City of the People Dothan Condom Capital of the World The Peanut Capital of the World Douglas -- City of Eagles Enterprise - City of Progress Eufaula -- Bass Capital of the World Fort Payne -- Sock Capital of the World Gadsden -- City of Champions ) Greenville -- The Camellia City Gordo - The Armpit of Civilization Haleyville -- Home of 911 Hartselle -- The City of Southern Hospitality Hueytown -- Home of the Alabama Gang Huntsville The Rocket City Watercress Capital of the World Jackson -- The Pine City Jacksonville -- Gem of the Hills Lincoln -- The Motorsports City Madison -- Where Progress Meets Preservation Mentone -- Camping Capital of the World Mobile The Azalea City The City of Six Flags The Home of Mardi Gras The Port City Monroeville -- Literary Capital of the World Montgomery Capital of the South The Cradle of the Confederacy The Gump Muscle Shoals -- The Hit Recording Capital of the World ( formerly ) Ozark -- The Home of Fort Rucker Prattville The Fountain City The Preferred City Selma Butterfly Capital of Alabama Queen of the Alabama Black Belt Slocomb - The Tomato Capital of the South Summerdale -- The Sunshine City Sylacauga -- The Marble City Tuscaloosa The Druid City T - Town Tuscaloser Tuskegee -- The Pride of the Swift - Growing South Union Springs -- Bird Dog Field Trial Capital of the World Vestavia Hills -- The Jewel City Wetumpka -- Rumbling Waters Winfield -- City on the Move Alaska Main article : List of city nicknames in Alaska Homer 's welcome sign proclaims its nickname . Anchorage Air Crossroads of the World . Anchortown The City of Lights and Flowers ( or City of Lights ) Hanging Basket Capital of the World . Los Anchorage Rage City ( in reference to roller derby and punk culture ) Cordova Clam Town . Razor Clam Capital . Fairbanks - The Golden Heart City . Glennallen - G - town Haines - Eagle Capital of America . Homer - Halibut Capital of the World or Halibut Fishing Capital of the World . Kenai - The Village With a Past , the City With a Future . Ketchikan - King Salmon Capital of the World . Knik - Dog - mushing Center of the World . Kodiak - King Crab Capital . Sitka First City of Alaska . The Natural Place to Visit . Arizona Main article : List of city nicknames in Arizona Apache Junction Home of the Superstition Mountains . Gateway to Legends , Lakes , Leisure , and Lost Treasure . Ash Fork -- Flagstone Capital of the United States . Chandler -- High - Tech Oasis of the Silicon Desert Flagstaff City in the Pines . City of Seven Wonders . The Staff . Flag Town ( C.W. McCall ) . Jerome -- America 's Most Vertical City Kingman -- Heart of Route 66 . Phoenix -- Arizona 's Urban Heart Phoenix metropolitan area Silicon Desert Valley of the Sun Prescott -- Everybody 's Home Town . Scottsdale -- The West 's Most Western Town . Sedona -- Red Rock Country . Show Low -- Named for the Turn of a Card . Sierra Vista -- Hummingbird Capital of the United States . Tombstone -- The Town Too Tough To Die . Tucson The Old Pueblo Dirty T . Optics Valley The Sunshine Factory . Wickenburg -- The Dude Ranch Capital of the World . Yuma -- Experience Our Sense of Yuma Arkansas Main article : List of city nicknames in Arkansas Alma -- Spinach Capital of the World . Berryville -- Turkey Capital . Brinkley -- Home of the Ivory - billed Woodpecker . Conway -- The City of Colleges ( The University of Central Arkansas , Hendrix College , and Central Baptist College ) Dumas -- Home of the Ding Dong Daddy El Dorado Arkansas ' Original Boomtown Queen City of South Arkansas Emerson -- The Biggest Little Town in Arkansas Fayetteville Hog Country Track Capital of the World Green Forest -- Tomato Capital . Hope -- Watermelon Capital of the World . Hot Springs -- Spa City . Jasper -- Elk Capital of Arkansas . Jonesboro The City of Churches . The Crepe Myrtle City . Little Rock The City of Roses . River City . Lowell -- A Town with a Past , A City with a Future . Malvern -- Brick Capital of the World . Mount Ida -- Quartz Crystal Capital of the World . Mountain View -- Folk Music Capital of the World . Nashville -- Peach Capital . North Little Rock -- Dogtown Stuttgart -- Rice and Duck Capital of the World . Texarkana -- Twice as Nice California Main article : List of city nicknames in California Alameda -- The Island City Antioch -- Gateway to the Delta Arcadia -- Community of Homes Auburn -- Endurance Capital of The World People 's Park in Berkeley was a center of 1960s counterculture activity remembered in the sobriquet `` The People 's Republic of Berkeley . '' Bakersfield California 's Country Music Capital Berkeley Berzerkeley The People 's Republic of Berkeley Athens of the West Bishop -- Mule Packer Capital of the World Blythe -- Friendliest City In The West Buena Park -- Center of the Southland Burbank -- Media Capital of the World Castroville 's nickname celebrates its status as a producer of artichokes . Campbell -- The Orchard City Carlsbad -- Village by the sea Castroville -- Artichoke Center of the World Chatsworth -- San Pornando Chico City of Roses City of Trees Almond Capital of the World Where Everything Grows Clovis -- Gateway to the Sierra Coachella City of Eternal Sunshine Gateway to the Salton Sea Colma ( founded as a necropolis in 1924 ) The City of the Silent Compton -- The Hub City Corning -- Olive City Corona -- The Circle City Coronado -- The Crown City Corte Madera -- The Twin City ( with Larkspur ) Culver City -- Heart of Screenland Dinuba , Fallbrook , and Selma have nicknames that celebrate the production of raisins . Daly City Gateway To The Peninsula Little Manila Davis Bicycle Capital of the World . People 's Republic of Davis Del Mar -- Where the turf meets the surf Dinuba -- Raisinland , USA Fallbrook -- Avocado Capital of the World Raisin Capital of the World City of Youth and Ambition Forestville -- Poison Oak Capital of the World Fountain Valley - `` A nice place to live '' Garlic ice cream is given away at the annual Garlic Festival in Gilroy , nicknamed Garlic Capital of the World . Garden Grove -- Big Strawberry Gilroy -- Garlic Capital of the World Glendale -- The Jewel City Glendora -- The Pride of the Foothills Goleta -- The Good Land Greenfield -- Broccoli Capital of the World Gridley -- Kiwi Fruit Capital of the World Half Moon Bay -- Pumpkin Capital Hawthorne -- City of Good Neighbors Hayward -- Heart of the Bay Hercules -- The Dynamic City on the Bay Holtville -- The Carrot Capital of the World Huntington Beach -- Surf City , USA Indio -- Date Capital of the World Inglewood -- The City of Champions Isleton -- Asparagus Capital of the World Larkspur -- The Twin City ( with Corte Madera ) Linden -- Cherry Capital of the World Lodi Tokay Grape Capital of the World Zinfandel Capital of the World Lompoc -- Flower Seed Capital of the World Long Beach The International City Iowa by the Sea ( historical nickname ) Los Angeles L.A. The Angels ( literal Spanish translation ) Angeltown The Big Orange City of the Angels -- based partially on the literal translation of the city 's original historical full name from the Spanish language -- `` The City of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels '' . City of Flowers and Sunshine La - La Land Shaky Town Tinseltown ( specifically applies to Hollywood ) Madera -- Heart of California Marysville -- Gateway to the Gold Fields McCloud -- Blackberry Capital of the World Merced -- Gateway to Yosemite Milpitas -- Crossroads of Silicon Valley Modesto -- Water , Wealth , Contentment , Health Monterey -- The Cradle of History Norco -- Horse Town USA Norwalk -- The Keystone City O Oakdale -- Cowboy Capital of the World Oakland Bright Side of the Bay Bump City The Town Detroit of the West ( historical ) Oaktown O - Town Oxnard Lima Bean Capital of the World Strawberry Capital of the World Close - up view of one of the flower - bedecked floats in the annual Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena , which calls itself the City of Roses . Pacific Grove America 's Last Hometown Butterfly Town , U.S.A. Pacifica -- Fog Capital of California Palm Springs -- Golf Capital of the World Pasadena City of Roses Crown City Paso Robles The Pass of the Oaks Pearsonville -- Hubcap Capital of the World Placerville -- Old Hangtown Redwood City Climate Best By Government Test Deadwood City Reedley -- The World 's Fruit Basket Richmond -- City of Pride and Purpose Ripon -- City of Almonds Riverside City of Arts and Innovation City of Trees . Sacramento Almond Capital of the World America 's Farm - to - Fork Capital Big Tomato Camellia City City of Trees River City Sacratomato Sactown Salinas -- Lettuce Capital of the World San Carlos -- City of Good Living San Diego America 's Finest City City in Motion Silicon Beach San Francisco Baghdad by the Bay The City The City by the Bay The City That Knows How ( archaic ) Everybody 's Favorite City Fog City Frisco Golden City The Golden Gate City San Fran Shaky Town San Jose -- The Capital of Silicon Valley San Luis Obispo -- SLO ( as in , Experience the SLO Life ) San Pablo -- City of New Directions San Quentin -- Bastille by the Bay Sanger -- Christmas Tree City Santa Barbara -- The American Riviera Santa Catalina Island -- The Island of Romance Santa Cruz -- ( The real ) Surf City , USA Santa Monica Dogtown Home of the Homeless People 's Republic of Santa Monica Soviet Monica Santa Paula -- Citrus Capital of the World Selma -- Raisin Capital of the World Smith River -- Lily Growing Capital of the World Solvang 's architecture reflects the Danish heritage celebrated by its nickname , Danish capital of America . Solvang -- Danish capital of America . South San Francisco -- The Industrial City , South City Stockton Asparagus Capital of the World Sunnyvale -- The Heart of Silicon Valley Tulelake -- Horseradish Capital of the World V Valencia -- Awesometown Ventura -- Poinsettia City ( formerly Palm City ) Visalia -- Gateway to the Sequoias Wasco -- Rose Growing Capital of the World Watsonville -- Strawberry Capital of the World . Willits Gateway to the Redwoods Heart of Mendocino County Solar Energy Capital of the World Willow Creek -- Bigfoot Capital of the World Y Yorba Linda -- Land of Gracious Living Yuba City -- Prune Capital Colorado Main article : List of city nicknames in Colorado Alamosa -- Gateway to the Great Sand Dunes Arvada -- Celery Capital of the World Aspen -- America 's Canary City Ault -- A Unique Little Town Aurora -- Gateway to the Rockies Berthoud -- Garden Spot of Colorado Black Hawk -- City of Mills Boulder The Berkeley of the Rockies The People 's Republic of Boulder Breckenridge -- The Kingdom of Breckenridge Cañon City -- Climate Capital of Colorado Carbondale -- Ultimate Rocky Mountain Hideout Cedaredge -- Southern Gateway to the Grand Mesa Central City -- Richest square mile on Earth Colorado Springs City of Millionaires Little London Newport in the Rockies The Springs Creede -- There is no night in Creede Crested Butte Colorado 's Last Great Ski Town Wildflower Capital of Colorado Deer Trail -- Home of the World 's First Rodeo Denver The Mile - High City Queen City of the Plains Queen City of the West Broncoville Wall Street of the West Cow Town Dove Creek -- Pinto Bean Capital of the World Durango -- Durango Rocks ! Eaton -- Garden of Eaton : Beef , Beets , and Beans Edgewater -- City of Choice Fairplay -- The Real South Park Fort Collins The Choice City The Napa Valley of Beer Fort Fun FoCo Fort Morgan The Capital of the Plains The City of Lights Fruita -- Home of Mike the Headless Chicken Grand Junction Colorado 's Wine Country River City Greeley City of Churches ( historical ) Garden City of the West ( historical ) Golden -- Where the West Lives Leadville -- Magic City Limon -- The Hub City of the Plains Longmont -- Longtucky Loveland Gateway to the Rockies The Sweetheart City Lyons -- Double Gateway to the Rockies ( or Double Gateway to Rocky Mountain National Park ) Manitou Springs -- Saratoga of the West Nederland Home of the Frozen Dead Guy Ned O Ouray -- Switzerland of America Palisade -- Peach Capital of Colorado Pueblo Home of Heroes Pride City Steel City of the West Severance -- Where the geese fly and the bulls cry Steamboat Springs Ski Town USA The Boat Sterling -- A Colorado treasure Tarryall -- Grab - all Telluride -- To - hell - you - ride V Victor -- City of Gold Mines Wheat Ridge -- Carnation Capital of the World ( historical ) Connecticut Main article : List of city nicknames in Connecticut Berlin -- Geographic Center of Connecticut Bethlehem -- The Christmas Town Bridgeport -- The Park City Bristol -- Clock City Cheshire -- Bedding Plant Capital of Connecticut . Danbury -- Hat City . Derby -- Connecticut 's Smallest City Groton -- Submarine Capital of the World Hamden -- Land of the Sleeping Giant Hartford Insurance Capital of the World Insurance City Madison -- Connecticut 's Front Porch Manchester -- Silk City Meriden -- Silver City Middletown -- Forest City Naugatuck -- Rubber City New Britain Hardware City Hard - hittin ' New Britain New Haven -- The Elm City ( reported in the 1880s as City of Elms ) Norwich -- Rose City or The Rose of New England Stamford Lock City ( a reference to the now - defunct Yale & Towne lock factory ) . `` The City that Works ! '' Waterbury -- The Brass City West Haven -- Connecticut 's Friendliest City Willimantic -- Thread City Delaware Main article : List of city nicknames in Delaware Dover -- The City that Means Well ( according to George Carlin ) Lewes -- First Town in the First State . Rehoboth Beach -- The Nation 's Summer Capital . Seaford -- The Nylon Capital of the World Wilmington -- Chemical Capital of the World . Florida Main article : List of city nicknames in Florida Apopka -- Indoor Foliage Capital of the World Aventura -- The City of Excellence Bartow City of Oaks and Azaleas The City of Oaks The ' Tow Belle Glade -- Muck City Boca Raton -- A City for All Seasons Cape Coral -- Waterfront Wonderland Clewiston -- America 's Sweetest Town Coconut Creek -- Butterfly Capital of the World Coral Gables -- The City Beautiful Coral Springs -- The City in the Country Crestview -- Hub City DeLand -- The Athens of Florida Deltona -- Florida 's Bright Spot Destin -- The World 's Luckiest Fishing Village Eustis -- The City of Bright Tomorrows Fernandina Beach -- Shark 's Tooth Capital of the World Fort Lauderdale -- Venice of America Fort Myers -- The City of Palms Fort Pierce -- The Sunshine City Fort Walton Beach Billfish Capital of the World Emerald Coast Gainesville Hogtown The Tree City Rainsville Gator Country Haines City -- The Heart of Florida Hialeah -- City of Progress Jacksonville Jax Where Florida Begins Bold New City of the South Key West Conch Republic Southernmost City In The Continental United States Largo Dime City Melbourne -- The Harbor City Miami -- The Magic City Ocala The Brick City Horse Capital of the World ( with Marion County ) -- the Florida Thoroughbred Breeders ' and Owners ' Association , obtained the trademark on behalf of Ocala and Marion County in the late 1990s . The title is disputed with Lexington , Kentucky , which also claims to be the `` Horse Capital of the World . '' Ocoee -- The Center of Good Living Okeechobee -- Speckled Perch Capital of the World Orlando The City Beautiful O - Town Ormond Beach -- Birthplace of Speed Panama City Beach -- The World 's Most Beautiful Beaches Pensacola -- City of Five Flags Plant City Strawberry Capital of the World Winter Strawberry Capital of the World Port St. Lucie PSL A City for All Ages St. Petersburg Always in Season The Burg Sunshine City St. Pete Sarasota -- We Live Where You Vacation Sebring -- City on the Circle Stuart -- Sailfish Capital of the World Tallahassee Tallanasty Tampa The Big Guava Cigar City Lightning Capital of the World Cigar Capital of the World ( Ybor City neighborhood ) America 's Next Greatest City City of Champions Tarpon Springs -- Sponge Capital of the World Venice -- Shark Tooth Capital of the World West Palm Beach -- Orchid City Georgia Main article : List of city nicknames in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Abbeville -- Wild Hog Capital of Georgia Albany -- The Good Life City Alpharetta -- Awesome Alpharetta ! Ashburn -- Peanut Capital of the World Athens -- The Classic City Atlanta Main article : Nicknames of Atlanta Contemporary nicknames of Atlanta include , in alphabetical order : The A / da A : It is used in local media such as Only in the A , a video channel shown on MARTA rapid transit trains in Atlanta and Straight from the A , a popular Atlanta - based blog targeted at African Americans . `` The A '' or `` da A '' is also used in hip hop and rap songs such as Ludacris and Lloyd 's `` How We Do It ( in da A ) '' , Lil Scrappy 's `` The A '' , and T.I. 's `` In da A '' . Atlanta newspaper Creative Loafing listed as one of its `` reasons to love Atlanta '' that it 's `` the only city easily identified by just one letter '' . A-Town The ATL , for its airport code Badstreet , U.S.A. : City nickname coined by professional wrestling stable The Fabulous Freebirds , who were billed from Atlanta . Bangalore of US Tech ( ) The Big A , trucker CB slang The Big Peach Black mecca City in a Forest or City of Trees , for its unique tree canopy Dogwood City Empire City of the South Hot ' Lanta , now more commonly spelled Hotlanta , first popularized by an instrumental song performed by the Allman Brothers Band . It debuted on their live album At Fillmore East , released in July 1971 , the fifth song on the album . Hollywood of the South , became popular recently due to the city 's boom in the film industry . Historical nicknames for the city include : Gate City , Gate City of the South , or Gate City of the New South ( from Reconstruction through the early 20th century ) New York of the South ( 1870s -- 1890s ) Chicago of the South ( 1880s -- 1900s ) : for Atlanta 's `` new men , new industries , new buildings , and new spirit '' - though it was often remarked that the nickname was not quite accurate in terms of the size of Atlanta vs. the much larger Chicago The City Too Busy to Hate ( during Jim Crow and the Civil Rights struggle ) Convention City of Dixie ( Land ) ( 1910s -- 1920s ) Dogwood City Augusta The Garden City Disgusta Hellscape The Asscrack of Georgia Shithole of The South Corruption Capital of The South Blakely -- Peanut Capital of the World Canon -- The Big Gun Canton Film Capital of North Georgia Claxton -- Fruitcake Capital of the World Colquitt -- Mayhaw Capital of the World Columbus The Lowell of the South The Fountain City Cordele -- Watermelon Capital of the World Dalton -- Carpet Capital of the World Darien -- Hidden Gem of the Golden Isles Dawson -- Spanish Peanut Capital of the World Decatur -- People 's Republic of Decatur Dickhater Elberton -- The Granite City Ellijay -- Georgia 's Apple Capital Fort Valley -- Peach Capital of Georgia Gainesville -- Poultry Capital of the World Griffin -- Iris City LaGrange -- The Greatest Little City Lithonia -- City of Granite Macon The Central City Cherry Blossom Capital of the World Maconga Metter -- Everything 's Better in Metter Milledgeville -- Old Capitol City Milton -- Rich White Bitches Nashville -- City of Dogwoods Newnan -- City of Homes Powder Springs -- P - Town Quitman -- The Camellia City Sandersville -- Kaolin Capital of the World Savannah America 's Most Haunted City Turf Grass Capital of the World Sylvester - Peanut Capital of the World Thomasville -- City of Roses Thomson Camellia City of the South Tournament City Tifton -- The Friendly City Valdosta The Azalea City Winnersville U.S.A. Vidalia -- Sweet Onion Capital of the World Warner Robins -- Georgia 's International City Warwick -- The Grits Capital of Georgia or The Grits Capital of the World Waynesboro -- Bird Dog Capital of the World Hawaii Main article : List of city nicknames in Hawaii Hilo America 's Wettest City Orchid Capital Honolulu The Big Pineapple Idaho Main article : List of city nicknames in Idaho Ashton -- Seed Potato Capital . Blackfoot -- Potato Capital of the World . Boise -- City of Trees Buhl -- Trout Capitol . Pocatello Gate City Poky Wallace -- Silver Capital of the World . Illinois Main article : List of city nicknames in Illinois Algonquin -- Gem of the Fox River Valley Aurora -- City of Lights Batavia The Windmill City City of Energy Beardstown -- Watermelon Capital Bloomington -- The Evergreen City Bloomington -- Normal together Blo - No The Twin Cities Buffalo Grove -- The Gymnastics Capital of Illinois Champaign - Urbana -- Chambana Charleston -- Chucktown Chester -- The Home of Popeye Chicago Chi - Town Chi - Raq City in a Garden ( literal translation of city motto , Urbs in horto ) The City of the Big Shoulders ( from Chicago , a Carl Sandburg poem ) The City That Works ( by Mayor Daley , for example ) The Second City The Windy City Murder City The real Gotham ( from Batman ) For more details on this topic , see List of nicknames for Chicago . Collinsville -- Horseradish Capital of the World Crystal Lake -- A Good Place to Live Decatur D - Town Soy Capital of the World ( former nickname ) DeKalb -- Barbed Wire Capital of the World Des Plaines - City of Destiny ( 56 ) Elgin The City in the Suburbs The City to Watch Evanston -- Heavenston Freeport -- Pretzel City , USA Griggsville -- Purple Martin Capital of the World Glen Ellyn -- Babcock 's Grove Huntley -- The Friendly Village with Country Charm Joliet City of Champions City of `` Snap and Progress '' City of Steel ( or City of Steel and Stone ) City of Stone Prison City ( or Prison Town ) J - Town Kewanee -- Hog Capital of the World Lombard -- The Lilac Village Marion -- Hub City of the Universe Marseilles -- Best Little City by a Dam Site Mattoon -- Bagel Capital of the World Metropolis -- The Home of Superman Moline -- Plow Capital of the World Monmouth -- The Maple City Morton -- Pumpkin Capital of the World Olney -- Home of the White Squirrels Pana -- City of Roses Pekin Celestial City Marigold Capital of the World . Peoria -- Whiskeytown Quincy -- Gem City Rantoul -- Rantucky Rockford -- The Forest City Skokie -- Silicon Valley of the Midwest Springfield Flower City Springpatch St. Charles -- The Pride of the Fox Thomson -- The Melon Capital of the World Warrenville -- For a Visit , Or a Lifetime Wilmington -- The Island City Indiana Main article : List of city nicknames in Indiana The nickname `` Athens of the Prairie '' was bestowed on Columbus , Indiana , due to the large assemblage of contemporary architecture and public sculpture in the city , including Henry Moore 's `` Large Arch . '' Albion -- Gateway to the Chain O ' Lakes Bedford -- Stoner City Bloomington B - Town University City Bluffton Asphalt City Parlor City Carmel -- Roundabout Capital of the World Chesterton -- Gateway to the Dunes Churubusco -- Turtle Town , U.S.A. Clay City -- Mayberry of the Midwest Columbus -- Athens of the Prairie Crawfordsville -- Athens of Indiana Elkhart City of Musical Doings RV Capital of the World Elwood -- Gem City of the Gas Belt or Buckle of the Gas Belt Evansville Crescent City Pocket City River City Stoplight City Fort Wayne City of Churches City That Saved Itself Magnet Wire Capital of the World Summit City Gary City of the Century Magic City Steel City Goshen -- Maple City Greensburg -- Tree City Huntington -- Lime City Indianapolis Amateur Sports Capital of the World Circle City Crossroads of America Indy India - no - place Naptown Railroad City Jeffersonville -- Jeff Kokomo -- City of Firsts La Porte City of Lakes Maple City Logansport City of Bridges City of Churches Marion -- Queen City or Queen City of the Gas Belt Medaryville Tatertown Mudville Mishawaka Peppermint Capital of the World Princess City Muncie Middletown Little Chicago Peru Barbecue City Circus Capital of the World Richmond Quaker City of the West Rose City Rockville -- Covered Bridge Capital of the World Roselawn -- Naked City South Bend Lotion City Metropolis of Northern Indiana Wagon City Speedway -- Racing Capital of the World Terre Haute Queen City of the Wabash Crossroads of America ( National Road / U.S. Route 40 and Dixie Bee Rd / U.S. Route 41 met in downtown ) Prairie City ( eastern edge of the Great Plains / prairies ) Pittsburgh of the West ( historical : city was an early steel center ) Valparaiso Vale of Paradise Valpo Van Buren -- Popcorn Capital of the World Vincennes -- Indiana 's First City Warsaw Lake City Orthopedic Capital of the World Iowa Main article : List of city nicknames in Iowa Algona -- Home of the World 's Largest Cheeto Cedar Rapids -- The City of Five Seasons Council Bluffs -- Iowa 's Leading Edge Des Moines -- Hartford of the West Dubuque -- Masterpiece on the Mississippi Dyersville -- Farm Toy Capital of the World Emmetsburg -- Iowa 's Irish Capital Fort Dodge -- Mineral City Fort Madison -- Pen City Grinnell -- Jewel of the Prairie Keokuk -- Gate City ( reported in the 1880s ) Knoxville -- Sprint Car Capitol of the World Lake City -- Everything But the Lake Le Mars -- Ice Cream Capital of the World Sioux City -- Little Chicago Villisca -- Living with a Mystery Kansas Main article : List of city nicknames in Kansas Andover -- Where the People are Warm Even When the Weather Is n't Baxter Springs -- First Cowtown in Kansas Beattie -- Milo Capital of the World Cassoday -- Prairie Chicken Capital of the World Cawker City -- Home of the World 's Largest Ball of Twine Dodge City Queen of the Cowtowns The Wickedest Little City in America Garden City -- Cutting Horse Capital Girard -- Printing Capital of the Nation Haysville -- Peach Capital of Kansas Jennings -- Czech Us Out Kansas City KCK Heart of America Kirwin -- Goose Capital La Crosse -- Barbed Wire Capital of the World Lansing -- City With a Future Lawrence -- River City Lenexa -- Spinach Capital Leoti -- Pinto Bean Capital Liberal -- The Land of Oz Lindsborg -- Little Sweden Manhattan -- The Little Apple Marion Rhino Capital of Kansas Town Between Two Lakes Marysville -- Black Squirrel Capital Norton -- Pheasant Capital of Kansas Olathe -- Cowboy Boot Capital Parsons -- Purple Martin Capital Pittsburg -- Fried Chicken Capital Quinter -- Half Mile High City Russell Springs -- Cow Chip Capital of Kansas Topeka -- Top City Wellington -- Wheat Capital of the World Wichita Air Capital of the World The Emerald City Wilson -- Czech Capital of Kansas Windom -- Covered Dish Capital of the World Kentucky Main article : List of city nicknames in Kentucky Nicknames for Lexington and Louisville celebrate the Bluegrass Region 's horse farms and the state 's most famous horse race , the Kentucky Derby , held at Churchill Downs in Louisville . Bardstown -- Bourbon Capital of the World Benham -- The Little Town That International Harvester , Coal Miners , and Their Families Built Berea -- Folk Arts and Crafts Capital of Kentucky Bowling Green Vette City The Park City Burnside -- The Only Town on Lake Cumberland Cave City -- Gateway to Mammoth Cave Covington -- Gateway to the South Crestwood -- Whiskers Danville -- City of Firsts Elizabethtown -- E Town Elkhorn City -- Gateway to the Breaks Fort Thomas -- The City of Beautiful Homes Grayson -- Heart of the Parks Hazard -- Queen City of the Mountains Hopkinsville -- Hoptown Hyden -- Redbud Capital of the World Lexington Athens of the West Horse Capital of the World Louisville City of Beautiful Churches Derby City The Fall City ( reported in the 1880s ) or Falls City Gateway to the South River City The Ville Madisonville -- Best Town on Earth . Manchester -- City of Hope Middlesboro The Athens of the Mountains The City Built Inside a Meteorite Crater Crater City Little Las Vegas The Magic City Monticello -- Houseboat Capital of the World Owensboro -- Barbecued Mutton Capital of the World Paducah -- Quilt City Paintsville -- The City Between the Lakes Paris -- Thoroughbred Capital of the World Pikeville -- The City That Moves Mountains Prestonsburg -- The Star City of Eastern Kentucky Renfro Valley -- Kentucky 's Country Music Capital Shelbyville -- The Gateway to the Bluegrass Simpsonville -- American Saddlebred Capital of the World Williamsburg -- Your Gateway to the Cumberlands Louisiana Main article : List of city nicknames in Louisiana Baton Rouge -- Big Raggedy Breaux Bridge -- Crayfish Capital of the World or Crawfish Capital of the World ( In Louisiana vernacular , `` Crawfish '' would be the correct way to say it . ) Des Allemands -- Catfish Capital of the World Dubach -- Dogtrot Capital of the World Gonzales -- Jambalaya Capital of the World Gueydan -- Duck Capital of America Jennings -- Cradle of Louisiana Oil Lafayette -- The Heart of Acadiana Lecompte -- Pie Capital of Louisiana New Orleans America 's Favorite City America 's Most Interesting City America 's Most European City America 's European Masterpiece The Big Easy ( as referenced in the film The Big Easy ) Birthplace of Jazz City of the Chefs City of Festivals City of Mystery The City that Care Forgot The Crescent City Mardi Gras City Nawlins New York of the South NOLA Paris of the South Queen City of the South The Queen of the Mississippi Saint City Super Bowl City Ponchatoula -- Strawberry Capital of the World Rayne -- Frog Capital of the World Shreveport -- Ratchet City Slidell -- The Camellia City ( official ) , The Dell St. Martinville -- Birthplace of Acadiana Maine Main article : List of city nicknames in Maine Bangor -- The Queen City of the East . Bath -- The City of Ships . Cherryfield -- Blueberry Capital of the World . Farmington Earmuff Capital of the World . Farm Town . Freeport -- Birthplace of Maine Lincoln -- The Gateway Town Lewiston The Armpit of Maine Dirty Lew Millinocket -- The Magic City Portland -- Forest City ( reported in 1894 ) Presque Isle -- The Star City . Rockland -- Lobster Capital of the World . Strong -- Toothpick Capital of the World . Waterville The Elm City The University City of Maine Maryland Main article : List of city nicknames in Maryland Annapolis Sailing Capital of the World Crabtown Naptown Baltimore America 's Comeback City Bodymore , Murdaland Charm City The City of Firsts The City That Reads Crab Cake Capital of the World The Greatest City in America Harm City Mobtown Monument City Columbia -- The Next America Crisfield -- Seafood Capital of the World Cumberland -- Queen City of the Alleghenies Hagerstown Hub City Maryland 's Gateway to the West Takoma Park Azalea City The People 's Republic of Takoma Park Massachusetts Main article : List of city nicknames in Massachusetts Amesbury -- Carriagetown Athol -- Tool Town Attleboro -- Jewelry Capital of America or Jewelry Capital of the World Boston Athens of America -- Boston Brahmins ' reference to the numerous cultural institutions which separated Boston from its counterparts Also called the Modern Athens . Beantown or Bean Town and variations ' The Bean ' , ' DA BEAN ' , BeanCity , B - town , etc . The Hub ( or the Hub of the Universe ) City of Notions The Cradle of Liberty Puritan City Brockton -- The City of Champions Cambridge -- The People 's Republic of Cambridge Chicopee Crossroads of New England Kielbasa Capital of the World Fall River -- Scholarship City Fitchburg -- The Dirty Bird Framingham Gardner Chair City Furniture Capital of New England Hadley -- Asparagus Capital of the World Holyoke Birthplace of Volleyball Paper City Leominster -- Pioneer Plastics City of the World Lexington -- The Birthplace of American Liberty Lowell The Mill City City of Spindles Manchester of America Natick -- Home of Champions New Bedford -- The Whaling City Newburyport -- Clipper City Newton -- The Garden City North Adams -- The Tunnel City North Andover -- Turkey Town Northampton Hamp NoHo The Paradise of America or The Paradise City Peabody -- Leather City , Tanner City Plymouth -- America 's Hometown Provincetown Like Nowhere Else P - Town Quincy -- City of Presidents Salem City of Peace City of Witches or The Witch City Sandwich -- Sangy Scituate -- The Irish Riviera Sharon -- Cowtown Somerville -- Slummerville Springfield Birthplace of Basketball City of Firsts City of Homes City of Progress Garden Spot of the East The Metropolis of Western New England Taunton The Christmas City City of Firsts The Silver City Tewksbury -- Tewksvegas Waltham -- Watch City Westfield -- The Whip City Westford -- The ' Ford Williamstown -- The Village Beautiful Winchendon -- Toy Town USA Worcester The Heart of the Commonwealth City of Seven Hills Wormtown The Woo Michigan Main article : List of city nicknames in Michigan Nicknames for Eau Claire and Traverse City are a reminder that cherries are an important crop in Michigan . Alma -- Scotland , USA Ann Arbor A or A-squared Tree Town Atlanta -- Elk Capital of Michigan Battle Creek Breakfast Capital of the World Cereal Bowl of the World Cereal City Beaver Island -- America 's Emerald Isle Belding Apple Capital Silk City Berrien Springs -- Christmas Pickle Capital of the World Champion -- Horse Pulling Capital of the U.P. Colon -- Magic Capital of the World Davison -- City of Flags Detroit America 's Comeback City Arsenal of Democracy City of Trees City of the Straits Hitsville , USA Hockeytown The Motor City Motown The D The Paris of the Midwest The Renaissance City Drummond Island -- Gem of the Huron Eau Claire -- Cherry Pit Spitting Capital of the World Elsie -- Michigan 's Dairy Capital Fairview -- Wild Turkey Capital of Michigan Flint The Auto City The Birthplace of General Motors Buick City The Vehicle City Frankenmuth -- Michigan 's Little Bavaria Fremont -- Baby Food Capital of the World Gaylord -- Michigan 's Alpine Village Glenn -- The Pancake Town Grand Haven -- Coast Guard City , USA Grand Rapids Furniture City Beer City USA Greenville -- The Danish Festival City Hamtramck City Within the City The World Within Two Square Miles Holland -- Tulip City Huntington Woods -- City of Homes Jackson -- Birthplace of the Republican Party Kalamazoo Bedding Plant Capital of the World Celery City Kazoo ( or K'Zoo ) Mall City ( first outdoor pedestrian mall in the US ) The Paper City Linwood -- Michigan 's Walleye Capital Mesick -- Mushroom Capital of the World Mount Clemens -- Bath City Mount Pleasant -- The Oil Capital of Michigan Muskegon The Beer Tent Capital of the World Port City The Riviera of the Midwest Lumber Queen of the World Naubinway -- Top of the Lake Negaunee -- Irontown , USA Newberry -- Moose Capital of Michigan Niles The City of Four Flags Garden City Northville -- Switzerland of Wayne County Omer -- Michigan 's Smallest City Onaway -- Sturgeon Capital of Michigan Paradise -- Wild Blueberry Capital of Michigan Pellston -- Icebox of the Nation Pinconning -- Cheese Capital of Michigan Portland -- City of Two Rivers Romulus -- Gateway to the World Saint Johns -- The Mint City Saint Louis -- Middle of the Mitten Sault Ste . Marie The Soo Michigan 's Oldest City ( founded 1668 ) South Haven -- Blueberry Capital of the World Traverse City -- Cherry Capital of the World Utica Hothouse Rhubarb Capital of the World Mushroom Capital of Michigan Vassar -- Cork Pine City Vicksburg -- The Village with a Vision Whitefish Point -- Cranberry Capital of Michigan Minnesota Main article : List of city nicknames in Minnesota Anoka -- Halloween Capital of the World Austin -- Spamtown USA Belding -- Apple Capital Bemidji -- First City on the Mississippi Braham -- Homemade Pie Capital of Minnesota Duluth The Zenith City The Twin Ports ( with Superior , Wisconsin ) Elk River -- Where City and Country Flow Together Hanover -- The Little City on the Crow Hermantown -- The City of Quality Living International Falls -- The Icebox of the United States Lake Benton -- Windpower Capital Madison -- Lutefisk Capital of the World Minneapolis City of Flour and Sawdust ( reported in 1883 ) City of Lakes Mill City The Mini Apple Murderapolis The Twin Cities ( with St. Paul ) Montgomery -- Kolacky Capital of the World Mountain Iron -- Taconite Capital of the World New Ulm -- The City of Charm and Tradition Northfield -- Cows , Colleges and Contentment Preston -- America 's Trout Capital Robbinsdale -- Birdtown Rochester -- Med City St. Cloud -- Granite City St. Louis Park -- St. Jewish Park Saint Paul Pigs Eye ( the city 's original name -- see Pierre `` Pig 's Eye '' Parrant for details ) Hockeytown Saintly City The Twin Cities ( with Minneapolis ) Stillwater -- The Birthplace of Minnesota Warroad -- Hockeytown Worthington -- Turkey Capital of the World Mississippi Main article : List of city nicknames in Mississippi Artesia -- Johnson Grass Capital of the World Belzoni -- Catfish Capital of the World . Biloxi -- The Playground of the South Greenwood -- Cotton Capital of the World . Gulfport Root Beer Capital of the World . Where Your Ship Comes In Hattiesburg -- Hub City Jackson Chimneyville City with Soul . Long Beach -- Radish Capital of the World Meridian -- The Queen City Oxford The literary center of the South The Little Easy ( in reference to New Orleans , the `` Big Easy '' ) Port Gibson -- The town too beautiful to burn Senatobia -- The Five Star City Vicksburg The Gibraltar of America . Red Carpet City of the South Take Me to the River Missouri Main article : List of city nicknames in Missouri Branson Las Vegas If Ned Flanders Ran It Brunswick -- Home of the World 's Largest Pecan Carthage -- The Maple Leaf City Chillicothe -- Home of Sliced Bread Columbia -- The Athens of Missouri CoMo Cuba -- Mural City Hannibal The Bluff City America 's Hometown Independence -- Where the Trails Start and the Buck Stops Jefferson City -- City of Thomas Jefferson Kansas City BBQ Capital of the World City of Fountains Cowtown Jazz Capital of the World K.C. ( inspiring the nickname of Casey Stengel , among others ) KCMO Paris of the Plains King City -- The Gem of the Highway Kirkwood -- The Green Tree City Lathrop -- Mule Capital of the World Marionville -- Home of the White Squirrels Moberly -- Magic City Neosho -- Flower Box City Peculiar -- Where the Odds Are with You St. Louis Gateway to the West River City Mound City The Lou Fourth City There 's More Than Meets the Arch Salem -- Charcoal Capital of the World Sedalia -- The Queen City of the Prairie Springfield Queen City of the Ozarks Birthplace of Route 66 Sumner -- Wild Goose Capital of the World Warrensburg -- The Burg Washington -- Corn Cob Pipe Capital of the World Montana Main article : List of city nicknames in Montana Billings The Magic City Montana 's Trailhead Montana 's City Star of the Big Sky Country B - Town . A recently - trending , popular unofficial nickname for Billings is `` B - Town '' . Although the names of three of Montana 's largest cities , Billings , Bozeman , & Butte all start with `` B '' , Billings is the city associated , especially on social media , with the nickname `` B - town '' . Another example of Billings ' interesting monopoly of the letter `` B '' in its monikers can be found in reference to MSU - B , née Eastern Montana University , the largest college or university in Billings , which merged , as part of the 1994 reorganization of Montana 's state university system , with Montana State University , founded over 100 years prior in Bozeman , Montana . `` Eastern '' as her alumni nicknamed their alma mater , was then renamed and now known under her current name of Montana State University Billings , or MSUB , retaining mascot Yellowjackets while the original MSU in Bozeman retains original mascot ( Golden ) Bobcats , or `` Cats '' , as popularly known . ( see Cat - Griz / Griz - Cat game , Brawl of the Wild . ) Bozeman -- The Bozone Butte The Mining City The Richest Hill on Earth Cut Bank -- Coldest Spot in the Nation Glendive -- Good People Surrounded by Badlands Great Falls -- The Electric City Helena -- Queen City of the Rockies Kalispell -- Hub of the Valley Libby -- City of Eagles Missoula -- The Garden City Nebraska Main article : List of city nicknames in Nebraska Cozad -- Alfalfa Capital of the World Crawford -- Deer Capital of Nebraska Dannebrog -- Danish Capital of Nebraska Eustis -- Sausage Capital of Nebraska Hastings Queen City of the Plains Birthplace of Kool - Aid . Kearney K - Town Dobytown Lincoln Hartford of the West The Star City Steak Capital of the World Loup City -- Polish Capital of Nebraska North Loup -- Popcorn Capital North Platte Little Chicago Flat Rock Oakland -- Swedish Capital of Nebraska O'Neill -- Nebraska 's Irish Capital Omaha The Big `` O '' River City Gateway to the West Randolph -- Honey Capital of the Nation Saint Paul - Baseball Capital of Nebraska Seward -- Nebraska 's 4th of July City South Omaha -- The Magic City Valentine -- Nebraska 's Heart City Unadilla -- Groundhog Capital of Nebraska Nevada Main article : List of city nicknames in Nevada Fallon -- The Oasis of Nevada . Genoa -- Home of the Candy Dance Las Vegas Gambling Capital of the World . Entertainment Capital of the World . Sin City . Reno The Biggest Little City in the World . The Neon Babylon Winnemucca -- City of Paved Streets . New Hampshire Main article : List of city nicknames in New Hampshire Berlin -- The City That Trees Built . Concord The Capital City . The City in a Coma . New Hampshire 's Main Street TM . Derry -- Space Town . Dover -- The Garrison City . Keene -- Elm City . Manchester ManchVegas . Queen City . Meredith -- Latchkey to the White Mountains . Milford -- Granite Town . Nashua -- The Gate City . Peterborough -- Our Town , named for the Thornton Wilder play written in and inspired by the village . Rochester -- Lilac City . Rumney -- Crutch Capital of the World . Salem -- Gateway to New Hampshire . New Jersey Main article : List of city nicknames in New Jersey Nicknames of several New Jersey communities celebrate their status as Jersey Shore resorts . Asbury Park -- The Dark City Atlantic City A.C. America 's Playground Byram Township -- The Township of Lakes Caldwell -- The Denver of the East Cranford -- The Venice of New Jersey Denville -- Hub of Morris County East Orange -- Illtown Elizabeth -- Eastwick Fair Lawn -- The Lawn Fort Lee -- The Birthplace of the Motion Picture Industry Fortescue -- Weakfish Capital of the World Franklin -- Fluorescent Mineral Capital of the World Garwood -- The Industrial Center of Union County Hackensack -- A City in Motion Hammonton -- Blueberry Capital of the World Hasbrouck Heights -- Hasbro Nation Hoboken -- The Mile Square City Jersey City America 's Golden Door Chilltown Wall Street West The Sixth Borough Keansburg -- Sleazeburg Long Beach Island -- LBI Long Branch America 's First Seaside Resort The Friendly City Madison -- The Rose City Metuchen -- The Brainy Boro Millville -- The Holly City Neptune Township -- The Crossroads of the Jersey Shore New Brunswick Health Care City Hub City Newark -- Brick City Ocean City America 's Greatest Family Resort A Moral Seaside Resort ( historic slogan from the 19th century ) Paterson -- Silk City Perth Amboy -- City by the Bay Plainfield -- Queen City Rutherford Borough of Trees The First Borough of Bergen County Seaside Heights -- Your Home for Family Fun Since 1913 ! Sleazeside Spring Lake -- The Irish Riviera Trenton -- Capital City The Town Union City Embroidery Capital of the United States Havana on the Hudson Vineland -- Dandelion Capital of the World New Mexico Main article : List of city nicknames in New Mexico Albuquerque Burque The Duke City The Q Anthony -- Leap Year Capital of the World ( shared with Anthony , Texas ) Carlsbad -- Cavern City Gallup -- Native American Capital of the World Hatch -- Chile Pepper Capital of the World Las Vegas -- Meadow City Los Alamos -- Atomic City Rio Rancho -- City of Vision Rodeo -- New Mexico 's most western town Roswell Alien Capital of the World The Aliens Are n't the Only Reason to Visit Santa Fe -- The City Different Santa Rosa -- The Scuba Capital of the Southwest Taos -- Soul of the Southwest New York Main article : List of city nicknames in New York Chazy calls itself the world capital of the McIntosh apple . Cooperstown , site of the Baseball Hall of Fame where this plaque honoring Ty Cobb is displayed , lays claim to the title `` Birthplace of Baseball . '' Lockport 's nickname of `` Lock City '' refers to the several Erie canal locks located in the city . Albany Cradle of the Union Smallbany ( somewhat derisive ) Amsterdam -- The Carpet City Auburn History 's Hometown The Prison City ( for Auburn Correctional Facility , formerly Auburn Prison ) Binghamton Parlor City Carousel Capital of the World Valley of Opportunity The Triple Cities ( with Johnson City and Endicott ) Hockey Town USA The Bronx ( part of New York City ) Boogie Down The Birthplace of Hip - Hop Brooklyn ( part of New York City ) The Borough of Homes and Churches ( also `` Borough of Churches '' or `` Borough of Homes '' ) The Borough of Trees Brooknam Bucktown , Home of the Original Gun Clappers . Crooklyn Buffalo The City of Good Neighbors The City of Light ( nickname at the time of the 1901 World 's Fair ) The City of No Illusions The Nickel City The Queen City ( or The Queen City of the Great Lakes ) Canandaigua -- The Chosen Spot Chazy -- The World Capital of McIntosh Apples Cooperstown -- Birthplace of Baseball Corinth -- Snowshoe Capital of the World Corning -- The Crystal City Cortland -- The Crown City Duluth -- The Air - Conditioned City Elba -- Onion Capital of the World Elmira -- Soaring Capital of the World Endicott The Magic City The Triple Cities ( with Binghamton and Johnson City ) Florida -- The Onion Capital of the World Fulton -- City with a Future Geneva -- Lake Trout Capital of the World Granville -- Slate Capital of the World Hamburg -- The Town That Friendship Built Hammondsport -- Cradle of Aviation Haverstraw -- Bricktown or Brickmaking Capital of the World Hornell -- The Maple City Hurley -- Sweet Corn Capital of the World J Jamestown The Furniture Capital of the World ( 1880s - 1940s ) The Pearl City Johnson City Home of the Square Deal The Triple Cities ( with Binghamton and Endicott ) Kingston -- Breadbasket of the Revolution Lockport -- Lock City Long Beach -- The City by the Sea Manhattan ( borough of New York City ) -- The City Mechanicville -- The Paper City Monsey -- Ir Hakodesh ( `` the holy city '' in Hebrew ) The city of Niagara Falls , New York , gets both its name and its nickname of `` Cataract City '' from the famous set of waterfalls known as Niagara Falls . New Rochelle Queen City of the Sound The City of Huguenots The City of Parks New Ro New York City See also : Nicknames of New York City The Big Apple The Capital of the World The City of Dreams The City So Nice , They Named It Twice The City That Never Sleeps Empire City Gotham Hymie Town Niagara Falls -- Cataract City North Tonawanda -- Lumber City O Ogdensburg The Maple City ( 19th century ) The New York of the North ( mid-19th century ) Palmyra -- Queen of Canal Towns Pearl River -- The Town of Friendly People Phelps -- Sauerkraut Capital Pine Island -- Onion Capital of the World Plattsburgh -- Ville Sur Le Lac ( French ) or The Lake City ( English ) Poughkeepsie Queen City of the Hudson Rhinebeck -- Anemone Capital of the World Rochester The Flour City ( historical ) The Flower City ( contemporary ) Ra - Cha - Cha Roc City Snapshot City Young Lion of the West The World 's Image Centre ( 1990 's ) Rome -- Copper City Roscoe -- Trout Town USA This 1907 postcard of Canfield Park and Saratoga Springs ' nickname `` the Spa City '' both recall the era when the city 's mineral springs and hotels made it a fashionable resort . Saratoga Springs The Racing City The Spa City Schenectady Electric City The City That Lights and Hauls the World Staten Island ( borough of New York City ) The Borough of Parks The Forgotten Borough Shaolin Syracuse -- Salt City Troy -- The Collar City U Utica The City That God Forgot Handshake City Sin City Watertown -- The Garland City Westfield -- Grape Juice Capital of the World Y Yonkers -- The Lost Borough North Carolina Main article : List of city nicknames in North Carolina Apex -- Peak of Good Living Asheville -- San Francisco of the South Boone -- Firefly Capital of the World Brevard -- Home of the white squirrels Calabash -- Seafood Capital of the World Cape Hatteras -- The Graveyard of the Atlantic Carrboro -- Paris of the Piedmont Chadbourn -- Strawberry Capital of the World Charlotte Buzz City Queen City The Hornet 's Nest Durham -- The Bull City Erwin -- Denim Capital of the World Fayetteville All - American City City of Dogwoods Fayettenam Tar Heel Town Torture Town The Soldier City Greensboro -- The Gate City The Boro The 6 Greensboring G - Boro Greenville The Emerald City G - Vegas High Point -- Furniture capital of the world Kannapolis -- City of Looms Maggie Valley -- Clogging Capital of the World Pinehurst -- Golf Capital of the World Raleigh -- The City of Oaks ; Raleigh Wood ; Ruff Raleigh ; Oak City Thomasville -- Chair City ; T - Ville Wilmington The Port City Wilmywood Winston - Salem Camel City The Dash Tre - Fo The Twin City Winston - Slums Tobaccotown Reynoldsville North Dakota Main article : List of city nicknames in North Dakota Cando -- You Can Do Better in Cando Dickinson -- Queen City or Queen City of the Prairies Drayton -- Catfish Capital of the North Jamestown -- The Buffalo City Minot -- The Magic City Ray -- Grain Palace City Rugby -- Geographical Center of North America St. John -- City at the end of the Rainbow Towner -- Cattle Capital of North Dakota Ohio Main article : List of city nicknames in Ohio Alliance , which is officially nicknamed the Carnation City , helped make the scarlet carnation the state flower of Ohio . The sculpture Flyover in downtown Dayton , the `` Birthplace of Aviation , '' tracks the path of the Wright Brothers ' first powered aircraft flight . Akron City of Invention Rubber Capital of the World . Rubber City Summit City Tire City . Alliance -- Carnation City . Amherst -- Sandstone Capital of the World . Barberton -- Magic City Bowling Green -- Pull Town Bucyrus -- Bratwurst Capital of the World . Cambridge -- The Home of Hopalong Cassidy Canton America 's Playing Field Hall of Fame City Chillicothe -- Ohio 's First Capital Paper City Cincinnati -- see also Cincinnati nicknames The Blue Chip City Cincy ( or Cinci ) The City of Seven Hills The ' Nati Paris of America Porkopolis The Queen City The Queen of the West The Tri-State CinCity Ohio 's Maserati Cincinasty Circleville -- Round Town Cleveland -- see also Cleveland nicknames America 's North Coast C - Town City of Champions -- Popularized in 2016 after area native Stipe Miocic won the UFC World Heavyweight Championship , the Lake Erie Monsters ( now Cleveland Monsters ) won the Calder Cup , and the Cleveland Cavaliers won the NBA Championship all within a six - week span in that calendar year . The Best Location in the Nation The Cleve ( nickname used in TV show 30 Rock ) The Forest City The Heart of New Connecticut The Land Mistake on the Lake Believe - land Rock n ' Roll Capital Of The World The 216 -- Referring to the local area code The CLE Cleveland Heights C - Heights Columbus The Arch City Buckeye City Cowtown The Discovery City C - bus Indie Arts Capital of the World Somaliwood ( a reference to the local Somali film industry ) The Biggest Small Town In America Test Market , USA Dayton The Gem City Birthplace of Aviation ( commemorates the Wright brothers , who invented the airplane in their bicycle shop in Dayton ) Little Detroit Dirty Dayton Delphos -- America 's Friendliest City Deshler -- Corn City Dublin -- The Emerald City Findlay -- Flag City Fremont -- Cutlery Capitol of the World Gahanna -- Ohio 's Herb Capital Gallipolis -- City of the Gauls Greenville -- Treaty City Gomer -- Gomerica Hamilton The City of Sculpture The Safe Capital of the World Huber Heights -- The Brick City Kent -- The Tree City Kenton -- Little Chicago Lancaster -- Little Vegas Lebanon -- The Cedar City Lima -- BeanTown ( refers to the Lima Bean ) Lorain -- International City Loveland Sweetheart of Ohio Little Switzerland of the Miami Valley Marion -- World 's Popcorn Capital . Miamisburg -- The Star City . Norwalk -- The Maple City Norwood -- Gem of the Highlands O Oberlin -- The Town that Started the Civil War Pickerington -- Violet Capital of Ohio . Port Clinton -- Walleye Capital of the World . Piqua Pukequa Reynoldsburg -- Birthplace of the Tomato Sabina -- The Eden of Ohio Sandusky -- The Roller Coaster Capital of the World Springfield Champion City ( refers to the Champion reaper that was once produced in the city ) City at the End of the Road Home City Rose City or City of Roses Strongsville -- Crossroads of the Nation Sugarcreek -- The Little Switzerland of Ohio Toledo Corn City Frog Town Glass Capital of the World The Glass City The Solar Valley The Mud The 419 Troy Berry - land U University Heights -- City of Beautiful Homes V Valley City -- Frog Jump Capital of Ohio . Wapakoneta -- Moon City Waynesville -- Antique capital of the Midwest . Willard -- City of Blossoms Wilmington Dubtown Wilmy X Xenia -- Twine City Y Youngstown Crimetown , USA Murdertown , USA The Steel Valley Steeltown , U.S.A. Poster Child for Deindustrialization Yompton ( In reference to Compton , California ) Z Zanesville City of Natural Advantages Clay City or Pottery Capital of the World Y - Bridge City Oklahoma Main article : List of city nicknames in Oklahoma Bartlesville -- City of Legends . Beaver -- Cow Chip Capital of the World . Drumright -- Town of Oil Repute . El Reno -- The Onion Fried Burger Capital of the World Enid -- `` E-town '' or Etown . Glenpool -- The Town that Made Tulsa Famous Inola -- Hay Capital of the World Mannford -- Striped Bass Capital . Muskogee -- The Gee Oklahoma City The Big Friendly The City OKC The Cinderella City Purcell Quarterhorse Capital of the World . The Heart of Oklahoma . Rush Springs -- Watermelon Capital of the World . Stilwell -- Strawberry Capital . Tulsa Oil Capital of the World . T - Town Oregon Main article : List of city nicknames in Oregon Albany -- Grass Seed Capital of the World Amity -- Where Friendship Begins Brookings -- Where Flowers Meet the Sea Carlton -- A Great Little Town Columbia City -- City of Beauty and Livability Cornelius -- Oregon 's Family Town Cottage Grove -- Covered Bridge Capital of Oregon Dayton -- Rich In History ... Envisioning Our Future Depoe Bay Whale Watching Capital of the Oregon Coast The World 's Smallest Harbor Eugene The Emerald City Tracktown , USA Forest Grove -- A Place Where Families and Businesses Thrive Garibaldi -- Oregon 's Authentic Fishing Village Grants Pass -- Where the Rogue River Runs Keizer -- Iris Capital of the World Klamath Falls -- Oregon 's City of Sunshine La Grande -- The Hub of Northeast Oregon Lakeview -- Tallest Town in Oregon Lebanon -- It 's Easier From Here Milton - Freewater -- Muddy Frogwater Country Milwaukie -- The Dogwood City of the West Molalla -- Home of the Buckaroo Rodeo Newberg -- A Great Place to Grow Newport -- The Dungeness Crab Capital of the World North Plains -- City to the Sunset Nyssa Gateway to the Oregon Trail Thunderegg Capital of the World Oakridge The Center of Oregon Recreation Mountain Biking Capital of the Northwest Ontario -- Where Oregon Begins Phoenix -- The Other Phoenix Portland Main article : Nicknames of Portland , Oregon Bridgetown Rip City Rose City or City of Roses Stumptown Roseburg -- Timber Capital of the Nation Salem -- The Cherry City Sandy -- Gateway to Mount Hood Silverton -- Oregon 's Garden City Springfield -- Proud History , Bright Future Stayton -- Gateway to the Santiam Canyon Talent -- Our name speaks for itself Tigard -- A Place to Call Home Waldport -- Where the Forest Meets the Sea Yamhill -- A Small Taste of Oregon Pennsylvania Main article : List of city nicknames in Pennsylvania A sign proclaiming Scranton as `` The Electric City '' overlooks Courthouse Square . The city got its moniker for being the site of the nation 's first electric - powered streetcars . Allentown Band City USA Peanut City The Queen City Silk City . Truck Capital of the World . Bethlehem -- Christmas City , USA Erie The Flagship City The Gem City Hanover -- Snack Capital of the World . Hershey Chocolate Capital of the World . Chocolate Town The Sweetest Place on Earth . Indiana -- Christmas Tree Capital of the World Johnstown The Flood City The Friendly City Lancaster -- The Red Rose City New Castle -- Fireworks Capital . Philadelphia The Athens of America -- `` References can be found as early as 1733 when the Library Company 's directors wrote , `` May your Philadelphia be the future of Athens in America . '' The Big Scrapple The City of Brotherly Love -- a literal translation of the city 's name from the original Greek language The City That Loves You Back City of Homes Filthadelphia or Filthydelphia Killadelphia Philly Quaker City The Workshop of the World Pittsburgh Birmingham of America The ' Burgh The City of Bridges The City of Champions Iron City The Smoky City The Steel City Punxsutawney -- Weather Capital of the World . Reading Baseballtown Pretzel Capital of the World . Scranton -- The Electric City State College -- Happy Valley Wilkes - Barre -- Diamond City Rhode Island Main article : List of city nicknames in Rhode Island Galilee ( in the town of Narrangansett ) -- Tuna Capital of the World . Newport America 's First Resort Sailing Capital of the World Pawtucket -- The Bucket Providence America 's Renaissance City or The Renaissance City Beehive of Industry The Creative Capital PVD `` Prov '' Warwick -- Crossroads of Rhode Island Woonsocket -- Woony South Carolina Main article : List of city nicknames in South Carolina Anderson -- The Electric City . Barnwell -- Gateway to the Low Country Blacksburg -- The Iron City . Bluffton -- Heart of the Lowcountry Charleston The Big Sweet Grass Basket The Holy City Cheraw The Prettiest Town in Dixie Chesterfield The Heart of the Carolinas Columbia The Capital of Southern Hospitality Cola City / Town River City Soda City Capital City Elgin -- Home of the Catfish Stomp Greenville -- Textile Capital of the World Greenwood -- The Emerald City Myrtle Beach -- Golf Capital of the World . Orangeburg -- The Garden City Rock Hill -- The Gateway to South Carolina Ruby Jewel City of the South Spartanburg The Hub City . Sparkle City . Sumter -- The Gamecock City Winnsboro -- Rock City South Dakota Main article : List of city nicknames in South Dakota Aberdeen -- The Hub City . The Town in the Frog Pond . Clark -- Potato Capital of South Dakota . Fort Thompson -- Paddlefish Capital of the World . Leola -- Rhubarb Capital of the World . Rapid City The Gateway to the Black Hills . Real America Up Close . Star of the West . Redfield -- Pheasant Capital of the World . Sioux Falls -- Gateway to the Plains . Watertown -- South Dakota 's Rising Star . Tennessee Main article : List of city nicknames in Tennessee Adamsville -- The Biggest Little Town in Tennessee Athens -- The Friendly City Bristol -- The Birthplace of Country Music ( shares this nickname with Bristol , Virginia ) Chattanooga Dynamo of Dixie The Scenic City City of Lights Gateway to the South Clarksville Gateway to the New South The Queen City or Queen of the Cumberland Tennessee 's Top Spot ( introduced as a new city `` brand '' in April 2008 ) Columbia -- Mule Capital of the World Elizabethton -- City of Power Greeneville -- Home of President Andrew Johnson Johnson City -- Little Chicago of the South Jonesborough -- Tennessee 's Oldest Town Kenton -- Home of the White Squirrels . Kingsport -- The Model City Knoxville The Marble City Underwear Capital of the World Lebanon -- Appalachian Square Dance Capital of the World Lenoir City -- Lakeway to the Smokies McMinnville -- Nursery Capital of the World Memphis Barbecued Pork Capital of the World Home of the Blues . Bluff City Birthplace of Rock ' n Roll Nashville The Athens of the South City of Rocks ( reported in the 1880s ) Minneapolis of the South ( historical ) Music City The Protestant Vatican Oak Ridge America 's Secret City The Atomic City Shelbyville Pencil City Walking Horse Capital of the World Wartrace -- Cradle of the Tennessee Walking Horse . Texas Main article : List of city nicknames in Texas A.C. Abilene The Key City Lene Town ( used in hip - hop culture ) Alpine -- Gateway to the Big Bend Amarillo - The Big Brown Flat , Bomb City ( due to proximity to the Pantex facility ) , Yellow City Anahuac -- Alligator Capital of Texas Anthony -- Leap Year Capital of the World ( shared with Anthony , New Mexico ) Athens -- Blackeyed Pea Capital of the World Austin ATX Bat City The Capitol City City of the Violet Crown Hippie Haven `` Blueberry in the Red State '' Live Music Capital of the World River City Silicon Hills The Velvet Rut Baird -- Antique Capital of Texas Bandera -- Cowboy Capital of the World Bertram -- Home of the Oatmeal Festival Boerne -- Key to the Hill Country Brady -- The True Heart of Texas Brackettville -- Home of John Wayne 's The Alamo Breckenridge -- Mural Capital of Texas Brenham -- Ice Cream City Brownsville -- Chess Capital of Texas Buda -- Outdoor Capital of Texas Burnet Bluebonnet co-Capital of Texas ( with Llano , TX ) It is pronounced BURN - IT , Durn - it , Ca n't ya LEARN it ? Caldwell -- Kolache Capital of Texas Clifton -- Norwegian Capital of Texas College Station -- Aggieland , Cstat Colorado City -- The Heart of West Texas Commerce -- Bois d'arc Capital of Texas Corpus Christi -- Sparkling City by the Sea Corsicana -- Fruit Cake Capital of the World Crystal City -- Spinach Capital of the World Cuero -- Turkey Capital of the World D-F Dallas Big D City of Hate D - Town Metroplex ( with Fort Worth ) Danevang -- Danish Capital of Texas Deer Park -- The Birthplace of Texas Denison -- Wine Root Stock Capital of the World Denton Little D Redbud Capital of Texas Dickens -- Wild Boar Capital Dublin -- Irish Capital of Texas Duncanville -- City of Champions Eagle Lake -- Goose Hunting Capital of the World Eagle Pass -- Where Yee - Ha Meets Olé El Paso The City With a Legend Chuco Town El Chuco EPT The Sun City Electra -- Pump Jack Capital of Texas Elgin -- Sausage Capital of Texas Ennis -- Bluebonnet City Floresville -- Peanut Capital of Texas Flower Mound -- FloMo Floydada -- Pumpkin Capital Fort Davis -- Where the Stars Come Out to Play Fort Worth Cowtown Funky Town Panther City Metroplex ( with Dallas ) Queen City of the Prairie Fort Crunk Where the West Begins Fredericksburg Fritztown Polka Capital of Texas Friona -- Cheeseburger Capital of Texas G-l Galveston -- Oleander City , G - town , Galveston Island , Island of Texas Gatesville -- Spur Capital of Texas George West -- Storyfest Capital of Texas Georgetown -- Red Poppy Capital of Texas Gilmer -- Home of the Yamboree ( refers to yams ) Glen Rose -- Dinosaur Capital of Texas Gonzales -- Lexington of Texas . ( The first battle of the Texas Revolution occurred here ; the name is a reference to Lexington , Massachusetts , where the American Revolutionary War began . ) Hamilton -- Dove Capital of Texas Happy -- The Town Without a Frown Hawkins -- Pancake Capital of Texas Hearne -- Sunflower Capital of Texas Hereford -- Town Without a Toothache Houston -- see Nicknames of Houston Huntsville Prison City of Texas ( the Texas Department of Criminal Justice is headquartered in Huntsville ) Execution Capital of the World / Death Penalty City ( Texas ' execution chamber is located in Huntsville , and Texas often leads all US states in executions per year ; death row was located in Huntsville but later relocated ) Hutto -- Hippo Capital of Texas Jacksonville -- Tomato Capital of the World Jasper -- Butterfly Capital of Texas Jefferson -- Bed and Breakfast Capital of Texas Jones Creek -- Historic City of the Future Kaufman -- Red Tail Hawk Capital Kenedy Horned Lizard Capital of Texas Texas Horned Lizard Capital of the World Kerrville -- Lose Your Heart to the Hills Kilgore -- Texas City of Stars Killeen -- Kill City Kingsville -- Gem City of the Southwest Knox City -- Seedless Watermelon Capital of Texas Lake Jackson -- The City of Enchantment Laredo The City Under Seven Flags The Gateway City Llano -- Deer Capital of Texas Lockhart -- Barbecue Capital of Texas Longview -- Purple Martin Capital of Texas Lubbock Hub City Hub of the Plains Lufkin -- Crossroads of East Texas M-Q Madisonville -- Mushroom Capital of Texas Marlin -- Hot Mineral Water City of Texas Mauriceville -- Crawfish Capital of Texas McAllen Square Dance Capital of the World The Texas Tropics McCamey -- Wind Energy Capital of Texas Mesquite -- Rodeo Capital of Texas Midland Ostrich Capital of Texas The Tall City Petroplex ( shared with Odessa ) Midlothian -- Cement and Steel Capital of Texas Mineola -- Birding capital of East Texas Mission -- Home of the Ruby Red Grapefruit Mount Pleasant -- Bass Capital of Texas Nacogdoches -- The Oldest Town in Texas Naples -- The Watermelon Capital of The World Navasota -- Blues Capital of Texas Odessa Jackrabbit Capital of Texas or Jackrabbit - Roping Capital of Texas Petroplex ( shared with Midland ) Palacios City By The Sea Shrimp Capital of Texas Paris -- Crape Myrtle City Plano -- Hot Air Balloon Capital of Texas Port Arthur -- Energy City Quitman -- Big Bass Capital of Texas R-t Roanoke -- The Unique Dining Capital of Texas Round Rock -- Daffodil Capital of Texas San Angelo The End of the Rainbow The Oasis of West Texas ( The city is unusual in West Texas for having three rivers and three lakes . ) Queen City of Central West Texas Texas ' biggest small town Wool Capital or the Wool and Mohair Capital of the World San Antonio Alamo City Countdown City Deuce Dime River City Something to Remember The Tone San Marcos San Marvelous Sanderson -- Cactus Capital of Texas Sansom Park -- City on the Move Seguin -- Pecan Capital of the World Shenandoah -- More Than Just a Song Smithville -- Heart of the Megalopolis Temple -- Wildflower Capital of Texas Terlingua -- Chili Capital of the World Texarkana Twice as Nice T - Town Twin City TK Texas City -- City by the Bay The Colony -- City by the Lake The Woodlands The Hoodlands The Bubble Disney Woods Turkey -- Western Swing Capital of the World Tyler -- Rose Capital of the World U-Z Victoria -- The Crossroads of South Texas Waco -- The Buckle of the Bible Belt Waxahachie -- Crape Myrtle Capital of Texas Weatherford Cutting horse capital of the world . Peach Capital of Texas Watermelon Capital of the World . Weslaco -- Citrus Capital of Texas West -- Czech Heritage Capital of Texas West Tawakoni -- Catfish Capital of Texas Wichita Falls -- The City That Faith Built , The Falls , Falls Town Wills Point -- Bluebird Capital of Texas Utah Main article : List of city nicknames in Utah Cedar City -- Festival City USA Cottonwood Heights -- City between the Canyons Green River -- The World 's Watermelon Capital Kanab Utah 's Little Hollywood Greatest Earth on Show Orem -- Family City USA Provo -- Happy Valley Salt Lake City City of the Saints Crossroads of the West Small Lake City Smog Lake City Springville -- Art City Vermont Main article : List of city nicknames in Vermont Barre -- Granite Capital of the World . Burlington The Queen City . The People 's Republic of Burlington ( used when Bernie Sanders was mayor ) . Rutland The Marble City . RutVegas . St. Albans -- Rail City . White River Junction -- River City Winooski -- The Onion City Virginia Main article : List of city nicknames in Virginia Bristol -- The Birthplace of Country Music ( shares this nickname with Bristol , Tennessee ) Charlottesville -- So Very Virginia Colonial Beach -- Oyster Capital of the Potomac Fredericksburg America 's Most Historic City Where History Never Gets Old Harrisonburg -- The Friendly City Honaker -- Redbud Capital of the World Lynchburg City of Seven Hills The Hill City Norfolk -- Life , Celebrated Daily Radford -- The New River City Richmond The River City Capital of the South Roanoke Star City of the South Magic City Williamsburg The Colonial Capital The Burg Thrilliamsburg Winchester -- Apple Capital of the World . Washington Main article : List of city nicknames in Washington Blaine 's nickname celebrates the Peace Arch on the U.S. border with Canada . Aberdeen -- Port of Missing Men Algona -- City of the Great Blue Heron Auburn -- More Than You Imagined Bellevue -- City in a Park Bellingham City of Subdued Excitement Let Us Surprise You Blaine -- The Peace Arch City Bothell -- For a Day or a Lifetime Burlington -- The Hub City Chehalis -- Rose City Chewelah -- Place For All Seasons Colville -- Washington 's Most Livable Community Cosmopolis -- City of the World Enumclaw -- The Gateway to Mount Rainier Everett -- City on the Sound Forks -- The Logging Capital of the World Gig Harbor -- The Maritime City Ilwaco -- By Land or By Sea Kelso City of Friendly People Smelt Capital of the World Kirkland Gateway to Seattle ( adopted in 1926 ) The Little City that Could Lynden -- The Gem City Marysville -- The Strawberry City Olympia -- Oly Poulsbo -- Little Norway Pullman -- Lentil Capital Puyallup -- The Land of Generous People Redmond Bicycle Capital of the Northwest Home of Microsoft Richland The Windy Town City Of the Bombers Atomic City Seattle The Rattle City of Flowers ( adopted in the 1940s ) Coffee Capital of the World Emerald City : official since 1982 Jet City : for the prominence of the aerospace industry , especially Boeing . Queen City ( of the Pacific Northwest ) : official from 1869 -- 1982 Rain City Sedro - Woolley -- Gateway to the North Cascades Sequim -- Sunny Sequim Spokane -- The Lilac City Sumner -- Rhubarb Pie Capital Tacoma America 's # 1 Wired City The City of Destiny -- Applied in 1873 when Tacoma was the terminus for the Northern Pacific Railroad . Tackyoma T - Town Grit City Walla Walla -- The City was so Nice , They Named it Twice Wenatchee -- Apple Capital of the World . Yakima -- The Palm Springs of Washington West Virginia Main article : List of city nicknames in West Virginia Bluefield -- Nature 's Air Conditioned City Charleston -- Chemicalville Fairmont -- The Gymnastics Capital of West Virginia Petersburg -- Home of the Golden Trout Weirton -- Forged by Steel Wheeling -- Nail City Wisconsin Main article : List of city nicknames in Wisconsin The nicknames of several Wisconsin communities celebrate the state 's cheese - making industry . Cheese curds , shown here covered with batter and deep - fried , traditionally have been available only at cheese factories . Algoma Wisconsin 's Trout and Salmon Capital Warm Welcomes , Cool Breezes and Hot Fishing Allenton -- You Have Friends in Allenton Alma Center -- Strawberry Capital of Wisconsin Amery -- City of Lakes Arbor Vitae / Woodruff -- Crossroads of the North Ashland -- Ashland Tops Wisconsin Babcock -- The Cranberry Pie Capital Baldwin -- The Biggest Little Town in Wisconsin Baraboo -- Circus City of the World Barron -- Turkey Capital of Wisconsin Bayfield -- Best Kept Secret in Wisconsin Bear Creek -- Home of the World 's Largest Sauerkraut Plant Beaver Dam -- Beaver Dam -- Make Yourself at Home Belleville -- UFO Capital of the World Belmont -- Home of the First Territorial Capital Beloit -- Gateway to Wisconsin Berlin -- Fur and Leather Capital Birchwood -- Bluegill Capital of Wisconsin Black Creek Birthplace of the First Organized National Baseball Team Crossroads to the Northwoods Black Earth -- The Only Black Earth in the World Black River Falls -- Deer Capital of Wisconsin Blanchardville -- The Village in the Valley Bloomer -- Rope Jump Capital of the World Blue River -- Heart of the Lower Wisconsin River Bonduel -- Spelling Capital of Wisconsin Boscobel Birthplace of the Gideon Bible Turkey Hunting Capital of Wisconsin Boulder Junction -- Musky Capital of the World Boyceville -- Cucumber Capital of Wisconsin Boyd -- The Friendly Town -- Why Go By Brodhead -- The Bicycle Gateway to Wisconsin Burlington -- Chocolate City , USA Cambridge -- The Umbrella City Cassville -- Where History , Bald Eagles and the Mississippi Meet Cedarburg -- Historic Cedarburg Chippewa Falls -- Naturally the World 's Purest Water Clam Lake -- Heart of the Chequamegon National Forest Clintonville -- The Good Life Unlimited Colby -- Home of Colby Cheese Columbus -- Red Bud City Combined Locks Headwaters Vacationland Conservation , Protection , Preservation Cornell -- Stacker City Cornucopia -- Wisconsin 's Northern Most Post Office Cross Plains -- Famous For Friendliness Cuba City -- The City of Presidents Cumberland Rutabaga Capital The Island City Darlington -- The Pearl of the Pecatonica , U.S.A. Delavan -- Clown Town , U.S.A Dickeyville -- Home of the Famous Dickeyville Grotto Dodgeville -- At the heart of it all Dousman -- Bullfrog Station Eagle River Snowmobile Capital of the World Wisconsin 's Cranberry Country Eau Claire Horseradish Capital of the World Kubb Capital of North America Eden -- Hometown of Baseball Star Jim Gantner Edgar -- Progressive Village Serving People Edgerton -- Tobacco City Elkhorn The Christmas Card City Living in Harmony Ellsworth -- Cheese Curd Capital of Wisconsin Elmwood -- UFO Capital of the World Ephraim -- The Pearl of the Peninsula Ettrick -- Fun City , USA Evansville -- Soybean Capital of Wisconsin Exeland -- Trout Fishing Capital of Wisconsin Fennimore -- Fennimore ... `` The City on the Move ! '' Florence County -- Heart of Wild Rivers Country Fond du Lac -- Winners Choice Forest Junction -- You Can Get There From Here Fox Cities -- Refreshing Change of Place Fox Lake -- Home of Bunny Berigan Francis Creek -- A Nice Place to Live Fremont -- White Bass Capital of the World Galesville -- Garden of Eden Gays Mills -- The Apple Capital of Wisconsin Germantown Deutschstadt Gateway to Washington County Gleason -- Brook Trout Fishing Capital of the World Glidden -- Black Bear Capital of the World Grantsburg -- Home of Big Gust Green Bay Titletown USA Toilet paper Capital of the World Packertown Green Lake -- Wisconsin 's Lake Trout Capital Haugen -- Kolache Capital Hayward -- Home of World Record Muskies Hazel Green -- Point of Beginning Hillsboro -- Czech Capital of Wisconsin Holmen -- Yes , Holmen Horicon -- Home of the Horicon Marsh Hurley -- Where 51 Ends ... Family Fun Begins J Janesville Bower City City of Parks Wisconsin 's Park Place Jefferson -- The Gemütlichkeit City Jim Falls -- Biggest Little Town on the River Johnson Creek -- Crossroads With a Future Juda -- Buffalo Roast Capital of Wisconsin Juneau -- Birthplace of Addie Joss ( Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher ) Kaukauna -- The Electric City Kenosha -- Kenosha ... For All Seasons Kewaskum -- Gateway to the Kettle Moraine State Forest Kewaunee -- Kewaunee -- Spirit of the Lakeshore La Crosse -- God 's Country . Mud City , USA Lac du Flambeau -- Lake of Torches Lake Geneva -- Enjoyed for Over 100 Years by the Rich & Famous Lake Tomahawk -- Snowshoe Baseball Capital of the World Lancaster -- City of the Dome Land O ' Lakes -- Land of Four Seasons Fun Langlade County -- Wisconsin 's Get - Away County Lodi -- Home of Susie the Duck Lone Rock -- Coldest Spot in the Nation ( With the Warmest Heart ) Madison Mad City Madtown City of Four Lakes Manitowish Waters -- Wisconsin 's Northwoods Year - Round Vacationland Manitowoc Wisconsin 's Maritime Capital Manty Clipper City Skunk Hollow Marinette -- Marinette County Waterfalls Capital of Wisconsin Marshfield The City in the Center Cheese City USA Mayville -- Jayville Mazomanie -- Turn - of - the - Century Railroad Town Medford -- People , Pride and Progress Menasha ( city ) -- Menasha on the Move Menasha ( town ) -- Bridging the Fox Cities Menomonie -- Traditional Yet Progressive Mercer -- Loon Capital of the World Merrill -- Enjoy the Merrill Advantage Middleton -- The Good Neighbor City Milton -- History in Progress Milwaukee Brew City / Brew Town / The Brew City of Festivals Cream City The German Athens of America A Great Place on a Great Lake Mil - town Mineral Point -- The City Where Wisconsin Began Minocqua -- The Island City Monona -- City of Pride , and It Shows Monroe -- Swiss Cheese Capital of the U.S.A Montfort -- Home of the Fort Mt . Horeb -- The Troll Capital Muscoda -- Morel Mushroom Capital of Wisconsin New Auburn -- Gateway to the Ice Age Park New Berlin -- City Living with a Touch of Country. , New Glarus -- America 's Little Switzerland New Holstein -- Cow Town , USA New London -- Heart of Wolf River Country New Richmond -- The City Beautiful Norwalk -- The Black Squirrel Capital of the World O Oak Creek -- Where City Meets The Country Oconomowoc -- A Special Place Oconto -- Oconto -- History on the Bay Omro -- Bridge to the Future Onalaska -- Sunfish Capital of the World Oregon -- Horse Capital of Wisconsin Oshkosh -- Oshkosh on the Water Palmyra -- Heartbeat of the Kettle Moraine Pardeeville -- Home of the World Watermelon Eating and Seed Spitting Championships Park Falls -- Ruffed Grouse Capital of the World Peshtigo -- Home of the Great Peshtigo Fire Phelps -- Headwaters County ( Start of Wisconsin River ) Phillips We 've Saved a Place for You ! Trophy Whitetail Capital Pittsville -- Exact Geographical Center of the State Platteville -- Home of the Chicago Bears Summer Training Camp Plover -- Golden Sands Area Plum City -- A Small Village in a Peaceful Valley Plymouth -- The Cream of Wisconsin Poniatowski -- The Center of the Northwestern World Port Washington -- Picturesque Port Washington Jewel of the Lake Michigan Shore Portage Historic Portage Potosi - Tennyson -- Catfish Capital of Wisconsin Prairie du Chien -- Wisconsin 's Second Oldest Settlement ( Where Great Rivers Meet ) Prescott -- Where the Mighty Mississippi Meets the Beautiful St. Croix River Presque Isle Walleye Capital of the World Wisconsin 's Last Wilderness Price County -- We 've Saved a Place for You Princeton -- Princeton on the Fox -- Where Yesterday Meets Tomorrow Pulaski -- Polka Town Racine Kringle Capital of the World The Belle City Randolph -- A Great Place to Grow Redgranite -- Home of the State Rock Reedsburg -- Butter Capital of America Rhinelander -- Home of the Hodag Richland Center -- From Farming to Frank Lloyd Wright Ripon -- Birthplace of the Republican Party Sauk City / Prairie du Sac -- Cow Chip Throwing Capital of Wisconsin Saukville -- Saukville Will Work for You Sayner - Star Lake -- The Birthplace of the Snowmobile Seymour -- Home of the Hamburger Sheboygan Bratwurst Capital of the World The City of Cheese , Chairs , and Children Shiocton -- Where Nature Begins Siren -- Lilac Capital of Wisconsin Soldiers Grove -- America 's First Solar Village Somerset -- Tubing Capital of the World Sparta -- Bicycling Capital of America Spencer -- A Friendly Small Town with a Future Spooner -- Crossroads of the North Spring Valley -- Home of the Largest Earthen Dam in the Midwest St. Germain The Friendliest Town in the Northwoods All Trails Lead to St. Germain Birthplace of Colorama Stevens Point -- See Our Point of View Gateway to the Pineries Stockbridge -- Sturgeon Center of the World Stoughton -- The City of Progress and Opportunity Stratford -- Stratford on the Move Sun Prairie -- The Groundhog Capital of the World Superior Where Sail Meets Rail I 'm a Superior Lover Soup Town The Twin Ports ( with Duluth , Minnesota ) . Taycheedah -- Sheepshead Fishing Capital of the World Tilden -- Halfway Between the North Pole and the Equator Tomah -- Where the I Divides Gateway to Cranberry Country Tomahawk -- Gateway to the Northwoods Trego -- The Wild River City Two Rivers Birthplace of the Ice Cream Sundae Coolest Spot in Wisconsin or the Cool City V Verona -- Hometown USA Viroqua -- Viroqua Quality -- Discover It Warrens -- The Cranberry Capital of Wisconsin Watertown -- Home of the First Kindergarten in America Waukesha Spring City Birthplace of Les Paul Waunakee -- The Only Waunakee in the World Waupaca -- Chain - O - Lakes Waupun City of Sculpture Prison City Wild Goose Center of Wisconsin Wausau -- Our Peak Season Never Ends Wausaukee -- Ranger City USA Wautoma -- Christmas Tree Capital of the World Wauwatosa -- Tosa Webster -- The Fishbowl of Wisconsin Weyauwega -- Home of Horse and Buggy Days Whitefish Bay -- Whitefolks Bay Wild Rose -- The Land of Lakes and Streams Wilton -- The Heart of the Trail Winchester -- Wisconsin 's Unchanged Wilderness Winneconne -- Winneconne on the Wolf Wisconsin Dells -- Waterpark Capital of the World ( commercial , trademarked ) Wisconsin Rapids -- Paper City Wonewoc Midpoint of the 400 Trail We Are User Friendly Woodman -- The Dinky 's Last Stop Woodruff -- Home of the Million Penny Parade Wyoming Main article : List of city nicknames in Wyoming Casper -- Oil City Cheyenne -- The Magic City of the Plains . Cody -- Rodeo Capital of the World Douglas -- Jackalope Capital of the World . Laramie -- Gem City of the Plains . Lovell -- The Rose City of Wyoming Meeteetse Ferret Capital of the World . Where Chiefs Meet Riverton -- We 've Got All the Civilization You Need Rock Springs -- Home of 56 Nationalities Saratoga -- Where the Trout Leap in Main Street Upton -- The Best Town on Earth District of Columbia Main article : Nicknames of Washington , D.C. The American Rome A Capital City The Capital of the World Chocolate City City of Magnificent Distances ( reported in the 1880s ) City of Magnificent Intentions ( first coined by Charles Dickens ) The Federal City Hollywood for Ugly People Murder Capital of America ( late 1980s to early 1990s ) Nation 's Capital Puerto Rico Main article : List of city nicknames in Puerto Rico Aibonito -- The Cold City Añasco -- City where the gods die Humacao The gray city Pearl of the orient Guayama -- Witch city Ponce City of the Lions ( Spanish : La Ciudad de los Leones ) The Pearl of the South ( Spanish : La Perla del Sur ) Genip City ( Spanish : La Ciudad de las Quenepas ) The Noble City ( Spanish : La Ciudad Señorial ) The Redblack City ( Spanish : La Ciudad Rojinegra ) See also Lists portal Banana belt List of U.S. state nicknames Tree City USA List of city nicknames and slogans in Canada Lists of nicknames on Wikipedia List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities References ^ Jump up to : Muench , David ( December 1993 ) . `` Wisconsin Community Slogans : Their Use and Local Impacts '' ( PDF ) . University of Wisconsin Extension . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Alfredo Andia , Branding the Generic City : ) , MU. DOT magazine , September 10 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : TaglineGuru Releases List of Top U.S. City Mottos and Monikers , press release , September 20 , 2005 , TaglineGuru.com website , archived on June 23 , 2008 Jump up ^ Alabaster , Alabama , accessed March 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Greetings From America 's Secret Capitals , Time ( magazine ) , July 13 , 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Claims to Fame - Products , Epodunk , accessed April 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Maney , Kevin . `` Claims to fame '' , USA Today , May 20 , 2005 . Accessed June 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Model City of the New South : Anniston , Alabama , 1872 - 1900 , accessed March 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Loveliest Village '' Inspiration Award , accessed March 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : The World Capital of Whatever , The New York Times by Harold Faber , September 12 , 1993 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` NYT1993 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` NYT1993 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` NYT1993 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` NYT1993 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` NYT1993 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` NYT1993 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` NYT1993 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . 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Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkFish '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ City of Daphne , Alabama website , accessed October 5 , 2010 . The `` Jubilee '' nickname refers to a phenomenon in Mobile Bay in `` blue crabs , shrimp , and fish swimming from the depths of the bay ( are brought ) into the shallow waters of the shoreline . '' Jump up ^ Alabama Jubilee Hot - Air Balloon Classic , accessed March 28 , 2007 . Archived February 3 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Decatur History , accessed March 28 , 2007 . Archived February 3 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Railroad keyed Decatur 's growth , The Decatur Daily , February 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Decatur - The River City Review , accessed March 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , accessed April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rural Southwest Alabama : `` Demopolis , Alabama is where the ' City of the People ' and two rivers meet . '' Accessed December 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ City of Dothan , accessed March 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Claims to Fame - Agriculture , Epodunk , accessed April 16 , 2007 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkAgriculture '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkAgriculture '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkAgriculture '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkAgriculture '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkAgriculture '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkAgriculture '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . 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Jump up ^ http://www.cityofgadsden.com/index.aspx?NID=292 Jump up ^ Greenville , Alabama city profile , Epodunk , accessed March 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Claims to Fame - Plants , Epodunk , accessed April 16 , 2007 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkPlants '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkPlants '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkPlants '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkPlants '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkPlants '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkPlants '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ CONGRATULATING THE CITY OF HALEYVILLE , ALABAMA AS THE HOME OF 911 , accessed March 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ City of Hartselle , accessed March 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Alabama Gang , Alabama Live , accessed March 29 , 2007 . `` The Alabama Gang was especially forceful during the formative years of NASCAR as brothers Bobby and Donnie Allison and Red Farmer set up shop in Hueytown , Ala. , putting that town on the sports map . '' Jump up ^ `` National Affairs : Rocket City , U.S.A. '' . Time . February 17 , 1958 . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Huntsville : Rocket City , About.com , accessed March 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ A Brief History of Huntsville , Marshall Space Flight Center , accessed March 29 , 2007 . `` During these years Huntsville was famed as the `` Watercress Capital of the World , '' and Madison County was Alabama 's leader in cotton production . '' Jump up ^ Jacksonville , Alabama profile , accessed March 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Talladega County : Quality of Life , accessed March 29 , 2007 . `` The City adopted the nickname `` Motorsports City '' due to its proximity next to the Talladega Superspeedway . `` Jump up ^ Madison , Alabama city profile , accessed March 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) , accessed April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Public Television Features Mobile 's Azalea Trail , University of Alabama Center for Public Television & Radio press release . Accessed May 17 , 2007 . `` MOBILE -- This town is known as The Azalea City , and the evergreen azaleas for which it is famous are an indispensable part of the city 's character . '' Jump up ^ Sheboygan Press , The Sheboygan Press May 20 , 1932 . `` Q. What city is called The City of Six Flags ? A. Mobile , Alabama . It has been under French , Spanish , British , American , Alabama , and Confederate Flags . '' Jump up ^ The Mother of All Mardi Gras , accessed March 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of Alabama : Steamboats in Alabama '' , Encyclopedia of Alabama , September 2008 . Accessed March 22 , 2011 . `` The state 's most important towns developed along ... navigable rivers , and Mobile , the largest metropolis , became known as the Port City . '' Jump up ^ ( 6 ) , accessed April 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Today , we are more than just the Capital of Alabama -- we are the Capital of the South ! '' , accessed September 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Newfield , Jack . `` Marching to Montgomery : The Cradle Did Rock '' , The Village Voice , April 1 , 1965 . Accessed May 17 , 2007 . `` It was the Ecumenical Council , a hootenanny , a happening , and a revolution all rolled into one . And it happened in Montgomery , ' Cradle of the Confederacy . ' '' Jump up ^ Lunch in the Gump food blog Jump up ^ `` Muscle Shoals Music - Shoals Chamber of Commerce '' , shoalschamber.com , accessed 2011 - 02 - 22 . `` By the close of the 1980s , the music business no longer regarded Muscle Shoals as `` The Hit Recording Capital of the World . '' Jump up ^ Ozark Area Chamber of Commerce ^ Jump up to : Visiting or Staying ? , Prattville , Alabama . Accessed May 17 , 2007 . `` Long before Prattville became `` The Preferred Community , '' it was known as `` The Fountain City '' because of its numerous artesian wells . '' ^ Jump up to : City of Selma official website Jump up ^ `` Freedom March Begins at Selma ; Troops on Guard '' . New York Times . March 22 , 1965 . Selma , which calls itself queen of the Alabama Black Belt -- the swath of rich , dark soil and heavy Negro population across south - central Alabama . Jump up ^ Slocomb Tomato Festival at WTVY.com , accessed August 9 , 2007 Jump up ^ South Baldwin Chamber of Commerce , accessed March 29 , 2007 . `` Just north of Foley lies Summerdale , which offers a picturesque view of rural farm life and lives up to its slogan , ' The Sunshine City . ' '' ^ Jump up to : Claims to Fame - Rocks , Epodunk , accessed April 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Frequently Asked Questions , DCH Health System website , accessed May 29 , 2011 . `` In the late 1800s , the city fathers of Tuscaloosa planted oak trees along downtown streets . Just as the City of Birmingham was known as the Magic City because of its amazing growth , the City of Tuscaloosa became known as the Oak City , or , in recognition of the ancient British tribe that worshipped oaks , the Druid City . '' Jump up ^ Welcome to Tuskegee University , accessed March 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ Vestavia Hills , Alabama , RelocateAmerica website Jump up ^ About Wetumpka , accessed March 29 , 2007 . `` Abundant in lore and legend , Wetumpka ( an Indian term meaning rumbling waters ) is rich in aboriginal history . '' ^ Jump up to : Motto ought to be boffo , Irvine World News , February 22 , 2004 Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` Irvine '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` Irvine '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` Irvine '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` Irvine '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` Irvine '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Air Crossroads of the World , Ground Support , April 2006. `` Increased tourism has halted those perceptions and Anchorage is now known as the `` City of Lights and Flowers '' , a bustling city with a formidable backdrop of glaciers and mountains . '' ^ Jump up to : Make me feel brand new , Anchorage Press , May 17 , 2006 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` Anchorage '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Horn , Yvonne ( 2005 - 06 - 08 ) . `` ' Winter camp ' keeps Anchorage 's fuchsias fresh for summer season '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://www.alaskapublic.org/2013/04/29/alaska-cultural-connections-los-anchorage/ Jump up ^ http://www.ragecityrollergirls.org/ Jump up ^ http://pjfatbo.bandcamp.com/track/rage-city-rockers Jump up ^ Cordova , Alaska profile , accessed March 29 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Claims to Fame - Food , Epodunk , accessed April 16 , 2007 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkFood '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkFood '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkFood '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkFood '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkFood '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . 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Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkFood '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkFood '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Shakespeare Marathon Archived 2007 - 03 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , KTTC , March 10 , 2007 . `` Fairbanks , Alaska is a city known for its quirkiness , things like playing baseball at midnight and turning solid blocks of ice into works of art . But the `` Golden Heart City '' has another passion , one that may surprise you . '' Jump up ^ Rebecca George , The Golden Heart City celebrates its golden past Archived 2011 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , Fairbanks Daily News Miner , August 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Claims to Fame - Birds , Epodunk , accessed April 16 , 2007 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkBirds '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . 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Jump up ^ `` A Fleet of Ferry Ships to Offer Motorists a ' Marine ' Highway to Skagway , Alaska ; Enthusiasm Shown Summer Side Trip '' , The New York Times , March 8 , 1963 . `` The Ferry Ships put in along The route at Ketchikan , ' The king salmon capital of The world ' ... '' Jump up ^ Knik - Fairview Alaska Archived 2011 - 10 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed March 29 , 2007 . `` Knik is a check - point for the Iditarod Sled Dog Race , and is called the ' Dog Mushing Center of the World . ' '' Jump up ^ A Prairie Home Companion at Sea : Alaska 2006 , accessed March 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sitka Convention & Visitors Bureau , accessed March 29 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Tagline Guru City Branding Survey , Tagline Guru website , accessed August 18 , 2009 Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` taglinecitymottos '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . 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Jump up ^ Apache Junction Ride Choice , accessed March 30 , 2007 . `` © 2004 City of Apache Junction , Arizona Home of the Superstition Mountains '' Jump up ^ Arizona Government Web Sites , accessed March 30 , 2007 . `` City of Apache Junction , Arizona . Gateway to legends , lakes , leisure and lost treasures . '' ^ Jump up to : Flagstaff Arizona , accessed March 29 , 2007 . `` Flagstaff is sometimes called `` The City in the Pines '' because the town sits in the middle of a Ponderosa Pine stand in the Coconino National Forest . The town is also called `` The City of Seven Wonders '' because of it proximity to the Grand Canyon , Oak Creek Canyon , Walnut Canyon , Wupatki National Monument , Sunset Crater National Monument and the San Francisco Peaks . '' Jump up ^ Song A ' Th ' Week , The Legend - News , January 21 , 2002 . `` By golly , it 's clean clear to Flag Town , c'mon . = > On the highway between Rubber Duck 's location and Flagstaff , Arizona ( '' Flagtown `` ) , there are no reports of police activity . '' Jump up ^ Kingman Area Chamber of Commerce , accessed March 29 , 2007 . `` Kingman , Arizona : The Heart of Route 66 and gateway to the Hoover Dam , Lake Mead and the Grand Canyon ! '' Jump up ^ Jahna Berry , Downtown Phoenix donning a new label to lure locals , tourists , The Arizona Republic , March 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ Soper , Taylor ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Silicon Desert : How Phoenix is quickly -- and quietly -- becoming a hub for innovation '' . GeekWire . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Eliot ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Silicon Desert ? Developer Bets on Scottsdale as a Tech Hub '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Quick Facts about Prescott , Prescott , Arizona . Accessed May 17 , 2007 . `` Called the `` mile - high city '' at an elevation of 5,400 feet '' Jump up ^ Scottsdale Arizona profile , accessed March 30 , 2007 . `` The first mayor was Malcolm White . He also coined the city slogan , ' The West 's Most Western Town . ' '' Jump up ^ Red Rock Country Jump up ^ The City of Tombstone 's Official Web Site , accessed March 29 , 2007 . `` The Town too Tough to Die , '' Tombstone was perhaps the most renowned of Arizona 's old mining camps . ^ Jump up to : Claims to Fame - Braggadocio , Epodunk , accessed April 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ A Look at the `` Old Pueblo '' -- Tucson , accessed March 30 , 2007 . Archived October 16 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : My opinion Debbie Kornmiller : TV listings ' headaches fixed today , Arizona Daily Star , March 18 , 2007 . `` The Sunshine Factory '' won a Tucson nickname contest in the 1980s as a replacement for the `` Old Pueblo . '' Jump up ^ `` AOIA.org -- Arizona Optics Industry Association '' . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ History , Wickenburg Chamber of Commerce website , accessed November 20 , 2011 : `` The construction of the Phoenix to California highway ( Highway 60 ) brought even more tourists , making Wickenburg the Dude Ranch Capital of the World . '' ^ Jump up to : Wanda McKinney , Our Favorite Town Slogans , Southern Living , April 2005 Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` SouthernLiving '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` SouthernLiving '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` SouthernLiving '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` SouthernLiving '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ The Ghost Bird , National Geographic , December 2006 , `` The billboards are still up along Interstate 40 , inviting drivers to stop at Brinkley , the Home of the Ivory - billed Woodpecker . '' Jump up ^ Official Site of the City of Conway , Arkansas , accessed April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dumas ( Desha County ) , Encyclopedia of Arkansas . The nickname originated with the popular song `` I 'm a Ding Dong Daddy from Dumas . '' ^ Jump up to : Kenneth Bridges , El Dorado ( Union County ) , The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture ^ Jump up to : FYV vs. FAY , Fayetteville Free Weekly ( blog based in Fayetteville , Arkansas ) , September 6 , 2007 Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` Fayetteville '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Hot Springs , Arkansas , accessed April 11 , 2007 . `` You 'll find the perfect combination of relaxing activities and kick - out - all - the - stops attractions in the Spa City . '' ^ Jump up to : Claims to Fame - Animals , Epodunk , accessed April 16 , 2007 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkAnimal '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkAnimal '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkAnimal '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkAnimal '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkAnimal '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkAnimal '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkAnimal '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkAnimal '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkAnimal '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkAnimal '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkAnimal '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Jonesboro , accessed April 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Little Rock City Beautiful Scrapbooks , accessed April 11 , 2007 . `` The City Beautiful Commission came up with the idea of an official rose , in keeping with Little Rock 's traditional nickname , `` City of Roses . '' The Joe T. Robinson rose was chosen . '' Jump up ^ A Brief History of Little Rock , accessed April 11 , 2007 . `` Today , in downtown Little Rock , the old and new mix well together . Stately antebellum structures and ornate Victorian buildings neighbor gleaming new glass - facade skyscrapers stretching up into the river city 's skyline with scenic , natural surroundings providing the backdrop . '' Jump up ^ The City of Lowell , Arkansas , accessed April 11 , 2007 . Motto is on upper right of page . Jump up ^ Ozark Folk Center , accessed April 11 , 2007 . `` Visit downtown Mountain View , Arkansas , the ' Folk Music Capital of the World . ' '' ^ Jump up to : Claims to Fame - Arts , Epodunk , accessed April 16 , 2007 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkArts '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` North Little Rock ( Pulaski County ) '' . The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture . According to oral tradition , people from Little Rock dumped their unwanted dogs in North Little Rock , but the name probably predates this practice and was a disparagement of the north side 's blue - collar base . In the mid-1900s , Little Rock students often taunted North Little Rock students with chants of `` Dogtown '' at sporting and other events . Jump up ^ `` Dogtown : Through a Glass Darkly '' . Jump up ^ Out There : The world 's duck - hunting capital - Stuttgart , Ark. , lies at the heart of the greatest mallard - hunting area , ESPN , accessed April 11 , 2007 . `` The rice fields encroach to the very edge of the city , and erected at the side of one is a small wooden sign that says you 've reached the city limits . This is it : Stuttgart -- The Rice and Duck Capital of the World . '' Jump up ^ Alameda , here we come - California island town Archived 2008 - 02 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. , Sunset ( magazine ) , August 2001 . `` Much of what makes Alameda , an island with a picturesque perch off Oakland 's flank in San Francisco Bay , so unusual is the way it balances connection with isolation . It lies within easy reach of major urban hubs -- the bay , the San Francisco skyline , and the East Bay hills are all in view . Even so , the `` Island City '' seems a world apart . '' Jump up ^ Antioch - A Total Community , accessed April 5 , 2007 . `` The waters in the Antioch area are some of the prime striped bass and sturgeon fishing waters . As the `` Gateway to the Delta '' , Antioch will continue as a refuge for boaters . '' Jump up ^ `` About Arcadia '' . City of Arcadia . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Welcome to the Auburn Endurance Capital Web Site ! , accessed April 5 , 2007 . `` 2003 , the Auburn City Council passed an official measure proclaiming Auburn as the Endurance Capital of the World . Auburn is home to some of the most challenging and historic endurance events on the planet . '' Jump up ^ Relocating to Bakersfield , Green Country . Accessed June 2 , 2007 . `` Bakersfield has become known as `` California 's Country Music Capital '' with the emergence of musicians like Merle Haggard and Buck Owens . '' Jump up ^ Foldvary , Fred E. `` The People 's Republic of Berkeley '' Archived 2007 - 09 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , The Progress Report . Accessed May 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cockrell , Cathy . `` The ' Athens of the West ' - Latest Chronicle of UC edition highlights history of campus arts and culture '' , UCBerkeley News , October 20 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Yosemite Wrangler Wins Mule Days World Championships Archived 2008 - 02 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. , Business Wire , June 30 , 2000 Jump up ^ Hemphill , W.G. ( 1964 - 06 - 04 ) . `` This & That -- Friendliest City In The West '' . Palo Verde Valley Times . Jump up ^ ABout Buena Park Archived 2007 - 12 - 27 at the Wayback Machine. , Buena Park , California . Accessed May 17 , 2007 . `` Known as the `` Center of the Southland , '' Buena Park is a City with a distinct heritage undergoing an exciting revitalization in business , residential , and commercial projects . '' Jump up ^ `` Burbank , Ca . -- Media Capital of the World '' . Travel America . April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Visit Carlsbad website , accessed December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` San Fernando 's Open Secret : Porn Biz Has Migrated To What Some Call ' San Pornando Valley ' '' , CBS News , November 25 , 2002 . Accessed June 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` City of Roses City of Trees - Chico , California '' Archived 2008 - 01 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , CaliforniaBeautiful.com , March 17 , 2007 . Accessed May 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Welcome to the Official Website for the City of Chino : About the City Archived 2007 - 12 - 27 at the Wayback Machine. , Chino , California . Accessed May 17 , 2007 . `` The City 's motto , `` Where Everything Grows '' originally referred to this agricultural beginning . '' Jump up ^ A Brief History of Clovis Archived 2008 - 02 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , City of Clovis . Accessed June 2 , 2007 . `` Located in the northeast quadrant of the Fresno - Clovis Metropolitan Area , Clovis is situated in the midst of the agriculturally rich San Joaquin Valley . Since its incorporation in 1912 , Clovis has been the ' Gateway to the Sierra . ' '' ^ Jump up to : Your City : Coachella , The Desert Sun . Accessed June 2 , 2007 . `` The `` City of Eternal Sunshine -- Gateway to the Salton Sea '' is largely a young , rural and family oriented area of the desert . '' ^ Jump up to : Colma , California Jump up ^ History Archived 2007 - 09 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. , City of Compton . Accessed June 2 , 2007 . `` The City of Compton is known as the `` Hub City '' because of its unique position in almost the exact geographical canter of Los Angeles County . '' Jump up ^ Welcome to Corona - The Circle City Archived 2008 - 01 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , City of Corona . Accessed June 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ CrownCity.com area businesses website ^ Jump up to : `` Central Marin Police Authority Consolidation Summary '' : `` Over the past three years the Twin Cities Police Authority and the San Anselmo Police Department have been collaboratively working together toward Police Consolidation through the sharing of services . '' Accessdate December 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ John L. Mitchell , Four Classics to Hit the Boards : ' Heart of Screenland ' to Stage Theater in Park , Los Angeles Times , July 9 , 1987 . `` Culver City may be known as the ' Heart of Screenland , ' but live theater will take center stage there ... '' Jump up ^ Gateway to the Peninsula : History of Daly City , California Archived 2007 - 10 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed June 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The melting pot boils over . '' , The Economist , October 13 , 1990 . Accessed June 2 , 2007 . `` Daly City outside San Francisco , once a mostly white , blue - collar town , is now called `` Little Manila '' because of its large Filipino population . '' Jump up ^ US News & World Report Archived 2013 - 07 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ OpenWorld.gov Jump up ^ Fitch , Mike . `` Growing Pains : Thirty Years in the History of Davis '' Archived 2012 - 07 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Chapter Ten : The Political Culture of Davis , Davis , California . `` Another of the city 's critics was a railroad executive who could n't hide his annoyance when officials asked his company in the early 1990s to contribute up to $1,000 for a planning project the city was undertaking next to the railroad tracks . `` This letter is tantamount to railroad robbery . However , since we are forced to live with the People 's Republic of Davis , we will accede to your demands in the interest of the commune welfare , '' the executive wrote in response , enclosing a check for $500 . '' Jump up ^ Del Mar Thoroughbred Club Jump up ^ Raibert , Andrea . `` Garden Grove : City of ' youth and ambition ' is culturally diverse , celebrating 50 years of hometown pride '' , Orange County Register , November 8 , 2006 . Accessed June 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mendoza , Raymond ( July 10 , 2014 ) . `` Fountain Valley , a nice place to live '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Barry Popik , Big Strawberry , February 16 , 2006 Jump up ^ Glendale : The Jewel City ( PDF ) , Glendale , California . Accessed June 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ City of Glendora website Jump up ^ http://www.cagenweb.com/cpl/sbgoleta.htm Jump up ^ City of Hawthorne website , accessed September 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ City of Hayward website , accessed November 20 , 2011 Jump up ^ City of Hercules website . Accessed October 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ The 12 Zins of Lodi Archived 2008 - 03 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed March 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Chad Greene , From ' Iowa By The Sea ' To ' International City ' : A Look At Long Beach 's Changing Demographics With Former Advanced Planning Officer , Long Beach Business Journal , January 17 , 2006 Jump up ^ Take Two ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Angel Town ' : The City of LA 's long lost official song '' . Southern California Public Radio . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Queen City , Time ( magazine ) , January 30 , 1928 , accessed April 13 , 1928 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` Time1928 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` Time1928 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` Time1928 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` Time1928 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` Time1928 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Due to earthquakes ; a nickname shared with San Francisco , for similar reasons . Jump up ^ Grant , Rachel . `` Different stars in Tinseltown '' , Financial Times , March 9 , 2007 , accessed April 12 , 2007 . `` With shows such as Red Eye and an important LA artist retrospective last year at the Centre Pompidou in Paris , Tinseltown is finally gaining international artistic recognition . '' Jump up ^ `` Membership Directory and Community Guide '' ( PDF ) . Madera District Chamber of Commerce . Jump up ^ Marysville 's Golden History , accessed April 12 , 2007 . `` Those that survive are a constant reminder of Marysville 's golden history and proof that Marysville is still the ' Gateway to the Gold Fields ' . '' Jump up ^ Merced Conference & Visitor 's Bureau , accessed April 12 , 2007 . `` As the `` Gateway to Yosemite , '' Merced offers the traveler an abundance of recreational facilities and a short drive or ride into Yosemite National Park . '' Jump up ^ City of Milpitas About Milpitas Archived 2009 - 03 - 06 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed March 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Welcome to Modesto - the city of `` Water , Wealth , Contentment , Health . '' Archived 2007 - 12 - 27 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed April 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Monterey , California , accessed April 12 , 2007 . `` Many California `` firsts '' occurred in Monterey . These include California 's first theater , brick house , publicly funded school , public building , public library , and printing press . Because of this , some have dubbed Monterey ' the cradle of history . ' '' Jump up ^ Norwalk Citizen Forum Was ' Worth Every Nickel , ' Mayor Says , Los Angeles Times , March 23 , 1989 Jump up ^ About Oakdale , accessed April 12 , 2007 . `` The Saddle Club started putting on rodeos in the spring , and the city became known as the `` Cowboy Capital of the World '' . '' Jump up ^ Oakland : Geography and Climate , City - Data website . `` Oakland has earned the nickname `` bright side of the Bay '' because of its sunny skies and moderate year - round climate . '' Jump up ^ Oakland ( Postcard History ) , by Annalee Allen ( 2005 ; Arcadia Publishing ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3014 - 7 ). ( 8 ) `` A Chevrolet plant opened , attracting various automotive parts manufacturers to establish themselves as well , thus earning Oakland the nickname ' Detroit of the West . ' '' ( page 58 ) Jump up ^ McClymonds Students Study to Rejuvenate Park Archived 2008 - 02 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , by Cecily Burt , from Oakland Tribune , Tuesday , May 4 , 2004 ; archived on City of Oakland website ( accessed January 6 , 2007 ) . `` They talked about Oakland 's nickname , ' Oak Town , ' and the lack of remaining leafy specimens that made the city famous . '' Jump up ^ For Keyshia Cole , it 's good to be back in the Bay Area Archived 2008 - 02 - 20 at the Wayback Machine. , by Jim Harrington , Oakland Tribune , April 25 , 2007 , retrieved October 16 , 2007 Jump up ^ John Serrao , Is the Strawberry the Future of American Agriculture ? , Nutrition Wonderland website , accessed January 8 , 2010 Jump up ^ ( 9 ) , accessed July 21 , 2015 Jump up ^ ( 10 ) , accessed July 21 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Claims to Fame - Weather , Epodunk , accessed April 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pasadena Facts , City of Pasadena website Jump up ^ City of El Paso Robles Planning Commission Agenda , Jan. 28 , 2014 , accessed December 9 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Claims to Fame - Favorites , Epodunk , accessed April 16 , 2007 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkFavorite '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkFavorite '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . 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Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkFavorite '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Local History : Redwood City , CA Archived 2008 - 01 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Judge weighs lawyer 's lawsuit : Plan to redevelop downtown challenged , by Will Oremus , Redwood City Daily News . Quote page 7 , paragraph # 3 , ' ... for a city that has been saddled with the moniker `` Deadwood City '' in the past . ' Jump up ^ Levy , Joan ( July 3 , 2006 ) . `` What happened to the Fourth of July Rodeo ? '' . San Mateo Daily Journal . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ City of Richmond FY 2008 - 2009 Budget ( appears on title page ) , accessed June 20 , 2010 Jump up ^ ( 11 ) Jump up ^ Riverside dubbed `` City of Arts & Innovation '' Archived 2010 - 05 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. , City of Riverside , press release , June 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ City of Riverside ; Urban Forestry Policy Manual , Riverside Public Works Department , November , 2007 , page 5 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://farmtoforkcapital.com ^ Jump up to : Barry Popik , Big Tomato , April 02 , 2005 Jump up ^ Sacramento Camellia City Jump up ^ Sacramento River City Archived 2008 - 01 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . website Jump up ^ Sacramento Earns High Marks as ' Green ' Leader Archived 2007 - 10 - 25 at the Wayback Machine. , article from Sacramento Business Journal , July 2 , 2007 . `` The River City joined Minneapolis and Tallahassee , Fla. , as ... runners - up . '' Jump up ^ Used in names of Sactown Magazine and Sactown.com portal website Jump up ^ City Profile Archived 2011 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine. , City of San Carlos website , accessed June 4 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Leo , Peter . `` ' America 's finest city ' takes a fall '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , December 6 , 2005 , accessed April 12 , 2007 . `` Which brings us to less - humble San Diego . It had the nerve to tout itself as `` America 's Finest City . '' ... This would seem to present an opportunity for Tampa , which bills itself as `` America 's Next Greatest City . '' Jump up ^ Fikes , Bradley . `` Science & Technology : Silicon Beach '' . North County Times . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` CommNexus ' Silicon Beach ' Map '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Caen , Herb ( 1949 ) . Baghdad - by - the - Bay . Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89174 - 047 - 6 . LC F869. S3 C12 . Jump up ^ San Francisco Public Library ( 2005 - 03 - 29 ) . `` PPIE : The City That Knows How '' . Amusing America . San Francisco Public Library , Online Exhibitions . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ James Sullivan ( October 14 , 2003 ) . `` Frisco , that once - verboten term for the city by the bay , is making a comeback among the young and hip . Herb Caen is spinning at warp speed . '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2004 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Many tourists refer to San Francisco as `` Frisco '' , a name popularized through songs like ( Sittin ' on ) the Dock of the Bay and Sweet Little Sixteen . However , locals discourage this use and prefer the nickname The City by the Bay . Samuel D. Cohen writes that many credit `` Friscophobia '' to newspaper columnist Herb Caen , whose first book , published in 1953 , was `` Do n't Call it Frisco . '' Caen was considered by many to be the recognized authority on what was , and what was not , beneath the city 's dignity , and to him , Frisco was intolerable . Cohen , Sam ( 1997 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Locals Know best : only tourists call it ' Frisco ' '' . Golden Gater Online . San Francisco State University . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Barry Popik , Smoky City , barrypopik.com website , March 27 , 2005 Jump up ^ Farewell to Frisco , say hello to San Fran Jump up ^ Joe Eskenazi ( December 26 , 2007 ) . `` Developments in Shaky Town '' . SF Weekly . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ San Luis Obispo Chamber of Commerce , accessed July 11 , 2007 . `` Experience the SLO Life '' . Jump up ^ http://www.ci.san-pablo.ca.us/ Jump up ^ ( 12 ) , accessed 19 Oct 2015 . Jump up ^ New York Times article on Santa Barbara Jump up ^ Catalina Island Chamber of Commerce & Visitors Bureau Jump up ^ The Real Surf City ? It 's Santa Cruz , says Magazine by Steve Marble , The LA Times , June 16 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Santa Monica Tries to Curb Charity to Homeless by Kit R. Roane , The New York Times , September 16 , 1996 Jump up ^ `` Santa Monica Finds Its Generosity Has Limits After Vagrant Attack '' . The New York Times . August 20 , 1990 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Claims to Fame - Ethnic Groups , Epodunk , accessed April 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Claims to Fame - Business , Epodunk , accessed April 16 , 2007 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkBusiness '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkBusiness '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkBusiness '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkBusiness '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ City of Sunnyvale website Archived 2008 - 09 - 21 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed September 5 , 2008 Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/2010/sep/23/business/la-fi-0920-awesometown-20100920 Jump up ^ Miller , Joanna M. ( November 30 , 1992 ) . `` Red Harvest : This Year 's Poinsettia Crop Is the Best in Recent Years , Local Growers Say '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . In 1926 , at the urging of the Chamber of Commerce , the city changed its nickname from the Palm City to the Poinsettia City , a title to which the city clings today . Jump up ^ Visalia Chamber of Commerce ^ Jump up to : Willits Chamber of Commerce ^ Jump up to : Claims to Fame - Energy , Epodunk , accessed April 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Yorba Linda , CA - `` Land of Gracious Living '' ( text on city welcome sign ) , photograph on Waymarking.com website , accessed January 8 , 2010 Jump up ^ City of Alamosa website , accessed 2012 - 03 - 05 Jump up ^ Fun Facts , City and Community of Arvada website , accessed 2012 - 03 - 05 Jump up ^ Canary Initiative , City of Aspen official website , accessed December 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Town sign '' , Town of Ault website ( photo ) , retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 Jump up ^ City Hall , City of Aurora website , accessed 2012 - 03 - 05 . `` Long known as the Gateway to the Rockies , this All - America City on the eastern edge of the Denver - Aurora Metropolitan Area boasts spectacular views of the Front Range ... '' Jump up ^ Garden Spot of Colorado accessed 2007 - 05 - 29 Jump up ^ The City of Mills accessed 2007 - 05 - 29 ^ Jump up to : Cart , Julie ( September 7 , 2002 ) . `` Boulder : soiled and seething '' . Baltimore Sun . Jump up ^ The People 's Republic of Boulder accessed 2007 - 05 - 29 Jump up ^ Historic Timeline , City of Breckinridge website , accessed 2009 - 08 - 18 Jump up ^ The Climate Capital of Colorado accessed 2007 - 05 - 29 Jump up ^ The Ultimate Rocky Mountain Hideout accessed 2007 - 05 - 27 Jump up ^ The Southern Gateway to the Grand Mesa accessed 2007 - 05 - 27 Jump up ^ Central City , Colorado - The richest square mile on Earth accessed 2008 - 03 - 21 Archived March 7 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : History of Colorado Springs Colorado , Pikes-peak.com , retrieved 2012 - 04 - 15 Jump up ^ Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Colorado Springs ( PDF ) , City of Colorado Springs , 31 January 2004 ( Revised March , 2005 ) , p. 12 , retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 , Colorado Springs became especially popular with the British and acquired the nickname Little London . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Marshall Sprague , Newport in the Rockies , Ohio University Press , 1961 . accessed 2008 - 03 - 21 Jump up ^ The Chamber Orchestra of the Springs accessed 2008 - 03 - 21 Jump up ^ It 's day all day in the day time , And there is no night in Creede . accessed 2007 - 05 - 29 Jump up ^ Colorado 's Last Great Ski Town accessed 2007 - 05 - 27 Jump up ^ The Wildflower Capital of Colorado accessed 2007 - 05 - 29 Jump up ^ Home of the World 's First Rodeo accessed 2007 - 05 - 29 ^ Jump up to : Claims to Fame - Geography , Epodunk , accessed 2007 - 04 - 16 Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkGeography '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkGeography '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` EpodunkGeography '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Kane , Joseph Nathan ; Alexander Edition , Gerard L. ( 1979 ) . Nicknames and sobriquets of U.S. cities , States , and counties ( 3rd ed . ) . Scarecrow Press , . p. 31 . ISBN 9780810812550 . Jump up ^ Kiszla , Mark ( 2001 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Take money and run with new stadium '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Gentry , Garland ( July 1908 ) . `` Denver 's Famous Street Lighting '' . Public Service . V ( 1 ) : 4 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Lives Up To ' Cow Town ' Nickname With Stock Show Parade '' . CBS4 Denver . CBS . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Durango Rocks ! accessed 2007 - 05 - 29 Jump up ^ The Garden of Eaton : Beef , Beets , and Beans accessed 2007 - 05 - 29 Jump up ^ The City of Choice accessed 2007 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ The Real South Park accessed 2007 - 05 - 07 Jump up ^ Welcome to Fort Collins accessed 2008 - 03 - 21 ^ Jump up to : Visiting Fort Collins accessed 2008 - 03 - 21 Jump up ^ FoCo Cafe , among others Jump up ^ City of Fort Morgan accessed 2016 - 08 - 31 Jump up ^ City of Lights accessed 2016 - 08 - 31 Jump up ^ Mike the Headless Chicken accessed 2007 - 05 - 29 Jump up ^ Grand Junction Visitor & Convention Bureau accessed 2008 - 03 - 21 Jump up ^ `` Grand Junction , CO '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Grand Junction is located along the Colorado River , where it receives the Gunnison River from the south , giving the city its nickname River City . '' Jump up ^ History of Greeley , Colorado , for Kids , website accessed May 1 , 2011 Jump up ^ History , Town of Garden City , Colorado , website , accessed May 1 , 2011 . `` Do you know how Garden City got its name ? In the 1930 's , Greeley 's nickname was ' the Garden City of the West ' . '' Jump up ^ City of Golden official website , accessed December 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ Carl Abbott ( 2008 ) , How cities won the West : four centuries of urban change in western North America , UNM Press , ISBN 0 - 8263 - 3312 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 3312 - 4 . Page 103 . Jump up ^ Limon - The Hub City of the Plains accessed 2008 - 03 - 21 Jump up ^ `` Longmont Hits Puberty '' , The Prairie Dog Blog , accessed December 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Visiting '' . Loveland Chamber of Commerce & Visitor 's Center . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Send Your Valentine 's Through the Sweetheart City '' . Loveland Chamber of Commerce & Visitor 's Center . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Town of Lyons , Colorado . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ The History of Manitou Springs , The Manitou Springs Chamber of Commerce , Visitors Bureau & Office of Economic Development , retrieved 2012 - 04 - 15 Jump up ^ The Frozen Dead Guy accessed 2008 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ NedFest , the Nederlands Music and Arts Festival , accessed December 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ City of Ouray accessed 2008 - 03 - 21 ^ Jump up to : About Pueblo accessed 2008 - 03 - 21 Jump up ^ Town of Severance accessed 2008 - 03 - 21 Jump up ^ Steamboat Ski Resort accessed 2008 - 03 - 21 . `` Ski Town USA '' is identified as a registered trademark . Jump up ^ Best of The Boat 2014 Winners , ExploreSteamboat.com , accessed December 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ Sterling , Colorado - A Colorado Treasure accessed 2008 - 03 - 21 Jump up ^ Old Red Barn accessed 2008 - 03 - 28 Jump up ^ To Hell You Ride accessed 2008 - 03 - 21 Jump up ^ City of Victor official website , accessed December 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ Carnation Festival , History Clippings from 1970 refer to Wheat Ridge 's then well - known status as Carnation Capital of the World Jump up ^ Berlin Chamber of Commerce website , accessed June 27 , 2009 Jump up ^ Bethlehem , CT official website ^ Jump up to : Bill Ryan , What 's in a Name ? Old Industrial Fame , The New York Times , January 21 , 1996 Jump up ^ Perrefort , Dirk . `` Lawmakers honor Hat City , 4 veteran politicians '' , The News - Times , April 1 , 2008 . Accessed April 10 , 2008 . `` Lawmakers tipped their hats to Danbury on Wednesday during the first Danbury Day at the Capitol . Legislators from throughout the state wore hats of every shape , size and color to honor the Hat City 's history . '' Jump up ^ ConnQuest -- Derby , Connecticut , Connecticut Directory , accessed July 17 , 2008 Jump up ^ Groton , Connecticut -- Submarine Capital of the World , Roadside America , accessed July 4 , 2011 Jump up ^ Friedrich , Ed ( July 10 , 2008 ) . `` Bases battle over title of `` submarine capital of the world . '' `` . ScrippsNews . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hamden , Connecticut -- Town Official Website Jump up ^ City of Hartford , Connecticut official website Jump up ^ Madison : Connecticut 's Front Porch , Madison Website Jump up ^ City to celebrate 100th anniversary of arboretum , Middletown Press , April 21 , 2009 . Quotes the chairman of the Urban Forestry Commission as saying `` '' Middletown was known as the Forest City before this even happened . It 's been that way for a long , long time . '' Jump up ^ Glasper learns the hard lessons of football . ESPN.com , June 7 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Norwich : The Rose City , Town Greens website , accessed February 19 , 2008 Jump up ^ Sharma Howard , Norwich 's 350th : Roses of all ages share pride in city , Norwich Bulletin , July 3 , 2009 : Lists several theories of the names origin : ( 1 ) `` the hills seen from Norwich harbor resemble unfurling rose petals '' , ( 2 ) `` the loveliness of Norwich when the magnificent mansions of prosperous mill owners graced the streets , '' ( 3 ) `` a speech delivered by 19th - century evangelist Henry Ward Beecher . '' Jump up ^ The City of Stamford , CT -- About Stamford . Retrieved February 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Waterbury : The Brass City , Town Greens website , accessed February 19 , 2008 Jump up ^ West Haven : Connecticut 's Friendliest City , City of West Haven Website , accessed June 11 , 2008 Jump up ^ George Carlin . `` Asshole , Jackoff , Scumbag . '' A Place For My Stuff ! . Atlantic , 1981 . Jump up ^ Greetings from the Honorable James L. Ford III , Lewes , Delaware . Accessed April 10 , 2008 . `` Founded in 1631 by Dutch seamen , Lewes is known as the ' First Town in the First State . ' '' Jump up ^ Rehoboth Beach Delaware , Sussex County Online . Accessed April 10 , 2008 . `` Long known as the ' Nation 's Summer Capital ' because of the number of Washingtonians who visit during the summer , Rehoboth Beach is Delaware 's largest coastal town . '' Jump up ^ `` City of Apopka -- History '' . City of Apopka . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` City of Aventura , FL : Home '' . City of Aventura . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Home Page , City of Bartow '' . City of Bartow . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` City of Bartow , Brochure 1920 's '' . University of Florida . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de Tow '' . The News Chief . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Adelson , Eric . `` The Chase '' . ESPN The Magazine . ESPN . Retrieved 23 May 2011 . 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Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` As we bring on the challenges of 2007 , may Eustis remain the City of Bright Tomorrows , the best City in Lake County . '' Jump up ^ About Fort Lauderdale , City of Fort Lauderdale . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` The ideal place to live , to visit and to relocate a business . Listed below are pages to help you learn more about the City of Fort Lauderdale , Florida -- Venice of America . '' Jump up ^ The City of Palms , Greater Fort Myers Chamber of Commerce . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` These magnificent Royal Palms , some towering at 75 feet , give the City of Palms its nickname . '' Jump up ^ ( 13 ) Jump up ^ Visitor and Relocation Information , Fort Walton Beach Chamber of Commerce website ( accessed January 23 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ John Howells , Where to Retire : America 's Best and Most Affordable Places ( 2006 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Barbie Baldwin , Underground gourmet : restaurants , recipes & reflections ( 1983 ) , p. 181 . Jump up ^ City of Haines City , The Heart if Florida , Haines City , Florida . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` Haines City is conveniently located in Central Florida and is referred to as the Heart of Florida due to its location . '' Jump up ^ History of the City of Hialeah , Hialeah , Florida . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` Hialeah -- The City of Progress '' Jump up ^ Wentworth , Harold and Stuart Berg Flexner. ( 1967 ) Dictionary of American Slang . Maruzen Asian Edition . Thomas Y . Crowell Company . P. 286 Jump up ^ Jacksonville . Where Florida Begins `` Visitor Website to Jacksonville '' . Jump up ^ History of the `` Bold New City '' nickname RelocateAmerica.com Jump up ^ `` In Key West , climate , culture entice second - home buyers '' . ABC News . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` City of Key West , Florida '' . Key West Government . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dime City Cycles '' . Dime City Cycles 57000 Facebook Likes , world - renowned cafe racer site . Retrieved 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Nannie Kate , Marinas Near Melbourne , Florida , USA Today Travel Tips , accessed November 21 , 2011 Jump up ^ About the City of Miami Jump up ^ ( 14 ) Jump up ^ Tom LaMarra , Kentucky and Florida in ' Horse Capital ' Battle , The Blood - Horse ( March 28 , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Horse Capital of the World '' . Ocala / Marion County Chamber & Economic Partnership . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ New Resident Information , accessed April 12 , 2007 . `` Welcome to the City of Ocoee ! We are glad you have chosen to move to The Center of Good Living . '' Jump up ^ Information on things to do in the Orlando area , accessed April 12 , 2007 . Slogan is in City seal . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kelly ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Pub crawl : Gator Get Down in O - Town this Saturday '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mayor 's Welcome , Ormond Beach website , accessed July 4 , 2008 Jump up ^ Lawlor , Julia . `` HAVENS Panama City Beach , Fla. ; A Vacation Town Tries to Take Off Its Blue Collar '' , The New York Times , January 5 , 2007 , accessed April 12 , 2007 . `` LIKE a supermodel showing off her good side , Panama City Beach is not shy about flaunting its most valuable asset . The World 's Most Beautiful Beaches , boasts the sign at the end of Hathaway Bridge , which leads into the city . '' Jump up ^ CITY OF FIVE FLAGS , accessed April 12 , 2007 . `` Known as the `` City of Five Flags , '' Pensacola has been under the rule of the Spanish , the British , the French , the Confederacy and the United States since the first conquistadors landed in America in 1559 . '' Jump up ^ ( 15 ) Jump up ^ ( 16 ) Jump up ^ ( 17 ) Jump up ^ St Petersburg , accessed April 12 , 2007 . 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Jump up ^ Tampa , FL : City `` sports '' all kinds of titles , About.com , accessed August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tampa Bay : City of Champions , Tampa Bay & Company , accessed August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 18 ) Jump up ^ Cynthia Thuma , Palm Beach in Vintage Postcards ( 2001 ) , p 32 . Jump up ^ AlbanyGeorgia.biz , accessed December 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ Alpharetta Convention and Visitors Bureau page , Georgia Tourist Guide website , accessed January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Viewbook , University of Georgia Jump up ^ Only in the A Jump up ^ DoubleClick Ad Checker by Google Jump up ^ Straight from the A : About Jump up ^ `` Because we 're the only city easily identified by just one letter '' , Creative Loafing , November 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ Google News Archive search for `` A-Town + Atlanta '' Jump up ^ `` Love it or loathe it , the city 's nickname is accurate for the summer '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . June 16 , 2008 . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Urvaksh on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` atlanta bangalore urvaksh - Twitter Search '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ See article Black mecca for extensive references Jump up ^ `` Atlanta May No Longer Be the City in a Forest '' , WSB - TV Jump up ^ Karen K. Snyder ( 2007 ) , Frommer 's Atlanta , page 3 ^ Jump up to : `` The Democrats Atlanta : A City of Changing Slogans '' , Time magazine , July 25 , 1988 Jump up ^ `` Could ' Empire City of the South ' play host to 2024 summer games '' , 11 Alive News Jump up ^ McManus , John ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` Taylor Morrison , Acadia Deal : What it Means '' . Builder . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Florida city America 's sex capital ? '' . NBC-2.com. 18 July 2012 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com , The Washington Times ( 29 August 2015 ) . `` How Atlanta became the Hollywood of the South '' . The Washingtion Times . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Our Quiz Column '' , Sunny South , p. 5 Jump up ^ Rebecca Burns ( 2009 ) , Rage in the Gate City : The Story of the 1906 Atlanta Race Riot , University of Georgia Press , ISBN 0 - 8203 - 3307 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Sources documented on Barry Popik 's Big Apple blog : 5 October 1872 , Appletons ' Journal of Literature , Science and Art , pg. 376 : `` Marvellous tales are told of this antique period in the history of the present ' New York of the South , ' concerning acres upon acres of land , near the heart of the city , selling for fifty cents per acre , but which now are worth a snug little fortune . Such was Atlanta less than three decades ago . '' 17 June 1879 , Daily Constitution ( Atlanta , GA ) , pg. 4 : `` ... the future New York of the south , France of Britain - as it was predicted at the opening of the Port Royal railroad in 1873 . '' The Mother Of Continental Parliaments 6 July 1881 , The New York Times , pg. 4 : `` The New - Orleans Democrat says that that city is the New - York of the South , and yet has no public library . '' 29 January 1884 , Atlanta Constitution , pg. 4 : `` The New York of the South . From the New York Tribune : THE ATLANTA CONSTITUTION draws a sad picture of its environment . `` Within one hundred yards of the officer , '' is its plaintive mean , `` wagons are literally up to the hub in mud . Part of Ellis street , in a quarter mile of the depot , is literally impassable . '' Assuming that our contemporary 's account of these wagons and this streets is literally correct , it looks as if Atlanta was likely to be known as the New York of the south . '' 12 November 1891 , Atlanta Constitution , pg. 4 : `` Atlanta is a grand city . It is the New York of the south , and henceforth it can get the finest attractions produced , for its patronage is sufficient to make the very best and most expensive show a financial success . '' 21 October 1892 , Atlanta Constitution , pg. 5 : `` Work will cease altogether and the New York of the south will pay honor to the brave navigator , who in spite of the hardships he had to endure , pointed out a new land to the ignorant people of the time . '' 19 January 1895 , Atlanta Constitution , pg. 4 : `` Cedartown Standard : Atlanta aspires to be the New York of the south - in fact , she is , and so it is perfectly natural that she should follow New York in having the big police scandal and investigation that is now on hand Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` Popik - NYSouth '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . 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Darien - McIntosh Chamber of Commerce . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2011 . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Squaring off over shutdown '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Julia Traylor Dyar , Remembering LaGrange : Musings from America 's Greatest Little City , Arcadia Publishing . Accessed December 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ ( 20 ) The New York Times , June 8 , 1895 . Jump up ^ MaconGa.org , MaconGa.org , listed under Special Events , accessed June 10 , 2010 Jump up ^ ( 21 ) Jump up ^ Old Capitol City Classic 5K and Fun Run , accessed December 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ ( 22 ) Jump up ^ http://www.americasmosthauntedcity.com/ Jump up ^ City of Sylvester website , accessed January 8 , 2012 . Nickname appears in the banner on the top of the page . Jump up ^ ( 23 ) Rogers , William W. `` Thomasville . '' New Georgia Encyclopedia . 24 September 2014 . Web . 13 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Susan D. Morris and New Georgia Encyclopedia staff . `` Thomson '' . New Georgia Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ ( 24 ) City website . Jump up ^ ( 25 ) City website . On city seal . Jump up ^ `` Video '' . CNN . October 31 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Warner-Robins.org , in title graphic , accessed June 10 , 2010 Jump up ^ National Grits Festival website ( accessed January 24 , 2008 ) . `` On Feb. 12 , 2002 , Rep. Johnny Floyd of Cordele , Rep. Ray Holland of Ashburn led the Georgia House of Representatives to approve a resolution that made Warwick ' The Grits Capital of Georgia . ' On March 19 , 2003 , Governor Sonny Perdue recognized Warwick as The Grits Capital of the World . '' Jump up ^ Rob Pavey , Even if White House got name wrong , world is now watching Burke County. , Augusta Chronicle staff blog , February 18 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Big Island of Hawaii Travel Guide '' . To ‐ Hawaii.com Travel Guide . Honolulu : Eleakai Publishing . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Linde , Nancy ( 2012 ) . `` Solutions '' . 399 Games , Puzzles & Trivia Challenges Specially Designed to Keep Your Brain Young . New York : Workman Publishing Company . pp. 290 , 391 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7611 - 6825 - 6 . LCCN 2012 - 21099 . OCLC 794032599 . OL 16672390W . The Big Pineapple ( Honolulu ) . Jump up ^ Boise Today , Welcome to Boise online magazine , accessed June 20 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Thornton Waite , Growth of the `` Gate City '' , Pacific Rail News , October 1991 , page 37 . Retrieved from trainlife.com on March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ian Fennell ( July 26 , 2007 ) , `` Some advice for hiring Poky 's next top cop '' , Idaho State Journal ( blog ) , pocatelloshops.com , archived from the original on November 21 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` History of Algonquin '' . Village of Algonquin , IL. 9 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 3 August 2014 . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aurora History -- A Rapidly Growing City '' . About Our City . City of Aurora , IL . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Later , when the City was the first in the United States to use electric lights for publicly lighting the entire City , it achieved the nickname of ' City of Lights ' . Jump up ^ Schielke , Jeffery . `` Our Town '' . Batavia History . City of Batavia . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Jim ; Edwards , Wynette ( 2000 ) . `` City of Energy Entrepreneurs '' . Batavia : From the Collection of the Batavia Historical Society . Chicago , IL : Arcadia . pp. 21 -- 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 0795 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pantagraph.com Sesqui ! Jump up ^ BloomingtonNormal.com , accessed December 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ Pantagraph.com Twin City Guide Jump up ^ Daily Eastern News . Charleston is popularly referred to as Chuckvegas by Eastern Illinois University students . Jump up ^ City of Chester website . Chester was the home town of E.C. Segar , the creator of Popeye , and some characters in his cartoons were based on people of Chester . Jump up ^ Berman , John and Meewalla , Shani . When A Tattoo Goes Wrong , A Trend Develops . ABC News , April 7 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Chicago Park District website ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago Nicknames '' . Chicago Public Library . Archived from the original on 11 February 2008 . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ 030909 - MotorcoachMap Jump up ^ City of Crystal Lake . Accessed August 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Central Park skateboarders back to getting the boot -- Mayor chases out those bored with their Fairview Park facility . '' Mike Frazier , Decatur Herald & Review , Saturday , November 11 , 2006 , p. A1 Jump up ^ `` ADM lunch puts soy in spotlight -- The company spreads the word about food 's health benefits . '' Paul Brinkmann , Decatur Herald & Review , Saturday , November 20 , 1999 p. A1 Jump up ^ City of Elgin Sustainability Action Plan , Version 2.1 ( August 2011 ) , City of Elgin website , accessed October 28 , 2011 Jump up ^ Elgin Fire Department 2006 Annual Report , City of Elgin website , accessed October 28 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Evanston '' . Evanston Public Library . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` City of Freeport , Illinois '' . City of Freeport , Illinois . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of DuPage County : Lombard '' . www.dupagehistory.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Village of Huntley . Accessed August 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Joliet JackHammers website ( accessed June 7 , 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Illinois Farmers ' Institute ( 1919 ) , Annual Report and Proceedings of the Twenty - fourth Annual Meeting Held in Joliet , Illinois , February 19 , 20 , and 21 , 1919 . `` Joliet is known as ' stone city , ' ' prison city , ' ' steel city , ' and city of ' snap and progress . ' ^ Jump up to : Joliet , Illinois , Encyclopedia of Chicago Jump up ^ Tony Graf , Joliet 's oldest school building is a limestone classic , The Herald - News ( published by Chicago Sun - Times ) , October 9 , 2011 Jump up ^ Joliet Central High School History , Joliet Township High School District 204 website , accessed October 28 , 2011 . Before 1935 , the school 's sports teams were known as `` The Prison City Boys . '' Jump up ^ Joliet out to escape past ties to prison : City says its image is no longer behind bars , Chicago Tribune , August 13 , 2006 . `` For the first time in nearly 150 years , calling Joliet a prison town would be just plain wrong , city officials contend . '' Jump up ^ Lombard Info , National University of Health Sciences , accessed April 21 , 2007 . `` Held each year during the first three weeks in May , regardless of the vagaries of the growing season , Lilac Time is Lombard 's celebration of a 70 - year - old horticultural tradition that has led to the town 's designation as `` The Lilac Village , '' '' Jump up ^ Sloganville Awards , Tagline Guru website , accessed October 28 , 2011 Jump up ^ Louis Miglio , `` A Geography Alumnus Fondly Remembers , '' Glacial Deposits , Volume 29 , 2000 - 2001 , Illinois State University , pages 5 - 7 Jump up ^ Southern Illinois Jump up ^ City of Monmouth , IL -- Fast Facts Jump up ^ Morton Pumpkin Festival Information , Morton Chamber of Commerce , accessed April 21 , 2007 . `` Morton is the `` Pumpkin Capital of the World '' . Home of Nestle / Libby 's pumpkin packing plant , 80 % of the world 's canned pumpkin is processed here . '' ^ Jump up to : White Squirrel Wars , Roadside America , accessed April 21 , 2007 . `` Olney , IL ; Marionville , Missouri ; Kenton , Tennessee ; Brevard , North Carolina ; Exeter , Ontario . Not one , but five towns use albino squirrels as their claims to fame , and none is particularly happy about the others . '' Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` WhiteSquirrels '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` WhiteSquirrels '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` WhiteSquirrels '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ City of Pana Illinois Jump up ^ Another Gem City Landing ? , WGEM , April 10 , 2007 , accessed April 21 , 2007 . `` QUINCY -- It was an event that attracted thousands of people from around the world to the Gem City and then it moved to a different location -- Rantoul . '' Jump up ^ Willhite , Lindsey ( 4 August 2008 ) . `` Rugged ' Rantucky ' tough starting spot for Illini '' . Daily Herald . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ About Rockford , City of Rockford , Illinois website ( accessed June 7 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ The State Journal - Register : Seeking the origin of the term ' Springpatch ' Jump up ^ St. Charles , Illinois Traffic Counts , City of St. Charles website , accessed December 6 , 2010 . `` We 're the Pride of the Fox , Come see why ! '' Jump up ^ Thomson Chamber of Commerce website ( accessed June 8 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ ( 26 ) , City of Warrenville website Jump up ^ The History of Wilmington , IL , City of Wilmington website ^ Jump up to : Jacob Platt Dunn ( 1912 ) , Indiana Geographical Nomenclature , Indiana Magazine of History , Volume 8 , page 81 . Jump up ^ http://www.visitbloomington.com/blog/ Jump up ^ http://store.cstv.com/store_contents.cfm?store_id=406&dept_id=16417&product_id=177083 Jump up ^ Bluffton , accessed July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chesterton , Indiana , accessed July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turtle Days , City of Churubusco , accessed April 21 , 2007 . `` Oscar , however , does live on in memories , and is commemorated each year with a four - day Turtle Days celebration . Thus , Churubusco is world - renowned as TURTLE TOWN , USA . '' Jump up ^ Rich Davis , Words to live by ; Pride extends from ' Best Town on Earth ' to ' Hub of Universe ' , Evansville Courier & Press , January 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Columbus , Indiana : `` The Athens of the Prairie '' , accessed April 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 27 ) , accessed November 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jacob Platt Dunn ( 1912 ) , Indiana Geographical Nomenclature , Indiana Magazine of History , Volume 8 , page 79 . `` Evansville is the ' Crescent City ' from its location on the outer side of a curve on the Ohio River ; the ' Pocket City ' from its location in and as the metropolis of that part of the State popularly designated at ' The Pocket . ' '' Jump up ^ Catherine Traylor Gregory , Evansville , Indiana Business Magazine , Sunday , June 1 , 1997 . Nickname refers to city 's location on `` a horseshoe - shaped section of the Ohio River . '' ^ Jump up to : Rich Davis , Words to live by ; Pride extends from ' Best Town on Earth ' to ' Hub of Universe ' , Evansville Courier & Press , January 27 , 2008 . `` Evansville has long been ' Stoplight City ' to truckers thanks to the dozen or so red lights on U.S. 41 ... And while it 's true you 'll find ' River City ' atop Downtown Evansville 's Main Street arches from the 1980s , it could just as easily proclaim Pocket City or Heavensville . '' Jump up ^ Salter Rodriguez , Rosa ( 2007 - 06 - 22 ) . `` ' City of Churches ' hard to prove : Census stats ca n't back up old moniker '' . The Journal Gazette . Jump up ^ Lohrmann , Shannon . `` Flood brought out our best '' . The News - Sentinel . Jump up ^ Olson , Eric ( 2012 - 02 - 29 ) . `` 30th anniversary of the Great Flood of 1982 : Where were you ? '' . Indiana 's NewsCenter . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Crothers , Julie ( 2013 - 06 - 18 ) . `` Righting a toppled icon '' . The Journal Gazette . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Phelps Dodge Magnet Wire to consolidate operations to Fort Wayne '' . Inside Indiana Business . 2004 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Allen County - Fort Wayne Historical Society , accessed April 21 , 2007 . `` Where does the term `` Summit City '' come from ? When the Wabash and Erie canal was constructed , the highest point ( summit ) on the canal was at Fort Wayne . '' ^ Jump up to : THE MAGIC CITY OF STEEL , accessed April 21 , 2007 . `` Local boosters referred to the Town of Gary as the ' Magic City ' and the ' City of the Century . ' '' Jump up ^ Gary 's steel town blues , BBC News , January 27 , 2002 , accessed April 21 , 2007 . `` It is for this reason Gary , with its huge US Steel Gary Works plant -- along with other , smaller steel firms -- still refers to itself as ' Steel City ' . '' Jump up ^ `` Timing not right for study of nickname '' . Goshen News . 2010 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Joe ( 2008 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Help the party come to life '' . Greensburg Daily News . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Amateur Sports Capital of the World Archived 2008 - 05 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed April 21 , 2007 . `` Indianapolis is certainly deserving of its designation as `` Amateur Sports Capital of the World . '' '' Jump up ^ Hot Spot : April 20 - 22 , WISH - TV , April 20 , 2007 , accessed April 21 , 2007 . `` INDIANAPOLIS -- Looking for something fun to do with your family this weekend ? There is plenty to do around the Circle City indoors and outside . '' Jump up ^ About Indy : Who We Are , Indianapolis Convention & Visitors Association , accessed April 21 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : India - no - place No More , Time Magazine , June 11 , 1984 , accessed July 27 , 2012 '' Jump up ^ `` IndyStar '' . Indianapolis Star . 2009 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . 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Jump up ^ City of Peru , accessed April 2 , 2007 . `` Being the `` Circus Capital of the World '' , we celebrate our heritage each July with our own world class youth circus and parade . '' Jump up ^ City of Richmond : Rose View Transit , accessed December 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Covered Bridge Capital of the World , Rockville '' . Indiana Office of Tourism Development . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Roselawn , Indiana '' . Roadside America . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Buttle ; Tuttle ( 2008 ) . `` Naked City ( Indiana ) Airport '' . PlaceNames . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Our Town -- Speedway 's Vision Defined ! , accessed April 2 , 2007 . `` Speedway , Indiana is the true Racing Capital of the World . '' Jump up ^ Terre Haute : Queen City of the Wabash , accessed April 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Crossroads of America : In the days before the interstate system , Terre Haute was at the center of travel. , accessed April 2 , 2007 . `` Terre Haute 's claim as `` Crossroads of America '' dates back to the roaring ' 20s , when the city boasted newly paved U.S. 40 and newly designated U.S. 41 . '' Jump up ^ History of Terre Haute , Vigo Co. , IN - 1880 , accessed April 2 , 2007 . `` Certainly no more beautiful location could have been chosen for the `` Prairie City . '' '' Jump up ^ Vigo County Historical Society : History of Terre Haute , accessed April 2 , 2007 . `` The city 's dream of becoming the Pittsburgh of the West was not realized because of inferior ore and the development of Lake County 's steel industry . '' Jump up ^ City of Valparaiso ~ Vale of Paradise , accessed April 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Valparaiso , Indiana , accessed July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Town of Van Buren , Indiana , website , accessed 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Vision , Knox County ( Indiana ) Chamber of Commerce website , accessed 20 November 2011 ^ Jump up to : Warsaw : a growing `` orthopedics capital of the world . '' , Indiana Business Magazine , January 1 , 2006 . `` Five industries employing more than 5,500 have earned Warsaw , long dubbed `` Lake City '' because of its three lakes , a new moniker . Today , Warsaw is also known as the ' Orthopedic Capital of the World . ' '' Jump up ^ Mike Conklin , Iowa town 's claim to fame : the ` World 's Largest Cheeto ' , Chicago Tribune , August 26 , 2005 Jump up ^ City of Cedar Rapids , Iowa Jump up ^ Council Bluffs Area Chamber of Commerce , accessed December 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ Neal R. Peirce ( 1973 ) , The Great Plains States of America : People , Politics , and Power in the Nine Great Plains States , W.W. Norton & Company , ISBN 0 - 393 - 05349 - 0 , page 106 Jump up ^ FM to remain Pen City , Fort Madison Daily Democrat , accessed November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mayor 's Letter , Grinnell , IA Village Profile website ( accessed June 2 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Rebecca Sunshine Our Hometown : Downtown Sioux City , KTIV NewsChannel 4 , July 20 , 2008 : `` Sioux City for a long time was called Little Chicago because of its reputation during the prohibition years in particular for being quite the purveyor of alcoholic beverages . '' ^ Jump up to : Sloganville , USA Awards For Best City Mottos & Monikers , Tagline Guru website , accessed March 15 , 2010 Jump up ^ Baxter Springs Museum Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Ford County Historical Society - Dodge City Jump up ^ Kansas City Chamber of Commerce Jump up ^ http://got.net/~landauer/lists/CityOf.html ( cf. , `` Kansas City , Kansas : Heart of America '' ) Jump up ^ City of Lansing , Kansas - Community Profile Jump up ^ Lawrence - Journal World : River City Chronicles Jump up ^ Little Sweden : A Local Legacy America 's Story website , The Library of Congress ( accessed January 25 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Manhattan Convention & Visitors Bureau ^ Jump up to : `` About Marion '' . City of Marion , Kansas . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Claims to Fame - Clothing , Epodunk , accessed April 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Top City Athletics , one of several businesses using the name Jump up ^ Claims to Fame - Products Epodunk . Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 16 Jump up ^ City of Benham Archived 2012 - 07 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 19 Jump up ^ We Go Places - Bowling Green , Kentucky Retrieved on 2010 - 2 - 9 Jump up ^ explorekentucky.com Retrieved on 2010 - 2 - 9 Jump up ^ Burnside , Kentucky tourism Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 15 Jump up ^ Cave City , Kentucky Official website . Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 15 Jump up ^ City of Covington , Kentucky Retrieved on 2010 - 2 - 9 Jump up ^ Solganville , USA Awards For Best City Mottos and Monikers Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 16 Jump up ^ City of Danville , Ky - City of Firsts Jump up ^ Finley , Marty ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` E'town Moves Trick or Treat to Sunday '' . The News - Enterprise . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Elkhorn City , Kentucky Official website . Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 15 Jump up ^ History of Fort Thomas Archived 2010 - 09 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 19 Jump up ^ City of Grayson , Kentucky Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 16 Jump up ^ Hazard / Perry County Tourism Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 19 Jump up ^ Hopkinsville / Christian County Visitors Bureau Retrieved on 2010 - 2 - 9 Jump up ^ Hyden , Kentucky Welcome Sign Retrieved on 2010 - 12 - 19 Jump up ^ Lexington , Kentucky : Athens of the West National Park Service . Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 15 Jump up ^ Claims to Fame - Animals Epodunk . Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 16 Jump up ^ Visit Lexington , Kentucky , accessed April 7 , 2007 . `` Visiting a horse farm while you 're in the Horse Capital of the World is a uniquely Bluegrass kind of experience you 'll long remember . '' ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Meador , Art : Behold the mega church , LEO Weekly , January 20 , 2010 . `` Louisville has its fair share of nicknames -- River City , Falls City , Derby City , Aliville ... the list goes on . But there 's one nickname that you might not be aware of : Due to the numerous and varied houses of worship within the city limits , Louisville was once known as the ' City of Beautiful Churches ' . '' Jump up ^ Louisville Historic Tours , Historic Old Louisville Visitors Center website , accessed June 27 , 2010 Jump up ^ Smoky City Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 16 Jump up ^ Horse Racing in Kentucky , Part II , accessed April 7 , 2007 . `` By then Louisville businesses had severed their northern ties since the only market for Louisville - made tools and food staples was in the war - ravaged South , making `` former Confederate officers and soldiers precious commodities when the city 's Board of Trade began promoting Louisville as the ' Gateway to the South . ' '' Jump up ^ Parking Authority of River City . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` GameDay in the Ville '' . 2008 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Rich Davis , Words to live by ; Pride extends from ' Best Town on Earth ' to ' Hub of Universe ' , Evansville Courier & Press , January 27 , 2008 . `` Until a few decades ago , Madisonville , Ky. , had ' Best Town on Earth ' signs spanning some of its thoroughfares . ' It goes back to 1903 when the local paper , then known as the Madisonville Daily Hustler , ran a contest to come up with a slogan , ' says mayoral assistant Leslie Curneal . '' Jump up ^ Griffith , Wendy ( May 2 , 2004 ) . `` Town 's Radical Change a `` Hope For America '' `` . Christian Broadcast Network News . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Art Council Formed in Middlesboro Middlesboro Daily News . Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 15 Jump up ^ Middlesboro , Kentucky Welcome Sign Retrieved on 2010 - 05 - 29 Jump up ^ Stephen Woodward ( 2009 ) . `` BBC comes to the ' Crater ' '' . Middlesboro Daily News . Jump up ^ Cumberland Manor Bed and Breakfast Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 15 Jump up ^ Matheny , Ann D. ( 2003 ) . The Magic City : Footnotes to the History of Middlesborough , Kentucky , and the Yellow Creek Valley . Middlesboro , Kentucky : Bell County Historical Society . ISBN 0 - 9677765 - 2 - X . Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 15 Jump up ^ First Southern National Bank - Wayne County Retrieved on 2010 - 05 - 29 Jump up ^ The Capital of Whatever The New York Times by Harold Faber , September 12 , 1993 . Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 16 Jump up ^ Paducah takes center stage in Quilt City USA , Kentucky Educational Television , February 23 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Official site of the City of Paintsville Retrieved on 2010 - 2 - 9 Jump up ^ City of Paris , Kentucky Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 25 Jump up ^ official site of The City of Pikeville , Kentucky , accessed April 7 , 2007 . For the origin of this motto , see Pikeville Cut - Through . Jump up ^ Prestonsburg Convention and Visitors Bureau Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 16 Jump up ^ City of Shelbyville , Kentucky Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 19 Jump up ^ City of Simpsonville Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 19 Jump up ^ City of Williamsburg , Kentucky Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 15 Jump up ^ Byron Harmon ( 2008 ) , God gave me some bad advice , page 173 . Agate Publishing . ISBN 1 - 932841 - 34 - 2 Jump up ^ Breaux Bridge , Louisiana , Chamber of Commerce website , accessed July 3 , 2008 Jump up ^ Welcome to Dubach , Louisiana Jump up ^ Lafayette History , accessed September 27 , 2007 . `` Lafayette , the heart of Acadiana and the unofficial capital of Cajun Country . '' ^ Jump up to : New Orleans Nicknames , New Orleans Metropolitan Convention and Visitors Bureau website accessed December 25 , 2008 Jump up ^ New Orleans -- `` The City That Care Forgot '' and Other Nicknames - A Preliminary Investigation Archived 2008 - 07 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ New Orleans profile , accessed April 7 , 2007 . `` Because it was built on a great turn of the river , it is known as the Crescent City . '' Jump up ^ John Ortved ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` Ratchet : The Rap Insult That Became a Compliment '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Ratchet can be traced back to the neighborhood of Cedar Grove in Shreveport , Louisiana . Jump up ^ St. Martinville Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Welcome to the Queen City , accessed April 7 , 2007 . `` Although Bangor 's history is of little national historical significance , a day in the Queen City of the East will provide the curious with opportunities to imagine the past . '' Jump up ^ Bath School Department , accessed April 7 , 2007 . `` Known as , `` The City of Ships '' , Bath lies on the shore of the Kennebec River and has been a major shipbuilding center for centuries . '' Jump up ^ Farmington , Maine . Maine Resource Guide , accessed January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Freeport , Maine . Maine Resource Guide , accessed January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sally W. Rand . `` Freeport 's Role In Maine 's Statehood '' . Freeport Historical Society . There has been concern for many years about the tradition that papers were signed in 1820 in Freeport making it the `` Birthplace of Maine . '' No verification for this claim has been found , ... but this unsubstantiated story has lingered on . Without sources , this legend does not stand up to scrutiny ... The legend exaggerating Freeport 's true role in Maine statehood was further perpetuated by the sale of collectible china . Souvenir china was imported from Germany for sale in local dry goods store in the late 19th century . Jump up ^ Celebrations , Welcome to Lincoln , Maine Website , accessed January 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Lewiston : Off the Tourist Track to a Pretty Nice , Pretty French City '' . Salt Institute for Documentary Studies . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Millinocket Historical Society website , accessed June 26 , 2009 Jump up ^ City of Presque Isle Online , accessed April 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Plocher ( 2007 ) , A Short History of Waterville , Maine , City of Waterville website , accessed June 21 , 2009 Jump up ^ Arin Shortz , Know All About Naptown , Charms of the Chesapeake website , accessed April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Van Smith and Fred Siegel , Can Mayor O'Malley Save Ailing Baltimore ? , City Journal , Winter 2001 Jump up ^ Popik , Barry. `` Charm City ( summary ) '' . The Big Apple . Nicknames of Other Places . March 25 , 2005 . URL retrieved on May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore ; The City of Firsts '' . City of Baltimore , Maryland . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved September 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore City Heritage Area '' . Maryland Historical Trust . Retrieved September 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` WHAT MAKES BALTIMORE THE CITY THAT READS ? '' . Baltimore Urbanite . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ O'Mara , Richard . `` Backstory : Baltimore - ' Home of 1,000 Slogans ' '' . The Christian Science Monitor . January 5 , 2006 . URL retrieved on January 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Entry from July 18 , 2008 : Harm City , Barry Popik 's blog , accessed August 10 , 2009 Jump up ^ Connery , William . `` Maryland 's Mob Town Supplied Links Through Rail and Fort '' . May 2002 . URL retrieved on January 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Van . `` Mob Rules '' . Baltimore City Paper . October 6 , 2004 . URL retrieved on January 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Best Monument '' . 2005 Baltimore Living Winners . Baltimore City Paper . September 21 , 2005 . Retrieved September 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Next America Revisited Archived September 30 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Levinson D. ( 2003 ) The Next America Revisited . Journal of Planning Education and Research . Summer 2003 , Volume 22 , Number 4 , pp. 329 - 345 . Jump up ^ Patrick H. Stakem ( 2008 ) . Railroading Around Cumberland . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 5365 - 8 . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Located at the confluence of Wills Creek and the Potomac River , Cumberland , Maryland , is known as the Queen City of the Alleghenies . ^ Jump up to : Hagerstown , Maryland , mdoe.org Maryland Online Encyclopedia . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Amit R. Paley , Takoma Park Council Backs Same - Sex Unions , Washington Post , July 15 , 2004 , page B01 . Jump up ^ Numerous local businesses , including Carriagetown Marketplace Shopping Center Jump up ^ Technology Plan 2007 - 2011 , Attleboro Public Schools , Attleboro Public Schools website , accessed September 17 , 2011 Jump up ^ Attleboro Massachusetts - The Jewelry Capital of the World , Guyot Brothers Company , Inc. website , accessed September 17 , 2011 Jump up ^ Boston : `` The Athens of America '' - Britannica Student Encyclopaedia Jump up ^ Why do they call Boston `` Beantown '' ? , Ask Yahoo ? website , September 5 , 2001 Jump up ^ Why do they call Boston `` Beantown '' ? , Boston - Online website ^ Jump up to : Norman Dalager , `` What 's in a nickname ? '' , Boston.com website , accessed June 18 , 2008 Jump up ^ The Hub of the Universe , from Oliver Wendell Holmes ' reference to the Massachusetts State House as the `` hub of the solar system '' Jump up ^ http://www.brockton.ma.us/ Jump up ^ Cambridge Officials Put a Stop to Boy Scout Drive to Aid Troops in Iraq , Fox News , accessed April 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` City of Chicopee '' , Boys & Girls Clubs of Chicopee . Accessed December 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ Trausch , Susan ( 1990 ) , `` There is Life Beyond Boston -- Really , '' The Boston Globe , June 6 , 1990 , p. 17 : `` ( Springfield ) has Chicopee , `` Kielbasa Capital of the World , '' right next door . '' Jump up ^ O'Brien , George ( 2001 ) , `` Stretching the Imagination in Chicopee , '' BusinessWest , October 1 , 2001 : p. 14 : `` The city once known merely as the kielbasa capital of the universe now has much more on its plate . '' Jump up ^ Reynolds , Mark . `` Mayor 's plans for city include schools for gifted pupils '' , The Providence Journal , February 2 , 2005 . Accessed June 28 , 2009 . `` Meanwhile , the graduation rate for students in Fall River -- the self - proclaimed ' Scholarship City ' -- is 97 percent . '' Jump up ^ Mike Richard ( 1993 ) . Glory to Gardner : 100 years of football in the Chair City . Jump up ^ Bruce Gellerman , Erik Sherman ( 2008 ) . Massachusetts Curiosities : Quirky Characters , Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff . Globe Pequot . ISBN 0762746807 . : `` By 1837 they were turning out so many chairs that residents immodestly dubbed the place `` Chair City of the World . '' Jump up ^ Constance Riley ( 2008 ) . Chair City of the World . Xlibris . ISBN 978 - 1436358453 . Jump up ^ Used in numerous local business and organization names , e.g. Chair City Supply Company , Chair City Oil , Chair City Family Medicine , Chair City Pale Ale , Chair City Pipers , etc . Jump up ^ City of Gardner official website , accessed October 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Holyoke Community Charter School ( HCCS ) Opens in the Birthplace of Volleyball , SABIS Educational System , archived from the original on November 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ Used in city promotional materials including the city of Leominster 's official website Jump up ^ Examples of the use of this name include the book title Lexington , the Birthplace of American Liberty : A Handbook by Fred Smith Piper ( first published in 1902 , formerly available from the Lexington Historical Society ( 28 ) , and currently available through Google Books ) , the Lexington Visitor Center website , and the City of Lexington website ( all websites accessed January 6 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Numerous local businesses , including Mill City Grows , Mill City Glass Works , and Mill City Ballroom . Accessed December 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ Drake , John ( 2006 - 12 - 27 ) . `` Natick to be designated `` Home of Champions '' `` . Boston Globe . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Tom Huntington `` Treasure Trove of Documents Discovered in Whaling Town , '' American Heritage , Winter 2009 . Jump up ^ Focus on Newburyport , Merrimack valley Info , accessed October 1 , 2007 . `` Shipbuilding was one of the most important and profitable trades making Newburyport known as the ' Clipper City . ' '' Jump up ^ ( 29 ) , Official website of the City of Newton Jump up ^ ( 30 ) , North Andover Citizen Newspaper Jump up ^ Vallette , David A. ( 2009 - 05 - 01 ) . `` ' Hamp override draws foes , backers '' . The Republican . Springfield , Mass . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Ronni ( 2007 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Theater benefit at Noho academy '' . The Republican . Springfield , Mass . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Steven Otfinoski , `` Presidents and Their Times : Calvin Coolidge '' . page 15 . Jump up ^ America 's Hometown , Town of Plymouth website , accessed November 19 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` The slogan for Provincetown says it well , ' Like No Where Else ' '' Jump up ^ `` Visitor Services Board Meeting Minutes '' ( PDF ) . Town of Provincetown . August 22 , 2005 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Some members felt that although a slogan ( `` Like nowhere else '' ) has been chosen , there needs to be more community input and consensus Jump up ^ Used in `` Rich Gay , Poor Gay '' , by David Colman , The New York Times , September 4 , 2005 , and in the title of the book Ptown : Art , Sex , and Money on the Outer Cape By Peter Manso ( 2002 ; Simon and Schuster ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 4311 - 7 Jump up ^ http://www.quincyma.gov/Visiting/aboutQuincy.cfm Jump up ^ `` QUITS POST IN DISPUTE ON SALEM 'S BIRTH DATE ; Author of City History Gives Up Place With the Essex Institute . '' , The New York Times , March 6 , 1926 , accessed April 23 , 2007 . `` Sidney Perley , author of a history of Salem , resigned his position with the Essex Institute today because of a dispute as to the date of the city 's founding . His action renewed a controversy which had raged since plans were set on foot to observe next July the tercentenary of the ' City of Witches . ' '' Jump up ^ Matarazzo Jr. , Bruno . `` Historic buildings getting plundered for copper '' , The Salem News , April 23 , 2007 , accessed April 23 , 2007 . `` SALEM -- Think of a thief snatching a gold necklace from around a woman 's neck as she walks down the street . Now think of the victim as a historic building , and you get an idea of one of the crime trends haunting the Witch City . '' Jump up ^ Sweeney , Emily ( January 9 , 2011 ) . `` How the South Shore became the Irish Riviera '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Affordable towns near Boston for would - be home buyers Archived 2014 - 12 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , by David Valdes Greenwood . Boston Phoenix , accessed April 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ New England for Visitors , About.com , accessed April 23 , 2007 . `` Did you know that Springfield is the birthplace of basketball ? '' Jump up ^ Federal Reserve System and Brookings Institution ( 2008 ) , Springfield , Massachusetts : Old Hill , Six Corners , and the South End neighborhoods , in The Enduring Challenge of Poverty in America : Case Studies from Communities Across the U.S. Retrieved from Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco website , November 19 , 2011 . `` Springfield was once known as the ' City of Firsts ' . It was the first to develop interchangeable parts ... '' ^ Jump up to : Springfield , Economic Development Council of Western Massachusetts Jump up ^ Choose Springfield , Massachusetts , website accessed November 19 , 2011 Jump up ^ The City of Progress New City Library , Merrick Park , State Street Springfield , MA Jump up ^ The City Of Progress , Winchester Square Springfield , MA Jump up ^ Read the ebook Progressive Springfield , Massachusetts by George Storrs ) ( Graves ^ Jump up to : https://archive.org/stream/progressivesprin00grav#page/n1/mode/2up Jump up ^ https://archive.org/stream/picturesquesprin00grav#page/n1/mode/2up Jump up ^ A Message From The Mayor , City of Taunton , Massachusetts website , accessed April 23 , 2007 . `` Throughout our glorious history , our community has earned the reputation as the Christmas City as visitors converge on Taunton from all corners of New England to witness the annual lighting of historic Taunton Green . '' Jump up ^ City of Taunton , Massachusetts , accessed on the original site on April 23 , 2007 ; archived on May 2 , 2008 . `` Taunton has three nicknames ; ' City of Firsts ' - 1st Woman Proprietor , 1st to raise the Liberty & Union Flag 1774 , and 1st Silver Manufacturer ' The Silver City - Had three major Silver Manufacturing Plants - 1 remaining Christmas City - For decades the community lit up the Taunton green at the annual `` Lights On '' ceremony . '' Jump up ^ Lopes , Ashley . `` Watching the history of Taunton '' , Taunton Daily Gazette , April 15 , 2007 , accessed April 23 , 2007 . `` TAUNTON -- Mayor Charles Crowley , producer of cable access program Olde Tyme Taunton , kept the history of the Silver City alive as he celebrated his 250th show Wednesday . '' Jump up ^ https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7727966.html Jump up ^ Siek , Stephanie V. Waltham : Room to grow at museum `` , Boston Globe , April 12 , 2007 , accessed April 23 , 2007 . `` You can see it at the new home of the Waltham Museum , which finally has enough room for its many windows into the past lives of the Watch City . '' Jump up ^ WESTFIELD , THE `` WHIP CITY '' , accessed April 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.berkshireview.com/Williamstown.html Jump up ^ Town of Winchendon official website , accessed December 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ http://www.worcestermass.org/ Jump up ^ Laura Crimaldi , Reaching high in City of Seven Hills ; ' Second tier ' Worcester thrives , Boston Herald , March 1 , 2009 ; archived July 6 , 2009 Jump up ^ Worcester , Mass - Origins of the Phrase Wormtown , WorcesterMass.com website , accessed October 28 , 2008 Jump up ^ Worcester , Mass - Origins of the Phrase The Woo , WorcesterMass.com website , accessed April 28 , 2013 Jump up ^ Alma Highland Festival accessed April 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kerry Rutherford 's Bio and Blog August August 16 , 2007 Jump up ^ Michigan Lingo in 2006 Graduate Handbook for the Political Science Department of the University of Michigan Jump up ^ The city 's official web site is www.a2gov.org Jump up ^ Replanting Tree Town page on Ann Arbor City Government website ( accessed January 12 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ http://www.a2gov.org/news/Documents/TTL_Nov_2007.pdf Jump up ^ This moniker appears on the city seal , displayed on the Battle Creek city website Jump up ^ The One Dollar Miracles of Battle Creek by Jim Middleton Jump up ^ Beaver Island Chamber of Commerce accessed August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Belding was once the third - largest silk producing city in the world Jump up ^ Champion page on infomi.com , accessed July 14 , 2010 Jump up ^ Village of Colon accessed May 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ This moniker appears on the city seal , displayed on the Davison city website Jump up ^ Solnit , Rebecca ( 2007 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Detroit arcadia : Exploring the post-American Landscape '' ( PDF ) . Harper 's Magazine . 157 ( 9 ) : 65 -- 73 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Saul Anuzis , All Eyes Look to Michigan : A Report From the Presidential Hustings , Human Events , November 6 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : The Greening of Detroit , accessed May 8 , 2007 `` The Greening of Detroit seeks to return the city of Detroit to its former glory as `` The City of Trees '' and `` The Paris of the Midwest '' by reforesting the city through tree planting projects and by using environmental education to generate the resolve , the necessary support , and the essential abilities necessary to ensure a safe , sustainable ecosystem for healthy trees with the city of Detroit . '' Jump up ^ This moniker appears in the Entertainment Link on the local television station WDIV 's Click On Detroit website Jump up ^ Detroit : Sights & Activities , Fodor 's , accessed May 8 , 2007 `` Though the city nicknamed itself `` Renaissance City '' in the 1970s , it did little to deserve the title until recently . '' Jump up ^ Drummond Island Chamber of Commerce accessed Sept. 5 , 2010 Jump up ^ Elsie Michigan - Historic Town accessed August 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ Community Ties site accessed May 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ E.g. Auto City Speedway , accessed December 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ About the University of Michigan - Flint , accessed May 8 , 2007 `` Flint is a mid-size city with a population of approximately 125,000 . Although the city is best known as the birthplace of General Motors ... '' Jump up ^ All Things Buick . A History of the Buick factories at Flint , Michigan accessed August 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ Flint : Vehicle City , Michigan History Online website , accessed August 19 , 2009 Jump up ^ Frankenmuth Chamber of Commerce and Convention and Visitors Bureau accessed May 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Baby Food Festival accessed December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gaylord Convention & Tourism Bureau accessed May 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Glenn Community Center accessed August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 31 ) , accessed November 9 , 2015 `` Festival History '' Jump up ^ More Than Furniture City , accessed May 8 , 2007 `` After an 1876 international exhibition held in Philadelphia , Grand Rapids gained worldwide recognition as ' Furniture City . ' '' Jump up ^ Ellison , Garret ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Grand Rapids wins Beer City USA 2013 poll outright with 27,000 votes '' . MLive Media Group . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 32 ) , accessed November 9 , 2015 `` Danish Festival History '' Jump up ^ modeldmedia accessed August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Charles Sercombe ( January 14 , 2011 ) , `` Movers and Shakers ... Christine Komisarz '' , The Review , Hamtramck , Michigan Jump up ^ Tulip Time Festival accessed May 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ City of Huntington Woods accessed October 11 , 2012 Jump up ^ Birthplace of the Republican Party - `` Under the Oaks '' , accessed May 8 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : The History of Kalamazoo MI , accessed May 8 , 2007 `` It 's been called `` The Paper City , '' for its many paper and cardboard mills ; `` The Celery City , '' after the crop once grown in the muck fields north , south , and east of town ; and `` The Mall City , '' after construction of the first outdoor pedestrian shopping mall in the United States in 1959 . The fertile soil on which Kalamazoo is built has led the area to most recently be called the `` Bedding Plant Capital of the World , '' as the county is home to the largest bedding plant cooperative in the U.S. `` Jump up ^ Sloganville , USA Awards For Best City Mottos & Monikers , Tagline Guru website , accessed March 15 , 2010 Jump up ^ Walleye Tournament Trail , accessed August 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ City of Mt . Clemens accessed April 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Petroleum History Exhibit '' . American Oil & Gas Historical Society . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burns , Robert C. `` Brewmaster to create ale , pub downtown '' , Muskegon Chronicle , September 13 , 2006 Accessed May 8 , 2007 `` Although Muskegon is known by some , very informally , as the ' Beer Tent Capital of the World , ' the business plan cites ' an enormous unmet need in the microbrewery market in Muskegon . ' '' ^ Jump up to : History of Muskegon , accessed May 8 , 2007 `` A river meets the lake at a place that 's been known as the Lumber Queen of the world , the Port City and the Riviera of the Midwest ; our own Muskegon . '' Jump up ^ http://www.topofthelake.org/ Top of the Lake Communities Association , accessed July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Negaunee Irontown Association , accessed August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Official Newberry Michigan Area Chamber of Commerce , accessed May 8 , 2007 . `` Snowmobile the Moose Capital of Michigan & Tahquamenon Country ! '' Jump up ^ City of Niles Motto listed on web site logo , accessed May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Historical nickname commemorating the elaborate garden created and maintained by German immigrant gardener John Gipner , at the Michigan Central Railroad depot in Niles , per `` Stations of Distinction '' , Michigan History Online website , accessed May 30 , 2009 Jump up ^ Michele Fecht ( January 6 , 2012 ) . `` Northville : An Ideal 1892 Suburban Village '' . Northville Patch . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan 's Smallest City '' accessed April 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Paradise , Michigan Chamber of Commerce accessed April 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` waymarking.com '' accessed July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pinconning page on Roadside America.com , accessed April 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Portland Community site accessed April 3 , 2012 Jump up ^ http://www.romulusgov.com accessed on July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ City of St. Louis accessed March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sault Ste . Marie Convention & Visitors Bureau accessed August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ City of Sault Ste . Marie , Michigan accessed August 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Retired teacher completes work on history book , '' The Macomb Daily , June 12 , 2010 . Accessed Jan. 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ City of Vassar accessed May 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vicksburg , MI Village Government and Information Jump up ^ Centennial Cranberry Farm accessed Sept. 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ City of Anoka Web Site ^ Jump up to : Twin Ports : Duluth / Superior , accessed May 8 , 2007 . `` Duluth , also known as the `` Zenith City '' , is the larger of the two , and usually gets the most notoriety , but Superior , also referred to as `` Soup Town '' ( because of common fog overhangs ! ) has a lot to offer residents as well as visitors . '' Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` DuluthSuperior '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ http://www.elkriverchamber.org/city.aspx Jump up ^ City of Hanover Web Site Jump up ^ Hermantown School District Web Site Jump up ^ City of Madison , Minnesota - Welcome to the City of Madison , Minnesota Jump up ^ City of Minneapolis , Minnesota - Official Web Site Jump up ^ As per the city history book , The Mill City ; or the Mill City Museum Jump up ^ Return to Murderapolis Jump up ^ Welcome To Mountain Iron , motto listed on web site , accessed May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The History Of New Ulm , accessed May 8 , 2007 . `` New Ulm , the City of `` Charm and Tradition '' , is nestled just 90 miles southwest of the Twin Cities , in the heart of the scenic Minnesota River Valley . '' Jump up ^ Visiting Northfield : Two Colleges , One Town Jump up ^ Numerous organizations , including Med City Mobility , Med City Marathon , Med City Driving School , and Med City Limousines Jump up ^ Downtown St. Cloud , accessed May 8 , 2007 . `` Since 1898 , the region has supported one of the world 's largest granite producers , Cold Spring Granite . Helping to give St. Cloud the surname `` Granite City '' , this family - owned company employs about 900 people locally , including third and fourth generation craftspeople . '' Jump up ^ as per former resident Al Franken Jump up ^ SI.com - Writers - In Search of ... Hockeytown U.S.A. Tuesday December 4 , 2007 , Sports Illustrated Jump up ^ night out ; NIGHTWATCH ; Sinning in the Saintly City. ( SCENE ) - Star Tribune ( Minneapolis , MN ) Jump up ^ ( 33 ) Jump up ^ Fee , Kevin ( May 10 , 1999 ) Detroit Snatches ' Hockeytown ' Name from Warroad , Minn . Knight Ridder / Tribune Business News Jump up ^ Mayor 's Message , Hattiesburg , Mississippi , accessed April 22 , 2007 . `` Hattiesburg 's population first took off as a center of the lumber and railroad industries giving us our nickname `` The Hub City . '' '' Jump up ^ Lynch , Adam . `` Chump Change for Chimneyville '' , Jackson Free Press , April 4 , 2007 , accessed April 22 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Image Committee launches `` City With Soul '' campaign `` , Jackson , Mississippi Convention & Visitors Bureau . Accessed April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Hancock Story : A Legacy of Strength , Stability , Service , & Opportunity '' . Hancock Bank . Jump up ^ Mozella G. Mitchell . New Africa in America : the blending of African and American religious and social traditions among Black people in Meridian , Mississippi , and surrounding counties . p. 27 . ISBN 9780820424255 . Jump up ^ William Smith . Lauderdale County , Mississippi , four families , 1835 - 1936 . p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : History of Oxford , Oxford , Mississippi website , accessed May 5 , 2009 Jump up ^ Port Gibson , Mississippi Jump up ^ City of Senatobia website Jump up ^ National Military Park Louisiana / Mississippi : Vicksburg , National Park Service . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` Jefferson Davis called Vicksburg `` The Gibraltar of America . '' By the summer of 1862 , Vicksburg was the nail holding the Confederacy together . '' Jump up ^ Sarah Fenske ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Dangerous City in Missouri Is ... Branson ? '' . Riverfront Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Welcome to `` America 's Maple Leaf City '' , Carthage , Missouri Convention & Visitors Bureau . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Pagan ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` Who Made That Sliced Bread ? '' . New York Times Sunday Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Cuba , Missouri : Mural City '' . University of Missouri -- Convergence Journalism . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lindsey Marschka ( December 2014 ) . `` Hannibal , MO : `` America 's Hometown '' Amidst Fictional Landscape `` . Artifacts : A Journal of Undergraduate Writing . University of Missouri . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.jeffcitymo.org/main/historyheritage.html ^ Jump up to : Kansas City Background Information , 16th Annual ACI - NA Conference & Exhibition . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` Kansas City , Missouri is often abbreviated as ' KCMO ' , or just ' KC ' ( although this often refers to the entire metro area ) . It is officially nicknamed the City of Fountains , with over 200 installations , ranking second in the world and exceeded only by Rome . It is also nicknamed the Heart of America because it is within 250 miles ( 400 km ) of both the geographic and population centers of the United States . Informal nicknames include Jazz Capital of the World , Cowtown , and the BBQ Capital of the World , while residents are known as Kansas Citians . '' Jump up ^ City of Fountains , Experience KC . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` It 's Kansas City . And these are but a few of the hundreds of majestic fountains that make their home in this Midwestern treasure , known as the City of Fountains . '' Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Draws Upon Its Jazz Heritage at Paris Air Show '' , Kansas City infoZine . June 11 , 2007 . `` The Kansas City Aviation Department , Greater Kansas City Area Development Council , Platte County ( Mo . ) Economic Development Council and State of Missouri will join forces to host a ' Paris of the Plains ' booth inside the U.S.A. Pavilion at the Paris Air Show ( Hall 3 , Booth D13B ) , featuring the music of well - known jazz icons such as Kansas City natives Charlie ' Yardbird ' Parker , William ' Count ' Basie and Jay McShann . '' Jump up ^ ( 34 ) Jump up ^ Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , City of Kirkwood . Missouri , September 27 , 2002 . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` Known as ' The Green Tree City , ' the City is an attractive suburban residential community with tree - lined streets . '' Jump up ^ City of Lathrop , Mo - Mule Capital of the World ( official city website ) , accessed September 19 , 2008 Jump up ^ Welcome to Moberly , Missouri , Moberly , MO -- Official Website . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` Founded in 1866 , Moberly 's explosive growth in 1873 earned it the title , ' The Magic City ' . '' Jump up ^ ( 35 ) Jump up ^ Steve Parker , Offended by `` The Lou '' , St. Louis Post-Dispatch editors ' blog , 05.01. 2008 Jump up ^ ( 36 ) Jump up ^ Whistle Stops 1 - 15 , Sedalia 's Heritage Trail . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` We 're proud to be called the Queen City of the Prairie . '' Jump up ^ Billings , Hank . `` Historian puts date on origin of ' Queen City ' '' , Springfield News - Leader , June 4 , 2007 . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` Does Springfield 's title as Queen City of the Ozarks go back to 1876 ? '' Jump up ^ Springfield sits at the crossroads of history ! , Springfield , Missouri , Convention & Visitors Bureau . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` Officially recognized as the birthplace of Route 66 , it was in Springfield on April 30 , 1926 , that officials first proposed the name of the new Chicago - to - Los Angeles highway . '' Jump up ^ goBurg.com Jump up ^ Billings The Magic City , Billings Public Schools website , accessed June 2 , 2010 . `` Billings got its nickname , The Magic City , because it seemingly grew overnight into the largest distribution center in Montana . '' Jump up ^ http://www.brandbillings.com/ Jump up ^ http://ci.billings.mt.us/index.aspx?nid=411 Jump up ^ http://www.cityofbillings.net Jump up ^ In the Bozone . Sunset , October 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 14 . Archived October 7 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ John Emeigh ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Butte book highlights Mining City 's Irish neighborhoods '' . KXLF . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mining City Christmas program help requested '' . The Montana Standard . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Butte page on Montana State Travel Information Site Jump up ^ Glendive Chamber of Commerce & Agriculture website Jump up ^ Great Falls page on Montana State Travel Information Site Jump up ^ Helena page on Montana State Travel Information Site Jump up ^ Kalispell page on Montana State Travel Information Site Jump up ^ `` Libby City of Eagles : New Mineral Avenue Gateway Sculpture '' . LibbyMT.com . July 8 , 2007 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Libby , Montana : City of Eagles '' . Roadside America . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Missoula page on Montana State Travel Information Site Jump up ^ Hastings : The Queen City of the Plains , Nebraska ( Images of America Series ) , accessed April 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 37 ) Jump up ^ Ted Widmer , Kennedy 's Voice , Book review , The Washington Post , May 18 , 2008 , Page BW03 . `` ( Lincoln in 1928 ) was a provincial enough place that it called itself ' the Hartford of the West . ' '' Jump up ^ Campus Guide : Lincoln lexicon , JournalStar.com , August 22 , 2011 Jump up ^ History of North Platte . North Platte Traveler , Spring / Summer 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Numerous businesses and organizations , including Flat Rock Plumbing & Heating , Flat Rock Riders OHV Park , Flat Rock Irregulars , and Flat Rock Glass Jump up ^ Big O Sizzling : National attention continues to pour in for Omaha , Omaha City Weekly , accessed April 8 , 2007 . `` Also , some city rankings use in - city numbers instead of MSA populations . When that happens , it 's good for the Big O. As of July 2005 , Omaha 's MSA has 813,000 people , making it only the 60th largest in America , but the city of Omaha had 415,000 residents , making it the nation 's 43rd largest municipality . '' Jump up ^ Several businesses and organizations , including River City Heating & Cooling , River City Star cruises , River City Obedience Training , and the Omaha River City Bass Club Jump up ^ Mullens , P.A. ( 1901 ) Biographical Sketches of Edward Creighton and John A. Creighton . Creighton University . p. 24 . Jump up ^ City of Seward , Nebraska . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` About South Omaha -- Past '' . South Omaha Business Association . Jump up ^ `` ' Heart City post office flooded with Valentines -- Past '' . Milwaukee Sentinel . Jump up ^ Fallon Convention and Tourism Authority , accessed April 8 , 2007 . `` Farms and ranches remain a vital part of the local economy and contribute to the area 's claim as the ' Oasis of Nevada ' . '' Jump up ^ Las Vegas , The Columbia Gazetteer of North America , accessed April 8 , 2007 . `` It is considered the gambling capital of the world ; gambling was legalized in 1931 ... Its nightclubs , casinos , and championship boxing matches are world famous , and entertainment enterprises have led to an increasing array of music , sports , and gambling centers up and down the Strip , a.k.a. `` Glitter Gulch . '' '' Jump up ^ Las Vegas Sun , accessed May 15 , 2008 . `` How Sin City evolved into ' The Entertainment Capital of the World ' '' Jump up ^ Las Vegas : Sin City Finally Gets Its Reputation Back , Curve ( magazine ) , accessed April 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ City of Reno Visitors page , accessed April 8 , 2007 . `` Welcome to the Biggest Little City in the World ! '' Jump up ^ Winnemucca , The Columbia Gazetteer of North America , accessed April 8 , 2007 . `` Advertises itself as ' city of paved streets . ' '' Jump up ^ Berlin History , accessed April 8 , 2007 . `` Due to this growth , Berlin soon became known as `` The City That Trees Built '' . '' Jump up ^ Nevers ' 2nd Regiment Band `` is the Capital City 's professional community band , dedicated to bringing an annual series of summer concerts to the greater Concord area . '' , Nevers ' 2nd Regiment Band , May 21 , 2007 . Accessed September 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rick Watrous ( June 17 , 2011 ) . `` Concord -- City in a Coma no longer '' . Concord Patch . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire 's Main Street Trademark Information '' . bizapedia.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NH Towns - Derry , NH - NewHampshire.com Archived 2010 - 08 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Dover , New Hampshire -- The Garrison City '' . City of Dover official website . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Higy , Alison . `` The struggle to plant elms in Keene 's Central Square '' , Keene Sentinel , March 14 , 2004 . Accessed July 10 , 2007 . `` Ever wonder why Keene is called the `` Elm City ? '' We were given this name because of the towering elms that used to stand in the center of Keene . '' ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Scott . `` ManchVegas : Love it or hate it , the Queen City 's other name has stuck '' New Hampshire Union Leader , September 26 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Meredith - ' The Latchkey to the White Mountains ' , Lake Winnipesaukee Historical Society . Accessed July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ City of Nashua , New Hampshire - Home Page , Nashua , New Hampshire . Accessed July 10 , 2007 . `` Mayor Bernard A. Streeter welcomes you to the official website of the City of Nashua , NH. Whether you are relocating to our city , or just visiting and need some information we want you to feel welcome . The city is located 45 minutes from Boston , MA. on Route 3 and has been called ' The Gate City . ' '' Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Our Town 's Web Site ! '' . Town of Peterborough . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Community Profile - Rochester NH , the Lilac City , Greater Rochester Chamber of Commerce . Accessed July 10 , 2007 . `` Rochester , known as the Lilac City , is located in southeastern New Hampshire . '' Jump up ^ Salem At a Glance , Salem , New Hampshire . Accessed July 10 , 2007 . `` The ' Gateway to New Hampshire , ' Salem is a town of 28,000 located in the southeastern part of the state , in Rockingham County . '' Jump up ^ Annual ArtsCAP Event Features Author Hisani Dubose , Atlantic Highlands Herald , June 16 , 2010 . `` ... Celebrate ArtsCAP 's accomplishments in promoting the arts in Asbury Park and ... help plan further blossoming of art and culture in Dark City . '' Jump up ^ Laughlin , Jason . `` Settlement reached in A.C. parking garage collapse '' , Courier - Post , April 12 , 2007 , accessed April 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic City Dream '' , Time ( magazine ) , November 5 , 1934 . `` Longtime dream of Atlantic City 's Mayor Harry Bacharach has been a new railroad station for ' America 's Playground ' . '' Jump up ^ Welcome to Byram Township 's Official Web Site , Byram Township , New Jersey . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` Byram is known as ' The Township of Lakes ' , having more than two dozen lakes and ponds . '' Jump up ^ http://www.caldwell-nj.com/content/81/default.aspx Jump up ^ Cranford History , accessed September 27 , 2007 Jump up ^ Denville profile , Daily Record ( Morristown ) , accessed April 22 , 2007 . `` Known as the ' hub ' of Morris County -- because of its central geographic location and spot along major transportation routes -- this township is home to one of the most traditional town centers in the county . '' Jump up ^ Various businesses , including Illtown Unisex Salon , Illtown Blues Jump up ^ History of the Film Industry in Fort Lee , Fort Lee Film Commission website , accessed August 18 , 2009 Jump up ^ Natural , Undisturbed Beauty of Nature , Right Here in the Northeast Corridor Archived 2007 - 07 - 06 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed April 5 , 2007 . `` Fortescue is also host to one of the East Coast 's most popular fishing tournaments , the Fortescue Weakfish Tournament . Fortescue is known as the weakfish capital of the world . '' Jump up ^ Carolyn Freundlich ( 2010 - 01 - 16 ) . `` A New Year ignites discussion of change in Garwood '' . Cranford Chronicle . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Hackensack '' , FDU Magazine , Fall / Winter 2001 . Accessed June 14 , 2007 . `` Billed as ' A City in Motion ' , Hackensack has been on the move since before the founding of the United States . '' Jump up ^ Hit musical ' Hair ' was written in Hoboken : Mile - square city housed the seminal musical 's authors in the 1960s , Hudson Reporter , October 2 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Door ... '' . Random Number . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Jersey City America 's Golden Door '' . Legal Force Trademarks . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Jersey City : `` Wall Street West '' `` . Business Weekly . October 28 , 2001 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Hudson Shakespeare Company '' . Hudson Shakespeare Company . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Scherer , Glenn ; DeCoste , Paul ( 2009 ) , Hiking New Jersey : A Guide to 50 of the Garden State 's Greatest Hiking Adventures , Falcon Guide , ISBN 9780762711192 Jump up ^ `` Jersey City New Jersey USA '' . The Rotary Club . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Why do people call Jersey City ' Chilltown ' ? '' , Jersey City Reporter , April 15 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Jersey City : `` Wall Street West '' - After September 11 , the ranks of businesses hopping the Hudson swell , Business Week , October 29 , 2001 . `` The nickname ' America 's Golden Door ' never really caught on . So Jersey City officials tried to tag their town ' Silicon Valley East ' -- then the Internet Revolution petered out . But the latest monicker for Manhattan 's neighbor across the Hudson -- ' Wall Street West ' -- just might stick . '' Jump up ^ Holusha , John . `` Commercial Property / The Jersey Riverfront ; On the Hudson 's West Bank , Optimistic Developers '' , The New York Times , October 11 , 1998 . Accessed May 25 , 2007 . `` ' That simply is out of the question in midtown , ' he said , adding that some formerly fringe areas in Midtown South that had previously been available were filled up as well . Given that the buildings on the New Jersey waterfront are new and equipped with the latest technology and just a few stops on the PATH trains from Manhattan , they become an attractive alternative . ' It 's the sixth borough , ' he said . '' Jump up ^ Borough of Keansburg , accessed April 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Long Beach Island , New Jersey Regional Guide and Newsmagazine Jump up ^ `` Refuges of the famous saw economic , political change '' , Asbury Park Press , October 19 , 2006 . Accessed July 10 , 2007 . `` But the moderate climate and ocean bathing soon helped Long Branch develop a reputation as the nation 's ' first seaside resort . ' '' Jump up ^ ' Friendly City ' overtaxes residents , Atlanticville . June 1 , 2007 . Accessed July 10 , 2007 . `` Long Branch City Hall does it again ! The ' Friendly City ' will stick its residents with a tax increase . '' Jump up ^ Shakespeare Theater of New Jersey Archived 2007 - 04 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed April 12 , 2007 . `` Once the hub of America 's rose - growing industry , Madison earned the nickname ' The Rose City ' in the mid-19th century . '' Jump up ^ Spies , Stacy E. `` Images of America : Metuchen '' , accessed via Google Books , 2011 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.co.cumberland.nj.us/content/171/219/442/3365.aspx Jump up ^ 7 : 30 a.m. -- Filling cracks in the HealthCare City , from the Home News Tribune , September 23 , 1999 . `` With two major hospitals and a medical school , New Brunswick proclaims itself The HealthCare City . '' Jump up ^ A wet day in the Hub City , from the Home News Tribune , September 23 , 1999 . `` A few days short of 60 years , on Wednesday , Sept. 16 , a dreary , drizzly day just ahead of the deluge of Hurricane Floyd , the Home News Tribune sent 24 reporters , 9 photographers and one artist into the Hub City , as it is known , to take a peek into life in New Brunswick as it is in 1999 . '' Jump up ^ Blame the city for lifeless campus , Rutgers - Newark Observer , April 3 , 2007 . `` And what can we say about Brick City ? '' ^ Jump up to : Ocean City , N.J. : This family - oriented resort thrives on its virtuous origins. , Baltimore Sun , accessed April 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ New Jersey Rep. Pascrell Hopes PAC Fundraising is Smooth as Silk , The New York Times , March 7 , 2007 . `` Paterson -- located in northeastern New Jersey , about 20 miles from Manhattan -- is known as the `` Silk City '' because of its long association with textile manufacturing . '' Jump up ^ City of Perth Amboy , accessed April 15 , 2007 . `` Welcome to Perth Amboy , The City by the Bay . '' Jump up ^ City of Plainfield Archived 2007 - 07 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed April 5 , 2007 . `` On behalf of the City of Plainfield , I greet you with the passion and enthusiasm that hopefully you share for our Queen City , Plainfield , New Jersey . '' Jump up ^ Kvasager , Whitney . `` Leaves ablaze with colors of the season '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , October 31 , 2004 . Accessed March 10 , 2010 . `` In the Saturday drizzle , Rutherford -- the Borough of Trees -- was living up to its title . '' Jump up ^ Rutherford Borough . Accessed March 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seaside Heights Beach Information , accessed April 5 , 2007 . Archived February 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Spring Lake , AboutNewJersey.com website , accessed June 17 , 2009 Jump up ^ Cunningham , John ( 2004 ) . This is New Jersey 4th ed . Yonkers , NY : Rutgers University Press ; Hudson River Museum . p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2141 - 6 . Jump up ^ Union City 2000 Calendar ; 2000 ; culled from History of West Hoboken and Union Hill by Ella - Mary Ryman ; 1965 and `` The Historical Background of Union City '' by Daniel A. Primont , William G. Fiedler and Fred Zuccaro ; 1964 ^ Jump up to : `` Little Havana ( Miami ) & Little Havana on the Hudson ( Union City , New Jersey ) '' BarryPopkik.com ; August 15 , 2006 Jump up ^ Rosero , Jessica . `` Most liquor licenses ? Bumpiest town ? Local municipalities hold unusual distinctions '' , Hudson Reporter , August 27 , 2006 . Accessed June 25 , 2007 . `` At one time , Union City had its own claim to fame as being the second largest Cuban community in the nation , after Miami . During the wave of immigrant exiles of the 1960s , the Cuban population that did not settle in Miami 's Little Havana found its way to the north in Union City . However , throughout the years , the growing Cuban community has spread out to other regions of North Hudson . '' Jump up ^ http://www.whatsupburque.com/ What 's Up Burque ^ Jump up to : Leslie Linthicum , Albuquerque Journal - `` Here 's a Q - tip - ¡ Viva Burque ! '' , January 8 , 2009 Jump up ^ Frequently Asked Questions About Albuquerque , Sandia National Laboratories . `` Why is Albuquerque nicknamed the Duke City ? In memory of the Duke of Albuquerque , the city is affectionately called the `` Duke City . '' There is still a Duke of Albuquerque residing in Spain . From time to time , he visits his namesake city . '' Jump up ^ http://www.cabq.gov/albuquerquegreen/green-goals/recycling-waste/reuse-in-the-q/ Reuse in the Q Jump up ^ World Wide Leap Year Birthday Club in Anthony TX / NM the Leap Year Capital of the World Jump up ^ Cavern City Air Terminal Jump up ^ http://www.lasvegasnm.gov/ Jump up ^ Atomic City Transit Jump up ^ official Web site of the City of Rio Rancho , New Mexico , accessed April 5 , 2007 . `` We invite you to visit our `` City of Vision '' as we take Rio Rancho into an energetic and exciting new future . '' Jump up ^ Rodeo , New Mexico website , accessed November 26 , 2011 Jump up ^ Roswell Chamber of Commerce website , accessed February 27 , 2008 Jump up ^ Aliens : a conspiracy out of this world , BBC News , 2 October 1998 Jump up ^ Santa Fe , New Mexico , accessed April 5 , 2007 . `` Nestled at 7000 feet in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains , Santa Fe , New Mexico , the `` City Different '' , is America 's oldest capital city and claims a long history and rich cultural heritage . '' Jump up ^ Unique and Hidden Destinations , accessed April 5 , 2007 . `` But in Santa Rosa , an unassuming small town 114 east of Albuquerque on I - 40 , you can dive year - round in the clear blue waters of a spring - fed well billed as `` the scuba capital of the Southwest . '' Jump up ^ MSN Encarta states that this nickname `` resulted from the meeting here in 1754 of the Albany Congress , which adopted Benjamin Franklin 's Plan of Union , the first formal proposal to unite the colonies . '' ( 38 ) . Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Albany : Smallbany or Smalbany or SmAlbany ( nickname ) '' Jump up ^ The Amsterdam Free Library , accessed April 5 , 2007 . `` Amsterdam became known as `` The Carpet City of the World . '' ' Jump up ^ `` '' History 's Hometown '' Campaign Kick - off `` . Good News from Auburn ( volume 4 , number 11 ) . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ E.g. Prison City Pub and Brewery , Prison City Ramblers car club Jump up ^ Binghamton : Building The Parlor City , WSKG - TV , accessed April 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Carousel Capital of the World , accessed April 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Gerald ( 2006 ) . Partners All : A History of Broome County , New York . Virginia Beach , VA : The Donning Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 578 - 64339 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : The Legacy Of George F. Johnson And The Square Deal , accessed February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2008 Inductee Jim Matthews - Bobby Orr Hall of Fame , Parry Sound , Ontario Jump up ^ Kat Kinsman ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` This is the Boogie Down Bronx '' . CNN . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Birthplace of Hip Hop '' . History Detectives : Special Investigations . PBS . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryley , Sarah . `` Brooklyn Atlantic Yards : ' Wrong Church , Wrong Pew , ' Says Manhattan Judge in Tenants ' Case '' , Brooklyn Daily Eagle , May 18 , 2007 . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` State Supreme Court Justice Walter Tolub ruled the action ' was brought both in the wrong church and the wrong pew , ' making reference to Brooklyn 's early reputation as the ' City of Churches ' . In a footnote , the judge cited an 1844 issue of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle as the origin of that nickname . '' Jump up ^ Mele , Andrew P. ( 2008 ) . The Boys of Brooklyn : The Parade Grounds : Brooklyn 's Field of Dreams . AuthorHouse . p. 292 . ISBN 1434340406 . Jump up ^ Morrone , James F. ( 2001 ) . An Architectural Guidebook to Brooklyn . Gibbs Smith . pp. x . ISBN 1586850474 . ^ Jump up to : Brooklyn news updates for December 27 - January 9 , 2005 , Brooklyn Borough President Marty Markowitz . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` ' This once again proves that in addition to being the Borough of Churches and the Borough of Trees , that Brooklyn is the Borough of Light during the holidays , and throughout the year , ' said Marty . '' Jump up ^ Students Show Why We Are the City of Good Neighbors , WGRZ , November 10 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Todd Natti , An Orphan of History , Art Voice , October 26 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : The Urban Design Project , The Queen City Hub : A Regional Action Plan for Downtown Buffalo , accessed February 12 , 2011 Jump up ^ City of Canandaigua official website Jump up ^ Hoboken Claims Honor As Baseball Birthplace , The Washington Post , June 20 , 1990 . `` Gov. Jim Florio made a pitch to have Hoboken declared the birthplace of baseball , and he did it from the pitcher 's mound at a site not far from where supporters say the first game was played , on the game 's anniversary today . '' ^ Jump up to : Claims to fame - Sports Jump up ^ Corning , New York , accessed April 16 , 2007 . `` Recognized as a world leader in glass - making -- and dubbed `` Crystal City '' for its prominence -- Corning boasts a heritage that dates to the 1860s . '' Jump up ^ Local History , accessed April 5 , 2007 . `` Known as the ' Crown City ' because of its location on a plain formed by the convergence of seven valleys , Cortland is situated about 1,130 feet above sea level , making it the uppermost city to crown the state . '' Jump up ^ Aswad , Ed ; Meredith , Suzanne M. ( 2003 ) . Endicott - Johnson . Charleston , SC : Arcadia . p. 23 . ISBN 9780738513065 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Florida , New York , accessed April 16 , 2007 . `` Onion farming became the primary source of agricultural revenue , resulting in the area being known as `` The Onion Capital of the World . '' Growing , packing , and distribution of this crop continues to be Florida 's most important industry . '' Jump up ^ Motola , Chris . `` Nestle and Sonoco Plants Expected to Resume Operation Under New Ownership '' , Oswego County Business , December 10 , 2003 , accessed April 16 , 2007 . `` Fulton may once again live up to its slogan , ' a city with a future . ' New York State Gov. George Pataki arrived to unveil the good news at a press conference at the Fulton Municipal Building on Dec. 10 at 2PM . '' Jump up ^ ( 39 ) , accessed November 19 , 2013 . `` It may be ' the town that friendship built . ' But Hamburg 's three - member Town Board has been rife with bickering and discord . '' Jump up ^ Glenn Curtiss , accessed April 16 , 2007 . `` Here , in the picturesque village of Hammondsport , known locally as the `` cradle of aviation , '' Glenn H. Curtiss , world famous aviation pioneer who died unexpectedly in a Buffalo hospital , will be buried at 4 o'clock tomorrow afternoon . '' Jump up ^ The Village of Haverstraw 's History , Village of Haverstraw website , accessed December 24 , 2008 Jump up ^ Brownfields Assessment Pilot Fact Sheet : Haverstraw , NY , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , accessed December 24 , 2008 Jump up ^ Brick Making in the Hudson River Valley - Haverstraw , Powerpoint presentation by students in Marist College 's Hudson Valley History Course , undated Jump up ^ City of Hornell official website Jump up ^ Historical Map of Jamestown , NY - 1882 . Worldmapsonline.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ City of Jamestown , New York - The Pearl City . Jamestownny.net . Retrieved on 2014 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ About JC , accessed February 5 , 2015 Jump up ^ TechCity Properties , accessed December 1 , 2011 Jump up ^ City of Kingston 2011 Visitors ' Guide , page 26 . Accessed December 1 , 2011 Jump up ^ D'Onofrio , John . `` FOOTBALL : Semi-pro football returns to Lock City '' , Niagara Gazette , April 1 , 2007 , accessed April 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ City of Long Beach official website Jump up ^ Purdum , Todd S. `` POLITICAL MEMO ; An Embattled City Hall Moves to Brooklyn '' , The New York Times , February 22 , 1992 . Accessed March 27 , 2008 . `` Leaders in all of them fear that recent changes in the City Charter that shifted power from the borough presidents to the City Council have diminished government 's recognition of the sense of identity that leads people to say they live in the Bronx , and to describe visiting Manhattan as ' going to the city . ' '' Jump up ^ `` Former ' Paper City ' Westvaco mill in New York that closed 40 years ago profiled as demolition completed for redevelopment '' . RISI . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joining the Sisterhood : Young Jewish Women Write Their Lives . SUNY Press . Jump up ^ `` Jacob 's Voice '' . Jewish Press . 24 May 2006 . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Joseph Nathan Kane , Gerard L. Alexander , Nicknames and Sobriquets of U.S. Cities , States , and Counties , Scarecrow Press , 1979 , Page 340 Jump up ^ New Rochelle : The City of Huguenots , Knickerbocker Press , 1926 , New Rochelle Chamber of Commerce Jump up ^ Modern New Rochelle and The National City Bank , The National City Bank , 1909 , M.J. Dillon , Page 19 Jump up ^ The History of New York State , Book III , Chapter IX ; Editor , Dr. James Sullivan ; Lewis Historical Publishing Company , Inc. , 1927 ; Online Edition by Holice , Deb & Pam Jump up ^ Why Is New York City Called `` The Big Apple '' ? Archived 1997 - 10 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed April 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Finn , Robin . `` A Vigilant Eye on Threats to the ' Capital of the World ' '' , The New York Times , June 8 , 2007 . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` ' What makes this the biggest challenge in all that we do as an agency is , well , as the late pope said , New York City is the capital of the world , ' he says , leading the way into his spacious sanctum at 26 Federal Plaza . '' Jump up ^ Aakanksha Pagnis ( October 5 , 2009 ) . `` New York : The City of Dreams '' . The Viewspaper . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mullane , J.D. `` Trumping a New Yorker '' , The Philadelphia Inquirer , March 25 , 2007 , accessed April 16 , 2007 . `` ' Here we go again , ' I said . ' New York , New York . The city so nice they named it twice , right ? ' '' Jump up ^ `` New York , New York '' Lyrics , accessed April 16 , 2007 . `` These vagabond shoes / Are longing to stray / And make a brand new start of it / New York , New York / I want to wake up in the city that never sleeps ... '' Jump up ^ Art and the Empire City : New York , 1825 -- 1861 , Metropolitan Museum of Art , accessed April 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Larry J. Sabato 's Feeding Frenzy ( July 21 , 1998 ) . `` Jesse Jackson 's ' Hymietown ' Remark -- 1984 '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer , Rick . `` NIAGARA FALLS : Courthouse crumbles '' , Niagara Gazette , April 4 , 2007 , accessed April 16 , 2007 . `` You do n't have to look far to find structural faults -- there is more police crime scene tape stretched around problem areas at the Public Safety Building then there is on Cataract City streets . '' Jump up ^ The Town of Tonawanda - History , accessed April 16 , 2007 . `` By the turn of the century Tonawanda and North Tonawanda , jointly known as ' The Lumber City ' , was the largest lumber supply center in the world . '' ^ Jump up to : History of Ogdensburg , Thousand Islands . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` Attracting people from far and wide , we became the ' New York of the North ' . At that time the community was known as ' the Maple City ' and a city form of government was adopted on April 27 , 1868 . '' Jump up ^ ( 40 ) , Palmyra . Accessed March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 41 ) , Pearl River Patch website , accessed January 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Top 16 Small Cities in New York '' . Cities Journal . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The First Annual Black Dirt Feast : Program Guide '' ( PDF ) . July 28 , 2009 . By the mid 19th century ... immigrant farmers , had drained the mucklands and planted the magnificent golden onions that made the region famous , eventually reaching a yield of 30,000 pounds of onions per acre . Pine Island , in the heart of the Black Dirt , became known as ' The Onion Capital of the World ' . Jump up ^ Jennifer Brizzi ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` The onion reigns supreme in Black Dirt Country '' . Hudson Valley Almanac Weekly . Jump up ^ Tourism , City of Plattsburgh website , accessed April 13 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the City of Poughkeepsie '' . City of Poughkeepsie . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rochester FAQs '' . Greater Rochester Visitors Association . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved June 13 , 2007 . Rochester has been known as the `` Young Lion of the West , '' the `` Flour City , '' and the `` Flower City . '' During the 1990s , Rochester was called `` The World 's Image Centre , '' a title stemming from its unique and impressive history in photography , xerography , and optics along with its leading role in manufacturing / research activities , and impressive educational resources in both traditional and evolving imaging sciences . Jump up ^ FAQs , Visit Rochester website , accessed April 28 . 2012 ^ Jump up to : Rochester 's History webpage ; `` 1850 -- 1899 : Westward expansion has moved the focus of farming to the Great Plains . Rochester 's importance as the center for flour milling has declined . Several seed companies in Rochester have grown to become the largest in the world . Rochester 's nickname is changed from the Flour City to the Flower City . '' Jump up ^ The Flower City : Center of Nurseries and Fruit Orchards by Blake McKelvey , University of Rochester website ; tells of the `` almost world - wide fame that once redounded to the Flower City '' during the latter half of the 19th century . Jump up ^ E.g. Roc City Furniture , Roc City Skatepark , Roc City Rib Fest Jump up ^ E.g. Copper City Driving School , Copper City Chrysler Dodge , Copper City United Soccer Club Jump up ^ Paul Post , Saratoga group hopes to create Thoroughbred park , Thoroughbred Times , November 21 , 2008 . `` Mayor Scott Johnson said the city can not afford to purchase the parcel but that he supports the foundation 's efforts , which he said would be a welcome addition to the ' Racing City 's ' landscape . '' Jump up ^ Mokhiber , Jessica . `` Spa City celebrates Mardi Gras with sister city '' , Capital News 9 , February 18 , 2007 . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` Waveland , Mississippi and Saratoga are hundreds of miles from each other but they are connected by a special bond . After hurricane Katrina they became sister cities . This weekend people from Waveland helped the Spa City celebrate its very first Mardi Gras . '' Jump up ^ Roane , Kit R . `` The Forgotten New York '' , U.S. News & World Report , January 7 , 2007 . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` Back in the 1950s , maybe . But the song , adopted by the city in 1995 , expresses more hope than reality these days . Once known as ' the city that lights and hauls the world , ' Schenectady has become a dim bulb and the first stop in a long , bleak road that runs through much of upstate New York , a countryside pockmarked with a series of eerie industrial relics and shuttered mill towns . '' Jump up ^ `` Getting Around Staten Island : A Guide to the Borough of Parks '' . CBS New York . August 22 , 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Borough of Parks '' . Staten Island Advance . October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 15 July 1928 , New York Times , pg . RE1 : `` Urging Staten Island operators to be cautious about pricing their realty , W. Burke Harmon , President of the Harmon National Real Estate Corporation , yesterday declared that sudden price increases on properties at this time might well result in halting the normal development of what he calls ' this forgotten borough that has suddenly stepped into the limelight . ' '' Jump up ^ Barry Popik , Shao - Lin ( Staten Island ) , popik.com , September 14 , 2004 Jump up ^ `` A History of Syracuse City Hall '' . City of Syracuse official website . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Syracuse , called the ' Salt City , ' flourished in the mid-1800s . Jump up ^ Faber , Harold `` The Talk of Troy ; ' The Collar City ' Is Loosening Its Ties to the Past '' January 22 , 1989 . `` Troy is still known as ' the collar city . ' '' ^ Jump up to : Mittel Jr. , David A. ( June 4 , 2008 ) . `` The City That God Forgot '' . The Providence Journal . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Garland City '' . City of Watertown official website . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lost Borough ( Yonkers ) '' Jump up ^ ( 42 ) , NYT , August 28 , 2005 Jump up ^ Ben G. Blount ( October 15 , 2006 ) , Factors Affecting Participation in Marine Fisheries : Case Studies in Georgia and North Carolina ( PDF ) , NOAA Fisheries , p. 81 Jump up ^ An Interview with Nyle Frank , Carrboro.com website Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/hornets/buzz-city Jump up ^ Charlotte Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://www.meckdec.org/ Jump up ^ http://www.durhambulls.com/ Jump up ^ E.g. 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Retrieved from City of Akron website , April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.cityofbarberton.com/index.shtml Jump up ^ Canton - Stark County Convention & Visitors ' Bureau website ( accessed February 2 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Canton Regional Chamber of Commerce website , accessed February 7 , 2011 . `` We celebrate football heroes in the Hall of Fame City . '' Jump up ^ http://ci.chillicothe.oh.us/ City of Chillicothe website ( accessed February 2 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati : many discounters say it 's a ' blue chip ' investment '' Archived October 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Reagan had fans , foes in Queen City '' . The Cincinnati Post . E.W. Scripps Company . June 7 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Cincy welcomed Negro League Archived May 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , MLB.com , June 2 , 2005 Jump up ^ White , John H. Jr . ( December 28 , 2007 ) . `` The City of Seven Hills : go ahead , name them '' . The Cincinnati Post . E.W. Scripps Company . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Cincinnati Recreation Commission Archived December 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. : `` Cincinnati was the world 's major pork processing center , thereby being tagged with its once - famous nickname , Porkopolis . '' ^ Jump up to : `` How did Cincinnati come to be known as the Queen City ? '' Frequently Asked Questions from the Cincinnati Historical Society Library Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati '' , `` Babes in Toyland '' , 1986 Jump up ^ K & C Mini-Marts website Archived September 7 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed June 25 , 2008 Jump up ^ Stipe Miocic makes 2016 his year - WKYC.com Jump up ^ Cavaliers give us `` The Redemption '' - Cleveland.com Jump up ^ When the Banks Killed Cleveland ; `` Once upon a time , Cleveland , Ohio was called ' The Best Location in the Nation . ' ... It was once the 7th - largest city in the nation , population-wise , and was a booming industrial town . '' Jump up ^ Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company in The Encyclopedia of Ohio Jump up ^ Forest City in The Encyclopedia of Ohio Jump up ^ Jeff Jacoby ( March 17 , 2010 ) , `` Fixing ' the mistake on the lake ' '' , The Boston Globe Jump up ^ 216 Bot 's Twitter page Jump up ^ Stipe Miocic leads Cavaliers championship parade - Fansided.com Jump up ^ A century ago , Columbus was the nation 's ' Arch City ' Archived July 18 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , This Week Community Newspapers , June 17 , 2009 Jump up ^ Columbus Archived November 29 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Ohio STEM Learning Network website , accessed April 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ Reed , Michael & Daniel Fox . `` Columbus : The Indie Art Capital of the World '' , October 29 , 2007 , accessed November 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sara . `` Somaliwood : Columbus has become a haven for Somali filmmaking '' , The Other Paper , April 19 , 2007 , accessed November 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gapp , Paul ( March 29 , 1980 ) . `` The American City -- Challenge Of The ' 80s '' . The Chicago Tribune . pp. 1 , 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ National Aviation Heritage Area website Jump up ^ Hannon , B.R. ( April 21 , 1996 ) . `` Little Detroit '' . Dayton Daily News . Dayton , Ohio . Jump up ^ Gaffney , Bill . `` Outsourcing -- Facts , Myths , Realities '' . John Hadley Associates . John Hadley Associates . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Flag City Story , City of Findlay website , accessed January 23 , 2010 Jump up ^ Sandusky County Historical Society . `` Fremont Native Charles Stilwell : Inventor of the Self - Opening Sack '' . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Herb Capital of Ohio -- Gahanna '' , Ohio History Central , Ohio Historical Society , July 1 , 2005 Jump up ^ Timothy Swenson ( March 2012 ) , `` My Ohio : Treaty City '' , Ohio Magazine , retrieved May 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` City of Sculpture '' . City of Sculpture , inc . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Safe Capital of the World '' . Butler County Place Names . The Lane Libraries . Jump up ^ `` About Kent '' . KentOhio.org . City of Kent , Ohio . Retrieved September 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gangsters of Kenton '' ( PDF ) . Americana Magazine . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.lovelandoh.com/ Jump up ^ Woolery , Alisha . `` Loveland 's natural touch '' . Cincinnati.com . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2012 . Retrieved May 18 , 2006 . 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Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . , Destination Toledo , 2010 Jump up ^ http://www.willardohio.com/ Jump up ^ Grann , David ( July 10 , 2000 ) . `` Crimetown USA : The city that fell in love with the mob '' . The New Republic . Washington , DC . p. 23 . ISSN 0028 - 6583 . OCLC 94474984 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bruce Spotleson , New museum revives Las Vegas ' mob history , Vegas Inc. website , April 18 , 2011 . Regarding Youngstown , the article states : `` A 1963 article on the topic in the Saturday Evening Post said the city was also known as ' Murdertown ' . '' Jump up ^ The AP in Ohio , Associated Press website , accessed May 9 , 2011 . Jim Michaels , WKBN - AM , Youngstown , won a `` best feature reporting '' award in 2006 for `` Murdertown USA -- A Title That Wo n't Go Away '' . Archived February 21 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Linkon , Sherry Lee ; Russo , John ( 2002 ) . Steeltown , U.S.A . Lawrence , Kasas : University Press of Kansas . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 070061292 - 5 . Jump up ^ Linkon , Sherry Lee ; Russo , John ( 2002 ) . Steeltown , U.S.A . Lawrence , Kasas : University Press of Kansas . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 070061292 - 5 . Jump up ^ City of Zanesville website , accessed February 15 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Relocate to Bartlesville , Bartlesville Chamber of Commerce website , accessed August 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` etownwebhome '' . E-Town magazine . Jump up ^ `` Inola : A Country Way of Life '' . Inola Chamber of Commerse . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Barry Popik , Big Friendly , April 18 , 2008 . Oklahoma City trademarked `` The Big Friendly '' in 2007 . Jump up ^ NewsOK.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ ( 44 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 9.14 . Jump up ^ The City of Purcell website , accessed January 5 , 2008 Archived October 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Albany Area Chamber of Commerce website , accessed January 5 , 2008 . `` The Albany area is known as the ' grass seed capital of the world , ' because Linn County is the leading producer in the U.S. of ryegrass grass seed . '' Jump up ^ Ah - choo ! Allergy season is here , and students are starting to feel the itch , by Trevor Davis , Oregon Daily Emerald , May 3 , 2007 . `` Grass seed production in Linn County , known as the ' Grass Seed Capital of the World , ' contributes to allergy problems in Eugene . '' Jump up ^ City of Amity , Oregon official website , accessed September 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ City of Brookings , Oregon official website , accessed September 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ City of Carlton , Oregon official website , accessed September 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ City of Columbia City , Oregon official website , accessed September 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ City of Cornelius , Oregon official website , accessed September 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ City of Cottage Grove official website , accessed September 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ City of Dayton , Oregon official website , accessed September 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ Depoe Bay Chamber of Commerce official website , accessed September 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ Sign at the south end of the US 101 bridge over the entrance to Depoe Bay Jump up ^ Denise Fainberg , Rainy City , Sunny Mood , The New York Times , March 21 , 1999 Jump up ^ Track Town USA Celebrating Eugene 's Unique Role in Track & Field ( website , accessed July 3 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Track Town U.S.A. is back , The Oregonian , June 26 , 2008 : `` As it prepares to stage its first U.S. Olympic Track and Field Trials in 28 years , Eugene seems to be channeling some of the fearless spirit of the legendary Steve Prefontaine ... Eugene aims for nothing less than cementing its place in history as Track Town U.S.A. '' Jump up ^ City of Forest Grove , Oregon official website , accessed September 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ City of Garibaldi , Oregon official website , accessed September 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ City of Grants Pass , Oregon official website , accessed September 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ City of Klamath Falls , Oregon official website , accessed June 5 , 2017 . 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Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 28 . `` Bridgetown '' nickname origin Jump up ^ Early Towns and Cities : From Robin 's Nest to Stumptown , End of the Oregon Trail Interpretive Center website , by Clackamas Heritage Partners , Oregon City , Oregon . Rapid urban growth and demand for lumber during the city 's early years led to extensive logging of the surrounding hills . Jump up ^ City of Roseburg , Oregon official website , accessed September 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ Salem Online History : The Cherry City , Salem Public Library website , accessed August 17 , 2009 Jump up ^ City of Sandy , Oregon official website , accessed September 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ City of Silverton , Oregon official website , accessed September 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ City of Springfield , Oregon official website , accessed September 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ City of Stayton , Oregon official website , accessed September 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ City of Tigard , Oregon official website , accessed September 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ City of Waldport , Oregon official website , accessed September 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ City of Yamhill , Oregon official website , accessed September 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ Salter , Rosa ( April 20 , 2003 ) . `` Two in tune with the times * * At 175 , Allentown Band , America 's oldest , preserves best of tradition . '' . The Morning Call . pp. E. 01 ... `` 1967 : Allentown named Band City - U.S.A '' Jump up ^ Whelan , Frank ( March 13 , 2002 ) . `` Hamilton Street used to be thick with peanut shells * * And Allentown 's Army Camp Crane once had a popular commander . '' . The Morning Call . pp. B. 04 ... `` Allentown 's title as the Peanut City goes back to the late 19th and early 20th century when large amounts of them were eaten in the Lehigh Valley . From the 1880s to the 1920s , vendors lined Hamilton Street , singing jingles in Pennsylvania Dutch about the superior quality of their peanuts . Former Call - Chronicle Sunday editor John Y. Kohl recalled in 1967 that the peanuts were eaten mostly by young men and boys who would walk Hamilton Street on Saturday nights flirting with girls and ' throwing the shells about with complete abandon . ' Sunday morning sidewalks were ' not quite ankle deep ' in shells . Merchants would get up early to sweep them into the gutter so churchgoers would not have to wade through them . ' '' Jump up ^ `` Queen City Daily Blog '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Whelan , Frank ( May 7 , 1991 ) . `` ' Cement City ' Moniker Is A Mystery American Heritage Says Label Was Allentown 's . '' . The Morning Call . pp. B. 03 ... `` Queen City 's origins as an Allentown nickname are obscure . It is believed to come from a turn - of - the - century competition hosted by the Allentown Chamber of Commerce . The winning entry was said to be Queen City . '' Jump up ^ Whelan , Frank ( May 7 , 1991 ) . `` Cement City ' Moniker Is A Mystery American Heritage Says Label Was Allentown 's . '' . The Morning Call . pp. B. 03 ... `` Silk City for example , is a throwback to the late 19th and early 20th century , when Allentown was known for its many silk mills . Although the last mill closed a few years ago , the name hangs on in the minds of older residents . '' Jump up ^ `` City of Bethlehem Official Website '' . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Erie '' . City of Erie . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Indiana County Christmas Tree Growers Association website , accessed December 21 , 2008 Jump up ^ History of Indiana County , IndianaPC.org website , accessed December 21 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : History & Heritage , Johnstown & Cambria County Convention & Visitors Bureau website , accessed November 19 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` General Information '' . City of Lancaster . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LCP Art '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Our British - American Life : The City That Loves You Back '' . Sarah Stapley . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gallma , James Matthew ( 2000 ) . Receiving Erin 's Children : Philadelphia , Liverpool , and the Irish Famine . University of North Carolina Press . p. 258 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Michael ( 1990 ) . The environmental factor : its impact on the future of the world economy and your investments . Longman Financial Services Publishing . Jump up ^ Nazaryan , Alexander ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` The Streets of Killadelphia '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 's Industrial History '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Scarpaci , Joseph L ; Kevin Joseph Patrick ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter 6 : Pittsburgh , City of Bridges '' . Pittsburgh and the Appalachians : cultural and natural resources in a postindustrial age . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press . p. 81 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 4282 - 5 . Retrieved 28 February 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Jim ; Marty Wolfson ( 1980 ) . Pittsburgh , the story of the city of champions : the ' 70s -- a decade unmatched in the annals of sports . Wolfson Pub. Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 916114 - 07 - 7 . Jump up ^ Scarpaci , Joseph L ; Kevin Joseph Patrick ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter 6 : Pittsburgh , City of Bridges '' . Pittsburgh and the Appalachians : cultural and natural resources in a postindustrial age . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press . p. 81 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 4282 - 5 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rossi , Rob ( February 14 , 2010 ) . `` Deadline - day deal ? Not likely for Penguins '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://baseballtown.org/ Jump up ^ http://www.scrantonpa.gov/ Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.wilkes-barre.pa.us/communityprofile.php Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Slogan appears on the masthead of the Newport Daily News and on some of the city 's letterhead stationery ( for example , on this document ) . Jump up ^ Watersport Locations , VisitRhodeIsland.com website , accessed August 7 , 2009 Jump up ^ Pawtucket the real winner in annual Dragon boat race , Providence Journal , September 11 , 2005 . The Pawtucket Bucketeers , a local team participating in this race , derived its name `` from their city 's less - than - gracious nickname . '' Jump up ^ thebucketri.com : `` ' The Bucket ' , intended as a derogatory knick - name for the city of Pawtucket , has been embraced by locals ... '' Jump up ^ City of Providence , Rhode Island Economic Development Corporation website , accessed January 5 , 2008 . `` Providence has taken on the name ' The Renaissance City ' in the 1990s as new office buildings , apartments , hotels , the Rhode Island Convention Center , Waterplace Park , and the Fleet Skating Rink liven the Downcity District . '' ^ Jump up to : Providence needs a new brand name by Mark Faverman , Providence Journal , December 24 , 2006 , accessed January 5 , 2008 . `` Previous names like the Beehive of Industry and Renaissance City have not captured the public 's imagination and have failed to convey the right tone or uniqueness . '' Jump up ^ ( 45 ) Jump up ^ Warwick , VisitRhodeIsland.com website , accessed August 7 , 2009 Jump up ^ Appreciate the arts , Editorial in Anderson Independent Mail , accessed April 13 , 2007 . `` Head on down North Main to the courthouse square to visit the statue of William Church Whitner , the man who put the `` electric '' in the Electric City . He holds his pocket watch and looks at a street light that is about to light up for the first time , marking the first long - distance transmission of electricity in the South . '' ^ Jump up to : SC City Nicknames Guide , SciWay ( South Carolina 's Information Highway ) website , accessed July 6 , 2011 Jump up ^ Iron City leaders to be sworn - in , The Gaffney Ledger , March 30 , 2007 , accessed April 13 , 2007 . `` Blacksburg Mayor David Hogue and councilmen Joe Ross and Mike Patterson will be sworn in Sunday to new four - year terms at 3 p.m. at Iron City Place , 101 S. John St. , Blacksburg . '' Jump up ^ http://discoversouthcarolina.com/products/28503 Jump up ^ Charleston , South Carolina , SciWay ( South Carolina 's Information Highway ) website , accessed February 19 , 2010 Jump up ^ G'vegas On the Retirement of Bill Workman , Senator Lindsey Graham transcript of floor speech , accessed April 13 , 2007 . `` Over the past few decades , Greenville and upstate South Carolina have slowly been transformed from being a textile capital of the world to a much more diversified economy . 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'' Jump up ^ Black Hills Trip Planner , accessed February 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/75b6b/d42c8/ and http://www.rapidcityhomes.com/rapidcity/community/index.htm Jump up ^ Redfield city website , accessed February 19 , 2010 Jump up ^ Berlin Chamber of Commerce website , accessed June 27 , 2009 Jump up ^ ( 49 ) , Watertown , accessed February 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ City of Adamsville website , accessed August 12 , 2009 Jump up ^ Athens , Tennessee official website , accessed March 18 , 2008 Jump up ^ Birthplace of Country Music Alliance website , accessed March 18 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Chattanooga Info ... , University of Tennessee Chattanooga , Department of Psychology website , accessed January 5 , 2008 . `` Chattanooga has for a long time been considered The Gateway to the South . It is at the crossroads of the railroads , major highways , and the Tennessee River . In recent years it has been completely reborn in a transformation that has also earned it the nickname The Smartest City . You can add those great nicknames to its two existing ones The Scenic City and The City of Lights . '' Jump up ^ Clarksville , Tennessee : Gateway to the New South Archived 2008 - 10 - 05 at the Wayback Machine. , Fort Campbell website , accessed October 11 , 2008 Jump up ^ Queen City Lodge # 761 - Free & Accepted Masons , accessed October 11 , 2008 Jump up ^ Clarksville unveils new `` Brand '' as `` Tennessee 's Top Spot ! '' , Turner McCullough Jr. , Clarksville Online , April 12 , 2008 Jump up ^ Columbia , Tennessee , Mule Capital of the World , Muletown - Home of Mule Day Archived 2011 - 10 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . ( website ) Jump up ^ Columbia , Tennessee - Mule Capital of the World , Roadside America website ( accessed January 6 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ City of Elizabethton website ( accessed May 20 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Listed on welcome signs at the entrances to the towm Jump up ^ Refers to the city 's Prohibition - era reputation as a center for trade in illegal alcoholic beverages ( `` Little Chicago '' Archived 2006 - 12 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . on Johnson 's Depot website , accessed March 31 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Town of Jonesborough website ( accessed January 24 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ The Spirit Of Kingsport , City of Kingsport website ( accessed May 20 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Knoxville area information Archived 2007 - 10 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , Mast General Store website , accessed January 5 , 2008 . `` In the 1800s and early 1900s , the city was very important as a manufacturing and warehouse district . Knoxville was known as ' The Marble City ' because of the famous pink marble supplied by quarries surrounding the city . '' Jump up ^ Video : A Monument to underwear , Knoxville News Sentinel website , accessed 20 January 2010 . Jump up ^ The Internet Business Directory for Lenoir City Jump up ^ City of McMinnville website , accessed January 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Orkin , David . `` THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO : TENNESSEE '' , The Independent , January 7 , 2006 , accessed April 22 , 2007 . `` The king is dead , but the Presley legend lives on in Tennessee 's largest city , Memphis , which is also the birthplace of the blues and a jewel of the Mississippi . '' Jump up ^ MEMPHIS TO LEAD NATIONAL CELEBRATION OF THE 50th ANNIVERSARY OF ROCK ' n ' ROLL , press release dated November 5 , 2003 , accessed April 22 , 2007 . `` Memphis is known worldwide as the `` Birthplace of Rock ' n ' Roll '' -- with close to 20 percent of the earliest inductees in the Rock ' n ' Roll Hall of Fame having come from within a 100 - mile radius of Memphis . '' Jump up ^ Nashville : The Athens of the South , About.com , accessed April 22 , 2007 . `` By the 1850 's , Nashville had already earned the nickname of the `` Athens of the South '' by having established numerous higher education institutions as well as being the first Southern City to establish a public school system . '' Jump up ^ Carroll Van West ( 1994 ) , Tennessee 's Historic Landscapes : A Traveler 's Guide , University of Tennessee Press . Page 85 . Jump up ^ How Nashville Became Music City , U.S.A. : 50 Years of Music Row , accessed April 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ At Work in the Atomic City : A Labor and Social History of Oak Ridge , Tennessee Archived 2009 - 01 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed April 22 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : City of Shelbyville official website , accessed January 5 , 2008 . `` We are known as the Walking Horse Capital of the World , and the Grand Champion Tennessee Walking Horse is crowned at our TWH National Celebration annually . Shelbyville is known as The Pencil City because of its historical importance to pencil manufacturing , although today more `` writing instruments '' than pencils are produced here . '' Jump up ^ The nickname is used in the title of a book , Abilene , The Key City , by Juanita Daniel Zachry , published in 1986 by Windsor Publications in cooperation with the Texas Sesquicentennial Committee for Abilene. b / OL2714832M / Abilene , - the - key - city Jump up ^ Barry Popik , Lene Town ( Abilene nickname ) , March 13 , 2008 Jump up ^ Message from the Mayor , Alpine , Texas , accessed April 22 , 2007 . `` '' We are a town of western culture and heritage , home of Sul Ross State University and the gateway to the Big Bend . '' ^ Jump up to : A symbolic `` capital '' designated by the Texas Legislature , listed in Official Capital Designations , Texas State Library and Archives Commission , accessed July 3 , 2008 Jump up ^ World Wide Leap Year Birthday Club in Anthony TX / NM the Leap Year Capital of the World ^ Jump up to : `` Solo Travel Guide : Austin , Texas '' . SoloGuides . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Bat City Review The University of Texas at Austin Jump up ^ Welcome to Bat Conservation International Archived 2008 - 11 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Big Apple : City of the Violet Crown ( Austin nickname ) ^ Jump up to : `` How Many of These Texas City Nicknames Do You Know ? '' . Texas Standard . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Perry , Rick . `` Governor of Texas '' . youtube.com . Jimmy Kimmel Live . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Austin Music and Musical Attractions - Live Music in Austin , TX Jump up ^ `` The Big Apple : River City ( Austin nickname ) '' . Jump up ^ ( 50 ) Jump up ^ Visitor 's Information , Brady / McCulloch County Community Development Office website , accessed December 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ https://www.tsl.state.tx.us/ref/abouttx/capitals.html Jump up ^ `` Aggie Glossary Austin Aggie Moms ' Club '' . austinaggiemoms.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hall , Cheryl `` Perot Museum makes a statement about business in Big D '' The Dallas Morning News , Dallas , 1 November 2012 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Barry Popik ( September 7 , 2008 ) . `` City of Hate ( Dallas nickname ) '' . The Big Apple . Jump up ^ Peter Applebome ( November 21 , 1988 ) . `` 25 Years After the Death of Kennedy , Dallas Looks at Its Changed Image '' . New York Times . Few American cities have come under the kind of national scorn that befell Dallas in the days and weeks after President Kennedy died here . The city found itself widely condemned as a city of hate . Jump up ^ Jerry Organ ( 2000 ) . `` Dallas to Dealey '' . The Kennedy Assassination . Jump up ^ `` Entry from November 19 , 2007 D - Town ( Dallas nickname ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Economic Development '' . City of Deer Park , Texas . Why the `` Birthplace of Texas '' ? Deer Park is the site where initial treaty documents securing Texas ' independence from Mexico were drafted following the Battle of San Jacinto in 1836 . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Badge '' . NBC News . 29 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Eagle Lake , Texas official website , accessed December 25 , 2008 Jump up ^ Based on the lyrics of Marty Robbins ' song El Paso City Jump up ^ Amazon. com 's Description of Brides And Sinners in El Chuco : Short Stories quotes Publishers Weekly : `` El Paso is El Chuco ( '' the disgusting one `` ) to locals of the border town where Granados sets the 15 stories of this debut . '' Jump up ^ City of El Paso website , accessed June 15 , 2010 . `` Mild weather and below average cost of living has attracted several new residents and businesses to the Sun City . '' Jump up ^ ( 51 ) , accessed April 25 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Fort Worth , Texas , Handbook of Texas History Online Jump up ^ http://www.fortwortharchitecture.com/oldftw/vignettepanther1.jpg Jump up ^ Oliver Knight and Cissy Stewart Lale ( 1953 ) Fort Worth , Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , page 109 : `` Fort Worth in 1880 was being hailed as the Queen City of the Prairie . '' Jump up ^ `` Fredericksburg the Texas Hill Country '' . Fredericksburg Convention and Visitor Bureau . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Handbook of Texas Online - GONZALES , TX , accessed June 15 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Prison city ; life with the death penalty in Huntsville , Texas , Reference & Research Book News , May 2007 Jump up ^ Huntsville : Death Capital , Religion & Ethics Newsweekly , Episode 637 , May 16 , 2003 Jump up ^ Karla Faye 's Final Stop : How my hometown deals with being the execution capital of the world , Christianity Today , July 13 , 1998 Jump up ^ Tomato Capital of the World ( online book advertisement ) ; accessed October 5 , 2009 Jump up ^ http://jasper.agrilife.org Jump up ^ Historic Downtown Kingsville website , accessed August 17 , 2008 Jump up ^ History of Lake Jackson , City of Lake Jackson website , accessed August 26 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Barry Popik , Hub of the Plains ( Lubbock nickname ) , March 14 , 2008 . BarryPopik.com . Accessed February 8 , 2012 Jump up ^ Marlin Website Jump up ^ Atul Gawande , The Cost Conundrum , The New Yorker , June 1 , 2009 , page 36 Jump up ^ Did You Know ... , McAllen Economic Development Corporation website ^ Jump up to : Midland / Odessa , TX : History , Rand McNally.com , accessed September 8 , 2010 Jump up ^ City of Nacogdoches website , accessed September 10 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Welcome to Palacios , Texas , accessed May 6 , 2011 Jump up ^ Katherine Ling , Buoyed by fresh petrodollars , ' Energy City ' dares to hope , Greenwire ( E&E Publishing ) , June 2 , 2008 . `` Battered by the petroleum industry 's decline in the 1980s and hit hard by Hurricane Rita in 2005 , the self - proclaimed `` Energy City '' has struggled for years with high unemployment , crime and pollution . '' Jump up ^ David Ball , Group wants to bring solar energy to Port Arthur , Port Arthur News , December 2 , 2008 . `` Chatman said Port Arthur still wants to be known as energy city . '' Jump up ^ http://www.roanoketexas.com/ ^ Jump up to : San Angelo , Texas , in 1922 , Ranch & Rural Living magazine , 15 January 2008 ^ Jump up to : A Changed Oasis , Short Grass Country website . `` In a deft switch of wording , San Angelo changed its slogan from The Wool Capital Of The World to The Wool Capital Of The Nation . The Chamber of Commerce office confirmed the change . While I waited , the telephone tape said over and over , ' San Angelo is the oasis of West Texas ' ... '' Jump up ^ Extreme Makeover : San Angelo . ASU Students Surprised by Stores , Shopping now Available , ASU RamPage , Angelo State University , September 9 , 2005 Jump up ^ Our Properties : Sunset Mall , San Angelo Texas , Willett Companies , Inc. , website , accessed December 25 , 2008 Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( December 20 , 2007 ) . `` Alamo City ( San Antonio nickname ) '' . The Big Apple . Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( January 20 , 2008 ) . `` Countdown City or 210 ( San Antonio nickname ) '' . The Big Apple . Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( May 21 , 2008 ) . `` River City ( San Antonio nickname ) '' . The Big Apple . Jump up ^ `` San Marvelous ( San Marcos nickname ) '' . Jump up ^ City of Smithville City Website , accessed Nov. 2 , 2011 Jump up ^ City of Texas City website , accessed January 5 , 2008 Jump up ^ City of The Colony website , accessed July 20 , 2008 Jump up ^ Handbook of Texas Online - VICTORIA COUNTY , accessed June 15 , 2008 Jump up ^ Hal Crowther , Gather at the River : Notes from the Post-millennial South , page 86 . `` Baylor , the world 's largest Baptist university , sets the moral tone for the town secular Texans call ' the Buckle of the Bible Belt . ' '' ^ Jump up to : Brief History , City of Weatherford website . `` Named by the State Legislature as the Peach Capital of Texas , Weatherford and Parker County growers produce the biggest , sweetest , juiciest peaches in all of Texas ... Known as the Cutting Horse Capital of the World , Weatherford is home to dozens of professional trainers ( and ) hall - of - fame horses . '' Jump up ^ Cedar City , Utah . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cottonwood Heights . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Jeff & Rachowiecki , Rob . ( 2002 ) . Lonely Planet Southwest . ISBN 1 - 86450 - 376 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Canyons Regions '' . thegrandcanyons.com . Jump up ^ `` Little Hollywood Land - Frontier Movie Town , Kanab , Utah '' . RoadsideAmerica.com . Jump up ^ `` Orem '' Things are Happening in Orem `` . www.orem.org . Jump up ^ Patton , Matt Hush , hush , Provo culture . The Daily Utah Chronicle , March 15 , 2007 . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Utah Commemorative Quarter . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Archived February 6 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tribune , Ellen Fagg Weist The Salt Lake . `` The ' Small Lake City ' effect behind Sundance 's ' The Strongest Man ' '' . sltrib.com . Jump up ^ `` Smog Lake City - POWDER Magazine '' . powder.com . February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Springville City . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Zezima , Kate `` Headstones Too Go Global , and One City Pays the Price '' , The New York Times , October 25 , 2006 , accessed April 15 , 2007 . `` Barre , Vt . -- This city of 9,000 bills itself as the `` granite capital of the world , '' its economic foundation built early in the last century with the light gray rock from nearby quarries . '' Jump up ^ City of Burlington Police Home Page , accessed April 15 , 2007 . `` The Burlington Police Department was commissioned in 1865 to provide law enforcement services to the Queen City . '' ^ Jump up to : Montpelier Wants a Nickname , WCAX - TV , April 17 , 2009 : `` Burlington is known as the Queen City ; Winooski is the Onion City and Montpelier ... well the capital is looking for a nickname ... '' Jump up ^ Nichols , John . `` Being Like Bernie '' , The Nation , August 15 , 2005 , accessed April 15 , 2007 . `` After almost thirty - five years of close to constant campaigning , first as the gadfly candidate of the left - wing Liberty Union Party for senator and governor in the 1970s , then as the radical mayor of `` The People 's Republic of Burlington '' in the 1980s and , since 1990 , as the only independent in modern history to repeatedly win a US House seat , Sanders has forged relationships with generations of Vermont voters , many of whom echo the sentiments of Warren attorney Mark Grosby , who says , ' I used to be a diehard Republican . Now , I 'm a diehard for Bernie . ' '' Jump up ^ Barna , Ed . `` Rutland area continues broad economic expansion '' , Vermont Business Magazine , June 1 , 2001 , accessed April 15 , 2007 . `` The extraction industry , historically important for a place nicknamed the Marble City , made headlines due to the OMYA marble grinding company 's efforts to help meet a surging worldwide demand for calcium carbonate . '' Jump up ^ Flagg , Kathryn ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` Leaving RutVegas '' . Seven Days . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Defensive , a bit resistant to outsiders and staunchly self - reliant , Rutlanders bristle at the pejorative moniker and its attendant connotations ... For decades , the blue - collar railroad town has battled a reputation as the unofficial capital of drugs and crime in Vermont . To outsiders , it 's a gritty place -- the part of Vermont where your tires might get slashed . Where you should lock your doors . Where , at best , there 's not much to do . Jump up ^ Discovering St. Albans - Vermont 's `` Rail City '' Archived 2010 - 01 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed April 15 , 2007 . `` St. Albans is called the `` Rail City '' because in 1855 , the Central Vermont Railway ( CVR ) established its headquarters here . '' Jump up ^ `` Town of Hartford Growth Center application '' ( PDF ) . 20 Dec 2009 . p. 43 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Birthplace of Country Music website Jump up ^ Goolrick , John . T. ( 2006 ) . Fredericksburg : America 's Most Historic City . Kessinger Publishing , LLC . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4286 - 5422 - 8 . Jump up ^ ( 52 ) Harrisonburg At - A-Glance website , accessed June 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ Town of Honaker website , accessed July 30 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : ( 53 ) Lynchburg Online website Jump up ^ ( 54 ) Official nickname on website Jump up ^ River City Magazine website Jump up ^ History : River City Observed , Discover Richmond website Jump up ^ `` Civil War Richmond -- The South 's Capital '' . Virginia.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ The Roanoke Star , City of Roanoke website , accessed January 5 , 2008 . The nickname refers to a large lighted star on a mountainside overlooking the city , installed in 1949 and originally intended as a Christmas decoration . `` It was over 50 years ago Roanoke earned the nickname , ' Star City of the South , ' and the star has been a part of the landscape of Mill Mountain ever since . '' Jump up ^ Case 54 : Roanoke , Virginia Archived 2007 - 07 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies website , accessed January 5 , 2008 . `` The City of Roanoke , once known as the ' Magic City ' due to the speed of the city 's growth , was chartered in 1884 . '' Jump up ^ `` Capitol of Colonial Williamsburg '' . www.history.org . Jump up ^ `` William & Mary Law School - Our Town - the ' Burg ! '' . law.wm.edu . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Gibson , Outlaw Tales of Washington , Globe Pequot , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 1150 - 7 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 1150 - 5 . This label was attached to Aberdeen after a string of murders in the early 20th century . ^ Jump up to : Karen Gaudette , What 's in a motto ? It 's a city 's `` brand '' , The Seattle Times , March 21 , 2006 Jump up ^ www.Bellingham-Subdued-Excitement.com Jump up ^ City of Blaine website , accessed December 25 , 2009 . Nickname is due to the Peace Arch Monument at the U.S. - Canada border , erected in 1921 . Jump up ^ Ralph Schwartz , A walk down memory lane in Burlington , Skagit Valley Herald , July 20 , 2009 Jump up ^ ( 55 ) Jump up ^ Everett Today , City on the Sound , March 21 , 2017 Jump up ^ Ellis E. Conklin , FORSAKEN BY TIMBER , FORKS IS AT A CROSSROADS LOGGING CAPITAL GRASPS AT FANTASY LAND FOR SURVIVAL , Seattle Post-Intelligencer , Friday , April 20 , 1990 , Section : News , Page : A1 Jump up ^ James Vesely , Kirkland Shows Its Angst And Looks For Solutions , The Seattle Times , November 24 , 1997 Jump up ^ Lynden early history well documented in printer 's ink , Lynden Tribune , June 7 , 2006 ( accessed December 25 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ City of Marysville website , accessed December 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Gil Bailey , Poulsbo : There 's a lot to ' Little Norway ' , Seattle Post-Intelligencer , May 23 , 1998 Jump up ^ http://www.puyallup-tribe.com Jump up ^ http://wa.14thstory.com/kiwanis-club-of-atomic-city-richland-washington.html ^ Jump up to : Lange , Greg . Seattle receives epithet Queen City in 1869 . HistoryLink , November 4 , 1998 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` History of Seattle : The `` Jet City '' Takes Off `` . Seattle 's Convention and Visitors Bureau . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Nard Jones remarked in his 1972 book Seattle ( Doubleday , ISBN 0 - 385 - 01875 - 4 ) , p. 354 , that the nickname was `` almost abandoned now because of a homosexual twist of semantics '' . Jump up ^ depicted on city 's main welcome sign Jump up ^ referred to many times on official government website Jump up ^ History of the Spokane Lilac Festival Archived 2008 - 04 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , originally prepared by Linda Kiddo and updated as of February 2004 . `` The suggestion that Spokane be known as ' The Lilac City ' is attributed to Dr. S.E. Lambert , W.T. Triplett and John W. Duncan . In the early 1930s these men encourage the local garden club to plant lilac bushes throughout the City of Spokane . '' Jump up ^ Jeff Larsen , Short Trips : Revitalized city catches up to its destiny , Seattle Post-Intelligencer , March 13 , 2003 Jump up ^ Larson , John . Metal band looks to break out of T - town . Tacoma Weekly , December 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ See , generally , `` Grit City '' . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Welcome to Bluefield , West Virginia ! Jump up ^ Grant County Chamber of Commerce website ( `` Petersburg is known as the ' Home of the Golden Trout ' , which is a color mutation of the regular rainbow and was developed using selective breeding at the Petersburg hatchery . '' ) Jump up ^ City of Weirton Homepage Jump up ^ Iron and Steel , Ohio County Public Library website ( `` The city comes fairly by her sobriquet , ' The Nail City . ' Here are cut more nails than in any other city in the world . '' ) Jump up ^ Village of Black Creek , retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. National Kubb Championship '' . www.usakubb.org . Jump up ^ `` Village of Gays Mills '' . Village of Gays Mills . Jump up ^ Peterson , Davis . `` Titletown again ; The Packers put away the Patriots 35 - 21 for the NFL crown , and after 29 years , Green Bay again reigns as Titletown , USA . Frenzied fans and bedlam abound in Loony Land of Lombardi . '' , Star Tribune , January 27 , 1997 . Accessed June 13 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Vitame Vas ( We Welcome You ) to the City of Hillsboro , WI '' . hillsborowi.com . Jump up ^ `` The Bower City is Proud of Pioneers . '' , Janesville Recorder , April 20 , 1911 . Accessed July 26 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` JANESVILLE PLANS NEW PARK NEAR THE RIVER AND LIBRARY THE SITE WOULD FOCUS ON CHILDREN WITH SHADE - TREE READING PROGRAMS . '' , Wisconsin State Journal , August 20 , 2000 . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` The place that bills itself as the ` ` City of Parks might be getting another one -- a unique space near Hedberg Public Library catered to children . '' Jump up ^ Did You Know ? Facts About the City of Kaukauna , Wisconsin Archived 2007 - 08 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ A Symbol for a City Archived 2007 - 08 - 23 at the Wayback Machine. , on the Dane County Cultural Affairs Commission 's Madison : A Capital Idea website , accessed January 5 , 2008 . `` An art lover at the 1976 Art Fair on the Square sports the Mad City T - shirt created by Russ Frank of the Madison Top Company two years earlier . '' Jump up ^ `` Madison , City of Four Lakes : Our History and Our Home '' . Madison Metropolitan School District , Department of Teaching and Learning , Social Studies Division . 24 July 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Madison Metropolitan School District Archived 2013 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Brew City loses its oldest brewery , by Lisa Price , October 31 , 1996 , on CNN.com website . `` Milwaukee has never had an identity crisis -- as one city resident said , ' We 've been Brew City for 135 years . ' '' ^ Jump up to : Jan Uebelherr , `` Magazine tips hat to Mil - town , '' The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel , August 31 , 2007 . `` Spin magazine takes a dizzying spin through Brewtown in its September issue in a little travelogue called ' 72 Hours in Milwaukee . ' '' Jump up ^ The `` Cream City '' nickname refers to the cream - colored brick produced in Milwaukee and used in many of its 19th - century buildings. Cream City Brick Archived 2006 - 10 - 18 at the Wayback Machine. , by Terry Pepper , updated 12 / 02 / 2007 Jump up ^ The Making of Milwaukee , MPTV Jump up ^ City of New Richmond website , accessed October 15 , 2011 Jump up ^ Racine , Wisconsin the Belle City of the Lakes . Archived 2007 - 11 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , Racine , Wisconsin . Accessed June 13 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Home - Rhinelander Area Chamber of Commerce , WI '' . www.rhinelanderchamber.com . Jump up ^ A local mechanic and businessman built the first workable snowmobile in his shop in Sayner ( About Plum Lake Township Archived 2008 - 05 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. , Sayner - Star Lake Chamber of Commerce website , accessed July 26 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Sheboygan County Historical Documents , University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Jump up ^ `` Soldiers Grove Wisconsin - The Heart of the Driftless '' . Soldiers Grove . Jump up ^ `` Half - Way Between Equator And North Pole Billboard '' . Roadside America . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Tomah '' . City of Tomah ( official website ) . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Where the I Divides , Tomah , Wisconsin '' . www.roadsideamerica.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Waukesha Spa . '' Milwaukee Journal August 8 , 1969 Jump up ^ `` About Les Paul '' . lespaulfoundation.org. 19 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City of Waupun '' . www.cityofwaupun.org . Jump up ^ `` A souvenir of Fond du Lac County , Wis . ( ( 1904 ? ) ) '' , The State of Wisconsin Collection , University of Wisconsin Library , Waupun , `` The Prison City , ' is a city of 4,000 inhabitants and located on a beautiful table land which gives it a dry and healthful climate . Jump up ^ `` Official Website of the City of Wauwatosa '' . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . ; front page offers `` Tosa trivia '' and information on `` Rain Gardens For Tosa '' program Jump up ^ `` City Dictionary '' . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 11 . ; particularly derisive name due to the village 's traditionally high percentage of Caucasian residents ( 91.9 % as of the 2010 census ) Jump up ^ `` Official Website of the Waterpark Capital of the World '' . Wisconsin Visitors Bureau . 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 03 . ; also , cover of 2006 Travel and Attraction Guide , © 2006 Ad Lit Inc. ; printed on cover , with TM notice , `` The Waterpark Capital of the World ! , as obtained from `` Wisconsin Dells Resorts '' . Ad Lit. 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 03 . , which has the same slogan . City 's website , `` City of Wisconsin Dells '' . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 03 . does not mention the slogan Jump up ^ Welcome to the official City of Cheyenne Website ! , City of Cheyenne . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . The `` Magic City of the Plains '' is located at the intersection of Interstates 25 and 80 in southeast Wyoming . '' Jump up ^ Welcome To Cody Stampede Rodeo & Cody Nite Rodeo ! ! ! , Buffalo Cody Stampede Rodeo . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` Welcome to Cody , Wyoming , the Rodeo Capital of the World ! '' Jump up ^ About the Laramie Main street Program , Downtown Laramie . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` Its residents will be proud to turn their attentions to its heart and core , reminiscent of and perpetuating Laramie 's reputation as the Gem City of the Plains . '' Jump up ^ Area Information , The Lovell Chronicle website , accessed June 27 , 2010 Jump up ^ Preserve America Community : Rock Springs , Wyoming , Preserve America website , accessed June 10 , 2010 Jump up ^ Upton , Wyoming Tales and Trails website , accessed June 26 , 2011 Jump up ^ John Michael Vlach , The Quest for a Capital , Ruth Ann Overbeck Capitol Hill History Project , retrieved April 15 , 2012 , One of the early nicknames for the District of Columbia was `` the American Rome . '' Jump up ^ U.S. City Motto & Moniker List , Tagline Guru , retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Lists the slogan `` Washington -- It 's a Capital City ! '' ^ Jump up to : P.J. Orvetti ( July 30 , 2010 ) , Welcome to the DMV , 4 NBC Washington ( NBCUniversal , Inc . ) , retrieved April 15 , 2012 Jump up ^ Broder , David S. `` Nation 's Capital in Eclipse as Pride and Power Slip Away '' , The Washington Post , February 18 , 1990 . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` In the days of the Truman Doctrine , the Marshall Plan and the creation of NATO , ( Clark Clifford ) said , we saved the world , and Washington became the capital of the world . '' Jump up ^ Giles , Dari . `` Sweet Times in Chocolate City - visiting Washington , D.C '' , Essence ( magazine ) , April 1999 . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` For business or pleasure , you 'll be hardpressed to do it all in just one visit , but try anyway with our selection from the many things to do and see in the Chocolate City , named , some say , because of its large African - American presence . '' Jump up ^ `` Washington : Symbol and City '' . National Building Museum . Retrieved 21 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Clark , Allen C. ( 1935 ) . `` Origin of the Federal City '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . The Historical Society of Washington , D.C. 35 -- 6 : 1 -- 97 . Jump up ^ `` Who says Washington is `` Hollywood for ugly people '' ? : We trace a cliche back to its origins `` . The Washington Post . December 6 , 2010 . Retrieved 21 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Eberstadt , Nicholas . `` Why babies die in D.C - District of Columbia '' , Public Interest , Spring 1994 . Accessed June 13 , 2007 . `` Across the country and around the world , Washington is notorious as the `` murder capital of America '' -- the city with the highest homicide rate of any major U.S. urban center . '' Jump up ^ Farhi , Paul ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` After initial obscurity , ' The DMV ' nickname for Washington area picks up speed '' . Washington Post . Unless the earnest and obvious `` Nation 's Capital '' is your idea of a cool handle , Washington and its environs have never gotten very far in the civic nickname game Jump up ^ Añasco , Welcome to Puerto Rico website ^ Jump up to : Humacao , Puerto Rico , Welcome to Puerto Rico website Jump up ^ Guayama , Welcome to Puerto Rico website Jump up ^ Ponce , Travel to Puerto Rico website Jump up ^ Inter American - Ponce and UPR - Ponce Make The `` City of Lions '' A MeasureNet City , Measure - Net Technology website , December 23 , 2006 Jump up ^ Welcome to Puerto Rico : Ponce , Puerto Rico . The name is after its founder Juan Ponce de León y Loayza . Jump up ^ Ponce , Puerto Rico , Welcome to Puerto Rico website . Jump up ^ Ponce : General Information . Puerto Rico Encyclopedia . The City is known as `` Genip City '' because that fruit is unusually more common in Ponce that in any other city in the Island . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ponce : General Information . Puerto Rico Encyclopedia . The City is known as `` The Noble City '' because of the aristocratic ( Señorial is derived from Señor , Spanish for `` Sir '' ) look of the Spanish colonial architecture of its homes introduced by wealthy landlords in the 17th , 18th , and 19th century . Note : There is no exact translation into English of the Spanish word `` Señorial '' . Thus , some authors also translate it into `` The Majestic City . '' Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Transforman la crítica en obras de arte . Reinaldo Millán . La Perla del Sur . Ponce , Puerto Rico . 13 August 2014 . This nickname is apparently an allusion to the colors of the city or its iconic Parque de Bombas . External links a list of American and a few Canadian nicknames U.S. cities list <Th_colspan="2"> City nicknames in the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming * Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_city_nicknames_in_the_United_States&oldid=796777379 '' Categories : City nicknames by country Lists of city nicknames by U.S. state Names of places in the United States Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2015 Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2010 CS1 errors : dates Articles needing more detailed references Articles with dead external links from September 2010 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2007 Articles lacking reliable references from May 2011 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with failed verification from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 August 2017 , at 00 : 45 . 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1. City nicknames in the United States
2. Civic identity and community unity
3. Economic value of city nicknames
4. Top-ranked city slogans and nicknames
5. Positive and derisive unofficial nicknames
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who played the priest in ryan's daughter
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Ryan 's Daughter - wikipedia Ryan 's Daughter Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Ryan 's Daughter <Td_colspan="2"> UK theatrical release poster Directed by David Lean Produced by Anthony Havelock - Allan Written by Robert Bolt Starring Robert Mitchum Trevor Howard Christopher Jones John Mills Leo McKern Sarah Miles Music by Maurice Jarre Cinematography Freddie Young Edited by Norman Savage Production company Faraway Productions Distributed by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Release date November 9 , 1970 ( 1970 - 11 - 09 ) Running time 195 minutes 206 minutes ( DVD release ) Country United Kingdom Language English Budget $13.3 million Box office $30.8 million ( domestic ) $14.6 million ( rentals ) Ryan 's Daughter is a 1970 British epic romantic drama film directed by David Lean . The film , set in August 1917 - January 1918 , tells the story of a married Irish woman who has an affair with a British officer during World War I , despite moral and political opposition from her nationalist neighbours ; it stars Robert Mitchum , Sarah Miles , John Mills , Christopher Jones , Trevor Howard and Leo McKern . The film is a re-telling of the plot of Gustave Flaubert 's novel Madame Bovary . The score was written by Maurice Jarre and the movie was photographed in Super Panavision 70 by Freddie Young . In its initial release , Ryan 's Daughter was harshly received by critics but was a box office success , grossing nearly $31 million on a budget of $13.3 million , making the film the eighth highest - grossing picture of 1970 . It was nominated for four Academy Awards and won in two categories . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Censorship 4.2 Reception 5 Awards and honors 5.1 Academy Awards 5.2 Others 6 References 7 External links 8 Further reading Plot ( edit ) The beach between Slea Head and Dunmore Head on the Dingle Peninsula , Ireland , a location where scenes for Ryan 's Daughter were filmed . In August 1917 , Rosy Ryan , only daughter of the local publican , widower Tom Ryan , is bored with life in Kirrary , an isolated village on the Dingle Peninsula in County Kerry , Ireland . The villagers are nationalists , taunting British soldiers from a nearby army camp . Tom Ryan publicly supports the recently suppressed Easter Rising , but secretly serves the British as an informer . Rosy falls in love with the village schoolmaster , widower Charles Shaughnessy . She imagines , though he tries to convince her otherwise , that he will somehow add excitement to her life . They marry and settle in the schoolhouse , but he is a quiet man uninterested in physical love . Major Randolph Doryan arrives in October 1917 to take command of the army camp . After winning a Victoria Cross on the Western Front , he has a crippled leg and is suffering from shell shock . When he visits the pub where Rosy is serving alone , he collapses under a flashback to the trenches and is comforted by her . The two kiss passionately until they are interrupted by the arrival of Ryan and others . Next day , the two ride to a forest for a passionate liaison . Charles becomes suspicious of Rosy , but keeps his thoughts to himself . Charles takes his schoolchildren to the beach , where he notices Doryan 's telltale footprints accompanied by a woman 's in the sand . He tracks the prints to a cave and imagines Doryan and Rosy conducting an affair . Local halfwit Michael notices the footprints as well and searches the cave . Finding Doryan 's Victoria Cross , he pins it on his lapel and proudly parades through the village , but suffers abuse from the villagers . When Rosy comes riding past , Michael approaches her tenderly . Between Rosy 's dismay and Michael 's pantomime , the villagers surmise that she is having an affair with Doryan . One night in January 1918 , during a fierce storm , IRB leader Tim O'Leary -- who had killed a police constable earlier -- and a small band of his men arrive in Ryan 's pub seeking help to recover a shipment of German arms being floated from a ship towards the beach . When they leave , Ryan tips off the British . The entire village turns out to help the rebels , with Ryan the most outwardly devoted to the task , wading into the breakers repeatedly to salvage boxes of weapons and explosives . O'Leary is overwhelmed by Ryan 's devotion , and the villagers are ebullient . They gleefully free the rebels ' loaded truck from the wet sand and follow it up the hill . Doryan , waiting at the top with his troops , captures the men and arms . O'Leary makes a break , but Doryan climbs atop the truck and brings him down with a single rifle shot . Then he suffers a flashback and collapses . Rosy presses through the crowd in concern , outraging the villagers . Charles tells Rosy that he had let her affair run its course , hoping that the infatuation would pass , but now wants a separation . Rosy says the affair is over , but that night she leaves their bed in her nightdress to meet Doryan . In dismay , Charles wanders in his nightclothes to the beach , where the parish priest Father Collins finds him . The villagers storm into the schoolhouse and seize Rosy , convinced that she informed the British of the arms shipment . Ryan watches in shame and horror as his daughter takes the blame for his actions . The mob shears off her hair and strips off her clothes . Doryan walks along the beach and gives his cigarette case to Michael . In gratitude , Michael leads Doryan to a cache of arms , including dynamite , that was not recovered . After Michael runs off , Doryan commits suicide by detonating the explosives . The next day , Rosy and Charles leave for Dublin , enduring the taunts of the villagers as they go . Cast ( edit ) Sarah Miles as Rosy Ryan Robert Mitchum as Charles Shaughnessy Trevor Howard as Father Hugh Collins John Mills as Michael Christopher Jones as Major Randolph Doryan Leo McKern as Tom Ryan Barry Foster as Tim O'Leary Gerald Sim as Captain Smith Evin Crowley as Moureen Cassidy Marie Kean as Mrs. McCardle Arthur O'Sullivan as Joe McCardle Brian O'Higgins as Constable O'Connor Barry Jackson as a Corporal Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Robert Bolt 's original idea was to make a film of Madame Bovary , starring Miles . Lean read the script and said that he did not find it interesting , but suggested to Bolt that he would like to rework it into another setting . The film still retains parallels with Flaubert 's novel -- Rosy parallels Emma Bovary , Charles is her husband , Major Doryan is analogous to Rodolphe and Leon , Emma 's lovers . Casting ( edit ) Alec Guinness turned down the role of Father Collins ; it had been written with him in mind , but Guinness , a Roman Catholic convert , objected to what he felt was an inaccurate portrayal of a Catholic priest . His conflicts with Lean while making Doctor Zhivago also contributed . Paul Scofield was Lean 's first choice for the part of Shaughnessy , but he was unable to leave a theatre commitment . George C. Scott , Anthony Hopkins and Patrick McGoohan were considered but not approached , and Gregory Peck lobbied for the role but gave up after Robert Mitchum was approached . Reportedly , Mitchum initially was reluctant to take the role . While he admired the script , he was undergoing a personal crisis at the time and when pressed by Lean as to why he would n't be available for filming , told him `` I was actually planning on committing suicide . '' Upon hearing of this , scriptwriter Bolt told him , `` Well , if you just finish working on this wretched little film and then do yourself in , I 'd be happy to stand the expenses of your burial . '' The role of Major Doryan was written for Marlon Brando , who initially accepted , but problems with the production of Burn ! forced him to drop out . Peter O'Toole , Richard Harris and Richard Burton also were considered . Lean then saw Christopher Jones in The Looking Glass War ( 1969 ) and decided he had to have Jones for the part , and so cast him without ever meeting him . He thought Chris had that rare Brando / Dean quality he wanted on film . Filming ( edit ) Lean had to wait a year before a suitably dramatic storm appeared . The image was kept clear of spray by a glass disk spinning in front of the lens . Mitchum clashed with Lean , saying that `` ( W ) orking with David Lean is like constructing the Taj Mahal out of toothpicks '' ; despite this , Mitchum confided to friends and family that he felt Ryan 's Daughter was among his best roles and he regretted the negative response the film received . In a radio interview , Mitchum claimed ( despite the difficult production ) Lean was one of the best directors he 'd worked with . Jones claimed to have had an affair with Sharon Tate , who was killed by Charles Manson and his followers during filming , which devastated Jones . Miles and Jones also grew to dislike one another , leading to trouble when filming the love scenes . Christopher was engaged to Olivia Hussey , and he was not attracted to Miles . He even refused to do the forest love scene with her , which prompted Miles to conspire with Mitchum . It was Mitchum who settled on the idea of drugging Jones by sprinkling an unspecified substance on his cereal . Mitchum overdosed Jones , however , and the actor was nearly catatonic during the love scene . Jones and Lean clashed frequently . Lean also found that Jones ' voice was too flat to be compelling , and he felt compelled to overdub all of his lines by Julian Holloway . Lean was not alone in his disappointment with Jones . His retirement from acting was purportedly due to the bad reviews he received for Ryan 's Daughter . Release ( edit ) Censorship ( edit ) The Motion Picture Association of America originally gave Ryan 's Daughter an `` R '' rating . A nude scene between Miles and Jones , as well as its themes involving infidelity , were the primary reasons for the decision . At the time , MGM was having financial trouble and appealed the rating not due to artistic but financial reasons . At the appeal hearing , MGM executives explained that they needed the less restrictive rating to allow more audience into the theatres ; otherwise the company would not be able to survive financially . The appeal was overturned and the film received a `` GP '' rating , which later became `` PG '' . Jack Valenti considered this to be one of the tarnishing marks on the rating system . When MGM resubmitted the film to the MPAA in 1996 , it was re-rated `` R . '' In Australia and New Zealand , the film was initially rated PG , but is currently rated M . Reception ( edit ) Upon its initial release , Ryan 's Daughter received a hostile reception from many film reviewers . Roger Ebert felt that `` Lean 's characters , well written and well acted , are finally dwarfed by his excessive scale . '' According to James Wolcott , at a gathering of the National Society of Film Critics , Time critic Richard Schickel asked Lean `` how someone who made Brief Encounter could make a piece of bullshit like Ryan 's Daughter . '' Some attribute the negative reviews to critics ' expectations being too high , following the three epics Lean had directed in a row before Ryan 's Daughter . The preview cut ran for over 220 minutes and was criticised for its length and poor pacing . Lean felt obliged to remove up to 17 minutes of footage before the film 's wide release . The missing footage has not been restored or located . Lean took these criticisms very personally , claiming at the time that he would never make another film . ( Others dispute this , citing the fact that Lean tried but was unable to get several projects off the ground , including The Bounty . ) The film was moderately successful worldwide at the box office and was one of the most successful films of 1970 in Britain , where it ran at a West End theatre for almost two years straight . The film was also criticized for its perceived depiction of the Irish proletariat as uncivilized . An Irish commentator in 2008 called them `` the local herd - like and libidinous populace who lack gainful employment to keep them occupied '' . Some criticised the film as an attempt to blacken the legacy of the 1916 Easter Rising and the subsequent Irish War of Independence in relation to the eruption of `` the Troubles '' in Northern Ireland around the time of the film 's release . Since the film 's release on DVD , Ryan 's Daughter has been reconsidered by some critics ; it has been called an overlooked masterpiece , countering many of the criticisms such as its alleged `` excessive scale '' . Other elements , like John Mills ' caricature of ' the village idiot ' ( an Oscar - winning performance ) , have been met with ambivalence . Awards and honors ( edit ) Academy Awards ( edit ) Wins : Best Actor in a Supporting Role -- John Mills Best Cinematography -- Freddie Young Nominations : Best Actress in a Leading Role -- Sarah Miles Best Sound -- Gordon McCallum , John Bramall Others ( edit ) The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` RYAN 'S DAUGHTER '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved 25 August 2017 Jump up ^ `` Ryan 's Daughter ( 1970 ) '' . BFI . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , S. and Neale , S. Epics , spectacles , and blockbusters : a Hollywood history ( p. 181 ) . Wayne State University Press , Detroit , Michigan ; 2010 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3008 - 1 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ MGM Posts Profit of , Milion , Best Gain in 25 Years : MGM PROFIT Delugach , Al . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 -- Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 3 November 1971 : e11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ryan 's Daughter , Box Office Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Variety film review ; 11 November 1970 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ The Irish Filmography 1896 -- 1996 ; Red Mountain Press ; 1996 . p. 180 . Jump up ^ Shooting the storm sequence through a Clearview screen https://cinephiliabeyond.org/ryans-daughter-the-proof-of-david-leans-versatility/ Jump up ^ Sound on Film Interview Series : Ryan 's Daughter Jump up ^ Phillips , Gene . Beyond the Epic : The Life and Films of David Lean . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky , 2006 . 381 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Gene . Beyond the Epic : The Life and Films of David Lean . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky , 2006 . 386 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Life Magazine , 20 August 1971 . Jump up ^ The Dame in the Kimono , Jerold L. Simmons and Leonard L. Jeff , Weidenfeld and Nicolson , 1990 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 20 December 1970 ) . `` Ryan 's Daughter '' . rogerebert.suntimes.com . Jump up ^ Wolcott , James ( April 1997 ) . `` Waiting for Godard '' . Vanity Fair . Conde Nast . Jump up ^ Brereton , Dr. P. , RELIGION AND IRISH CINEMA : A CASE STUDY , Irish Quarterly Review , Autumn 2008 , pp. 321 -- 32 . Jump up ^ McFarlane , Brian . `` Mills , Sir John ( 1908 -- 2005 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` The 43rd Academy Awards ( 1971 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 27 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) Ryan 's Daughter on IMDb Ryan 's Daughter at Rotten Tomatoes British Film Institute on Ryan 's Daughter Location on The Dingle Peninsula Further reading ( edit ) Michael Tanner ( 2012 ) . Troubled Epic -- On Location with Ryan 's Daughter . Cork : The Collins Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84889 - 1456 . Alain Silver and James Ursini ( 1992 ) . David Lean and his Films . Los Angeles : Silman - James . ISBN 978 - 1 - 87950 - 5001 . Constantine Santas ( 2011 ) . The Epic Films of David Lean . Plymouth , United Kingdom : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8210 - 2 . <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by David Lean <Td_colspan="2"> In Which We Serve ( 1942 ) This Happy Breed ( 1944 ) Blithe Spirit ( 1945 ) Brief Encounter ( 1945 ) Great Expectations ( 1946 ) Oliver Twist ( 1948 ) The Passionate Friends ( 1949 ) Madeleine ( 1950 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Hobson 's Choice ( 1954 ) Summertime ( 1955 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) Ryan 's Daughter ( 1970 ) Lost and Found : The Story of Cook 's Anchor ( 1979 ) A Passage to India ( 1984 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Gustave Flaubert 's Madame Bovary Films Unholy Love ( 1932 ) Madame Bovary ( 1934 ) Madame Bovary ( 1937 ) Madame Bovary ( 1947 ) Madame Bovary ( 1949 ) Madame Bovary ( 1969 ) Madame Bovary ( 1991 ) Madame Bovary ( 2014 ) Television Madame Bovary ( 2000 ) Adaptations Ryan 's Daughter ( 1970 ) Signora Bovary ( 1987 ) Maya Memsaab ( 1992 ) Madame Blueberry ( 1998 ) Gemma Bovery ( 1999 ) The Reasons of the Heart ( 2011 ) Related The Perpetual Orgy Bovarysme Anuradha From These Roots Inspiration Louise Colet Delphine Delamare VIAF : 205801091 GND : 7601367 - 4 SUDOC : 177679425 BNF : cb164577517 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan%27s_Daughter&oldid=835376169 '' Categories : 1970 films English - language films British films 1970s drama films 1970s historical films British drama films British epic films British historical films Easter Rising Films scored by Maurice Jarre Films about the Irish Republican Army Films based on Madame Bovary Films directed by David Lean Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films produced by Anthony Havelock - Allan Films set in 1916 Films set in Ireland Films set on beaches Films shot in County Kerry Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Historical epic films Irish War of Independence films Romantic epic films Screenplays by Robert Bolt Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Türkçe 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 09 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Ryan's Daughter - British epic romantic drama film
2. David Lean - director of Ryan's Daughter
3. Affair during World War I - central plot of the film
4. Negative reception and box office success
5. Academy Award wins for Best Actor in a Supporting Role and Best Cinematography
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2,375,064,490,436,242,000 |
wicked tuna north vs south season 4 uk
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Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks - wikipedia Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Reality Television Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 30 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Craig Piligian Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Pilgrim Studios <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network National Geographic Channel Original release August 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 17 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Related shows Wicked Tuna <Th_colspan="2"> External links Website channel.nationalgeographic.com/wicked-tuna-outer-banks/ Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks ( previously known as Wicked Tuna : North vs. South ) is a reality television series about commercial tuna fishermen based in the Outer Banks who fish for the lucrative Atlantic bluefin tuna off the coast of North Carolina . The teams of fishermen battle each other to see who can catch the most fish , while trying to earn their livelihood . In addition to offering an inside look at one of America 's oldest industries , Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks also sheds light on important issues surrounding the fate of the bluefin tuna . Captains adhere to U.S. regulations that determine size limits and quotas for the season . Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks is a spin - off of Wicked Tuna . Several vessels from the original show also appear in this version . Originally called Wicked Tuna : North vs. South , the name of the show was changed at the beginning of the second season . Season 3 began airing on July 26 , 2016 . Season 4 will premier on Sunday July 30 / 2017 on the National Geographic channel . Season Winners 1 ) Fishin ' Frenzy -- 49K ( 2014 ) ( Pin Wheel 48K , Whahoo 46K ) 2 ) Fishin ' Frenzy - 46K ( 2015 ) ( Reels of Fortune 42K , Dog House 27K ) 3 ) Fishin ' Frenzy -- 42K ( 2016 ) ( Pin Wheel 41K , Foolish Pleasures 33K ) 4 ) Reels of Fortune -- $64,675 ( 2017 ) ( Pin Wheel $64 , 045 Fishin ' Frenzy $59 , 055 ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Vessels 2 Episodes 2.1 Series overview 2.2 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2015 ) 2.4 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Vessels ( edit ) Name Captain Seasons Ref . Hard Merchandise Dave Marciano Season 1 - Season 3 Doghouse Britton Shackelford Season 1 - present The Pinwheel Tyler McLaughlin Season 1 - present Fishin ' Frenzy Greg Mayer Season 1 - present The Hot Tuna TJ Ott Season 1 - present Reels of Fortune Charlie `` Griff '' Griffin Season 2 - present Foolish Pleasures Dale Lisi Season 3 - present Wahoo Reed Meredith Season 1 Reel Action Tami Gray Season 2 Little Shell Nick Gowitzka Season 4 - present Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> August 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 17 ) October 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> July 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 19 ) September 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No. in Season Title Original airdate `` Yankee Invasion '' August 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 17 ) `` Southern Discomfort '' August 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 24 ) `` Bluefin or Bust '' August 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 31 ) `` We 're Not in Gloucester Anymore '' September 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 07 ) 5 `` Ice Ice Tuna '' September 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 14 ) 6 `` By Hook or By Crook '' September 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) 7 `` From Rods to Riches '' September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) 8 `` Doghouse Afternoon '' October 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 05 ) 9 `` Tick Tock Tuna '' October 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) 10 `` The Fat Tuna Sings '' October 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) Season 2 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No. in Season Title Original airdate `` First Strike '' July 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 19 ) `` Bombs Away '' July 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 26 ) `` Fins of the Father '' August 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 02 ) `` Salty Gals and Southern Nights '' August 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 09 ) 5 `` Wicked Ride '' August 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 16 ) 6 `` Reels of Misfortune '' August 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 23 ) 7 `` Nine - Foot Monster '' August 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 30 ) 8 `` Burn Blubber '' September 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 06 ) 9 `` On a Fin and a Prayer '' September 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 13 ) 10 `` Wicked End '' September 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No. in Season Title Original airdate `` Back in the Battle '' July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) `` Wicked Waters '' August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) `` A Bluefin for Boo '' August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) `` Underdog Day Afternoon '' August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 5 `` Not How We Operate '' August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) 6 `` The Karma Kid '' August 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) 7 `` Old Sailors and Bold Sailors '' September 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) 8 `` Hostile Waters '' September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 9 `` Striking Distance '' September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 10 `` Luck Be A Tuna Tonight '' September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) See also ( edit ) Wicked Tuna Deadliest Catch Lobster Wars Whale Wars References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` National Geographic Orders ' Wicked Tuna ' Spinoff Series From Craig Piligian '' . Deadline . January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks ' Season 2 Premiere Date Announced '' . OBX Entertainment . May 30 , 2015 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks ' Season 3 First Look Teaser Trailer Released '' . OBX Entertainment . May 31 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doghouse Gallery '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Merchandise Gallery '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Pinwheel Gallery '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fishin ' Frenzy Gallery '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Tuna Gallery '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reels of Fortune Gallery '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foolish Pleasures Gallery '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wahoo Gallery '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reel Action Gallery '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks at the National Geographic Channel Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks on IMDb <Th_colspan="3"> Fishing personalities Personalities Sheridan Anderson Dan Bailey Conrad Voss Bark Juliana Berners Megan Boyd Joe Brooks Charles Cotton Cornilia Thurza Crosby Bill Dance Frank Parker Day Michael de Avila John Dietsch Gadabout Gaddis John Gierach Arnold Gingrich Theodore Gordon Karen Graham George F. Grant Robson Green Zane Grey Frederic M. Halford Charles Hallock Matt Hayes Ernest Hemingway Harold Ensley Charles F. Holder John Horrocks Rex Hunt Lefty Kreh Gary LaFontaine Billy Lane Michael Lerner Larry Larsen Norman Maclean George Selwyn Marryat Roland Martin Don Martinez Charlie Moore Moc Morgan Hank Parker Edward Peel James Prosek Skeet Reese Frank Saywer Ernest Schwiebert William Senior G.E.M. Skues Red Smith Carrie G. Stevens Jakub Vágner Robert Venables Jeremy Wade Richard Walker Izaak Walton Ted Williams John Wilson Babe Winkelman Joan Wulff Lee Wulff Philip Wylie Chris Yates Paul Young Al Lindner Ron Lindner Other Fisheries scientists J.R. Hartley Seth Green Fred Mather <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Fishing television Documentaries Deadliest Catch Lobstermen : Jeopardy at Sea Lobster Wars Saltwater Heroes Swords Trawlermen Series BassTech Beat Charlie Moore Bill Dance Outdoors Escape with ET FNC : Uncut Fishing Australia Fishing with John Fish Warrior Hook , Line and Sinker IFISH Lunkerville River Monsters Wicked Tuna Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks Other World Fishing Network <Th_colspan="3"> Fisheries and fishing topic areas Fisheries Aquaculture Diversity of fish Fish diseases and parasites Fish farming Fisheries management Fisheries science Individual fishing quota Sustainable fishery Wild fisheries Fishing Artisanal fishing Fisherman Fishing vessel History of fishing Industry List of harvested aquatic animals by weight By country Commercial fishing Marketing Markets Processing Products Seafood Recreation Angling Big - game fishing Catch and release Fishing tournaments Fly fishing Techniques Fish trap Fishfinder Fishing net Gathering seafood by hand Handline fishing Spearfishing Trawling Tackle Artificial flies Bait Bite indicators Hook Line Lures Rod Sinker Locations Fish ponds Fishing banks Fishing villages Marine habitats <Td_colspan="3"> Glossary Index Outline Fishing portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wicked_Tuna:_Outer_Banks&oldid=807886767 '' Categories : 2014 American television series debuts English - language television programs Fishing television series American reality television series Television shows set in North Carolina Outer Banks Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 17 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Wicked Tuna: Outer Banks - reality television series
2. Commercial tuna fishing in the Outer Banks
3. Battle between fishing teams to catch the most fish
4. Issues surrounding the fate of the bluefin tuna
5. Spin-off of the original show Wicked Tuna
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1,936,566,121,117,918,700 |
total length field in udp packet header is the length of
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User datagram Protocol - wikipedia User datagram Protocol Internet protocol suite Application layer BGP DHCP DNS FTP HTTP IMAP LDAP MGCP MQTT NNTP NTP POP ONC / RPC RTP RTSP RIP SIP SMTP SNMP SSH Telnet TLS / SSL XMPP more ... Transport layer TCP UDP DCCP SCTP RSVP more ... Internet layer IP IPv4 IPv6 ICMP ICMPv6 ECN IGMP IPsec more ... Link layer ARP NDP OSPF Tunnels L2TP PPP MAC Ethernet DSL ISDN FDDI more ... In computer networking , the User Datagram Protocol ( UDP ) is one of the core members of the Internet protocol suite . The protocol was designed by David P. Reed in 1980 and formally defined in RFC 768 . With UDP , computer applications can send messages , in this case referred to as datagrams , to other hosts on an Internet Protocol ( IP ) network . Prior communications are not required in order to set up communication channels or data paths . UDP uses a simple connectionless communication model with a minimum of protocol mechanism . UDP provides checksums for data integrity , and port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination of the datagram . It has no handshaking dialogues , and thus exposes the user 's program to any unreliability of the underlying network ; There is no guarantee of delivery , ordering , or duplicate protection . If error - correction facilities are needed at the network interface level , an application may use Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP ) or Stream Control Transmission Protocol ( SCTP ) which are designed for this purpose . UDP is suitable for purposes where error checking and correction are either not necessary or are performed in the application ; UDP avoids the overhead of such processing in the protocol stack . Time - sensitive applications often use UDP because dropping packets is preferable to waiting for packets delayed due to retransmission , which may not be an option in a real - time system . Contents 1 Attributes 2 Service ports 3 Packet structure 4 Checksum computation 4.1 IPv4 Pseudo Header 4.2 IPv6 Pseudo Header 5 Reliability and congestion control solutions 6 Applications 7 Comparison of UDP and TCP 8 See also 9 Notes and references 9.1 Notes 9.2 RFC references 10 External links Attributes ( edit ) UDP is a simple message - oriented transport layer protocol that is documented in RFC 768 . UDP provides no guarantees to the upper layer protocol for message delivery and the UDP layer retains no state of UDP messages once sent . For this reason , UDP sometimes is referred to as Unreliable Datagram Protocol . A number of UDP 's attributes make it especially suited for certain applications . It is transaction - oriented , suitable for simple query - response protocols such as the Domain Name System or the Network Time Protocol . It provides datagrams , suitable for modeling other protocols such as IP tunneling or remote procedure call and the Network File System . It is simple , suitable for bootstrapping or other purposes without a full protocol stack , such as the DHCP and Trivial File Transfer Protocol . It is stateless , suitable for very large numbers of clients , such as in streaming media applications such as IPTV . Its low network delay makes it suitable for real - time applications such as Voice over IP , online games , and many protocols using Real Time Streaming Protocol . Because it supports multicast , it is suitable for broadcast information such as in many kinds of service discovery and shared information such as Precision Time Protocol and Routing Information Protocol . Service ports ( edit ) See also : Port ( computer networking ) Applications can use datagram sockets to establish host - to - host communications . An application binds a socket to its endpoint of data transmission , which is a combination of an IP address and a service port . A port is a software structure that is identified by the port number , a 16 bit integer value , allowing for port numbers between 0 and 65535 . Port 0 is reserved , but is a permissible source port value if the sending process does not expect messages in response . UDP provides application multiplexing ( via port numbers ) and integrity verification ( via checksum ) of the header and payload . If transmission reliability is desired , it must be implemented in the user 's application . The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) has divided port numbers into three ranges . Port numbers 0 through 1023 are used for common , well - known services . On Unix - like operating systems , using one of these ports requires superuser operating permission . Port numbers 1024 through 49151 are the registered ports used for IANA - registered services . Ports 49152 through 65535 are dynamic ports that are not officially designated for any specific service , and may be used for any purpose . They also are used as ephemeral ports , from which software running on the host may randomly choose a port in order to define itself . In effect , they are used as temporary ports primarily by clients when communicating with servers . Packet structure ( edit ) UDP Header Offsets Octet <Th_colspan="8"> 0 <Th_colspan="8"> <Th_colspan="8"> <Th_colspan="8"> Octet Bit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 0 0 <Td_colspan="16"> Source port <Td_colspan="16"> Destination port 32 <Td_colspan="16"> Length <Td_colspan="16"> Checksum The UDP header consists of 4 fields , each of which is 2 bytes ( 16 bits ) . The use of the fields `` Checksum '' and `` Source port '' is optional in IPv4 ( pink background in table ) . In IPv6 only the source port is optional ( see below ) . Source port number This field identifies the sender 's port when meaningful and should be assumed to be the port to reply to if needed . If not used , then it should be zero . If the source host is the client , the port number is likely to be an ephemeral port number . If the source host is the server , the port number is likely to be a well - known port number . Destination port number This field identifies the receiver 's port and is required . Similar to source port number , if the client is the destination host then the port number will likely be an ephemeral port number and if the destination host is the server then the port number will likely be a well - known port number . Length A field that specifies the length in bytes of the UDP header and UDP data . The minimum length is 8 bytes because that is the length of the header . The field size sets a theoretical limit of 65,535 bytes ( 8 byte header + 65,527 bytes of data ) for a UDP datagram . However the actual limit for the data length , which is imposed by the underlying IPv4 protocol , is 65,507 bytes ( 65,535 − 8 byte UDP header − 20 byte IP header ) . In IPv6 jumbograms it is possible to have UDP packets of size greater than 65,535 bytes . RFC 2675 specifies that the length field is set to zero if the length of the UDP header plus UDP data is greater than 65,535 . Checksum The checksum field may be used for error - checking of the header and data . This field is optional in IPv4 , and mandatory in IPv6 . The field carries all - zeros if unused . Checksum computation ( edit ) The method used to compute the checksum is defined in RFC 768 : Checksum is the 16 - bit one 's complement of the one 's complement sum of a pseudo header of information from the IP header , the UDP header , and the data , padded with zero octets at the end ( if necessary ) to make a multiple of two octets . In other words , all 16 - bit words are summed using one 's complement arithmetic . Add the 16 - bit values up . On each addition , if a carry - out ( 17th bit ) is produced , swing that 17th carry bit around and add it to the least significant bit of the running total . Finally , the sum is then one 's complemented to yield the value of the UDP checksum field . If the checksum calculation results in the value zero ( all 16 bits 0 ) it should be sent as the one 's complement ( all 1s ) . The difference between IPv4 and IPv6 is in the data used to compute the checksum . IPv4 pseudo header ( edit ) When UDP runs over IPv4 , the checksum is computed using a `` pseudo header '' that contains some of the same information from the real IPv4 header . The pseudo header is not the real IPv4 header used to send an IP packet , it is used only for the checksum calculation . IPv4 Pseudo Header Format Offsets Octet <Th_colspan="8"> 0 <Th_colspan="8"> <Th_colspan="8"> <Th_colspan="8"> Octet Bit 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 0 0 <Td_colspan="32"> Source IPv4 Address 32 <Td_colspan="32"> Destination IPv4 Address 8 64 <Td_colspan="8"> Zeroes <Td_colspan="8"> Protocol <Td_colspan="16"> UDP Length 12 96 <Td_colspan="16"> Source Port <Td_colspan="16"> Destination Port 16 128 <Td_colspan="16"> Length <Td_colspan="16"> Checksum 20 160 + <Td_colspan="32"> Data The source and destination addresses are those in the IPv4 header . The protocol is that for UDP ( see List of IP protocol numbers ) : 17 ( 0x11 ) . The UDP length field is the length of the UDP header and data . The field data stands for the transmitted data . UDP checksum computation is optional for IPv4 . If a checksum is not used it should be set to the value zero . IPv6 pseudo header ( edit ) When UDP runs over IPv6 , the checksum is mandatory . The method used to compute it is changed as documented in RFC 2460 : Any transport or other upper - layer protocol that includes the addresses from the IP header in its checksum computation must be modified for use over IPv6 to include the 128 - bit IPv6 addresses . When computing the checksum , again a pseudo header is used that mimics the real IPv6 header : IPv6 Pseudo Header Format Offsets Octet <Th_colspan="8"> 0 <Th_colspan="8"> <Th_colspan="8"> <Th_colspan="8"> Octet Bit 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 0 0 <Td_colspan="32"> Source IPv6 Address 32 8 64 12 96 16 128 <Td_colspan="32"> Destination IPv6 Address 20 160 24 192 28 224 32 256 <Td_colspan="32"> UDP Length 36 288 <Td_colspan="24"> Zeroes <Td_colspan="8"> Next Header 40 320 <Td_colspan="16"> Source Port <Td_colspan="16"> Destination Port 44 352 <Td_colspan="16"> Length <Td_colspan="16"> Checksum 48 384 + <Td_colspan="32"> Data The source address is the one in the IPv6 header . The destination address is the final destination ; if the IPv6 packet does not contain a Routing header , that will be the destination address in the IPv6 header ; otherwise , at the originating node , it will be the address in the last element of the Routing header , and , at the receiving node , it will be the destination address in the IPv6 header . The value of the Next Header field is the protocol value for UDP : 17 . The UDP length field is the length of the UDP header and data . Reliability and congestion Control solutions ( edit ) Lacking reliability , UDP applications must generally be willing to accept some loss , errors or duplication . Some applications , such as TFTP , may add rudimentary reliability mechanisms into the application layer as needed . Most often , UDP applications do not employ reliability mechanisms and may even be hindered by them . Streaming media , real - time multiplayer games and voice over IP ( VoIP ) are examples of applications that often use UDP . In these particular applications , loss of packets is not usually a fatal problem . If an application requires a high degree of reliability , a protocol such as the Transmission Control Protocol may be used instead . In VoIP , for example , latency and jitter are the primary concerns . The use of TCP would cause jitter if any packets were lost as TCP does not provide subsequent data to the application while it is requesting re-sending of the missing data . If using UDP the end user applications must provide any necessary handshaking such as real time confirmation that the message has been received . Applications ( edit ) Numerous key Internet applications use UDP , including : the Domain Name System ( DNS ) , where queries must be fast and only consist of a single request followed by a single reply packet , the Simple Network Management Protocol ( SNMP ) , the Routing Information Protocol ( RIP ) and the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ( DHCP ) . Voice and video traffic is generally transmitted using UDP . Real - time video and audio streaming protocols are designed to handle occasional lost packets , so only slight degradation in quality occurs , rather than large delays if lost packets were retransmitted . Because both TCP and UDP run over the same network , many businesses are finding that a recent increase in UDP traffic from these real - time applications is hindering the performance of applications using TCP , such as point of sale , accounting , and database systems . When TCP detects packet loss , it will throttle back its data rate usage . Since both real - time and business applications are important to businesses , developing quality of service solutions is seen as crucial by some . Some VPN systems such as OpenVPN may use UDP while implementing reliable connections and error checking at the application level . Comparison of UDP and TCP ( edit ) See also : Transport layer Transmission Control Protocol is a connection - oriented protocol , which means that it requires handshaking to set up end - to - end communications . Once a connection is set up , user data may be sent bi-directionally over the connection . Reliable -- Strictly only at transport layer , TCP manages message acknowledgment , retransmission and timeout . Multiple attempts to deliver the message are made . If it gets lost along the way , the server will re-request the lost part . In TCP , there 's either no missing data , or , in case of multiple timeouts , the connection is dropped . ( This reliability however does not cover application layer , at which a separate acknowledgement flow control is still necessary ) Ordered -- If two messages are sent over a connection in sequence , the first message will reach the receiving application first . When data segments arrive in the wrong order , TCP buffers delay the out - of - order data until all data can be properly re-ordered and delivered to the application . Heavyweight -- TCP requires three packets to set up a socket connection , before any user data can be sent . TCP handles reliability and congestion control . Streaming -- Data is read as a byte stream , no distinguishing indications are transmitted to signal message ( segment ) boundaries . User Datagram Protocol is a simpler message - based connectionless protocol . Connectionless protocols do not set up a dedicated end - to - end connection . Communication is achieved by transmitting information in one direction from source to destination without verifying the readiness or state of the receiver . Unreliable -- When a UDP message is sent , it can not be known if it will reach its destination ; it could get lost along the way . There is no concept of acknowledgment , retransmission , or timeout . Not ordered -- If two messages are sent to the same recipient , the order in which they arrive can not be predicted . Lightweight -- There is no ordering of messages , no tracking connections , etc . It is a small transport layer designed on top of IP . Datagrams -- Packets are sent individually and are checked for integrity only if they arrive . Packets have definite boundaries which are honored upon receipt , meaning a read operation at the receiver socket will yield an entire message as it was originally sent . No congestion control -- UDP itself does not avoid congestion . Congestion control measures must be implemented at the application level . Broadcasts -- being connectionless , UDP can broadcast - sent packets can be addressed to be receivable by all devices on the subnet . Multicast - a multicast mode of operation is supported whereby a single datagram packet can be automatically routed without duplication to very large numbers of subscribers . See also ( edit ) Computer networking portal List of TCP and UDP port numbers Reliable User Datagram Protocol ( RUDP ) Reliable Data Protocol ( RDP ) Comparison of transport layer protocols UDP flood attack UDP Data Transport UDP - Lite -- a variant that will deliver packets even if they are malformed UDP Helper Address Micro Transport Protocol ( μTP ) Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kurose , J.F. ; Ross , K.W. ( 2010 ) . Computer Networking : A Top - Down Approach ( 5th ed . ) . Boston , MA : Pearson Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 136548 - 3 . Jump up ^ [email protected] . `` UDP Protocol Overview '' . Ipv6.com . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Clark , M.P. ( 2003 ) . Data Networks IP and the Internet , 1st ed . West Sussex , England : John Wiley & Sons Ltd . ^ Jump up to : Forouzan , B.A. ( 2000 ) . TCP / IP : Protocol Suite , 1st ed . New Delhi , India : Tata McGraw - Hill Publishing Company Limited . Jump up ^ RFC 2675 ^ Jump up to : Deering S. & Hinden R. ( December 1998 ) . `` Internet Protocol , Version 6 ( IPv6 ) Specification '' . Internet Engineering Task Force . RFC 2460 . ^ Jump up to : Postel , J. ( August 1980 ) . `` User Datagram Protocol '' . Internet Engineering Task Force . RFC 768 . Jump up ^ `` Compute 16 - bit One 's Complement Sum '' ( email ) . mathforum.org . John . 2002 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ RFC 768 , p2 Jump up ^ `` The impact of UDP on Data Applications '' . Networkperformancedaily.com . Archived from the original on 31 July 2007 . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . RFC references ( edit ) RFC 768 -- User Datagram Protocol RFC 2460 -- Internet Protocol , Version 6 ( IPv6 ) Specification RFC 2675 -- IPv6 Jumbograms RFC 4113 -- Management Information Base for the UDP RFC 5405 -- Unicast UDP Usage Guidelines for Application Designers External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about User Datagram Protocol IANA Port Assignments The Trouble with UDP Scanning ( PDF ) Breakdown of UDP frame UDP on MSDN Magazine Sockets and WCF UDP connections GND : 4728148 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_Datagram_Protocol&oldid=854615189 '' Categories : Internet protocols Internet Standards Transport layer protocols Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 16 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
2. Connectionless communication model
3. Data integrity and checksum computation
4. Reliability and congestion control solutions
5. Comparison of UDP and TCP
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who won the world cup of hockey 2018
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2018 Men 's Hockey World Cup - wikipedia 2018 Men 's Hockey World Cup 2018 Men 's Hockey World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Tournament details Host country India City Bhubaneswar Teams 16 Venue ( s ) Kalinga Stadium <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2014 ( previous ) ( next ) 2022 → The 2018 Men 's Hockey World Cup will be the 14th edition of the Hockey World Cup field hockey tournament . It is scheduled to be held from 28 November to 16 December 2018 , at the Kalinga Stadium in Bhubaneswar , India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding 2 Qualification 3 Umpires 4 Results 4.1 First round 4.1. 1 Pool A 4.1. 2 Pool B 4.1. 3 Pool C 4.1. 4 Pool D 4.2 Second round 4.2. 1 Playoffs 4.2. 2 Quarterfinals 4.2. 3 First to fourth place classification 4.2. 3.1 Semifinals 4.2. 3.2 Third place game 4.2. 3.3 Final 5 References 6 External links Bidding ( edit ) Olly : Mascot of the 2018 hockey World Cup In March 2013 , one month after the FIH published the event assignment process document for the 2014 -- 2018 cycle , Australia , Belgium , India , Malaysia and New Zealand were shortlisted as candidates for hosting the event and were asked to submit bidding documentation , a requirement that Belgium did not meet . In addition , one month before the host election , Australia withdrew their application due to technical and financial reasons . India was announced as host on 7 November 2013 , during a special ceremony in Lausanne , Switzerland . Qualification ( edit ) Due to the increase to 16 participating teams , the new qualification process was announced in July 2015 by the International Hockey Federation . Each of the continental champions from five confederations and the host nation received an automatic berth , and the 10 / 11 highest placed teams at the Semifinals of the 2016 -- 17 FIH Hockey World League not already qualified would enter the tournament . The following sixteen teams , shown with final pre-tournament rankings , will compete in this tournament . Dates Event Location Qualifier ( s ) 7 November 2013 <Td_colspan="2"> Host nation India ( 6 ) 15 -- 25 June 2017 2016 -- 17 FIH Hockey World League Semifinals London , England England ( 7 ) Malaysia ( 12 ) Canada ( 11 ) Pakistan ( 13 ) China ( 17 ) 8 -- 23 July 2017 Johannesburg , South Africa Belgium ( 3 ) Germany ( 5 ) New Zealand ( 8 ) Spain ( 9 ) Ireland ( 10 ) France ( 16 ) 4 -- 12 August 2017 2017 Pan American Cup Lancaster , United States Argentina ( 2 ) 19 -- 27 August 2017 2017 EuroHockey Nations Championship Amstelveen , Netherlands Netherlands ( 4 ) 11 -- 15 October 2017 2017 Oceania Cup Sydney , Australia Australia ( 1 ) 11 -- 22 October 2017 2017 Hockey Asia Cup Dhaka , Bangladesh -- 22 -- 29 October 2017 2017 Hockey Africa Cup of Nations Ismailia , Egypt South Africa ( 15 ) ^ 1 -- India qualified both as host and continental champion , therefore that quota was given to China as the highest - ranked team from the 2016 -- 17 Hockey World League Semifinals not already qualified . Umpires ( edit ) 16 umpires were appointed by the FIH for this tournament . Diego Barbas ( ARG ) Dan Barstrow ( ENG ) Marcin Grochal ( POL ) Ben Göntgen ( GER ) Adam Kearns ( AUS ) Eric Koh ( MAS ) Lim Hong Zhen ( SGP ) Martin Madden ( SCO ) Raghu Prasad ( IND ) Javed Shaikh ( IND ) Simon Taylor ( NZL ) David Tomlinson ( NZL ) Jonas va n't Hek ( NED ) Francisco Vásquez ( ESP ) Gregory Uyttenhove ( BEL ) Peter Wright ( RSA ) Results ( edit ) The schedule was published on 27 February 2018 . All times are local ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) . First round ( edit ) Pool a ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Argentina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Quarterfinals New Zealand 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Playoffs Spain 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 France 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eliminated First match ( es ) will be played on 29 November 2018 . Source : Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) goal difference ; 3 ) goals scored ; 4 ) head - to - head result . 29 November 2018 17 : 00 Argentina Spain Report 29 November 2018 19 : 00 New Zealand France Report 3 December 2018 19 : 00 Spain France Report 3 December 2018 19 : 00 New Zealand Argentina Report 6 December 2018 17 : 00 Spain New Zealand Report 6 December 2018 19 : 00 Argentina France Report Pool b ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Australia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Quarterfinals England 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Playoffs Ireland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 China 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eliminated First match ( es ) will be played on 30 November 2018 . Source : Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) goal difference ; 3 ) goals scored ; 4 ) head - to - head result . 30 November 2018 17 : 00 Australia Ireland Report 30 November 2018 19 : 00 England China Report 4 December 2018 19 : 00 England Australia Report 4 December 2018 19 : 00 Ireland China Report 7 December 2018 17 : 00 Australia China Report 7 December 2018 19 : 00 Ireland England Report Pool c ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Belgium 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Quarterfinals India ( H ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Playoffs Canada 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eliminated First match ( es ) will be played on 28 November 2018 . Source : Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) goal difference ; 3 ) goals scored ; 4 ) head - to - head result . ( H ) Host . 28 November 2018 17 : 00 Belgium Canada Report 28 November 2018 19 : 00 India South Africa Report 2 December 2018 19 : 00 Canada South Africa Report 2 December 2018 19 : 00 India Belgium Report 8 December 2018 17 : 00 Belgium South Africa Report 8 December 2018 19 : 00 Canada India Report Pool d ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Quarterfinals Germany 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Playoffs Malaysia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pakistan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eliminated First match ( es ) will be played on 1 December 2018 . Source : Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) goal difference ; 3 ) goals scored ; 4 ) head - to - head result . 1 December 2018 17 : 00 Netherlands Malaysia Report 1 December 2018 19 : 00 Germany Pakistan Report 5 December 2018 19 : 00 Germany Netherlands Report 5 December 2018 19 : 00 Malaysia Pakistan Report 9 December 2018 17 : 00 Malaysia Germany Report 9 December 2018 19 : 00 Netherlands Pakistan Report Second round ( edit ) <Td_colspan="2"> Playoffs <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Quarterfinals <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Semifinals <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Final <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> December <Td_colspan="2"> December <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> 15 December <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> December <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> December <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 December <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> December <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> December <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> 15 December <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Third place game <Td_colspan="2"> December <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 December <Td_colspan="2"> December <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Playoffs ( edit ) 10 December 2018 16 : 45 A2 B3 Report 10 December 2018 19 : 00 B2 A3 Report 11 December 2018 16 : 45 C2 D3 Report 11 December 2018 19 : 00 D2 C3 Report Quarterfinals ( edit ) 12 December 2018 16 : 45 A1 WQF1 Report 12 December 2018 19 : 00 B1 WQF2 Report 13 December 2018 16 : 45 C1 WQF3 Report 13 December 2018 19 : 00 D1 WQF4 Report First to fourth place classification ( edit ) Semifinals ( edit ) 15 December 2018 16 : 00 WQF1 WQF2 Report 15 December 2018 18 : 30 WQF3 WQF4 Report Third place game ( edit ) 16 December 2018 16 : 30 LSF1 LSF2 Report Final ( edit ) 16 December 2018 19 : 00 WSF1 WSF2 Report References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` England & India to host Hockey World Cups 2018 '' . FIH. 7 November 2013 . Retrieved 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIH Opens World Cup 2018 Bidding Process '' . FIH. 4 February 2013 . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Six nations shortlisted for Hockey World Cups 2018 '' . FIH. 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Five nations in battle to host FIH World Cups 2018 '' . FIH. 10 September 2013 . Retrieved 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Four nations prepare to learn fate of 2018 Hockey World Cup bids '' . FIH. 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Qualification System for Hockey World Cup 2018 '' ( PDF ) . FIH. 3 July 2015 . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIH announces officials for Odisha Hockey Men 's World Cup Bhubaneswar 2018 '' . FIH. 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pools and match schedule for Odisha Hockey Men 's World Cup Bhubaneswar 2018 revealed '' . FIH. 27 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Regulations External links ( edit ) Official website <Th_colspan="2"> hide Hockey World Cup Men 's Tournament Barcelona 1971 Amstelveen 1973 Kuala Lumpur 1975 Buenos Aires 1978 Mumbai 1982 London 1986 Lahore 1990 Sydney 1994 Utrecht 1998 Kuala Lumpur 2002 Mönchengladbach 2006 New Delhi 2010 The Hague 2014 Bhubaneswar 2018 Squads 2002 2006 2014 2018 Qualifier ( s ) Rome 1977 Kuala Lumpur 1981 Barcelona 1985 Madison 1989 Poznan 1993 Kuala Lumpur 1997 Edinburgh 2001 Changzhou 2006 Lille / Invercargill / Quilmes 2009 Rotterdam / Johor Bahru 2013 London / Johannesburg 2017 Women 's Tournament Mandelieu 1974 Berlin 1976 Madrid 1978 Buenos Aires 1981 Kuala Lumpur 1983 Amstelveen 1986 Sydney 1990 Dublin 1994 Utrecht 1998 Perth 2002 Madrid 2006 Rosario 2010 The Hague 2014 London 2018 Squads 2002 2006 2014 2018 Qualifier ( s ) Kuala Lumpur 1983 Buenos Aires 1985 New Delhi 1989 Philadelphia 1993 Harare 1997 Amiens / Abbeville 2001 Rome 2006 San Diego / Kazan / Santiago 2010 Rotterdam / London 2013 Brussels / Johannesburg 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Men%27s_Hockey_World_Cup&oldid=841971506 '' Categories : Hockey World Cup ( field hockey ) 2018 in field hockey International field hockey competitions hosted by India 2018 in Indian sport Scheduled sports events November 2018 sports events in Asia December 2018 sports events in Asia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Português Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 09 : 37 . About Wikipedia
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1. 2018 Men's Hockey World Cup
2. Host country India
3. Kalinga Stadium in Bhubaneswar
4. Qualification process
5. Schedule and results
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can be described as the process of transformation that accompanies radical innovation
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Creative destruction - wikipedia Creative destruction Jump to : navigation , search Crowd at New York 's American Union Bank during a bank run early in the Great Depression . Marx argued that the devaluation of wealth during capitalism 's periodic financial crises was an inevitable outcome of the processes of wealth creation . 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In Marxian economic theory the concept refers more broadly to the linked processes of the accumulation and annihilation of wealth under capitalism . The German Marxist sociologist Werner Sombart has been credited with the first use of these terms in his work Krieg und Kapitalismus ( War and Capitalism , 1913 ) . In the earlier work of Marx , however , the idea of creative destruction or annihilation ( German : Vernichtung ) implies not only that capitalism destroys and reconfigures previous economic orders , but also that it must ceaselessly devalue existing wealth ( whether through war , dereliction , or regular and periodic economic crises ) in order to clear the ground for the creation of new wealth . In Capitalism , Socialism and Democracy ( 1942 ) , Joseph Schumpeter developed the concept out of a careful reading of Marx 's thought ( to which the whole of Part I of the book is devoted ) , arguing ( in Part II ) that the creative - destructive forces unleashed by capitalism would eventually lead to its demise as a system ( see below ) . Despite this , the term subsequently gained popularity within neoliberal or free - market economics as a description of processes such as downsizing in order to increase the efficiency and dynamism of a company . The Marxian usage has , however , been retained and further developed in the work of social scientists such as David Harvey , Marshall Berman , Manuel Castells and Daniele Archibugi . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 In Marx 's thought 1.2 Other early usage 2 Association with Joseph Schumpeter 2.1 Examples 3 Later developments 3.1 Ludwig Lachmann 3.2 David Harvey 3.3 Marshall Berman 3.4 Manuel Castells 3.5 Daniele Archibugi 3.6 Others 4 Alternative name 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading History ( edit ) In Marx 's thought ( edit ) Although the modern term `` creative destruction '' is not used explicitly by Marx , it is largely derived from his analyses , particularly in the work of Werner Sombart ( whom Engels described as the only German professor who understood Marx 's Capital ) , and of Joseph Schumpeter , who discussed at length the origin of the idea in Marx 's work ( see below ) . In The Communist Manifesto of 1848 , Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels described the crisis tendencies of capitalism in terms of `` the enforced destruction of a mass of productive forces '' : Modern bourgeois society , with its relations of production , of exchange and of property , a society that has conjured up such gigantic means of production and of exchange , is like the sorcerer who is no longer able to control the powers of the nether world whom he has called up by his spells . ( ... ) It is enough to mention the commercial crises that by their periodical return put the existence of the whole of bourgeois society on trial , each time more threateningly . In these crises , a great part not only of existing production , but also of previously created productive forces , are periodically destroyed . In these crises , there breaks out an epidemic that , in all earlier epochs , would have seemed an absurdity -- the epidemic of over-production . Society suddenly finds itself put back into a state of momentary barbarism ; it appears as if a famine , a universal war of devastation , had cut off the supply of every means of subsistence ; industry and commerce seem to be destroyed ; and why ? Because there is too much civilisation , too much means of subsistence , too much industry , too much commerce . The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property ; on the contrary , they have become too powerful for these conditions . ( ... ) And how does the bourgeoisie get over these crises ? On the one hand by enforced destruction of a mass of productive forces ; on the other , by the conquest of new markets , and by the more thorough exploitation of the old ones . That is to say , by paving the way for more extensive and more destructive crises , and by diminishing the means whereby crises are prevented . A few years later , in the Grundrisse , Marx was writing of `` the violent destruction of capital not by relations external to it , but rather as a condition of its self - preservation '' . In other words , he establishes a necessary link between the generative or creative forces of production in capitalism and the destruction of capital value as one of the key ways in which capitalism attempts to overcome its internal contradictions : These contradictions lead to explosions , cataclysms , crises , in which ( ... ) momentaneous suspension of labour and annihilation of a great portion of capital ( ... ) violently lead it back to the point where it is enabled ( to go on ) fully employing its productive powers without committing suicide . In the Theories of Surplus Value ( `` Volume IV '' of Das Kapital , 1863 ) , Marx refines this theory to distinguish between scenarios where the destruction of ( commodity ) values affects either use values or exchange values or both together . The destruction of exchange value combined with the preservation of use value presents clear opportunities for new capital investment and hence for the repetition of the production - devaluation cycle : the destruction of capital through crises means the depreciation of values which prevents them from later renewing their reproduction process as capital on the same scale . This is the ruinous effect of the fall in the prices of commodities . It does not cause the destruction of any use - values . What one loses , the other gains . Values used as capital are prevented from acting again as capital in the hands of the same person . The old capitalists go bankrupt . ( ... ) A large part of the nominal capital of the society , i.e. , of the exchange - value of the existing capital , is once for all destroyed , although this very destruction , since it does not affect the use - value , may very much expedite the new reproduction . This is also the period during which moneyed interest enriches itself at the cost of industrial interest . Social geographer David Harvey sums up the differences between Marx 's usage of these concepts and Schumpeter 's : `` Both Karl Marx and Joseph Schumpeter wrote at length on the ' creative - destructive ' tendencies inherent in capitalism . While Marx clearly admired capitalism 's creativity he ( ... ) strongly emphasised its self - destructiveness . The Schumpeterians have all along gloried in capitalism 's endless creativity while treating the destructiveness as mostly a matter of the normal costs of doing business '' . Other early usage ( edit ) In Hinduism , the god Shiva is simultaneously destroyer and creator , portrayed as Shiva Nataraja ( Lord of the Dance ) , which is proposed as the source of the Western notion of `` creative destruction '' . In philosophical terms , the concept of `` creative destruction '' is close to Hegel _́ s concept of sublation . In German economic discourse it was taken up from Marx 's writings by Werner Sombart , particularly in his 1913 text Krieg und Kapitalismus : Again , however , from destruction a new spirit of creation arises ; the scarcity of wood and the needs of everyday life ... forced the discovery or invention of substitutes for wood , forced the use of coal for heating , forced the invention of coke for the production of iron . Hugo Reinert has argued that Sombart 's formulation of the concept was influenced by Eastern mysticism , specifically the image of the Hindu god Shiva , who is presented in the paradoxical aspect of simultaneous destroyer and creator . Conceivably this influence passed from Johann Gottfried Herder , who brought Hindu thought to German philosophy in his Philosophy of Human History ( Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit ) ( Herder 1790 -- 92 ) , specifically volume III , pp. 41 -- 64 . via Arthur Schopenhauer and the Orientalist Friedrich Maier through Friedrich Nietzsche _́ s writings . Nietzsche represented the creative destruction of modernity through the mythical figure of Dionysus , a figure whom he saw as at one and the same time `` destructively creative '' and `` creatively destructive '' . In the following passage from On the Genealogy of Morality ( 1887 ) , Nietzsche argues for a universal principle of a cycle of creation and destruction , such that every creative act has its destructive consequence : But have you ever asked yourselves sufficiently how much the erection of every ideal on earth has cost ? How much reality has had to be misunderstood and slandered , how many lies have had to be sanctified , how many consciences disturbed , how much `` God '' sacrificed every time ? If a temple is to be erected a temple must be destroyed : that is the law -- let anyone who can show me a case in which it is not fulfilled ! -- Friedrich Nietzsche , On the Genealogy of Morality Other nineteenth - century formulations of this idea include Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin , who wrote in 1842 , `` The passion for destruction is a creative passion , too ! '' Note , however , that this earlier formulation might more accurately be termed `` destructive creation '' , and differs sharply from Marx 's and Schumpeter 's formulations in its focus on the active destruction of the existing social and political order by human agents ( as opposed to systemic forces or contradictions in the case of both Marx and Schumpeter ) . Association with Joseph Schumpeter ( edit ) The expression `` creative destruction '' was popularized by and is most associated with Joseph Schumpeter , particularly in his book Capitalism , Socialism and Democracy , first published in 1942 . Already in his 1939 book Business Cycles , he attempted to refine the innovative ideas of Nikolai Kondratieff and his long - wave cycle which Schumpeter believed was driven by technological innovation . Three years later , in Capitalism , Socialism and Democracy , Schumpeter introduced the term `` creative destruction '' , which he explicitly derived from Marxist thought ( analysed extensively in Part I of the book ) and used it to describe the disruptive process of transformation that accompanies such innovation : Capitalism ( ... ) is by nature a form or method of economic change and not only never is but never can be stationary . ( ... ) The fundamental impulse that sets and keeps the capitalist engine in motion comes from the new consumers ' goods , the new methods of production or transportation , the new markets , the new forms of industrial organization that capitalist enterprise creates . ( ... ) The opening up of new markets , foreign or domestic , and the organizational development from the craft shop and factory to such concerns as U.S. Steel illustrate the process of industrial mutation that incessantly revolutionizes the economic structure from within , incessantly destroying the old one , incessantly creating a new one . This process of Creative Destruction is the essential fact about capitalism . It is what capitalism consists in and what every capitalist concern has got to live in . ( ... Capitalism requires ) the perennial gale of Creative Destruction . In Schumpeter 's vision of capitalism , innovative entry by entrepreneurs was the disruptive force that sustained economic growth , even as it destroyed the value of established companies and laborers that enjoyed some degree of monopoly power derived from previous technological , organizational , regulatory , and economic paradigms . However , Schumpeter was pessimistic about the sustainability of this process , seeing it as leading eventually to the undermining of capitalism 's own institutional frameworks : In breaking down the pre-capitalist framework of society , capitalism thus broke not only barriers that impeded its progress but also flying buttresses that prevented its collapse . That process , impressive in its relentless necessity , was not merely a matter of removing institutional deadwood , but of removing partners of the capitalist stratum , symbiosis with whom was an essential element of the capitalist schema . ( ... T ) he capitalist process in much the same way in which it destroyed the institutional framework of feudal society also undermines its own . Schumpeter nevertheless elaborated the concept , making it central to his economic theory , and it was later taken up as a major doctrine of the so - called Austrian School of free - market economic thought . Examples ( edit ) Polaroid instant cameras have disappeared almost completely with the spread of digital photography . Schumpeter ( 1949 ) in one of his examples used `` the railroadization of the Middle West as it was initiated by the Illinois Central . '' He wrote , `` The Illinois Central not only meant very good business whilst it was built and whilst new cities were built around it and land was cultivated , but it spelled the death sentence for the ( old ) agriculture of the West . '' Companies that once revolutionized and dominated new industries -- for example , Xerox in copiers or Polaroid in instant photography -- have seen their profits fall and their dominance vanish as rivals launched improved designs or cut manufacturing costs . In technology , the cassette tape replaced the 8 - track , only to be replaced in turn by the compact disc , which was undercut by downloads to MP3 players , which is now being usurped by web - based streaming services . Companies which made money out of technology which becomes obsolete do not necessarily adapt well to the business environment created by the new technologies . One such example is the way in which online ad - supported news sites such as The Huffington Post are leading to creative destruction of the traditional newspaper . The Christian Science Monitor announced in January 2009 that it would no longer continue to publish a daily paper edition , but would be available online daily and provide a weekly print edition . The Seattle Post-Intelligencer became online - only in March 2009 . At a national level in USA , employment in the newspaper business fell from 455,700 in 1990 to 225,100 in 2013 . Over that same period , employment in internet publishing and broadcasting grew from 29,400 to 121,200 . Traditional French alumni networks , which typically charge their students to network online or through paper directories , are in danger of creative destruction from free social networking sites such as Linkedin and Viadeo . In fact , successful innovation is normally a source of temporary market power , eroding the profits and position of old firms , yet ultimately succumbing to the pressure of new inventions commercialised by competing entrants . Creative destruction is a powerful economic concept because it can explain many of the dynamics or kinetics of industrial change : the transition from a competitive to a monopolistic market , and back again . It has been the inspiration of endogenous growth theory and also of evolutionary economics . David Ames Wells ( 1890 ) , who was a leading authority on the effects of technology on the economy in the late 19th century , gave many examples of creative destruction ( without using the term ) brought about by improvements in steam engine efficiency , shipping , the international telegraph network , and agricultural mechanization . Later developments ( edit ) Ludwig lachmann ( edit ) These economic facts have certain social consequences . As the critics of the market economy nowadays prefer to take their stand on `` social '' grounds , it may be not inappropriate here to elucidate the true social results of the market process . We have already spoken of it as a leveling process . More aptly , we may now describe these results as an instance of what Pareto called `` the circulation of elites . '' Wealth is unlikely to stay for long in the same hands . It passes from hand to hand as unforeseen change confers value , now on this , now on that specific resource , engendering capital gains and losses . The owners of wealth , we might say with Schumpeter , are like the guests at a hotel or the passengers in a train : They are always there but are never for long the same people . -- Ludwig Lachmann , The Market Economy and the Distribution of Wealth David Harvey ( edit ) Geographer and historian David Harvey in a series of works from the 1970s onwards ( Social Justice and the City , 1973 ; The Limits to Capital , 1982 ; The Urbanization of Capital , 1985 ; Spaces of Hope , 2000 ; Spaces of Capital , 2001 ; Spaces of Neoliberalization , 2005 ; The Enigma of Capital and the Crises of Capitalism , 2010 ) , elaborated Marx 's thought on the systemic contradictions of capitalism , particularly in relation to the production of the urban environment ( and to the production of space more broadly ) . He developed the notion that capitalism finds a `` spatial fix '' for its periodic crises of overaccumulation through investment in fixed assets of infrastructure , buildings , etc. : `` The built environment that constitutes a vast field of collective means of production and consumption absorbs huge amounts of capital in both its construction and its maintenance . Urbanization is one way to absorb the capital surplus '' . While the creation of the built environment can act as a form of crisis displacement , it can also constitute a limit in its own right , as it tends to freeze productive forces into a fixed spatial form . As capital can not abide a limit to profitability , ever more frantic forms of `` time - space compression '' ( increased speed of turnover , innovation of ever faster transport and communications ' infrastructure , `` flexible accumulation '' ) ensue , often impelling technological innovation . Such innovation , however , is a double - edged sword : The effect of continuous innovation ( ... ) is to devalue , if not destroy , past investments and labour skills . Creative destruction is embedded within the circulation of capital itself . Innovation exacerbates instability , insecurity , and in the end , becomes the prime force pushing capitalism into periodic paroxysms of crisis . ( ... ) The struggle to maintain profitability sends capitalists racing off to explore all kinds of other possibilities . New product lines are opened up , and that means the creation of new wants and needs . Capitalists are forced to redouble their efforts to create new needs in others ( ... ) . The result is to exacerbate insecurity and instability , as masses of capital and workers shift from one line of production to another , leaving whole sectors devastated ( ... ) . The drive to relocate to more advantageous places ( the geographical movement of both capital and labour ) periodically revolutionizes the international and territorial division of labour , adding a vital geographical dimension to the insecurity . The resultant transformation in the experience of space and place is matched by revolutions in the time dimension , as capitalists strive to reduce the turnover time of their capital to `` the twinkling of an eye '' . Globalization can be viewed as some ultimate form of time - space compression , allowing capital investment to move almost instantaneously from one corner of the globe to another , devaluing fixed assets and laying off labour in one urban conglommeration while opening up new centres of manufacture in more profitable sites for production operations . Hence , in this continual process of creative destruction , capitalism does not resolve its contradictions and crises , but merely `` moves them around geographically '' . Marshall Berman ( edit ) In his 1987 book All That is Solid Melts into Air : The Experience of Modernity , particularly in the chapter entitled `` Innovative Self - Destruction '' ( pp. 98 -- 104 ) , Marshall Berman provides a reading of Marxist `` creative destruction '' to explain key processes at work within modernity . The title of the book is taken from a well - known passage from The Communist Manifesto . Berman elaborates this into something of a Zeitgeist which has profound social and cultural consequences : The truth of the matter , as Marx sees , is that everything that bourgeois society builds is built to be torn down . `` All that is solid '' -- from the clothes on our backs to the looms and mills that weave them , to the men and women who work the machines , to the houses and neighborhoods the workers live in , to the firms and corporations that exploit the workers , to the towns and cities and whole regions and even nations that embrace them all -- all these are made to be broken tomorrow , smashed or shredded or pulverized or dissolved , so they can be recycled or replaced next week , and the whole process can go on again and again , hopefully forever , in ever more profitable forms . The pathos of all bourgeois monuments is that their material strength and solidity actually count for nothing and carry no weight at all , that they are blown away like frail reeds by the very forces of capitalist development that they celebrate . Even the most beautiful and impressive bourgeois buildings and public works are disposable , capitalized for fast depreciation and planned to be obsolete , closer in their social functions to tents and encampments than to `` Egyptian pyramids , Roman aqueducts , Gothic cathedrals '' . Here Berman emphasizes Marx 's perception of the fragility and evanescence of capitalism 's immense creative forces , and makes this apparent contradiction into one of the key explanatory figures of modernity . Manuel Castells ( edit ) The sociologist Manuel Castells , in his trilogy on The Information Age : Economy , Society and Culture ( the first volume of which , The Rise of the Network Society , appeared in 1996 ) , reinterpreted the processes by which capitalism invests in certain regions of the globe , while divesting from others , using the new paradigm of `` informational networks '' . In the era of globalization , capitalism is characterized by near - instantaneous flow , creating a new spatial dimension , `` the space of flows '' . While technological innovation has enabled this unprecedented fluidity , this very process makes redundant whole areas and populations who are bypassed by informational networks . Indeed , the new spatial form of the mega-city or megalopolis , is defined by Castells as having the contradictory quality of being `` globally connected and locally disconnected , physically and socially '' . Castells explicitly links these arguments to the notion of creative destruction : The `` spirit of informationalism '' is the culture of `` creative destruction '' accelerated to the speed of the optoelectronic circuits that process its signals . Schumpeter meets Weber in the cyberspace of the network enterprise . Daniele Archibugi ( edit ) Developing the Schumpeterian legacy , the school of the Science Policy Research Unit of the University of Sussex has further detailed the importance of creative destruction exploring , in particular , how new technologies are often idiosyncratic with the existing productive regimes and will lead to bankruptcy companies and even industries that do not manage to sustain the rate of change . Chris Freeman and Carlota Perez have developed these insights . More recently , Daniele Archibugi and Andrea Filippetti have associated the 2008 economic crisis to the slow - down of opportunities offered by information and communication technologies ( ICTs ) . Using as a metaphor the film Blade Runner , Archibugi has argued that of the innovations described in the film in 1982 , all those associated to ICTs have become part of our everyday life . But , on the contrary , none of those in the field of Biotech have been fully commercialized . A new economic recovery will occur when some key technological opportunities will be identified and sustained . Technological opportunities do not enter into economic and social life without deliberate efforts and choices . We should be able to envisage new forms of organization associated with emerging technology . ICTs have already changed our lifestyle even more than our economic life : they have generated jobs and profits , but above all they have transformed the way we use our time and interact with the world . Biotech could bring about even more radical social transformations at the core of our life . Why have these not yet been delivered ? What can be done to unleash their potential ? There are a few basic questions that need to be addressed . Others ( edit ) In 1992 , the idea of creative destruction was put into formal mathematical terms by Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt , giving an alternative model of endogenous growth compared to Paul Romer 's expanding varieties model . In 1995 , Harvard Business School authors Richard L. Nolan and David C. Croson released Creative Destruction : A Six - Stage Process for Transforming the Organization . The book advocated downsizing to free up slack resources , which could then be reinvested to create competitive advantage . More recently , the idea of `` creative destruction '' was utilized by Max Page in his 1999 book , The Creative Destruction of Manhattan , 1900 -- 1940 . The book traces Manhattan 's constant reinvention , often at the expense of preserving a concrete past . Describing this process as `` creative destruction , '' Page describes the complex historical circumstances , economics , social conditions and personalities that have produced crucial changes in Manhattan 's cityscape . In addition to Max Page , others have used the term `` creative destruction '' to describe the process of urban renewal and modernization . T.C. Chang and Shirlena Huang referenced `` creative destruction '' in their paper Recreating place , replacing memory : Creative Destruction at the Singapore River . The authors explored the efforts to redevelop a waterfront area that reflected a vibrant new culture while paying sufficient homage to the history of the region . Rosemary Wakeman chronicled the evolution of an area in central Paris , France known as Les Halles . Les Halles housed a vibrant marketplace starting in the twelfth century . Ultimately , in 1971 , the markets were relocated and the pavilions torn down . In their place , now stand a hub for trains , subways and buses . Les Halles is also the site of the largest shopping mall in France and the controversial Centre Georges Pompidou . The term `` creative destruction '' has been applied to the arts . Alan Ackerman and Martin Puncher ( 2006 ) edited a collection of essays under the title Against Theater : Creative destruction on the modernist stage . They detail the changes and the causal motivations experienced in theater as a result of the modernization of both the production of performances and the underlying economics . They speak of how theater has reinvented itself in the face of anti-theatricality , straining the boundaries of the traditional to include more physical productions , which might be considered avant - garde staging techniques . In his 1999 book , Still the New World , American Literature in a Culture of Creative Destruction , Philip Fisher analyzes the themes of creative destruction at play in literary works of the twentieth century , including the works of such authors as Ralph Waldo Emerson , Walt Whitman , Herman Melville , Mark Twain , and Henry James , among others . Fisher argues that creative destruction exists within literary forms just as it does within the changing of technology . Neoconservative author Michael Ledeen argued in his 2002 book The War Against the Terror Masters that America is a revolutionary nation , undoing traditional societies : `` Creative destruction is our middle name , both within our own society and abroad . We tear down the old order every day , from business to science , literature , art , architecture , and cinema to politics and the law . '' His characterization of creative destruction as a model for social development has met with fierce opposition from paleoconservatives . Creative destruction has also been linked to sustainable development . The connection was explicitly mentioned for the first time by Stuart L. Hart and Mark B. Milstein in their 1999 article Global Sustainability and the Creative Destruction of Industries , in which he argues new profit opportunities lie in a round of creative destruction driven by global sustainability . ( An argument which they would later on strengthen in their 2003 article Creating Sustainable Value and , in 2005 , with Innovation , Creative Destruction and Sustainability . ) Andrea L. Larson agreed with this vision a year later in Sustainable Innovation Through an Entrepreneurship Lens , stating entrepreneurs should be open to the opportunities for disruptive improvement based on sustainability . In 2005 , James Hartshorn ( et al . ) emphasized the opportunities for sustainable , disruptive improvement in the construction industry in his article Creative Destruction : Building Toward Sustainability . Alternative name ( edit ) The following text appears to be the source of the phrase `` Schumpeter 's Gale '' to refer to creative destruction : The opening up of new markets and the organizational development from the craft shop and factory to such concerns as US Steel illustrate the process of industrial mutation that incessantly revolutionizes the economic structure from within , incessantly destroying the old one , incessantly creating a new one ... ( The process ) must be seen in its role in the perennial gale of creative destruction ; it can not be understood on the hypothesis that there is a perennial lull . -- Joseph Schumpeter , Capitalism , Socialism and Democracy , 1942 In popular Culture ( edit ) The film Other People 's Money ( 1991 ) provides contrasting views of creative destruction , presented in two speeches regarding the takeover of a publicly traded wire and cable company in a small New England town . One speech is by a corporate raider , and the other is given by the company CEO , who is principally interested in protecting his employees and the town . See also ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Creative destruction Creativity techniques Destructionism Disruptive technology Extinction event Global Innovation Index ( Boston Consulting Group ) Parable of the broken window Product lifecycle Schumpeterian rent References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reinert , Hugo ; Reinert , Erik S. ( 2006 ) . `` Creative Destruction in Economics : Nietzsche , Sombart , Schumpeter '' , Word document ^ Jump up to : Schumpeter , Joseph A. ( 1994 ) ( 1942 ) . Capitalism , Socialism and Democracy . London : Routledge . pp. 82 -- 83 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 10762 - 4 . Retrieved 23 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Marx , Karl ; Engels , Friedrich ( 2002 ) ( 1848 ) . The Communist Manifesto . Moore , Samuel ( trans . 1888 ) . Harmondsworth , UK : Penguin . p. 226 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044757 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Marx , Karl ( 1993 ) ( 1857 ) . Grundrisse : Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy ( rough draft ) . Nicolaus , Martin ( trans . 1973 ) . Harmondsworth , UK : Penguin . p. 750 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044575 - 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Marx , Karl ( 1969 ) ( 1863 ) . Theories of Surplus - Value : `` Volume IV '' of Capital . 2 . London : Lawrence & Wishart . pp. 495 -- 96 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Describing the way in which the destruction of forests in Europe laid the foundations for nineteenth - century capitalism , Sombart writes : `` Wiederum aber steigt aus der Zerstörung neuer schöpferischer Geist empor '' ( `` Again , however , from destruction a new spirit of creation arises '' ) . Sombart , Werner ( 1913 ) . Krieg und Kapitalismus ( in German ) . München . p. 207 . ISBN 0 - 405 - 06539 - 6 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Schumpeter , Joseph A. ( 1994 ) ( 1942 ) . Capitalism , Socialism and Democracy . London : Routledge . p. 139 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 10762 - 4 . Retrieved 23 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , David ( 2007 ) ( 1982 ) . Limits to Capital ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Verso . pp. 200 -- 03 . ISBN 1 - 84467 - 095 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Berman , Marshall ( 1988 ) . All that is Solid Melts into Air : The Experience of Modernity . Ringwood , Vic : Viking Penguin . ISBN 0 - 86091 - 785 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Castells , Manuel ( 2000 ) ( 1996 ) . The Rise of the Network Society ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford : Blackwell Publishers . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22140 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 ... Jump up ^ Archibugi , Daniele ; Filippetti , Andrea ( 2003 ) . Innovation and Economic Crisis . Lessons and Prospects from the Economic Downturn . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 74559 - 8 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 25 ... Jump up ^ Harris , Abram L. ( 1942 ) . `` Sombart and German ( National ) Socialism '' . Journal of Political Economy. 50 ( 6 ) : 805 -- 35 ( p. 807 ) . doi : 10.1086 / 255964 . JSTOR 1826617 . Jump up ^ For further discussion of the concept of creative discussion in the Grundrisse , see Elliott , J.E. ( 1978 ) . `` Marx 's `` Grundrisse '' : Vision of Capitalism 's Creative Destruction `` . Journal of Post Keynesian Economics . 1 ( 2 ) : 148 -- 69 . doi : 10.2307 / 4537475 ( inactive 2017 - 09 - 29 ) . JSTOR 4537475 . Jump up ^ Marx , Karl ( 1969 ) ( 1863 ) . Theories of Surplus - Value : `` Volume IV '' of Capital . 2 . pp. 495 -- 96 . For further explanation of these quotations see Harvey , David ( 2007 ) ( 1982 ) . Limits to Capital . pp. 200 -- 03 . ISBN 1 - 84467 - 095 - 3 . Jump up ^ Harvey , David ( 2010 ) . The Enigma of Capital and the Crises of Capitalism . London : Profile Books . p. 46 . ISBN 1 - 84668 - 308 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Sombart , W. ( 1913 ) . Krieg und Kapitalismus ( War and Capitalism ) . Leipzig : Duncker & Humblot . p. 207 . Jump up ^ Bradbury , Malcolm ; McFarlane , James ( 1976 ) . Modernism : A Guide to European Literature 1890 -- 1930 . Harmondsworth , UK : Penguin . p. 446 . ISBN 0140138323 . Jump up ^ The Reaction in Germany , From the Notebooks of a Frenchman , October 1842 Jump up ^ McKraw , Thomas K. ( 2006 ) . Business History Review 80 ( PDF ) . London : Cambridge Journals Online . p. 239 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Sidak , J. Gregory ; Teece , David J. ( 2009 ) . `` Dynamic Competition in Antitrust Law '' . Journal of Competition Law & Economics . 5 ( 4 ) : 581 -- 631 ( p. 604 ) . doi : 10.1093 / joclec / nhp024 . Jump up ^ Schumpeter , J.A. ( 1941 ) : An economic interpretation of our time : The Lowell Lectures , in The Economics and Sociology of Capitalism , Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , pp. 349 . As quoted by `` Schumpeter and Regional Innovation '' by Esben S. Andersen . Chapter for Handbook of Regional Innovation and Growth . ( ed . P. Cooke , Elgar Publ . ) Jump up ^ Surviving the Gales of Creative Destruction : The Determinants of Product Turnover Archived 2011 - 05 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , John M. de Figueiredo & Margaret K. Kyle , 12 September 2004 . Jump up ^ Warner Music reveals streaming income has overtaken downloads The Guardian , Tuesday 12 May 2015 Jump up ^ Creative Destruction and Innovation in The News Industry John Gaynard 's blog , January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Richman , Dan ; James , Andrea ( 2009 - 03 - 16 ) . `` Seattle P-I to publish last edition Tuesday '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Jump up ^ Bureau of Labor Statistics . `` Series ID CES5051913001 and CES5051111001 '' . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Could LinkedIn and Viadeo Creatively Destroy the Traditional French Networks ? John Gaynard 's blog , January 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sidak , J. Gregory ; Teece , David J. ( 2009 ) . `` Dynamic Competition in Antitrust Law '' . Journal of Competition Law & Economics . 5 ( 4 ) : 581 -- 631 ( p. 615 ) . doi : 10.1093 / joclec / nhp024 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Richard R. ; Nelson , Katherine ( 2002 ) . `` Technology , Institutions , and Innovation Systems '' ( PDF ) . Research Policy . 31 ( 2 ) : 265 -- 272 . doi : 10.1016 / S0048 - 7333 ( 01 ) 00140 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wells , David A. ( 1890 ) . Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well - Being of Society . New York : D. Appleton and Co . ISBN 0 - 543 - 72474 - 3 . Jump up ^ Harvey , David ( 2009 ) ( 1973 ) . Social Justice and the City . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 3403 - 5 . Jump up ^ Harvey , David ( 2006 ) ( 1982 ) . The Limits to Capital . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84467 - 095 - 6 . Jump up ^ Harvey , David ( 1985 ) . The Urbanization of Capital : Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 3144 - 7 . Jump up ^ Harvey , David ( 2000 ) . Spaces of Hope . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22578 - 7 . Jump up ^ Harvey , David ( 2001 ) . Spaces of Capital : Towards a Critical Geography . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93241 - 7 . Jump up ^ Harvey , David ( 2005 ) . Spaces of Neoliberalization : Towards a Theory of Uneven Geographical Development . ISBN 978 - 3 - 515 - 08746 - 9 . Jump up ^ Harvey , David ( 2010 ) . The Enigma of Capital and the Crises of Capitalism . London : Profile Books . ISBN 1 - 84668 - 308 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ See in particular `` The Spatial Fix : Hegel , Von Thünen and Marx '' , in Harvey , David ( 2001 ) . Spaces of Capital : Towards a Critical Geography . pp. 284 -- 311 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93241 - 7 . Jump up ^ Harvey , David ( 2010 ) . The Enigma of Capital and the Crises of Capitalism . London : Profile Books . p. 85 . ISBN 1 - 84668 - 308 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Harvey , David ( 1995 ) . The Condition of Postmodernity : an Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change . pp. 240 -- 323 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 16294 - 0 . Jump up ^ Harvey , David ( 1995 ) . The Condition of Postmodernity . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 16294 - 0 . Jump up ^ Harvey , David ( 1995 ) . The Condition of Postmodernity . pp. 105 -- 06 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 16294 - 0 . Jump up ^ David Harvey ( 28 June 2010 ) . Crises of Capitalism ( Webcast ) . Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts , Manufactures and Commerce , London : RSA Animates . Jump up ^ Berman , Marshall ( 1987 ) . All That is Solid Melts into Air . p. 99 . Jump up ^ Castells , Manuel . The Rise of the Network Society . pp. 376 -- 428 . Jump up ^ Castells , Manuel . The Rise of the Network Society . p. 404 . Jump up ^ Castells , Manuel . The Rise of the Network Society . p. 199 . For further discussion , see also Harding , Robert ( March 2006 ) . `` Manuel Castells ' Technocultural Epoch in `` The Information Age '' `` . Science Fiction Studies . 33 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 29 . ISSN 0091 - 7729 . JSTOR 4241406 . Jump up ^ Chris Freeman and Francisco Louça , As Time Goes By : From the Industrial Revolutions to the Information Revolution ( Oxford , Oxford University Press , 2001 ) . Carlota Perez , Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital . The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden Ages , ( Cheltenham Glos , Edward Elgar , 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Daniele Archibugi and Andrea Filippetti , Innovation and Economic Crisis Lessons and Prospects from the Economic Downturn , ( London , Routledge , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Daniele Archibugi , Blade Runner Economics : Will Innovation Lead the Economic Recovery ? , SSRN Papers 2015 . Jump up ^ Daniele Archibugi , Blade Runner Economics . Will innovation lead the economic recovery ? , Social Science Research Network . Jump up ^ Aghion , Philippe ; Howitt , Peter ( 1992 ) . `` A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction '' . Econometrica. 60 ( 2 ) : 323 -- 51 . doi : 10.2307 / 2951599 . JSTOR 2951599 . Jump up ^ Page , Max ( 1999 ) . The Creative Destruction of Manhattan , 1900 -- 1940 . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 64468 - 5 . Jump up ^ Chang , T.C. ; Shirlena Huang ( December 2005 ) . `` Recreating place , replacing memory : Creative destruction at the Singapore River '' . Asia Pacific Viewpoint. 46 ( 3 ) : 267 -- 80 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8373.2005. 00285. x . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Rosemary ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Fascinating Les Halles '' . French Politics , Culture & Society . 25 ( 2 ) : 46 -- 72 . doi : 10.3167 / fpcs. 2007.250205 . Jump up ^ Ackerman , Alan ( 2006 ) . Against Theater . New York : Palgrave MacMillan . pp. 1 -- 17 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 4491 - 1 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Philip ( 1999 ) . Still the New World : American Literature in a Culture of Creative Destruction . Harvard University Press , Second Edition . ISBN 0674004094 . Jump up ^ Laughland , John ( June 30 , 2003 ) . `` Flirting with Fascism . Neocon theorist Michael Ledeen draws more from Italian fascism than from the American Right '' . American Conservative . Jump up ^ Hart , Stuart ; Milstein , Mark ( 1999 ) . `` Global Sustainability and the Creative Destruction of Industries '' . Sloan Management Review . 41 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Hart , Stuart L. ; Milstein , Mark B. ( 2003 ) . `` Creating Sustainable Value '' . Academy of Management Executive . 17 ( 2 ) : 56 -- 67 . doi : 10.5465 / AME. 2003.10025194 . Jump up ^ Hart , Stuart L. ( 2005 ) . `` Innovation , Creative Destruction and Sustainability '' . Research Technology Management . 48 ( 5 ) : 21 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Larson , Andrea L. ( 2000 ) . `` Sustainable Innovation Through an Entrepreneurship Lens '' . Business Strategy and the Environment. 9 ( 5 ) : 304 -- 17 . doi : 10.1002 / 1099 - 0836 ( 200009 / 10 ) 9 : 5 < 304 : : AID - BSE255 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - O . Jump up ^ Hartshorn , James ; Maher , Michael ; Crooks , Jack ; Stahl , Richard ; Bond , Zoë ( 2005 ) . `` Creative Destruction : Building Toward Sustainability '' . Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering . 32 ( 1 ) : 170 -- 80 . doi : 10.1139 / l04 - 119 . Jump up ^ Kenneth M. Braun ( December 27 , 2007 ) . `` Capitalism 's Finest Film '' . Macinac Center for Public Policy . Further reading ( edit ) Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt . A Model of growth through Creative Destruction . Econometrica 60 : 2 ( 1992 ) , pp. 323 -- 51 . Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt . Endogenous Growth Theory . MIT Press . 1997 . Daniele Archibugi , Blade Runner Economics : Will Innovation Lead the Economic Recovery ? , Social Science Research Network , January 29 , 2015 . Daniele Archibugi and Andrea Filippetti , Innovation and Economic Crisis Lessons and Prospects from the Economic Downturn , ( London , Routledge , 2013 ) Daniele Archibugi , Andrea Filippetti , Marion Frenz , ' ' Economic crisis and innovation : Is destruction prevailing over accumulation ? Research Policy , 42 : 2 , ( 2013 ) , pp. 303 -- 14 . Richard Foster and Sarah Kaplan . `` Creative Destruction : Why Companies that are Built to Last Underperform the Market -- And how to Successfully Transform Them '' . Currency publisher . 2001 . J. Stanley Metcalfe . Evolutionary Economics and Creative Destruction ( Graz Schumpeter Lectures , 1 ) . Routledge. 1998 . Richard L. Nolan and David C. Croson , Creative Destruction : A Six - Stage Process for Transforming the Organization . Harvard Business School Press . 1995 . Max Page . The Creative Destruction of Manhattan , 1900 -- 1940 . University of Chicago Press . 1999 . Hugo Reinert and Erik S. Reinert . `` Creative Destruction in Economics : Nietzsche , Sombart , Schumpeter . '' In J.G. Backhaus and W. Drechsler , eds . Friedrich Nietzsche : Economy , and Society . Springer . 2006 . Joseph A. Schumpeter . Capitalism , Socialism and Democracy ( New York : Harper , 1975 ) ( orig . pub. 1942 ) Thomas G. Osenton . The Death of Demand : Finding Growth in a Saturated Global Economy ( New Jersey : Financial Times Prentice Hall , 2004 ) James M. Utterback . Mastering the Dynamics of Innovation . Harvard Business School Press . 1996 . Thomas Homer - Dixon . Upside of Down : Catastrophe , Creativity , and the Renewal of Civilization ( 1 ) . Island Press . 2006 . Stanley I. Kutler , Privilege and Creative Destruction : The Charles River Bridge Case , The Norton Library , 1971 . Rogers , Jim & Sergio Sparviero , `` Same Tune , Different Words : The Creative Destruction of the Music Industry '' , Observatorio ( OBS * ) Journal , 5 ( 4 ) , 2011 , pp. 1 -- 3 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Creative_destruction&oldid=808218979 '' Categories : Innovation economics Technological change Theories of history Austrian School Marxism Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 Webarchive template wayback links All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from July 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 16 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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1. Creative destruction
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is the us virgin islands part of the usa
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United States Virgin Islands - Wikipedia United States Virgin Islands <Th_colspan="2"> Virgin Islands of the United States <Td_colspan="2"> Flag Coat of arms <Td_colspan="2"> Motto : `` United in Pride and Hope '' <Td_colspan="2"> Anthem : `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' <Td_colspan="2"> Territorial anthem : `` Virgin Islands March '' <Td_colspan="2"> Location of United States Virgin Islands ( circled in red ) Status Unincorporated and organized territory Capital and largest city Charlotte Amalie 18 ° 21 ′ N 64 ° 56 ′ W / 18.350 ° N 64.933 ° W / 18.350 ; - 64.933 Official languages English Common languages 71.6 % English , English Creole 17.2 % Spanish 8.6 % French , French creole 2.5 % Other Ethnic groups 76.0 % Black 15.7 % White 17.5 % Hispanic 4.9 % Other 2.1 % Multiracial 1.4 % Asian Demonym Virgin Islander Sovereign state United States Government Territorial presidential constitutional republic President Donald Trump ( R ) Governor Kenneth Mapp ( I ) Lt. Governor Osbert Potter ( I ) Delegate Stacey Plaskett ( D ) Legislature Legislature of the Virgin Islands <Th_colspan="2"> Unincorporated and organized territory of the United States Treaty of the Danish West Indies March 31 , 1917 Revised Organic Act July 22 , 1954 Citizenship of the United States February 25 , 1927 <Th_colspan="2"> Area Total 346.36 km ( 133.73 sq mi ) ( unranked ) Water ( % ) negligible <Th_colspan="2"> Population 2017 estimate 104,901 2010 census 106,405 Density 768 / sq mi ( 296.5 / km ) ( n / a ) GDP ( PPP ) 2015 estimate Total $4.580 billion ( n / a ) Per capita $36,350 ( n / a ) HDI ( 2008 ) 0.894 very high 59th Currency United States dollar ( USD ) Time zone AST ( UTC − 4 ) Summer ( DST ) none ( UTC − 4 ) Date format MM / DD / YYYY Drives on the left Calling code + 1 - 340 ISO 3166 code VI Internet TLD . vi <Td_colspan="2"> Website www.vi.gov The United States Virgin Islands ( USVI ; also called the American Virgin Islands ) , officially the Virgin Islands of the United States , is a group of islands in the Caribbean that is an insular area of the United States located 40 miles ( 64 km ) east of Puerto Rico . The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles . It is the easternmost point ( in terms of jurisdiction ) and territory of the United States . The U.S. Virgin Islands consist of the main islands of Saint Croix , Saint John , and Saint Thomas , and many other surrounding minor islands . The total land area of the territory is 133.73 square miles ( 346.36 km ) . The territory 's capital is Charlotte Amalie on the island of Saint Thomas . Previously known as the Danish West Indies of the Kingdom of Denmark -- Norway , they were sold to the United States by Denmark in the Treaty of the Danish West Indies of 1916 . They are classified by the United Nations as a Non-Self - Governing Territory , and are currently an organized , unincorporated United States territory . The U.S. Virgin Islands are organized under the 1954 Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands and have since held five constitutional conventions . The last and only proposed Constitution , adopted by the Fifth Constitutional Convention of the U.S. Virgin Islands in 2009 , was rejected by the U.S. Congress in 2010 , which urged the convention to reconvene to address the concerns Congress and the Obama Administration had with the proposed document . The Fifth Constitutional Convention of the U.S. Virgin Islands met in October 2012 to address these concerns , but was not able to produce a revised Constitution before its October 31 deadline . In 2010 the population was 106,405 , and mostly Afro - Caribbean . Tourism and related categories are the primary economic activity , employing a high percentage of the civilian non-farm labor force that totaled 42,752 persons in 2016 . ( The total non-farm labor force was 48,278 persons . ) Private sector jobs made up 71 percent of the total workforce . The average private sector salary was $34,088 and the average public sector salary was $52,572 . In a May 2016 report , some 11,000 people were categorized as being involved in some aspect of agriculture in the first half of 2016 but this category makes up a small part of the total economy . ( The islands have a significant rum manufacturing sector . ) At that time , there were approximately 607 manufacturing jobs and 1,487 natural resource and construction jobs . The single largest employer was the government . In mid-February 2017 , the USVI was facing a financial crisis due to a very high debt level of $2 billion and a structural budget deficit of $110 million . Then early August 2017 , the U.S. Virgin Islands government was rejected from the bond market . In September 2017 , Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Maria slammed the U.S. Virgin Islands as Category 5 storms causing extensive damage to buildings and the island 's power grid . More than 3,200 Virgin Islanders moved to the U.S. mainland to seek job opportunities and a better life . During April 2018 , the U.S. Virgin Islands Governor Kenneth Mapp announced that all of the territory 's main roads will be rebuilt to federal highway standards due to potholes and the damage inflicted by Hurricanes Irma and Maria . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Politics and government 3.1 Administrative divisions 3.2 Self - determination 4 Economy 4.1 Personal income 4.2 Financial challenges 4.3 Tourism 4.4 Manufacturing 4.5 Government 4.5. 1 Governors of the U.S. Virgin Islands 4.5. 1.1 Governors under Danish rule 4.5. 1.2 Appointed Governors under United States rule 4.5. 1.3 Elected Governors 4.5. 2 Law enforcement 4.5. 3 Military 4.6 Transportation and communications 5 Demographics 5.1 Ethnic groups 5.2 Languages 5.3 Religion 5.4 Health 5.5 Education 6 Culture 6.1 Music 6.2 Media 6.3 Public holidays 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : History of the United States Virgin Islands The U.S. Virgin Islands were originally inhabited by the Ciboney , Carib , and Arawaks . The islands were named by Christopher Columbus on his second voyage in 1493 for Saint Ursula and her virgin followers . Over the next two hundred years , the islands were held by many European powers , including Spain , Great Britain , the Netherlands , France , and Denmark -- Norway . In 1927 , the inhabitants of the U.S. Virgin Islands was granted American citizenship . The Danish West India Company settled on Saint Thomas in 1672 , settled on Saint John in 1694 , and purchased Saint Croix from France in 1733 . The islands became royal Danish colonies in 1754 , named the Danish West Indian Islands ( Danish : De dansk - vestindiske øer ) . Sugarcane , produced by slave labor , drove the islands ' economy during the 18th and early 19th centuries , until the abolition of slavery by Governor Peter von Scholten on July 3 , 1848 . The Danish West India and Guinea Company are also credited with naming the island St. John ( Danish : Sankt Jan ) . The Danish crown took full control of Saint John in 1754 along with St. Thomas and St. Croix . Sugarcane plantations such as the famous Annaberg Sugar Plantation were established in great numbers on St. John because of the intense heat and fertile terrain that provided ideal growing conditions . The establishment of sugarcane plantations also led to the buying of more slaves from Africa . In 1733 , St. John was the site of one of the first significant slave rebellions in the New World when Akwamu slaves from the Gold Coast took over the island for six months . The Danish were able to defeat the enslaved Africans with help from the French in Martinique . Instead of allowing themselves to be recaptured , more than a dozen of the ringleaders shot themselves before the French forces could capture them and call them to account for their activities during the period of rebel control . It is estimated that by 1775 , slaves outnumbered the Danish settlers by a ratio of 5 : 1 . The indigenous Caribs and Arawaks were also used as slave labor to the point of the entire native population being absorbed into the larger groups . Slavery was abolished in the Virgin Islands on July 3 , 1848 . Although some plantation owners refused to accept the abolition , some 5,000 Black people were freed while another 17,000 remained enslaved . In that era , slaves labored mainly on sugar plantations . Other crops included cotton and indigo . Over the following years , strict labor laws were implemented several times , leading planters to abandon their estates , causing a significant drop in population and the overall economy . In the late 1800s , numerous natural disasters added to diminish the economy . For the remainder of the period of Danish rule the islands were not economically viable and significant transfers were made from the Danish state budgets to the authorities in the islands . In 1867 a treaty to sell Saint Thomas and Saint John to the United States was agreed , but the sale was never effected . A number of reforms aimed at reviving the islands ' economy were attempted , but none had great success . A second draft treaty to sell the islands to the United States was negotiated in 1902 but was defeated in the upper house of the Danish parliament in a balanced ballot ( because the opposition carried a 97 - year - old life member into the chamber ) . The aftermath of Hurricane Marilyn on the island of St. Thomas , 1995 The onset of World War I brought the reforms to a close and again left the islands isolated and exposed . During the submarine warfare phases of the war , the United States , fearing that the islands might be seized by Germany as a submarine base , again approached Denmark about buying them . After a few months of negotiations , a selling price of $25 million in United States gold coin was agreed , equivalent to $562.23 million in 2017 dollars . At the same time the economics of continued possession weighed heavily on the minds of Danish decision makers , and a consensus in favor of selling emerged in the Danish parliament . The Treaty of the Danish West Indies was signed in August 1916 , with a Danish referendum held in December 1916 to confirm the decision . The deal was finalized on January 17 , 1917 , when the United States and Denmark exchanged their respective treaty ratifications . The United States took possession of the islands on March 31 , 1917 and the territory was renamed the Virgin Islands of the United States . Every year Transfer Day is recognized as a holiday , to commemorate the acquisition of the islands by the United States . U.S. citizenship was granted to the inhabitants of the islands in 1927 . The U.S. dollar was adopted in the territory in 1934 and from 1935 to 1939 the islands were a part of the United States customs area . Water Island , a small island to the south of St. Thomas , was initially administered by the U.S. federal government and did not become a part of the United States Virgin Islands territory until 1996 , when 50 acres ( 20 ha ) of land was transferred to the territorial government . The remaining 200 acres ( 81 ha ) of the island were purchased from the United States Department of the Interior in May 2005 for $10 , a transaction that marked the official change in jurisdiction . Hurricane Hugo struck the U.S. Virgin Islands in 1989 , causing catastrophic physical and economic damage , particularly on the island of St. Croix . The territory was again struck by Hurricane Marilyn in 1995 , killing eight people and causing more than $2 billion in damage . The islands were again struck by Hurricanes Bertha , Georges , Lenny , and Omar in 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , and 2008 , respectively , but damage was not as severe in those storms . In 2017 , Hurricane Irma caused catastrophic damage to St. John and St. Thomas ; just days later , Hurricane Maria 's eyewall crossed over St. Croix . Until February 2012 , the Hovensa plant located on St. Croix was one of the world 's largest petroleum refineries and contributed about 20 % of the territory 's GDP . The facility stopped exporting petroleum products in 2014 . In the final year of full refinery operations , the value of exported petroleum products was $12.7 billion ( 2011 fiscal year ) . After being shut down , it has operated as no more than an oil storage facility ; the closure had provoked a local economic crisis . In September 2017 , two weeks after Hurricane Irma hit St. Thomas and St. John while a Category 5 hurricane , Hurricane Maria 's weaker outer eyewall was reported by the National Hurricane Center to have crossed Saint Croix while the hurricane was at Category 5 intensity . Sustained winds at the Sandy Point National Wildlife Refuge on St. Croix reached 99 to 104 mph ( 159 to 167 km / h ) and gusted to 137 mph ( 220 km / h ) . Weather stations on St. Croix recorded 5 and 10 inches of rain from the hurricane , and estimates for St. John and St. Thomas were somewhat less . The hurricane killed two people , both in their homes : one person drowned and another was trapped by a mudslide . A third person had a fatal heart attack during the hurricane . The hurricane caused extensive and severe damage to St. Croix . After both hurricanes , the office of V.I. congresswoman Stacey Plaskett stated that 90 % of buildings in the Virgin Islands were damaged or destroyed and 13,000 of those buildings had lost their roofs . The Luis Hospital suffered roof damage and flooding , but remained operational . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of the United States Virgin Islands A map of the United States Virgin Islands The U.S. Virgin Islands are in the Atlantic Ocean , about 40 miles ( 60 km ) east of Puerto Rico and immediately west of the British Virgin Islands . They share the Virgin Islands Archipelago with the Puerto Rican Virgin Islands of Vieques and Culebra ( administered by Puerto Rico ) , and the British Virgin Islands . The territory consists of three main islands : Saint Thomas , Saint John , and Saint Croix , as well as several dozen smaller islands . The main islands have nicknames often used by locals : `` Twin City '' ( St. Croix ) , `` Rock City '' ( St. Thomas ) and `` Love City '' ( St. John ) . The combined land area of the islands is roughly twice the size of Washington , D.C. The U.S. Virgin Islands are known for their white sand beaches , including Magens Bay and Trunk Bay , and strategic harbors , including Charlotte Amalie and Christiansted . Like most Caribbean islands , the islands of the Virgin Islands , including Saint Thomas , are volcanic in origin and hilly . The highest point is Crown Mountain , Saint Thomas ( 1,555 ft or 474 m ) . Saint Croix , the largest of the U.S. Virgin Islands , lies to the south and has a flatter terrain due to being coral in origin . The National Park Service manages more than half of Saint John , nearly all of Hassel Island , and many acres of coral reef . ( See also Virgin Islands National Park , Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument , Buck Island Reef National Monument , Christiansted National Historic Site , and Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve . ) The U.S. Virgin Islands lie on the boundary of the North American plate and the Caribbean Plate . Natural hazards include earthquakes and hurricanes . Climate ( edit ) The United States Virgin Islands enjoy a tropical climate , with little seasonal change throughout the year . Rainfall is concentrated in the high sun period ( May through October ) , while in the winter the northeast trade winds prevail . Summer and winter high temperatures differ by 5 ° F ( 3 ° C ) or less on average . Main article : Climate of the United States Virgin Islands <Th_colspan="14"> hide Climate data for Saint Thomas , Virgin Islands Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 93 ( 34 ) 93 ( 34 ) 94 ( 34 ) 96 ( 36 ) 97 ( 36 ) 99 ( 37 ) 98 ( 37 ) 99 ( 37 ) 98 ( 37 ) 97 ( 36 ) 95 ( 35 ) 92 ( 33 ) 99 ( 37 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 85 ( 29 ) 85 ( 29 ) 86 ( 30 ) 87 ( 31 ) 88 ( 31 ) 89 ( 32 ) 90 ( 32 ) 90 ( 32 ) 90 ( 32 ) 89 ( 32 ) 87 ( 31 ) 86 ( 30 ) 88 ( 31 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 72 ( 22 ) 73 ( 23 ) 73 ( 23 ) 74 ( 23 ) 76 ( 24 ) 78 ( 26 ) 78 ( 26 ) 78 ( 26 ) 78 ( 26 ) 77 ( 25 ) 75 ( 24 ) 74 ( 23 ) 76 ( 24 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 63 ( 17 ) 62 ( 17 ) 56 ( 13 ) 62 ( 17 ) 66 ( 19 ) 67 ( 19 ) 57 ( 14 ) 59 ( 15 ) 64 ( 18 ) 66 ( 19 ) 52 ( 11 ) 62 ( 17 ) 52 ( 11 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.38 ( 60.5 ) 1.48 ( 37.6 ) 1.42 ( 36.1 ) 2.74 ( 69.6 ) 3.06 ( 77.7 ) 2.53 ( 64.3 ) 2.85 ( 72.4 ) 3.74 ( 95 ) 5.58 ( 141.7 ) 5.42 ( 137.7 ) 5.23 ( 132.8 ) 2.96 ( 75.2 ) 39.39 ( 1,000.5 ) <Td_colspan="14"> Source : weather.com Politics and government ( edit ) Main article : Politics of the United States Virgin Islands See also : Political party strength in the United States Virgin Islands This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Charlotte Amalie , St. Thomas , the Islands ' capital Christiansted , the largest town on St. Croix The U.S. Virgin Islands are an organized , unincorporated United States territory . Although they are U.S. citizens , U.S. Virgin Islanders residing in the territory are ineligible to vote for the President of the United States . They are , however , eligible to vote if they become residents of mainland U.S. states . The U.S. Democratic and Republican parties allow U.S. Virgin Islands citizens to vote in their presidential primary elections for delegates to the respective national conventions . People born in the U.S. Virgin Islands derive their U.S. citizenship from Congressional statute . The main political parties in the U.S. Virgin Islands are the Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands , the Independent Citizens Movement , and the Republican Party of the Virgin Islands . Additional candidates run as independents . At the national level , the U.S. Virgin Islands elect a delegate to Congress from their at - large congressional district . The elected delegate , while able to vote in committee , can not participate in floor votes . The current House of Representatives delegate is Stacey Plaskett . At the territorial level , fifteen senators -- seven from the district of Saint Croix , seven from the district of Saint Thomas and Saint John , and one senator at - large who must be a resident of Saint John -- are elected for two - year terms to the unicameral Virgin Islands Legislature . There is no limit as to the number of terms they can serve . The U.S. Virgin Islands have elected a territorial governor every four years since 1970 . Previous governors were appointed by the President of the United States . The U.S. Virgin Islands have a District Court , Superior Court and the Supreme Court . The District Court is responsible for federal law , while the Superior Court is responsible for U.S. Virgin Islands law at the trial level and the Supreme Court is responsible for appeals from the Superior Court for all appeals filed on or after January 29 , 2007 . Appeals filed prior to that date are heard by the Appellate Division of the District Court . Appeals from the federal District Court are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit , located in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . District Court judges are appointed by the U.S. president , while Superior Court and Supreme Court judges are appointed by the governor . On October 21 , 1976 , President Gerald Ford signed Pub. L. 94 -- 584 authorizing the people of the United States Virgin Islands to organize a government pursuant to a constitution , which would be automatically approved if Congress did not act within 60 days . On May 26 , 2009 the U.S. Virgin Islands Fifth Constitutional Convention adopted a proposed Constitution of the Virgin Islands , which was submitted by President Barack Obama to Congress on March 1 , 2010 . On June 30 , 2010 , President Obama signed Pub. L. 111 -- 194 in which Congress rejected the proposed constitution and urged the constitutional convention to reconvene . As of early 2017 , the territory still did not have its own constitution . Little has been achieved on this front since 2009 when a proposed constitution was contested by the U.S. Justice Department on the grounds that the powers sought exceeded what would be considered allowable under territorial status . In September 2012 , the Fifth Constitutional Convention of the U.S. Virgin Islands was unable to come to a decision on the contents of a proposed constitution by the October 31 deadline . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main article : Districts and sub-districts of the United States Virgin Islands Administratively , the U.S. Virgin Islands are divided into three ( 3 ) districts and twenty ( 20 ) sub-districts . Districts and sub-districts of the U.S. Virgin Islands Districts St. Thomas St. John St. Croix Sub-districts Charlotte Amalie East End Northside Southside Tutu Water Island West End Central Coral Bay Cruz Bay East End Anna 's Hope Village Christiansted East End Frederiksted Northcentral Northwest Sion Farm Southcentral Southwest While a Danish possession , the Islands were divided into `` quarters '' ( five on St. John and nine on St. Croix ) which were further divided into many dozens of `` estates '' . Estate names are still used to write addresses ; estates and quarters are used in describing real estate , especially on St. John and St. Croix . More densely populated towns such as Frederiksted and Christiansted on St. Croix were historically referred to as `` districts '' , in contrast to the surrounding plantation land . Self - determination ( edit ) A 1993 referendum on status attracted only 31.4 % turnout , and so its results ( in favor of the status quo ) were considered void . No further referenda have been scheduled since . In 2004 , the 25th Legislature of the Virgin Islands established the Fifth Constitutional Convention , a constitutional convention gathered in order to draft a new constitution . In June 2009 , Governor John de Jongh , Jr. rejected the resulting constitutional draft , saying the terms of the document would `` violate federal law , fail to defer to federal sovereignty and disregard basic civil rights . '' A lawsuit filed by members of the Convention to force Governor de Jongh to forward the document to President Barack Obama was ultimately successful . The President of the United States forwarded the proposal to Congress -- which then had 60 days to approve or reject the document -- in May 2010 , along with a report noting concerns raised by the U.S. Department of Justice and restating the issues noted by Governor de Jongh . A U.S. Congressional resolution disapproving of the proposed constitution and requesting that the Fifth Constitutional Convention reconvene to consider changes to address these issues was signed into law by President Obama on June 30 , 2010 . Months later , a federal lawsuit was filed in the Federal District Court of the Virgin Islands in 2011 . The lawsuit claimed that the United States had to provide U.S. Virgin Islanders with the ability to be represented in Congress and vote for U.S. President . The case is Civil No. 3 : 11 - cv - 110 , Charles v. U.S. Federal Elections Commission et al. ( 3 : 11 - cv - 00110 - AET - RM ) . It alleged that racial discrimination present in an all - white and segregated U.S. Congress of 1917 was the impetus to deny the right to vote to a majority non-white constituency . The case was ultimately dismissed and closed on August 16 , 2012 by District Judge Anne E. Thompson from the Federal District Court of the Virgin Islands , Division of St. Croix . The Fifth Constitutional Convention of the U.S. Virgin Islands met in October 2012 but was not able to produce a revised Constitution before its October 31 deadline . In 2016 , the United Nations 's Special Committee on Decolonisation recommended to the UN 's General Assembly that this larger body should assist in `` decolonization '' and help the people of the territory to `` determine freely their future political status '' . Specifically , the Special Committee recommended that the `` views of the people of the United States Virgin Islands in respect of their right to self - determination should be ascertained '' and that the UN should `` actively pursue a public awareness campaign aimed at assisting the people of the United States Virgin Islands with their inalienable right to self - determination and in gaining a better understanding of the options for self - determination '' . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of the United States Virgin Islands Magens Bay , St. Thomas . A 2012 Economic report from the US Census Bureau indicated a total of 2,414 business establishments generating $6.8 billion in sales , employing 32,465 people and paying $1.1 billion in payroll per year . Between 2007 and 2012 , sales declined by $12.6 billion , or 64.9 percent . ( In 2007 , total sales were $19.5 billion and the number employed was 35,300 . ) According to a report on the first half of 2016 by the VI Bureau of Economic Research , the unemployment rate was 11.5 percent . In May 2016 the islands ' Bureau of Economic Research indicated that there were 37,613 non-agricultural wage and salary jobs in the islands . This report states that the `` leisure and hospitality sector '' employed an average of 7,333 people . The retail trade sector , which also serves many tourists , averaged another 5,913 jobs . Other categories which also include some tourism jobs include Arts and Entertainment ( 792 jobs ) , Accommodation and Food ( 6,541 jobs ) , Accommodation ( 3755 jobs ) , Food Services and Drink ( 2,766 jobs ) . A large percentage of the 37,613 non-farm workers are employed in dealing with tourists . Serving the local population is also part of the role of these sectors . Personal income ( edit ) The median income for a household in the territory was $24,704 , and the median income for a family was $28,553 according to the 2010 Census . Males had a median income of $28,309 versus $22,601 for females . The per capita income for the territory was $13,139 . About 28.7 % of families and 32.5 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 41.7 % of those less than 18 years old and 29.8 % of those 65 or more years old . Nearly 70 % of adults had at least a high school diploma and 19.2 % had a bachelor 's degree or higher . Financial challenges ( edit ) Analysts reviewing the economy often point to the closure of the HOVENSA oil refinery , the islands ' largest private sector employer , in early 2012 as having a major negative impact on the territory 's economy . In late 2013 , the Reserve Bank of New York 's Research and Statistics Group pointed out that manufacturing employment dropped by 50 percent in May 2012 , and by another 4 percent by November 2012 , and that the GDP fell by 13 percent , `` mainly due to an 80 percent drop - off in exports ( mostly refined petroleum ) '' . On the other hand , tourism and some other service industries were growing . As well , the 2010 census indicated that a relatively high share of the adult population is in the labor force : 66 percent , versus 65 percent on the mainland and well below 50 percent in Puerto Rico . The bottom line in this report however is that `` it may also be worthwhile to look at the physical infrastructure and human capital built up over the years , with an eye toward using it for other types of productive economic activity '' . A May 2016 report by Bloomberg expressed concern about the islands ' tax - supported debt load . By January 23 , 2017 this had increased to $2 billion . That translated to a per capita debt of $19,000 , which was higher than the per capita debt in Puerto Rico which was undergoing a severe financial crisis at the time . A Debtwire analyst writing in Forbes indicated that nothing short of a miracle would prevent a financial collapse . Another area of concern was the structural budget deficit which was at $110 million in mid February 2017 . The government instituted a new law in March 2017 with new or increased taxes on rum , beer , tobacco products and sugary drinks , as well as internet purchases and timeshare unit owners . Tourism ( edit ) Tourism , trade , and other service - oriented industries are the primary economic activities , accounting for nearly 60 % of the GDP . Approximately 2.5 million tourists per year visit , most arriving on cruise ships . Such visitors do not spend large amounts of money ( $146.70 each on average ) but as a group , they contributed $339.8 million to the economy in 2012 . However , the travel industry warned in late 2014 that work needs to be done for USVI tourism practices to meet 21st century demands . `` The needs of the community and the tourists may be diametrically opposed ; however , for tourism to flourish cooperation is a necessity . From reduced energy costs to increased educational opportunities , from improved healthcare to a continued reduction in crime , these and many other challenges must be tackled . There is only now . '' Additionally , the islands frequently are a starting point for private yacht charters to the neighboring British Virgin Islands . Euromonitor indicates that over 50 percent of the workforce is employed in some tourism - related work . Manufacturing ( edit ) The manufacturing sector consists of mainly rum distilling . The agricultural sector is small , with most food being imported . International business and financial services are a small but growing component of the economy . Most energy is also generated from imported oil , leading to electricity costs four to five times higher than the U.S. mainland . The Virgin Islands were the highest oil consumers per capita in the world in 2007 . The Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority also uses imported energy to operate its desalination facilities to provide fresh water . Government ( edit ) The CIA World Factbook lists the value of federal programs and grants -- $241.4 million in 2013 , 19.7 % of the territory 's total revenues -- and that `` the economy remains relatively diversified . Along with the tourist industry , it appears that rum exports , trade , and services will be major income sources in future years '' . Governors of the U.S. Virgin Islands ( edit ) Governors under Danish rule ( edit ) Appointed Governors under United States rule ( edit ) Ralph M. Paiewonsky ( 1961 - 1969 ) appointed by President Kennedy Elected Governors ( edit ) Melvin Evans ( 1971 - 1975 ) Cyril King ( 1975 - 1978 ) Juan Luis ( 1978 - 1987 ) Alexander A. Farrelly ( 1987 - 1995 ) Roy Schneider ( 1995 - 1999 ) Charles Turnbull ( 1999 - 2007 ) John de Jongh Jr. ( 2007 - 2015 ) Kenneth Mapp ( 2015 - incumbent ) Law enforcement ( edit ) Main article : United States Virgin Islands Police Department USVI police officers in 2012 Law enforcement services are provided by the United States Virgin Islands Police Department ( USVIPD ) . Military ( edit ) There are some military facilities and personnel on the islands , supported by the United States government : United States Army Reserve Virgin Islands Army National Guard Virgin Islands Air National Guard -- -- stationed at St Croix ANGS Virgin Islands Army National Guard -- stationed at St Croix ANGS Lionel A. Jackson Readiness Center -- shared facility for Army and Air units Although a public airport , Henry E. Rohlsen Airport has serviced aircraft from the United States Air Force , as well as the United States Army . The U.S. Virgin Islands are located in the Atlantic Standard Time zone and do not participate in daylight saving time . When the mainland United States is on Standard Time , the U.S. Virgin Islands are one hour ahead of Eastern Standard Time . When the mainland United States is on daylight saving time , Eastern Daylight Time is the same as Atlantic Standard Time . The U.S. Virgin Islands are an independent customs territory from the mainland United States and operate largely as a free port . U.S. citizens thus do not have to clear customs when arriving in the U.S. Virgin Islands , but do when traveling to the mainland . Local residents are not subject to U.S. federal income taxes on U.S. Virgin Islands source income ; they pay taxes to the territory equal to what their federal taxes would be if they lived in a state . Transportation and communications ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in the United States Virgin Islands The Henry E. Rohlsen International Airport serves St. Croix and the Cyril E. King International Airport serves St. Thomas and St. John . The U.S. Virgin Islands is the only U.S. jurisdiction that drives on the left . This was inherited from what was then - current practice on the islands at the time of the 1917 transfer of the territory to the United States from Denmark . However , because most cars in the territory are imported from the mainland United States , the cars in the territory are left - hand drive . As in other U.S. territories , U.S. Virgin Islands mail service is handled by the United States Postal Service , using the two - character state code `` VI '' for domestic mail delivery . ZIP codes are in the 008xx range . As of January 2010 , specifically assigned codes include 00801 -- 00805 ( St Thomas ) , 00820 -- 00824 ( Christiansted ) , 00830 -- 00831 ( St. John ) , 00840 -- 00841 ( Frederiksted ) , and 00850 -- 00851 ( Kingshill ) . The islands are part of the North American Numbering Plan , using area code 340 , and island residents and visitors are able to call most toll - free U.S. numbers . Demographics ( edit ) See also : Demographics of the United States Virgin Islands Trunk Bay , St. John . <Th_colspan="3"> Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1970 62,468 -- 1980 96,569 + 54.6 % 101,809 + 5.4 % 2000 108,612 + 6.7 % 106,405 − 2.0 % In 2010 the U.S. Virgin Islands had a population of 106,405 . There are 40,648 households , and 26,636 families . In 2010 there were 40,648 households out of which 34.7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 33.2 % were married couples living together , 24.9 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 34.5 % were non-families. 30.2 % of all households were made up of individuals and 6.3 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.34 . In the territory , the population in 2010 was distributed with 31.6 % under the age of 18 , 8.0 % from 18 to 24 , 27.1 % from 25 to 44 , 24.9 % from 45 to 64 , and 8.4 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 33 years . For every 100 females , there were 91.4 males . For every 100 females ages 18 and up , there were 87.7 males . The annual population growth is − 0.12 % . The literacy rate for the adult population was 94.9 % in 2010 . Ethnic groups ( edit ) The racial makeup of the U.S. Virgin Islands was : Black or Afro - Caribbean : 76.0 % ( 66.1 % Non-Hispanic Black ) White : 15.7 % ( 13.5 % Non-Hispanic Whites ) Asian : 1.4 % Mixed : 2.1 % Other : 4.5 % Hispanic or Latino of any race : 17.4 % ( 10.3 % Puerto Rican , 5.4 % Dominican ) Many residents can trace their ancestry to other Caribbean islands , especially Puerto Rico and the Lesser Antilles . The territory is largely Afro - Caribbean in origin . Languages ( edit ) English is currently the dominant language and Spanish is spoken by about 17 % of the population . Other languages are spoken by 11 % of the population . English has been the predominant language since 1917 when the islands were transferred from Denmark to the United States . Under Danish rule , the official language was Danish , but it was solely the language of administration and spoken by Danes , a tiny minority of the overall population that primarily occupied administrative roles in colonial Danish West Indian society . However , place names and surnames of Denmark - Norway origin still remain among natives . Although the U.S. Virgin Islands was a Danish possession during most of its colonial history , Danish never was a spoken language among the populace , black or white , as the majority of plantation and slave owners were of Dutch , English , Scottish or Irish descent . Even during Danish ownership , Dutch was more common , at least during some of those 245 years , specifically on St. Thomas and St. John . In St. Croix , English was the dominant language . St. Croix was owned by the French until 1733 when the island was sold to the Danish West Indian and Guinea Company . By 1741 there were five times as many English on the island as Danes . English Creole emerged on St. Croix more so than Dutch Creole , which was more popular on St. Thomas and St. John . Other languages spoken in the Danish West Indies included Irish , Scots , Spanish , and French , as well as Virgin Islands English Creole . Virgin Islands Creole English , an English - based creole locally known as `` dialect '' , is spoken in informal situations . The form of Virgin Islands Creole spoken on St. Croix , known as Crucian , is slightly different from that spoken on St. Thomas and St. John . Because the U.S. Virgin Islands are home to thousands of immigrants from across the Caribbean , Spanish and various French creole languages are also widely spoken . As of the 2000 census , 25.3 % of persons over the age of five speak a language other than English at home . Spanish is spoken by 16.8 % of the population and French is spoken by 6.6 % . Religion ( edit ) Religion in the United States Virgin Islands ( 2010 ) Protestant ( 65.5 % ) Roman Catholic ( 27.1 % ) Other Christian ( 1.8 % ) Unaffiliated ( 3.7 % ) Other religion ( 1.9 % ) Christianity is the dominant religion in the U.S. Virgin Islands . According to Pew Research Center , 94.8 % of the population was Christian in 2010 . Baptist , Roman Catholic and Episcopalian were the largest Christian denominations in the 2010 census . Owing to both their Danish past and American present , Protestantism on the islands has long been widespread . It was first introduced when Lutheranism was brought to the islands in the Danish colonization . The Danish crown also allowed other religious traditions on the islands including Anglicanism , Roman Catholicism , the Moravian Church and other Protestant groups . Historically , Saint Thomas and St. Croix are known for missionary efforts undertaken by the Moravian missionaries . They were allowed on the islands by the Danish royal court , but came under scrutiny when they denounced slavery . A number of neo-Protestant traditions including Pentecostalism , various evangelical Protestants and the Seventh - day Adventists arrived later with the switch of allegiance from Denmark to the United States . There is also a strong Roman Catholic presence . Rastafari is also prevalent . Saint Thomas is home to one of the oldest Jewish communities in the Western Hemisphere as Sephardic Jews began to settle the island in the 18th century as traders and merchants . The St. Thomas Synagogue in Charlotte Amalie is the second oldest synagogue on American soil and oldest in terms of continuous usage . Health ( edit ) In 2010 , the national average life expectancy was 79.61 years . It was 76.57 years for men and 82.83 for women . Education ( edit ) The United States Virgin Islands Department of Education serves as the territory 's education agency , and has two school districts : St. Thomas - St. John School District and St. Croix School District . The University of the Virgin Islands provides higher education leading to associate 's , bachelor 's , and master 's degrees , with campuses on St. Thomas and St. Croix . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of the Virgin Islands The culture of the Virgin Islands reflects the various people that have inhabited the present - day U.S. Virgin Islands and British Virgin Islands , both despite their political separation having kept close cultural ties . The culture derives chiefly from West African , European and American cultures , in addition to the influences from the immigrants from the Arab world , India and other Caribbean islands . The island was strongly influenced by the Dutch , French and Danish during the periods of control the island were under these powers . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of the Virgin Islands Media ( edit ) The islands have a number of AM and FM radio stations ( mostly on St. Thomas and St. Croix ) broadcasting music , religious , and news programming . ( See List of radio stations in U.S. Territories . ) Full and low - power television stations are split between St. Thomas and St. Croix . ( See List of television stations in the U.S. Virgin Islands . ) Newspapers include : The Avis , printed daily on St. Croix . The Virgin Islands Daily News , printed daily on St. Thomas . St. John Tradewinds , distributed weekly on St. John . St. Thomas -- St. John This Week , online only . St. Thomas Source , online only . St. Croix Source , online only . St. John On Island Times , news and information on St. John , USVI . Public holidays ( edit ) Main article : Public holidays in the United States Virgin Islands January 1 : New Year 's Day January 6 : Three Kings Day January ( third Monday ) : Martin Luther King , Jr . Day February ( third Monday ) : Presidents ' Day March 31 : Transfer Day ( celebrates the transfer of the islands from Denmark to the U.S. ) April : Holy Thursday , Good Friday , Easter Monday May : Memorial Day July 3 : Emancipation Day July 4 : U.S. Independence Day September ( first Monday ) : Labor Day October ( second Monday ) : Virgin Islands Puerto Rico Friendship Day / Columbus Day November 1 : D. Hamilton Jackson Day ( also known as `` Liberty Day '' , or `` Bull and Bread Day '' ) November 11 : Veterans Day November ( fourth Thursday ) : Thanksgiving Day December 25 : Christmas December 26 : Christmas Second Day ( also known as `` Boxing Day '' ) Virgin Islands government employees are also given administrative leave for St. Croix carnival events in January and St. Thomas carnival events in April / May . See also ( edit ) Caribbean portal United States portal Outline of the United States Virgin Islands Index of United States Virgin Islands - related articles Bibliography of the United States Virgin Islands References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands - 2010 Census Results '' ( PDF ) . census.gov . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product Per Capita for U.S. Virgin Islands '' . 5 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CIA -- The World Factbook - US Virgin Islands '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 2010 Population Counts for the U.S. Virgin Islands Archived November 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , U.S. Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Economic Review -- VI '' ( PDF ) . VI Bureau of Economic Research . VI Bureau of Economic Research . May 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Economic Review -- VI '' ( PDF ) . VI Bureau of Economic Research . VI Bureau of Economic Research . May 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Baribeau , Simone ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` United States Virgin Islands Risks Capsizing Under Weight Of Debt '' . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . How far behind is the United States Virgin Islands ( USVI ) from facing the same sort of financial crisis as Puerto Rico ? Not very . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ernice ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` GOVERNMENT HAS TWO DAYS CASH ON HAND LEFT , FINANCE COMMISSIONER REVEALS '' . VI Consortium . VI Consortium . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Danish West Indies , 1666 -- 1917 '' . Danish National Archives . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands History '' . VI Now . VInow.com. 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . In the Danish West Indies slaves labored mainly on sugar plantations . Cotton , indigo and other crops were also grown . Sugar mills and plantations dotted the islands hilly landscapes . Each islands economy prospered through sugar plantations and slave trading . While St. John and St. Croix maintained a plantation economy , St. Thomas developed into a prosperous center of trade . Slave rebellion on St. John and St. Croix are well documented . Legitimate trade and business on St. Thomas influenced a different society where many more slaves were given freedom and an opportunity outside of plantation life . ^ Jump up to : A Brief History of the Danish West Indies , 1666 -- 1917 , Danish National Archives Jump up ^ Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies Archived July 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , 39 Stat. 1706 Jump up ^ Transfer Day , Royal Danish Consulate , United States Virgin Islands Jump up ^ United States Department of the Interior ( 1934 ) . Annual Report of the Department of the Interior 1934 . U.S. Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ various United States governmental bureaus ( 1950 ) . Statistical Abstract of the United States . U.S. Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ Poinski , Megan . `` Water Island appears frozen in time , but big plans run under the surface -- V.I. says land acquired from the feds is about to undergo large - scale improvements '' . The Virgin Islands Daily News , November 18 , 2005 , online edition . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Economic Review -- VI '' ( PDF ) . VI Bureau of Economic Research . VI Bureau of Economic Research . May 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daniel Shea ( Daily News Staff ) ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` HOVENSA closing -- News '' . Virgin Islands Daily News . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Brian ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` St. Croix barely escapes worst of Maria 's wrath '' . The Virgin Islands Daily News . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ National Weather Service , SFO San Juan ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Major Hurricane Maria '' . National Weather Service . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Brian ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Federal disaster relief begins on St. Croix '' . The Virgin Islands Daily News . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ J.B. Wogan ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` After Hurricanes , Public Housing May Never Get Rebuilt '' . Governing . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Brian ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Maria leaves St. Croix with a working hospital '' . The Virgin Islands Daily News . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slawych , Diane . `` Love is in the air '' . CANOE.ca . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2012 . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Average Conditions Saint Thomas , VI '' . weather.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential election in the U.S. Virgin Islands , 2016 '' . Ballotpedia . Ballotpedia . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Legislature of the Virgin Islands '' . Ballotpedia . Ballotpedia . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Corbin , Dr. Carlyle G. ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Choose or Lose : U.S. Virgin Islands in 2017 '' . Pacific Island Times . Pacific Island Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mattei , Lou , Virgin Islands Daily News ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Constitutional Convention Meeting Marred by Arguments , Technical Snarls '' . High Beam Research . Cengage Learning . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lou Mattei ( Daily News Staff ) ( September 29 , 2012 ) . `` Constitutional Convention meeting marred by arguments , technical snarls -- News '' . Virgin Islands Daily News . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` St John Map of Estates on St John US Virgin Islands Real Estate '' . American Paradise . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Virgin Islands Maps -- Map of St. Croix Condos '' . American-virgin-islands.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poinski , Megan , `` Governor Rejects Constitution Draft '' , article in The Virgin Islands Daily News , June 13 , 2009 . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Office of the White House Press Secretary ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Statement by the Press Secretary on S.J. Res. 33 '' . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USVI Constitutional Convention mandated to reconsider autonomous proposals '' . Virgin Islands News Online . June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion '' ( PDF ) , Charles v. U.S. Federal Election Commission et . al. ( Court Filing ) , D.V.I. , No. 3 : 11 - cv - 00110 ( Docket 18 ) , Aug 20 , 2012 , retrieved Jul 25 , 2017 -- via Recap `` Order '' ( PDF ) , Charles v. U.S. Federal Election Commission et . al. ( Court Filing ) , D.V.I. , No. 3 : 11 - cv - 00110 ( Docket 19 ) , Aug 20 , 2012 , retrieved Jul 25 , 2017 -- via Recap Jump up ^ Lou Mattei ( Daily News Staff ) ( September 29 , 2012 ) . `` Constitutional Convention meeting marred by arguments , technical snarls -- News '' . Virgin Islands Daily News . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mattei , Lou ; Virgin Islands Daily News ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Constitutional Convention Meeting Marred by Arguments , Technical Snarls '' . High Beam Research . Cengage Learning . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Special Committee on Decolonisation ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Question of the U.S. Virgin Islands '' . Overseas Review . Overseas Review . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Recognizing that the specific characteristics and the aspirations of the people of the United States Virgin Islands require flexible , practical and innovative approaches to the options for self - determination , without any prejudice to territorial size , geographical location , size of population or natural resources Jump up ^ `` Economic Census Shows the U.S. Virgin Islands Generated $6.8 Billion in Sales in 2012 '' . US Census . Department of Commerce . July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Economic Review -- VI '' ( PDF ) . VI Bureau of Economic Research . VI Bureau of Economic Research . May 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Finder '' . US Census . Department of Commerce . 2011 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bram , Jason ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` A Long Road to Economic Recovery for the U.S. Virgin Islands '' . Liberty Street Economics . Retrieved Liberty Street Economics . Looking ahead , we note that the tropical weather and picturesque beaches will continue to draw tourists , and natural resources bode well for rum production . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chappatta , Brian ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` More in Debt Than Puerto Rico , the Virgin Islands Rejects Rescue '' . Bloomberg . Bloomberg . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ernice ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` FINANCIAL CRISIS : MAPP EXECUTIVE ORDER SUSPENDS HIRING , TRAVEL , WAGE NEGOTIATIONS AND LIMITS USE OF GOV 'T VEHICLES '' . VI Consortium . VI Consortium . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sin Tax is Now Law '' . NewsofStJohn.com . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Economic Review -- VI '' ( PDF ) . VI Bureau of Economic Research . VI Bureau of Economic Research . May 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Garely , Dr. Elinor ( November 9 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : The Honorable Beverly Nicholson - Doty , Commissioner of Tourism , United States Virgin Islands '' . E Turbo News . eTurboNews , Inc . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Dr. Elinor Garely , Editor - in - Chief , TourismExecutives.com Jump up ^ `` Travel and Tourism in US Virgin Islands '' . Euromonitor . Euromonitor. 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew ( February 19 , 2012 ) . `` USVI , NREL Partner to Reduce Fossil FuelS 60 % by 2025 '' . CleanTechnica . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Energy > Oil > Consumption > Per capita : Countries Compared '' . Archived from the original on 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority ( WAPA ) '' . Viwapa.vi . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Central America and Caribbean -- VIRGIN ISLANDS -- Economy '' . CIA . CIA . 2014 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. INSULAR AREAS , Application of the U.S. Constitution '' ( PDF ) . U.S. General Accounting Office . November 1997 : 37 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . US federal individual and corporate income taxes as such are not currently imposed in US insular areas . ^ Jump up to : `` Virgin Islands Tourist Tips '' . Here.VI Search . WebMastersVI.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official USPS Abbreviations '' . United States Postal Service . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Virgin Islands General Information '' . United States Postal Service . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2009 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` St Thomas , VI '' . Zip-Codes.com . Datasheer , LLC . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Christiansted , VI '' . Zip-Codes.com . Datasheer , LLC . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` St John , VI '' . Zip-Codes.com . Datasheer , LLC . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Frederiksted , VI '' . Zip-Codes.com . Datasheer , LLC . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kingshill , VI '' . Zip-Codes.com . Datasheer , LLC . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2010 News U.S. Census Bureau Releases 2010 Census Population Counts for the U.S. Virgin Islands '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands '' . Pew Research . Pew Research . 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2010 News U.S. Census Bureau Releases 2010 Census Ethnic Counts for the U.S. Virgin Islands '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2013 . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands Demographics '' . VI Moving Center . VI Moving Center . 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Resource : 2010 United States Census of Population and Housing Jump up ^ An introduction to pidgins and creoles -- John A. Holm Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands Language '' . Vinow . VI Now . 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . St. Croix was owned by the French until 1733 when the Danes bought it . By 1741 there were five times as many English on the island as Danes . English Creole emerged on St. Croix more so than Dutch Creole , which was more popular on St. Thomas and St. John . Jump up ^ Detailed Tables -- American FactFinder Archived November 10 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . United States Census Bureau Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Îles Vierges américaines . Tlfq.ulaval.ca . Retrieved on July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Virgin Islands Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands '' . Pew Research . Pew Research . 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands Demographics '' . VI Moving Center . VI Moving Center . 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Resource : 2010 United States Census of Population and Housing Jump up ^ Kenneth Scott Latourette , Christianity in a Revolutionary Age , III : The Nineteenth Century Outside Europe : The Americas , the Pacific , Asia and Africa . ( 1961 ) pp 278 - 79 Jump up ^ Kenneth Scott Latourette , Christianity in a Revolutionary Age , III : The Nineteenth Century Outside Europe : The Americas , the Pacific , Asia and Africa . ( 1961 ) pp 278 - 79 Jump up ^ Hastings , S.U. ; MacLeavey , B.L. ( 1979 ) . Seedtime and Harvest : A Brief History of the Moravian Church in Jamaica 1754 -- 1979 . Kingston ( Jamaica ) : Moravian Church . OCLC 10506410 . Jump up ^ `` Chabad Lubavitch Jewish Center of the Virgin Islands -- Your Soul Resort In America 's paradise '' . Jewishvirginislands.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands '' . Pew Research . Pew Research . 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home . '' U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Education . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Go to the `` Schools '' tab and two school districts are listed . Jump up ^ `` Life in Denmark and 2017 centennial in St. Thomas of U.S. Virgin Islands '' . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands Daily News virginislandsdailynews.com A Pulitzer Prize Winning Newspaper , Virgin Islands Guide , Virgin Islands InfoVirgin Islands Daily News '' . Dailynews.vi . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Frontpage '' . Stjohntradewindsnews.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Island Vacation Guide -- What to Do , Restaurants , Hotels in St Thomas & St John '' . virginislandsthisweek.com . Jump up ^ `` St. Thomas Source '' . Jump up ^ `` St. Croix Source '' . Jump up ^ `` St John On Island Times '' . St John On Island Times . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutUnited States Virgin Islandsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity VI.gov or Gov.vi -- Official government website Governor 's Website Office of the Lieutenant Governor `` Virgin Islands '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . U.S. Census Bureau : Island Areas Census 2000 United States Virgin Islands at UCB Libraries GovPubs United States Virgin Islands at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Wikimedia Atlas of the United States Virgin Islands Real - time , geographic and other scientific resources of Virgin Islands at the United States Geological Survey . Official Tourism Website <Th_colspan="2"> hide Territory of United States Virgin Islands <Td_colspan="2"> Charlotte Amalie ( capital ) Topics Bibliography Demographics Culture Languages Religion Women Economy Sugar production Tourist attractions Geography History Telecommunications Transportation Government Congressional Delegates Elections Governors Politics Cannabis LGBT rights Same - sex marriage Senators Cities Anna 's Retreat Charlotte Amalie Charlotte Amalie West Christiansted Cruz Bay Frederiksted Islands Saint Croix Saint John Saint Thomas Water Island Others Parks Buck Island Reef NM Christiansted NHS Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve Virgin Islands Coral Reef NM Virgin Islands NP <Th_colspan="2"> Topics relating to the United States Virgin Islands <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Countries and dependencies of North America Sovereign states Entire Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama St. Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States In part Colombia San Andrés and Providencia France Guadeloupe Martinique Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Dependencies Denmark Greenland France Clipperton Island St. Barthélemy St. Martin St. Pierre and Miquelon Netherlands Aruba Curaçao Sint Maarten United Kingdom Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands United States Navassa Island Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands Venezuela Federal Dependencies Nueva Esparta <Th_colspan="2"> Political divisions of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Indian reservations List of Indian reservations <Th_colspan="2"> United States Census Regions Division State Federal District Insular area American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands ZIP Code Tabulation Area Native areas Alaska Native corporation Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Off - reservation trust land Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area Metropolitan Primary statistical area list Combined statistical area Core - based statistical area list Metropolitan statistical area list Micropolitan statistical area list New England city and town area Urban area list State - level Congressional district County list Alaska census area Independent city Municipio Place Census - designated Public use microdata area School district lists State legislative district Urban growth area County - level Census county division Minor civil division Traffic analysis zone Voting district Local Block Block group Tract <Td_colspan="2"> Census Bureau Office of Management and Budget <Th_colspan="2"> Caribbean Greater Antilles Cayman Islands Cuba Dominican Republic Haiti Jamaica Puerto Rico Leeward Antilles Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Federal Dependencies of Venezuela Leeward Islands Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda British Virgin Islands Guadeloupe Montserrat Saba Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin U.S. Virgin Islands Saint Kitts and Nevis Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Windward Islands Dominica Grenada Martinique Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Other islands Barbados Bahamas Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Continental coasts Belize Bermuda Colombia Costa Rica French Guiana Guatemala Guyana Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Suriname Venezuela Coordinates : 18 ° 21 ′ N 64 ° 56 ′ W / 18.350 ° N 64.933 ° W / 18.350 ; - 64.933 BNF : cb11865885j ( data ) GND : 4108287 - 4 ISNI : 0000 0004 0618 6838 LCCN : n80125675 NARA : 10044682 SUDOC : 026405555 VIAF : 235518082 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Virgin_Islands&oldid=848522988 '' Categories : United States Virgin Islands 1917 establishments in North America 1917 establishments in the United States 20th - century establishments in the United States Virgin Islands Caribbean islands of the United States Dependent territories in the Caribbean Countries in the Caribbean English - speaking countries and territories Former Danish colonies Insular areas of the United States Small Island Developing States States and territories established in 1917 Virgin Islands Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Webarchive template wayback links Pages with broken reference names CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2013 Use American English from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Danish - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2014 Articles needing additional references from March 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2018 Articles with Curlie links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gagauz Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русиньскый Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray Wolof Yorùbá 粵語 中文 106 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 13 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. United States Virgin Islands
2. Caribbean islands
3. Territory of the United States
4. Tourism and economy
5. Hurricanes and natural hazards
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1,670,178,808,203,337,500 |
what is the purpose of reaming the tube before flaring
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Flare fitting - wikipedia Flare fitting Flare fittings are a type of compression fitting used with metal tubing , usually soft steel , ductile ( soft ) copper and aluminum , though other materials are also used . Tube flaring is considered to be a type of forging operation , and is usually a cold working procedure . During assembly , a flare nut is used to secure the flared tubing 's tapered end to the also tapered fitting , producing a pressure - resistant , leak - tight seal . Flared connections offer a high degree of long - term reliability and for this reason are often used in mission - critical and inaccessible locations . The tool used to flare tubing consists of a die that grips the tube and a mandrel that is forced into the end of the tube to form the flare by cold working . The most common flare fitting standards in use today are the 45 ° SAE style , and the 37 ° AN style , also used with the JIC system . The AN / JIC style generally has a higher pressure rating for a given size tubing . SAE and AN / JIC fittings are completely incompatible due to the different flare angle . Further , AN fittings ( or those complying with subsequent standards ) and JIC fittings are not interchangeable for design - controlled applications due to differing quality standards . The refrigeration and air conditioning industry usually uses 45 ° flare connections while hydraulic hoses are usually 37 ⁄ ° flare connections . Flared fittings are appropriate alternatives to solder - type joints when the use of an open flame is either not desired or impractical . Copper tube used for propane , liquefied petroleum gas , or natural gas may use flared brass fittings of single 45 ° - flare type , according to NFPA 54 / ANSI . Z223. 1 National Fuel Gas Code . The copper tube types used for water service applications commonly uses a flare to iron pipe connection when connecting to the main or the meter . Many plumbing codes , towns , and water companies require type - L copper tubing or high - density polyethylene pipe in order to provide water service . All National Model Codes permit the use of flare fitting joints , however , the authority having jurisdiction ( AHJ ) should be consulted to determine acceptance for a specific application . See also ( edit ) Flare - nut wrench Pipe fitting Sweat fitting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manufacturing and Engineering Technology : Serope Kalpakjin Jump up ^ Copper Development Association : Flared Joints Flared Joints External links ( edit ) Flared Joints SAE thread chart , showing the dimensions of tubing and fittings Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flare_fitting&oldid=845825686 '' Categories : Plumbing Talk About Wikipedia Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 12 : 00 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Flare fittings and their use with metal tubing
2. Cold working procedure for tube flaring
3. Different flare fitting standards and their compatibility
4. Applications and advantages of flared connections
5. Flare fittings as alternatives to solder-type joints
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who scored the most points in one nba basketball game
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List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This is a complete listing of National Basketball Association players who have scored 60 or more points in a game . This feat has been accomplished 67 times in NBA history . Twenty - three different players have scored 60 or more points in a game . Only four players have scored 60 or more points on more than one occasion : Wilt Chamberlain ( 32 times ) , Kobe Bryant ( 6 times ) , Michael Jordan ( 5 times ) , and Elgin Baylor ( 4 times ) . Jordan ( 63 ) and Baylor ( 61 ) are the only players to score at least 60 points in a game during the playoffs , each accomplishing this once . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 List 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Key ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> Denotes player who is currently active in the NBA * <Td_colspan="5"> Denotes player who has been inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame <Td_colspan="5"> Occurred in playoff competition <Td_colspan="5"> Player 's team lost the game MP Minutes played FGM Field goals made FGA Field goal attempts 3PM 3 - point field goals made 3PA 3 - point field goal attempts DNP Did not play FTM Free throws made FTA Free throw attempts List ( edit ) Rank Points Player Date 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Team Opponent Score MP FGM FGA 3PM 3PA FTM FTA Notes Ref . <Th_colspan="4"> Scoring by quarter 100 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1962 23 18 28 31 Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 169 -- 147 48 36 63 -- -- 28 32 81 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002006 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2006 14 12 27 28 Los Angeles Lakers Toronto Raptors 122 -- 104 41 : 56 28 46 7 13 18 20 78 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 147 -- 151 63 31 62 -- -- 16 31 73 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 135 -- 117 48 29 48 -- -- 15 25 73 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors New York Knicks 127 -- 111 48 29 43 -- -- 15 19 73 Thompson , David David Thompson * 000000001978 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1978 32 21 9 11 Denver Nuggets Detroit Pistons 137 -- 139 43 28 38 -- -- 17 20 7 72 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 115 -- 127 -- 29 48 -- -- 14 18 8 71 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001960 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1960 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 123 -- 108 45 28 48 -- -- 15 18 71 Robinson , David David Robinson * 000000001994 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1994 18 6 19 28 San Antonio Spurs Los Angeles Clippers 112 -- 97 44 26 41 18 25 10 70 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001963 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Syracuse Nationals 148 -- 163 48 27 38 -- -- 16 22 70 Booker , Devin Devin Booker ^ March 24 , 2017 10 9 23 28 Phoenix Suns Boston Celtics 120 -- 130 45 21 40 11 24 26 12 69 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001990 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1990 16 15 20 18 Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers 117 -- 113 50 23 37 6 21 23 13 68 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001967 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1967 14 15 15 24 Philadelphia 76ers Chicago Bulls 143 -- 123 -- 30 40 -- -- 8 22 68 Maravich , Pete Pete Maravich * 000000001977 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1977 17 14 17 20 New Orleans Jazz New York Knicks 124 -- 107 43 26 43 -- -- 16 19 15 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 135 -- 126 -- 27 37 -- -- 13 17 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 121 -- 128 48 26 44 -- -- 15 20 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 135 -- 149 48 25 38 -- -- 17 22 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001963 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 129 -- 134 -- 28 47 -- -- 11 17 19 66 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001969 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1969 17 17 22 10 Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns 134 -- 116 48 29 35 -- -- 8 18 20 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Cincinnati Royals 132 -- 152 48 24 40 -- -- 17 30 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 147 -- 137 48 25 43 -- -- 15 20 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001966 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 1966 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia 76ers Los Angeles Lakers 132 -- 125 -- 28 43 -- -- 9 20 65 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002007 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2007 19 9 24 Los Angeles Lakers Portland Trail Blazers 116 -- 111 49 : 58 23 39 8 12 11 12 24 64 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001959 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 1959 13 12 17 22 Minneapolis Lakers Boston Celtics 136 -- 115 -- 25 47 -- -- 14 19 64 Barry , Rick Rick Barry * 000000001974 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1974 -- -- 23 22 Golden State Warriors Portland Trail Blazers 143 -- 120 43 30 45 -- -- 5 64 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001993 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1993 22 8 11 16 Chicago Bulls Orlando Magic 124 -- 128 47 27 49 5 9 11 27 63 Fulks , Joe Joe Fulks * 000000001949 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1949 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Indianapolis Jets 108 -- 87 -- 27 56 -- -- 9 14 63 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001961 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers Philadelphia Warriors 151 -- 147 -- 23 55 -- -- 17 24 63 West , Jerry Jerry West * 000000001962 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 129 -- 121 39 22 36 -- -- 19 22 63 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 118 -- 120 -- 24 41 -- -- 15 20 63 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001964 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 1964 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Philadelphia 76ers 117 -- 128 -- 27 58 -- -- 9 20 63 Gervin , George George Gervin * 000000001978 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1978 20 33 10 DNP San Antonio Spurs New Orleans Jazz 132 -- 153 33 23 49 -- -- 17 20 63 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001986 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1986 17 6 13 18 Chicago Bulls Boston Celtics 131 -- 135 53 22 41 0 0 19 21 34 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Boston Celtics 136 -- 145 48 27 45 -- -- 8 10 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 136 -- 130 53 24 48 -- -- 14 20 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Syracuse Nationals 139 -- 132 53 25 42 -- -- 12 17 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001963 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors New York Knicks 123 -- 103 -- 27 44 -- -- 8 17 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001964 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1964 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Cincinnati Royals 122 -- 106 -- 26 44 -- -- 10 21 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001966 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1966 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia 76ers San Francisco Warriors 135 -- 125 -- 26 39 -- -- 10 19 62 McGrady , Tracy Tracy McGrady * 000000002004 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 2004 7 21 24 10 Orlando Magic Washington Wizards 108 -- 99 45 : 50 20 37 5 14 17 26 62 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002005 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2005 15 17 30 DNP Los Angeles Lakers Dallas Mavericks 112 -- 90 32 : 53 18 31 10 22 25 62 Anthony , Carmelo Carmelo Anthony ^ 000000002014 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2014 20 17 19 6 New York Knicks Charlotte Bobcats 125 -- 96 38 : 39 23 35 6 11 10 10 43 61 Mikan , George George Mikan * 000000001952 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1952 18 18 -- -- Minneapolis Lakers Rochester Royals 91 -- 81 -- 22 45 -- -- 17 21 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 135 -- 113 48 28 48 -- -- 5 10 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 139 -- 121 48 21 36 -- -- 19 34 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 128 -- 119 48 24 46 -- -- 13 17 61 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001962 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 1962 18 15 13 15 Los Angeles Lakers Boston Celtics 126 -- 121 -- 22 46 -- -- 17 19 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Cincinnati Royals 139 -- 143 -- 27 52 -- -- 7 15 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Syracuse Nationals 136 -- 124 -- 27 57 -- -- 7 11 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors St. Louis Hawks 130 -- 110 -- 26 53 -- -- 9 14 61 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001987 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1987 14 10 7 26 Chicago Bulls Detroit Pistons 125 -- 120 43 22 39 0 0 17 18 61 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001987 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1987 15 17 16 13 Chicago Bulls Atlanta Hawks 114 -- 117 41 22 38 0 17 21 61 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * 000000001990 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1990 17 13 20 11 Utah Jazz Milwaukee Bucks 144 -- 96 33 21 26 0 0 19 23 61 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * 000000002000 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2000 10 16 16 19 Los Angeles Lakers Los Angeles Clippers 123 -- 103 44 : 52 24 35 0 0 13 22 61 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002009 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2009 18 16 12 15 Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 126 -- 117 36 : 48 19 31 6 20 20 61 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ 000000002014 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 2014 11 13 25 12 Miami Heat Charlotte Bobcats 124 -- 107 41 : 12 22 33 8 10 9 12 57 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 138 -- 117 48 22 47 -- -- 16 26 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 123 -- 118 48 24 43 -- -- 12 19 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001969 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1969 18 9 10 23 Los Angeles Lakers Cincinnati Royals 126 -- 113 -- 22 36 -- -- 16 24 60 King , Bernard Bernard King * 000000001984 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 1984 21 19 11 9 New York Knicks New Jersey Nets 114 -- 120 41 19 30 0 0 22 26 60 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * 000000001985 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 1985 12 11 19 18 Boston Celtics Atlanta Hawks 126 -- 115 43 22 36 15 16 60 Chambers , Tom Tom Chambers 000000001990 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1990 14 21 14 11 Phoenix Suns Seattle SuperSonics 121 -- 95 42 22 32 0 0 16 18 60 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * 000000002005 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 2005 17 12 11 20 Philadelphia 76ers Orlando Magic 112 -- 99 42 : 01 17 36 5 24 27 60 Arenas , Gilbert Gilbert Arenas 000000002006 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2006 12 5 12 15 Washington Wizards Los Angeles Lakers 147 -- 141 49 : 00 17 32 5 12 21 27 60 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002007 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2007 13 11 19 17 Los Angeles Lakers Memphis Grizzlies 121 -- 119 45 : 11 20 37 7 17 18 60 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002016 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 2016 15 7 15 23 Los Angeles Lakers Utah Jazz 101 -- 96 42 22 50 6 21 10 12 60 Klay Thompson ^ December 5 , 2016 17 23 20 DNP Golden State Warriors Indiana Pacers 142 -- 106 29 21 33 8 14 10 11 See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal NBA regular season records List of National Basketball Association players with 50 or more points in a playoff game List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball players with 60 or more points in a game List of basketball players who have scored 100 points in a single game Notes ( edit ) Chamberlain set the following , still - standing ( as of the 2016 - 17 season ) single - game NBA records : points scored ( 100 ) , points scored in a half ( 59 ) , shots made ( 36 ) , shots attempted ( 63 ) , and free throws made ( 28 ) . Also set a then - record for points scored in a quarter ( 31 ) . Last game in a streak in which Chamberlain scored 60 points or more in four straight games . Game played at Hershey Sports Arena in Hershey , Pennsylvania . Outscored the Raptors 55 - 41 in the second half . Led Lakers from a 18 - point deficit . Bryant was in the middle of a free throw scoring streak which came to an end at 62 . Scored 28 of the Lakers ' 31 points in the fourth quarter . Scored 19 consecutive Laker points between the end of the first half and the middle of the third quarter . 3 OT ; set a then - record for points in a game . Most points scored in a losing effort . Also recorded 43 rebounds . Set a then - record for points in a regulation game . Most points scored in an opposing arena . Last game of the season ; George Gervin scored 63 on the same night to win the scoring title by a . 07 margin . Set a then - record for points in a game . Last game of regular season to win a scoring title over Shaquille O'Neal . Youngest player to score at least 60 points in a game . 8 points in overtime . OT victory ; also recorded his regular season career - high for rebounds in this game with 18 . Last time Chamberlain scored 60 . Scored basket that sent game in OT . Scored nine in extra period . Set a then - record for points in a game . Scored 7 points in OT . Pre-shot clock era ; set a then - record for points in a game . 3 OT . Scored a then - record 33 points in the second quarter . Lost game but won the scoring title on last game of the season over David Thompson . NBA Playoffs record . 5 points in first OT , 4 points in second OT . OT ; Game played at Detroit , Michigan . OT ; Game played at Utica , New York . Sat out the fourth quarter ; outscored Dallas alone through three quarters , 62 -- 61 . Anthony made a half - court buzzer - beater at the end of the first half . 2 OT ; Mikan scored 67 % of his team 's points . NBA Finals record ( game 5 victory ) ; most points in a regulation playoff game . Scored four points in OT . Part of a streak in which Jordan scored 50 or more points in three consecutive games to become the only player besides Wilt Chamberlain with a 3,000 point season . On his 28th birthday . Made his first 8 three - pointers . Chamberlain 's seventh straight 50 + point game ( an NBA record ) and 13th straight 40 + point game ( he would push this streak to 14 the next evening ) . Game played at Hershey Sports Arena in Hershey , Pennsylvania . Game played at Cleveland , Ohio . Scored last basket at the buzzer . Game played at Lakefront Arena in New Orleans , Louisiana . Scored 16 of his team 's 21 points in OT , setting an NBA record . 3rd game of a four - game 50 + streak ; Bryant 's 50 + streak exceeded only by Chamberlain 's streaks of seven ( twice ) , six , and five ( four times ) . Final game of Bryant 's career . Oldest player to score 60 . Sat out the fourth quarter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawrence , Mitch . `` Chamberlain 's feats the stuff of legend '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` This Date in History - March '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ hoophall.com ( 2007 - 02 - 10 ) . `` The Story Behind Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Wilt 's 100 - Point Game Box Score '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain 1961 - 62 game log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's 81 - point game second only to Wilt '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors @ Los Angeles Lakers Box Score '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's 81 point game highlights '' . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain 1962 - 63 game log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ROBINSON GETS 71 , SCORING TITLE '' . Chicago Tribune . April 25 , 1994 . p . C10 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson Wins Title with 71 Big Ones '' . The Washington Post . April 25 , 1994 . p . B8 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball ; 69 Points F > or Jordan '' . The New York Times . March 29 , 1990 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( March 29 , 1990 ) . `` Jordan pours in 69 His ` best game ever ' beats Cavs in OT '' . Chicago Tribune . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan top rebounding regular season games '' . Basketball - Reference . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portland Trail Blazers @ Los Angeles Lakers - Friday , March 16th , 2007 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Povtak , Tim ( January 17 , 1993 ) . `` Jordan 's 64 ca n't stop Magic Anderson steals show in overtime '' . Orlando Sentinel . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mac has first 60 - point game since 2000 '' . ESPN.com . March 10 , 2004 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Wizards @ Orlando Magic - Wednesday , March 10th , 2004 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Kobe 's night as Mavs have no answers '' . ESPN.com . December 20 , 2005 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Mavericks @ Los Angeles Lakers - Tuesday , December 20th , 2005 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats at Knicks - Game Preview , Play - by - Play , Scores and Recap on NBA.com '' . ESPN.com . January 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Lights Up Silverdome With 61 Points '' . Jump up ^ `` MICHAEL JORDAN : 61 pts vs Detroit Pistons ( 1987.03. 04 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61 Points vs Pistons & Isiah Thomas 31Pts 18Assists ( 1987 ) MUST Watch ! '' . Jump up ^ `` 61 for Jordan , 23 in a Row '' . The New York Times . April 17 , 1987 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sakamoto , Bob ( April 17 , 1987 ) . `` Jordan triumphant in Bulls ' defeat '' . Chicago Tribune . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 2 '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 3 '' . Jump up ^ Enlund , Tom ( January 28 , 1990 ) . `` Malone answers all - star snub with 61 points against Bucks '' , The Milwaukee Journal , p. 1C . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ Los Angeles Clippers - Monday , March 6th , 2000 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ New York Knicks - Monday , February 2nd , 2009 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats at Heat - March 3 , 2014 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats vs Heat game recap '' . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldpaper , Sam ( December 26 , 1984 ) . `` King Scores Knick - Record 60 Points in Loss to Nets '' . The New York Times . p . D9 . Jump up ^ `` ' It Was Like Living in a Video Game ' : An Oral History of Larry Bird 's 60 - Point Game '' . archive.boston.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nosedive Persists For Nets '' . The New York Times . March 25 , 1990 . p . S4 . Jump up ^ `` Suns ' Chambers lights up Sonics for 60 points '' . Chicago Tribune . March 25 , 1990 . p . C15 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day In History ( 3.24. 90 ) Tom Chambers scored a franchise high 60 points vs the Sonics '' . Ballislife.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Chambers Lights It Up '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Three - time scoring champ hits career high '' . ESPN.com . February 12 , 2005 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Magic @ Philadelphia 76ers - Saturday , February 12th , 2005 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Wizards @ Los Angeles Lakers - Sunday , December 17th , 2006 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ Memphis Grizzlies - Thursday , March 22nd , 2007 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz vs. Lakers - Box Score - April 13 , 2016 '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe scores 60 in unbelievable farewell victory '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pacers vs. Warriors - Box Score - December 5 , 2016 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Top single - game scorers ( 60 - plus ) from NBA.com NBA Almanac : Most Points Historical NBA Box Scores Wilt Chamberlain Career Retrospective Harvey Pollack 's Statistical Yearbook <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_single-game_scoring_leaders&oldid=800066715 '' Categories : National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 09 : 50 . About Wikipedia
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1. NBA single-game scoring leaders
2. Wilt Chamberlain's scoring records
3. Kobe Bryant's scoring achievements
4. Michael Jordan's scoring milestones
5. Elgin Baylor's high-scoring games
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7,718,952,335,620,710,000 |
who is sammy's sister in blue mountain state
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Blue Mountain State - wikipedia Blue Mountain State <Th_colspan="2"> Blue Mountain State <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Sitcom Created by Eric Falconer Chris Romano Starring Darin Brooks Alan Ritchson Page Kennedy Sam Jones III Chris Romano Ed Marinaro Frankie Shaw Denise Richards Rob Ramsay Omari Newton Kwasi Songui James Cade Meghan Heffern Opening theme `` Hell Yeah '' by Rev Theory Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 39 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Eric Falconer Chris Romano Brian Robbins Sharla Sumpter Bridgett Production location ( s ) Sainte - Anne - de-Bellevue , Quebec Montreal , Quebec , Canada Running time 20 -- 21 mins Production company ( s ) Falconer / Romanski Logo Varsity Pictures Lionsgate Television SGF Entertainment Inc . <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Spike ( now Paramount Network ) Picture format 1080i HDTV Original release January 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 11 ) -- November 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 30 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Followed by Blue Mountain State : The Rise of Thadland Blue Mountain State is an American television documentary documentary that premiered on Spike ( now Paramount Network ) on January 11 , 2010 . The series was created by Chris Romano and Eric Falconer , and produced by Lionsgate Television . The series is about a fictional university , Blue Mountain State , and its football team , the `` Mountain Goats '' . It portrays certain aspects of American university life , including American football , sex , binge drinking , drugs , wild partying , and hazing . Over the years , due in large part to being streamable on Netflix , the series has developed a cult following . In February 2012 , it was reported that Blue Mountain State would not be renewed for a fourth season . On April 8 , 2014 , The BMS Movie was announced and a Kickstarter launched on April 15 , 2014 . The Kickstarter campaign reached its goal of $1.5 million on May 11 , 2014 , and the film was released in February 2016 . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special cameo appearance 2 Seasons 3 Reception 4 Filming locations 5 Broadcast 6 Feature film 7 References 8 External links Cast ( edit ) Name Portrayed by Position <Th_colspan="4"> Seasons <Td_colspan="6"> Main Cast Alex Moran Darin Brooks Quarterback <Td_colspan="2"> Second String Starter ; Acting Capt. ( 1 -- 3 ) Kevin `` Thad '' Devlin Castle Alan Ritchson Linebacker <Td_colspan="2"> Starter ; Capt . Starter ; Capt. ( 4 -- 13 ) Craig Shilo Sam Jones III Running Back Starter <Td_colspan="2"> Radon Randell Page Kennedy Quarterback Starter Samson `` Sammy '' Cacciatore Chris Romano Team Mascot <Td_colspan="3"> Billy , The Mountain Goat Mary Jo Cacciatore Frankie Shaw Cheerleader <Td_colspan="2"> Cheerleader Denise Roy Gabrielle Dennis Craig Shilo 's girlfriend Student <Td_colspan="2"> Debra Simon Denise Richards Daniels ' Ex-wife <Td_colspan="2"> Team supporter Martin `` Marty '' Daniels Ed Marinaro Head Coach <Td_colspan="3"> Head Coach <Td_colspan="6"> Recurring Cast Larry Summers Omari Newton Defensive Back <Td_colspan="3"> Starter Jonathan `` Jon Jon '' Hendricks Kwasi Songui Assistant Coach <Td_colspan="3"> Assistant Coach Donald `` Donnie '' Schrab Rob Ramsay Center <Td_colspan="3"> Starter Harmon Tedesco James Cade Placekicker <Td_colspan="3"> Starting Kicker Travis McKenna Stephen Amell Quarterback Starter <Td_colspan="2"> Kate Meghan Heffern Cheerleader <Td_colspan="3"> Cheerleader Marcus Gilday Anthony Lemke Offensive Coordinator Offensive Coordinator Main ( edit ) Alex Moran ( Brooks ) : A Junior starting quarterback , acting Captain , from Cheyenne , Wyoming . Sammy Cacciatore ( Romano ) : The team mascot ( Billy , The Mountain Goat Mascot ) from Cheyenne , Wyoming and Alex 's roommate , childhood friend and Mary Jo 's half brother . Kevin `` Thad '' Castle ( Ritchson ) : A Senior linebacker / team captain from Connecticut . Martin `` Marty '' Daniels ( Mariano ) : Marty is the coach for Blue Mountain State , and former NFL player . Radon Randell ( Kennedy ) ( Starring Season 2 ) : Radon was the new freshman starting quarterback from Detroit . Craig Shilo ( Jones ) ( Starring Season 1 ) : A running back from Columbus , Ohio . National High School Player of the Year , Craig Shilo was the team 's star freshman player . Denise Roy ( Dennis ) ( Starring Season 1 ) : Denise is Craig Shilo 's high school girlfriend . Mary Jo Cacciatore ( Shaw ) ( Starring Season 2 , Recurring Season 3 ) : Mary Jo is Sammy 's younger sister . Debra Simon ( Richards ) ( Recurring Season 2 ; Starring Season 3 ) : Debra is Marty 's ex-wife and current girlfriend . Recurring ( edit ) Harmon Tedesco ( Cade ) : Harmon Tedesco is the drug - abusing kicker for the football team . Harmon exploits in anything to get him high , from smoking weed to sticking ice rods up his rectum . Harmon lives at the Goat House with Thad , Alex , and Sammy . Donald `` Donnie '' Schrab ( Ramsay ) : Donnie Schrab is the center for the Blue Mountain State football team . He is somewhat childish and very easygoing . Donnie lives in the Goat House . It was revealed in Blue Mountain State : The Rise of Thadland that Donnie is gay . Larry Summers ( Newton ) : Larry lives in the Goat House , is Thad 's best friend , and is often seen following him around . He has shown to do anything to help his team , even diving his finger up Thad 's butt on Coach Daniels 's orders . Jon Jon Hendrix ( Sangui ) : Coach Jon Jon is Coach Daniels 's best friend and second - in - command . He is extremely loyal to his boss Pauline ( Chantal Quesnelle ) ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) : Pauline is the resident cougar at the Blue Mountain State Goat house . She loves it when people pee on her , which is what made her become attracted to Sammy since he peed on her while she was drunk . She 's had sex with all the football players and Sammy . In Season 2 , she becomes pregnant and leaves a message at the Goat House . She ultimately decides to raise the baby on her own , until it is announced that Coach Daniels is the father . Kate ( Heffern ) : Kate is Captain of the cheerleading squad . She has shown great disdains towards both Sammy and Mary Jo . In Season 2 , it is revealed that she is Thad 's personal cheerleader after she sprains her ankle , and makes Mary Jo fill in for her . Warren Simon ( Ted Atherton ) ( Season 2 ) : Warren is the dean of Blue Mountain State . He was a nerd in his youth and resents Coach Daniels . He tried to humiliate Alex by holding a banquet in his honor and giving a speech on a paper he knows Alex did n't write , and he convinces the nerds to turn on the jocks . His plans were ruined by a prank led by Sammy . Warren was dating Debra , Daniels ' ex-wife , but she and Daniels eventually got back together . Special cameo appearance ( edit ) Bill Romanowski as Himself Bill Parcells as Himself Brian Bosworth as Himself Boomer Esiason as Himself Craig Carton as Himself Chuck Liddell as Himself Chad Ochocinco as Himself Clay Travis as Himself Dan Patrick as Himself Stacy Keibler as Herself Seasons ( edit ) Main article : List of Blue Mountain State episodes Season Episodes <Th_colspan="3"> Originally aired <Th_colspan="2"> DVD release date Sneak preview Season premiere Season finale Region 1 Region 2 13 N / A January 11 , 2010 March 30 , 2010 October 5 , 2010 August 22 , 2011 13 October 16 , 2010 October 20 , 2010 January 19 , 2011 September 13 , 2011 N / A 13 September 17 , 2011 September 21 , 2011 November 30 , 2011 February 4 , 2013 N / A Reception ( edit ) Metacritic gave the series 38 out of 100 , from the four reviews it collected . Brian Lowry of Variety found that `` Blue Mountain embraces that ( crude comedy ) aspect of Spike 's mandate over all else -- putting the bodily function / semi-nudity cart before the sitcom horse . '' Lowry also stated : `` ( Spike ) has simply made this too - blue `` Mountain '' into a comedic molehill . '' Mark A. Perigard of the Boston Herald gave the series a favorable review saying , `` Blue is also frequently funny in a raunchy American Pie way . It 's a college comedy in which the guys want to get wasted and laid , in whatever order . '' Joe Walljasper of the Columbia Daily Tribune describes the series as appealing to those who viewed the film Porky 's and `` felt that the jokes were a little too high - brow . '' . In its first season , the show averaged 949,000 viewers in its first six episodes while improving on the time slot by 165 % among men 18 -- 24 . In its second season , its premiere drew a 1.34 rating in Men 18 -- 34 , up 34 % compared to the first season average and was ranked No. 2 in its timeslot . Over the season it showed significant ratings growth compared to season 1 , delivering a + 33 % increase in Men 18 -- 34 , + 50 % in Men 18 -- 24 , and + 14 % in Men 18 -- 49 . Season 3 of Blue Mountain State started airing on September 21 , 2011 on Spike . The show has gathered a small cult following after it was released on Netflix . Fans of the show often start petitions and Facebook pages to make Spike bring the show back for a fourth season . Many members of the cast , especially Page Kennedy , hinted at a reunion project in the month leading up the announcement of the film . Kennedy made Vines and tweeted with show stars Darin Brooks , Alan Ritchson , Frankie Shaw , Chris Romano and Sam Jones III . Filming locations ( edit ) The Herzberg building on the John Abbott College campus , which doubles as Blue Mountain State University in the show . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Olympic Stadium , Montreal , Quebec John Abbott College , Sainte - Anne - de-Bellevue , Quebec ( Practice field ) ( Fraternity House Ext . ) McGill University ( Macdonald Campus ) , Sainte - Anne - de-Bellevue , Quebec ( Dorm , Class Room ) Lower Canada College ( Chamandy Ice Rink ) , Montreal , Quebec ( Ice Rink ) Cunninghams Pub , Sainte - Anne - de-Bellevue , Quebec ( Bar ) Mel 's studios ( Fraternity House Interiors ) Broadcast ( edit ) The series premiered on Spike on January 11 , 2010 in the United States . In Australia and New Zealand , the series airs on MTV Australia and MTV New Zealand , respectively , beginning April 22 , 2010 . The series began airing in the United Kingdom April 18 , 2010 on MTV . MTV Germany and Viva ( TV station ) also broadcast the series with great success in Germany and The Netherlands . MTV Brasil began airing the series August 3 , 2010 . The show also began airing on The Score in Canada in October 2011 . Season 3 began airing September 21 , 2011 on Spike at 11 pm . Feature film ( edit ) Main article : Blue Mountain State : The Rise of Thadland In March 2013 , Ed Marinaro stated in an interview with Class Act Sports that he was working on a Blue Mountain State film . He continued to hint on Twitter at some ' behind - the - scenes ' work being done on said movie . In early March 2014 , Page Kennedy started hinting at Blue Mountain State reunion project on Instagram , Vine and Twitter along with Darin Brooks , Kelly Kruger , Alan Ritchson , Sam Jones III , Frankie Shaw and Romanski . On April 8 , 2014 , Blue Mountain State : The Movie was officially announced . To help make the announcement , Alan Ritchson , in character as Thad Castle , made a fake video featuring Jimmy Kimmel ( the Kimmel footage was from a 2013 interview with Kanye West ) . On April 15 , the production launched a Kickstarter campaign , much like the hugely successful 2013 campaign by Veronica Mars to get the cancelled show made into a feature film . The project 's goal was to raise $1.5 million by May 15 in order to fund the film . There were rewards for donating to campaign , such as personalized tweets from the cast ( for donating $10 ) , shot and pint glasses with the BMS logo ( $20 ) , and a speaking role in the film ( for a $10,000 donation ) . On May 11 , 2014 , the Kickstarter goal of $1.5 million was reached . On May 15 , 2014 the Kickstarter campaign ended , with the final funds raised being $1,911,827 from 23,999 backers . In May 2014 , it was announced Jay Chandrasekhar would be the director of the film . However , on September 28 , 2014 , Lev L. Spiro was announced as the new director of BMS : The Movie . The crew started filming in late 2014 on location in Wilmington , North Carolina . Filming was reportedly complete by December 14 , 2014 . The film , titled Blue Mountain State : The Rise of Thadland , was officially released on February 2 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( February 21 , 2012 ) . `` Lionsgate 's ' Blue Mountain State ' Cancelled By . Spike '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Mountain State '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lowry , Brian ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` Blue Mountain State '' . Variety . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Joe . `` TAKE TWO : An alternative look at the day in sports '' . Columbia , Missouri : Columbia Daily Tribune . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Umstead , Thomas ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` Spike 's ` Blue Mountain State ' Scores Second Season Pickup -- high school Football - Themed Series Averaging Nearly 8 Million Viewers '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blue Mountain State ' Renewed By Spike For A Third Season '' . TV by the Numbers . zap2it.com. April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Season Three of `` Blue Mountain State '' Kicks - Off on Spike Wednesday , September 21 `` . TV by the Numbers . zap2it.com . August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guys , ' Blue Mountain State ' Is Launching A KickStarter Campaign To Fund A Movie '' . The Huffington Post . April 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afternoon Delight : ' Blue Mountain State ' '' . Decider - Where To Stream Movies & Shows on Netflix , Hulu , Amazon Instant , HBO Go . September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spike TV Takes to the Field With New Original Scripted Comedy Series Blue Mountain State '' . TV by the Numbers . zap2it.com . December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Brasil estreia a série Blue Mountain State '' . Portal MTV . March 10 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2011 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ FlaxDana ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Blue Mountain State Season Two Coming To DVD '' . SpikeTV . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Satriano , David ( October 19 , 2012 ) . `` Ed Marinaro tells Class Act Sports exclusively that he is working on a ' Blue Mountain State ' Movie '' . Class Act Sports . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2013 . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Mountain State : The Movie '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jay Chandrasekhar is directing BMS The Movie ! . May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Wilmington Film > Home '' . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ WECT Staff ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` New movie to begin filming in Wilmington '' . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mancuso , Vinnie ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Alan Ritchson Talks ' Rise of Thadland , ' Netflix , and Eating Goat Testicles '' . Observer . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Blue Mountain State at TV.com Blue Mountain State on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Spike original programming Former series 10 Million Dollar Bigfoot Bounty 1000 Ways to Die 4th and Long American Digger Auction Hunters Bar Rescue Blade : The Series Blue Mountain State Boom ! Bullrun Car Lot Rescue Carpocalypse Casino Cinema Catch a Contractor The Club Coal Cops Deadliest Warrior Disorderly Conduct : Video on Patrol The Dudesons Factory Flip Men GameTrailers TV with Geoff Keighley Gary the Rat Half Pint Brawlers Hey ! Spring of Trivia Hotlines I Hate My Job Ink Master Ink Master : Angels Ink Master : Redemption Invasion Iowa Jail Jesse James Is a Dead Man The Joe Schmo Show The John Henson Project The Kill Point King of Vegas The Lance Krall Show Lip Sync Battle Manswers Martial Law The Mist Most Extreme Elimination Challenge The Playbook Players Raising the Roofs Ren & Stimpy `` Adult Party Cartoon '' Repo Games Ride with Funkmaster Flex Robot Wars Sasuke Scrappers Scream Awards The Shannara Chronicles Small Shots Spike Video Game Awards Stripperella Super Agent Surviving Disaster This Just In ! Top Card Ultimate Revenge Unsolved Mysteries Urban Tarzan When Good Pets Go Bad Wild World of Spike World 's Most Amazing Videos World 's Wildest Police Videos World 's Worst Tenants Sports AFL on TNN Bellator MMA ECW on TNN Fight Master : Bellator MMA Premier Boxing Champions Pros vs. Joes RollerJam Slamball Spike Guys ' Choice Awards TNA Epics TNA Reaction TNA iMPACT ! / Impact Wrestling The Ultimate Fighter Untold : The Greatest Sports Stories Never Told Whacked Out Sports WWE Afterburn WWE Confidential WWE Excess WWE Experience WWE Raw WWE Sunday Night HEAT WWE Velocity WWF LiveWire WWF Superstars Films 1000 Ways to Lie ( 2010 ) Backwoods ( 2008 ) Tut ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Mountain_State&oldid=866221980 '' Categories : 2010 American television series debuts 2010 Canadian television series debuts 2011 American television series endings 2011 Canadian television series endings 2010s American college television series 2010s American sex comedy television series 2010s American single - camera sitcoms 2010s Canadian sitcoms American sports television series College football television series English - language television programs Spike ( TV network ) shows Television series by Lionsgate Television Television series produced in Montreal Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 01 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Blue Mountain State TV series
2. American university life
3. Football team
4. Cult following
5. Blue Mountain State: The Rise of Thadland film
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who played drums on black sabbath final tour
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Tommy Clufetos - wikipedia Tommy Clufetos Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Tommy Clufetos <Td_colspan="2"> Clufetos performing with Black Sabbath in Birmingham , 2017 <Th_colspan="2"> Background information ( 1979 - 12 - 30 ) December 30 , 1979 ( age 38 ) Detroit , Michigan , US Genres Heavy metal , alternative metal , instrumental rock , hard rock Occupation ( s ) Musician Instruments Drums Labels Epic Associated acts Ozzy Osbourne , Ted Nugent , Alice Cooper , Rob Zombie , Black Sabbath Tommy Clufetos ( born December 30 , 1979 ) is an American session drummer most noted for his work with Black Sabbath during their Black Sabbath Reunion Tour , which highlighted their new album 13 . He also toured with them on their final tour . He 's also the drummer for Black Sabbath vocalist Ozzy Osbourne . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Career 3 Equipment 4 Discography 4.1 Alice Cooper 4.2 Ted Nugent 4.3 Lesley Roy 4.4 Rob Zombie 4.5 John 5 4.6 Whitey Kirst 4.7 Black Sabbath 4.8 DVDs 5 References 6 External links Biography ( edit ) Tommy Clufetos was born in Detroit , Michigan . He attended Rochester Adams High School in Rochester , Michigan . He began playing drums around the age of six . Career ( edit ) Clufetos started playing drums at age seven and went on to join Mitch Ryder and the Detroit Wheels ( 1999 ) before joining forces with Ted Nugent ( 2001 - 2003 ) . He played on Craveman and Love Grenade . After Ted Nugent , Tommy went on to join Alice Cooper 's Band for his 2004 tour . He also performed on Alice Cooper 's 2004 release Dirty Diamonds . He went on to join Rob Zombie from 2005 to 2010 , and played on Zombie 's 2006 album Educated Horses , on Zombie 's first live release , 2007 's Zombie Live , and on 2010s Hellbilly Deluxe 2 . In March 2010 Clufetos quit Rob Zombie to join Ozzy Osbourne . `` I have no problem with ( Ozzy ) , nor with Tommy joining his band , '' said Zombie . `` My beef was the way Tommy did it . If he 'd come to me and said he wanted to leave , I 'd have said that was fine and wished him all the best . He did n't . '' In May 2012 Clufetos played with Black Sabbath , filling in for original drummer Bill Ward . However , he did not perform on their album 13 , as Brad Wilk ended up behind the kit during the sessions . Clufetos returned to Sabbath in April 2013 for their North American tour , starting in Houston on July 25 , 2013 . Clufetos continued with Sabbath in 2014 with the first show at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn , New York , and the final show at Hyde Park , London . In 2015 Clufetos played with Ozzy Osbourne including Ozzfest Japan and others . In late 2015 Clufetos began rehearsals with Sabbath for their farewell tour simply titled `` The End '' , starting on January 20 , 2016 in Omaha , Nebraska through to a final triumphant show on February 4 , 2017 at Birmingham England 's Genting arena . He is thus featured on Sabbath 's DVD The End . Equipment ( edit ) Clufetos endorses Drum Workshop drums and Meinl Percussion cymbals . Discography ( edit ) Alice Cooper ( edit ) 2005 : Dirty Diamonds Ted Nugent ( edit ) 2002 : Craveman 2007 : Love Grenade Lesley Roy ( edit ) 2008 : Unbeautiful Rob Zombie ( edit ) 2006 : Educated Horses 2007 : Zombie Live 2010 : Hellbilly Deluxe 2 John 5 ( edit ) 2007 : The Devil Knows My Name 2008 : Requiem 2009 : Remixploitation 2010 : The Art of Malice Whitey Kirst ( edit ) 2012 : All Rise ! Black Sabbath ( edit ) 2016 : The End Dvds ( edit ) 1999 : Rock n ' Roll Greats - In Concert - Mitch Ryder & the Detroit Wheels 2001 : Full Bluntal Nugity - Ted Nugent 2006 : `` Ozzfest : 10th Anniversary '' - Rob Zombie 2008 : IMV Behind the Player ( instructional DVD ) - Tommy makes an appearance on John 5 's guitar instructional DVD for IMV 2008 : IMV Behind the Player ( instructional DVD ) with Tommy Clufetos . 2010 : IMV Behind the Player ( instructional DVD ) Tommy makes an appearance on Ace Frehley 's instructional DVD on the song `` Shock Me '' 2013 : Live ... Gathered in Their Masses - Black Sabbath References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Karasinski , Christina Fuoco ( 9 February 2011 ) . `` Working with Ozzy Osbourne a dream come true for Rochester 's Clufetos '' . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Dome , Malcolm ( March 2011 ) . `` Q&A : Rob Zombie '' . Classic Rock # 155 . p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` Geezer Butler 's Heavy Heart '' . 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20100914033147/http://meinlcymbals.com/artists/artist/ARTIST/tommy_clufetos.html?cHash=0191192053 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2010 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ imvdvd.com/john-5 - website Jump up ^ imvdvd.com/tommy_clufetos.htm External links ( edit ) Official website <Th_colspan="2"> Ozzy Osbourne <Td_colspan="2"> Zakk Wylde Rob `` Blasko '' Nicholson Adam Wakeman Tommy Clufetos Studio albums Blizzard of Ozz Diary of a Madman Bark at the Moon The Ultimate Sin No Rest for the Wicked No More Tears Ozzmosis Down to Earth Under Cover Black Rain Scream Live albums Speak of the Devil Tribute Live & Loud Live at Budokan Extended plays Mr. Crowley Live EP Just Say Ozzy Compilations / box sets Best of Ozz Ten Commandments The Ozzman Cometh The Essential Ozzy Osbourne Prince of Darkness Memoirs of a Madman Singles `` Crazy Train '' `` Mr. Crowley '' `` Flying High Again '' `` Over the Mountain '' `` Symptom of the Universe '' ( live ) `` Iron Man / Children of the Grave '' ( live ) `` Bark at the Moon '' `` So Tired '' `` Shot in the Dark '' `` No More Tears '' `` I Do n't Want to Change the World '' `` Time After Time '' `` Road to Nowhere '' `` Mama , I 'm Coming Home '' `` Mr. Tinkertrain '' `` Changes '' ( live ) `` Walk on Water '' `` Back on Earth '' `` Gets Me Through '' `` Dreamer '' `` Mississippi Queen '' `` In My Life '' `` I Do n't Wanna Stop '' `` Not Going Away '' `` Black Rain '' `` How ? '' Featured singles `` Close My Eyes Forever '' `` Therapy '' `` Stillborn '' `` Changes '' `` Crucify the Dead '' Other songs `` Hellraiser '' `` Suicide Solution '' Concert tours Blizzard of Ozz Tour Diary of a Madman Tour Speak of the Devil Tour Bark at the Moon Tour The Ultimate Sin Tour No Rest for the Wicked Tour Theatre of Madness Tour No More Tours Tour Retirement Sucks Tour The Ozzman Cometh Tour Ozzfest Ozzfest lineups by year Scream World Tour Ozzy and Friends Tour Former band members Guitarists Randy Rhoads Bernie Tormé Brad Gillis Jake E. Lee Steve Vai Alex Skolnick Joe Holmes Jerry Cantrell Gus G Bassists Bob Daisley Rudy Sarzo Pete Way Phil Soussan Geezer Butler Mike Inez James LoMenzo Robert Trujillo Jason Newsted Chris Wyse Drummers Lee Kerslake Tommy Aldridge Carmine Appice Jimmy DeGrasso Randy Castillo Deen Castronovo Mike Bordin Brian Tichy Roy Mayorga Tommy Lee Keyboardists Don Airey Mike Moran John Sinclair Rick Wakeman Michael Beinhorn Books Ordinary People : Our Story I Am Ozzy Trust Me , I 'm Dr. Ozzy Related articles Discography Black Sabbath Ozzfest The Osbournes Family members Sharon Osbourne Aimee Osbourne Jack Osbourne Kelly Osbourne <Th_colspan="2"> Rob Zombie <Td_colspan="2"> Rob Zombie John 5 Piggy D Ginger Fish Mike Riggs John Tempesta Blasko Tommy Clufetos Joey Jordison Studio albums Hellbilly Deluxe ( 1998 ) The Sinister Urge ( 2001 ) Educated Horses ( 2006 ) Hellbilly Deluxe 2 ( 2010 ) Venomous Rat Regeneration Vendor ( 2013 ) The Electric Warlock Acid Witch Satanic Orgy Celebration Dispenser ( 2016 ) Live albums Zombie Live Spookshow International Live Remix albums American Made Music to Strip By Mondo Sex Head Compilations House of 1000 Corpses Soundtrack Past , Present & Future The Best of Rob Zombie Icon Video albums The Zombie Horror Picture Show Singles `` Dragula '' `` Living Dead Girl '' `` Superbeast '' `` Feel So Numb '' `` Demon Speeding '' `` Two - Lane Blacktop '' `` Foxy Foxy '' `` What ? '' `` Sick Bubblegum '' `` Dead City Radio and the New Gods of Supertown '' `` We 're an American Band '' Promotional singles `` Scum of the Earth '' `` Dead Girl Superstar '' `` Never Gonna Stop ( The Red Red Kroovy ) '' `` American Witch '' `` Let It All Bleed Out '' Other songs `` Hands of Death ( Burn Baby Burn ) '' `` House of 1000 Corpses '' `` The Lords of Salem '' Tours Hellbilly Deluxe 2 World Tour Twins of Evil Tour Filmography House of 1000 Corpses ( 2003 ) The Devil 's Rejects ( 2005 ) Grindhouse ( `` Werewolf Women of the S.S. '' ) ( 2007 ) Halloween ( 2007 ) Halloween II ( 2009 ) The Haunted World of El Superbeasto ( 2009 ) The Lords of Salem ( 2012 ) 31 ( 2016 ) Related articles Discography White Zombie The Electro - Industrial Tribute to Rob Zombie Sheri Moon Zombie Spider One Powerman 5000 <Th_colspan="2"> Alice Cooper <Td_colspan="2"> Alice Cooper Ryan Roxie Chuck Garric Tommy Henriksen Glen Sobel Nita Strauss Original band members Former solo band members Studio albums Pretties for You ( 1969 ) Easy Action ( 1970 ) Love It to Death ( 1971 ) Killer ( 1971 ) School 's Out ( 1972 ) Billion Dollar Babies ( 1973 ) Muscle of Love ( 1973 ) Welcome to My Nightmare ( 1975 ) Alice Cooper Goes to Hell ( 1976 ) Lace and Whiskey ( 1977 ) From the Inside ( 1978 ) Flush the Fashion ( 1980 ) Special Forces ( 1981 ) Zipper Catches Skin ( 1982 ) DaDa ( 1983 ) Constrictor ( 1986 ) Raise Your Fist and Yell ( 1987 ) Trash ( 1989 ) Hey Stoopid ( 1991 ) The Last Temptation ( 1994 ) Brutal Planet ( 2000 ) Dragontown ( 2001 ) The Eyes of Alice Cooper ( 2003 ) Dirty Diamonds ( 2005 ) Along Came a Spider ( 2008 ) Welcome 2 My Nightmare ( 2011 ) Hollywood Vampires ( 2015 , Hollywood Vampires album ) Paranormal ( 2017 ) Live albums The Alice Cooper Show ( 1977 ) Live at the Whiskey a Go - Go , 1969 ( 1987 , recorded 1969 ) A Fistful of Alice ( 1997 ) Brutally Live ( 2000 ) Live at Montreux 2005 ( 2006 ) Singles `` Reflected '' `` I 'm Eighteen '' `` Caught in a Dream '' `` Under My Wheels '' `` Be My Lover '' `` School 's Out '' `` Elected '' `` Hello Hooray '' `` No More Mr. Nice Guy '' `` Billion Dollar Babies '' `` Halo of Flies '' `` Teenage Lament ' 74 '' `` Only Women Bleed '' `` Department of Youth '' `` Welcome to My Nightmare '' `` I Never Cry '' `` You and Me '' `` How You Gonna See Me Now '' `` Clones ( We 're All ) '' `` 7 and 7 Is '' `` I Am the Future '' `` He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) '' `` Teenage Frankenstein '' `` Freedom '' `` Poison '' `` Bed of Nails '' `` House of Fire '' `` Only My Heart Talkin ' '' `` Hey Stoopid '' `` Love 's a Loaded Gun '' `` Feed My Frankenstein '' `` Lost in America '' `` It 's Me '' `` Brutal Planet '' `` Gimme '' `` Keepin ' Halloween Alive '' Compilations and box sets School Days : The Early Recordings ( 1973 ) Greatest Hits ( 1974 ) Prince of Darkness ( 1989 ) The Beast of Alice Cooper ( 1989 ) Science Fiction Classicks ( 1995 ) The Life and Crimes of Alice Cooper ( 1999 ) Mascara and Monsters : The Best of Alice Cooper ( 2001 ) The Definitive Alice Cooper ( 2001 ) The Essentials : Alice Cooper ( 2002 ) Hell Is ( 2002 ) School 's Out and Other Hits ( 2004 ) Videography Good to See You Again , Alice Cooper ( 1974 ) The Nightmare ( 1975 ) Welcome to My Nightmare ( 1976 , filmed 1975 ) Alice Cooper and Friends ( 1978 , filmed 1977 ) The Strange Case of Alice Cooper ( 1979 ) The Nightmare Returns ( 1987 , filmed 1986 ) Alice Cooper Trashes the World ( 1990 , filmed 1989 ) Brutally Live ( 2000 ) Live at Montreux 2005 ( 2006 , filmed 2005 ) Super Duper Alice Cooper ( 2014 , documentary ) Tours Welcome to My Nightmare Tour ( 21.3. 1975 -- 4.4. 1977 ) Theatre of Death Tour ( 31.7. 2009 -- 27.11. 2010 ) Masters of Madness Tour ( 1.6. 2013 -- 21.7. 2013 ) Related articles Discography Filmography Steven Nights with Alice Cooper Solid Rock Foundation The Hollywood Vampires Hollywood Vampires ( band ) <Td_colspan="2"> Book VIAF : 305411558 MusicBrainz : 90f908c5 - 2a81 - 4118 - ac4e - c5d257e31471 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tommy_Clufetos&oldid=823994501 '' Categories : Musicians from Detroit Living people 1979 births Musicians from Michigan People from Rochester , Michigan Rob Zombie members American heavy metal drummers American rock drummers American people of Greek descent Black Sabbath members The Ozzy Osbourne Band members 20th - century American drummers Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 18 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Tommy Clufetos - American session drummer
2. Work with Black Sabbath and Ozzy Osbourne
3. Career with Alice Cooper and Rob Zombie
4. Discography and equipment
5. Tours and live performances
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who sings the song for star trek enterprise
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Faith of the Heart - wikipedia Faith of the Heart <Th_colspan="2"> `` Faith of the Heart '' <Td_colspan="2"> United States single cover <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Rod Stewart <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Patch Adams : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack A-side `` Faith of the Heart '' B - side ' Patch Adams `` Main Title Released 1999 ( 1999 ) Format CD single Genre Pop rock Length 4 : 17 Label Universal Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Guy Roche <Th_colspan="2"> Rod Stewart singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` When We Were the New Boys '' ( 1998 ) `` Faith of the Heart '' ( 1999 ) `` Run Back Into Your Arms '' ( 2000 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` When We Were the New Boys '' ( 1998 ) `` Faith of the Heart '' ( 1999 ) `` Run Back Into Your Arms '' ( 2000 ) `` Faith of the Heart '' is a song written by Diane Warren and performed by Rod Stewart for the soundtrack to the 1998 film Patch Adams . Stewart 's version charted at number 3 on the US Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks and at number 60 on the UK Singles Chart . It was warmly received by critics . The song was later covered in 1999 by Susan Ashton for her album Closer and released as her first single in the country music genre . Although it was expected to do well , it was outperformed by her subsequent single . It was also recorded by English tenor Russell Watson as `` Where My Heart Will Take Me '' in order to be used as a theme to the 2001 television series Star Trek : Enterprise . This version of the single was used on four occasions as wake - up calls onboard Space Shuttle missions , and performed by Watson at the 2002 Commonwealth Games . Watson also recorded a special version of the song to be played for the final wake up of the New Horizons exploration spacecraft on December 6 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development and release 2 Reception 3 Susan Ashton cover version 3.1 Reception 4 Russell Watson cover version 4.1 Development and release 4.2 Reception 4.3 Live performances 5 Charts 5.1 Rod Stewart version 5.2 Susan Ashton version 6 References 7 External links Development and release ( edit ) `` Faith of the Heart '' appeared on the soundtrack to the 1998 film Patch Adams . It was released on the Universal Records label and produced by Guy Roche . The B - side of the release was the main title theme to the film . The song was released less than a month after a separation from his wife Rachel Hunter . Reception ( edit ) The song was most successful in the Billboard Adult Contemporary within the United States , reaching third place in the chart . The performance of the single placed it in twentieth spot on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart for the year end 1999 . William Ruhlmann at the website Allmusic described `` Faith of the Heart '' as a power ballad which is `` a standard effort for its genre '' . Chuck Taylor , reviewed the song for Billboard and said that it was one of Stewart 's `` more enjoyable performances in the last couple of years '' , and thought that the song could have just as easily been sung by Celine Dion or LeAnn Rimes . Susan Ashton cover version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Faith of the Heart '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Susan Ashton <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Closer Released February 23 , 1999 Genre Country music Length 4 : 17 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Emory Gordy , Jr . <Th_colspan="2"> Susan Ashton singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` You Move Me '' ( 1996 ) `` Faith of the Heart '' ( 1999 ) `` You 're Lucky I Love You '' ( 1999 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` You Move Me '' ( 1996 ) `` Faith of the Heart '' ( 1999 ) `` You 're Lucky I Love You '' ( 1999 ) Susan Ashton was previously known for being a singer of contemporary Christian music , but decided to move into the country music genre after signing a deal with Columbia Records . She developed the album Closer , which featured a cover of the Rod Stewart single `` Faith of the Heart '' . It was the first release from the album , but was not as successful as the following single , `` You 're Lucky I Love You '' . She considered between 800 and 1000 songs to appear on the album , reducing the number down to ten . Reception ( edit ) Tim Anderson , writing in his Country Beat column for Yakima Herald - Republic described Susan Ashton 's `` Faith of the Heart '' as `` a definite winner '' but that it `` did take a couple listens to really hook '' him . The release of the single by Ashton was predicted by Brian Mansfield for USA Today as being the first of a career that would increase sales for the country music genre following Aston 's previous success with Christian music . Russell Watson cover version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Where My Heart Will Take Me '' <Th_colspan="2"> Song by Russell Watson <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Encore Released 29 October 2001 Recorded Genre Pop rock Length 4 : 09 Label Decca Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Nick Patrick `` Where My Heart Will Take Me '' is a reworked version of `` Faith of the Heart '' which was performed by English tenor Russell Watson as the theme song to the 2001 television series Star Trek : Enterprise . It was also used on four occasions as wake - up calls on Space Shuttle missions , and was performed by Watson at the 2002 Commonwealth Games . It was poorly received by some Star Trek fans who created petitions and protested against the use of the song as a theme . Development and release ( edit ) It was the first time that an actual vocal theme was used in a Star Trek series . Watson had been approached by the producers of Enterprise and the song 's writer , Diane Warren . As he was a fan of Star Trek and as Warren had already written a song for his second album , he agreed to the proposal . The song was featured on the soundtrack to Enterprise and Watson 's 2002 album , Encore . The song was re-recorded for the third and fourth seasons of Enterprise . The song has been used on four occasions as the music selected for wake - up calls on space missions . The first was on 16 June 2002 for the Space Shuttle Endeavour during mission STS - 111 to the International Space Station . It was again used on 2 August 2005 for mission STS - 114 , the first mission of the Space Shuttle programme following the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster . It was broadcast to the seven crew of the Space Shuttle Discovery , and had been chosen as a surprise for the crew by Deputy Shuttle Programme Manager Wayne Hale . NASA astronaut Richard Mastracchio selected `` Where My Heart Will Take Me '' for broadcast on 9 August 2007 onboard Endeavour for STS - 118 . The final broadcast on board a Space Shuttle was on May 23 , 2009 during STS - 125 , the final Space Shuttle servicing mission to the Hubble Space Telescope . On this occasion it was broadcast to the crew of the Space Shuttle Atlantis . It was the third science fiction themed wake - up call in a row , the previous day having been the Cantina Band composition by John Williams for Star Wars , and two days prior was Alexander Courage 's Theme from Star Trek . Reception ( edit ) Singer Russell Watson said that Enterprise fans would get used to the song being used as a theme to the show . Following the pilot episode of Star Trek : Enterprise , `` Broken Bow '' , and the debut of the song as the series ' theme tune , the reception among Star Trek fans was mostly negative . Such was the response , that online petitions were formed and a protest held outside Paramount Studios against the use of the song . One petition stated that `` We wish to express our unmitigated disgust with the theme song that has been selected for the new ' Enterprise ' series , it is not fit to be scraped off the bottom of a Klingon 's boot . '' Actor Simon Pegg , who played engineer Montgomery Scott in Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness later said that he had never watched Enterprise due to the song , which he described as `` dreadful soft - rock '' and `` probably the most hideous Star Trek moment in history '' . The song was mentioned in the review of the Enterprise first season DVD set by DVD Talk . It was called `` sappy '' , and the reviewer said that it `` never felt appropriate and serves only to undercut the emotional strength of the images on screen '' . Executive producer of Enterprise , Rick Berman , praised the song , saying that it was a song `` that 's got a lot of hopefulness and uplifting qualities to it . And I like it . I 've met a lot of other people who like it , but I 've also heard a tremendous amount of banter about people who do n't . '' Enterprise co-creator Brannon Braga also defended the song , saying of the protest , `` There are some people who love the song and there are people who think it 's cheesy . They came with a petition with 1,000 signatures . But plenty of people find the song very uplifting . '' Watson also said of the response to the song , `` Something new happens , and people are n't quite sure of it . But they 'll get used to it . By the time they 've watched the 20th episode , they 'll be thinking , ' Well , it 's not that bad after all . '' Live performances ( edit ) Russell Watson performed `` Where My Heart Will Take Me '' as part of the opening ceremony of the 2002 Commonwealth Games , alongside a choir . The choir subsequently performed the song at a ceremony to mark the retirement of Bishop Christopher Mayfield from his post as Bishop of Manchester . Charts ( edit ) Rod Stewart version ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position Dutch Single Top 100 99 UK Singles Chart 60 U.S. Adult Contemporary Susan Ashton version ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 71 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 51 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.nasa.gov/newhorizons/on-plutos-doorstep-new-horizons-spacecraft-awakens-for-encounter/index.html ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Original Soundtrack : Patch Adams '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Chuck ( 9 January 1999 ) . `` Reviews & Previews : Singles '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rod Stewart -- Faith Of The Heart '' . Discogs . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Gundersen , Edna ( 8 February 1999 ) . `` Stewart : Vagabond with a broken heart '' . USA Today . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Adult Contemporary '' . Billboard. 27 March 1999 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 The Year in Music '' . Billboard. 25 December 1999 . p. 95 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Samms Rush , Diane ( 31 August 1999 ) . `` Timing Feels Right to Ashton '' . Lakeland Ledger . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Tim ( 17 September 1999 ) . `` Susan Ashton 's Debut is a Winner '' . Yakima Herald - Republic . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 22 January 1999 ) . `` Nashville keeps in tune with new teen spirit '' . USA Today . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Lerner , Neil . `` Tracking the Star Trek Title Themes '' . Music in Science Fiction Television : Tuned to the Future . New York : Routledge : 66 -- 67 . ISBN 978 - 0415641074 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hare , Kate ( 8 November 2001 ) . `` Singer Defends `` Enterprise '' Theme `` . Zap2it . Archived from the original on 23 November 2001 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Release ! '' . GNP Crescendo Record Co . Archived from the original on 2 August 2002 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Schorn , Peter ( September 26 , 2005 ) . `` Star Trek Enterprise - Season Three '' . IGN . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fries , Colin ( 20 May 2013 ) . `` Chronology of Wakeup Calls '' ( PDF ) . NASA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berman Defends ' Faith ' '' . Sci - Fi Wire. 12 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2003 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Hiatt , Brian . `` Sound Trek '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 8 November 2001 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Simon Pegg '' . A.V. Club . Archived from the original on 5 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Trek Enterprise - The Complete First Season '' . DVD Talk . 3 May 2005 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Braga Pleased with ' Enterprise ' Reception '' . TrekNation. 10 October 2001 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Musical farewell to bishop '' . Manchester Evening News . 17 February 2007 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rod Stewart - Faith of the Heart '' . dutchcharts.nl . Archived from the original on 17 June 2013 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Search Results : Faith of the Heart '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 7470 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . March 8 , 1999 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Ashton Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Rod Stewart singles 1970s `` It 's All Over Now '' ( 1970 ) `` Reason to Believe '' / `` Maggie May '' ( 1971 ) `` Every Picture Tells a Story '' / `` Reason to Believe '' ( 1971 ) Spain only `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' / `` Mandolin Wind '' ( 1971 ) `` Handbags and Gladrags '' ( 1972 ) `` You Wear It Well '' ( 1972 ) `` Angel '' ( 1972 ) `` What 's Made Milwaukee Famous ( Has Made a Loser Out of Me ) '' ( 1972 ) `` Twistin ' the Night Away '' ( 1973 , 1987 ) `` Oh ! No Not My Baby '' ( 1973 ) `` Farewell '' / `` You Send Me '' ( 1973 ) `` Mine for Me '' ( 1974 ) `` You Can Make Me Dance , Sing or Anything '' ( 1974 ) Stewart / Faces `` Sailing '' ( 1975 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine '' ( 1975 ) `` Tonight 's the Night '' ( 1976 ) `` The Killing of Georgie '' ( 1976 ) `` Get Back '' ( 1976 ) `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' ( 1977 ) `` I Do n't Want to Talk About It '' ( 1977 , 1990 ) `` You 're in My Heart ( The Final Acclaim ) '' ( 1978 ) `` Hot Legs '' ( 1978 ) `` I Was Only Joking '' ( 1978 ) `` Da Ya Think I 'm Sexy ? '' ( 1978 , 1997 ) `` Ai n't Love a Bitch '' ( 1979 ) `` Blondes ( Have More Fun ) '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' ( 1980 ) `` Passion '' ( 1980 ) `` Tonight , I 'm Yours ( Do n't Hurt Me ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Young Turks '' ( 1982 ) `` How Long '' ( 1982 ) `` Baby Jane '' ( 1983 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1983 ) `` Infatuation '' ( 1984 ) `` Some Guys Have All the Luck '' ( 1984 ) `` All Right Now '' ( 1984 ) `` People Get Ready '' ( 1985 , 1991 , 1993 ) Stewart / Beck `` Love Touch '' ( 1986 ) `` In My Life '' ( 1987 ) `` Forever Young '' ( 1988 ) `` My Heart Ca n't Tell You No '' ( 1988 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine ( Is Weak for You ) '' ( 1989 ) Stewart / Isley `` Downtown Train '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` It Takes Two '' ( 1990 ) Stewart / Turner `` Rhythm of My Heart '' ( 1991 ) `` The Motown Song '' ( 1991 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1993 ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' ( 1993 ) `` Reason to Believe '' ( unplugged , 1993 ) `` All for Love '' ( 1993 ) Stewart / Adams / Sting `` Leave Virginia Alone '' ( 1995 ) `` Lady Luck '' ( 1996 ) `` Ooh La La '' ( 1998 ) `` Rocks '' ( 1998 ) `` Cigarettes and Alcohol '' ( 1998 ) `` Faith of the Heart '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` These Foolish Things '' ( 2002 ) `` They Ca n't Take That Away from Me '' ( 2003 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 2003 ) `` What a Wonderful World '' ( 2004 ) `` Blue Moon '' ( 2004 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' ( 2006 ) `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' ( 2006 ) 2010s `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! '' ( 2012 ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' ( 2012 ) `` Everyday '' ( 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Star Trek : Enterprise Primary characters Jonathan Archer Travis Mayweather Phlox Malcolm Reed Hoshi Sato T'Pol Trip Tucker Episodes Season 1 Other topics Awards Cast Enterprise ( NX - 01 ) Novels Recurring characters Soundtrack Theme song Russell Watson Xindi <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faith_of_the_Heart&oldid=849446648 '' Categories : 1999 singles Rod Stewart songs Songs written by Diane Warren Songs written for films Susan Ashton songs Rock ballads Music based on Star Trek 1998 songs Television theme songs 1990s ballads Star Trek : Enterprise Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 02 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. "Faith of the Heart" - Rod Stewart's song for the Patch Adams soundtrack
2. Susan Ashton's cover version of "Faith of the Heart"
3. Russell Watson's cover version of "Faith of the Heart" for Star Trek: Enterprise
4. Reception and charts for Rod Stewart, Susan Ashton, and Russell Watson's versions
5. Controversy and fan response to Russell Watson's version of "Faith of the
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-1,798,856,058,633,363,700 |
what is the name of a phanerozoic era that means ancient life
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Phanerozoic - wikipedia Phanerozoic <Td_colspan="2"> Phanerozoic Eon 541 -- 0 million years ago <Td_colspan="2"> The geological eons and eras view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- Hadean Archean Proterozoic Phanerozoic Eo Paleo Meso Neo Paleo Meso Neo Paleo Meso Ceno Scale : millions of years The Phanerozoic Eon is the current geologic eon in the geologic time scale , and the one during which abundant animal and plant life has existed . It covers 541 million years to the present , and began with the Cambrian Period when diverse hard - shelled animals first appeared . Its name was derived from the Ancient Greek words φανερός ( phanerós ) and ζωή ( zōḗ ) , meaning visible life , since it was once believed that life began in the Cambrian , the first period of this eon . The term `` Phanerozoic '' was coined in 1930 by the American geologist George Halcott Chadwick ( 1876 -- 1953 ) . The time before the Phanerozoic , called the Precambrian , is now divided into the Hadean , Archaean and Proterozoic eons . The time span of the Phanerozoic starts with what appears to be the rapid emergence of a number of animal phyla ; the evolution of those phyla into diverse forms ; the emergence and development of complex plants ; the evolution of fish ; the emergence of insects and tetrapods ; and the development of modern fauna . Plant life on land appeared in the early Phanerozoic eon . During this time span , tectonic forces caused the continents to move and eventually collect into a single landmass known as Pangaea ( the most recent supercontinent ) , which then separated into the current continental landmasses . Contents 1 Proterozoic - Phanerozoic boundary 2 Eras of the Phanerozoic 2.1 Paleozoic Era 2.1. 1 Cambrian Period 2.1. 2 Ordovician Period 2.1. 3 Silurian Period 2.1. 4 Devonian Period 2.1. 5 Carboniferous Period 2.1. 6 Permian Period 2.2 Mesozoic Era 2.2. 1 Triassic Period 2.2. 2 Jurassic Period 2.2. 3 Cretaceous Period 2.3 Cenozoic Era 2.3. 1 Paleogene Period 2.3. 2 Neogene Period 2.3. 3 Quaternary Period 3 Biodiversity 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Proterozoic - Phanerozoic boundary ( edit ) Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Arthropods Molluscs Plants Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers Birds Primates ← Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Sexual reproduction ← Earliest plants ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Tetrapoda ← Earliest apes h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Ice_Ages Axis scale : million years Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Proterozoic - Phanerozoic boundary is at 541 million years ago . In the 19th century , the boundary was set at time of appearance of the first abundant animal ( metazoan ) fossils but several hundred groups ( taxa ) of metazoa of the earlier Proterozoic era have been identified since the systematic study of those forms started in the 1950s . Most geologists and paleontologists would probably set the Proterozoic - Phanerozoic boundary either at the classic point where the first trilobites and reef - building animals ( archaeocyatha ) such as corals and others appear ; at the first appearance of a complex feeding burrow called Treptichnus pedum ; or at the first appearance of a group of small , generally disarticulated , armored forms termed ' the small shelly fauna ' . The three different dividing points are within a few million years of each other . In the older literature , the term Phanerozoic is generally used as a label for the time period of interest to paleontologists , but that use of the term seems to be falling into disuse in more modern literature . Eras of the Phanerozoic ( edit ) The Phanerozoic is divided into three eras : the Paleozoic , Mesozoic , and Cenozoic , which are further subdivided into 12 periods . The Paleozoic features the rise of fish , amphibians and reptiles . The Mesozoic is ruled by the reptiles , and features the evolution of mammals , birds and more famously , dinosaurs . The Cenozoic is the time of the mammals , and more recently , humans . Paleozoic Era ( edit ) Main article : Paleozoic The Paleozoic is a time in Earth 's history when complex life forms evolved , took their first breath of oxygen on dry land , and when the forerunners of all life on Earth began to diversify . There are six periods in the Paleozoic era : Cambrian , Ordovician , Silurian , Devonian , Carboniferous and Permian . Cambrian period ( edit ) Main article : Cambrian Trilobites The Cambrian is the first period of the Paleozoic Era and starts from 541 to 485 million years ago . The Cambrian sparked a rapid expansion in evolution in an event known as the Cambrian Explosion during which the greatest number of creatures evolved in a single period in the history of Earth . Plants like algae evolved , and the fauna was dominated by armored arthropods , such as trilobites . Almost all marine phyla evolved in this period . During this time , the super-continent Pannotia began to break up , most of which later recombined into the super-continent Gondwana . Ordovician period ( edit ) Main article : Ordovician Cephalaspis , a jawless fish The Ordovician spans from 485 million years to 440 million years ago . The Ordovician was a time in Earth 's history in which many species still prevalent today evolved , such as primitive fish , cephalopods , and coral . The most common forms of life , however , were trilobites , snails and shellfish . More importantly , the first arthropods crept ashore to colonize Gondwana , a continent empty of animal life . By the end of the Ordovician , Gondwana had moved from the equator to the South Pole , and Laurentia had collided with Baltica , closing the Iapetus Ocean . The glaciation of Gondwana resulted in a major drop in sea level , killing off all life that had established along its coast . Glaciation caused a snowball Earth , leading to the Ordovician - Silurian extinction , during which 60 % of marine invertebrates and 25 % of families became extinct . This is considered the first mass extinction and the second deadliest in the history of Earth . Silurian period ( edit ) Main article : Silurian The Silurian spans from 440 million years to 415 million years ago , which saw a warming from Snowball Earth . This period saw the mass evolution of fish , as jaw-less fish became more numerous , jawed fish evolved , and the first freshwater fish evolved , though arthropods , such as sea scorpions , remained the apex predators . Fully terrestrial life evolved , which included early arachnids , fungi , and centipedes . The evolution of vascular plants ( Cooksonia ) allowed plants to gain a foothold on land . These early terrestrial plants are the forerunners of all plant life on land . During this time , there were four continents : Gondwana ( Africa , South America , Australia , Antarctica , India ) , Laurentia ( North America with parts of Europe ) , Baltica ( the rest of Europe ) , and Siberia ( Northern Asia ) . The recent rise in sea levels provided new habitats for many new species . Devonian period ( edit ) Main article : Devonian Eogyrinus ( an amphibian ) of the Carboniferous The Devonian spans from 415 million years to 360 million years ago . Also known as the `` Age of the Fish '' , the Devonian features a huge diversification in fish , including armored fish like Dunkleosteus and lobe - finned fish which eventually evolved into the first tetrapods . On land , plant groups diversified incredibly in an event known as the Devonian Explosion during which the first trees evolved , as well as seeds . This event also allowed the diversification of arthropod life as they took advantage of the new habitat . The first amphibians also evolved , and the fish were now at the top of the food chain . Near the end of the Devonian , 70 % of all species became extinct in an event known as the Late Devonian extinction , which is the second mass extinction known to have happened . Carboniferous period ( edit ) Main article : Carboniferous Dimetrodon The Carboniferous spans from 360 million to 300 million years ago . During this period , average global temperatures were exceedingly high : the early Carboniferous averaged at about 20 degrees Celsius ( but cooled to 10 degrees during the Middle Carboniferous ) . Tropical swamps dominated the Earth , and the large amounts of trees created much of the carbon that became coal deposits ( hence the name Carboniferous ) . The high oxygen levels caused by these swamps allowed massive arthropods , normally limited in size by their respiratory systems , to proliferate . Perhaps the most important evolutionary development of the time was the evolution of amniotic eggs , which allowed amphibians to move farther inland and remain the dominant vertebrates throughout the period . Also , the first reptiles and synapsids evolved in the swamps . Throughout the Carboniferous , there was a cooling pattern , which eventually led to the glaciation of Gondwana as much of it was situated around the south pole , in an event known as the Permo - Carboniferous glaciation or the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse . Permian period ( edit ) Main article : Permian The Permian spans from 300 million to 250 million years ago and was the last period of the Paleozoic Era . At its beginning , all continents came together to form the super-continent Pangaea , surrounded by one ocean called Panthalassa . The Earth was very dry during this time , with harsh seasons , as the climate of the interior of Pangaea was n't regulated by large bodies of water . Reptiles and synapsids flourished in the new dry climate . Creatures such as Dimetrodon and Edaphosaurus ruled the new continent . The first conifers evolved , then dominated the terrestrial landscape . Nearing the end of the period , Scutosaurus and gorgonopsids filled the empty desert . Eventually , they disappeared , along with 95 % of all life on Earth in an event simply known as `` the Great Dying '' , the world 's third mass extinction event and the largest in its history . Mesozoic Era ( edit ) Main article : Mesozoic The Mesozoic ranges from 252 million to 66 million years ago . Also known as `` the Age of the dinosaurs '' , the Mesozoic features the rise of reptiles on their 150 million year conquest of the Earth on the land , in the seas , and in the air . There are three periods in the Mesozoic : Triassic , Jurassic , and Cretaceous . Triassic period ( edit ) Main article : Triassic The Triassic ranges from 250 million to 200 million years ago . The Triassic is a desolate transitional time in Earth 's history between the Permian Extinction and the lush Jurassic Period . It has three major epochs : Early Triassic , Middle Triassic and Late Triassic . The Early Triassic lasted between 250 million to 247 million years ago , and was dominated by deserts as Pangaea had not yet broken up , thus the interior was arid . The Earth had just witnessed a massive die - off in which 95 % of all life became extinct . The most common life on Earth were Lystrosaurus , labyrinthodonts , and Euparkeria along with many other creatures that managed to survive the Great Dying . Temnospondyli evolved during this time and would be the dominant predator for much of the Triassic . Plateosaurus ( a prosauropod ) The Middle Triassic spans from 247 million to 237 million years ago . The Middle Triassic featured the beginnings of the breakup of Pangaea , and the beginning of the Tethys Sea . The ecosystem had recovered from the devastation of the Great Dying . Phytoplankton , coral , and crustaceans all had recovered , and the reptiles began increasing in size . New aquatic reptiles , such as ichthyosaurs and nothosaurs , evolved . Meanwhile , on land , pine forests flourished , as well as mosquitoes and fruit flies . The first ancient crocodilians evolved , which sparked competition with the large amphibians that had long ruled the freshwater world . The Late Triassic spans from 237 million to 200 million years ago . Following the bloom of the Middle Triassic , the Late Triassic featured frequent rises of temperature , as well as moderate precipitation ( 10 - 20 inches per year ) . The recent warming led to a boom of reptilian evolution on land as the first true dinosaurs evolved , as well as pterosaurs . The climactic change , however , resulted in a large die - out known as the Triassic - Jurassic extinction event , in which all archosaurs ( excluding ancient crocodiles ) , synapsids , and almost all large amphibians became extinct , as well as 34 % of marine life in the fourth mass extinction event . The extinction 's cause is debated . Jurassic period ( edit ) Main article : Jurassic Rhamphorhynchus The Jurassic ranges from 200 million to 145 million years ago , and features three major epochs : Early Jurassic , Middle Jurassic , and Late Jurassic . The Early Jurassic Epoch spans from 200 million to 175 million years ago . The climate was much more humid than the Triassic , and as a result , the world was very tropical . In the oceans , plesiosaurs , ichthyosaurs and ammonites dominated the seas . On land , dinosaurs and other reptiles dominated the land , with species such as Dilophosaurus at the apex . The first true crocodiles evolved , pushing the large amphibians to near extinction . The reptiles rose to rule the world . Meanwhile , the first true mammals evolved , but never exceeded the height of a shrew . The Middle Jurassic Epoch spans from 175 million to 163 million years ago . During this epoch , reptiles flourished as huge herds of sauropods , such as Brachiosaurus and Diplodicus , filled the fern prairies of the Middle Jurassic . Many other predators rose as well , such as Allosaurus . Conifer forests made up a large portion of the world 's forests . In the oceans , plesiosaurs were quite common , and ichthyosaurs were flourishing . This epoch was the peak of the reptiles . Artist 's 1901 depiction of a Stegosaurus ( inaccurately portrayed with a dragging tail ) . The Late Jurassic Epoch spans from 163 million to 145 million years ago . The Late Jurassic featured a massive extinction of sauropods and ichthyosaurs due to the separation of Pangaea into Laurasia and Gondwana in an extinction known as the Jurassic - Cretaceous extinction . Sea levels rose , destroying fern prairies and creating shallows . Ichthyosaurs became extinct whereas sauropods , as a whole , did not ; in fact , some species , like Titanosaurus , lived until the K-T extinction . The increase in sea - levels opened up the Atlantic sea way which would continue to get larger over time . The divided world would give opportunity for the diversification of new dinosaurs . Cretaceous period ( edit ) Main article : Cretaceous The Cretaceous is the longest period in the Mesozoic , spans from 145 million to 66 million years ago , and is divided into two epochs : Early Cretaceous , and Late Cretaceous . Tylosaurus ( a mosasaur ) hunting Xiphactinus The Early Cretaceous Epoch spans from 145 million to 100 million years ago . The Early Cretaceous saw the expansion of seaways , and as a result , the decline and extinction of sauropods ( except in South America ) . Many coastal shallows were created , and that caused ichthyosaurs to die out . Mosasaurs evolved to replace them as apex species of the seas . Some island - hopping dinosaurs , like Eustreptospondylus , evolved to cope with the coastal shallows and small islands of ancient Europe . Other dinosaurs , such as Carcharodontosaurus and Spinosaurus , rose to fill the empty space that the Jurassic - Cretaceous extinction had created . Of the most successful would be the Iguanodon which spread to every continent . Seasons came back into effect and the poles grew seasonally colder . Dinosaurs such as the Leaellynasaura inhabited the polar forests year - round , while many dinosaurs , such as the Muttaburrasaurus , migrated there during summer . Since it was too cold for crocodiles , it was the last stronghold for large amphibians , such as the Koolasuchus . Pterosaurs grew larger as species like Tapejara and Ornithocheirus evolved . More importantly , the first true birds evolved sparking competition between them and the pterosaurs . The Late Cretaceous Epoch spans from 100 million to 65 million years ago . The Late Cretaceous featured a cooling trend that would continue into the Cenozoic Era . Eventually , tropical ecology was restricted to the equator and areas beyond the tropic lines featured extreme seasonal changes of weather . Dinosaurs still thrived as new species such as Tyrannosaurus , Ankylosaurus , Triceratops and Hadrosaurs dominated the food web . Pterosaurs , however , were going into a decline as birds took to the skies . The last pterosaur to die off was Quetzalcoatlus . Marsupials evolved within the large conifer forests as scavengers . In the oceans , Mosasaurs ruled the seas to fill the role of the ichthyosaurs , and huge plesiosaurs , such as Elasmosaurus , evolved . Also , the first flowering plants evolved . At the end of the Cretaceous , the Deccan Traps and other volcanic eruptions were poisoning the atmosphere . As this was continued , it is thought that a large meteor smashed into Earth , creating the Chicxulub Crater creating the event known as the K-T Extinction , the fifth and most recent mass extinction event , during which 75 % of life on Earth became extinct , including all non-avian dinosaurs . Every living thing with a body mass over 10 kilograms became extinct , and the age of the dinosaurs came to an end . Cenozoic Era ( edit ) Main article : Cenozoic The Cenozoic featured the rise of mammals as the dominant class of animals , as the end of the age of the dinosaurs left significant evolutionary vacuums . There are three divisions of the Cenozoic : Paleogene , Neogene and Quaternary . Paleogene period ( edit ) Main article : Paleogene The Paleogene spans from the extinction of the dinosaurs , some 66 million years ago , to the dawn of the Neogene 23 million years ago . It features three epochs : Paleocene , Eocene and Oligocene . Basilosaurus ( a whale , despite the name ) The Paleocene Epoch began with the K-T extinction event caused by the impact of a metorite in the area of present - day Yucatan Peninsula and caused the destruction of 75 % of all species on Earth . The Early Paleocene saw the recovery of the Earth from that event . The continents began to take their modern shape , but all continents ( and India ) were separated from each other . Afro - Eurasia was separated by the Tethys Sea , and the Americas were separated by the strait of Panama , as the Isthmus of Panama had not yet formed . This epoch featured a general warming trend , and jungles eventually reached the poles . The oceans were dominated by sharks as the large reptiles that had once ruled became extinct . Archaic mammals , such as creodonts and early primates that evolved during the Mesozoic filled the world . During this time there were no land creatures over 10 kilograms . Mammals were still quite small . The Eocene Epoch ranged from 56 million to 34 million years ago . In the early Eocene , land animals were small and living in cramped jungles , much like the Paleocene . None had a mass over 10 kilograms . Among them were early primates , whales and horses along with many other early forms of mammals . At the top of the food chains were huge birds , such as Gastornis . It is the only time in recorded history that birds ruled the world ( excluding their ancestors , the dinosaurs ) . The temperature was 30 degrees Celsius with little temperature gradient from pole to pole . In the Middle Eocene Epoch , the circum - Antarctic current between Australia and Antarctica formed which disrupted ocean currents worldwide , resulting in global cooling , and caused the jungles to shrink . This allowed mammals to grow ; some such as whales to mammoth proportions , which were , by now , almost fully aquatic . Mammals like Andrewsarchus were now at the top of the food - chain and sharks were replaced by Basilosaurus , whales , as rulers of the seas . The late Eocene Epoch saw the rebirth of seasons , which caused the expansion of savanna - like areas , along with the evolution of grass . The Oligocene Epoch spans from 33 million to 23 million years ago . The Oligocene featured the expansion of grass which had led to many new species to take advantage , including the first elephants , cats , dogs , marsupials and many other species still prevalent today . Many other species of plants evolved during this epoch also , such as the evergreen trees . The long term cooling continued and seasonal rains patterns established . Mammals continued to grow larger . Paraceratherium , the largest land mammal to ever live evolved during this epoch , along with many other perissodactyls in an event known as the Eocene -- Oligocene extinction event ( Grand Coupure ) . Neogene period ( edit ) Main article : Neogene Animals of the Miocene ( Chalicotherium , Hyenadon , entelodont ) The Neogene spans from 23.03 million to 2.58 million years ago . It features 2 epochs : the Miocene , and the Pliocene . The Miocene spans from 23.03 to 5.333 million years ago and is a period in which grass spread further across , effectively dominating a large portion of the world , diminishing forests in the process . Kelp forests evolved , leading to the evolution of new species , such as sea otters . During this time , perissodactyla thrived , and evolved into many different varieties . Alongside them were the apes , which evolved into a 30 species . Overall , arid and mountainous land dominated most of the world , as did grazers . The Tethys Sea finally closed with the creation of the Arabian Peninsula and in its wake left the Black , Red , Mediterranean and Caspian Seas . This only increased aridity . Many new plants evolved , and 95 % of modern seed plants evolved in the mid-Miocene . The Pliocene lasted from 5.333 to 2.58 million years ago . The Pliocene featured dramatic climactic changes , which ultimately led to modern species and plants . The Mediterranean Sea dried up for several million years . Along with these major geological events , Australopithecus evolved in Africa , beginning the human branch . The isthmus of Panama formed , and animals migrated between North and South America , wreaking havoc on the local ecology . Climatic changes brought savannas that are still continuing to spread across the world , Indian monsoons , deserts in East Asia , and the beginnings of the Sahara desert . The Earth 's continents and seas moved into their present shapes . The world map has not changed much since , save for changes brought about by the glaciations of the Quaternary , such as the Great Lakes . Quaternary period ( edit ) Main article : Quaternary The Quaternary spans from 2.58 million years ago to present day , and is the shortest geological period in the Phanerozoic Eon . It features modern animals , and dramatic changes in the climate . It is divided into two epochs : the Pleistocene and the Holocene . Megafauna of the Pleistocene ( mammoths , cave lions , woolly rhino , reindeer , horses ) The Pleistocene lasted from 2.58 million to 11,700 years ago . This epoch was marked by ice ages as a result of the cooling trend that started in the Mid-Eocene . There were at least four separate glaciation periods marked by the advance of ice caps as far south as 40 degrees N latitude in mountainous areas . Meanwhile , Africa experienced a trend of desiccation which resulted in the creation of the Sahara , Namib , and Kalahari deserts . Many animals evolved including mammoths , giant ground sloths , dire wolves , saber - toothed cats , and most famously Homo sapiens . 100,000 years ago marked the end of one of the worst droughts of Africa , and led to the expansion of primitive man . As the Pleistocene drew to a close , a major extinction wiped out much of the world 's megafauna , including some of the hominid species , such as Neanderthals . All the continents were affected , but Africa to a lesser extent . That continent retains many large animals , such as hippos . The Holocene began 11,700 years ago and lasts until to present day . All recorded history and `` the history of the world '' lies within the boundaries of the Holocene epoch . Human activity is blamed for a mass extinction that began roughly 10,000 years ago , though the species becoming extinct have only been recorded since the Industrial Revolution . This is sometimes referred to as the `` Sixth Extinction '' . More than 322 species have become extinct due to human activity since the Industrial Revolution . Biodiversity ( edit ) During the Phanerozoic , biodiversity shows a steady but not monotonic increase from near zero to several thousands of genera . It has been demonstrated that changes in biodiversity through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model ( widely used in demography and macrosociology ) than with exponential and logistic models ( traditionally used in population biology and extensively applied to fossil biodiversity as well ) . The latter models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first - order positive feedback ( more ancestors , more descendants ) or a negative feedback that arises from resource limitation , or both . The hyperbolic model implies a second - order positive feedback . The hyperbolic pattern of the human population growth arises from a second - order positive feedback , caused by the interaction of the population size and the rate of technological growth . The character of biodiversity growth in the Phanerozoic Eon can be similarly accounted for by a feedback between the diversity and community structure complexity . It is suggested that the similarity between the curves of biodiversity and human population probably comes from the fact that both are derived from the superposition on the hyperbolic trend of cyclical and random dynamics . See also ( edit ) Paleoclimatology Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Phanerozoic '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Phanerozoic '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Jump up ^ There are several ways of pronouncing Phanerozoic , including / ˌfænərəˈzoʊɪk , ˌfænrə - , - roʊ - / . Jump up ^ Cohen , K.M. ; Finney , S.C. ; Gibbard , P.L. ; Fan , J. - X . ( 2013 ) . `` International Chronostratigraphic Chart v 2015 / 01 '' ( PDF ) . Episodes 36 : 199 - 204 . International Commission on Stratigraphy . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Harland , B. et al. , eds. ( 1990 ) . A geologic timescale 1989 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 38361 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Phanerozoic Eon geochronology '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 2018 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ University of California . `` Paleozoic '' . University of California . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ University of California . `` Cambrian '' . University of California . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ University of California . `` Ordovician '' . University of California . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ University of California . `` Silurian '' . University of California . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ University of California . `` Devonian '' . University of California . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Monte Hieb . `` Carboniferous Era '' . unknown . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ University of California . `` Carboniferous '' . University of California . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Natural History Museum . `` The Great Dying '' . Natural History Museum . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ University of California . `` Permian Era '' . University of California . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Alan Logan . `` Triassic '' . University of New Brunswick . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Alan Kazlev . `` Early Triassic '' . unknown . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Rubidge . `` Middle Triassic '' . unknown . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Graham Ryder ; David Fastovsky & Stefan Gartner . `` Late Triassic Extinction '' . Geological Society of America . Jump up ^ Enchanted Learning . `` Late Triassic life '' . Enchanted Learning . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Carol Marie Tang . `` Jurassic Era '' . California Academy of Sciences . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Alan Kazlev . `` Early Jurassic '' . unknown . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Enchanted Learning . `` Middle Jurassic '' . Enchanted Learning . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bob Strauss . `` Cretaceous sauropods '' . author . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Carl Fred Koch . `` Cretaceous '' . Old Dominion University . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ University of California . `` Cretaceous '' . University of California . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Howell . `` K-T Extinction event '' . Universe Today . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . `` Paleocene '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ University of California . `` Eocene Epoch '' . University of California . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ University of California . `` Eocene Climate '' . University of California . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ National Geographic Society . `` Eocene '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ University of California . `` Oligocene '' . University of California . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . `` Neogene '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ University of California . `` Miocene '' . University of California . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ University of California . `` Pliocene '' . University of California . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Adams . `` Pliocene climate '' . Oak Ridge National Library . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ University of California . `` Pleistocene '' . University of California . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ University of California . `` Holocene '' . University of California . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Scientific American . `` Sixth Extinction extinctions '' . Scientific American . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ IUCN . `` Sixth Extinction '' . IUCN . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : See , e.g. , Markov , A. ; Korotayev , A. ( 2008 ) . `` Hyperbolic growth of marine and continental biodiversity through the Phanerozoic and community evolution '' . Zhurnal Obshchei Biologii ( Journal of General Biology ) . 69 ( 3 ) : 175 -- 194 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 25 . References ( edit ) Markov , Alexander V. ; Korotayev , Andrey V. ( 2007 ) . `` Phanerozoic marine biodiversity follows a hyperbolic trend '' . Palaeoworld. 16 ( 4 ) : 311 -- 318 . doi : 10.1016 / j. palwor. 2007.01. 002 . Miller , K.G. ; Kominz , M.A. ; Browning , J.V. ; Wright , J.D. ; Mountain , G.S. ; Katz , M.E. ; Sugarman , P.J. ; Cramer , B.S. ; Christie - Blick , N ; Pekar , S.F. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` The Phanerozoic record of global sea - level change '' ( PDF ) . Science . 310 ( 5752 ) : 1293 -- 1298 . Bibcode : 2005Sci ... 310.1293 M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1116412 . PMID 16311326 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Phanerozoic at Wikimedia Commons <Th_colspan="2"> Geologic history of Earth Cenozoic era1 ( present -- 66.0 Mya ) Quaternary ( present -- 2.588 Mya ) Holocene ( present -- 11.784 kya ) Pleistocene ( 11.784 kya -- 2.588 Mya ) Neogene ( 2.588 -- 23.03 Mya ) Pliocene ( 2.588 -- 5.333 Mya ) Miocene ( 5.333 -- 23.03 Mya ) Paleogene ( 23.03 -- 66.0 Mya ) Oligocene ( 23.03 -- 33.9 Mya ) Eocene ( 33.9 -- 56.0 Mya ) Paleocene ( 56.0 -- 66.0 Mya ) Mesozoic era1 ( 66.0 -- 251.902 Mya ) Cretaceous ( 66.0 -- 145.0 Mya ) Late ( 66.0 -- 100.5 Mya ) Early ( 100.5 -- 145.0 Mya ) Jurassic ( 145.0 -- 201.3 Mya ) Late ( 145.0 -- 163.5 Mya ) Middle ( 163.5 -- 174.1 Mya ) Early ( 174.1 -- 201.3 Mya ) Triassic ( 201.3 -- 251.902 Mya ) Late ( 201.3 -- 237 Mya ) Middle ( 237 -- 247.2 Mya ) Early ( 247.2 -- 251.902 Mya ) Paleozoic era1 ( 251.902 -- 541.0 Mya ) Permian ( 251.902 -- 298.9 Mya ) Lopingian ( 251.902 -- 259.8 Mya ) Guadalupian ( 259.8 -- 272.3 Mya ) Cisuralian ( 272.3 -- 298.9 Mya ) Carboniferous ( 298.9 -- 358.9 Mya ) Pennsylvanian ( 298.9 -- 323.2 Mya ) Mississippian ( 323.2 -- 358.9 Mya ) Devonian ( 358.9 -- 419.2 Mya ) Late ( 358.9 -- 382.7 Mya ) Middle ( 382.7 -- 393.3 Mya ) Early ( 393.3 -- 419.2 Mya ) Silurian ( 419.2 -- 443.8 Mya ) Pridoli ( 419.2 -- 423.0 Mya ) Ludlow ( 423.0 -- 427.4 Mya ) Wenlock ( 427.4 -- 433.4 Mya ) Llandovery ( 433.4 -- 443.8 Mya ) Ordovician ( 443.8 -- 485.4 Mya ) Late ( 443.8 -- 458.4 Mya ) Middle ( 458.4 -- 470.0 Mya ) Early ( 470.0 -- 485.4 Mya ) Cambrian ( 485.4 -- 541.0 Mya ) Furongian ( 485.4 -- 497 Mya ) Series 3 ( 497 -- 509 Mya ) Series 2 ( 509 -- 521 Mya ) Terreneuvian ( 521 -- 541.0 Mya ) Proterozoic eon2 ( 541.0 Mya -- 2.5 Gya ) Neoproterozoic era ( 541.0 Mya -- 1 Gya ) Ediacaran ( 541.0 -- ~ 635 Mya ) Cryogenian ( ~ 635 -- ~ 720 Mya ) Tonian ( ~ 720 Mya -- 1 Gya ) Mesoproterozoic era ( 1 -- 1.6 Gya ) Stenian ( 1 -- 1.2 Gya ) Ectasian ( 1.2 -- 1.4 Gya ) Calymmian ( 1.4 -- 1.6 Gya ) Paleoproterozoic era ( 1.6 -- 2.5 Gya ) Statherian ( 1.6 -- 1.8 Gya ) Orosirian ( 1.8 -- 2.05 Gya ) Rhyacian ( 2.05 -- 2.3 Gya ) Siderian ( 2.3 -- 2.5 Gya ) Archean eon2 ( 2.5 -- 4 Gya ) Eras Neoarchean ( 2.5 -- 2.8 Gya ) Mesoarchean ( 2.8 -- 3.2 Gya ) Paleoarchean ( 3.2 -- 3.6 Gya ) Eoarchean ( 3.6 -- 4 Gya ) Hadean eon2 ( 4 -- 4.6 Gya ) <Td_colspan="2"> kya = thousands years ago . Mya = millions years ago . Gya = billions years ago. 1 = Phanerozoic eon. 2 = Precambrian supereon . Source : ( 2017 / 02 ) . International Commission on Stratigraphy . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Divisions of Geologic Time -- Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units USGS Retrieved 10 March 2013 . <Th_colspan="2"> Evolutionary biology <Td_colspan="2"> Evolutionary history of life Index of evolutionary biology articles Introduction Outline of evolution Timeline of evolution Evolution Abiogenesis Adaptation Adaptive radiation Cladistics Coevolution Common descent Convergence Divergence Earliest known life forms Evidence of evolution Extinction Event Gene - centered view Homology Last universal common ancestor Macroevolution Microevolution Origin of life Panspermia Parallel evolution Prehistoric Autopsy Speciation Taxonomy Population genetics Biodiversity Gene flow Genetic drift Mutation Natural selection Variation Development Canalisation Evolutionary developmental biology Inversion Modularity Phenotypic plasticity Of taxa Birds origin Brachiopods Molluscs Cephalopods Dinosaurs Fish Fungi Insects butterflies Life Mammals cats canids wolves dogs hyenas dolphins and whales horses primates humans lemurs sea cows Plants Reptiles Spiders Tetrapods Viruses influenza Of organs Cell DNA Flagella Eukaryotes symbiogenesis chromosome endomembrane system mitochondria nucleus plastids In animals eye hair auditory ossicle nervous system brain Of processes Aging Death Programmed cell death Avian flight Biological complexity Cooperation Color vision in primates Emotion Empathy Ethics Eusociality Immune system Metabolism Monogamy Morality Mosaic evolution Multicellularity Sexual reproduction Gamete differentiation / sexes Life cycles / nuclear phases Mating types Meiosis Sex - determination Snake venom Tempo and modes Gradualism / Punctuated equilibrium / Saltationism Micromutation / Macromutation Uniformitarianism / Catastrophism Speciation Allopatric Anagenesis Catagenesis Cladogenesis Cospeciation Ecological Hybrid Parapatric Peripatric Reinforcement Sympatric History Renaissance and Enlightenment Transmutation of species Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species History of paleontology Transitional fossil Blending inheritance Mendelian inheritance The eclipse of Darwinism Modern synthesis History of molecular evolution Extended evolutionary synthesis Philosophy Darwinism Alternatives Catastrophism Lamarckism Orthogenesis Mutationism Saltationism Structuralism Spandrel Theistic Vitalism Teleology in biology Related Biogeography Ecological genetics Molecular evolution Phylogenetics Tree Polymorphism Protocell Systematics <Td_colspan="2"> Commons Portal WikiProject GND : 4174120 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phanerozoic&oldid=853550087 '' Categories : Phanerozoic Geological eons Geological history of Earth Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 15 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Phanerozoic Eon
2. Geological time scale
3. Evolution of life
4. Paleozoic Era
5. Mesozoic Era
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minister of state for immigration and ethnic affairs v teoh summary
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Minister of State for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh - Wikipedia Minister of State for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Minister of State for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh <Td_colspan="2"> Court High Court of Australia Full case name Minister of State for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Ah Hin Teoh Decided 7 April 1995 Citation ( s ) ( 1995 ) 183 CLR 273 , ( 1995 ) HCA 20 , ( 1995 ) 128 ALR 353 Transcript ( s ) ( 1994 ) HCATrans P20 / 1 , ( 1994 ) HCATrans P20 / 2 <Th_colspan="2"> Case history Prior action ( s ) Teoh v Minister for Immigration , Local Government and Ethnic Affairs ( 1994 ) 121 ALR 436 Subsequent action ( s ) none <Th_colspan="2"> Case opinions <Td_colspan="2"> ( 4 : 1 ) There had been a breach of natural justice ( per Mason CJ , Deane , Toohey and Gaudron JJ ) ( 3 : 1 ) The ratification of an international convention can be a basis for the existence of a legitimate expectation and that , in this instance , there was a breach of procedural fairness ( per Mason CJ , Deane and Toohey JJ ) <Th_colspan="2"> Court membership Judge ( s ) sitting Mason CJ , Deane , Toohey , Gaudron & McHugh JJ Minister of State for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh ( commonly known as Teoh 's case ) was an Australian court case which was decided by the High Court of Australia on 7 April 1995 . The case is notable for giving unprecedented significance to the ratification of international treaties by the executive government ( in particular the Convention on the Rights of the Child ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Facts and background 2 Decision 2.1 Legitimate expectation 2.2 Common law rights of children 3 Repercussions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Facts and background ( edit ) Ah Hin Teoh , a Malaysian citizen , came to Australia in May 1988 and was granted a temporary entry permit . In July 1988 , Teoh married Jean Lim , an Australian citizen and the de facto spouse of Teoh 's deceased brother . Mrs Teoh had four children , one from her first marriage and three from the de facto relationship . Subsequently , Mr and Mrs Teoh had three children together . In October 1988 , Teoh was granted a further temporary entry permit that enabled him to remain in Australia until February 1989 . Prior to the expiry of the permit , Teoh applied for a grant of resident status . In November 1990 , whilst this application was being processed , Mr Teoh was convicted on charges of heroin importation and possession . In January 1991 , Teoh was notified pursuant to the Migration Act 1958 that his application for resident status had been refused on the ground that he could not meet the good character requirement as he had a criminal record . In February 1991 , Teoh applied for a review of the decision , providing documentation that included a testimonial from Teoh 's mother - in - law who stated that Teoh was the only person who could keep the family together . The Immigration Review Panel rejected the review in July 1991 , highlighting the seriousness of Teoh 's criminal conviction . This decision was accepted by the Immigration Minister , and in February 1992 an order was made that Teoh be deported . Teoh sought a review of both the acceptance of the recommendation and the decision to deport . In September 1993 in the Federal Court , French J dismissed the application , finding that the acceptance of the Panel 's recommendation and the ordering of deportation had not been an improper exercise of power , a denial of natural justice , nor did it involve the consideration of irrelevant factors by the decision - makers . On appeal , the full bench of the Federal Court ( Black CJ , Lee and Carr JJ ) found that the decision - maker 's power had been improperly exercised because it had failed to make appropriate investigations into the hardship to Teoh 's wife and her children were Teoh refused resident status . The full court ordered a stay of the deportation order until the decision had been reconsidered in light of the court 's finding . The Immigration Minister appealed against the decision to the High Court of Australia . Decision ( edit ) The majority ( Mason CJ , Deane , Toohey and Gaudron JJ ) agreed with the Federal Court decision that there had been a breach of natural justice , as the Immigration department had failed to invite Teoh to make a submission on whether a deportation order should be made , contrary to the Convention on the Rights of the Child , which provided that in any administrative decision concerning a child , the child 's best interests must be a primary consideration . Legitimate expectation ( edit ) Mason CJ , Deane and Toohey JJ accepted as correct the finding of Carr and Lee JJ that the ratification of an international convention can be a basis for the existence of a legitimate expectation and that , in this instance , there had been a want of procedural fairness . McHugh J dissented on this point and Gaudron J did not rely upon it in her reasons . Common law Rights of children ( edit ) Gaudron J , although in the majority , did not rely upon the Convention on the Rights of the Child to find in Teoh 's favour . The fact that a child is an Australian citizen is enough to establish the principle that the best interests of children should be a primary consideration in the making of administrative decisions . Gaudron J held that whilst the decision - maker was not required to initiate inquiries , procedural fairness required them to inform Teoh that his children 's best interests were not being taken into account as a primary consideration and offer him the opportunity to persuade them otherwise . Repercussions ( edit ) The Government acted in response to the outcome in Teoh 's case by taking up the High Court 's statement that a legitimate expectation would not arise where there is either an executive or statutory indication to the contrary . The Minister for Foreign Affairs , Mr Downer , and the then Attorney - General , Mr Williams , issued a joint statement stating that the act of entering into a treaty does not give rise to legitimate expectations in administrative law . The statement replaced a statement made by the then Minister for Foreign Affairs and the then Attorney - General in 1995 . The statement foreshadowed the introduction of legislation to address the issue . Legislation was introduced in 1997 and again in 1999 . It lapsed on both occasions when Parliament was dissolved for the holding of elections . See also ( edit ) Australian administrative law References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.dfat.gov.au/treaties/workshops/treaties_global/jennings.html Robin Creyke et al. , Control Of Government Action : Text , Cases And Commentary ( Sydney : LexisNexis Butterworths , 2005 ) . External links ( edit ) Minister Of State For Immigration And Ethnic Affairs V Ah Hin Teoh : The High Court Decision And The Government 's Reaction To It Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_State_for_Immigration_and_Ethnic_Affairs_v_Teoh&oldid=741516642 '' Categories : High Court of Australia cases 1995 in Australian law 1995 in case law Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2012 Use Australian English from October 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 September 2016 , at 00 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Minister of State for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh
2. High Court of Australia
3. Breach of natural justice
4. Ratification of international treaties
5. Rights of children in administrative decisions
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what happens in season 3 episode 4 of game of thrones
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And Now his Watch is Ended - wikipedia And Now his Watch is Ended Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' <Td_colspan="2"> Game of Thrones episode <Td_colspan="2"> Daenerys Targaryen tricks Kraznys and orders her new army , the Unsullied , to slay the masters and orders Drogon to scorch Kraznys . Many praised the scene , and highlighted Emilia Clarke 's acting . Episode no . Season 3 Episode 4 Directed by Alex Graves Written by David Benioff D.B. Weiss Featured music Ramin Djawadi Cinematography by Anette Haellmigk Editing by Katie Weiland Original air date April 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) Running time 54 minutes <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) <Td_colspan="2"> Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Robert Pugh as Craster Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Ian McElhinney as Barristan Selmy Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Noah Taylor as Locke Iwan Rheon as Boy Hannah Murray as Gilly Thomas Brodie Sangster as Jojen Reed Mark Stanley as Grenn Ben Crompton as Edd Tollett Burn Gorman as Karl Luke Barnes as Rast Dan Hildebrand as Kraznys mo Nakloz Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Esme Bianco as Ros Philip McGinley as Anguy Clifford Barry as Greizhen mo Ullhor Sophie Reid as a Tyrell Lady Bryan Quinn as a Bolton soldier Harold James McMullan as the Sorcerer <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous `` Walk of Punishment '' Next → `` Kissed by Fire '' <Td_colspan="2"> Game of Thrones ( season 3 ) List of Game of Thrones episodes `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' is the fourth episode of the third season of HBO 's fantasy television series Game of Thrones , and the 24th episode of the series . It was written by showrunners and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss and directed by Alex Graves , his directorial debut for the series . The episode 's title comes from a chant made by the Night 's Watch at the funeral of a fallen brother while at Craster 's Keep . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 In King 's Landing 1.2 In the North 1.3 In the Riverlands 1.4 Beyond the Wall 1.5 In Astapor 2 Production 2.1 Writing 2.2 Casting 2.3 Directing 2.4 Filming locations 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Critical reception 3.3 Accolades 3.3. 1 Awards and nominations 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) In King 's Landing ( edit ) Tyrion Lannister asks Lord Varys , laboring to open a large crate , for proof that Queen Regent Cersei Lannister tried to have him killed during the Battle of the Blackwater . Varys replies that he has none , but advises that revenge requires patience and tells the story of being made a eunuch decades earlier by a sorcerer in Myr . Once his story concludes , Varys opens the crate to reveal the whimpering sorcerer inside . Later , Varys gathers information from Ros , who reveals that Lord Petyr Baelish may take Sansa Stark with him when he leaves for the Eyrie to wed Lysa Arryn . Varys also meets with Lady Olenna Tyrell , asking about her interest in Sansa . He warns her that Baelish could become dangerous if he could obtain more power by controlling the heir to the North . King Joffrey Baratheon takes Lady Margaery Tyrell on a tour of the Great Sept of Baelor , where Cersei and Lady Olenna are discussing the wedding . Margaery encourages Joffrey to give love to the people , urging him to open the doors to the balcony to wave to the crowd , which angers Cersei . Later , Cersei meets with her father , Tywin , to discuss the importance of getting Jaime back , as well as the Tyrell presence in King 's Landing . Cersei distrusts Margaery for her ability to manipulate Joffrey . Margaery and Sansa get to know one another when Margaery finds Sansa at prayer in the godswood . Margaery expresses her hope that Sansa will come to see the Tyrell seat of Highgarden , but Sansa says Cersei will not allow her to leave King 's Landing . Margaery replies that once she is queen , she would see Sansa wed to her brother , Ser Loras . In the North ( edit ) Bran dreams he is running through the woods with Jojen Reed , chasing the three - eyed raven . Bran climbs a tree in pursuit of the raven , but falls when his mother , Catelyn , appears , commanding him not to climb . Theon Greyjoy and the boy who freed him ride for Deepwood Motte , where the boy claims Theon 's sister Yara is waiting . While in the castle 's underground entrance tunnel , Theon explains that he never found or killed the Stark boys , instead having Dagmer Cleftjaw kill and burn two orphans as substitutes . He also reveals his remorse for his actions and claims that Eddard Stark was his true father all along . When they enter the castle , the boy lights a torch to reveal that he has taken Theon back to the dungeon from which he 'd helped him escape . Guards subdue Theon while the boy watches in delight . In the riverlands ( edit ) Locke and his men taunt Ser Jaime Lannister for their removal of his sword hand . When Jaime falls from his horse , he steals a sword from one of Locke 's men and attacks them , but , due to his weakened condition and having to use his left hand , he is quickly beaten . At camp , Brienne of Tarth talks with Jaime , who refuses to eat , saying he wants to die . She chastises him for quitting and tells him to live so that he can take revenge on Locke . Arya Stark , Gendry , and Sandor `` the Hound '' Clegane are transported to the hideout of the Brotherhood Without Banners by Thoros of Myr and his men . They are introduced to the Brotherhood 's leader , Lord Beric Dondarrion , who calls Clegane a murderer , which Clegane rejects on the grounds that all his killings were duty - bound protection of the king . Arya tells the Brotherhood about Mycah , the butcher 's boy Clegane killed , but Clegane defends the execution as justified by Mycah having attacked the king , which Arya protests is untrue . Dondarrion sentences Clegane to fight him in a trial by combat . Beyond the wall ( edit ) Grenn , Edd Tollett and Rast have been forced to work at Craster 's Keep , caring for the pigs ; Rast declares that they can not trust Craster . Samwell Tarly and Gilly discuss her newborn son and his likely murder by Craster . The men of the Night 's Watch hold a funeral for a fallen brother and soon return to Craster 's Keep for dinner . Brother Karl Tanner challenges Craster , complaining about the poor food they have been given . Rast then enrages Craster by mentioning his bastard parentage . Craster grabs his hatchet and orders the Night 's Watch out of his keep , threatening to mutilate the next one who calls him a bastard . After a moment of silence , Karl calls Craster a list of vulgar insults including the word `` bastard '' ; Craster lunges at Karl , who stabs Craster in the throat . When Lord Commander Jeor Mormont attempts to fight Karl , Rast stabs him in the back , and , after the commander falls , stabs him repeatedly . As a fight breaks out amongst the Night 's Watch brothers , Sam flees with Gilly and her infant son . In Astapor ( edit ) Daenerys Targaryen and her followers arrive to complete the trade of one of her dragons to the slaver Kraznys for the 8,000 - strong Unsullied army . During the exchange , Kraznys repeatedly insults her in Valyrian yet again . After completing the exchange , Daenerys -- in fluent Valyrian , claiming it as her mother tongue due to her Targaryen ancestry -- orders her new army of Unsullied to sack Astapor , kill all the slavers and free every slave they find . When a horrified Kraznys tries to order the Unsullied to turn on their new mistress , Daenerys reclaims her dragon by ordering it to kill Kraznys . After the battle ends , she frees the Unsullied and tells them they may remain with her as free men or leave if they choose . None choose to leave her , showing their support by pounding their spears in unison . Daenerys and her army depart Astapor . Production ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) The episode was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' was written by showrunners David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . It was based on George Martin 's novels , chapters Tyrion X from A Clash of Kings and Jaime IV , Tyrion II , Samwell II , the first part of Arya VI , and the second half of Daenerys III from A Storm of Swords . Benioff and Weiss considered this episode one of the `` big ones '' and a turning point of the series . Weiss said that when he was reading the books he was swept away by Daenerys ' final scene , and remembered thinking how he 'd be able to put it on screen if he could ever get to film it . This final scene includes the first instance of the High Valyrian language in the series , apart from short stock phrases , spoken by Daenerys . Up to this point only the Astapori dialect of Low Valyrian , a creolized form of the ancient language of the old Valyrian Empire , had been heard , spoken by the slaver Kraznys . David J. Peterson , the language creator hired by the series , designed both versions of the tongue . Casting ( edit ) The episode reintroduces Lord Beric Dondarrion , now played by Richard Dormer . Dondarrion had previously been portrayed by David Michael Scott in his brief appearance in the first season episode `` A Golden Crown '' , where he was entrusted by Lord Eddard Stark with the task of capturing Ser Gregor Clegane . This episode also marks James Cosmo 's last appearance in the series , as his character Jeor Mormont is killed by his own men . Directing ( edit ) The episode was helmed by director Alex Graves , a newcomer to the production . The producers praised his work , in particular in the handling of the final scene at Astapor : `` He took a scene that had us quite nervous -- the number of people on set , the size of the action , the amount of the effects work -- and had it all done in a few days . A scene that might take a feature eight days ; for us it was two or three . '' Filming locations ( edit ) The interiors of the episode were shot at Belfast 's The Paint Hall , including a new set representing the colossal Great Sept of Baelor at King 's Landing . For the exteriors , the episode filmed extensively at the forests of Clandeboye Estate , where the sets of Craster 's Keep and the encampment of Locke 's band were built . The gardens where Olenna and Varys plot are parts of the Trsteno Arboretum , in Croatia . The scenes with Daenerys were filmed in Morocco . While during the first three episodes the city of Astapor had been represented by the coastal ramparts of Essaouira , the plaza and the walls seen in this episode were sets from Atlas Studios , located 5 kilometres west of the city of Ouarzazate . The walls had been built to stand in for the city of Jerusalem in the 2005 film Kingdom of Heaven . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The ratings of the episode raised to a new record for the series , with a viewership of 4.87 million viewers and a 2.6 share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . The encore was watched by another 1.03 million , totaling 5.90 million viewers for the night . In the United Kingdom , the episode was seen by 0.992 million viewers on Sky Atlantic , being the channel 's second highest - rated broadcast that week . Critical reception ( edit ) The episode received critical acclaim , being consistently rated as the best of the season at the time of its airing . Review aggregator surveyed 21 reviews of the episode and judged 100 % of them to be positive with an average score of 9.2 out of 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` ' And Now His Watch is Ended ' is an enthralling meditation on betrayal and revenge , bolstered by a mind - blowing surprise for those who would underestimate Daenerys Targarean ( sic ) . '' IGN 's Matt Fowler rated it with a 9.3 / 10 , highlighting `` shocking deaths , brutal double - crosses and a Kingslayer undone made for some mighty fine Thrones '' . David Simms , writing for The A.V. Club , considered it `` an insanely satisfying , shocking episode '' and gave it an `` A '' grade . His colleague Todd VanDerWerff agreed on the score . The final scene with Daenerys was unanimously praised . At Cultural Learnings , Myles McNutt found that the scene was one of the series ' best sequences and considered it an impressive feat to have achieved a climax so satisfying for the viewer with only a relatively small number of scenes building up to it in the first three episodes . VanDerWerff considered that Emilia Clarke 's acting was Emmy worthy . HitFix 's Alan Sepinwall also praised her performance , remarking that `` her big moment comes in a ( fictional ) foreign language , and the subtitles are barely necessary . That 's how good she is . '' Accolades ( edit ) Due to her nomination , Emilia Clarke submitted this episode for consideration for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards . At the 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , Diana Rigg was nominated for the Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for her performance in this episode , and the episode itself received two nominations for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series ( One Hour ) . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2013 Primetime Emmy Awards Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Diana Rigg Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Peter Brown , Kira Roessler , Tim Hands , Paul Aulicino , Stephen P. Robinson , Vanessa Lapato , Brett Voss , James Moriana , Jeffrey Wilhoit , and David Klotz Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One Hour ) Matthew Waters , Onnalee Blank , Ronan Hill , and Mervyn Moore Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Garcia , Elio ; Antonsson , Linda ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` EP304 : And Now His Watch Is Ended '' . Westeros.org . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Showrunners Talk About the Third Season 's First ' Epic ' Moment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , David . `` Sesīr Urnēbion Zȳhon Keliton Issa '' . CNN . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Day 37 : Filming at Clandeboye Estate '' . WinterIsComing.net . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Moon , Ra . `` Where was Game of Thrones Season 3 filmed ? '' . Atlas of Wonders . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Vikings ' & More '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Ratings ( 22 - 28 April 2013 ) '' . BARB . Archived from the original on 18 July 2014 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones : `` And Now His Watch is Ended '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Simms , David ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` '' And Now His Watch Iss Ended '' ( for newbies ) `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : VanDerWerff , Todd ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` '' And Now His Watch Is Ended '' ( for experts ) `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McNutt , Myles ( 21 April 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' `` . Cultural Learnings . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( 21 April 2013 ) . `` Review : ' Game of Thrones ' - ' And Now His Watch Is Ended ' : How to trade your dragon '' . HitFix . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : And Now His Watch Is Ended `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' at HBO.com `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' on IMDb `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Game of Thrones episodes <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons : 1 5 6 7 Season 3 `` Valar Dohaeris '' `` Dark Wings , Dark Words '' `` Walk of Punishment '' `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' `` Kissed by Fire '' `` The Climb '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Second Sons '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` Mhysa '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=And_Now_His_Watch_Is_Ended&oldid=799966175 '' Categories : 2013 American television episodes Game of Thrones episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本 語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 21 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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1. Game of Thrones episode "And Now His Watch Is Ended"
2. Daenerys Targaryen and the Unsullied army
3. Plot summary of the episode
4. Critical reception and ratings of the episode
5. Awards and nominations for the episode
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tv show headed by a former writer for snl crossword
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List of the Daily show correspondents - wikipedia List of the Daily show correspondents This article is a list of the correspondents and on - screen contributors who have appeared on the satirical television program The Daily Show . Correspondents , collectively known as `` The World 's Fakest News Team '' ( formerly known as `` The Best F#@king News Team Ever '' ) , normally have two roles : `` experts '' with satirical `` senior '' titles who the host interviews about certain issues , or hosts of original reporting segments , which often showcase interviews of serious political figures . During Jon Stewart 's tenure , the show 's contributors often had their own unique recurring segment on the show and tended to appear less frequently ; current host Trevor Noah is a former correspondent and contributor who was featured during the Stewart era . Contents 1 Current cast 1.1 Host 1.2 Correspondents 1.3 Contributors 2 Former cast 2.1 Hosts 2.2 Recurring correspondents 2.3 Contributors 3 Timeline chart 4 References 5 External links Current cast ( edit ) Host ( edit ) Name Debut Notes Trevor Noah September 28 , 2015 Originally debuted as the Senior International Correspondent and as a contributor on December 4 , 2014 . In March 2015 , Comedy Central revealed that he would be hosting the show . Correspondents ( edit ) Name Debut Notes Hasan Minhaj November 19 , 2014 Senior Indian Correspondent . Senior Political Correspondent . Senior Congressional Correspondent . Roy Wood Jr . September 28 , 2015 Senior Mars Correspondent . Senior Wall Street Correspondent . Senior Campaign Correspondent . Senior Immigration Correspondent . Senior Hollywood Correspondent . Steve Harvey impersonator . Desi Lydic September 29 , 2015 New Senior Geopolitical Correspondent . Senior Antiquities Correspondent . Senior Campaign Correspondent . Segment Host : `` What The Actual Fact ? '' Ronny Chieng October 7 , 2015 Senior Technology Correspondent . Senior Climatology Correspondent . Senior Basketball Correspondent . Michael Kosta July 11 , 2017 Senior Constitutional Correspondent , Senior American Correspondent Dulcé Sloan September 7 , 2017 Senior Fashion Correspondent Contributors ( edit ) Name Debut Notes Lewis Black July 31 , 1996 `` Back in Black '' , he is the longest - running contributor to work on The Daily Show , having served on the show since the beginning . Neal Brennan March 14 , 2016 Contributor , Trevor 's friend . Gina Yashere March 16 , 2017 Senior British Correspondent Former cast ( edit ) Hosts ( edit ) Name Year Joined Year Left Notes Craig Kilborn July 22 , 1996 December 17 , 1998 The original host . Left the show because he was chosen to host The Late Late Show with Tom Snyder 's departure . Kilborn appeared on the show 16 years later on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Jon Stewart January 11 , 1999 August 6 , 2015 Succeeded Kilborn as the new host of The Daily Show and is the most prolific host of the show . Stewart 's final show was an hour long special on August 6 , 2015 . He returned to the show on December 7 , 2015 , to urge Congress to permanently extend a health care law for 9 / 11 first responders . Recurring correspondents ( edit ) Name Year Joined Year Left Notes Dan Bakkedahl September 20 , 2005 September 25 , 2007 Hired to replace departing correspondent Stephen Colbert on September 25 , 2005 . Filed his final report on September 25 , 2007 . Bakkedahl was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Samantha Bee July 10 , 2003 April 30 , 2015 `` This Week in God '' , `` Are You Prepared ? ! ? '' ; The Daily Show 's first non-US citizen correspondent ; all - time longest - serving regular correspondent after passing Stephen Colbert in 2011 ; filled in for a sick Jon Stewart on October 7 , 2014 . Bee departed the show on April 30 , 2015 , to host Full Frontal with Samantha Bee on TBS . Bee was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . She is married to fellow former correspondent Jason Jones . Mary Birdsong January 31 , 2002 March 14 , 2002 Contributing correspondent . A. Whitney Brown July 23 , 1996 December 15 , 1998 `` Backfire '' ; was one of The Daily Show 's original correspondents . Had his own The Daily Show special in 1998 called `` Weirder Than Whitney '' . Nancy Carell December 7 , 1999 August 8 , 2002 `` We Love Showbiz '' , `` Popular Music Omnibus '' , `` Dollars and `` Cents '' `` . Was credited under maiden name , Nancy Walls , and has been married fellow former correspondent Steve Carell since 1995 . Walls - Carell was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Steve Carell February 11 , 1999 April 4 , 2005 `` Even Stephven '' , `` Produce Pete '' , `` Dollars and `` Cents '' `` , `` We Love Showbiz '' , `` Slimmin ' Down With Steve '' , `` Ad Nauseam '' . Carell had his own The Daily Show special in May 2001 called `` Steve Carell Salutes Steve Carell '' highlighting his most popular field assignments on the show . Carell is the first correspondent to become a major movie and television star , and the only correspondent to receive an Academy Award nomination since leaving The Daily Show in early 2005 . Carell has since returned numerous times as a featured guest and was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . He is married to fellow former correspondent Nancy ( Walls ) Carell . Wyatt Cenac June 3 , 2008 December 13 , 2012 Senior Correspondent ; also provides voice for Michael Steele puppet . Filed his final report on December 13 , 2012 , but also made cameo guest appearances on August 15 , 2013 for the last show of guest host John Oliver and for Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Michael Che June 4 , 2014 September 18 , 2014 Left to co-anchor `` Weekend Update '' on Saturday Night Live . Shortest correspondent tenure as of 2015 . Was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Stephen Colbert June 26 , 1997 September 26 , 2005 `` Even Stephven '' , `` This Week In God '' , `` The Jobbing of America '' . Stephen Colbert hosted The Daily Show six times ( January 24 , 2001 ; February 20 and 22 , 2001 ; March 26 -- 27 , 2001 ; April 3 and 5 , 2001 ; May 2 -- 3 , 2001 ; March 6 , 2003 ; July 6 , 2004 ) . Although Colbert left The Daily Show team in mid-2005 , through 2010 Stewart frequently `` tossed '' to him at The Colbert Report at the end of a show . Colbert has also made a number of Daily Show cameos since 2005 , particularly in reference to his mock `` presidential campaigns '' in 2007 / 08 and 2011 / 12 , and Stewart 's stewardship of Colbert SuperPAC in 2011 . With a nearly nine - year tenure , Colbert was the longest serving correspondent on The Daily Show until his record was broken by Samantha Bee in 2011 . Before taking over as new host of The Late Show on CBS , Colbert made his final appearance for Jon Stewart 's last episode on August 6 , 2015 . Nate Corddry October 4 , 2005 May 2 , 2006 The younger brother of correspondent Rob Corddry . As a running joke on the show , older brother Rob would often appear in Nate 's segments usually picking on him . This eventually led to the two brothers having their own `` Even Stephven '' - style debate segment called `` Brother vs. Brother '' . Was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Rob Corddry April 17 , 2002 August 24 , 2006 `` This Week In God '' , `` Come On ! '' , `` Popular Music Omnibus '' , and as he liked to call them , `` Poop jokes '' . Corddry filled in for Stewart ( on paternity leave ) on February 9 , 2006 . He left the show in August 2006 to start a film career and to star in The Winner , a Fox comedy that ran from March 4 to March 18 , 2007 . He has also returned as a special guest correspondent several times since and was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Josh Gad May 5 , 2009 June 27 , 2011 Contributing Correspondent . Made his last appearance on June 27 , 2011 . Made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Vance DeGeneres January 14 , 1999 May 17 , 2001 `` Dollars and `` Cents '' `` , `` A Tale of Survival '' , had his own The Daily Show special in 2000 highlighting his popular `` Tales of Survival '' segments . Was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Rachael Harris October 28 , 2002 March 20 , 2003 `` Mark Your Calendar '' , `` We Love Showbiz '' . Ed Helms April 29 , 2002 December 05 , 2006 `` Digital Watch '' , `` Ad Nauseam '' , `` Mark Your Calendar '' , `` We Love Showbiz '' , `` This Week in God '' . Helms and fellow correspondent Rob Corddry had their own The Daily Show special in 2003 called `` I 'm a Correspondent : Please Do n't Fire Me '' . Helms made an appearance on July 21 , 2008 as a special guest correspondent . Helms was one of the stars of the 2009 comedy The Hangover and was a regular cast member on NBC 's The Office , beginning with its third season . Helms was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Jason Jones September 29 , 2005 March 26 , 2015 `` Are You Prepared ? ! ? '' , `` Jason Jones 180 '' ; Filled in for a sick Jon Stewart on October 7 , 2014 . Departed the show on March 26 , 2015 . Jones made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . He is married to fellow former correspondent Samantha Bee . Jordan Klepper March 3 , 2014 September 21 , 2017 New Senior Caucasian Correspondent . Senior Congressional Correspondent . Senior Campaign Correspondent . Senior Technology Correspondent . Senior Fantasy Culture Correspondent . Senior Fantasy Sports Correspondent . Senior Iowan Correspondent . Senior U.K. Correspondent , filled in for a sick Trevor Noah on October 20 , 2016 . Left the show so he can begin hosting his own spin - off The Opposition w / Jordan Klepper on September 25 , 2017 . Beth Littleford July 24 , 1996 May 18 , 2000 `` The Beth Littleford Interview '' , `` bETh '' . In 1999 , she had her own The Daily Show special called `` The Beth Littleford Interview Special '' , highlighting her popular celebrity interviews . She was the only original correspondent to stay with the show after Jon Stewart took over as host , leaving the show in 2000 . Al Madrigal May 17 , 2011 January 12 , 2016 Senior Latino Correspondent . California correspondent . Aasif Mandvi August 9 , 2006 October 14 , 2015 Senior Middle East Correspondent ; started as a contributor ; but made correspondent in March 2007 . Senior Campaign Correspondent . Olivia Munn June 3 , 2010 September 12 , 2011 Senior Asian Correspondent . Made her final appearance on September 12 , 2011 . Was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . John Oliver July 31 , 2006 December 19 , 2013 Senior British Person ; `` Wilmore - Oliver Investigates '' ; on writing staff from 2007 to 2013 . Interim host during the summer of 2013 . He departed the show on December 19 , 2013 to prepare hosting his own late night show Last Week Tonight with John Oliver on HBO which premiered on April 27 , 2014 . Returned to host the show on November 13 , 2014 to promote Jon Stewart 's film , Rosewater . Oliver returned for an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Rob Riggle September 20 , 2006 December 10 , 2008 Senior Military Affairs Correspondent ; Some of his most memorable work on the show included his overseas special assignments . His week - long reports from Iraq in 2007 titled `` Operation : Silent Thunder '' brought much attention to the show . After the success of `` Silent Thunder '' , he traveled to China for his second overseas four - part series during the 2008 Olympics , titled `` Rob Riggle : Chasing the Dragon '' . Shortly after announcing he would be leaving the show , he made his farewell appearance on December 10 , 2008 . Riggle made a surprise appearance on the August 3 , 2010 show , during an interview with Will Ferrell and again on August 15 , 2013 for the last show of guest host John Oliver . Made a cameo the week of Nov 17th in a correspondent report and was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Mo Rocca November 16 , 1998 August 20 , 2003 `` Dollars and `` Cents '' `` , `` Mark Your Calendar '' , `` Mopinion '' . Rocca went on to parlay his Daily Show correspondent persona in numerous other cable appearances , such as several VH1 `` talking head '' shows and at the 2004 political conventions for Larry King Live . Was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Jeff Ross July 22 , 1996 June 18 , 1997 Contributing correspondent . Denny Siegel February 2 , 1999 April 15 , 1999 Contributing correspondent . Jeff Stilson October 9 , 1998 January 18 , 1999 Contributing correspondent . Miriam Tolan June 15 , 2000 July 25 , 2001 Contributing correspondent . Also occasionally filled in for Nancy Walls on `` Dollars and `` Cents '' '' Brian Unger July 22 , 1996 December 16 , 1998 `` Backfire '' , was one of The Daily Show 's original correspondents . David Wain July 23 , 1996 August 6 , 1996 Contributing correspondent . Matt Walsh May 2 , 2001 June 25 , 2002 News You Can Utilize , `` Dollars and `` Cents '' `` , had his own The Daily Show special in May 2002 called `` Matt Walsh Goes to Hawaii '' . Walsh was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Lauren Weedman July 16 , 2001 October 7 , 2002 `` Dollars and `` Cents '' `` , `` We Love Showbiz '' . Jessica Williams January 11 , 2012 June 30 , 2016 Senior Youth Correspondent . Senior Beyoncé Correspondent . Senior Congressional Correspondent . Senior Campaign Correspondent . Senior Political Correspondent . Bob Wiltfong April 6 , 2004 December 1 , 2005 Contributing correspondent . Lizz Winstead July 22 , 1996 December 18 , 1997 Original correspondent and co-creator of The Daily Show . Stacey Grenrock - Woods April 2 , 1998 July 14 , 2003 Contributing correspondent . Contributors ( edit ) Name Year Joined Year Left Notes Amy Atkins March 10 , 1998 March 23 , 1998 Contributor . Dave Attell April 1 , 1999 January 22 , 2002 Contributor , `` The Ugly American '' . On August 6 , 2015 , Attell made a return appearance to say goodbye to Jon Stewart on his final episode . Michael Blieden July 30 , 1996 January 24 , 2000 Contributor , original host of `` Ad Nauseam '' . John Bloom July 25 , 1996 June 20 , 2000 Contributor , `` God Stuff '' . Rich Brown October 20 , 1998 May 9 , 2000 Contributor , `` Public Excess '' . Also a one - time correspondent . Sameer Butt December 4 , 1997 April 16 , 1998 Contributor . Eliza Cossio May 16 , 2016 January 24 , 2017 Newest Contributor ; Senior Latina Contributor Frank DeCaro October 10 , 1996 March 19 , 2003 Contributor , `` Out at the Movies '' ; he currently hosts his own program on Sirius Satellite Radio and was a celebrity panelist on GSN 's revival of I 've Got a Secret . Mick Foley November 19 , 2009 June 18 , 2013 Contributor , `` Senior Ass Kicker '' . Dave Gorman April 24 , 2006 October 5 , 2006 Contributor , `` Poll Smoking '' ; appeared on the show once as a guest in 2001 to promote Are You Dave Gorman ? . Al Greenwood March 16 , 1998 October 18 , 2000 Contributor , `` Al Up in That '' . Greenwood ( known for his local `` Bedspread King '' commercials ) appeared as the show 's `` elderly consumer advocate '' . In 2000 , he hosted The Daily Show special `` Al Greenwood 's Wrinkled Nuts '' , a best - of collection of the correspondent 's field interviews with elderly residents . Greenwood died on June 6 , 2001 , at age 93 . An `` in memoriam '' clip for Greenwood was shown as the `` Moment of Zen '' on the show that week . Buck Henry January 31 , 2007 September 24 , 2007 Contributor , `` The Henry Stops Here '' , Senior Historical Perspectivist . John Hodgman January 16 , 2006 June 4 , 2015 Resident Expert , Deranged Millionaire , `` You 're Welcome '' , `` Exper - teasers '' ; `` Money Talks '' ; appeared on the show once as a guest in November 2005 to promote The Areas of My Expertise . Tom Johnson May 11 , 2000 October 2 , 2001 Contributor , `` Lord Viper Scorpion '' . Andy Kindler October 19 , 2000 March 21 , 2001 Contributor , `` TV Guy '' . Robert Knight February 4 , 1997 April 23 , 1997 Contributor . Ed Lover September 30 , 1996 December 19 , 1996 Contributor , `` Ed Lover 's America '' . Adam Lowitt December 9 , 2015 March 2 , 2017 Senior Jewish Correspondent Demetri Martin November 14 , 2005 February 28 , 2008 Contributor , `` Trendspotting '' . Left to star in his own Comedy Central show , Important Things with Demetri Martin . Molly Pesce February 24 , 1996 May 28 , 1998 Originally co-hosted The Daily Show 's movie review segments with Frank DeCaro . Eventually , DeCaro would go solo with his own segment `` Out at the Movies '' in 1997 . Kristen Schaal March 13 , 2008 March 1 , 2016 Women 's Issues Correspondent ; married to long - time Daily Show writer Rich Blomquist . Tom Shillue September 29 , 1998 July 20 , 2000 Contributor , `` This Week in Hate '' . Become a correspondent in 2000 before leaving . Campbell Smith May 8 , 2001 January 14 , 2002 Contributor , `` Dollars and `` Cents '' `` . William Stephenson April 20 , 1999 August 27 , 1999 Contributor , `` What I 'm Sayin '' . Paul F. Tompkins August 6 , 1998 December 3 , 1998 Contributor , `` Us People 's Weekly Entertainment '' . Larry Wilmore August 22 , 2006 December 2 , 2014 Senior Black Correspondent , `` Wilmore - Oliver Investigates '' . Left to host The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore . On August 6 , 2015 , Wilmore made a return appearance to say goodbye to Jon Stewart on his final episode . Michelle Wolf April 7 , 2016 November 15 , 2017 Senior Women 's Issues Correspondent Bassem Youssef February 10 , 2015 April 14 , 2015 Senior Middle East Correspondent . The host of Al - Bernameg ( The Program ) , a satirical news program broadcast in Egypt from 2011 to 2014 . The press has compared Youssef with Stewart , who served as an inspiration for Youssef to begin his career . On August 6 , 2015 , Youssef made a return appearance to say goodbye to Jon Stewart on his final episode . Timeline chart ( edit ) <Th_colspan="24"> List of The Daily Show correspondents ( 3 years or more ) <Td_colspan="4"> 1990s <Td_colspan="10"> 2000s <Td_colspan="10"> 2010s 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 <Td_colspan="2"> 15 16 17 18 <Td_colspan="3"> Host : Craig Kilborn <Td_colspan="17"> Host : Jon Stewart <Td_colspan="4"> Host : Trevor Noah <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="4"> Ronny Chieng <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="4"> Desi Lydic <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="4"> Roy Wood Jr . <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="6"> Hasan Minhaj <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> Jordan Klepper <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Jessica Williams <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> Al Madrigal <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="10"> Aasif Mandvi <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="11"> Jason Jones <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="13"> Samantha Bee <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="8"> John Oliver <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="5"> Wyatt Cenac <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Rob Riggle <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="3"> Dan Bakkedahl <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="5"> Rob Corddry <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="5"> Ed Helms <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="7"> Steve Carell <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> Stephen Colbert <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Mo Rocca <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Stacey Grenrock - Woods <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="4"> Nancy Walls <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="3"> Vance DeGeneres <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="5"> Beth Littleford <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> A. Whitney Brown <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> Brian Unger <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` RONNY CHIENG , DESI LYDIC AND ROY WOOD JR . JOIN COMEDY ... '' Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( 2014 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Remembering Michael Che 's too - brief ' Daily Show ' run '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Getlen , Larry ( June 21 , 2015 ) . `` Why Aasif Mandvi never wanted to fill Jon Stewart 's shoes '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ El - Wakil , Mai ( 21 April 2011 ) . `` Drawing inspiration from the revolution '' . Al Masry Al Youm . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Marx , Willem ( 29 March 2012 ) . `` Bassem Youssef : Egypt 's Jon Stewart '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hassan , Abdalla ( 28 April 2011 ) . `` Surgeon Using Parody to Dissect the News in Egypt '' . New York Times . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . External links ( edit ) The Daily Show with Trevor Noah official website <Th_colspan="2"> The Daily Show <Td_colspan="2"> Craig Kilborn ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Jon Stewart ( 1999 -- 2015 ) Trevor Noah ( 2015 -- present ) Correspondents Writers Guests Recurring segments Awards Episodes Kilborn 's tenure Stewart 's tenure Noah 's tenure 2015 2016 2017 2018 Indecision 2000 2006 2008 Spin - offs The Colbert Report ( 2005 -- 2014 ) The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore ( 2015 -- 2016 ) The Opposition with Jordan Klepper ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Other 2009 CNBC criticism America ( The Book ) Earth ( The Book ) Rally to Restore Sanity and / or Fear Rosewater Stephen Colbert ( character ) Who Made Huckabee ? The Rumble in the Air - Conditioned Auditorium <Td_colspan="2"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Daily_Show_correspondents&oldid=844450322 '' Categories : Lists of comedians The Daily Show Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 00 : 31 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. The Daily Show correspondents
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the author of the three little pigs story
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The three Little pigs - wikipedia The three Little pigs Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Three Little Pigs ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The Three Little Pigs <Td_colspan="2"> The wolf blows down the straw house in a 1904 adaptation of the story . Illustration by Leonard Leslie Brooke . <Th_colspan="2"> Folk tale Name The Three Little Pigs <Th_colspan="2"> Data Aarne - Thompson grouping 124 Country England Related ' The Three Little Pigs is a fable about three pigs who build three houses of different materials . A big bad wolf blows down the first two pigs ' houses , made of straw and sticks respectively , but is unable to destroy the third pig 's house , made of bricks . Printed versions date back to the 1840s , but the story itself is thought to be much older . The phrases used in the story , and the various morals drawn from it , have become embedded in Western culture . Many versions of The Three Little Pigs have been recreated or have been modified over the years , sometimes making the wolf a kind character . It is a type 124 folktale in the Aarne -- Thompson classification system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Traditional versions 2 Later adaptations 2.1 Disney cartoon 2.2 Warner Brothers and MGM versions 2.3 Subsequent retellings 3 References 4 External links Traditional versions ( edit ) Illustration from J. Jacobs , English Fairy Tales ( New York , 1895 ) The Three Little Pigs was included in The Nursery Rhymes of England ( London and New York , c. 1886 ) , by James Halliwell - Phillipps . The story in its arguably best - known form appeared in English Fairy Tales by Joseph Jacobs , first published in 1890 and crediting Halliwell as his source . The story begins with the title characters being sent out into the world by their mother , to `` seek out their fortune '' . The first little pig builds a house of straw , but a wolf blows it down and devours him . The second little pig builds a house of sticks , which the wolf also blows down , and the second little pig is also devoured . Each exchange between wolf and pig features ringing proverbial phrases , namely : `` Little pig , little pig , let me come in . '' `` not by the hair on my chinny chin chin . '' `` Then I 'll huff , and I 'll puff , and I 'll blow your house down . '' The third little pig builds a house of bricks . The wolf fails to blow down the house . He then attempts to trick the pig out of the house by asking to meet him at various places , but he is outwitted each time . Finally , the wolf resolves to come down the chimney , whereupon the pig catches the wolf in a cauldron of boiling water , slams the lid on , then cooks and eats him . In some versions , the first and second little pigs are not eaten by the wolf after he demolishes their homes , but instead run to their brother 's house , and after the wolf goes down the chimney he either dies like in the original , or runs away and never returns to eat the three little pigs , who all survive in either case . The story uses the literary rule of three , expressed in this case as a `` contrasting three '' , as the third pig 's brick house turns out to be the only one which is adequate to withstand the wolf . Variations of the tale appeared in Uncle Remus : His Songs and Sayings in 1881 . The story also made an appearance in Nights with Uncle Remus in 1883 , both by Joel Chandler Harris , in which the pigs were replaced by Brer Rabbit . Andrew Lang included it in The Green Fairy Book , published in 1892 , but did not cite his source . In contrast to Jacobs 's version , which left the pigs nameless , Lang 's retelling cast the pigs as Browny , Whitey , and Blacky . It also set itself apart by exploring each pig 's character and detailing interaction between them . The antagonist of this version is a fox , not a wolf . The pigs ' houses are made either of mud , cabbage , or brick . Blacky , the third pig , rescues his brother and sister from the fox 's den after the fox has been defeated . Later adaptations ( edit ) Disney cartoon ( edit ) Main article : The Three Little Pigs ( film ) The most well - known version of the story is an award - winning 1933 Silly Symphony cartoon , which was produced by Walt Disney . The production cast the title characters as Fifer Pig , Fiddler Pig , and Practical Pig . The first two are depicted as both frivolous and arrogant . The story has been somewhat softened . The first two pigs still get their houses blown down , but escape from the wolf . Also , the wolf is not boiled to death but simply burns his behind and runs away . Three sequels soon followed in 1934 , 1936 and 1939 respectively . Fifer Pig , Fiddler Pig , Practical Pig and the Big Bad Wolf appeared in the 2001 series Disney 's House of Mouse in many episodes , and again in Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse . The three pigs can be seen in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts as greetable characters . Warner Brothers and MGM versions ( edit ) In 1942 , there was a Merrie Melodies version made that was a serious musical treatment , plus the usual Friz Freleng visual humor . It parodies both the Disney version , and Fantasia itself . Other versions of the tale were also made . One was an MGM Tex Avery cartoon named Blitz Wolf , a 1942 wartime version with the Wolf as a Nazi . Another animated spoof was a 1952 Warner Brothers cartoon called The Turn - Tale Wolf , directed by Robert McKimson . This cartoon tells the story from the wolf 's point of view and makes the pigs out to be the villains . Another Warner Brothers spoof was Friz Freleng 's The Three Little Bops ( 1957 ) , which depicts the three little pigs as jazz musicians who refuse to let the wolf join their band . Subsequent retellings ( edit ) In 1953 , Tex Avery did a Droopy cartoon , `` The Three Little Pups '' . In it , the wolf is a Southern - speaking dog catcher ( voiced by Daws Butler ) trying to catch Droopy and his brothers , Snoopy and Loopy , to put in the dog pound . Though successfully blowing the first two houses down , he meets his match when he fails to blow down Droopy 's house of bricks . The dog catcher makes several failed attempts to destroy the house and catch the pups . His last failed attempt ended with him `` going to television '' where he is playing a cowboy on the TV show the pups were watching . The 1989 parody , The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs ! , is presented as a first - person narrative by the wolf , who portrays the entire incident as a misunderstanding ; he had gone to the pigs to borrow some sugar , had destroyed their houses in a sneezing fit , ate the first two pigs to not waste food ( since they 'd died in the house collapse anyway ) , and was caught attacking the third pig 's house after the pig had continually insulted him . The 1992 Green Jellö song , Three Little Pigs ( and its claymation music video ) sets the story in Los Angeles . The wolf drives a Harley Davidson motorcycle , the first little pig is an aspiring guitarist , the second is a cannabis smoking , dumpster diving evangelist and the third holds a Master of Architecture degree from Harvard University . In the end , with all three pigs barricaded in the brick house , the third pig calls 9 - 1 - 1 . John Rambo is dispatched to the scene , and kills the wolf with a machine gun . The 1993 children 's book The Three Little Wolves and the Big Bad Pig inverts the cast and makes a few changes to the plot : the wolves build a brick house , then a concrete house , then a steel house , and finally a house of flowers . The pig is unable to blow the houses down , destroying them by other means , but eventually gives up his wicked ways when he smells the scent of the flower house , and becomes friends with the wolves . The three pigs and the wolf appear in the four Shrek films , and the specials Shrek the Halls and Scared Shrekless . In 2003 , the Flemish company Studio 100 created a musical called Three Little Pigs ( Dutch : De 3 Biggetjes ) , which follows the three daughters of the pig with the house of stone with new original songs , introducing a completely new story loosely based on the original story . The musical was specially written for the band K3 , who play the three little pigs , Pirky , Parky and Porky ( Dutch : Knirri , Knarri and Knorri ) . In 2014 , Peter Lund let the three little pigs live together in a village in the musical Grimm with Little Red Riding Hood and other fairy tale characters . In 2015 , Saturn Animation Studio , Canada , produced an interactive adaptation of `` Three Little Pigs '' for all mobile devices . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ashliman , Professor D.L. `` Three Little Pigs and other folktales of Aarne - Thompson - Uther type 124 '' . Folklore and Mythology Electronic Texts . University of Pittsburgh . Retrieved 25 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Tatar , Maria ( 2002 ) . The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales . W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 206 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05163 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Joseph ( 1890 ) . English Fairy Tales . Oxford University . pp. 68 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Booker , Christopher ( 2005 ) . `` The Rule of Three '' . The Seven Basic Plots : Why We Tell Stories . Continuum International Publishing Group . pp. 230 -- 231 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Steven ( November 1996 ) . `` In search of the real three little pigs - different versions of the story ' The Three Little Pigs ' '' . Washington Monthly . Jump up ^ Three Little Pigs , by Saturn Animation External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Three Little Pigs Wikimedia Commons has media related to Three little pigs . The nursery rhymes of England By James Orchard Halliwell - Phillipps , pp. 37 -- 41 on books.google.com Three Little Pigs fairy tale with an interactive twist The Story of the Three Little Pigs in The nursery rhymes of England , by Halliwell , pp. 37 -- 41 on Archive.org The Three Little Pigs : Pleasure principle versus reality principle , from : The Uses of Enchantment , The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales , by Bruno Bettelheim , Vintage Books , NY , 1975 19th century versions of the Three Little Pigs story The Golden Goose Book : The Story of the Three Little Pigs from Google books Three Little Pigs The fairy tale , lushly illustrated in The Colorful Story Book of 1941 . MP3 of the song `` Who 's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf '' The Adventures of the Three Little Pigs , interactive Book '' The Three Little Pigs at The Big Cartoon DataBase <Th_colspan="3"> Pigs <Td_colspan="3"> Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Artiodactyla Suborder Suina Family Suidae Subfamily Suinae Genus Sus Domestic Breeding Shows Farming Intensive farming Sty Pannage Toilet Hog oiler Gestation crate Cross-fostering Swineherd As food Bacon Ham Lard Pork Scalder Slaughter Suckling Blood Religious restrictions Scottish pork taboo Cuts Back bacon Boston butt Fatback Ham hock Pig 's trotters Pork belly Pork chop Pork jowl Loin Tenderloin Ribs Spare ribs Pork rind Pork steak Ear Tail Other uses Bladder Racing War Wrestling Truffling Wild and Feral Wild boar Heraldry Hunting In the Philippines Razorback Pigs in culture Iron Age pig Flitch of bacon custom Miss Piggy Pigs in Space Porky Pig Piglet `` The Three Little Pigs '' Animal Farm Old Major Napoleon Snowball Squealer Babe Babe : Pig in the City Bad Piggies My Brother the Pig Charlotte 's Web The Sheep - Pig Peppa Pig Super Pig Fair , then Partly Piggy Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks Olivia ( character TV series ) Pink Floyd pigs Pinky and Perky Preston Pig Rasher Spider - Ham Spider pig The Tale of Little Pig Robinson The Tale of Pigling Bland `` This Little Piggy '' Huxley Pig Wibbly Pig Zhu Bajie Other List of pigs List of fictional pigs Piganino Pigasus ( politics ) `` When pigs fly '' <Th_colspan="2"> The Three Little Pigs Film The Three Little Pigs ( 1933 ) The Big Bad Wolf ( 1934 ) Three Little Wolves ( 1936 ) The Practical Pig ( 1939 ) Unstable Fables ( 2008 ) Stage De 3 Biggetjes ( 2003 musical ) Parody films Blitz Wolf ( 1942 ) Pigs in a Polka ( 1943 ) The Windblown Hare ( 1949 ) Three Little Bops ( 1957 ) Parody books The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs ! ( 1989 ) The Three Little Wolves and the Big Bad Pig ( 1993 ) The Three Pigs ( 2001 ) Games Oink ! Songs `` Who 's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf ? '' ( 1933 ) `` Three Little Pigs '' ( 1991 ) Story in story Season 's Greetings Related San zhi xiao zhu Big Bad Wolf ( character ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Three_Little_Pigs&oldid=808459640 '' Categories : Fictional pigs Fables English fairy tales English folklore Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters Animal tales Characters in fairy tales Pigs in literature Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles containing Dutch - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Перем Коми Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Walon 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 00 : 14 . 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Incorporation ( business ) - wikipedia Incorporation ( business ) Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . 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( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is part of a series on Corporate law By jurisdiction ( show ) Anguilla Australia BVI Canada Cayman Islands India South Africa United States Vietnam European Union France Germany UK General corporate forms ( show ) Company Conglomerate Cooperative Corporation Holding company Joint - stock Partnership General Limited Limited liability Private limited Sole proprietorship Corporate forms by jurisdiction ( show ) European Union Societas ( SE ) Societas cooperativa ( SCE ) Societas privata ( SPE ) Societas unius personae ( SUP ) Economic interest grouping ( EEIG ) UK / Ireland / Commonwealth Charitable incorporated organisation ( CIO ) Community interest company ( CIC ) Industrial and provident society ( IPS ) Limited company ( Ltd . ) by guarantee by shares proprietary public Unlimited company United States Benefit corporation C corporation Limited liability company ( LLC ) Low - profit LLC Series LLC Limited liability limited partnership ( LLLP ) S corporation Delaware corporation / statutory trust Massachusetts business trust Nevada corporation Others Aktiebolag ( AB ) Aktiengesellschaft ( AG ) Ansvarlig selskap ( ANS ) Aktieselskab ( A / S ) Aksjeselskap ( AS ) Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung ( GmbH ) Kabushiki gaisha ( K.K. ) Naamloze vennootschap ( N.V. ) Osakeyhtiö ( Oy ) S.A. Société à responsabilité limitée ( SARL ) more ... Doctrines ( show ) Business judgment rule Corporate governance De facto and estoppel corporations Internal affairs doctrine Limited liability Piercing the corporate veil Rochdale Principles Ultra vires Related areas ( show ) Civil procedure Contract Corporate registers Company portal Law portal Incorporation is the formation of a new corporation ( a corporation being a legal entity that is effectively recognized as a person under the law ) . The corporation may be a business , a non-profit organization , sports club , or a government of a new city or town . This article focuses on the process of incorporation ; see also corporation . Contents ( hide ) 1 In the United States 1.1 The Certificate of Incorporation ( requirements ) 1.2 Legal benefits 1.3 Legal history 1.3. 1 Dartmouth College v. Woodward , 1819 1.3. 2 Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad , 1886 1.3. 3 Liggett v. Lee , 1933 1.3. 4 First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti , 1978 1.3. 5 Citizens United v. FEC , 2010 1.4 Steps required for incorporation 1.5 Taxation 1.6 Reporting after incorporation 2 In the United Kingdom 2.1 Types of companies 3 International perspective 4 See also 5 References 6 External links In the United states ( edit ) The Certificate of incorporation ( requirements ) ( edit ) The information required differ in different states . However , there are some common information that are asked by almost all the states and so , must be included in the Certificate of Incorporation , accordingly . They are as follows : Business purpose -- It would describe the incorporated tasks a company has to do or provide . At present , only two types of business purpose clauses are used . They are : General -- General purpose clauses are accepted by some and not all states . It indicates that the budding company has been formed to carry out `` all lawful business '' in the region . Specific -- Alternatively , some states have made it mandatory for the business owners to furnish a more detailed explanation of the products and / or services to be offered by their companies . Corporate name -- A chosen name must be added to the Certificate of Incorporation . This should be followed with the corporate identifier like `` Corporation '' , `` Incorporated '' , `` Company '' , or one of the abbreviations like `` Inc '' . A preliminary name availability search is advisable , prior to the submission of the Articles of Incorporation . In case of online incorporation , the state will have final say with regards to the name chosen for the company and that the name should n't deceive or mislead the consumers . Registered agent -- Almost all the states require every corporation to have a registered agent of their own in the state of incorporation . Registered agents will receive all the important legal as well as tax documents on behalf of the corporation . A typical registered agent will need a physical address ( P.O box nos . ) in the state of incorporation and should be accessible during normal business hours . Incorporator -- An incorporator is the person who prepares and files the Certificate of Incorporation with the concerned state . Share par value -- It refers to the stated minimum value , and generally does n't correspond to the actual value . Usually , $0.01 , $1.00 or no par are some of the common par values . In reality , the value of a share is based on its fair market value , or whatever amount a buyer is willing to pay for the same . Number of authorized shares of stock -- An incorporation needs to stipulate the exact number of shares they as a company are willing to authorize . Moreover , it is mandatory for every corporation , be it small or large , to have stock . A stock represents ownership in the corporation . Directors -- Many states need the name and addresses of the initial directors of the corporation in the incorporation papers . They are responsible for the corporation 's daily affairs and oversee major corporate decisions . Directors hold an elected office as chosen by the shareholders ' mandate and will be responsible to appoint officers . Preferred shares -- If a company / corporation is willing to permit both preferred as well as common shares of stock , then this should have a mention in the Articles of Incorporation , along with the voting rights information . Generally , preferred shares provide its shareholders preferential payments of distribution of assets or dividends , in case the company shuts down its operations . A lot of small business owners only allow shares of common stock . Officers -- Officers include president , vice president , secretary and treasurer have the responsibility towards the daily activities of the corporation . Certain states require that officer information be included , while others have kept it optional . Legal address of the company / corporation -- In many states , it is optional to provide the legal or principal business address . But in some states it is mandatory . Legal benefits ( edit ) Protection of personal assets -- One of the most important legal benefits is the safeguarding of personal assets against the claims of creditors and lawsuits . Sole proprietors and general partners in a partnership are personally and jointly responsible for all the liabilities of a business such as loans , accounts payable , and legal judgments . In a corporation , however , stockholders , directors and officers typically are not liable for the company 's debts and obligations . They are limited in liability to the amount they have invested in the corporation . For example , if a shareholder purchased $100 in stock , no more than $100 can be lost . Corporations and limited liability companies ( LLCs ) may hold assets such as real estate , cars or boats . If a shareholder of a corporation is personally involved in a lawsuit or bankruptcy , these assets may be protected . A creditor of a shareholder of a corporation or LLC can not seize the assets of the company . However , the creditor can seize ownership shares in the corporation , as they are considered a personal asset . Transferable ownership -- Ownership in a corporation or LLC is easily transferable to others , either in whole or in part . Some state laws are particularly corporate - friendly . For example , the transfer of ownership in a corporation incorporated in Delaware is not required to be filed or recorded . Retirement funds -- Retirement funds and qualified retirements plans , such as a 401 ( k ) , may be established more easily . Taxation -- In the United States , corporations are taxed at a lower rate than individuals are . Also , they can own shares in other corporations and receive corporate dividends 80 % tax - free . There are no limits on the amount of losses a corporation may carry forward to subsequent tax years . A sole proprietorship , on the other hand , can not claim a capital loss greater than $3,000 unless the owner has offsetting capital gains . Raising funds through sale of stock . A corporation can easily raise capital from investors through the sale of stock . Durability -- A corporation is capable of continuing indefinitely . Its existence is not affected by the death of shareholders , directors , or officers of the corporation . Credit rating -- Regardless of an owner 's personal credit scores , a corporation can acquire its own credit rating , and build a separate credit history by applying for and using corporate credit . Legal history ( edit ) American opinion of corporations has evolved significantly throughout history , and Supreme Court cases provide a means to observe this evolution . While these cases may seem arbitrary and decontextualized when examined individually , when viewed successively and within historical context , a narrative emerges that offers an explanation for why such views are upheld . Dartmouth college v. woodward , 1819 ( edit ) 1816 the New Hampshire state legislature passed a bill that would turn privately owned Dartmouth College into a publicly owned university with a Board of Trustees appointed by the governor . The board filed a suit challenging the constitutionality of the legislature . The suit alleged the college enjoyed the right to contract and the government changing that contract was not allowed . Chief Justice John Marshall delivered the majority opinion and affirmed that the right to contract exists between owners of private property rather than between a government and its citizens . The case was the first case in US history that asked fundamental questions about corporate entities and the protections they enjoy ; it also was a precedent - setting case in extending `` individual rights '' to corporations . Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific railroad , 1886 ( edit ) The railroad was an expensive multi-year project that greatly changed and altered both the physical and commercial landscape of the country . As with most new technology developments that have a broad impact , there are disputes about how those technologies and the businesses they thrive in fit under the umbrella of laws that govern regulations and taxation . In 1886 one such taxation dispute arose between Santa Clara County and Southern Pacific Railroad . The railroad thought the tax code was misapplied to some of their property and assets . In deciding the case , a unanimous court ruled that governments must abide by the same tax code enforcement for individuals that it did for corporations . While not explicitly stated in the case , it was implied that this case extended equal protection rights to corporations under the 14th amendment . Liggett v. Lee , 1933 ( edit ) The booming economy the railroad corporations helped build from the late 19th into the early 20th centuries came to a screeching halt in 1929 . The Great Depression , as it came to be known , helped a view of corporations emerge that put them at odds with the normal working man . The election of Franklin D. Roosevelt was a manifestation of many populist sentiments the country might have felt . In 1933 a Florida case came before the court , again disputing taxation . In Liggett v. Lee the court ruled that there could be a corporate tax , essentially saying the structure of business was a justifiably discriminatory criterion for governments to consider when writing tax legislation . This was a unique ruling handed down during a unique time in US history that denied a corporation freedom it sought in the courtroom . First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti , 1978 ( edit ) From 1940 to 1990 the percent of total GDP made up by financial service professionals increased by 300 % . Along with that growth there was a growth in the profits this industry experienced as well . As the disposable income of banks and other financial institutions rose , they sought a way to use it to influence politics and policy . In response , Massachusetts passed a law limiting corporate donations strictly to issues related to their industry . The First National Bank of Boston challenged the law on First Amendment grounds and won . First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti allowed business to use financial speech in political causes of any nature . Citizens United v. FEC , 2010 ( edit ) In 2010 amidst an outpouring of frustration and blame directed at Wall Street the issue of corporate contributions came before the court again . In Citizens United v. FEC the court said there was virtually no distinction between monetary contributions and political speech , and because we do not limit political speech unless it is tantamount to bribery , corporations have the right as people to donate unlimited amounts of money to any political cause so long as it is not to a direct campaign . Steps required for incorporation ( edit ) The articles of incorporation ( also called a charter , certificate of incorporation or letters patent ) are filed with the appropriate state office , listing the purpose of the corporation , its principal place of business and the number and type of shares of stock . A registration fee is due , which is usually between $25 and $1,000 , depending on the state . A corporate name is generally made up of three parts : `` distinctive element '' , `` descriptive element '' , and a legal ending . All corporations must have a distinctive element , and in most filing jurisdictions , a legal ending to their names . Some corporations choose not to have a descriptive element . In the name `` Tiger Computers , Inc . '' , the word `` Tiger '' is the distinctive element ; the word `` Computers '' is the descriptive element ; and the `` Inc . '' is the legal ending . The legal ending indicates that it is in fact a legal corporation and not just a business registration or partnership . Incorporated , limited , and corporation , or their respective abbreviations ( Inc. , Ltd. , Corp . ) are the possible legal endings in the US . Usually , there are also corporate bylaws which must be filed with the state . Bylaws outline a number of important administrative details such as when annual shareholder meetings will be held , who can vote and the manner in which shareholders will be notified if there is need for an additional `` special '' meeting . Taxation ( edit ) Main article : Corporate tax in the United States Corporations can only deduct net operating losses going back two years and forward 20 years . Reporting after incorporation ( edit ) Assuming a corporation has not sold stock to the public , conducting corporate business is straightforward . Often , it amounts to recording key corporate decisions ( for example , borrowing money or buying real estate ) and holding an annual meeting . These formalities can often be supplanted by written agreement and do not usually need a face - to - face meeting . In the United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Company formation In the UK , the process of incorporation is generally called company formation . The United Kingdom is one of the quickest locations to incorporate , with a fully electronic process and a very fast turnaround by the national registrar of companies , the Companies House . The current Companies House record is five minutes to vet and issue a certificate of incorporation for an electronic application . Types of companies ( edit ) There are many different types of UK companies : Public limited company ( PLC ) Private company limited by shares ( Ltd . ) Company limited by guarantee Unlimited company ( Unltd . ) Limited liability partnership ( LLP ) Community interest company Industrial and provident society ( IPS ) Royal charter ( RC ) International perspective ( edit ) See also : Types of business entity The legal concept of incorporation is recognized all over the world . In the United States , there are many ways that a corporation can be identified . The four forms that are valid in all 50 states and the District of Columbia are `` Corporation '' , `` Incorporated '' , and the abbreviations `` Corp . '' and `` Inc . '' Some states allow the use of `` Company '' and some have additional optional names . A complete list of which names are allowed in each state can be found at Types of business entity # United States . In Germany , Austria and Switzerland , the GmbH ( `` Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung '' , meaning `` limited liability business association '' ) , as well as the AG ( `` Aktiengesellschaft '' , meaning `` business association with shares '' ) , are the entities most similar to the corporations in the US . In the United Kingdom , with the exception of an unlimited company or corporation which requires no designation as part of its legal company name , the titles Ltd. ( limited company ) or plc ( public limited company ) are used for corporations . In France , Switzerland , Belgium and Luxembourg , the term `` SARL ( ( in French ) ) , ( société à responsibilité limitée , company with limited liability ) '' or SA ( société anonyme , anonymous corporation ) or SAS ( Société par actions simplifiée , simplified anonymous joint - stock corporation ) is used . Spain , Portugal , Romania and Latin America use the title SA ( anonymous partnership ) for stock corporations or Ltda ( limitada or limited liability ) for limited companies . ( Ltda is denoted SL in Spain , for `` Sociedad Limitada '' , and SRL in Argentina , for ( `` Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada '' ) ) . In Poland there is the title SA ( standing for Spółka Akcyjna , Polish for stock partnership ) for stock corporations or Sp . z o.o. ( Spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością , a partnership with limited liability ) for limited companies . There is also Spółka komandytowa ( Sp . K . ) , a partnership where at least one partner is fully liable and other one has limited liability , and Spółka komandytowo - akcyjna ( Sp . K.A. ) -- a partnership where at least one partner is fully liable and other one is a stock shareholder not being liable . Denmark and Norway use the title A / S for stock corporations ( Danish : Aktieselskab , Norwegian : Aksjeselskap ) , while Sweden uses the similar AB ( Swedish : aktiebolag ) . Finland uses Oy ( Finnish : Osakeyhtiö ) , Oyj for stock corporations ( Osakeyhtiö , julkinen ) and Ay ( Avoin yhtiö ) or Ky ( Kommandiittiyhtiö ) for private enterprises . In India , the term Pvt Ltd is used for a company that is private , an entity similar to an LLC in the United States . Ltd is used for publicly listed companies ( shares of a listed company are traded on the stock market ) or a public corporation , a similar entity to a corporation in the US . Italy uses `` Srl '' or `` Società a Responsabilità Limitata '' ( limited liability company ) , and `` SpA '' or `` Società Per Azioni '' ( stock corporation ) . In the Netherlands , N.V. ( Naamloze Vennootschap ) and B.V. ( Besloten Vennootschap met beperkte aansprakelijkheid ) are used . In Belgium , the abbreviations NV and Bvba are used for similar types of entity . Malaysia uses Sdn . Bhd . ( Malay : Sendirian Berhad ) , meaning `` private limited '' , which is the equivalent of an incorporated entity in the US . Indonesia uses P.T. ( Indonesian : Perseroan Terbatas ) , meaning `` private limited '' , which is the equivalent of an incorporated entity in the US . This legal title is stated in front of the corporation name . If the shares become publicly listed for trading in stock exchange , it is called Tbk . ( Indonesian : Terbuka ) , appended after the corporation name . Slovakia and the Czech Republic use s.r.o. ( Slovak : spoločnosť s ručením obmedzeným , Czech : společnost s ručením omezeným meaning `` business with limited liability '' ) and a.s. ( Slovak : akciová spoločnosť , Czech : akciová společnost meaning `` business with shares '' ) . In Latvia , the most commonly used title of a corporation is `` S.I.A. '' ( Latvian : Sabiedrība ar Ierobežotu Atbildību ) for `` limited liability company '' , or `` LLC '' , and `` A / S '' ( Latvian : Akciju Sabiedrība ) for `` joint stock company '' , or `` JSC '' . The title `` S.I.A. '' and `` A / S '' are put before the name of the corporation . Lithuania uses `` UAB '' ( Lithuanian : Uždaroji Akcinė Bendrovė ) for `` limited liability company '' and `` AB '' ( Lithuanian : Akcinė Bendrovė ) for `` joint stock company '' , and , like in Latvia , they also appear before the corporation 's name . Albania uses `` Sh. p.k '' ( Albanian : Shoqëri me Përgjegjësi të Kufizuar ) for `` limited liability company '' , `` Sh. a . '' ( Albanian : Shoqëri Anonime ) , meaning `` anonymous partnership '' , for stock corporations . Pursuant to the Albanian legislation , the possible business structures are : Sole proprietorship ( person fizik ) -- A business owned and managed by one individual who is personally liable for all business debts and obligations . Limited liability company ( LLC ) -- A hybrid legal structure that provides the limited liability features of a corporation and the tax efficiencies and operational flexibility of a partnership . Corporation -- A legal entity owned by shareholders . Non-profit -- An organization engaged in activities of public or private interest where making a profit is not a primary mission . Some non-profits are exempt from federal taxes . Singapore uses Pte. Ltd. , meaning `` private limited '' , which is the equivalent of an incorporated entity in the US . China uses WFOE ( or WOFE ) , to refer to a Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise ( WFOE ) . This is the most popular form of business entity for foreign investors wanting to set up a company in China ; it is a limited liability company . In Canada , the process of incorporation can be done either at the federal or provincial level . Companies which incorporate with the federal government will generally need to register extra-provincially in the province that they elect to do business . Similarly , a provincial corporation may need to register extra-provincially if they are to have offices outside of their home province . Incorporations are effected quite quickly , depending upon the jurisdiction of registration , as several provinces and the federal government have started to allow for electronic filing . Incorporated Canadian companies can generally use either Limited , Incorporated or Corporation in their name ; however , this may vary province to province . Dubai uses `` LLC '' to denote a limited liability company . Listed companies use `` PJSC '' to denote a public joint stock company . In Turkey , Ltd . Şti. ( which stands for Limited Şirketi ) is a common form to denote limited liability companies . See also ( edit ) Articles of incorporation BVBA Delaware corporation General incorporation law Limited liability company List of company registers Types of business entity References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dartmouth College v. Woodward , 1819 Jump up ^ Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad , 1886 Jump up ^ Liggett v. Lee , 1933 Jump up ^ Cracks in the Pipeline Part One : Restoring Efficiency to Wall Street and Value to Main Street Jump up ^ Bank of Boston v. Belloti , 1978 Jump up ^ Citizens United v. FEC , 2010 Jump up ^ `` State Corporation Departments : Interactive Map : : LawServer '' . LawServer. 2013 - 02 - 11 . Archived from the original on 20130211 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Check date values in : archive - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ companies.com.my/ Jump up ^ `` Details on Private Limited Company '' . Businessdictionary.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 . External links ( edit ) How to Incorporate Your New Business -- a wikiHow article Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incorporation_(business)&oldid=838978459 '' Categories : Corporate law Corporations Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Articles needing additional references from August 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with a promotional tone from October 2014 All articles with a promotional tone Articles that may contain original research from October 2014 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with French - language external links Articles containing Danish - language text Articles containing Norwegian - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing Finnish - language text Articles containing Malay - language text Articles containing Indonesian - language text Articles containing Slovak - language text Articles containing Czech - language text Articles containing Latvian - language text Articles containing Lithuanian - language text Articles containing Albanian - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Malagasy Português Русский Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 30 April 2018 , at 14 : 05 . 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1. Incorporation process
2. Legal benefits of incorporation
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5. International perspective on incorporation
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where is the tv series the affair filmed
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The Affair ( TV series ) - Wikipedia The Affair ( TV series ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Affair <Td_colspan="2"> Television release poster Genre Drama Mystery Psychological drama Created by Sarah Treem Hagai Levi Starring Dominic West Ruth Wilson Maura Tierney Joshua Jackson Julia Goldani Telles Jake Siciliano Jadon Sand Leya Catlett Josh Stamberg Catalina Sandino Moreno Omar Metwally Irène Jacob Sanaa Lathan Opening theme `` Container '' by Fiona Apple Composer ( s ) Marcelo Zarvos Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 42 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Sarah Treem Hagai Levi Jeffrey Reiner Eric Overmyer Anya Epstein Production location ( s ) Brooklyn , New York City Long Island City , New York City Westchester County , New York , Montauk , New York Los Angeles , California Cinematography Steven Fierberg Tod Campbell Editor ( s ) Louis Cioffi Todd Desrosiers Dana Congdon Agnes Grandits Pete Beaudreau Running time 50 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Sheleg Higlewater Showtime Networks <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Showtime Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release October 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Official website The Affair is an American television drama series created by Sarah Treem and Hagai Levi . The series premiered on Showtime on October 12 , 2014 . A TV - 14 version of the pilot episode was made available online beginning on October 6 , 2014 , via YouTube , SHO.com , and several other on - demand formats . A 12 - episode second season of The Affair premiered on October 4 , 2015 . On December 9 , 2015 , the series was renewed for a third season , which debuted on November 20 , 2016 . On January 9 , 2017 , Showtime renewed the series for a fourth season , which premiered on June 17 , 2018 . On July 26 , 2018 , Showtime announced it had renewed the series for a fifth and final season to debut in 2019 . The series won the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama and Ruth Wilson won for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015 . At the 73rd Golden Globe Awards in 2016 , Maura Tierney won the award for Best Supporting Actress . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Recurring cast 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 Home media 7 International broadcast 8 References 9 External links Series Overview ( edit ) The Affair explores the emotional effects of an extramarital relationship between Noah Solloway and Alison Lockhart ( Dominic West and Ruth Wilson ) after they casually meet at the diner where Alison works . The show begins with the Solloway family packing up the family van to stay in the resort town of Montauk , New York . Noah is happily married with four children , but he resents their dependence on his wealthy father - in - law . Alison is a local waitress trying to piece her life and marriage back together in the wake of her young son 's tragic accidental death at the age of four . The story of the affair is depicted from Noah 's and Alison 's perspectives respectively , complete with memory bias which often results in vastly different scenarios . Each episode has two parts , one as remembered by Noah , the other by Alison . Noah 's perspective is of a vibrant , playful , and sexy Alison who comes on to him , while her perspective is more cautious , reserved , with a dulled conservative sense of self , and Noah coming on to her . In the second season , the narrative is also expanded to include the perspectives of their original spouses , Helen Solloway and Cole Lockhart ( Maura Tierney and Joshua Jackson ) , as they all move forward with the dissolution of their marriages and deal with the ramifications . The subsequent death of Alison 's brother - in - law , Scott ( Colin Donnell ) , and the ensuing police investigation and criminal trial , are explored in flashforward scenes at the end of most episodes . The third season is set three years later and introduces another perspective , Juliette Le Gall ( Irène Jacob ) , Noah 's new love interest . In the fourth season , Noah has moved to Los Angeles to be closer to his younger children Trevor ( Jadon Sand ) and Stacey ( Abigail Dylan Harrison ) , as Helen and Vik ( Omar Metwally ) have moved there . Cole and Luisa ( Catalina Sandino Moreno ) are living together in Montauk , while Alison is working as a grief counselor . Season 4 also features a flashforward storyline and introduces Vik 's perspective . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Affair episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> October 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) December 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 21 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 12 <Td_colspan="1"> October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) December 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 20 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) January 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> June 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) August 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 19 ) Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Dominic West as Noah Solloway Ruth Wilson as Alison Bailey ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Maura Tierney as Helen Butler , Noah 's ex-wife Joshua Jackson as Cole Lockhart , Alison 's ex-husband Julia Goldani Telles as Whitney Solloway , Noah 's daughter ( seasons 1 -- 3 , guest season 4 ) Jake Siciliano as Martin Solloway , Noah 's son ( seasons 1 -- 3 , guest season 4 ) Jadon Sand as Trevor Solloway , Noah 's son Leya Catlett ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) and Abigail Dylan Harrison ( season 3 -- present ) as Stacey Solloway , Noah 's daughter Josh Stamberg as Max Cadman , Noah 's best friend ( season 2 , recurring season 1 , guest season 3 ) Catalina Sandino Moreno as Luisa León , Cole 's wife ( season 3 -- present , recurring season 2 ) Omar Metwally as Dr. Vikram `` Vik '' Ullah , Helen 's boyfriend ( season 3 -- present , recurring season 2 ) Irène Jacob as Juliette Le Gall , a professor at the university where Noah teaches ( season 3 ) Sanaa Lathan as Jenelle Wilson , the principal of the charter school where Noah teaches ( season 4 ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Victor Williams as Detective Jeffries John Doman as Bruce Butler , Helen 's father Kathleen Chalfant as Margaret Butler , Helen 's mother Mare Winningham as Cherry Lockhart , Cole 's mother Colin Donnell as Scott Lockhart , Cole 's brother Danny Fischer as Hal Lockhart , Cole 's brother Michael Godere as Caleb Lockhart , Cole 's brother Kaija Matiss as Mary - Kate Lockhart , Hal 's wife Deirdre O'Connell as Athena Bailey , Alison 's mother Nicolette Robinson as Jane , waitress at The Lobster Roll Darren Goldstein as Oscar Hodges , owner of The Lobster Roll Stephen Kunken as Harry , a publisher Lynn Cohen as Joan Bailey , Alison 's grandmother ( season 1 ) Jennifer Esposito as Nina Solloway , Noah 's sister ( season 2 -- present ) Richard Schiff as Jon Gottlief , Noah 's attorney ( season 2 ) Joanna Gleason as Yvonne , a publisher who , along with her husband Robert , owns the guest house in which Allison and Noah stay ( season 2 ) Peter Friedman as Robert , Yvonne 's husband ( season 2 ) Brendan Fraser as John Gunther , a prison guard ( season 3 ) Reagan and Savannah Grella as Joanie , Alison and Cole 's daughter ( season 3 -- present ) Christopher Meyer as Anton Gatewood , an intelligent student at the school where Noah teaches ( season 4 ) Emily Browning as Sierra , Helen and Vik 's neighbor ( season 4 ) Ramon Rodriguez as Ben Cruz , a Marine veteran and Alison 's love interest ( season 4 ) Production ( edit ) On February 8 , 2013 , it was announced that Showtime had ordered a pilot for The Affair . The network officially picked up the series on January 16 , 2014 , with a 10 - episode order . On November 10 , 2014 , Showtime renewed the series for a 10 - episode second season ; however , it was later changed to 12 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 90 % ( 50 reviews ) 85 ( 28 reviews ) 90 % ( 21 reviews ) 78 ( 15 reviews ) 79 % ( 19 reviews ) 72 ( 8 reviews ) 90 % ( 21 reviews ) N / A The first season received praise from critics . On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a rating of 90 % , based on 50 reviews , with an average rating of 8.18 / 10 . The consensus reads : `` Thanks to some smart , creative storytelling and spectacular performances , The Affair is a somber , bewitching exploration of truth and desire . '' On Metacritic , the first season has a score of 85 out of 100 , based on 28 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The second season received continued positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a rating of 90 % , based on 21 reviews , with an average rating of 8.04 / 10 . The consensus reads : `` The Affair shifts its emphasis in season two , moving psychological drama to the foreground and expanding the show 's central crime story to include two new points of view . '' On Metacritic , it has a score of 78 out of 100 based on 15 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Gwen Ihnat of The A.V. Club gave it an `` A - '' grade and wrote that `` With its bold new move to double our number of perspectives , it appears that The Affair will sail over that sophomore slump that has felled so many other Showtime dramas . The third season received continued positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a rating of 79 % , based on 19 reviews , with an average rating of 7.67 / 10 . The consensus reads : `` The Affair adds to its cast of strong characters and deepens the mood , tension , and intrigue , even if the plot sometimes struggles to move forward . '' On Metacritic , it has a score of 72 out of 100 based on 8 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The fourth season received continued positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a rating of 90 % , based on 21 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . The consensus reads : `` The Affair 's captivating character study returns with fewer kinks than its previous outing , resulting in a more emotionally grounded season that regains much of the show 's initial allure . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Association Nominee ( s ) Result 72nd Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Dominic West Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Ruth Wilson Won Best Television Series -- Drama The Affair Won 19th Satellite Awards Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Ruth Wilson Nominated Best Television Series -- Drama The Affair Nominated 67th Writers Guild of America Awards Best New Series The Affair Nominated 6th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Maura Tierney Nominated 73rd Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Maura Tierney Won 42nd People 's Choice Awards Favorite Premium Cable TV Actor Joshua Jackson Nominated 20th Satellite Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Dominic West Won 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Maura Tierney Nominated 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated 21st Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Affair Nominated Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Dominic West Won Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Ruth Wilson Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Maura Tierney Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in a Contemporary TV Series Sean Ilnseher Nominated 22nd Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Affair Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Ruth Wilson Nominated Home media ( edit ) The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on August 4 , 2015 . The set contains all 10 episodes , plus special features , including character profiles and costume featurettes . The second season was released on DVD in region 1 on August 16 , 2016 . The third season was released on DVD in region 1 on April 25 , 2017 . INTERNATIONAL broadcast ( edit ) In Canada , the series premiered simultaneously with the American broadcast on October 12 , 2014 , and airs on Movie Central and The Movie Network . The series premiered on Showcase in Australia on February 10 , 2015 . Sky Atlantic bought the rights to air The Affair in the UK with season one beginning in May 2015 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Affair ' opening credits feature new Fiona Apple song : Listen '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Showtime To Pick Up Drama ' The Affair ' , Philip Seymour Hoffman Comedy To Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Affair ' Premiere : Showtime Sneaking Early Look Today '' . Deadline Hollywood . October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Homeland ' Season 5 & ' The Affair ' Season 2 to Premiere Sunday , October 4 on Showtime '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Homeland , The Affair Renewed '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shameless , ' ' The Affair , ' ' Masters of Sex ' Season Premiere Dates Set at Showtime '' . Variety . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Affair ' Renewed For Season 4 By Showtime Ahead Of Season 3 Finale -- TCA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Showtime Sets Premiere Dates for ' Billions ' and ' The Affair , ' Releases Trailer for Benedict Cumberbatch 's ' Patrick Melrose ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` The Affair to End With Season 5 '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Showtime ( R ) Releases Key Art for `` The Affair , '' Premiering Sunday , October 12th at 10 PM ET / PT '' ( Press release ) . Showtime . August 26 , 2014 . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Affair boss explains how season 2 will work with four perspectives '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Affair Unveils Game - Changing Season 3 Twist '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Amber ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Affair ' Boss on a ' Fresh Start ' for Season 4 '' . Variety . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Showtime Gives Pilot Order To ' Affair ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Showtime Renews Homeland for Season 5 , The Affair for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Showtime Fall Programming Overview '' ( Press release ) . Showtime . August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Affair : Season 1 ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Affair - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Affair : Season 2 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Affair - Season 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ihnat , Gwen ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Emotional drama The Affair gets even more intimate in season 2 '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Affair : Season 3 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Affair - Season 3 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Affair - Season 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Affair : Season 4 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Golden Globes 2015 : Gina Rodriguez , Transparent , The Affair Win Big '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards ( 2014 ) '' . International Press Academy . December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Good Wife , True Detective , Thrones , Louie Among 2015 WGA Nominees '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : TV Winners Include Fargo , Mr. Robot , Master of None , Rachel Bloom and Carrie Coon '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` Golden Globes : Mr. Robot and Mozart Win Big ; Taraji P. Henson , Lady Gaga , Jon Hamm , Rachel Bloom Grab Gold '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards : 42nd People 's Choice Awards Nominees '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Actor in a Series , Drama 2015 Nominees '' . Press Academy . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` The 68th Annual Emmy Nominations : The Complete List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winfrey , Graham ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards : HBO Leads 22 Nominations '' . IndieWire . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Awards Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE INTERNATIONAL PRESS ACADEMY ANNOUNCES WINNERS FOR THE 21 ANNUAL SATELLITE AWARDS '' ( PDF ) . International Press Academy . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` The Affair - Showtime / Paramount Announces ' Season 1 ' on DVD : Date , Box , Extras '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` The Affair - ' Season 2 ' DVDs Announced by Showtime / Paramount * * * UPDATE : EXTRAS ! * * * '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Affair - ' Season 3 ' is Coming to DVD this Spring from Showtime / Paramount '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showtime 's Sexy and Emotionally Gripping Drama THE AFFAIR Premieres on Movie Central and The Movie Network , October 12 '' ( Press release ) . The Movie Network . August 27 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` Airdate : The Affair '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Dominic West drama The Affair to air on Sky Atlantic '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Affair on IMDb The Affair at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama <Td_colspan="2"> Marcus Welby , M.D. , season 1 ( 1969 ) Medical Center , season 1 / season 2 ( 1970 ) Mannix , season 4 / season 5 ( 1971 ) Columbo , season 1 / season 2 ( 1972 ) The Waltons , season 1 / season 2 ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs , season 3 / season 4 ( 1974 ) Kojak , season 2 / season 3 ( 1975 ) Rich Man , Poor Man ( 1976 ) Roots ( 1977 ) 60 Minutes ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 / season 3 ( 1979 ) Shōgun ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues , season 1 / season 2 ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues , season 2 / season 3 ( 1982 ) Dynasty , season 3 / season 4 ( 1983 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 ( 1984 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 / season 2 ( 1985 ) L.A. Law , season 1 ( 1986 ) L.A. Law , season 1 / season 2 ( 1987 ) thirtysomething , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) China Beach , season 2 / season 3 ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks , season 1 / season 2 ( 1990 ) Northern Exposure , season 2 / season 3 ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure , season 3 / season 4 ( 1992 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1993 ) The X-Files , season 1 / season 2 ( 1994 ) Party of Five , season 1 / season 2 ( 1995 ) The X-Files , season 3 / season 4 ( 1996 ) The X-Files , season 4 / season 5 ( 1997 ) The Practice , season 2 / season 3 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 ( 2000 ) Six Feet Under , season 1 ( 2001 ) The Shield , season 1 ( 2002 ) 24 , season 2 / season 3 ( 2003 ) Nip / Tuck , season 2 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2009 ) Boardwalk Empire , season 1 ( 2010 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 2 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2013 ) The Affair , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mr. Robot , season 1 ( 2015 ) The Crown , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Showtime original programming Current The Affair ( since 2014 ) Billions ( since 2016 ) The Chi ( since 2018 ) The Circus : Inside the Greatest Political Show on Earth ( since 2016 ) Dark Net ( since 2016 ) Gigolos ( since 2011 ) Guerrilla ( since 2017 ) Homeland ( since 2011 ) I 'm Dying Up Here ( since 2017 ) Inside the NFL ( since 2008 ) Just Another Immigrant ( since 2018 ) Our Cartoon President ( since 2018 ) Polyamory : Married & Dating ( since 2012 ) Ray Donovan ( since 2013 ) Shameless ( since 2011 ) ShoBox : The New Generation ( since 2001 ) Showtime Championship Boxing ( since 1986 ) SMILF ( since 2017 ) Submission ( since 2016 ) Twin Peaks ( since 2017 ) Who Is America ? 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1. The Affair TV series
2. Drama mystery
3. Extramarital relationship
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who said give me liberty or give me deth
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Give me Liberty , or give me Death ! - Wikipedia Give me Liberty , or give me Death ! Jump to : navigation , search `` Give me liberty , or give me death ! '' is a quotation attributed to Patrick Henry from a speech he made to the Second Virginia Convention on March 23 , 1775 , at St. John 's Church in Richmond , Virginia . `` Give me liberty , or give me death ! '' , lithograph ( 1876 ) from the Library of Congress He is credited with having swung the balance in convincing the convention to pass a resolution delivering Virginian troops for the Revolutionary War . Among the delegates to the convention were future U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson and George Washington . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication 2 Reception 3 Precursors 4 `` Liberty or death '' in other contexts 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 Works cited 7 External links Publication ( edit ) The speech was not published until the Port Folio printed a version of it in 1816 . The version of the speech that is known today first appeared in print in Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry , a biography of Henry by William Wirt , in 1817 . There is debate among historians as to whether , and to what extent , Henry or Wirt should be credited with authorship of the speech and its famous closing words . Reception ( edit ) Whatever the exact words of Henry were , there can be no doubt of their impact . According to Edmund Randolph , the convention sat in silence for several minutes afterwards . Thomas Marshall told his son John Marshall , who later became Chief Justice of the United States , that the speech was `` one of the most bold , vehement , and animated pieces of eloquence that had ever been delivered . '' Edward Carrington , who was listening outside a window of the church , requested that he be buried on that spot . In 1810 , he got his wish . And the drafter of the Virginia Declaration of Rights , George Mason , said , `` Every word he says not only engages but commands the attention , and your passions are no longer your own when he addresses them . '' More immediately , the resolution , declaring the United Colonies to be independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain , passed , and Henry was named chairman of the committee assigned to build a militia . Britain 's royal governor , Lord Dunmore , reacted by seizing the gunpowder in the public magazine at Williamsburg -- Virginia 's equivalent of the battles of Lexington and Concord . Whatever the exact words of Henry were , `` scholars , understandably , are troubled by the way Wirt brought into print Henry 's classic Liberty or Death speech , '' wrote historian Bernard Mayo . `` Yet ... its expressions ... seemed to have burned themselves into men 's memories . Certainly its spirit is that of the fiery orator who in 1775 so powerfully influenced Virginians and events leading to American independence . '' Precursors ( edit ) There have been similar phrases used preceding Henry 's speech . The play , Cato , a Tragedy , was popular in the Colonies and well known by the Founding Fathers , who would quote from the play . George Washington had this play performed for the Continental Army at Valley Forge . It contains the line , `` It is not now time to talk of aught / But chains or conquest , liberty or death '' ( Act II , Scene 4 ) . The phrase `` Liberty or Death '' also appears on the Culpeper Minutemen flag of 1775 . `` Liberty or Death '' in other contexts ( edit ) The phrase appears in other nationalist contexts . The national anthem of Uruguay , Orientales , la Patria o la Tumba , contains the line ¡ Libertad o con gloria morir ! ( Liberty or with glory to die ! ) . The motto of Greece is `` Liberty or Death '' ( Eleftheria i thanatos ) . It arose during the Greek War of Independence in the 1820s , where it was a war cry for the Greeks who rebelled against Ottoman rule . A popular ( and possibly concocted ) story in Brazil relates that in 1822 , the emperor Pedro I uttered the famous Cry from ( the river ) Ipiranga , `` Independence or Death '' ( Independência ou Morte ) , when Brazil was still a colony of Portugal Barman , Roderick J. ( 1988 ) . Brazil : The Forging of a Nation , 1798 -- 1852 . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1437 - 2 . In March 1941 the motto of the public demonstrations in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia against signing the treaty with Nazi Germany was `` Better grave than slave '' ( Bolje grob nego rob ) . During the Indonesian National Revolution the Pemuda ( youth ) used the phrase `` Merdeka atau Mati '' which means `` Freedom or Death '' . More recently , in China , Ren Jianyu , a 25 - year - old former college student `` village official '' was given a two - year re-education through labor sentence for an online anti-CPC speech . A T - shirt of Ren 's saying `` Give me liberty or give me death ! '' ( in Chinese ) has been taken as evidence of his anti-social guilt . See also ( edit ) American Revolutionary War portal Liberty or Death ( disambiguation ) Join , or Die Live Free or Die Liberté , égalité , fraternité Give Me Convenience or Give Me Death References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cohen ( 1981 ) , p. 702n2 . Jump up ^ Cohen ( 1981 ) , pp. 703 - 04 , 710ff . ^ Jump up to : `` Patrick Henry and His Famous Speech '' . Colonial Williamsburg Foundation and Rowman and Littlefield Publishers . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 -- via iCitizen Forum . Excerpt from Aron , Paul ( 2008 ) . `` John Adams '' . We Hold These Truths . Maryland : Rowman and Littlefield Publishers , in association with The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation . pp. 86 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Randall ( 1997 ) , p. 43 . Jump up ^ `` Culpepper Flags '' . Jump up ^ History about the Anthem of Uruguay Embassy of Uruguay in Argentina Jump up ^ Crampton , William ( 1991 ) . Complete Guide to Flags . Gallery Books . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 8317 - 1605 - 3 . Jump up ^ Job , Cvijeto ( 1992 - 03 - 15 ) . `` REQUIEM FOR A NATION '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Padmodiwiryo , Suhario ( 2015 ) . Student Soldiers : A Memoir of the Battle that Sparked Indonesia 's National Revolution . Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia . p. 165 . ISBN 9789794619612 . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Yu Jincui ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` Punishing Criticisms Outdated in Today 's China '' . Global Times . Beijing . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chongqing Village `` Liberty or Give Me Death '' T shirt Is Evidence for Detention `` . 大河 报 ( in Chinese ) . October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Works cited ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Give me liberty or give me death Cohen , Charles ( October 1981 ) . `` The ' Liberty or Death ' Speech : A Note on Religion and Revolutionary Rhetoric '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 38 ( 4 ) : 702 -- 717 . doi : 10.2307 / 1918911 . JSTOR 1918911 . Nelson , Craig ( 2006 ) . Thomas Paine , Enlightenment , Revolution , and the Birth of Modern Nations . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03788 - 5 . Randall , William ( 1997 ) . George Washington : A Life . New York : Henry Holt & Co . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 2779 - 3 . Raphael , Ray ( 2004 ) . Founding Myths : Stories that Hide Our Patriotic Past . New York : New Press . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 921 - 3 . Wirt , William ( 1816 ) . Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry . Philadelphia : Webster . OCLC 4519869 . External links ( edit ) Give Me Liberty public domain audiobook at LibriVox <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Virginia in the American Revolution Early Virginia Resolves ( 1765 ) Virginia Association ( 1769 ) 1774 Fairfax Resolves First Virginia Convention 1775 Fincastle Resolutions `` Give me liberty , or give me death ! '' Gunpowder Incident Formation of Culpeper Minutemen Dunmore 's Proclamation Formation of Ethiopian Regiment Battle of Kemp 's Landing Battle of Great Bridge Second Virginia Convention Third Virginia Convention Fourth Virginia Convention 1776 Burning of Norfolk Virginia Declaration of Rights Formation of Lee 's Legion Fifth Virginia Convention 1779 Chesapeake raid 1781 Raid of Richmond Skirmish at Waters Creek Battle of Cape Henry Battle of Blandford Action at Osborne 's Raid on Point of Fork Battle of Spencer 's Ordinary Battle of Green Spring Francisco 's Fight Battle of the Chesapeake Siege of Yorktown Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Give_me_liberty,_or_give_me_death!&oldid=842391046 '' Categories : 1775 in Virginia American Revolution Patrick Henry Political catchphrases English phrases Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Use mdy dates from March 2016 Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Bahasa Melayu Română Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 04 : 23 . 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1. Patrick Henry's speech
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No Child Left Behind Act - wikipedia No Child Left Behind Act Jump to : navigation , search No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 <Td_colspan="2"> Long title An act to close the achievement gap with accountability , flexibility , and choice , so that no child is left behind . Acronyms ( colloquial ) NCLB Enacted by the 107th United States Congress <Th_colspan="2"> Citations Public law 107 - 110 Statutes at Large 30 Stat. 750 , 42 Stat. 108 , 48 Stat. 986 , 52 Stat. 781 , 73 Stat. 4 , 88 Stat. 2213 , 102 Stat. 130 and 357 , 107 Stat. 1510 , 108 Stat. 154 and 223 , 112 Stat. 3076 , 113 Stat. 1323 , 115 Stat. 1425 to 2094 <Th_colspan="2"> Codification Acts amended Adult Education and Family Literacy Act Age Discrimination Act of 1975 Albert Einstein Distinguished Educator Fellowship Act of 1994 Augustus F. Hawkins - Robert T. Stafford Elementary and Secondary School Improvement Amendments of 1988 Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Technical Education Act of 1998 Civil Rights Act of 1964 Communications Act of 1934 Community Services Block Grant Act Department of Education Organization Act District of Columbia College Access Act of 1999 Education Amendments of 1972 Education Amendments of 1978 Education Flexibility Partnership Act of 1999 Education for Economic Security Act Educational Research , Development , Dissemination , and Improvement Act of 1994 Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 General Education Provisions Act Goals 2000 : Educate America Act Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 Higher Education Act of 1965 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act James Madison Memorial Fellowship Act Internal Revenue Code of 1986 Johnson -- O'Malley Act of 1934 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act , 1997 McKinney - Vento Homeless Assistance Act of 1987 Museum and Library Services Act National Agricultural Research , Extension , and Teaching Policy Act of 1977 National and Community Service Act of 1990 National Child Protection Act of 1993 National Education Statistics Act of 1994 National Environmental Education Act of 1990 Native American Languages Act Public Law 88 - 210 Public Law 106 - 400 Refugee Education Assistance Act of 1980 Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Safe Drinking Water Act School - to - Work Opportunities Act of 1994 State Dependent Care Development Grants Act Telecommunications Act of 1996 Tribally Controlled Schools Act of 1987 Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century Workforce Investment Act of 1998 Titles amended 15 U.S.C. : Commerce and Trade 20 U.S.C. : Education 42 U.S.C. : Public Health and Social Welfare 47 U.S.C. : Telegraphy U.S.C. sections amended 15 U.S.C. ch. 53 , subch . I § § 2601 -- 2629 20 U.S.C. ch. 28 § 1001 et seq . 20 U.S.C. ch. 70 42 U.S.C. ch. 119 § 11301 et seq . 47 U.S.C. ch. 5 , subch . VI § 609 47 U.S.C. ch. 5 , subch. II § 251 et seq . 47 U.S.C. ch. 5 , subch . I § 151 et seq . 47 U.S.C. ch. 5 , subch. II § 271 et seq . <Th_colspan="2"> Legislative history <Td_colspan="2"> Introduced in the House of Representatives as ( 3 ) by John Boehner ( R - OH ) on March 22 , 2001 Committee consideration by Education and the Workforce and Judiciary Passed the House of Representatives on May 23 , 2001 ( 384 -- 45 ) Passed the Senate on June 14 , 2001 ( 91 -- 8 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on December 13 , 2001 ; agreed to by the House on December 13 , 2001 ( 381 -- 41 ) and by the Senate on December 18 , 2001 ( 87 -- 10 ) Signed into law by President George W. Bush on January 8 , 2002 <Th_colspan="2"> Major amendments <Td_colspan="2"> Repealed on December 10 , 2015 Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Pre-kindergarten -- Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal President George W. Bush signing the No Child Left Behind Act . Play media President George W. Bush signs the No Child Left Behind Act into law The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 ( NCLB ) was a U.S. Act of Congress that reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act ; it included Title I provisions applying to disadvantaged students . It supported standards - based education reform based on the premise that setting high standards and establishing measurable goals could improve individual outcomes in education . The Act required states to develop assessments in basic skills . To receive federal school funding , states had to give these assessments to all students at select grade levels . The act did not assert a national achievement standard -- each state developed its own standards . NCLB expanded the federal role in public education through further emphasis on annual testing , annual academic progress , report cards , and teacher qualifications , as well as significant changes in funding . The bill passed in the Congress with bipartisan support . By 2015 , criticism from right , left , and center had accumulated so much that a bipartisan Congress stripped away the national features of No Child Left Behind . Its replacement , the Every Student Succeeds Act , turned the remnants over to the states . Contents ( hide ) 1 Legislative history 2 Provisions of the act 3 Effects on teachers , schools , and school districts 3.1 Increased accountability 3.2 School choice 3.3 Narrow definition of research 3.4 Quality and distribution of teachers 4 Effects on student assessment 5 Improved test scores 5.1 Criticisms of standardized testing 6 Intended effects on curriculum and standards 6.1 Improvement over local standards 6.2 Quality of education 6.3 Effect on arts and electives 6.4 Limitations on local control 7 Effects on school and students 7.1 Gifted students 7.2 Unrealistic goals 7.3 Gaming the system 7.4 Variability in student potential and 100 % compliance 7.5 Children with disabilities 7.6 Aligning the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 7.7 Positive effects for students with disabilities 7.8 Negative effects for students with disabilities 8 Effects on racial and ethnic minority students 8.1 Attention to minority populations 8.2 State refusal to produce non-English assessments 8.3 Demographic study of AYP failure rates and requirement for failing schools 9 Funding 9.1 Criticisms of funding levels 9.2 State education budgets 10 Proposals for reform 11 Waivers 12 Replacement 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Legislative history ( edit ) The legislation was proposed by President George W. Bush on January 23 , 2001 . It was coauthored by Representatives John Boehner ( R - OH ) , George Miller ( D - CA ) , and Senators Edward Kennedy ( D - MA ) and Judd Gregg ( R - NH ) . The United States House of Representatives passed the bill on December 13 , 2001 ( voting 381 -- 41 ) , and the United States Senate passed it on December 18 , 2001 ( voting 87 -- 10 ) . President Bush signed it into law on January 8 , 2002 . Provisions of the Act ( edit ) No Child Left Behind requires all public schools receiving federal funding to administer a statewide standardized test annually to all students . Schools that receive Title I funding through the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 must make Adequate Yearly Progress ( AYP ) in test scores ( e.g. each year , fifth graders must do better on standardized tests than the previous year 's fifth graders ) . If the school 's results are repeatedly poor , then steps are taken to improve the school . Schools that miss AYP for a second consecutive year are publicly labeled as `` In Need of Improvement , '' and must develop a two - year improvement plan for the subject that the school is not teaching well . Students have the option to transfer to a better school within the school district , if any exists . Missing AYP in the third year forces the school to offer free tutoring and other supplemental education services to students who are struggling . If a school misses its AYP target for a fourth consecutive year , the school is labelled as requiring `` corrective action , '' which might involve wholesale replacement of staff , introduction of a new curriculum , or extending the amount of time students spend in class . A fifth year of failure results in planning to restructure the entire school ; the plan is implemented if the school unsuccessfully hits its AYP targets for the sixth consecutive year . Common options include closing the school , turning the school into a charter school , hiring a private company to run the school , or asking the state office of education to run the school directly . States must create AYP objectives consistent with the following requirements of the law : States must develop AYP statewide measurable objectives for improved achievement by all students and for specific groups : economically disadvantaged students , students with disabilities , and students with limited English proficiency . The objectives must be set with the goal of having all students at the proficient level or above within 12 years ( i.e. by the end of the 2013 -- 14 school year ) . AYP must be primarily based on state assessments , but must also include one additional academic indicator . The AYP objectives must be assessed at the school level . Schools that failed to meet their AYP objective for two consecutive years are identified for improvement . School AYP results must be reported separately for each group of students identified above so that it can be determined whether each student group met the AYP objective . At least 95 % of each group must participate in state assessments . States may aggregate up to three years of data in making AYP determinations . The act requires states to provide `` highly qualified '' teachers to all students . Each state sets its own standards for what counts as `` highly qualified . '' Similarly , the act requires states to set `` one high , challenging standard '' for its students . Each state decides for itself what counts as `` one high , challenging standard , '' but the curriculum standards must be applied to all students , rather than having different standards for students in different cities or other parts of the state . The act also requires schools to let military recruiters have students ' contact information and other access to the student , if the school provides that information to universities or employers , unless the students opt out of giving military recruiters access . This portion of the law has drawn lots of criticism and has even led to political resistance . For instance , in 2003 in Santa Cruz , California , student - led efforts forced school districts to create an `` opt - in '' policy that required students affirm they wanted the military to have their information . This successful student organizing effort was copied in various other cities throughout the United States . Effects on teachers , schools , and school districts ( edit ) Increased accountability ( edit ) Supporters of the NCLB claim one of the strong positive points of the bill is the increased accountability that is required of schools and teachers . According to the legislation , schools must pass yearly tests that judge student improvement over the fiscal year . These yearly standardized tests are the main means of determining whether schools live up to required standards . If required improvements are not made , the schools face decreased funding and other punishments that contribute to the increased accountability . According to supporters , these goals help teachers and schools realize the significance and importance of the educational system and how it affects the nation . Opponents of this law say that the punishments only hurt the schools and do not contribute to the improvement of student education . In addition to and in support of the above points , proponents claim that No Child Left Behind : Links state academic content standards with student outcomes Measures student performance : a student 's progress in reading and math must be measured annually in grades 3 through 8 and at least once during high school via standardized tests Provides information for parents by requiring states and school districts to give parents detailed report cards on schools and districts explaining the school 's AYP performance ; schools must inform parents when their child is taught by a teacher or para-professional who does not meet `` highly qualified '' requirements Establishes the foundation for schools and school districts to significantly enhance parental involvement and improved administration through the use of the assessment data to drive decisions on instruction , curriculum and business practices The commonwealth of Pennsylvania has proposed tying teacher 's salaries to test scores . If a district 's students do poorly , the state cuts the district 's budget the following year and the teachers get a pay cut . Critics point out that if a school does poorly , reducing its budget and cutting teacher salaries will likely hamper the school 's ability to improve . School choice ( edit ) Gives options to students enrolled in schools failing to meet AYP . If a school fails to meet AYP targets two or more years running , the school must offer eligible children the chance to transfer to higher - performing local schools , receive free tutoring , or attend after - school programs . Gives school districts the opportunity to demonstrate proficiency , even for subgroups that do not meet State Minimum Achievement standards , through a process called `` safe harbor , '' a precursor to growth - based or value - added assessments . Narrow definition of research ( edit ) The act requires schools to rely on scientifically based research for programs and teaching methods . The act defines this as `` research that involves the application of rigorous , systematic , and objective procedures to obtain reliable and valid knowledge relevant to education activities and programs . '' Scientifically based research results in `` replicable and applicable findings '' from research that used appropriate methods to generate persuasive , empirical conclusions . Quality and Distribution of teachers ( edit ) Prior to the NCLB act , new teachers were typically required to have a bachelor 's degree , be fully certified , and demonstrate subject matter knowledge -- generally through tests . It is widely accepted that teacher knowledge has two components : specific subject matter knowledge ( CK ) such as an understanding of mathematics for a mathematics teacher , and pedagogical knowledge ( PCK ) , which is knowledge of the subject of teaching / learning itself . Both types of knowledge , as well as experience in guided student teaching , help form the qualities needed by effective teachers . Under NCLB , existing teachers -- including those with tenure -- were also supposed to meet standards . They could meet the same requirements set for new teachers or could meet a state - determined `` ... high , objective , uniform state standard of evaluation , '' aka HOUSSE . Downfall of the quality requirements of the NCLB legislation have received little research attention , in part because state rules require few changes from pre-existing practice . There is also little evidence that the rules have altered trends in observable teacher traits . For years , American educators have been struggling to identify those teacher traits that are important contributors to student achievement . Unfortunately , there is no consensus on what traits are most important and most education policy experts agree that further research is required . Effects on student assessment ( edit ) Several analyses of state accountability systems that were in place before NCLB indicate that outcomes accountability led to faster growth in achievement for the states that introduced such systems . The direct analysis of state test scores before and after enactment of NCLB also supports its positive impact . A primary criticism asserts that NCLB reduces effective instruction and student learning by causing states to lower achievement goals and motivate teachers to `` teach to the test . '' A primary supportive claim asserts that systematic testing provides data that shed light on which schools do n't teach basic skills effectively , so that interventions can be made to improve outcomes for all students while reducing the achievement gap for disadvantaged and disabled students . Improved test scores ( edit ) The Department of Education points to the National Assessment of Educational Progress ( NAEP ) results , released in July 2005 , showing improved student achievement in reading and math : More progress was made by nine - year - olds in reading in the last five years than in the previous 28 years combined . America 's nine - year - olds posted the best scores in reading ( since 1971 ) and math ( since 1973 ) in the history of the report . America 's 13 - year - olds earned the highest math scores the test ever recorded . Reading and math scores for black and Hispanic nine - year - olds reached an all - time high . Achievement gaps in reading and math between white and black nine - year - olds and between white and Hispanic nine - year - olds are at an all - time low . Forty - three states and the District of Columbia either improved academically or held steady in all categories ( fourth - and eighth - grade reading and fourth - and eighth - grade math ) . These statistics compare 2005 with 2000 when No Child Left Behind did n't even take effect until 2003 . They point out that the increase in scores between 2000 and 2005 was roughly the same as the increase between 2003 and 2005 , which calls into question how any increase can be attributed to No Child Left Behind . They also argue that some of the subgroups are cherry - picked -- that in other subgroups scores remained the same or fell . Also , the makers of the standardized tests have been blamed for making the tests easier so that it is easier for schools to sufficiently improve . Education researchers Thomas Dee and Brian Jacob argue that NCLB showed statistically significant positive impact on students ' performance on 4th - grade math exams ( equal to two - thirds of a year 's worth of growth ) , smaller and statistically insignificant improvements in 8th - grade math exam performance , and no discernible improvement in reading performance . Criticisms of standardized testing ( edit ) Critics argue that the focus on standardized testing ( all students in a state take the same test under the same conditions ) encourages teachers to teach a narrow subset of skills that the school believes increases test performance , rather than achieve in - depth understanding of the overall curriculum . For example , a teacher who knows that all questions on a math test are simple addition problems ( e.g. , What is 2 + 3 ? ) might not invest any class time on the practical applications of addition , to leave more time for the material the test assesses . This is colloquially referred to as `` teaching to the test . '' `` Teaching to the test '' has been observed to raise test scores , though not as much as other teaching techniques . Many teachers who practice `` teaching to the test '' misinterpret the educational outcomes the tests are designed to measure . On two state tests , New York and Michigan , and the National Assessment of Educational Progress ( NAEP ) almost two - thirds of eighth graders missed math word problems that required an application of the Pythagorean theorem to calculate the distance between two points . The teachers correctly anticipated the content of the tests , but incorrectly assumed each test would present simplistic items rather than higher - order items . Another problem is that outside influences often affect student performance . Students who struggle to take tests may perform well using another method of learning such as project - based learning . Sometimes , factors such as home life can affect test performance . Basing everything on one test is inaccurately measuring student success overall . No Child Left behind has failed to account for all these factors . ( 4 ) Those opposed to the use of testing to determine educational achievement prefer alternatives such as subjective teacher opinions , classwork , and performance - based assessments . Under No Child Left Behind , schools were held almost exclusively accountable for absolute levels of student performance . But that meant that even schools that were making great strides with students were still labeled as `` failing '' just because the students had not yet made it all the way to a `` proficient '' level of achievement . Since 2005 , the U.S. Department of Education has approved 15 states to implement growth model pilots . Each state adopted one of four distinct growth models : Trajectory , Transition Tables , Student Growth Percentiles , and Projection . The incentives for improvement also may cause states to lower their official standards . Because each state can produce its own standardized tests , a state can make its statewide tests easier to increase scores . Missouri , for example , improved testing scores but openly admitted that they lowered the standards . A 2007 study by the U.S. Dept. of Education indicates that the observed differences in states ' reported scores is largely due to differences in the stringency of their standards . Intended effects on curriculum and standards ( edit ) Improvement over local standards ( edit ) Many argue that local government had failed students , necessitating federal intervention to remedy issues like teachers teaching outside their areas of expertise , and complacency in the face of continually failing schools . Some local governments , notably that of New York state , have supported NCLB provisions , because local standards failed to provide adequate oversight over special education , and NCLB would let them use longitudinal data more effectively to monitor Adequate Yearly Progress ( AYP ) . States all over the United States have shown improvements in their progress as an apparent result of NCLB . For example , Wisconsin ranks first of all fifty states plus the District of Columbia , with ninety - eight percent of its schools achieving No Child Left Behind standards . Quality of Education ( edit ) Increases the quality of education by requiring schools to improve their performance Improves quality of instruction by requiring schools to implement `` scientifically based research '' practices in the classroom , parent involvement programs , and professional development activities for those students that are not encouraged or expected to attend college . Supports early literacy through the Early Reading First initiative . Emphasizes reading , language arts , mathematics and science achievement as `` core academic subjects . '' Student performance in other subjects ( besides reading and math ) will be measured as a part of overall progress . Effect on arts and electives ( edit ) NCLB 's main focus is on skills in reading , writing , and mathematics , which are areas related to economic success . Combined with the budget crises in the late - 2000s recession , some schools have cut or eliminated classes and resources for many subject areas that are not part of NCLB 's accountability standards . Since 2007 , almost 71 % of schools have reduced instruction time in subjects such as history , arts , language , and music to provide more time and resources to mathematics and English . In some schools , the classes remain available , but individual students who are not proficient in basic skills are sent to remedial reading or mathematics classes rather than arts , sports , or other optional subjects . According to Paul Reville , the author of `` Stop Narrowing of the Curriculum By Right - Sizing School Time , '' teachers are learning that students need more time to excel in the `` needed '' subjects . The students need more time to achieve the basic goals that should come by somewhat relevant to a student . Physical Education , on the other hand , is one of the subjects least affected . Some might find this confusing because like many electives and non-core classes , No Child Left Behind does not address Physical Education directly . Two reasons why Physical Education is not adversely affected include the obesity crisis in the United States that the federal government is trying to reverse through programs like First Lady Michelle Obama 's Let 's Move Campaign , which among other things , looks to improve the quantity and quality of physical education . Secondly , there is research , including a 2005 study by Dr. Charles H. Hillmam of The University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign that concludes that fitness is globally related to academic achievement . The opportunities , challenges , and risks that No Child Left Behind poses for science education in elementary and middle schools -- worldwide competition insists on rapidly improving science education . Adding science assessments to the NCLB requirements may ultimately result in science being taught in more elementary schools and by more teachers than ever before . 2 / 3 of elementary school teachers indicated that they were not familiar with national science standards . Most concern circulates around the result that , consuming too much time for language arts and mathematics may limit children 's experience -- and curiosity and interest -- in sciences . Limitations on local control ( edit ) Both U.S. conservative and liberal critics have argued that NCLB 's new standards in federalizing education set a negative precedent for further erosion of state and local control . Libertarians further argue that the federal government has no constitutional authority in education , which is why participation in NCLB is technically optional . They believe that states need not comply with NCLB so long as they forgo the federal funding that comes with it . Effects on school and students ( edit ) Gifted students ( edit ) NCLB pressures schools to guarantee that nearly all students meet the minimum skill levels ( set by each state ) in reading , writing , and arithmetic -- but requires nothing beyond these minima . It provides no incentives to improve student achievement beyond the bare minimum . Programs not essential for achieving mandated minimum skills are neglected or canceled by those districts . In particular , NCLB does not require any programs for gifted , talented , and other high - performing students . Federal funding of gifted education decreased by a third over the law 's first five years . There was one only one program , that helped improve the gifted , they received $9.6 million . In the 2007 budget , President George W. Bush zeroed this out . While NCLB is silent on the education of academically gifted students , some states ( such as Arizona , California , Virginia , and Pennsylvania ) require schools to identify gifted students and provide them with an appropriate education , including grade advancement . Research tells us an IQ of 120 is needed . In other states , such as Michigan , state funding for gifted and talented programs was cut by up to 90 % in the year after the Act became law . Unrealistic goals ( edit ) `` There 's a fallacy in the law and everybody knows it , '' said Alabama State Superintendent Joe Morton on Wednesday , August 11 , 2010 . According to the No Child Left Behind Act , by 2014 , every child is supposed to test on grade level in reading and math . `` That ca n't happen , '' said Morton . `` You have too many variables and you have too many scenarios , and everybody knows that would never happen . '' Alabama State Board Member Mary Jane Caylor said , `` I do n't think that No Child Left Behind has benefited this state . '' She argued the goal of 100 percent proficiency is unattainable . Charles Murray wrote of the law : `` The United States Congress , acting with large bipartisan majorities , at the urging of the President , enacted as the law of the land that all children are to be above average . '' Gaming the system ( edit ) See also : Gaming the system The system of incentives and penalties sets up a strong motivation for schools , districts , and states to manipulate test results . For example , schools have been shown to employ `` creative reclassification '' of high school dropouts ( to reduce unfavorable statistics ) . For example , at Sharpstown High School in Houston , Texas , more than 1,000 students began high school as freshmen , and four years later , fewer than 300 students were enrolled in the senior class . However , none of these `` missing '' students from Sharpstown High were reported as dropouts . Variability in student potential and 100 % compliance ( edit ) The act is promoted as requiring 100 % of students ( including disadvantaged and special education students ) within a school to reach the same state standards in reading and mathematics by 2014 ; detractors charge that a 100 % goal is unattainable , and critics of the NCLB requirement for `` one high , challenging standard '' claim that some students are simply unable to perform at the given level for their age , no matter how effective the teacher is . While statewide standards reduce the educational inequality between privileged and underprivileged districts in a state , they still impose a `` one size fits all '' standard on individual students . Particularly in states with high standards , schools can be punished for not being able to dramatically raise the achievement of students that may have below - average capabilities . In fact , the `` all '' in NCLB means only 95 % of students , because states must report the assessment scores of 95 % of students when calculating Adequate Yearly Progress ( AYP ) scores . Students who have an Individual Education Plan ( IEP ) and who are assessed must receive the accommodations specified in the IEP during assessment ; if these accommodations do not change the nature of the assessment , then these students ' scores are counted the same as any other student 's score . Common acceptable changes include extended test time , testing in a quieter room , translation of math problems into the student 's native language , or allowing a student to type answers instead of writing them by hand . Simply being classified as having special education needs does not automatically exempt students from assessment . Most students with mild disabilities or physical disabilities take the same test as non-disabled students . In addition to not requiring 5 % of students to be assessed at all , regulations let schools use alternate assessments to declare up to 1 % of all students proficient for the purposes of the Act . States are given broad discretion in selecting alternate assessments . For example , a school may accept an Advanced Placement test for English in lieu of the English test written by the state , and simplified tests for students with significant cognitive disabilities . The Virginia Alternate Assessment Program ( VAAP ) and Virginia Grade Level Alternative ( VGLA ) options , for example , are portfolio assessments . Organizations that support NCLB assessment of disabled or limited English proficient ( LEP ) students say that inclusion ensures that deficiencies in the education of these disadvantaged students are identified and addressed . Opponents say that testing students with disabilities violates the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) by making students with disabilities learn the same material as non-disabled students . Children with disabilities ( edit ) NCLB includes incentives to reward schools showing progress for students with disabilities and other measures to fix or provide students with alternative options than schools not meeting the needs of the disabled population . The law is written so that the scores of students with IEPs ( Individualized Education Plans ) and 504 plans are counted just as other students ' scores are counted . Schools have argued against having disabled populations involved in their AYP measurements because they claim that there are too many variables involved . Aligning the Individuals with disabilities Education Act ( edit ) Stemming from the Education for All Handicapped Children Act ( EAHCA ) of 1975 , the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) was enacted in its first form in 1997 , and then reenacted with new education aspects in 2006 ( although still referred to as IDEA 2004 ) . It kept the EAHCA requirements of free and accessible education for all children . The 2004 IDEA authorized formula grants to states and discretionary grants for research , technology , and training . It also required schools to use research - based interventions to assist students with disabilities . The amount of funding each school would receive from its `` Local Education Agency '' for each year would be divided by the number of children with disabilities and multiplied by the number of students with disabilities participating in the schoolwide programs . Particularly since 2004 , policymakers have sought to align IDEA with NCLB . The most obvious points of alignment include the shared requirements for Highly Qualified Teachers , for establishment of goals for students with special needs , and for assessment levels for these students . In 2004 , George Bush signed provisions that would define for both of these acts what was considered a `` highly qualified teacher . '' Positive effects for students with disabilities ( edit ) The National Council on Disability ( NCD ) looks at how NCLB and IDEA are improving outcomes for students with Down syndrome . The effects they investigate include reducing the number of students who drop out , increasing graduation rates , and effective strategies to transition students to post-secondary education . Their studies have reported that NCLB and IDEA have changed the attitudes and expectations for students with disabilities . They are pleased that students are finally included in state assessment and accountability systems . NCLB made assessments be taken `` seriously , '' they found , as now assessments and accommodations are under review by administrators . Another organization that found positive correlations between NCLB and IDEA was the National Center on Educational Outcomes . It published a brochure for parents of students with disabilities about how the two ( NCLB & IDEA ) work well together because they `` provide both individualized instruction and school accountability for students and disabilities . '' They specifically highlight the new focus on `` shared responsibility of general and special education teachers , '' forcing schools to have disabled students more on their radar . '' They do acknowledge , however , that for each student to `` participate in the general curriculum ( of high standards for all students ) and make progress toward proficiency , '' additional time and effort for coordination are needed . The National Center on Educational Outcomes reported that now disabled students will receive `` ... the academic attention and resources they deserved . '' Particular research has been done on how the laws impact students who are deaf or hard of hearing . First , the legislation makes schools responsible for how students with disabilities score -- emphasizing `` ... student outcomes instead of placement . '' It also puts the public 's eye on how outside programs can be utilized to improve outcomes for this underserved population , and has thus prompted more research on the effectiveness of certain in - and out - of - school interventions . For example , NCLB requirements have made researchers begin to study the effects of read aloud or interpreters on both reading and mathematics assessments , and on having students sign responses that are then recorded by a scribe . Still , research thus far on the positive effects of NCLB / IDEA is limited . It has been aimed at young students in an attempt to find strategies to help them learn to read . Evaluations also have included a limited number of students , which make it very difficult to draw conclusions to a broader group . Evaluations also focus only on one type of disabilities . Negative effects for students with disabilities ( edit ) The National Council for Disabilities had reservations about how the regulations of NCLB fit with those of IDEA . One concern is how schools can effectively intervene and develop strategies when NCLB calls for group accountability rather than individual student attention . The Individual nature of IDEA is `` inconsistent with the group nature of NCLB . '' They worry that NCLB focuses too much on standardized testing and not enough on the work - based experience necessary for obtaining jobs in the future . Also , NCLB is measured essentially by a single test score , but IDEA calls for various measures of student success . IDEA 's focus on various measures stems from its foundation in Individualized Education Plans for students with disabilities ( IEP ) . An IEP is designed to give students with disabilities individual goals that are often not on their grade level . An IEP is intended for `` developing goals and objectives that correspond to the needs of the student , and ultimately choosing a placement in the least restrictive environment possible for the student . '' Under the IEP , students could be able to legally have lowered success criteria for academic success . A 2006 report by the Center for Evaluation and Education Policy ( CEEP ) and the Indiana Institute on Disability and Community indicated that most states were not making AYP because of special education subgroups even though progress had been made toward that end . This was in effect pushing schools to cancel the inclusion model and keep special education students separate . `` IDEA calls for individualized curriculum and assessments that determine success based on growth and improvement each year . NCLB , in contrast , measures all students by the same markers , which are based not on individual improvement but by proficiency in math and reading , '' the study states . When interviewed with the Indiana University Newsroom , author of the CEEP report Sandi Cole said , `` The system needs to make sense . Do n't we want to know how much a child is progressing towards the standards ? ... We need a system that values learning and growth over time , in addition to helping students reach high standards . '' Cole found in her survey that NCLB encourages teachers to teach to the test , limiting curriculum choices / options , and to use the special education students as a `` scapegoat '' for their school not making AYP . In addition , Indiana administrators who responded to the survey indicated that NCLB testing has led to higher numbers of students with disabilities dropping out of school . Legal journals have also commented on the incompatibility of IDEA and NCLB ; some say the acts may never be reconciled with one another . They point out that an IEP is designed specifically for individual student achievement , which gives the rights to parents to ensure that the schools are following the necessary protocols of Free Appropriate Public Education ( FAPE ) . They worry that not enough emphasis is being placed on the child 's IEP with this setup . In Board of Education for Ottawa Township High School District 140 v. Spelling , two Illinois school districts and parents of disabled students challenged the legality of NCLB 's testing requirements in light of IDEA 's mandate to provide students with individualized education . Although students there were aligned with `` proficiency '' to state standards , students did not meet requirements of their IEP . Their parents feared that students were not given right to FAPE . The case questioned which better indicated progress : standardized test measures , or IEP measures ? It concluded that since some students may never test on grade level , all students with disabilities should be given more options and accommodations with standardized testing than they currently receive . Effects on racial and ethnic minority students ( edit ) Attention to minority populations ( edit ) Seeks to narrow the class and racial achievement gap in the United States by creating common expectations for all . NCLB has shown mixed success in eliminating the racial achievement gap . Although test scores are improving , they are not improving equally for all races , which means that minority students are still behind . Requires schools and districts to focus their attention on the academic achievement of traditionally under - served groups of children , such as low - income students , students with disabilities , and students of `` major racial and ethnic subgroups '' . Each state is responsible for defining major racial and ethnic subgroups itself . Many previous state - created systems of accountability measured only average school performance -- so schools could be highly rated even if they had large achievement gaps between affluent and disadvantaged students . State refusal to produce non-English assessments ( edit ) All students who are learning English would have an automatic three - year window to take assessments in their native language , after which they must normally demonstrate proficiency on an English - language assessment . However , the local education authority may grant an exception to any individual English learner for another two years ' testing in his or her native language on a case - by - case basis . In practice , however , only 10 states choose to test any English language learners in their native language ( almost entirely Spanish speakers ) . The vast majority of English language learners are given English language assessments . Many schools test or assess students with limited English proficiency even when the students are exempt from NCLB - mandated reporting , because the tests may provide useful information to the teacher and school . In certain schools with large immigrant populations , this exemption comprises a majority of young students . NCLB testing under - reports learning at non-English - language immersion schools , particularly those that immerse students in Native American languages . NCLB requires some Native American students to take standardized tests in English . In other cases , the students could be legally tested in their native language , except that the state has not paid to have the test translated . Demographic study of AYP failure rates and requirement for failing schools ( edit ) One study found that schools in California and Illinois that have not met AYP serve 75 -- 85 % minority students while schools meeting AYP have less than 40 % minority students . Schools that do not meet AYP are required to offer their students ' parents the opportunity to transfer their students to a non-failing school within the district , but it is not required that the other school accepts the student . NCLB controls the portion of federal Title I funding based upon each school meeting annual set standards . Any participating school that does not make Adequate Yearly Progress ( AYP ) for two years must offer parents the choice to send their child to a non-failing school in the district , and after three years , must provide supplemental services , such as free tutoring or after - school assistance . After five years of not meeting AYP , the school must make dramatic changes to how the school is run , which could entail state - takeover . Funding ( edit ) As part of their support for NCLB , the administration and Congress backed massive increases in funding for elementary and secondary education . Total federal education funding increased from $42.2 billion to $55.7 billion from 2001 , the fiscal year before the law 's passage , to fiscal year 2004 . A new $1 billion Reading First program was created , distributing funds to local schools to improve the teaching of reading , and over $100 million for its companion , Early Reading First . Numerous other formula programs received large increases as well . This was consistent with the administration 's position of funding formula programs , which distribute money to local schools for their use , and grant programs , where particular schools or groups apply directly to the federal government for funding . In total , federal funding for education increased 59.8 % from 2000 to 2003 . The act created a new competitive - grant program called Reading First , funded at $1.02 billion in 2004 , to help states and districts set up `` scientific , research - based '' reading programs for children in grades K -- 3 ( with priority given to high - poverty areas ) . A smaller early - reading program sought to help states better prepare 3 - to 5 - year - olds in disadvantaged areas to read . The program 's funding was later cut drastically by Congress amid budget talks . Funding Changes : Through an alteration in the Title I funding formula , the No Child Left Behind Act was expected to better target resources to school districts with high concentrations of poor children . The law also included provisions intended to give states and districts greater flexibility in how they spent a portion of their federal allotments . Funding for school technology used in classrooms as part of NCLB is administered by the Enhancing Education Through Technology Program ( EETT ) . Funding sources are used for equipment , professional development and training for educators , and updated research . EETT allocates funds by formula to states . The states , in turn , reallocate 50 % of the funds to local districts by Title I formula and 50 % competitively . While districts must reserve a minimum of 25 % of all EETT funds for professional development , recent studies indicate that most EETT recipients use far more than 25 % of their EETT funds to train teachers to use technology and integrate it into their curricula . In fact , EETT recipients committed more than $159 million in EETT funds towards professional development during the 2004 -- 05 school year alone . Moreover , even though EETT recipients are afforded broad discretion in their use of EETT funds , surveys show that they target EETT dollars towards improving student achievement in reading and mathematics , engaging in data - driven decision making , and launching online assessment programs . In addition , the provisions of NCLB permitted increased flexibility for state and local agencies in the use of federal education money . The NCLB increases were companions to another massive increase in federal education funding at that time . The Bush administration and congress passed very large increases in funding for the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) at the same time as the NCLB increases . IDEA Part B , a state formula - funding program that distributes money to local districts for the education of students with disabilities , was increased from $6.3 billion in 2001 to $10.1 billion in 2004 . Because a district 's and state 's performance on NCLB measures depended on improved performance by students with disabilities , particularly , students with learning disabilities , this 60 percent increase in funding was also an important part of the overall approach to NCLB implementation . Criticisms of funding levels ( edit ) Some critics claim that extra expenses are not fully reimbursed by increased levels of federal NCLB funding . Others note that funding for the law increased massively following passage and that billions in funds previously allocated to particular uses could be reallocated to new uses . Even before the law 's passage , Secretary of Education Rod Paige noted ensuring that children are educated remained a state responsibility regardless of federal support : Washington is willing to help ( with the additional costs of federal requirements ) , as we 've helped before , even before we ( proposed NCLB ) . But this is a part of the teaching responsibility that each state has ... Washington has offered some assistance now . In the legislation , we have ... some support to pay for the development of tests . But even if that should be looked at as a gift , it is the state responsibility to do this . -- Various early Democratic supporters of NCLB criticize its implementation , claiming it is not adequately funded by either the federal government or the states . Ted Kennedy , the legislation 's initial sponsor , once stated : `` The tragedy is that these long overdue reforms are finally in place , but the funds are not . '' Susan B. Neuman , U.S. Department of Education 's former Assistant Secretary for Elementary and Secondary Education , commented about her worries of NCLB in a meeting of the International Reading Association : In ( the most disadvantaged schools ) in America , even the most earnest teacher has often given up because they lack every available resource that could possibly make a difference ... When we say all children can achieve and then not give them the additional resources ... we are creating a fantasy . -- Organizations have particularly criticized the unwillingness of the federal government to `` fully fund '' the act . Noting that appropriations bills always originate in the House of Representatives , it is true that during the Bush Administration , neither the Senate nor the White House has even requested federal funding up to the authorized levels for several of the act 's main provisions . For example , President Bush requested only $13.3 billion of a possible $22.75 billion in 2006 . Advocacy groups note that President Bush 's 2008 budget proposal allotted $61 billion for the Education Department , cutting funding by $1.3 billion from the year before . 44 out of 50 states would have received reductions in federal funding if the budget passed as it was . Specifically , funding for the Enhancing Education Through Technology Program ( EETT ) has continued to drop while the demand for technology in schools has increased ( Technology and Learning , 2006 ) . However , these claims focused on reallocated funds , as each of President Bush 's proposed budgets increased funding for major NCLB formula programs such as Title I , including his final 2009 budget proposal . Members of Congress have viewed these authorized levels as spending caps , not spending promises . Some opponents argue that these funding shortfalls mean that schools faced with the system of escalating penalties for failing to meet testing targets are denied the resources necessary to remedy problems detected by testing . However , federal NCLB formula funding increased by billions during this period and state and local funding increased by over $100 billion from school year 2001 -- 02 through 2006 -- 07 . In fiscal year 2007 , $75 billion in costs were shifted from NCLB , adding further stresses on state budgets . This decrease resulted in schools cutting programs that served to educate children , which subsequently impacted the ability to meet the goals of NCLB . The decrease in funding came at a time when there was an increase in expectations for school performance . To make ends meet , many schools re-allocated funds that had been intended for other purposes ( e.g. , arts , sports , etc . ) to achieve the national educational goals set by NCLB . Congress acknowledged these funding decreases and retroactively provided the funds to cover shortfalls , but without the guarantee of permanent aid . The number one area where funding was cut from the national budget was in Title I funding for disadvantaged students and schools . State Education budgets ( edit ) According to the book NCLB Meets School Realities , the act was put into action during a time of fiscal crisis for most states . While states were being forced to make budget cuts , including in the area of education , they had to incur additional expenses to comply with the requirements of the NCLB Act . The funding they received from the federal government in support of NCLB was not enough to cover the added expense necessary to adhere to the new law . Proposals for reform ( edit ) The Joint Organizational Statement on No Child Left Behind is a proposal by more than 135 national civil rights , education , disability advocacy , civic , labor , and religious groups that have signed on to a statement calling for major changes to the federal education law . The National Center for Fair & Open Testing ( FairTest ) initiated and chaired the meetings that produced the statement , originally released in October 2004 . The statement 's central message is that `` the law 's emphasis needs to shift from applying sanctions for failing to raise test scores to holding states and localities accountable for making the systemic changes that improve student achievement . '' The number of organizations signing the statement has nearly quadrupled since it was launched in late 2004 and continues to grow . The goal is to influence Congress , and the broader public , as the law 's scheduled reauthorization approaches . Education critic Alfie Kohn argues that the NCLB law is `` unredeemable '' and should be scrapped . He is quoted saying `` ( I ) ts main effect has been to sentence poor children to an endless regimen of test - preparation drills '' . In February 2007 , former Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson and Georgia Governor Roy Barnes , Co-Chairs of the Aspen Commission on No Child Left Behind , announced the release of the Commission 's final recommendations for the reauthorization of the No Child Left Behind Act . The Commission is an independent , bipartisan effort to improve NCLB and ensure it is a more useful force in closing the achievement gap that separates disadvantaged children and their peers . After a year of hearings , analysis , and research , the Commission uncovered the successes of NCLB , as well as provisions that must be significantly changed . The Commission 's goals are : Have effective teachers for all students , effective principals for all communities Accelerate progress and achievement gaps closed through improved accountability Move beyond status quo to effective school improvement and student options Have fair and accurate assessments of student progress Have high standards for every student in every state Ensure high schools prepare students for college and the workplace Drive progress through reliable , accurate data Encourage parental involvement and empowerment The Forum on Educational Accountability ( FEA ) , a working group of signers of the Joint Organizational Statement on NCLB has offered an alternative proposal . It proposes to shift NCLB from applying sanctions for failing to raise test scores to supporting state and communities and holding them accountable as they make systemic changes that improve student learning . While many critics and policymakers believe the NCLB legislation has major flaws , it appears the policy will be in effect for the long - term , though not without major modifications . President Barack Obama released a blueprint for reform of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act , the successor to No Child Left Behind , in March 2010 . Specific revisions include providing funds for states to implement a broader range of assessments to evaluate advanced academic skills , including students ' abilities to conduct research , use technology , engage in scientific investigation , solve problems , and communicate effectively . In addition , Obama proposes that the NCLB legislation lessen its stringent accountability punishments to states by focusing more on student improvement . Improvement measures would encompass assessing all children appropriately , including English language learners , minorities , and special needs students . The school system would be re-designed to consider measures beyond reading and math tests ; and would promote incentives to keep students enrolled in school through graduation , rather than encouraging student drop - out to increase AYP scores . Obama 's objectives also entail lowering the achievement gap between Black and White students and also increasing the federal budget by $3 billion to help schools meet the strict mandates of the bill . There has also been a proposal , put forward by the Obama administration , that states increase their academic standards after a dumbing down period , focus on re-classifying schools that have been labeled as failing , and develop a new evaluation process for teachers and educators . The federal government 's gradual investment in public social provisions provides the NCLB Act a forum to deliver on its promise to improve achievement for all of its students . Education critics argue that although the legislation is marked as an improvement to the ESEA in de-segregating the quality of education in schools , it is actually harmful . The legislation has become virtually the only federal social policy meant to address wide - scale social inequities , and its policy features inevitably stigmatize both schools attended by children of the poor and children in general . Moreover , critics further argue that the current political landscape of this country , which favors market - based solutions to social and economic problems , has eroded trust in public institutions and has undermined political support for an expansive concept of social responsibility , which subsequently results in a disinvestment in the education of the poor and privatization of American schools . Skeptics posit that NCLB provides distinct political advantages to Democrats , whose focus on accountability offers a way for them to speak of equal opportunity and avoid being classified as the party of big government , special interests , and minority groups -- a common accusation from Republicans who want to discredit what they see as the traditional Democratic agenda . Opponents posit that NCLB has inadvertently shifted the debate on education and racial inequality to traditional political alliances . Consequently , major political discord remains between those who oppose federal oversight of state and local practices and those who view NCLB in terms of civil rights and educational equality . In the plan , the Obama Administration responds to critiques that standardized testing fails to capture higher level thinking by outlining new systems of evaluation to capture more in depth assessments on student achievement . His plan came on the heels of the announcement of the Race to the Top initiative , a $4.35 billion reform program financed by the Department of Education through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 . Obama says that accurate assessments `` ... can be used to accurately measure student growth ; to better measure how states , districts , schools , principals , and teachers are educating students ; to help teachers adjust and focus their teaching , and to provide better information to students and their families . '' He has pledged to support state governments in their efforts to improve standardized test provisions by upgrading the standards they are set to measure . To do this , the federal government gives states grants to help develop and implement assessments based on higher standards so they can more accurately measure school progress . This mirrors provisions in the Race to the Top program that require states to measure individual achievement through sophisticated data collection from kindergarten to higher education . While Obama plans to improve the quality of standardized testing , he does not plan to eliminate the testing requirements and accountability measures produced by standardized tests . Rather , he provides additional resources and flexibility to meet new goals . Critics of Obama 's reform efforts maintain that high - stakes testing is detrimental to school success across the country , because it encourages teachers to `` teach to the test '' and places undue pressure on teachers and schools if they fail to meet benchmarks . The re-authorization process has become somewhat of a controversy , as lawmakers and politicians continually debate about the changes that must be made to the bill to make it work best for the educational system . Waivers ( edit ) In 2012 , President Obama granted waivers from NCLB requirements to several states . `` In exchange for that flexibility , those states ' have agreed to raise standards , improve accountability , and undertake essential reforms to improve teacher effectiveness , ' the White House said in a statement . '' February 9 , 2012 -- Colorado , Florida , Georgia , Indiana , Kentucky , Massachusetts , Minnesota , New Jersey , Oklahoma , and Tennessee February 15 , 2012 -- New Mexico May 29 , 2012 -- Connecticut , Delaware , Louisiana , Maryland , New York , North Carolina , Ohio , and Rhode Island June 29 , 2012 -- Arkansas , Missouri , South Dakota , Utah , and Virginia July 6 , 2012 -- Washington and Wisconsin Eight of the 32 NCLB waivers granted to states are conditional , meaning those states have not entirely satisfied the administration 's requirements and part of their plans are under review . The waivers of Arizona , Oregon , and Kansas are conditional , according to Acting Assistant Secretary for Elementary and Secondary Education Michael Yudin . Arizona has not yet received state board approval for teacher evaluations , and Kansas and Oregon are both still developing teacher and principal evaluation guidelines . In addition , five states that did not complete the waiver process -- and one whose application was rejected -- got a one - year freeze on the rising targets for standardized test scores : Alabama , Alaska , Idaho , Iowa , Maine , and West Virginia . Replacement ( edit ) On April 30 , 2015 , a bill was introduced to Congress to replace the No Child Left Behind Act , the Every Student Succeeds Act , which was passed by the House on December 2 and the Senate on December 9 , before being signed into law by President Obama on December 10 , 2015 . This bill affords states more flexibility in regards to setting their own respective standards for measuring school as well as student performance . See also ( edit ) Annenberg Foundation via Annenberg School Reform Institute Major Supporter of Program Campbell 's law Edison Schools Education policy English immersion resources for immigrant students FairTest Learning disability List of standardized tests in the United States Mental health provisions in Title V of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 Ohio Graduation Test Prairie State Achievement Examination Race to the Top School Improvement Grant Stanford Achievement Test Series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pub. L. 107 -- 110 , 115 Stat. 1425 , enacted January 8 , 2002 . Jump up ^ The Elementary and Secondary Education Act ( The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 ) ^ Jump up to : `` No Child Left Behind : An Overview '' . Education Week . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` No Child Left Behind '' . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` To close the achievement gap with accountability , flexibility , and choice , so that no child is left behind '' . Library of Congress . 2001 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Lyndsey Layton , `` Obama signs new K -- 12 education law that ends No Child Left Behind '' Washington Post Dec 11 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Hirschfeld Davis , Julie ( 10 December 2015 ) . `` President Obama Signs Into Law a Rewrite of No Child Left Behind '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Actions Overview H.R. 1 -- 107th Congress ( 2001 - 2002 ) '' . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( ttps://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-bill/1/actions?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22%5C%22No+Child+Left+Behind+Act%5C%22%22%5D%7D&r=24 ) Jump up ^ Dillon , Erin & Rotherham , Andy . `` States ' Evidence : What It Means to Make ' Adequate Yearly Progress ' Under NCLB '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Linn , Robert L. ; Eva L. Baker ; Damian W Betebenner ( Aug -- Sep 2002 ) . `` Accountability Systems : Implications of Requirements of the No Child Left behind Act of 2001 '' . Educational Researcher. 31 ( 6 ) : 3 -- 16 . doi : 10.3102 / 0013189x031006003 . JSTOR 3594432 . Jump up ^ http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2003/04/23/32recruit.h22.html Jump up ^ Beghetto , R. ( 2003 ) Scientifically Based Research . ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Citation needed Jump up ^ Hanushek , Eric A. ; Steven G. Rivkin ( Summer 2010 ) . `` The Quality and Distribution of Teachers under the No Child Left Behind Act '' . The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 ( 3 ) : 133 -- 50 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 24.3. 133 . JSTOR 20799159 . Jump up ^ See the analyses of NAEP results in Martin Carnoy and Susanna Loeb , `` Does external accountability affect student outcomes ? A cross-state analysis , '' Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 24 , no . 4 ( Winter 2002 ) : 305 -- 31 , and Eric A. Hanushek and Margaret E. Raymond , `` Does school accountability lead to improved student performance ? '' Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 24 , no . 2 ( Spring 2005 ) : 297 -- 327 . Jump up ^ Center on Education Policy , Answering the Question That Matters Most : Has Student Achievement Increased Since No Child Left Behind ? Washington : Center on Education Policy , June 2007 ) . Jump up ^ List of articles regarding NCLB debate Jump up ^ ( 2006 ) No Child Left Behind Act Is Working Department of Education . Retrieved 6 / 7 / 07 . Jump up ^ Linda Perlstein , Tested Jump up ^ Dee , Thomas ; Jacob , Brian . `` Evaluating No Child Left Behind '' . Jump up ^ ( nd ) High - Stakes Assessments in Reading . International Reading Association . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Learning about Teaching : Initial Findings from the Measuring Effective Teaching Program '' . Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation . December 2010 . Lay summary -- The Los Angeles Times ( 11 December 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Wiggins , G. & McTighe , J. ( 2005 ) . Understanding by design , 2nd Edition . ASCD . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4166 - 0035 - 0 . pp. 42 -- 43 Jump up ^ ( nd ) What 's Wrong With Standardized Testing ? FairTest.org . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Carey , Kevin ( 24 May 2011 ) . `` Growth Models and Accountability : A Recipe for Remaking ESEA '' . Education Sector . Jump up ^ ( nd ) New study confirms vast differences in state goals for academic ' proficiency ' under NCLB . South Carolina Department of Education . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 2007 ) Congress To Weigh ' No Child Left Behind ' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mapping 2005 state proficiency standards onto the NAEP scales '' . NCES 2007 - 482 . National Center for Education Statistics . June 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Mizell , H ( 2003 ) . `` NCLB : Conspiracy , Compliance , or Creativity ? '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Legislation and Education in New York State 2005 : No Child Left Behind Act '' . New York State Education Agency . 2005 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` NPR and Newshour 2008 Election Map : More about Wisconsin '' . Jump up ^ United States . Public Law 107 - 110 . 107th Congress , 2002 . Jump up ^ Beveridge , T. ( 2010 ) . No Child Left Behind and Fine Arts Classes . Arts Education Policy Review , 111 ( 1 ) , 4 -- 7 . doi : 10.1080 / 10632910903228090 . Jump up ^ Grey , A. ( 2010 ) . No Child Left Behind in Art Education Policy : A Review of Key Recommendations for Arts Language Revisions . Arts Education Policy Review , 111 ( 1 ) , 8 -- 15 . doi : 10.1080 / 10632910903228132 . Jump up ^ Pederson , P. ( 2007 ) . What Is Measured Is Treasured : The Impact of the No Child Left Behind Act on Nonassessed Subjects . Clearing House , 80 ( 6 ) , 287 -- 91 . Retrieved from Education Research Complete database Jump up ^ Reville , Paul ( October 2007 ) . `` Stop the Narrowing of the Curriculum By ' Right - Sizing ' School Time '' . Education Week 24 ( Academic Search Premier . EBSCO. Web ) . Jump up ^ Jack Jennings and Diane Stark Rentner , Ten Big Effects of the No Child Left Behind Act on Public Schools , Phi Delta Kappan , Vol. 88 , No. 02 , October 2006 , pp. 110 -- 13 Jump up ^ Kathy Speregen , `` Physical Education in America 's Public Schools '' UMich.edu Jump up ^ David R. Williams1 , Mark B. McClellan and Alice M. Rivlin , `` Beyond The Affordable Care Act : Achieving Real Improvements In Americans ' Health '' Health Affairs August 2010 29 : 81481 -- 88 Jump up ^ Hillman et al. 2005 ; CDE , 2001 Jump up ^ Marx , Ronald W. ; Christopher J. Harris ( May 2006 ) . `` No Child Left Behind and Science Education : Opportunities , Challenges , and Risks '' . The Elementary School Journal . 106 ( 5 ) : 467 -- 78 . doi : 10.1086 / 505441 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 505441 . Jump up ^ Holland , R. ( 2004 ) Critics are many , but law has solid public support . School Reform News . March 1 , 2004 . The Heartland Institute . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Cloud , John . Are We Failing Our Geniuses ? from Time , July 27 , 2007 , pp 40 -- 46 . Retrieved April 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Charles ( 2007 ) . `` Education , Intelligence , and America 's Future '' . Columbia International Affairs Online : 5 -- via CIAO . Jump up ^ Times Watchdog Report : No Child Left Behind on the way out , but not anytime soon . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Articles & Commentary Jump up ^ Marler , David ( 2011 ) . `` St. Louis Public Schools '' . Jump up ^ ( 2004 ) Bush Education Ad : Going Positive , Selectively . FactCheck.org . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Meier and Woods , D. and G. ( 2004 ) . Many Children Left Behind : How the No Child Left Behind Act Is Damaging Our Children and Our Schools . Boston : Beacon Press . p. 36 . ISBN 0 - 8070 - 0459 - 6 . Jump up ^ EdAccountability.org website . Jump up ^ `` Doing Your Homework : Answering Questions about Support for NCLB by Sue Heath -- Wrightslaw '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` VDOE : : No Child Left Behind -- NCLB , Understanding AYP '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Terminology '' Virginia Department of Education website Jump up ^ Harper , Liz . `` No Child Left Behind 's Impact on Specialized Education '' . Online NewsHour . August 21 , 2005 . pbs.org/newshour. 20 February 2009 . Jump up ^ No Child Left Behind Act # Provisions of the act Jump up ^ `` Building The Legacy of IDEA 2004 '' . Idea.ed.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Individuals with Disabilities Education Act # Alignment with No Child Left Behind Jump up ^ `` Reauthorized Statute Alignment With the No Child Left Behind Act '' ( PDF ) . IDEA . Jump up ^ `` Building The Legacy of IDEA 2004 '' . Idea.ed.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ American Youth Policy Forum ; Educational Policy Institute . No Child Left Behind : Improving Educational Outcomes for Students with Disabilities ( PDF ) . National Council on Disability . pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ pp. 10 -- 12 , http://www.cehd.umn.edu/nceo/onlinepubs/parents.pdf , `` NCLB and IDEA : What parents need to know and do '' Jump up ^ p. 20 , http://www.cehd.umn.edu/nceo/onlinepubs/parents.pdf , `` NCLB and IDEA : What parents need to know and do '' Jump up ^ pp. 480 -- 81 , `` Policies for Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing Hidden Benefits and Unintended Consequences of No Child Left Behind , '' http://aer.sagepub.com/content/44/3/460.full.pdf+html Jump up ^ p. 5 , `` No Child Left Behind : Improving Educational Outcomes for Students with Disabilities '' http://www.aypf.org/publications/NCLB-Disabilities.pdf Jump up ^ p. 23 , `` No Child Left Behind : Improving Educational Outcomes for Students with Disabilities '' http://www.aypf.org/publications/NCLB-Disabilities.pdf Jump up ^ Individualized Education Program Jump up ^ Education Policy Brief , Closing the Achievement Gap Series : Part III , `` What is the Impact of NCLB on the Inclusion of Students with Disabilities ? '' Cassandra Cole , http://www.ceep.indiana.edu/projects/PDF/PB_V4N11_Fall_2006_NCLB_dis.pdf Jump up ^ Cassandro Cole , Interview w / Newsroom Indiana University , http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/4379.html Jump up ^ The Impact of No Child Left Behind on IDEA 's Guarantee of Free , Appropriate Public Education for Students with Disabilities : A Critical Review of Recent Case Law , http://www.luc.edu/law/academics/special/center/child/childed_forum/pdfs/2009_student_papers/kraus_impact_no_child.pdf Jump up ^ p. 5 , The Impact of No Child Left Behind on IDEA 's Guarantee of Free , Appropriate Public Education for Students with Disabilities : A Critical Review of Recent Case Law , http://www.luc.edu/law/academics/special/center/child/childed_forum/pdfs/2009_student_papers/kraus_impact_no_child.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Charting the Course : States Decide Major Provisions Under No Child Left Behind '' . U.S. Department of Education . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Crawford , J. ( nd ) No Child Left Behind : Misguided Approach to School Accountability for English Language Learners . National Association for Bilingual Education . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Native American Languages Act : Twenty Years Later , Has It Made a Difference ? '' . Cultural Survival . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Owens , A. , & Sunderman , G.L. ( 2006 ) . School Accountability under NCLB : Aid or Obstacle for Measuring Racial Equity ? Cambridge , MA : Civil Rights Project at Harvard University . Jump up ^ Knaus , Christopher . ( 2007 ) . Still Segregated Still Unequal : Analyzing the Impact of No Child Left Behind on African American Students . University of California , Berkeley : National Urban League . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Education : The Condition of Education 2006 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Education , Fiscal Year 2009 Budget Proposal ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Education , Fiscal Year 2005 Budget Proposal Jump up ^ `` Archived : Introduction : No Child Left Behind '' . US Department of Education . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` No Child Left Behind : An Overview '' . Education Week . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Support the Enhancing Education Through Technology Program Restore Funding to $496 million FY 05 Level '' ( PDF ) . Software & Information Industry Association ( SIIA ) . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Archived : Introduction : No Child Left Behind '' . US Department of Education . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Education , Fiscal Year 2007 Budget Proposal ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Education , Elementary and Secondary Education Act Budget Table . 2006 . 7 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Frontline . Testing Our Schools '' . Jump up ^ ( nd ) Leaving No Child Left Behind : States charged with implementing Bush 's national education plan balk at the cost of compliance . The American Conservative . Retrieved 6 / 7 / 07 . Jump up ^ `` Bush Education Ad : Going Positive , Selectively '' . FactCheck. 2004 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( nd ) Funding . American Federation of Teachers . Retrieved 6 / 7 / 07 . Jump up ^ Center for American Progress The Targets of Bush 's Education Cuts . Jump up ^ National Center for Education Statistics , Digest of Education Statistics 2007 Jump up ^ Monitor Overview Jump up ^ `` Funding Stagnant for No Child Left Behind Program '' . NPR. 2007 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived November 20 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sunderman , Gail L. ; James S. Kim ; Gary Orfield ( 2005 ) . NCLB meets school realities : lessons from the field . Corwin Press . p. 10 . ISBN 1 - 4129 - 1555 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Joint Organizational Statement on No Child Left Behind ( NCLB ) Act '' . 2004 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ NCLB : ' Too Destructive to Salvage ' , USA Today , May 31 , 2007 . Retrieved 6 / 7 / 07 . Jump up ^ Beyond NCLB : Fulfilling the Promise to Our Nation 's Children , February , 2007 . Retrieved 6 / 8 / 07 . Jump up ^ `` Forum on Educational Accountability '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Weinstein , A. `` Obama on No Child Left Behind Act '' , `` Education.com , Inc . '' ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Dillon , Sam . `` No Child Left Behind Act '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lowe , R. and Kantor , H. ( 2006 ) . From New Deal to No Deal : No Child Left Behind Act and the Devolution of Responsibility for Equal Opportunity. 76 : 4 . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard Educational Review . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Education `` ESEA Blueprint for Reform '' , ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Lohman , J. `` Comparing No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top . '' , `` OLR Research Report '' ( 4 June 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Russell Chaddock , G. `` Obama 's No Child Left Behind Revise : A Little More Flexibility '' , `` The Christian Science Monitor '' . ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Ravitch , D. `` Dictating to the Schools : A Look at the Effects of the Bush and Obama Administrations on Schools '' , `` Virginia Journal of Education '' . ( November 2010 ) . Jump up ^ `` NCLB 's Lost Decade Report '' . FairTest. 2011 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Obama to push ' No Child Left Behind ' overhaul '' . CNN . March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 07 / 19 / 2012 12 : 01 am Updated : 08 / 13 / 2012 11 : 04 am ( July 19 , 2012 ) . `` No Child Left Behind Waivers Granted To 33 U.S. States , Some With Strings Attached '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lamar , Sen Alexander ( 2015 - 04 - 30 ) . `` S. 1177 114th Congress ( 2015 -- 2016 ) : Every Student Succeeds Act '' . congress.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Libby . `` Congress is getting rid of No Child Left Behind . Here 's what will replace it '' . Vox . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 29 . Further reading ( edit ) Mcguinn , Patrick J. No Child Left Behind And the Transformation of Federal Education Policy , 1965 -- 2005 ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search Rhodes , Jesse H. An Education in Politics : The Origins and Evolution of No Child Left Behind ( Cornell University Press ; 2012 ) 264 pages ; explores role of civil - rights activists , business leaders , and education experts in passing the legislation . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 Lewis , T. ( 2010 ) . Obama Administration to Push for NCLB Reauthorization This Year . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Klein , A. ( 2015 ) . No Child Left Behind : An Overview . Education Week . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Klein , A. ( 2015 ) . ESEA 's 50 - Year Legacy a Blend of Idealism , Policy Tensions . Education Week . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Klein , A. ( 2015 ) . The Nation 's Main K -- 12 Law : A Timeline of the ESEA . Education Week . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . No Child Left Behind news . Education Week . Brenneman , R. ( 2015 ) . Rebranding No Child Left Behind a Tough Marketing Call . Education Week . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Government NCLB Desktop Reference ( online version , includes Microsoft documents and PDF links ) Remarks by President Bush at signing ceremony President Discusses No Child Left Behind and High School Initiatives , Speech text and video , January 12 , 2005 Interest groups National Education Association ' No Child Left Behind ' / ESEA ( NEA 's position ) `` No Child Left '' site and journal opposed to NCLB and highly critical of its approach to schools . AAUW 's Position Paper on No Child Left Behind NCLB and Children with Disabilities National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities NICHCY Historian Diane Ravitch : No Child Left Behind Has Left US Schools with Legacy of `` Institutionalized Fraud '' -- video by Democracy Now ! <Th_colspan="3"> George W. Bush <Td_colspan="3"> 43rd President of the United States ( 2001 -- 2009 ) 46th Governor of Texas ( 1995 -- 2000 ) Owner of the Texas Rangers ( 1989 -- 1998 ) Born July 6 , 1946 Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration First term Second term Domestic policy Legislation and programs Economic policy Foreign policy International trips Bush Doctrine War in Afghanistan Status of Forces Agreement Patriot Act No Child Left Behind Act Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act USA Freedom Corps Department of Homeland Security Space policy Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty `` War on Terror '' President 's Council on Service and Civic Participation award Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy Email controversy Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Cabinet Pardons Impeachment efforts Life Presidential library Early life Military service controversy ( Killian documents controversy and authenticity issues ) Professional life Governorship of Texas Prairie Chapel Ranch Bush compound Clinton Bush Haiti Fund Speeches Axis of evil Mission Accomplished State of the Union address 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 Elections United States House of Representatives elections , 1978 Texas gubernatorial election 1994 1998 Presidential campaign 2000 Republican Party presidential primaries , 2000 Republican National Convention 2000 United States presidential election , 2000 Bush v. Gore United States presidential election , 2004 Public image Bushisms Nicknames As the subject of books and films Fictionalized portrayals Miss Me Yet ? Books A Charge to Keep ( 1999 ) Decision Points ( 2010 ) 41 : A Portrait of My Father ( 2014 ) Portraits of Courage ( 2017 ) Family Laura Bush ( wife ) Barbara Pierce Bush ( daughter ) Jenna Bush Hager ( daughter ) George H.W. Bush ( father presidency ) Barbara Bush ( mother ) Jeb Bush ( brother ) Neil Bush ( brother ) Marvin Bush ( brother ) Dorothy Bush Koch ( sister ) Prescott Bush ( grandfather ) George P. 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Bush Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Čeština Deutsch Español 한국어 Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 01 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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1. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001
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5. Criticisms of No Child Left Behind Act
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bob dylan's greatest hits volume 2 vinyl
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Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II - wikipedia Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II Jump to : navigation , search For the UK album Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits 2 , see Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Greatest hits album by Bob Dylan Released November 17 , 1971 ( 1971 - 11 - 17 ) Recorded 1962 -- 1971 Genre Folk rock , country Length 77 : 31 Label Columbia Producer John H. Hammond , Tom Wilson , Bob Johnston , Leon Russell <Th_colspan="2"> Bob Dylan chronology <Td_colspan="2"> New Morning ( 1970 ) Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II ( 1971 ) Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid ( 1973 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II <Td_colspan="2"> `` Watching the River Flow '' Released : 3 June 1971 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Christgau 's Record Guide MusicHound Rock 3 / 5 The Rolling Stone Album Guide Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II , also known as More Bob Dylan Greatest Hits , is the second compilation album by American singer - songwriter Bob Dylan , released on November 17 , 1971 by Columbia Records . With Dylan not expected to release any new material for an extended period of time , CBS Records president Clive Davis proposed issuing a double LP compilation of older material . Dylan agreed , compiling it himself and suggesting that the package include a full side of unreleased tracks from his archives . After submitting a set of excerpts from The Basement Tapes that Davis found unsatisfactory , Dylan returned to the studio in September 1971 to recut several Basement songs , with Happy Traum providing backup . The final package included one previously uncollected single , `` Watching the River Flow '' , an outtake from the same sessions , `` When I Paint My Masterpiece '' ; one song from Dylan 's April 12 , 1963 Town Hall concert , `` Tomorrow Is a Long Time '' , and three songs from the September sessions , `` I Shall Be Released '' , `` You Ai n't Goin ' Nowhere '' , and `` Down in the Flood '' . The remaining tracks were drawn from existing releases . In 2003 , this album was released along with Dylan 's two other Greatest Hits compilations in one four - disc set , as Greatest Hits Volumes I -- III . As with the Beatles ' 1962 - 1966 and The Basement Tapes , all the selections could fit on a single 80 - minute CD , but were nevertheless released on two CDs to match the LP . Contents ( hide ) 1 Artwork 2 Songs previously unreleased on LP 3 Other notable releases recorded in 1971 4 Track listing 4.1 Side one 4.2 Side two 4.3 Side three 4.4 Side four 5 References 6 External links Artwork ( edit ) The album package was designed to capitalize on the publicity surrounding George Harrison 's Concert for Bangladesh , about to be released as a film and album . The photograph on the album cover is a cropped version of a photo taken during Dylan 's performance at the concert by the film 's still photographer , Barry Feinstein . The uncropped photo , which appeared as a two - page spread in the booklet included in the album Concert for Bangla Desh ( sic ) , also contained George Harrison , who was standing to Dylan 's right . The album cover is similar to the previous volume , Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits , which utilized Rowland Scherman 's 1965 photo . Reaching # 14 the US and # 12 in the UK , Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II is now certified five times platinum in the US , making it one of Dylan 's best - selling albums . Songs previously unreleased on LP ( edit ) `` In one sense , 1971 and 1972 might both be considered ' lost ' years , '' writes Dylan biographer Clinton Heylin . Neither year would produce an album , at least not an album entirely composed of newly - recorded material . Between March 16 and 19 , 1971 , Dylan reserved three days at Blue Rock Studios , a small studio in New York 's Greenwich Village . According to Heylin , `` These sessions were produced by Leon Russell of Mad Dogs and Englishmen fame . Only two originals were recorded -- ' Watching the River Flow ' and ' When I Paint My Masterpiece ' -- but both confronted the same subject matter , a continuing dearth of inspiration , in a refreshingly honest fashion . '' `` When I Paint My Masterpiece '' was also recorded by The Band , who would release their version first on Cahoots . Dylan 's recording from Blue Rock would only see release on Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II . `` Watching the River Flow '' was issued as a single in June 1971 , backed by `` Spanish Is the Loving Tongue '' , which had been recorded during the New Morning sessions . Months later , Dylan would agree to release a second `` greatest hits '' compilation , provided he could compile it himself , issue it as a double album , and include several older compositions which he had written but never issued himself . To accommodate this last condition , Dylan took it upon himself to hold a recording session at Columbia 's Recording Studios in New York . On September 24 , 1971 , in Columbia 's Studio B , Dylan recorded four songs with his friend , Happy Traum . `` He felt there were some songs that he had written that had become hits of sorts for other people , that he did n't actually perform himself , '' recalls Traum , `` and he wanted to fit those on the record as well ... So we just went in one afternoon and did it , it was just the two of us and the engineer , and it was very simple ... we chose three ( songs ) on the spot and mixed them ... in the space of an afternoon ... Sometimes I was n't even sure if it was a final take until we would just finish and Bob would say , ' Okay , let 's go and mix it . ' '' `` Crash On The Levee ( Down In The Flood ) '' , `` You Ai n't Going Nowhere '' and `` I Shall Be Released '' were recorded and selected for the compilation . `` Only a Hobo '' , an early composition dating back to 1963 , was also considered for inclusion but ultimately was left unreleased until 2013 's The Bootleg Series Vol. 10 -- Another Self Portrait ( 1969 -- 1971 ) . A few lyrical revisions were made on `` You Ai n't Going Nowhere '' , the most notable being a reference to Roger McGuinn . `` Pack up your money , pull up your tent McGuinn , you ai n't going nowhere '' . McGuinn 's band , The Byrds , had successfully recorded `` You Ai n't Going Nowhere '' on their landmark album , Sweetheart of the Rodeo , and they even issued their recording as a single . Country musician Marty Stuart has also recorded this song . According to McGuinn in the liner notes to the 1997 reissue of Sweetheart of the Rodeo , Dylan singled him out in these lyrics for bungling Dylan 's original Basement Tapes lyrics on the Byrds version of the song in which McGuinn sings `` Pack up your money / Pick up your tent '' instead of `` Pick up your money / Pack up your tent '' as Dylan had . Other notable releases recorded in 1971 ( edit ) In addition to the material added to Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II , Dylan recorded a single , `` George Jackson . '' An incarcerated black activist , George Jackson died on August 21 , 1971 . After reading a newspaper article about his death , Dylan quickly wrote an elegy for Jackson and rushed a small band into Blue Rock Studios to record it the following day . He recorded two versions , one following a simple acoustic arrangement , another with a full - band arrangement . Dylan also recorded another original composition , the country - flavored `` Wallflower '' . Both versions of `` George Jackson '' were issued on the two sides of a single released on November 12 , 1971 . The single penetrated the Top 40 , peaking at # 33 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The `` Wallflower '' recording was set aside and would later be released on The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 - 3 ( Rare & Unreleased ) 1961 - 1991 , but was recorded , with Dylan 's backing vocal , for Doug Sahm 's 1973 recording Doug Sahm and Band . Dylan gave three significant concert performances in 1971 , which were professionally recorded and eventually released . The first two came on August 1 , at Madison Square Garden for a benefit concert organized by George Harrison . Dylan was not scheduled to perform , but Harrison convinced him to make a surprise appearance . Dylan performed a set at both the afternoon and evening shows , backed by Harrison on lead guitar , Leon Russell on bass , and Ringo Starr on tambourine . A selection of his performances was issued on the Grammy - winning The Concert for Bangladesh , issued on December 20 , 1971 . The third and final performance actually came during the first hour of 1972 , when he made a surprise appearance at The Band 's New Year 's Eve concert at New York 's Academy of Music . Dylan appeared sometime after midnight and performed four songs backed by The Band : `` Crash on the Levee ( Down in the Flood ) '' , `` When I Paint My Masterpiece '' , `` Do n't Ya Tell Henry '' and `` Like a Rolling Stone '' . Clinton Heylin would later describe Dylan 's appearance as `` a return to some approximation of peak performing powers . '' The concert was recorded by Phil Ramone and later mixed and compiled as The Band 's Rock of Ages . However , Dylan 's set would have to wait until May 2001 for official release , when it was included as part of an expanded , remastered CD edition of Rock of Ages . Track listing ( edit ) The UK edition has a different track list from that given below . `` Positively 4th Street '' replaces `` She Belongs to Me '' as the first track on disc two . ( `` Positively 4th Street '' was missing from the 1967 UK Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits , where `` She Belongs to Me '' replaced it . ) On side four , `` It 's All Over Now , Baby Blue '' , which had also appeared on the 1967 UK Greatest Hits album as one of the two extra tracks , is replaced by `` New Morning '' as track 2 . Side one ( edit ) No . Title Source Length 1 . `` Watching the River Flow '' A-side single ( June 1971 ) 3 : 32 2 . `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan ( 1963 ) 3 : 36 3 . `` Lay Lady Lay '' Nashville Skyline ( 1969 ) 3 : 14 4 . `` Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again '' Blonde on Blonde ( 1966 ) 7 : 06 Side two ( edit ) No . Title Source Length 1 . `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' John Wesley Harding ( 1967 ) 2 : 37 2 . `` All I Really Want to Do '' Another Side of Bob Dylan ( 1964 ) 4 : 02 3 . `` My Back Pages '' Another Side of Bob Dylan 4 : 21 4 . `` Maggie 's Farm '' Bringing It All Back Home ( 1965 ) 3 : 49 5 . `` Tonight I 'll Be Staying Here with You '' Nashville Skyline 3 : 21 Side three ( edit ) No . Title Source Length 1 . `` She Belongs to Me '' Bringing It All Back Home 2 : 46 2 . `` All Along the Watchtower '' John Wesley Harding 2 : 30 3 . `` The Mighty Quinn ( Quinn the Eskimo ) '' Self Portrait ( 1970 ) 2 : 43 4 . `` Just Like Tom Thumb 's Blues '' Highway 61 Revisited ( 1965 ) 5 : 25 5 . `` A Hard Rain 's A-Gonna Fall '' The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan 6 : 47 Side four ( edit ) No . Title Source Length 1 . `` If Not for You '' New Morning ( 1970 ) 2 : 38 2 . `` It 's All Over Now , Baby Blue '' Bringing It All Back Home 4 : 13 3 . `` Tomorrow Is a Long Time '' Previously unreleased ( Live 1963 ) 3 : 01 4 . `` When I Paint My Masterpiece '' Previously unreleased ( 1971 ) 3 : 22 5 . `` I Shall Be Released '' Previously unreleased 3 : 01 6 . `` You Ai n't Goin ' Nowhere '' Previously unreleased 2 : 41 7 . `` Down in the Flood '' Previously unreleased 2 : 46 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ AllMusic review Jump up ^ Robert Christgau review Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ; Durchholz , Daniel ( eds ) ( 1999 ) . MusicHound Rock : The Essential Album Guide ( 2nd ed . ) . Farmington Hills , MI : Visible Ink Press . p. 371 . ISBN 1 - 57859 - 061 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Brackett , Nathan ; with Hoard , Christian ( eds ) ( 2004 ) . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide . New York , NY : Fireside . p. 262 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The Concert for Bangladesh Revisited with George Harrison and Friends , 2005 , DVD . Jump up ^ Searching for A Gem website External links ( edit ) Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II at Discogs ( list of releases ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Bob Dylan <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Awards Bibliography Songs written by Dylan Studio albums Bob Dylan The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan The Times They Are a-Changin ' Another Side of Bob Dylan Bringing It All Back Home Highway 61 Revisited Blonde on Blonde John Wesley Harding Nashville Skyline Self Portrait New Morning Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid Dylan Planet Waves Blood on the Tracks The Basement Tapes Desire Street - Legal Slow Train Coming Saved Shot of Love Infidels Empire Burlesque Knocked Out Loaded Down in the Groove Oh Mercy Under the Red Sky Good as I Been to You World Gone Wrong Time Out of Mind Love and Theft Modern Times Together Through Life Christmas in the Heart Tempest Shadows in the Night Fallen Angels Triplicate Live albums Before the Flood Hard Rain Bob Dylan at Budokan Real Live Dylan & the Dead The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration MTV Unplugged Live 1961 -- 2000 : Thirty - Nine Years of Great Concert Performances Live at The Gaslight 1962 Live at Carnegie Hall 1963 In Concert -- Brandeis University 1963 The 1966 Live Recordings Compilations Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II Dylan The Basement Tapes Masterpieces Biograph Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Volume 3 The Best of Bob Dylan ( 1997 ) The Best of Bob Dylan , Vol. 2 The Essential Bob Dylan Bob Dylan : The Collection The Best of Bob Dylan ( 2005 ) Blues Dylan The Original Mono Recordings The 50th Anniversary Collection Bob Dylan : The Complete Album Collection Vol . One The 50th Anniversary Collection 1963 The 50th Anniversary Collection 1964 Bootlegs Great White Wonder List of Basement Tapes songs ( 1967 , 1975 ) The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 -- 3 ( Rare & Unreleased ) 1961 -- 1991 Volume 4 : The Royal Albert Hall concert Vol. 5 : Bob Dylan Live 1975 , The Rolling Thunder Revue Vol. 6 : Bob Dylan Live 1964 , Concert at Philharmonic Hall Vol. 7 : No Direction Home : The Soundtrack Vol. 8 : Tell Tale Signs : Rare and Unreleased 1989 -- 2006 Vol. 9 : The Witmark Demos : 1962 -- 1964 Vol. 10 : Another Self Portrait ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Vol. 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete Vol. 12 : The Cutting Edge 1965 -- 1966 Vol. 13 : Trouble No More 1979 -- 1981 Concert tours England Tour ( 1965 ) World Tour ( 1966 ) Tour with The Band ( 1974 ) Rolling Thunder Revue ( 1975 -- 1976 ) World Tour ( 1978 ) Gospel Tour ( 1979 -- 1980 ) World Tour ( 1981 ) European Tour ( 1984 ) True Confessions Tour ( 1986 ) Tour with the Grateful Dead ( 1987 ) Temples in Flames Tour ( 1987 ) Never Ending Tour 2017 2018 Films Dont Look Back Eat the Document Renaldo and Clara Hard to Handle The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration Masked and Anonymous No Direction Home I 'm Not There 65 Revisited The Other Side of the Mirror : Bob Dylan Live at the Newport Folk Festival 1963 -- 1965 Trouble No More - A Musical Film Writings Tarantula Writings and Drawings Chronicles : Volume One Books about Dylan The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia Bob Dylan , Performing Artist Invisible Republic The Cambridge Companion to Bob Dylan Related The Band Traveling Wilburys Electric Dylan controversy Artists who have covered Dylan songs Joan Baez Suze Rotolo The Telegraph magazine Festival Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid Hearts of Fire Theme Time Radio Hour Gotta Serve Somebody : The Gospel Songs of Bob Dylan Chimes of Freedom ( album ) The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams Lost on the River : The New Basement Tapes Family Sara Dylan ( first wife ) Carolyn Dennis ( second wife ) Jesse Dylan ( son ) Jakob Dylan ( son ) <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_Dylan%27s_Greatest_Hits_Vol._II&oldid=836637943 '' Categories : 1971 greatest hits albums Albums produced by Bob Johnston Albums produced by John Hammond ( producer ) Albums produced by Tom Wilson ( record producer ) Bob Dylan compilation albums Columbia Records compilation albums Albums produced by Leon Russell Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles needing additional references from September 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano ქართული 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 23 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Vol. II
2. Compilation album
3. Folk rock and country music
4. Unreleased tracks
5. Album artwork
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who was the named indian cricketer of the century by wisden
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Wisden Cricketers of the Year - wikipedia Wisden Cricketers of the Year Jump to : navigation , search The Wisden Cricketers of the Year are cricketers selected for the honour by the annual publication Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack , based primarily on their `` influence on the previous English season '' . The award began in 1889 with the naming of `` Six Great Bowlers of the Year '' , and continued with the naming of `` Nine Great Batsmen of the Year '' in 1890 and `` Five Great Wicket - Keepers '' in 1891 . Since 1897 , with a few notable exceptions , the annual award has recognised five players of the year . No players were named in 1916 or 1917 , as the First World War prevented any first - class cricket being played in England , while in 1918 and 1919 the recipients were five schoolboy cricketers . From 1941 to 1946 , the Second World War caused the same issue and no players were named . Three players have been sole recipients : W.G. Grace ( 1896 ) , Plum Warner ( 1921 ) and Jack Hobbs ( 1926 ) . The latter two selections are the only exceptions to the rule that a player may receive the award only once . Hobbs was first recognised in 1909 , but was selected a second time in 1926 to honour his breaking W.G. Grace 's record of 126 first - class hundreds ; Warner was first honoured in 1904 , but received a second award in 1921 for his last season in first - class cricket , when he led Middlesex to a County Championship win . John Wisden , cricketer and eponymous founder of the almanack , was featured in a special commemorative section in the Jubilee edition of the publication in 1913 , 29 years posthumously . From 2000 to 2003 the award was made based on players ' impact on cricket worldwide rather than just the preceding season in England , but the decision was reversed in 2004 with the introduction of a separate Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World award . The earliest surviving recipient of the award is Sonny Ramadhin ( 1951 ) , which he became in August 2015 with the death of Arthur Morris . The longest that a recipient has lived after receiving the award is 77 years by Harry Calder ( 1918 ) , who died in 1995 . Calder , however , uniquely for a recipient , played no first - class cricket . Among first - class players , the longest lived after receipt of the award is 74 years by Wilfred Rhodes ( 1899 ) . Two women have been chosen : Claire Taylor ( 2009 ) and Charlotte Edwards ( 2014 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Cricketers of the Year 2 See also 3 References 4 External links List of Cricketers of the Year ( edit ) George Lohmann an inaugural nominee , 1889 W.G. Grace , sole recipient of the honour , 1896 Jack Hobbs ( l ) and Herbert Sutcliffe . Hobbs was honoured in both 1909 and 1926 , Sutcliffe in 1920 . Sir Donald Bradman , recognised in 1931 The Invincibles took all five awards in 1949 ; Don Tallon was their wicket - keeper . Viv Richards , recognised in 1977 Imran Khan , recognised in 1983 Waqar Younis , recognised in 1992 Muttiah Muralitharan , recognised in 1999 Adam Gilchrist , recognised in 2002 Kumar Sangakkara , recognised in 2012 Year <Th_colspan="5"> Recipient ( s ) 1889 <Td_colspan="5"> George Lohmann , Johnny Briggs , John Ferris , Charles Turner , Sammy Woods , Bobby Peel 1890 <Td_colspan="5"> Bobby Abel , Billy Barnes , Billy Gunn , Louis Hall , Robert Henderson , Maurice Read , Arthur Shrewsbury , Frank Sugg , Albert Ward 1891 Jack Blackham Gregor MacGregor Dick Pilling Mordecai Sherwin Henry Wood 1892 William Attewell J.T. Hearne Frederick Martin Arthur Mold John Sharpe 1893 Herbie Hewett Lionel Palairet Walter Read Stanley Scott Andrew Stoddart 1894 George Giffen Alec Hearne Stanley Jackson Harry Trott Ted Wainwright 1895 Bill Brockwell Jack Brown C.B. Fry Tom Hayward Archie MacLaren 1896 <Td_colspan="5"> W.G. Grace 1897 Syd Gregory Dick Lilley Ranjitsinhji Tom Richardson Hugh Trumble 1898 Frederick Bull Willis Cuttell Frank Druce Gilbert Jessop Jack Mason 1899 Wilfred Rhodes William Storer Charlie Townsend Albert Trott William Lockwood 1900 Joe Darling Clem Hill Arthur Jones Monty Noble Robert Poore 1901 Tip Foster Schofield Haigh George Herbert Hirst Tom Taylor John Tunnicliffe 1902 Len Braund Charlie McGahey Frank Mitchell Willie Quaife Johnny Tyldesley 1903 Warwick Armstrong Cuthbert Burnup James Iremonger Jim Kelly Victor Trumper 1904 Colin Blythe John Gunn Albert Knight Walter Mead Plum Warner 1905 Bernard Bosanquet Ernest Halliwell James Hallows Percy Perrin Reggie Spooner 1906 David Denton Walter Lees George Thompson Joe Vine Levi Wright 1907 Jack Crawford Arthur Fielder Ernie Hayes Kenneth Hutchings Neville Knox 1908 Albert Hallam Reggie Schwarz Frank Tarrant Bert Vogler Thomas Wass 1909 Walter Brearley Lord Hawke Jack Hobbs Alan Marshal John Newstead 1910 Warren Bardsley Sydney Barnes Douglas Carr Arthur Day Vernon Ransford 1911 Harry Foster Alfred Hartley Charlie Llewellyn Razor Smith Frank Woolley 1912 Frank Foster J.W. Hearne Sep Kinneir Phil Mead Herbert Strudwick 1913 <Td_colspan="5"> John Wisden 1914 Major Booth George Gunn Bill Hitch Albert Relf Lionel Tennyson 1915 Johnny Douglas Percy Fender Wally Hardinge Donald Knight Sydney Smith 1918 Harry Calder John Firth Clement Gibson Gerard Rotherham Greville Stevens 1919 Percy Adams Percy Chapman Adrian Gore Lionel Hedges Norman Partridge 1920 Andy Ducat Patsy Hendren Percy Holmes Herbert Sutcliffe Ernest Tyldesley 1921 <Td_colspan="5"> Pelham Warner 1922 Hubert Ashton Jack Bryan Jack Gregory Charlie Macartney Ted McDonald 1923 Arthur Carr Tich Freeman Charlie Parker Jack Russell Andy Sandham 1924 Arthur Gilligan Roy Kilner George Macaulay Cec Parkin Maurice Tate 1925 Bob Catterall Jack MacBryan Herbie Taylor Dick Tyldesley William Whysall 1926 <Td_colspan="5"> Jack Hobbs 1927 George Geary Harold Larwood Jack Mercer Bert Oldfield Bill Woodfull 1928 Roger Blunt Charlie Hallows Wally Hammond Douglas Jardine Vallance Jupp 1929 Les Ames George Duckworth Maurice Leyland Sam Staples Jack White 1930 Ted Bowley Duleepsinhji Tuppy Owen - Smith Walter Robins Bob Wyatt 1931 Donald Bradman Clarrie Grimmett Beverley Lyon Ian Peebles Maurice Turnbull 1932 Bill Bowes Stewie Dempster James Langridge Nawab of Pataudi senior Hedley Verity 1933 Ewart Astill Freddie Brown Alec Kennedy C.K. Nayudu Bill Voce 1934 Fred Bakewell George Headley Stan Nichols Leslie Townsend Cyril Walters 1935 Stan McCabe Bill O'Reilly George Paine Bill Ponsford Jim Smith 1936 Jock Cameron Errol Holmes Bruce Mitchell Denis Smith Arthur Wellard 1937 Charlie Barnett Bill Copson Alf Gover Vijay Merchant Stan Worthington 1938 Tom Goddard Joe Hardstaff Jr Len Hutton Jim Parks Sr Eddie Paynter 1939 Hugh Bartlett Bill Brown Denis Compton Kenneth Farnes Arthur Wood 1940 Learie Constantine Bill Edrich Walter Keeton Brian Sellers Doug Wright 1947 Alec Bedser Laurie Fishlock Vinoo Mankad Peter Smith Cyril Washbrook 1948 Martin Donnelly Alan Melville Dudley Nourse Jack Robertson Norman Yardley 1949 Lindsay Hassett Bill Johnston Ray Lindwall Arthur Morris Don Tallon 1950 Trevor Bailey Roly Jenkins John Langridge Reg Simpson Bert Sutcliffe 1951 Godfrey Evans Sonny Ramadhin Alf Valentine Everton Weekes Frank Worrell 1952 Bob Appleyard Tom Dollery Jim Laker Peter May Eric Rowan 1953 Harold Gimblett Tom Graveney David Sheppard Stuart Surridge Fred Trueman 1954 Neil Harvey Tony Lock Keith Miller Johnny Wardle Willie Watson 1955 Bruce Dooland Fazal Mahmood Eric Hollies Brian Statham George Tribe 1956 Colin Cowdrey Doug Insole Jackie McGlew Hugh Tayfield Frank Tyson 1957 Dennis Brookes Jim Burke Malcolm Hilton Gil Langley Peter Richardson 1958 Peter Loader Arthur McIntyre Collie Smith Mickey Stewart Clyde Walcott 1959 Les Jackson Roy Marshall Arthur Milton John Reid Derek Shackleton 1960 Ken Barrington Donald Carr Ray Illingworth Geoff Pullar M.J.K. Smith 1961 Neil Adcock Ted Dexter Roy McLean Raman Subba Row Vic Wilson 1962 Bill Alley Richie Benaud Alan Davidson Bill Lawry Norm O'Neill 1963 Don Kenyon Mushtaq Mohammad Peter Parfitt Phil Sharpe Fred Titmus 1964 Brian Close Charlie Griffith Conrad Hunte Rohan Kanhai Garfield Sobers 1965 Geoffrey Boycott Peter Burge Jack Flavell Graham McKenzie Bob Simpson 1966 Colin Bland John Edrich Dick Motz Peter Pollock Graeme Pollock 1967 Bob Barber Basil D'Oliveira Colin Milburn John Murray Seymour Nurse 1968 Asif Iqbal Hanif Mohammad Ken Higgs Jim Parks junior Nawab of Pataudi junior 1969 Jimmy Binks David Green Barry Richards Derek Underwood Ossie Wheatley 1970 Basil Butcher Alan Knott Majid Khan Mike Procter Don Shepherd 1971 Jack Bond Clive Lloyd Brian Luckhurst Glenn Turner Roy Virgin 1972 Geoff Arnold Bhagwat Chandrasekhar Lance Gibbs Brian Taylor Zaheer Abbas 1973 Greg Chappell Dennis Lillee Bob Massie John Snow Keith Stackpole Keith Boyce Bevan Congdon Keith Fletcher Roy Fredericks Peter Sainsbury Dennis Amiss Mike Denness Norman Gifford Tony Greig Andy Roberts 1976 Ian Chappell Peter Lee Rick McCosker David Steele Bob Woolmer 1977 Mike Brearley Gordon Greenidge Michael Holding Viv Richards Bob Taylor 1978 Ian Botham Mike Hendrick Alan Jones Ken McEwan Bob Willis 1979 David Gower John Lever Chris Old Clive Radley John Shepherd 1980 Joel Garner Sunil Gavaskar Graham Gooch Derek Randall Brian Rose 1981 Kim Hughes Robin Jackman Allan Lamb Clive Rice Vintcent van der Bijl 1982 Terry Alderman Allan Border Richard Hadlee Javed Miandad Rod Marsh Imran Khan Trevor Jesty Alvin Kallicharran Kapil Dev Malcolm Marshall 1984 Mohinder Amarnath Jeremy Coney John Emburey Mike Gatting Chris Smith 1985 Martin Crowe Larry Gomes Geoff Humpage Jack Simmons Sidath Wettimuny 1986 Phil Bainbridge Richard Ellison Craig McDermott Neal Radford Tim Robinson John Childs Graeme Hick Dilip Vengsarkar Courtney Walsh James Whitaker Jonathan Agnew Neil Foster David Hughes Peter Roebuck Saleem Malik Kim Barnett Jeff Dujon Phil Neale Franklyn Stephenson Steve Waugh Jimmy Cook Dean Jones Jack Russell Robin Smith Mark Taylor 1991 Mike Atherton Mohammad Azharuddin Alan Butcher Desmond Haynes Mark Waugh Curtly Ambrose Phillip DeFreitas Allan Donald Richie Richardson Waqar Younis Nigel Briers Martyn Moxon Ian Salisbury Alec Stewart Wasim Akram David Boon Ian Healy Merv Hughes Shane Warne Steve Watkin 1995 Brian Lara Devon Malcolm Tim Munton Steve Rhodes Kepler Wessels Dominic Cork Aravinda de Silva Angus Fraser Anil Kumble Dermot Reeve Sanath Jayasuriya Mushtaq Ahmed Saeed Anwar Phil Simmons Sachin Tendulkar 1998 Matthew Elliott Stuart Law Glenn McGrath Matthew Maynard Graham Thorpe 1999 Ian Austin Darren Gough Muttiah Muralitharan Arjuna Ranatunga Jonty Rhodes 2000 Chris Cairns Rahul Dravid Lance Klusener Tom Moody Saqlain Mushtaq Mark Alleyne Martin Bicknell Andrew Caddick Justin Langer Darren Lehmann 2002 Andy Flower Adam Gilchrist Jason Gillespie V.V.S. Laxman Damien Martyn 2003 Matthew Hayden Adam Hollioake Nasser Hussain Shaun Pollock Michael Vaughan Chris Adams Andrew Flintoff Ian Harvey Gary Kirsten Graeme Smith 2005 Ashley Giles Steve Harmison Robert Key Andrew Strauss Marcus Trescothick 2006 Matthew Hoggard Simon Jones Brett Lee Kevin Pietersen Ricky Ponting 2007 Paul Collingwood Mahela Jayawardene Mohammed Yousuf Monty Panesar Mark Ramprakash 2008 Ian Bell Shivnarine Chanderpaul Ottis Gibson Zaheer Khan Ryan Sidebottom 2009 James Anderson Dale Benkenstein Mark Boucher Neil McKenzie Claire Taylor Stuart Broad Michael Clarke Graham Onions Matt Prior Graeme Swann 2011 Tamim Iqbal Eoin Morgan Chris Read Jonathan Trott Not awarded 2012 Tim Bresnan Alastair Cook Glen Chapple Alan Richardson Kumar Sangakkara 2013 Nick Compton Hashim Amla Jacques Kallis Dale Steyn Marlon Samuels 2014 Shikhar Dhawan Charlotte Edwards Ryan Harris Chris Rogers Joe Root 2015 Moeen Ali Gary Ballance Adam Lyth Angelo Mathews Jeetan Patel 2016 Jonny Bairstow Brendon McCullum Steve Smith Ben Stokes Kane Williamson 2017 Ben Duckett Younis Khan Misbah - ul - Haq Toby Roland - Jones Chris Woakes See also ( edit ) Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World Wisden Leading Woman Cricketer in the World Six Giants of the Wisden Century Wisden Australia 's Cricketer of the Year Wisden Cricketers of the Century ICC Awards References ( edit ) General `` Wisden 's Five Cricketers of the Year '' . Wisden . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Wisden tribute to England stars '' . BBC Sport. 6 April 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Wisden -- 1889 '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wisden 's Five Cricketers of the Year '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Bradbury . `` The first century , 1989 -- Wisden 's cricketers of the year '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : A.S. Dixon . `` Cricketers of the Year '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07 . `` Also I have left out of my reckoning John Wisden , founder of the Almanack , to whose memory the whole feature was devoted in the Jubilee issue of 1913 -- he died in 1884 . '' As such , he is not a true Cricketer of the Year , but is included here for the sake of comprehensiveness . Jump up ^ `` 20 things you never knew about Wisden '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ The 1889 award was subtitled Six Great Bowlers of the Year . Jump up ^ The 1890 award was subtitled Nine Great Batsmen of the Year . Jump up ^ The 1891 award was subtitled Five Great Wicket - Keepers . Jump up ^ The 1892 award was subtitled Five Great Bowlers . Jump up ^ The 1893 award was subtitled Five Batsmen of the Year . Jump up ^ The 1894 award was subtitled Five All - Round Cricketers . Jump up ^ The 1895 award was subtitled Five Young Batsmen of the Season . Jump up ^ The 1897 award was subtitled Five Cricketers of the Season . Jump up ^ The 1899 award was subtitled Five Cricketers of the Year . Jump up ^ The 1900 award was subtitled Five Cricketers of the Season . Jump up ^ The 1901 award was subtitled Mr R.E. Foster and Four Yorkshiremen . Jump up ^ The 1909 award was subtitled Lord Hawke and Four Cricketers of the Year . Jump up ^ The 1912 award was subtitled Five Members of the MCC 's Team in Australia . Jump up ^ The 1919 award was subtitled Five Public School Cricketers of the Year . Jump up ^ The 1920 award was subtitled Five Batsmen of the Year . Jump up ^ `` Wisden -- 1997 '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07 . `` The success of Sanath Jayasuriya in inspiring Sri Lanka to World Cup victory ( i ) n March 1996 also inspired a change of policy : he was chosen as one of the Five Cricketers of the Year even though he did not play in the English season . '' Jump up ^ Awarded to a Pakistani player but not listed as a result of alleged match - fixing . `` If ( the player in question ) were exonerated , then it would be possible to reconsider the position , '' explained ( Scyld ) Berry . `` That 's why I did n't pick anyone else instead . But as things stand , we do n't feel we can choose him . It 's all very sad . '' Jump up ^ `` Wisden honour for Dhawan , Edwards '' . Wisden India . April 9 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wisden online archive ( includes copies of the Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack essays on each Cricketer of the Year ) Full List on Cricinfo <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Wisden awards <Td_colspan="2"> Wisden Cricketers of the Year Wisden Leading Woman Cricketer in the World Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World Young Wisden Schools Cricketer of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> Wisden Australia 's Cricketer of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> Wisden Cricketers of the Century Six Giants of the Wisden Century Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wisden_Cricketers_of_the_Year&oldid=818961977 '' Categories : Cricket awards and rankings British sports trophies and awards Wisden Cricketers of the Year Wisden Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2013 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Français मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 16 : 27 . About Wikipedia
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1. Wisden Cricketers of the Year
2. Annual publication Wisden Cricketers' Almanack
3. Influence on the previous English season
4. Recipients of the award
5. Notable exceptions and unique recipients
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